Ọmụmụ nwa

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{{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Childbirth|synonyms=Labour and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|title=confinement – Definition of confinement in English by Oxford Dictionaries|dictionary=Oxford Dictionaries – English|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154402/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/confinement|title=Confinement – meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Postpartum baby2.jpg|caption=Mother and [[neonate|newborn baby]] shown with [[vernix caseosa]] covering|field=[[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]]|symptoms=|complications=[[Obstructed labour]], [[postpartum bleeding]], [[eclampsia]], [[postpartum infection]], [[birth asphyxia]], [[Kangaroo care|neonatal hypothermia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lunze K, Bloom DE, Jamison DT, Hamer DH | title = The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 24 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23369256 | pmc = 3606398 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-24 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Richard J. |last2=Fanaroff |first2=Avroy A. |last3=Walsh |first3=Michele C.| name-list-style = vanc |title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29537-6|page=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116|archive-date=11 September 2017|date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008Ed&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules |date=2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-154666-9 |edition=2nd |location=Geneva [Switzerland] |hdl=10665/44145}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=|duration=|types=[[Vaginal delivery]], [[C-section]]&lt;ref name=Mem2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mart2015/&gt;|causes=[[Pregnancy]]|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=[[Birth control]], [[elective abortion]]|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=135 million (2015)&lt;ref name=CIA2015&gt;{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=30 July 2016|date=11 July 2016|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=dead|accessdate=30 March 2024|archivedate=26 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/}}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=500,000 [[maternal deaths]] a year&lt;ref name=WHO2008Ed/&gt;|alt=}}''''''ịmụ nwa'''''', nke a makwaara dị ka nkebi imu nwa, ịmụ nwa n'ahụ ịmụ nwa, bụ mmezu nke [[Afọ ime|ime ime]] ebe otu ma ọ bụ karịa ụmụ '''Ọrụ''' n'apụ n'ime ime [[nne]] site na ịmụ nwa ma ọ bụ akụkụ ịwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mart2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Martin|first=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968799-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA375|language=en|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, e nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 140.11 na [[ọmụmụ]] n'ụwa niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Number of births and deaths per year|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100|accessdate=24 June 2022|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=14 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614104952/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Na Mba ndị mepere emepe, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Co-Operation|first=Organisation for Economic|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-05934-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA105}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ihe ka ukwuu bụ ọmụmụ n'ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Olsen|first=Ole|date=2023-03-08|title=Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2023|issue=3|pages=CD000352|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmid=36884026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fossard|first=Esta de|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=Sage Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-758-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT138|accessdate=31 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụzọ a n' ahụkarị maka ịmụ nwa n'ụwa niile bụ ịmụ nwa site na ịkpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mem2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders|journal=Women's Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265–77; quiz 276–77|date=May 2013|pmid=23638782|doi=10.2217/whe.13.17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ n'agụnye usoro anọ nke ịmụ nwa: mkpụmkpụ na imeghe akpa nwa n'oge nke mbụ, ịrịda na ọmụmụ nwa n'ime nke abụọ, ịmụ nwa n'afọ n'oge ya nke atọ, na mgbake nke nne na nwa n'etiti nke anọ, nke a na-akpọ postpartum. Nzọụkwụ mbụ a na-ahụkarị site na mgbu afọ ma ọ bụ mgbu azụ n'ihe gbasara ọrụ azụ,  nke na-adịkarị ọkara nkeji ma n'eme kwa nkeji 10 rụọ 30. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are the Different Types of Contractions?|url=https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/signs-of-labor/what-are-contractions/|accessdate=2024-03-16|work=Parents|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwakorita ahụ na-eji nwayọọ na-esi ike ma na-adịkwu nso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|work=Women's Health|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=27 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|archivedate=28 July 2016|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours&lt;br&gt;..&lt;br&gt;The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ufu sina imu nwa na-emetụta mgbu, ihe mgbu na-aghọwanye ihe mgbu ma sie ike ka ịmụ nwa n'ihu. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ na-agwụ mgbe a chụpụrụ nwa ọhụrụ ahụ kpamkpam. Nzọụkwụ nke atọ bụ nnyefe nke Placenta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|issue=7|pages=CD004074|date=July 2013|pmid=23843134|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzọụkwụ nke anọ nke ịmụ nwa na-agụnye mgbake nke nne, igbu oge ijide eriri umbilical, na nlekota nke Nwa ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stages of Labor|url=https://www.bidmc.org/centers-and-departments/obstetrics-and-gynecology/programs-and-services/pregnancy/labor-and-delivery/stages-of-labor|accessdate=30 June 2022|work=www.bidmc.org|language=en-us|archivedate=27 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527022112/https://www.bidmc.org/centers-and-departments/obstetrics-and-gynecology/programs-and-services/pregnancy/labor-and-delivery/stages-of-labor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2014 ụlọ ọrụ ahụike niile na-adụ ọdụ na ozugbo a mụsịrị nwa, n'agbanyeghị usoro ọmụmụ, ka etinye nwa ahụ n'obi nne (nke a na-akpọ njikọ akpụkpọ ahụ na akpụkpọ ahụ), na igbu oge usoro nwa ọhụrụ maka ọ dịkarịa ala otu awa ma ọ bụ ruo mgbe nwa ahụ nwere ara mbụ ya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Medscape&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9|title=Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth|work=Medscape|accessdate=21 December 2014|author=Phillips|first=Raylene|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065140/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9|archivedate=3 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;World Health Organization&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/131521/E79235.pdf|title=Essential Antenatal, Perinatal and Postpartum Care|publisher=WHO|work=Promoting Effective Perinatal Care|accessdate=21 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034812/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/131521/E79235.pdf|archivedate=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intrapartum Care&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3|title=Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|work=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health|date=December 2014|accessdate=21 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212090530/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3|archivedate=12 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-atụkarị aro ka a mụọ nwa n'ahụ nwanyị dị ka nhọrọ mbụ. Akụkụ ịwa ahụ nwere ike ibute ohere dị ukwụụ nke nsogbụ na mgbake dị nwayọ. E nwekwara ọtụtụ urụ sitere n'okike nke ịmụ nwa n'ahụ nne na nwa. Ụzọ dị iche iche nwere ike inye aka na ihe mgbu, dị ka usoro ntụsara ahụ, opioids, na spinal blocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ omụme kachasị mma iji belata ọnụọgụ nke ntinye aka na-eme n'oge ịmụ nwa dịka ngalaba ịwa ahụ, agbanyeghị, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a ga-eme atụmatụ ngalaba ịwa ya maka ịmụ nwa na mgbake nke nne. Enwere ike ịtụ aro ịwa ahụ mberede ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya emee ma ọ bụ obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ọganihụ site na ọwa ọmụmụ na-ahụ n'ime ọmụmụ.
== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Ojiarụ:GerardM/Members of the Senate of Nigeria</title>
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      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
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      <text bytes="77508" sha1="p3n0etjgda0z47hrn5uioz6d8paqhbo" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Members of the Senate who was a member twice does not show twice. 

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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| [[Ibrahim Shekarau]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:HMA Bob Dewar with Governor Ibrahim Shekarau of Kano State (3541397335).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ahmed Makarfi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-11-14
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Victor Ndoma-Egba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Jeremiah Useni]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[David Mark]]
| Onye ndorondoro na onye isi army Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-06-03
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Abdul Ningi and David Mark.jpeg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Jaja Wachuku]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Orji Uzor Kalu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Chris Anyanwu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Chris Anyawu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Vincent Obasi Usulor|Vincent Usulor]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Chuba Okadigbo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| [[Faịlụ:Chuba-okadigbo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3381247|Ike Nwachukwu]]''
| Onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Saminu Turaki]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Kwankwaso|Rabiu Kwankwaso]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-05
| 2019-05
| [[Faịlụ:Kwankwaso and Rochas at PGLS 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| [[Faịlụ:Muhammad8.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Uche Chukwumerije]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1939-2015)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Uche Chukwumerije.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Mohammed Danjuma Goje]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-05
| [[Faịlụ:Muhammad Damjuma Goje.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Adamu Aliero]]
| Gọvanọ Kebbi Steeti na Naijiria 1999-2007
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Ahmad Sani Yerima]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Onye uwe ojii Ali Modu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| [[Faịlụ:Ali Modu Sherrff crop 2007.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Nenadi Usman|Nenadi Esther Usman]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Chris Nwabueze Ngige]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[George Akume]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Sam Egwu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-05-29
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Sam Egwu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Chimaroke Nnamani]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Chimaroke Nnamani 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Theodore Orji|Theodore Ahamefule Orji]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Theodore orji A.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Iya Abubakar]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-05
| [[Faịlụ:Prof Iya Abubakar portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]]
| Gọvanọ Gombe Steeti, Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Robert Ajayi Boroffice]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Robert Boroffice.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abdallah Wali]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665219|Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]]''
| Gọvanọ Zamfara Steeti, Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[AHMED ABDUL NINGI]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Abdul Ningi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665765|Abdul Yandoma]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Abdulahi Bala Adamu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Abdulazeez Ibrahim]]
| Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2007-05
| 
|-
| [[Abdulaziz Usman]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Adamu]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, Gọvanọ Nasarawa Steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-04
| [[Faịlụ:Abdullahi Adamu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abdullahi Ibrahim Gobir]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Abdulmumini M. Hassan]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Abiola Ajimobi]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụbu Gọvanọ Oyo steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:L-R Senator Abiola Ajimobi, Dr.Kayode Fayemi, Senator Oserheimen Osunbor, Ahmed Gulak, Senator Ocheja, Chief Clement Ebri, Ademola Rasaq Seriki, being sworn in as APC committee chairmen.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670223|Abu Ibrahim]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Girei]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670492|Abubakar Mahdi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670495|Abubakar Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Olusola Saraki]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Sodangi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670506|Abubakar Tanko Ayuba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-04
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Umar Gada]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Umar Tutare]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Adebayo Salami]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Adamu Garba Talba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Adamu Gumba]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Adamu Sidi Ali]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680928|Adawari Pepple]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Adefemi Kila]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Senator adefemi kila.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Adego Erhiawarie Eferakeya]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| [[Adeleke Mamora]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Adeseye Ogunlewe]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-04
| 2003-04
| 
|-
| [[Adolphus Wabara]]
| Ọhye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Sen. Adolphus Wabara.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Afolabi Olabimtan]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Ahmad Babba Kaita]]
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-05
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Hassan Barata]]
| Senator nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695864|Ahmad Ibrahim Lawan]]''
| Onye isi Sineti nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ahmed Mohammed Inuwa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Mohammed Ahmed Sadek 1927.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ahmed Muhammad Maccido]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Sani Stores]]
| Onye omebe iwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Tijani Ahmed]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Zanna]]
| Naijiria Sinetọ
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Aisha Jummai]]
| Ọkaiwu Nwanyị Naijeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| [[Faịlụ:Runcie C.W. Chidebe, Executive Director, Project PINK BLUE with Sen. Aisha J. Alhassan, Minister of Women Affairs &amp; Social Dev.; Dr. Ramatu Hassan, Rep. Minister of Health, Chidinma Ekile, Toke Makinwa, Annie Idibia at World Cancer Day.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4701045|Akin Babalola Kamar Odunsi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| [[Akinlabi Olasunkanmi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4701094|Patrick  Ayo Akinyelure]]''
| Sinetọ nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Akpor Pius Ewherido]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1963-2013)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Aliyu Abubakar]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-20
| 2003-05-20
| 
|-
| [[Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4727635|Alkali Abdulkadir Jajere]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Aloysius Akpan Etok]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4735427|Alphonsus Obi Igbeke]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2010-05-25
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]]
| Onye isi Obodo nke Sokoto Steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Aminu Waziri Tambuwal (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Aminu Sule Garo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4756255|Andrew Babalola]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| [[Annie Okonkwo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Prince Don Okonkwo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Anthony Agbo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ chichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Anthony George Manzo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Anyimchukwu ude]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Anyim Pius Anyim]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| [[Faịlụ:Anyim P Anyim (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Arthur Nzeribe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| [[Ifeanyi Okowa|Ifeanyi Arthur Okowa]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-05-29
| [[Faịlụ:Ifenanyi Okowa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4820221|Audu Idris Umar]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4831545|Ayo Oni]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ayoade Ademola Adeseun]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Ayogu Eze]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Babafemi Ojudu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| [[Babayo Garba Gamawa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Badamasi Maccido]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Bala Muhammed]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-04-08
| 2010-04-08
| 
|-
| [[Barnabas Gemade]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| [[Faịlụ:Gemade.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4866793|Basheer Garba Mohammed]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868127|Bassey Ewa-Henshaw]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868129|Basset Otu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Sen otu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Bello Hayatu Gwarzo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2008-12-08&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4884085|Bello Jibrin Gada]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Bello Mohammed Tukur]]
| Onye otu ndị ome iwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 2015-06
| 
|-
| [[Ben-Collins Ndu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2001-03
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Benedict Bengioushuye Ayade]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Ben-ayade-1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Bindo Jibrilla]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Bob Nwannunu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Bode Olajumoke]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Boluwaji Kunlere]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4968131|Brimmo Yusuf]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Bukar Abba Ibrahim]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Bukola Saraki]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, Waziri nke Ilorin, onye isi oche sinetị nke Federal Republic of Naijiria 2015-2019
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| [[Faịlụ:Bukola Saraki, October 2017 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Caleb Zagi]]
| Onye otu Senate nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Omoworare Babajide]]
| Òṣèlú ní Nàìjíríà
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5132325|Clever Ikisikpo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Dahiru Awaisu Kuta]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1949-2014)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2014-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Dahiru Bako Gassol.]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Dalhatu Tafida]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Dalhatu Tafida.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5210858|Dalhatu Umaru Sangari]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5214947|Danboyi Usman]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05
| 2007-05
| [[Faịlụ:Sen- Saleh Usman Danboyi 2014-03-08 22-17.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5218701|Daniel Saror]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Danladi Abdullahi Sankara]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2015-06
| [[Faịlụ:D Sankara.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[David Brigidi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5242118|Davou Zang]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-06
| 
|-
| [[Dennis Osadebay]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1911-1994)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Domingo Alaba Obende]]
| Senator nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5294316|Donald Dick Etiebet]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Effiong Dickson Bob]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5348580|Ehigie Edobor Uzamere]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Eme Ufot Ekaette]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Emmanuel G. Bwacha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Emmanuel Dangana Ocheja]]
| Sinetọ Naijiria na-anọchite anya Kogi East na nzukọ mba; onye ọka iwu
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| [[Faịlụ:APC Rally.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373222|Emmanuel Essien]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Andy Uba|Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Emmanuel Paulker]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Enyinnaya Harcourt Abaribe]]
| Onye otu Senate Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5415377|Evan Enwerem]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Felix Ibru]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1935-2016)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Felix Kolawole Bajomo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5442802|Femi Okurounmu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5445889|Festus Olabode Ola]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-30
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Fidelis Okoro]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Florence Ita Giwa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-06
| [[Faịlụ:Florence ita-giwa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5515869|Gabriel Suswan]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ganiyu Solomon]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Ganiyu Solomon.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Garba Yakubu Lado]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Gbenga Ashafa|Gbenga Bareehu Ashafa]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:GBAprofile.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5529329|Gbenga Aluko]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5529332|Gbenga Ogunniya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5545186|George Thompson Sekibo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| [[AKPABIO GODWILL OBOT]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-02-25
| 2019-06
| [[Faịlụ:Godswill Obot Akpabio (2012).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5581828|Goni Modu Bura]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Grace Folashade Bent]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5607086|Gregory Ngaji]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5623995|Gyang Dalyop Datong]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2012-07-08
| 
|-
| [[Haruna Aziz Zeego]]
| Senator nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5679766|Hassan Muhammad Gusau]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29
| 2022-02-23&lt;br/&gt;2011-05
| 
|-
| [[Helen Esuene]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;1979
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;1983
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5720323|Seriake Dickson]]''
| Gọvanọ Bayelsa Steeti, Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Hope Uzodinma|Hope Odidika Uzodimma]]
| gọvanọ nke Imo steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Hyde Onuaguluchi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984059|Ibikunle Oyelaja Amosun]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Amosun-1-270x350 c.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984545|Ibrahim Gaidam]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Ibrahim Geidam.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984636|Ibrahim Kuta Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984638|Ibrahim Kuta]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984642|Ibrahim Lame]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1992
| 1993
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim M. Ida]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984682|Ibrahim Muhammed Kirikasama]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| [[Faịlụ:Ibrahim Mohammed Kirikasama.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984684|Ibrahim Musa]]''
| Sịnatọ nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5989581|Idris Abubakar]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye omebe iwu nke mpaghara ndịda Gombe
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Ifeanyi Ararume]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 
|-
| [[Isa Mohammed]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6075829|Isaac Alfa]]''
| Onye isi ndị agha ụgbọ elu Naijiria bụbu onye isi ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Senisaacalfa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6078472|Isaiah Balat]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria Na nwoke azumahia (1952-2014)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Isiaka Adeleke|Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke]]
| Onye omebe iwu Naijiria (1955-2017)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-05
| 2011-05&lt;br/&gt;2017-04
| 
|-
| [[James Manager]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Ifeanyichukwu Nwobodo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6201682|Jimoh Ibrahim]]''
| Onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6213354|Joel Danlami Ikenya]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6219847|John Azuta-Mbata]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-04&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-02
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| [[John James Akpan Udo-Edehe]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[John Nanzip Shagaya]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[John Okechukwuemeka]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Jonah David Jang]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6274897|Jonathan Zwingina]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6280933|Joseph Akaagerger]]''
| Onye nchịkwa ndị agha nke Katsina Steeti, Naijiria site na Ọgọst 1998 ruo 29 Mee 1999.
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6287738|Joseph Waku]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6287826|Joseph Wayas]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1979
| 1983
| 
|-
| [[Joshua Dariye]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6290036|Joshua M. Lidani]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
|-
| [[Joy Emodi]]
| Ọkaiwu Nwanyị Naijeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2005-02-20
| 2010-03-25
| 
|-
| [[Jibril Aminu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| [[Julius Ucha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6344204|Kabir Garba Marafa]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-09
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| [[Faịlụ:Kabir Garba Marafa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya Nigerian politician.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6349100|Kaka Mallam Yale]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6359013|Kamorudeen Adekunle Adedibu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Kashim Shettima]]
| Osote onye isi ala Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-05-29
| [[Faịlụ:Kashim Shettima office portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6380074|Kawu Peto Dukku]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Ken Nnamani]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140623|Dalha Ahmed Danzomo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Daisy Danjuma]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Emmanuel Anosike]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140637|Emmanuel Okpede]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140638|Emmanuel A. Azu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140645|Faruk Bello]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Fred Aghogho Brume]]
| Senator Naijiria (1942-2011)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140663|Gyang Datong]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140665|Haruna Garba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Haruna Abubakar]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Heineken Lokpobiri]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Heineken Lokpobiri at WEF Special Meeting on Global Collaboration, Growth and Energy for Development, 2024.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Hosea Ehinlanwo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140670|Hosea Ayoola Agbola]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140679|Ibrahim Mantu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140681|Ibiapuye Martyns-Yellowe]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1945-2009)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140686|Ikechukwu Abana]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ike Ekweremadu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06
| [[Faịlụ:Huriwa2gk-is-565.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ikechukwu Obiorah]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140695|Isah Maina]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140697|Isa Mohammed (ọmọ Ilé Alàgbà)]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140698|Isa Muhammed Galaudu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140701|Itak Bob Ekarika]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjịria, ọkà mmụta na onye nyocha ọrịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-04-28
| 2011-05
| [[Faịlụ:Iyabo Obasanjo.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140705|Iyiola Omisore]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye bụbu Senator &amp; osote Gọvanọ Osun steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Iyiola-Omisore.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140708|James Kolawole]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140712|John Brambaifa]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140714|John Danboyi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Jubril Martins-Kuye]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Jubril M-K.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140744|Mohammed Abba Aji]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140747|Mohammed A. Muhammed]]''
| Sinetọ nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140749|Mohammed Ohiare]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140754|Matthew Nwagwu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140760|Nimi Barigha-Amange]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140761|NNAMDI Eriobuna]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| [[Olufemi Lanlehin]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-06
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Olufemi Lanlehin.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140814|Patrick Aga]]''
| Onye otu sinetọ nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Paulinus Igwe Nwagu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140820|Peter Olawuyi Adeyemo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140828|Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Robert Koleoso]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Rochas Okorocha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-06
| [[Faịlụ:Governor Rochas Okorocha (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140833|Rufaisanbi Hanga]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-05
| 2007-05
| 
|-
| [[Silas Janfa|Silas Janafa]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140852|Sola Akinyede]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140854|Sule Yari Gandi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140855|Suleiman Ajadi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Timothy Adudu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140868|Tokunbo Afikuyomi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Tupele-Ebi Diffa]]
| Onye omebe iwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Ugochukwu Uba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140876|Ugbane Yahaya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140877|Umar Ibrahim Tsauri]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140881|Usman Sanni Sami]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140882|Usman Umar Kibiya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-05
| [[Faịlụ:Sen Usman Kibiya Umar.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140884|Usman Adamu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Wahab Dosunmu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-06-03
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140908|Ambuno Z. Sunday]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05
| 2007-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13651011|Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13651307|Musiliu Obanikoro]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14479598|Wahab Dosumu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Iyorchia Ayu]]
| Ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1992-12-05
| 1993-11-17
| [[Faịlụ:Iyorchia Ayu 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16105634|Idi Othman Guda]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Adebayo Clement Adeyeye]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-11-14
| [[Faịlụ:IMG PRINCE ADEYEYE.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16150077|Kanu Godwin Agabi]]''
| Ọkaiwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Monsurat Sunmonu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Monsurat-sunmonu-pic.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Baba Tela]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17541203|Ameh Ebute]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọka iwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1992-12-05
| 1993-11-17
| 
|-
| [[Ipalibo Banigo]]
| dibia bekee Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Binta Masi Garba]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-05
| 
|-
| [[Patrick Abba Moro]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Sani Bello]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Lolo Hot Springs, Lolo, MT, 2011 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19938118|Solomon Olamilekan Adeola]]''
| onye nkwuputa ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Solomo Adeola.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ben Murray-Bruce]]
| Ochunta ego Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na kwa onye oha ma ama
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604089|Adamu Bala]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604108|Ahmed Zurich]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604138|Amah Iwuagwu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Chris Adighije]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[Gilbert E. Nnaji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Iyabo Anisulowo]]
| Onye Ndoro Ndoro Ochichi
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604409|Joshua Adagba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604439|Kola Ogunwale]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nurudeen Abatemi Usman]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604531|Olubunmi Ayodeji Adetunmbi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604611|Sani Kamba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2003-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604624|Spiff Inatim Rufus]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604644|Tokunbo Ogunbanjo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Titus Olupitan]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20684806|Michael Opeyemi Bamidele]]''
| Ọkaiwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20774324|Olaka Nwogu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mao Ohuabunwa|Mao Arukwe Ohuabunwa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Dave Umahi|David Nweze Umahi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, Gọvanọ Ebonyi steeti nke ugbu a
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Dave Umahi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Dino Melaiye]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-08-23
| [[Faịlụ:Dino Melaye at AMVCA 2020 02.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Shehu Sani]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, odee akwụkwọ na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21598122|Haliru Dantoro]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1992
| 1992
| 
|-
| [[Gyang Pwajok]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2012-10
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Fatimat Olufunke Raji-Rasaki]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Sen Adefemi Kila &amp; Sen Raji Rasaki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Rose Okoji Oko]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2020-03
| 
|-
| [[Uche Ekwunife]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ala Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Uche Ekwunife.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96973629|Abubakar Sani Danladi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-05
| 2017-06-23
| 
|-
| [[Sunday Marshall Katunɡ|Sunday Marshall Katung]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọka iwu Naijiria
| 
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Katung at SK Fest 2024 offstage.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Haruna Manu]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na osote gọvanọ Taraba Steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nora Daduut]]
| Ọkammụta Naijiria na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020&lt;br/&gt;2020-12
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Saliu Mustapha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Saliu Mustapha.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107491747|Omotayo Alasoadura]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108063138|Kabir Barkiya]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-05
| 
|-
| [[Chukwuma Frank Ibezim]]
| 
| 
| 2021-04
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Chukwuma Frank Ibezim.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111086547|Moses Cleopas]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mustapha Bukar]]
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2018-04-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087840|Muhammad Shitu]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087846|Joseph Dada]]''
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087847|Donald Omotayo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087850|Baba Garba]]''
| Onye omebe iwu Naijiria
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087852|Yele Omogunwa]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087856|Rilwan Akambi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-05
| 2019-05
| 
|-
| [[Chris Emeka Azubogu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141676|Simon Mwadkwon]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148458|Mike Ajegbo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152093|Lekan Balogun]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| 
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153363|Muhammed Hassan]]''
| Sinetọ Naijiria (Yobe)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| [[Danladi Bamaiyi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111164999|Salman Is'haq]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111328753|Stephen Adi Odey]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 2021-07-30
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Sadiku Ohere]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114130099|Olubiyi Fadeyi]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ireti Kingibe]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Ireti Kingibe 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012486|Abbas Aminu Iya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012757|BASSEY ANIEKAN ETIM]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| 
| 2023-02-25
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Aniekan bassey.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[AKPAN EKONG SAMPSON]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021365|UMEH VICTOR CHUKWUNONYELU]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021455|UMAR SHEHU BUBA]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117289474|Joel-Onowakpo Thomas]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye ndekọ ego
| 
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Napoleon Bali]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye ọrụ ụgbọ elu
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-12
| 2023-09-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117811710|Kelvin Chukwu]]''
| onye omebe iwu nke odida anyanwu Enugu
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117844531|Garba Maidoki]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nasir Zangon-Daura]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:NSZD Portrait.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118158688|Benson Sunday Agadaga]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118830663|Heacho Allwell Onyesoh]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119768366|Eteng Jonah Williams]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120001918|Osita Ngwu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (amụrụ 1978)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120720782|Bernards Neda Imasuen]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120721069|Monday Okpebholo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Monday Okpebholo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Yaro Anthony Siyako]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Shehu Kaka Lawan]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120722678|Abiodun Sharafadeen Alli]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Mallam- Madori Abdulhamid]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120736736|Olusegun Cyril Oluwole Fasuyi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Onyekachi Nwaebonyi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124791290|Amos Yohanna]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-10-16
| 
| 
|-
| [[Bassey Albert Akpan]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2023-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Ifeanyi Ubah]]
| Onye ahia n’ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-02-25
| 2024-07-27
| [[Faịlụ:FC IFEANYI UBAH visit to WestHam United fc....... 7.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[John Owan Enoh]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:John Enoh.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Hamisu Musa]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Kyari]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Tokunbo Abiru]]
| Emechara onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ Naijiria, Chartered Accountant na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27517405|Lere Oyewumi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ezenwa Francis Onyewuchi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Oluranti Adebule]]
| isi osote Gọvanọ Lagos steeti nke iri na ise
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:The Vice President, Shri M. Hamid Ansari and Smt. Salma Ansari being received by the Deputy Governor of Lagos, Dr. (Mrs.) Oluranti Adebule, on their arrival, at Murtala Muhammed International Airport, in Lagos, Nigeria.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Buruji Kashamu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria (1958-2020)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Buruji Kashamu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28530040|Lanre Tejuosho]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Lanre tejuosho.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Francis Alimikhena]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Francis Alimikhena.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29363716|Nelson Effiong]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Tony Nwoye]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ned Nwoko]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Ned Nwoko.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ademola Adeleke]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2017
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Christopher Stephen Ekpenyong]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Chris Ekpenyong.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Betty Apiafi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Betty Apiafi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536955|Gumau Yahaya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2018-03&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Lawal Yahaya Gumau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Aishatu Jibril Dukku]]
| Onye ndoro ndoro ochichi Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Agam Jarigbe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-09-15&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Jarigbe Agom.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Darlington Nwokocha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-11
| 2023-11-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539352|Jika Haliru]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Douye Diri]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2020-02-11
| [[Faịlụ:Diri walking to the stage at SK Fest 2024 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abubakar Lado]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539499|Emmanuel Yisa Orker-Jev]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Istifanus Dung Gyang]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Barau Jibrin]]
| Onye ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Barau I Jibrin cropped portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41805511|Andrew Uchendu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Barry Mpigi|Barinada Barry Mpigi]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Abubakar Gumel]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Franca Afegbua]]
| Oka mma Naijiria na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Franca Afegbua.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50345435|Suleiman Othman Hunkuyi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abiodun Olujimi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q52274670|Clifford Akhimienmona Ordia]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Ordia.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q53844501|David Umaru]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2014-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q53844504|Sabi Abdulahi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ovie Omo-Agege]]
| Onye ọkaiwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55808166|Raji Ayoola Adeleke]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Samuel Anyanwu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59828951|Friday K. Benson]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ajibola Basiru|Surajudeen Ajibola Basiru]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Abdul-Aziz Nyako]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Abdul-Aziz-Murtala-Nyako.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abubakar Abdullahi Ahmed|Ahmad Abubakar]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61756840|Bala Ibn Naallah]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61761286|Isah Misau]]''
| Onye omebe iwu Naijiria
| 
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye omebe iwu na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu Kwara steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61992005|Malam Wakili]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2018-03-17
| 
|-
| [[Tolu Odebiyi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62050387|Ibrahim Yahaya Oloriegbe]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 2022
| 
|-
| [[Adebayo Osinowo]]
| Onye ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-06
| 2020-06-15
| 
|-
| [[Lola Ashiru|Oyelola Yisa Ashiru]]
| Senator Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Lola Ashiru.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Foster Ogola]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Uba Sani]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Mal Uba Sani.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abdulfatai Buhari]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Gershom Bassey]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Peter Nwaoboshi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| [[Joseph Obinna Ogba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Bello Mandiya]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63016717|Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-06
| [[Faịlụ:Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Suleiman Abdu Kwari]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63050503|Tijjani Yahaya Kaura]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Matthew Urhoghide]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Utazi Chukwuka]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63190460|Duro Faseyi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Benjamin Uwajumogu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-12-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63819587|Sandy Ojang Onor]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64010361|Kurfi Umaru]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64744009|Ibrahim Mohammed Bomai]]''
| Naijiria Sinetọ
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Ibrahim-Bomai.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Akon Eyakenyi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Akon Eyakenyi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Aishatu Binani.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65030774|Mohammed Kola Balogun]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị  na onye omebe iwu Naijiria nke Steeti Oyo
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65038583|Yaroe Binos Dauda]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-02-25&lt;br/&gt;2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65048215|Ishaku Elisha Abbo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-10-16
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Ishaku Abbo 2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66005216|Yakubu Oseni]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Danjuma Laah]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| [[Faịlụ:Danjuma Laah at Afan 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Adelere Adeyemi Oriolowo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Shuaibu Isa Lau]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2017-07-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83688127|Hezekiah Ayuba Dimka]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-06
| [[Faịlụ:Hezekiah Dimka.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83688256|Ignatius Datong Longjan]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2020-02-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83689174|Lawalu Hassan Anka]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Adamu Muhammad Bulkachuwa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Francis Adenigba Fadahunsi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83802158|Suleiman Sadiq Umar]]''
| Onye omebe iwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Godiya Akwashiki]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06
| 2023-06
| [[Faịlụ:Godiya.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84579883|Nicholas Tofowomo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84712546|Ibrahim Abdullahi Danbaba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Jibrin Isah]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84724262|Biobarakuma Wangagha Degi Eremienyo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85176801|Lawal Hassan Anka]]''
| Onye omebe íwú ala Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Amos Bulus Kilawangs]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85785167|Micheal Ama Nnachi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Sani Mohammed]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria(Niger State)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85912730|Mohammed Sabo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Nakudu 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86452500|Muhammad Bima Enagi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86513299|Aliyu Sabi Abdullahi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Sen. Aliyu Sabi Abdullahi, Chair, Senate Committee on Media &amp; Public Affairs, Abuja.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Sani Musa]]
| Nke a bụ Senator Nigeria (Niger East)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Mr Mohammed Sani Musa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Margery Chuba-Okadigbo]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2012-07
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96359151|Obinna Ogba]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Khairat Abdulrazaq-Gwadabe]]
| Onye omebe iwu maka Abuja FCT
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Lawali Shuaibu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Lawal Shuaibu.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6503822|Lawrence Ayo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6514449|Lee Maeba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6732156|Magnus Ngei Abe]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Mahmud Kanti Bello]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6736241|Maina Maaji Lawan]]''
| Gọvanọ Naijiria, Sinetọ, onye ọrụ ugbo na onye ọchụnta ego
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6737104|Maitama Bello Yusuf]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6745774|Mamman Bello Ali]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Mamman B- Ali 2014-01-21 00-09.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6774871|Martin Agbaso]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1992&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 1999
| [[Faịlụ:Martin agbaso.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[El-JibrilMas’ud]]
| Senator nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6790933|Matthew Mbu Junior]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Melford Okilo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1933-2008)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6892866|Mohammed Adamu Bello]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-09
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6892960|Mohammed Alkali]]''
| Sinetọ maka Jigawa North West constituency nke Jigawa Steeti, Naijiria 1999-2003
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6892988|Mohammed Aruwa]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| [[Faịlụ:Mohammed Aruwa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Mohammed Daggash]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Daggash at council meeting.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893162|Mohammed Kabiru Jibril]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1958-2017)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Magoro]]
| Onue ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị àlà Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Mana]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye agha
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Saleh (politician)|Mohammed Saleh]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893329|Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi]]''
| Gọvanọ nke Kwara steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Tukur Liman]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Moji Akinfenwa]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6933348|Mujitaba Mohammed Mallam]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6936675|Munirudeen Adekunle Muse]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7026337|Nicholas Ugbane]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Nkechi Justina Nwaogu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7068794|Nuhu Aliyu Labbo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| [[Nwafọ Orizu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Nwafor Orizu Akwaeke.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7077836|Magnus Odion Ugbesia]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Olabiyi Durojaiye]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Olugbenga Onaolapo Obadara]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05-29
| 2015-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Remi Tinubu|Oluremi Tinubu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2015-06-04
| [[Faịlụ:Her Excellency Remi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088869|Olusola Adeyeye]]''
| Onye otu Sineti nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Omar Hambagda]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Omololu Meroyi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7106495|Oserheimen A. Osunbor]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| [[Faịlụ:Prof. Oserheimen Osunbor.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7106879|Osita Izunaso]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7108462|Otaru Salihu Ohize]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria (1953-2016)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011
| 
|-
| [[Patricia Akwashiki]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Patricia Akwashiki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Patrick Osakwe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| [[Philips Tanimu Aduda]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Roland Owie]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Roland Stephen Owie.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Saidu Ahmed Alkali]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2010-08
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| [[Sahabi Alhaji Yaú]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Saidu Dansadau]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7399996|Sa’idu Umar Kumo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Salisu Matori]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7408942|Samaʼila Mamman]]''
| Onye otu Sinetị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7426552|Satty Davies Gogwim]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7446085|Sefiu Adegbenga Kaka]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7517631|Simeon Oduoye]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1945-2014)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7518155|Simon Ajibola]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2004-06-29
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Simeon Ajibola.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Hadi Sirika]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2012-01-01
| 2015-06-01
| [[Faịlụ:HadiSirika.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Smart Adeyemi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-12-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Sonni ogbuoji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Sonni Ogbuoji.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Stella Oduah|Oduah Stella]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Princess Stella Oduah-Ogiemwonyi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Stella Omu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7635965|Sulaiman Mohammed Nazif]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Suleiman Asonya Adokwe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7639331|Sunday Awoniyi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria (1932-2007)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1993&lt;br/&gt;1993-07
| 1993&lt;br/&gt;1993-11
| 
|-
| [[Sunday Fajinmi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Sunday Fajinmi 2014-06-06 15-59.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Sylvanus Ngele]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Sylvester Anyanwu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7660769|Sylvester Ayodele Arise]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Tawar Umbi Wada]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (1957-2010)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Teslim Kolawale Folarin]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Picture of Senator Oloye Teslim Kolawole Folarin 2014-03-14 03-26.jpeg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Tunde Ogbeha]]
| Onye ịsị ndi agha Naijiria, sinetọ na gọvanọ
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7877282|Udoma Udo Udoma]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, Senator nke Akwa-Ibom South constituency
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7881142|Umaru Usman Dukku]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Umar Argungu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Najịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Umaru Dahiru]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7881179|Umaru Tanko Al-Makura]]''
| Gọvanọ Nasarawa Steeti, Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Usman Albishir]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, Senator maka Yobe North
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| [[Faịlụ:Late Senator Usman Albishir.gif|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Usman Bayero Nafada]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| [[Faịlụ:Usman Bayero Nafada.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7926084|Victor Lar]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7926217|Victor Oyofo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Victor Oyofo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8022970|Wilson Asinobi Ake]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Wuraola Esan]]
| Onye na-akwado Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1960
| 1964
| 
|-
| [[Yisa Braimoh]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Yushau Anka]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed 2022.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Yusuf Musa Nagogo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Zainab Abdulkadir Kure]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10951112|Joseph Olatunji Ajayi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ita enang]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04
| [[Faịlụ:Abubakar Bagudu - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Gbenga Daniel]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Dinner night.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Adams Oshiomhole]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (amụrụ 1952)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[Faịlụ:AdamsOshiomhole.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140373|Abubakar Maikafi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140563|Alex Kadiri]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140570|Aniette Okon]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140574|Anthony Adeniyi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140602|Bashir Mustapha]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140609|Bode Olowoporoku]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140618|Christopher Nshi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140619|Clement Awoyelu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140620|Christopher Nwankwo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140621|Cosmos Niangwan]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>p3n0etjgda0z47hrn5uioz6d8paqhbo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ojiarụ:GerardM/Members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>743649</id>
      <parentid>743143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-06T15:12:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>9801</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>743649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="168706" sha1="4674qqlzo27nrmr5eqwr6png8omh3s3" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21290864 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21290864/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21290864/P580:Start date,P39/Q21290864/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| [[Dimeji Bankole]]
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-11-01&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Oladimeji Sabur Bankole.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Kwankwaso|Rabiu Kwankwaso]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1993
| 2019
| [[Faịlụ:Kwankwaso and Rochas at PGLS 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Muhammad8.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ahmad Sani Yerima]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nenadi Usman|Nenadi Esther Usman]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665219|Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]]''
| Gọvanọ Zamfara Steeti, Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[AHMED ABDUL NINGI]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2008
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Abdul Ningi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abdullahi Balarabe Salame]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-06
| 
|-
| [[Abdulmumin Jibrin]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-11-01
| [[Faịlụ:Jibrin Abuja Event.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abike Dabiri]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06
| 2015-06
| [[Faịlụ:Abike Dabiri-Erewa -crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abubakar Rimi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Seal of Kano.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abubakar Umar Tutare]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Adamu Sidi Ali]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Hassan Barata]]
| Senator nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695864|Ahmad Ibrahim Lawan]]''
| Onye isi Sineti nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007
| [[Faịlụ:Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Aliyu Musa]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| [[Aminu Kano]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2046345|Colonial Nigeria]]''
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Aminu Kano.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Aminu Safana]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]]
| Onye isi Obodo nke Sokoto Steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Aminu Waziri Tambuwal (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ayoade Ademola Adeseun]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868127|Bassey Ewa-Henshaw]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868129|Basset Otu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Sen otu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4884085|Bello Jibrin Gada]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[Bindo Jibrilla]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Bode Olajumoke]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5095351|Chibudom Nwuche]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5116055|Chukwuemeka Chikelu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| [[Emeka Ihedioha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Rt. Hon. Emeka Ihedioha (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5132325|Clever Ikisikpo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5238181|David Obadiah Lot]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Idris Wase]]
| onye otu ulo nnochite anya Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| [[Faịlụ:Headshot-photograph-ahmed-idris-wase.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Elizabeth Ogbaga]]
| Ọkaiwu Nwanyị Naijeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Emmanuel G. Bwacha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5393316|Ernest Ikoli]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5423303|Eziuche Ubani]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Farouk Lawan]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Farouk Lawan.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Femi Gbajabiamila|Femi Gbaja Biamila]]
| Onyeisi ụlọ omebe iwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Femi Gbajabiamila 2018.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5515869|Gabriel Suswan]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Ganiyu Solomon]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Ganiyu Solomon.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5545186|George Thompson Sekibo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5555270|Ghali Umar Na'Abba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Ghali Na'Abba at an interview with This Day Newspaper.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5623995|Gyang Dalyop Datong]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06
| 2007-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5720323|Seriake Dickson]]''
| Gọvanọ Bayelsa Steeti, Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984495|Ibrahim Bio]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5989581|Idris Abubakar]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye omebe iwu nke mpaghara ndịda Gombe
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6075720|Isa Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6213354|Joel Danlami Ikenya]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[Joseph Fadahunsi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Jibril Aminu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Julius Momo Udochi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Dinner in Honor of President Kennedy, Given by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Prime Minister of Nigeria (03).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6344204|Kabir Garba Marafa]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Kabir Garba Marafa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6380072|Kawu Sumaila]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Lynda Chuba-Ikpeazu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe nlereanya Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-09-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;1999&lt;br/&gt;2022-03
| 2022-03&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-30
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Arzika]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2001
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893184|Mohammed Lawal]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6967190|Nasiru Sule Garo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6983832|Nduese Essien]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7026337|Nicholas Ugbane]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Nkechi Justina Nwaogu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088869|Olusola Adeyeye]]''
| Onye otu Sineti nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Patricia Etteh]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Hon. Patricia O. Etteh (Speaker, House of Representative 2008).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Philips Tanimu Aduda]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7299041|Raymond Njoku]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Raymond Njoku.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Salisu Matori]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2006
| 
|-
| [[Shettima Ali Monguno]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| No/unknown value
| No/unknown value
| [[Faịlụ:Nigerian Public Domain Files 06.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7639331|Sunday Awoniyi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria (1932-2007)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1971
| 1975
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7668102|T. A. Doherty]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Usman Bayero Nafada]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007-11-02&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 2011-06-02
| [[Faịlụ:Usman Bayero Nafada.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7926221|Victor Ozodinobi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8022970|Wilson Asinobi Ake]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Ita enang]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003
| 2007
| [[Faịlụ:Abubakar Bagudu - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Paulinus Igwe Nwagu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140854|Sule Yari Gandi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13651011|Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16106000|Eddie Mbadiwe]]''
| Onue ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Julius Ihonvbere]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Olajumoke Okoya-Thomas]]
| Onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[John Dyegh]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2021-12-13&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16195524|Gbenga Elegbeleye]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Gbenga Elegbeleye.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Bimbo Daramola]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nnenna Elendu Ukeje]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Aliyu Ibrahim Gebi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Honorable Aliyu Ibrahim Gebi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Beni Lar]]
| Ọkaiwu Nwanyị Naijeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-12
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-12&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Khadija Bukar Abba Ibrahim]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18618880|Usman Shehu Bawa]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19518229|Saviour Friday Udoh]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19559941|Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Binta Masi Garba]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Danburam Abubakar Nuhu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19604976|Raphael Nomiye]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19667180|Oloye Akin Alabi]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Osinakachukwu Ideozu]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19938118|Solomon Olamilekan Adeola]]''
| onye nkwuputa ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Solomo Adeola.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19957516|Dogara Yakubu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:3R3A5379.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Gilbert E. Nnaji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Anthony Eze Enwereuzor]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Clifford Ohiagu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676550|Boniface S. Emerengwa]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20685008|Tajudeen Obasa]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Alhassan Doguwa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-01-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-11-04&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20774324|Olaka Nwogu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Macebuh Chinonyerem]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Njoku Nnamdi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Nwakanwa Chimaobi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Iheanacho Obioma]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mao Ohuabunwa|Mao Arukwe Ohuabunwa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]]
| Onye ndorondoro ochichi Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06
| 2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21063010|Onofiok A. Luke]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Rt. Hon. (Barr) Onofiok Luke, Speaker, Akwa Ibom State House of Asembly.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Dino Melaiye]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Dino Melaye at AMVCA 2020 02.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22005748|Kayode Oladele]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Kayode Oladele.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Chukwuemeka Ujam]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Martins Azubuike]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Omosede Igbinedion]]
| Ọkaiwu Nwanyị Naijeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Rose Okoji Oko]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 2015-06
| 
|-
| [[Uche Ekwunife]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ala Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Uche Ekwunife.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Yusuf Sulaimon Lasun]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:YussuffLasun.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23409635|Chinyere Igwe]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Adekoya Adesegun Abdel-Majid]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Hon. Adekoya adesegun.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24565203|Musa Sarkinadar]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[John Owan Enoh]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:John Enoh.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abdussamad Dasuki]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Abdussamad Dasuki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Abubakar Kyari]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| [[Joan Onyemaechi Mrakpor]]
| onye ndoro ndoro ochichi
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26704784|Austin Opara]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Julius Gbabojor Pondi]]
| Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27063414|Ephraim Nwuzi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-10-07
| 2020-10-07
| 
|-
| [[Ben Nwankwo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Ezenwa Francis Onyewuchi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27662959|Ogbonna Nwuke]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mojeed Alabi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28030538|Ugonna Ozurigbo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-13&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-23
| 2022-04-23
| [[Faịlụ:Ozbpice.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28051589|Samaila Suleiman]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-16
| 2022-03-08
| 
|-
| [[Janet Febisola Adeyemi]]
| onye isi umunwanyi na-egwuputa ihe na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28606434|Philip Shaibu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2016-03
| [[Faịlụ:Philip Shaibu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Olatoye Temitope Sugar]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-03-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28967996|Samuel Ikon]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28968008|Nse Ekpenyong]]''
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2022-04-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28968132|Ogor Okuweh]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28968135|Umar Barde Yakubu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29033506|Henry Okon Archibong]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-05
| 
|-
| [[Folake Olunloyo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nkeiruka Onyejeocha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Abdulrahman Shuaibu Abubakar]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Abdulrahman Shuaibu Abubakar.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Obinna Chidoka]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-19
| 2019-06
| [[Faịlụ:Hon. Obinna Chidoka.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ned Nwoko]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| [[Faịlụ:Ned Nwoko.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q32534468|Patrick Obahiagbon]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35523688|Iorember Wayo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35523709|Eke Bede]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Mallam Gana]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Tijjani Abdul Kadir]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536112|Dekor Dumnamene]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abiodun James Faleke]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536141|Okechukwu Eze]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536154|Usman Shiddi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-15
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536164|Ehiozuwa Agbonayinma]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Ederin Idisi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Musa Tsamiya Ado]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ajibola Famurewa]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536212|Muhammed Ajanah]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536223|Sunday Karimi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Sunday Karimi on the floor of the Nigerian Senate.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536240|Husseni Suleiman]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Jimoh Ojugbele]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536262|Angulu Zakari]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Johnson Oghuma]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536291|Umar Jibril]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536302|Sani Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Olajide Jimoh|Jimoh Abdul]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536324|Rabiu Garba]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536336|Sani Saidu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Toby Okechukwu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536361|Aja Samson]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-19&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536375|Joseph Edionwele]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536386|Albert Adeogun]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536398|Ngoro Agibe]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Omar Tata]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536424|Abdullahi Mohammed]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536436|Yusuf Buba Yakub]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Tasir Raji]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536456|Ibrahim Danmazari]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Victor Nwokolo]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Eucharia Okwunna]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
|-
| [[Chukwuma Nwazunku]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536498|Khamisu Ahmed Mailatantarki]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Khamisu Ahmed Mailantarki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Kehinde Agboola]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-21
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536524|Bello Sani]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536539|Bello Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536547|Ohiozojeh Akpatason]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-07-03&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Eke Jerome Amadi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536570|Suleiman Salisu]]''
| ẹne ijabẹ ọjanẹ Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536581|Ahmed Rufai]]''
| Oloselu
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536601|Okafor John]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-09-17
| 
| 
|-
| [[Herman Hembe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-08&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-26&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-08&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536630|Rita Orji]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536640|Adeyemi Adepoju]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Betty Apiafi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Betty Apiafi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536670|Ossy Prestige]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-02-06
| 
|-
| [[Olajide Olatubosun]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-07
| 2022-07
| 
|-
| [[Sunday Oladimeji]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Emmanuel Ukoete]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Rimamnde Shawulu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Henry Ofongo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536754|Isah Murtala]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Asabe Vilita Bashir]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536774|Gafaru Akintayo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ajayi Adeyinka]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536800|Aliyu Danladi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Hassan Omale]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536820|Umar Yakubu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Oyewole Diya]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Aliyu Ahman-Pategi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ala Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Solomon Maren|Bulus Solomon]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Aminu Ashiru Mani]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536916|Garba Ahmed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536928|Ajayi Ayantunji]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yunusa Abubakar]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536955|Gumau Yahaya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2018-03&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| [[Faịlụ:Senator Lawal Yahaya Gumau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536987|Kabir Shaibu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Raphael Nnanna Igbokwe|Igbokwe Nnanna]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537143|Ahmad Babba]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Talatu Yohanna]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Iboro Ekanem]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Emmanuel Ekon]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05-07
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537188|Olugbenga Ayode]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yusuf Tajudeen]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537221|Husaini Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Akinlaja Joseph]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537251|Mohammed Mahmud]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537263|Agbedi Yeitiemone]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537276|Marshal Sunday]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537290|Shehu Saleh]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-02-10&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-16
| 2022-04-16&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-12
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537300|Dauda Kako Are]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Razak Atunwa]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Asadu Patrick]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Oghene Egoh]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537352|Umaru Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537367|Abubakar Amuda-kannike]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Philip Ahmad]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537391|Chukwukere Austine]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537404|Abubakar Garba Lawal]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537416|Abubakar Adamu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Tarkighin Dickson]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537439|Aliyu Sani Madakin Gini]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Lazarọs Ogbee]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-09-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537462|Iduma Igariwey]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:IDUMA IGARIWEY ENWO.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Mohammed Muntari Dandutse]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537487|Shoyinka Olatunji]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Ochepo Adamu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Sarki Dahiru]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-25
| 2022-06-10
| 
|-
| [[Akeem Adeniyi Adeyemi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Akeem Adeniyi Adeyemi in Oyo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537536|Shehu Aliyu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-30&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537550|Babatunde Kolawole]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Babatunde G. Kolawole.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Stella Ngwu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537572|Olemija Stephen]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537605|Baderinwa Bamidele White]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537616|Johnbull Shekarau]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abiodun Olasupo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537638|Olatubosun Oladele]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537650|Isah Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537657|Uthman Munir]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537669|Owoidighe Ekpoatai]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Aminu Sulaiman]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537705|Gideon Gwani]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Danladi Baido]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-25
| 2022-04-25
| 
|-
| [[Chime Oji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Binta Bello]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Gombe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Shongom]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Thaddeus Aina]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Aishatu Jibril Dukku]]
| Onye ndoro ndoro ochichi Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Shehu Nicholas Garba|Nicholas Shehu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537813|D. Muhammad]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Onyereri Jones]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537842|Edwin Anayo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Baba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537862|Mukaila Kassim]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Enitan Badru]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Badamasi Ayuba]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-13
| 2022-05-13&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| [[Jibrin Santumari]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Sani Umar Bala]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537917|Abdulahi Faruk]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537928|Pwajok Gyang]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537940|Zakari Salisu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537964|Munir Babba Dan'Agundi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-09-10&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537977|Adewale Oluwatayo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Akinyede Awodumila]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Nicholas Mutu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538044|Bolaji Ayinla]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Abdullahi Dutse]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538080|Kurmi Gashaka]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538089|Randolph Brown]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nasiru Baballe]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538106|Nkem Uzoma]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538117|Ogbeide-ihama Omoregie]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538123|Goni Bukar]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538136|Nassir Ali]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538144|Adamu Salihu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538158|Samuel Olusegun Williams]]''
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-05&lt;br/&gt;2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538173|Abdulrazak Sa'ad Namdas]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Agam Jarigbe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-15
| [[Faịlụ:Jarigbe Agom.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538195|Goodluck Opiah]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ebenyi Kingsley]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Usman Ibrahim Auyo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538233|Chinda Ogundu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538247|Muhammed Gudaji]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538256|Abdul-malik Zubairu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Adabah Christian]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| [[Lawal Muhammadu Idirisu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-28&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-21
| 2022-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-28&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Afe Olowookere]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Sani Mohammed Aliyu Rano]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Emmanuel Akpan]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538328|Mayowa Akinfolarin]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Samuel Mayowa Akinfolarin.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Dapo Lam Adesina]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Dapo Lam Adesina.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538350|Hamman-julde Garba]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-12
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538360|Busayo Oke]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538372|Ismaila Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Muhammad Soba]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Sadiq Ibrahim]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Mark Gbillah]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538416|Hassan Yuguda]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538425|Zaphaniah Jisalo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Michael Etaba]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538448|Olusunbo Samson]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538458|Odeneye Olusegun]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538473|Tony Nwulu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538484|Olufemi Adebanjo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Bright Tamuno Gogo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538524|Sidi Yakubu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538536|Uchechirun Nnam-obi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538548|Malle Aminu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-13
| 
|-
| [[Bashir Babale]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538569|Emeka Idu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538581|Akintola Taiwo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Solomon Ahwinahwi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Dị ka Adekola si kwuo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538616|Abdullahi Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538626|Aliyu Muktar]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538647|Tope Olarinoye Olayonu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538657|Onwana Musa]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538667|Ayeola Abayomi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538678|Aisowieren Patrick]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538688|Nsiegbe Ibibia]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538702|Abubakar Hassan Nalaraba]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538715|Faruk Muhammadu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Dennis Oguerinwa Amadi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538738|Jacobson Barineka]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538751|Michael Omobgehin]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538760|Tajudeen Abbas]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Adamu Muhammadu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538787|Alagboso Jerry]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Dennis Nnamdi Agbo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538817|Sodaguwo Festus-omoni]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538828|Sheriff Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538841|O. Pally Iriase]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538857|Mohammed Monguno]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538869|Umar Muhammed]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538879|Bala Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538891|Victor Akinjo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Kolade Victor Akinjo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538903|Ismaila Gadaka]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538916|Linus Okorie]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538931|Ugwuegede Ikechukwu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Kwamoti Laori]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Essien Ayi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Chukwuemeka Anohu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Garba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdulkadir Rahis]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Francis Uduyok]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Taofeek Adaranijo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539019|Oladipupo Olatunde Adebutu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:PictureofOladipupoAdebutu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539032|Olusegun Odebunmi]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Garba]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-11-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539057|Sani Aminu]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539072|Hassan Saleh]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539092|Muhammad Abubakar]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539099|Kenneth Chikere]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539108|Isa Salihu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539118|Garba Muhammad]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539127|Anayo Nnebe]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539133|Ikani Okolo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Awulu Adaji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539149|Galadima Zakariya'u]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Azubago Ifeanyi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539173|Muhammad Lawal]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539187|Oninubuariri Obinna]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539198|Aminu Isa]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Solomon Adaelu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539224|Babangida Ibrahim]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539236|Oluwarotimi Agunsoye]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Oluwarotimi Ojo Agunsoye.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539248|Mohammed Sanda]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yahaya Chado]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539272|Muhammad Usman]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Hassan Fulata]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539294|Uko Nkole]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Sopuluchukwu Ezeonwuka]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Darlington Nwokocha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-02
| 2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539330|Michael Enyong]]''
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Adamu Kamale]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539352|Jika Haliru]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539361|Ahmed Abu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Onawo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mustapha Dawaki Bala|Mustapha Bala Dawaki]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| [[Adams Jagaba]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539407|Yusuf Tijani]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539419|Muhammed Ali]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Olufemi Fakeye]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Lado]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539447|Sulaiman Aliyu Romo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Olamide Oni]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Dayyabu Safana]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539474|Lawal B/tudu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539491|Ali Isa]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539499|Emmanuel Yisa Orker-Jev]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539511|Balarabe Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Eta Mbora Edim]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| [[Jefta Foingha]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539542|Yusuf Saidu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539553|Garba Sabo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539560|Salisu Koko]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539569|Jega Muhammad Umar]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539579|Yakub Balogun]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539590|Saadu Nabunkan]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539599|D Boma]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539610|Muhammad Abdu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539620|Mohammed Danlami]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539631|Adamu Gurai]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Olufunke Adedoyin]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539661|Samuel Onuigbo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539674|Sergius Ogun]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539686|Musa Sarkin]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539699|Adekunle Abdulkabir Akinlade]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[Faịlụ:Hon.Adekunle-Abdulkabir-Akinlade.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ibrahim Isiaka]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Ayo Hulayat Omidiran|Ayo Omidiran]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539745|Mutiu Shadimu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-04
| 
| 
|-
| [[Amiruddin Tukur]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-07-25
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Chukwuka Onyema]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Henry Nwaba]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Henry Nwawuba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539790|Emmanuel Ombugadu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Babajimi Adegoke Benson]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Babajinmi benson.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Gaza Jonathan Gbefwi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-07-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-06&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539827|Simon Arabo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Effiong Daniel Asuquo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539853|Mohammed Zakari]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539863|Olabode Ayorinde]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Suleiman Yahaya Kwande|Yayaha Suleiman]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539882|Awaji-inombek Abiante]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539892|Mahhud Maina]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539906|Sylvester Ogbaga]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539919|Memga Emmanuel]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Magaji Da'u Aliyu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| [[Akinloye Babajide]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539970|Garba Umar Durbunde]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Umar Garba Danbatta - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ochiglegor Idagbo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-06-29&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-06-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540012|Lawali Hassan]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540024|Egwu Emmanuel]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540036|Garba Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Evelyn Omavowan Oboro]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Gabriel Onyenwife]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Timothy Golu]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540082|Nicholas Ossai]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Joseph Ayodeji]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540105|Hassan Adamu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540116|Daniel Reyenieju]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Reyenieju.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540130|Kabiru Achida]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540141|Ogunwuyi Segun]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Muhammad Boyi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abiodun Awoleye]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540174|Aminu Shagari]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540184|Muhammadu Muktar]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Fijabi Akinade]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540239|Barambu Kawuwa]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2016-01
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Istifanus Dung Gyang]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| [[Peter Madubueze]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Barau Jibrin]]
| Onye ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Barau I Jibrin cropped portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Garba Shehu]]
| odee, onye nta akụko na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-anọch anya okpuru ọchịchị Tsafe
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41805511|Andrew Uchendu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42306280|Dakuku Peterside]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06
| [[Faịlụ:Dakuku Peterside in London - 2017 (38714062172) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Barry Mpigi|Barinada Barry Mpigi]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43250114|Nwofe Alexander]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Abubakar Gumel]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| [[justina Eze]]
| Onye nnọchi anya Naijiria na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Amb Hon Justina Chinweudo Eze; Nigerian Diplomat and Elder stateswoman.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Mulikat Adeola Akande]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Makama Misau]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51754799|Isa Hassan Jama'are]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| [[Richard Bamisile]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Richard Olufemi Bamisile.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Osita Chidoka]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56229522|Yaya Bauchi Tongo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-01-24&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-01-22
| 
|-
| [[Joseph Bamgbose]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Dorathy Mato]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2017
| 
| 
|-
| [[Shina Peller]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-21
| 2022-06-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56798462|Fateema Mohammed]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Peace Uzoamaka Nnaji]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58836571|Bassey Dan-Abia]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (b. 1957)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Barnabas Bala]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Abdullahi Ahmed|Ahmad Abubakar]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-01-30
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61756840|Bala Ibn Naallah]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye omebe iwu na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu Kwara steeti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63190460|Duro Faseyi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64736713|Bello Muhammad Matawalle]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64756796|Farah Dagogo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:DAGODO-INTRODUCING-A BILL RIVERS HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[Faịlụ:Aishatu Binani.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65548435|Chisom Dike]]''
| Onye ndoro ndoro ochichi Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-16
| 2021-09-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65580973|Alphonsus Gerald Irona]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65929260|Mohammed Umar Bago]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Mohammed Umar Bago.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-07-24&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2019-08-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-07-24
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q67099464|Tajudeen Adeyemi Adefisoye]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-16
| 2020-12-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q68621515|David Idris Zacharias]]''
| Onye nrụpụta ụlọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:David Idris Zacharias.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q69541341|Victor Mela Danzaria]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71333232|Unyime Idem]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Hon Unyime Idem at an event in 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Ifeanyi Chudy Momah]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q77569924|Abiola Makinde]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-02-23
| 2021-02-23
| 
|-
| [[Fred Agbedi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q80574278|Muhammadu Gawo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-12-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85912730|Mohammed Sabo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[Faịlụ:Nakudu 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q87451110|Saidu Musa Abdul]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q90325412|Kabir Tukura Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Juliet Akano]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Maimunat Adaji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Martha Bodunrin]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjịrịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q95692830|Taofeek Abimbola Ajilesoro]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Taofeek ABIMBOLA oladele AJILESORO.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Otunba Adewunmi Onanuga]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye ọchụnta ego
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96632100|Uchechukwu Madukaku Chukwuocha]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97097318|Agboola Ajayi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Babatunde Hunpe]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Hon. Babatunde Hunpe.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Francis E. Waive]]
| Ụkọchukwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99162710|Mustapha Baba Shehuri]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Zainab Gimba]]
| Onye Ndoro Ndoro Ochichi N&amp;#39;ala Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Miriam Onuoha]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-01-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Blessing Onuh]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-12-08&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2020-12-08
| 
|-
| [[Tolulope Akande-Sadipe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ogunlola Olubunmi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Gaya Mahmud]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Steeti Kano]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104521447|Abdulrauf Abdulkadir Modibbo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-30
| 
|-
| [[Abdulsalam Gambo Mubarak]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-07-16
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Kabir Abubakar]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Yabo Umaru]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Yahaya Kusada]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104530981|Adaramodu Adeyemi Raphael]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104531081|Adebayo Olusegun Balogun]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104531146|Adedayo Isaac Omolafe]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2021-08-16
| 
|-
| [[Zayyad Ibrahim]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-07-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105393512|Raheem Olawuyi]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105445777|Kabiru Alhassan Rurum]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ọkà mmụta akụ na ụba na onye nkuzi
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05-08
| 
|-
| [[Gagdi Adamu Yusuf]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Yusuf Gagdi.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105981510|Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (amụrụ 1982)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo (2024) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106653074|Sha'aban Ibrahim Sharada]]''
| onye ndorondoro ochichi Naijiria, onye nta akuko
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107001123|Zakariyau Galadima]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107062536|Benjamin Kalu]]''
| onye ndorondoro ochichi naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Benjamin Okezie Kalu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107185292|Karu Simon Elisha]]''
| Onye ndoro ndoro ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Uchechukwu Nnam-Obi]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Dachung Musa Bagos]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11
| [[Faịlụ:Dachung Musa Bagos.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107547621|Yuguda Hassan Kila]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2021-03-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107596091|Ali Abdullahi Ibrahim]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107598364|Solomon Bob]]''
| onye ọkaiwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Chukwuma Micheal Umeoji]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-10-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-10-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108753199|Satomi Ahmad]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109105116|Tukur Bello Ingawa]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109561665|Balarabe Shehu Kakale]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (Sokoto State)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-11-26
| 
| 
|-
| [[Alli Adeyemi]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087856|Rilwan Akambi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1992
| 1993
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111140605|Yerima Lawal Ngama]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe steeti]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141384|Abdulganiyu Saka Cook Olododo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2022-05
| 
|-
| [[Abdulkareem Usman Isah]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-10-24
| 
|-
| [[Abdulkarim Usman]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Mamudu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Sa'ad Abdulkadir]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdulmumin Muhammed Ari]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdulyekeen Alajagusi]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Kani Faggo]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Nalaraba]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Yerima Idris]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Adedeji Stanley Olajide]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141446|Adejoro Adeogun]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141447|Ademorin Kuye]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ado Sani Kiri]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Kalambaina|Ahmad Abdullahi Kalambaina]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ahmadu Usman Jaha]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Abubakar Ndakene]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141454|Ahmed Bakura Muhammad]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-06
| 2021-07-06
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Madaki Gololo]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-02-04
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ahmed Munir]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-09-15
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141457|Ahmed Usman Liman]]''
| Onye n&amp;#39;doro ndoro ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ajibola Muraina]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-30
| 2022-04-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141459|Alex Egbona]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-01-29&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-11-02
| 
|-
| [[Ali Datti Yako|Ali Datti-Yako]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-12-15&lt;br/&gt;2020-01-29
| 2020-12-15
| 
|-
| [[Amobi Yinusa Akintola]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Amos Gwamna Magaji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Aniekan Umanah]]
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-05
| 
|-
| [[Armaya'u Abdulkadir|Abdulkadir Armayau]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05
| 
|-
| [[Babangida Alhassan Abdullahi]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Bala Kokani]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141472|Bamidele Salam]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-07
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Bamidele Salem Image.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Basher Isah]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Bashir Uba Mashema]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Dawodu Bashiru|Bashiru Dawodu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Bello Hassan Shinkafi]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-07-06
| 
|-
| [[Bello Kaoje]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ben Igbakpa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Benjamin Mzondu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Boma Goodhead]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjịrịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141487|Chimaobi Ebisike]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-04-21
| 
| 
|-
| [[Chinedu Obidigwe]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Chinedu Ogah]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-11-19
| 
| 
|-
| [[Chris Emeka Azubogu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-09-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-10
| 2022-03-10&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-30&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| [[Chris Ngoro Agibe|Chris Ngoro Adigbe]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Cornelius Nnaji]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[David Abel Fuoh]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-10-07
| 2020-10-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141498|David Agada Ogewu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-09-24
| 2019-10-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141500|Dennis Idahosa]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Dennisida.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Dozie Nwankwo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-11-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Efe Afe]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141503|Emeka Chinedu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141505|Emmanuel Ukpong-udo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Fatahu Muhammad]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141507|Francis Ottah Agbo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Gabriel Saleh Zock]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141510|Ganiyu Johnson]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141513|Gboluga Dele Ikengboju]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Dele Gboluga Ikengboju.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Gibeon Goroki]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141516|Godday Samuel]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-09-28&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2023&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-28
| 
|-
| [[Hafiz Ibrahim Kawu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Hamisu Ibrahim Kubau]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141519|Hamza Dalhatu Batagarawa]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Haruna Isah Dederi]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141521|Haruna Maitala]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 2021-04-02&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141522|Haruna Mshelia]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Hassan Abdullahi Baiwa]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141524|Hassan Usman Sokodabo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Almustapha Aliyu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141526|Ibrahim Babajide Obanikoro]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Hamza]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Kunle Olanrewaju]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Mohammed Bukar]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Umar Potiskum]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Ifeanyi Ibezi]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-10-29
| 
|-
| [[Ikenna Elezieanya]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141537|Ismail Tijani]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141538|Israel Sunny-Goli]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141539|Ja'afar Abubakar Magaji]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ja'afaru Mohammed]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141541|Ja’afaru Iliyasu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-07-04
| 2019-12-02
| 
|-
| [[Jacob Ajao Adejumo]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2019-11-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-23
| 
|-
| [[Jafaru Suleiman Ribadu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-09-24
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141547|James Owolabi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141549|Jerry Alagbaoso]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-01-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-11-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141550|Joseph Bello]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141551|Jude Ise-Idehen]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2022-07-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141552|Kabiru Adjoto]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-21
| 
|-
| [[Kabiru Amadu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-14&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2021-06-29&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 
|-
| [[Kabiru Idris]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Kabiru Yahaya]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Kasimu Bello Maigari]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-07-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141560|Kasimu Danjuma]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-03-19
| 2020-09-21
| 
|-
| [[Kayode Akiolu|Kayode Moshood Akiolu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Kolapo Korede Osunsanya]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-01-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-09-09
| 
|-
| [[Kolawole Lawal]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-10-10&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2023&lt;br/&gt;2021-03-17
| 
|-
| [[Alphonsus Longgap Komsol|Komsol Longgap]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Kpam Sokpo]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-07-02
| 2022-07-02
| 
|-
| [[Olanrewaju Edun]]
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141569|Lawal Rabiu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-12-18&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2020-10-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Lawan Abdullahi Ken-Ken]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Lawan Shettima Ali]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Lawrence Babatunde Ayeni]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141574|Leke Abejide]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Livinus Makwe]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mahmoud Muhammed]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-25
| 
|-
| [[Makki Abubakar Yalleman]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mani Maishinko Katami]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mansur Aliyu Mashi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Mansur Manu Soro]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-20
| 2022-03-20
| 
|-
| [[Martins Oke]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141585|Micah Jiba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Omar Bio]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Saidu Bargaja]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-02-04
| 2019-08-02
| 
|-
| [[Mufutau Egberongbe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141591|Muhammad Abubakar Mamadi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-14
| 
|-
| [[Wudil Muhammad Ali|Ali Wudil Muhammad]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141594|Muhammad Auwal Jatau]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-01-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Muhammad Bello Yakubu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-31
| 2022-03-31
| 
|-
| [[Mukhtar Ahmed]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mukhtar Shehu Ladan]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mukhtar Zakari Chawai]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Murtala Isah Kankara]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Musa Muhammad Pali]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Musa Fagen-Gawo|Musa Muhammadu Fagen-Gawo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-03-19
| 
| 
|-
| [[Musa Umar Garo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Saidu|Mustafa Muhammad Saidu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| [[Nasiru Abduwa Gabasawa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-07-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nazifi Sani|Nazifi Sani Gumel]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141613|Ndudi Elumelu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nnolim Nnaji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nsikak Ekong]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-01-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-11-09
| 
|-
| [[Obinna Onwubuariri]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-09-18
| 
|-
| [[Obua Azibapu Fred]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ofor Gregory Chukwuegbo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Okwudili Ezenwankwo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141625|Olaide Adewale Akinremi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Olaifa Jimoh Aremu]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-03-17&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-03-17
| 
|-
| [[Olalekan Rasheed Afolabi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Olubukola Oyewo]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Olumide Ojerinde]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-07-05
| 2022-07-05
| 
|-
| [[Olumide Osoba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-05
| 
|-
| [[Oluokun Akintola]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Olusola Steve Fatoba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Oluwatimehin Adelegbe]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Oluyemi Adewale Taiwo]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141642|Paschal Chigozie Obi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-02-13&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-16
| 2022-04-16&lt;br/&gt;2020-02-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141645|Pat Asadu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Patrick Ifon]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141648|Peter Owolabi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-07-10
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141650|Preye Influence Goodluck Oseke]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Richard Gbande]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141653|Rima Kwewum]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Robert Tyough]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141656|Rotimi Agunsoye]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141657|Sada Soli]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Sada Soli.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Salisu Iro Isansi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Sam Onwuaso]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141661|Samuel Babatunde Adejare]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Sani Ma'aruf Nass]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Sani Umar Dan-Galadima]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-06-30&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2021-06-30&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 
|-
| [[Shamsudeen Bello Dambazau]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-29
| 2022-05-29
| 
|-
| [[Shehu Ahmed]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 
|-
| [[Shehu Barwa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141673|Shehu Mohammed Koko]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Simon Chukwuemeka Atigwe|Simon Atigwe]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141676|Simon Mwadkwon]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141677|Stephen Azaiki]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Sulaiman Gumi Abubakar|Sulaiman Abubakar Gumi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 
|-
| [[Suleiman Aliyu Lere]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-02-16&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-04-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-07
| 
|-
| [[Taiwo Kolawole]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141684|Taiwo Oluga]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Osun]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Thomas Ereyitomi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Tijjani Zannah Zakariya]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141689|Uju Kingsley Chima]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2020-02-13&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05&lt;br/&gt;2020-02-13
| 
|-
| [[Umar Abdulkadir Sarki]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Umar Abdullahi Kamba]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-05-27
| 
|-
| [[Umar Muda Lawal]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Umar Saidu Doka]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Usman Abdullahi Gbatamangi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Usman Bello Kumo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Usman Bello Kumo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141698|Usman Zannah]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Valentine Ayika]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-11-02
| 
|-
| [[Vincent Ofumelu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-09-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04
| 2022-04&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141702|Yakubu Nuhu Danja]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-07
| 
|-
| [[Yakubu Shehu Abdullahi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-02-16&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-24&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-05-24&lt;br/&gt;2021-02-16&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 
|-
| [[Yusuf Ahmad Badau]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yusuf Shitu Galambi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2021-06-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Yusuf Isah Kurdula]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yusuf Sa'idu Miga]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Zakaria Dauda Nyampa]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111143021|Shehu Balarabe]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria (Kaduna Steeti)
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148275|Atuma Emeka]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148277|Mba Ajah]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148280|Nnanna Uzor Kalu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148281|Anayo Damian Ozurumba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148283|Stanley U. Ohajuruka]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148284|Nnenna Ijeome Ukeje]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148285|Nkiru Onyejiocha]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148286|Uduma Kalu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148288|Chineye Fredinard Ike]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Udo Ibeji]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| [[Arua Arunsi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Uzo Azubuike]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148320|Nwangubi Fons]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148322|Nathaniel Kauda]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148328|Haske Francis Hananiya]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148335|Mahmud Wambai]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148337|Aminu Hamman Tukur Ribadu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148340|Ganawa Kwaga]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148341|Anthony Madwate]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148344|Eno Sampson Akpan]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148345|AsuquoEmah Bassey]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148347|Esu Tony Ibana]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148348|Eyo Akaninyene Eno]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Minimah Iquo-Inyang]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148351|Udoh Esio Oquong]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148352|Bernard Ambrose Udoh]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148353|Emaeyak Nkana Ukpong]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148356|Aniedi Ikpong King]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148357|Bassey Effiong Etim]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148359|Ekperikpe Ekpo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| [[Eseme Sunday Eyiboh]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| [[Ini Akpan Udoka]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Patty Etete Ineme]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Peter Linus Umoh]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Sabbath Sandy Obot]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148365|Effiong Akpan]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148366|Ekpenyong Etim]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148367|Udoh Micah]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148368|Archibong Edet]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148369|Francis Udoh]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Uwak Edet]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148372|Ukoette Isaac]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148461|Anosike Emma Obiajulu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148465|Duru Chidi Okechukwu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148466|Bertrand Maduka Efobi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| [[Chudi Offodile]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148470|Udeh Okechukwu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148472|Frederick A.U. Okeke]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150147|Adewale Babatunde]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150148|Akanni Balogun]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150149|Tunji Ganiyu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150150|Habib Jakande]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150154|Arinola Onabamiro]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150223|Adebayo F. Odulana]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150243|Adefolabi Morufdeen]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150274|Emmanuel Oyeyemi Adedeji]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150282|Fancy Akeem Arole]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150292|Habeeb Fashiro]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150320|Ibrahim Adebola Moshood]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150330|Joseph Ajatta]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[Monsuru Owolabi]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150394|Salau Tunde]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150402|Setonji G. Koshoedo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150410|Amele Moshood Tokunbo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150464|Abiola Edewor]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150472|Adeyemi Olwole]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150499|Femi Obayomi Davies]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150513|Adeyanju Simon Aderemi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150519|Tugbobo Aima]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150582|Olakunle Amunkoro]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150644|Onimole Olufemi Olawale]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150691|Mudashiru Oyetunde Husaini]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150706|Ogunbajo Olu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[Wunmi Bewaji Mabayoje]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150726|Oludotun Animashaun]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151338|Ahmed D. A. Wadada]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151364|Isa U. Ambaka]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151374|Mohammed A. Al-Makura]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151383|Samuel Egya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151400|Shuaibu H. Abdullahi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151475|Alhaji Baba Agaie]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151483|Bala Adamu Kuta]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151492|Isah Shaba Ibn Bello]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151502|James Baitachi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151512|Mikail Al-Amin Bmitosahi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151520|Mohammed Jibo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151529|Mohammed K. Darangi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151554|Muktar M. Ahmed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151614|Buraimo Taofeek]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abudu Abiodun]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151620|Adeyemi Adekunle]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151621|Razaq Tunde]]''
| Ẹnẹ Nígèríá kì ya chi ijabe
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151623|Isiaq Akinlade]]''
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-05
| 2015-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151629|Ogunola Tunde]]''
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151660|Salako Oladapo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151661|Anthony Ogunbanjo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151662|Sowande Abayomi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151664|Amusan Kayode]]''
| Nke a bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151667|Razak Adewusi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151677|Adedeji Amusa Suraj]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151679|Babatunde Olokun]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151681|Laosihe Abraham Lanare]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151683|Mustapha Olabode]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151685|Odutan Kamaorun Alabi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151687|Onadeko Onamusi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151689|Owolabi Ashamu Ola]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151691|Rasheed Babawale Remi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Abayomi Sowande Collins]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151711|Abiodun Aderin Adesida]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151713|Adedeji Omotayo Emmanuel]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151717|Alaba Ojomo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151723|Niyi J. Akinyugha]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151726|Oladoyinbo-Ojomo Alaba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151727|Olakunde Oluwole]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151731|Ologunagba J. Debo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151734|Tayo Fawehinmi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151979|Orimoloye Peter Saka]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Abayomi Sheba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151991|Dada Busari]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151993|Fagbite Lawrence Akinyele]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151997|Oladejo Akinnifesi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151999|Omoseebi Rufus Akinwumi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152000|Omotosho Michael]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152073|Adeyemi Adejare]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152079|Falade Ajibade Michael]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152080|Fasogbon John Olawole]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152082|Jolaoya George]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152083|Kayode Idowu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152084|Kolawole Ismaila]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Adekunle Jenrade Kareem]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152096|Ademola Adeniyi Tajudeen]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152098|Adeshile Adedeji Kazeem]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152099|Alli Lateef Adebola]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152100|Sanusi Sadiq Anwo]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152101|Balogun Alli]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152102|Gbadamosi Lateef Durojaiye]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152103|Hussein Adesiyan Ajani]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152104|Oduyoye Babatunde]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152105|Ojegoke Rafiu Oladeni]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152106|Oluwasegun Taiwo Dele]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152107|Oyebanji Folaranmi Simeon]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Temilola Segun Adibi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152110|Sheik Mudathir Sekoni]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152113|Festus Adegoke]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abass Olopoenia]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152116|Olusegun Olayiwola Akinloye]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152117|Omotayo Paul Oyetunji]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2008-01-26
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152120|Gbede Aderemi Waheed]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152121|Oyedokun Oladepo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Kareem Tajudeen Abisodun]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152124|Mudashiru Kamil Akinlabi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152126|Agoro Lanre Adeniran]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152132|Segun Moses Oladimeji]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 2007-09-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152144|Adebukola A. Ajaja]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152148|Olayemi Sikiru Busari]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152151|Kola Olabiyi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152153|Muritala Kayode Adewale]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152158|Ibrahim Adeniyi Olaifa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152175|Odebunmi O. Dokumu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152186|Jimoh Afiss Adelowo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152238|Binuwai Josiah Gobum]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Adeh Lumumba Dah]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152240|Ja'afaru Damulak]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152244|Dung Daniel Sunday]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152245|Lar Victor Rampyal]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152246|Song Isa Chungwom]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2007-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152249|Barminas Ali Yilkes]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152258|Davies Sokonte Huttin]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152261|Asita Honourable]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152262|Dawari George]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Maurice Propnen]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152270|Kalipa John]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152273|Kunaiyi-Akpanah Daemi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152274|Aguma Igochukwu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152275|Deeyah Emmanuel Nwika]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152276|Nwosu George Ford]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152279|Ike B. S. Chinwo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152281|Berewari Christopher]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152283|Sodienye Swerve]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152295|Jeffreys M. Owor]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152300|Longjohn Tonye Tamuno]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152302|Promise Iderifama T. Abibo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152303|Adokiye Young-Harry]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152305|Amadi Lasbry Onusegbu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152307|Appolos E. Amadi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152308|Barida Mikko Bernard]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152309|Nwala Iwezor Jacob]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152312|Ogonda Oludi Edwin]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153183|Ismaila Usman Balarabe]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153185|Mukhtar Dikko]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153186|Sirajo Marafa Gatawa]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153188|Zubairu S. Magori]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153190|Mohammed Usman]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153191|Arewa S. Mohammed]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153192|Aliyu Umar Sanyinna]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153194|Zakari Muhammed Shinaka]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153197|Kiryo Yabo Hassan]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153307|Albert Taminu Sam-Tsokwa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153310|Babangida S.M Nguroje]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153313|Henry M. Shawulu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153325|Ishaika Mohammed Bawa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153328|Jerimon S. Manwe]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153332|Kabiru Jalo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153390|Baba Bukar Machinama]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153392|Ismail Ahmad Gadaka]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153417|Goni Bukar Haruna]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153421|Ali Yakubu Mainasara]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153422|Hassan K Badawy]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153426|Baba Gishiwari]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153431|Lawan Mohammed Kori]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153432|Zakari Yau Galadima]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153435|Babale Jibrin]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153436|Geidam Almajir]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153441|Isiyaku Suleiman]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153446|Jonga Hassan]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153458|Shugaba Bello]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153505|Abubakar Shehu Bunu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153512|Bello Abubakar]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153516|Dahiru Zubairu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153519|Idris Mohammed Keta]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153539|Mohammed Sani]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;1999-04&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Makwashi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153544|Aliyu Sahabi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153546|Sani Ibrahim R. Forward]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-04&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153548|Godal Lawali Ibrahim Nasarawa]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153552|Moriki Bello Abubakar]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153555|Sani Anka Mohammed]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153572|Ado Sidi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111199552|Mayokun Lawson-Alade]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2022-02-28
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Jude Ngaji]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2022-02-26
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111199670|Musa Agah Avia]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2022-02-26
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113334421|Isa Ashiru Kudan]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Shaba Ibrahim]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| [[Saudatu Sani]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjịrịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Chimaobi Sam Atu]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| [[Faịlụ:Chimaobi Atu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Doris Uboh-Ogunkoya]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116980876|Atiwurcha Sylvanus]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116982529|Tijani Kayode Ismail]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116993297|Barr. Emah Bassey]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117002050|Zanna Laisu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117005837|Samson Raphael Osagie]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117005874|Faruk Dange]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117007945|Nsini Umossoh]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117011693|Abaribe eyinnaya]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012124|Ezekiel Anaka]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012141|Bassy Etim]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012165|C. I. D. Maduabum]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012181|Ugochukwu Nedu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012193|Nzeribe Chuma]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012209|Kalango youpele]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012250|Nev Tarhule]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012265|Ibom Irem Oka]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117018062|Gozie G. Agbakoba]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Ogodo Patience]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117018869|Gilibert Emeka]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117019048|Adamu Gorah kauba]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117020989|Segun Osibote]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021248|Alex Ikor Ukam]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021421|Abasi Ogwime Braimah]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021437|Ahmed Tsoho Kargi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021544|Abdul Wahab Isa]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021555|Abdulaziz Ahmed Tijani]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021560|Abdulkadir M. Nasir]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021584|Jim Kwawo Audu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021761|Usman Bapparu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021781|Ihedioha Nkem]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021800|Saido Miga]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021842|Babangida jibrin]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117023322|Christian Enemuo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117024363|Ozodinobi Ibezimako]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117024771|Egwuatu Osita C.]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029104|Adegoke Festus Adewale]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029111|Adewusi Babatunde]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029119|Adikpe Agbonu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Akindahunsi Titilayo]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029257|Akinade Ibiodun Isiaq]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029274|Akinwale Florence Atinuke]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029293|Aliyu Ahaman Pategi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029297|Aliyu Diko]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029921|Aribisala Adewale]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117030149|Auwalu Gwalabe]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117030262|Leo Adejare Awoyemi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117037326|Alphonsus Uba Igbeke]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2013
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038128|Farouk Mustapha]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038135|Seth Alhassan Karfe]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038145|Mohammed Labaran]]''
| 
| [[Niger]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038157|Bala Abduallahi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038161|Dikko Samaila]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038167|Moddibo Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117039600|Sani Ahmed Toro]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117040345|Abdulahmed Ningi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[Hamisu Mu'azu Shira]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117040614|Isa Musa Matori]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117041019|Indiamaowei Sylva]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117041775|Badamasi Kabir]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117041835|Bala Almu Banye]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117042021|Ebikekeme Ere]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117042160|Ogah Agbo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117042501|Atii Terfa]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044553|Okino moses]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044724|Faniyi Joseph Juwon]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044775|Simon Aondona]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044852|Durosinmi Meseko]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ali Aidoko Atai]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117045178|Ogundairo Ajibade]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117045293|Edun oladimeji]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117046081|Suleiman Adamu Gummi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117046175|Uzairu Suleiman]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117048960|Khanin Tauru Titus]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117048971|Nasiru Balarabe  Asara]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117048977|Balkore Usman]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2008
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049004|Jeffrey’s moses owor]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049014|Tonye Long john]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| [[Aguma Nnamdirim]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2005
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049133|Austin Okpara adiele]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049180|Tijani Kumaila]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049249|Idoko Onobi David]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117050931|Fanta Baba Shehu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117060528|Wihioka Chidi Frank]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117071359|Mohammed Kumaila]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117074200|Moroof Akinwande]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117074214|Francis Dayo Oguniyi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117074221|Ifedayo abegunde]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117075994|Haruna Yerima]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117076029|Mustapha Gajibo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117076107|Adahi Andeshi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117083221|Kaze Bitrus]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117083279|Chile Igbawua]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117083294|Chinenye Ferdinard Ike]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084342|Dave Oladapo Salako]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084357|Demnege Alaaga]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084591|Emmanuel Bello]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084631|Eze Chukwudi Leonard]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084655|Falake Lunloyo Oshinowo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086162|Essien Ekpeyong Agi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086245|Alex akam]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086386|Gbinije Napoleon]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086543|Tamarautare Brisibe]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086685|Mercy Almona-Isei JP]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086833|Ojougboh Cairo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117087622|Adigwe Lord-Michael]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| [[Friday Itulah]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117089677|Gabriel Ekpishoko Edi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117089821|George E. Daika]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117089852|Godfrey Ali Gaiya]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117100775|Haliru Garba Gidan Hamma]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117101450|Aroh Eusebius Aroh]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117101534|Elem Francis]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117112512|Abubakar Momoh]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117115109|Oroh Abdul Shaibu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117130916|Ibejiako Ifeanyi Ernest]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Ifaluyi Isibor|Ogbeide Ifaluyi-Isibor]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117132104|Iho David Mzenda]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117133475|Isah Egah Dobi]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117186474|Emmanuel Arigbe-Osula]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117195820|Adeyemo Isiaq Tunde]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117195839|James Yakwen Ayuba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117195864|Anota Joshua Ola]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Gumbari Mataimaki Joseph]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117220347|Kabir Ahmed Kofa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117220567|Kolawole A. Yusuf]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117220761|Leonard Wakkyai William Dilkon]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Makanjuola Gbenga Peter]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117273690|Mohammed Sani Abdu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Nasir Zangon-Daura]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| [[Faịlụ:NSZD Portrait.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Maureen Gwacham]]
| nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| [[Aliyu Wakili Boya]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Onye ọka iwu
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Kyale Isaac Kwallu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-12
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120731945|Thimnu Kobis Ari]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120767908|Innocent Zeitet Tirsel]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120785340|Emmanuel Lokji Luka Goar]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120785866|Wuyep L. Musa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Niger]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120786048|Josiah Binuwai G.]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120786380|Barminasa Yikes]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120786615|Longhor Adamu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| [[David Ishaya Lalu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120792525|Isa Chungwon Song]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| [[Ango Sadiq Abdullahi]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120798250|Ojo R. Olasegun]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121096143|Auwwal Tukur]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121096310|Bete Mamman]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123361360|Yusuf T. Sununu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123371049|Ikenga Ugochinyere]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124034514|Willie I. Ogbeide]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124034686|Arigbe O. Osaigbovo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124035140|Akogun Babatunde Ainukhatemon]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124036887|Gabriel E. Orbor]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124038065|Abolagba Johnson Aigbudu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124038579|Pius E. Mwen]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Omoruyi Murphy Osaro]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Erhiatake Ibori-Suenu]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye omebe iwu gọọmenti etiti
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126119498|Moenwul John Dafaan]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q130684454|Odubu Egberanmwen Pius]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131421870|Chinedu Tochukwu Okere]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131421933|Okechukwu Eugene Dibiagwu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131422163|Onwuegbuchulam Jonas Okeke]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| [[Shuaibu Babas]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Fufore]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abubakar Baba Zango]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Jonathan Punwet]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| [[Kabiru Mijinyawa]]
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abass Adekunle Adigun]]
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| [[Garba Mohammed Chiroma]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131920966|Akin Rotimi]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135917821|Ibrahim Gbadebo Abdullahi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135917837|Salinsile Rasaq Ayobami]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2006
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139801180|Akham Jaloh]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q59818686|Demsa]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139801192|Farouk Mohammed]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ganye]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139801610|Salihu Usman M.]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139820325|Hon. Ahmed wali Doho]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Gombe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6450109|Kwami]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139820432|Adamu Umaru Dala]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Girei]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139820445|Mark Ishaya]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q59818706|Gombi]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139830239|Babangida Adamu]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Gombe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nafada]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139832154|Sani Ahmad Haruna]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Gombe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139843503|Baffa Shinge]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Jigawa]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4827336|Auyo]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139849568|Liya Suleiman Jatau]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Gombe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6354502|Kaltungo]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139860886|Joseph Badejo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Ogun]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10301003|Ijebu North East]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q141348722|Kassah Dangi Shallum]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5622887|Guyuk]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q141348739|Shalom D. Kassah]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5622887|Guyuk]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q141348771|Salihu Usman Malkohi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Yola South]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q141348960|Jibril Ibrahim Jimeta]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Yola North]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa Steeti]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148474|Celestine Nnaemeka Ughanze]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148476|Okwudili Uzoka]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148479|Okwudili Uzoka]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148485|Ahmed Misau]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148487|Dahiru Saleh]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148488|Abdulrazak Nuhu Zaki]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148490|Clement T. Andie]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148492|Graham Ipigansi]]''
| politicianOnye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148493|Okoto Foster Bruce]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148494|Torukurobo Epengule Mike]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148495|Wuku Dieworio Wilson]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148498|Warman W. Ogoriba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148500|Dickson Henry]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148501|Donald Egberibin]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148502|Nelson Belief]]''
| politicianOnye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148513|Aboho Ityokumba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148518|Jime Emmanuel]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148519|Alaaga Demnenge]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148550|Agidani Solomon]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148552|Gbande Moses Akuha Tor]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148573|Idikwu Altine Oga]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148574|Jooji Tachia]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148578|Malherbe Zakarie Andiir]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148582|Samuel Onazi Obande]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148602|Terngu Tsegba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148613|Upaa Cletus Tivnongu Kinga]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148614|Goddy Igbaraav Ikerave]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148638|Khadi Kaamuna]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148639|Terab Abba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148641|Msheliza Musa]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148645|Maina Lawan Maina]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148646|Lawan Isa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148648|Biye Gumtha]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148649|Gujbawu Kyari]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148653|Abba Dawud Lawan]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148655|Baba Gana Tijani]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148657|Ishaku Sharah]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148658|Kaka Adam Mustapha]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148660|Modu Alhaji Musa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148667|Shettima Shehu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148706|Asuquo Nya Eyoma]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148707|Igbodor Peter Leja]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148708|Nyambi Alobi Odey]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148710|Obeten Obeten Okon]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148713|Mike O. Ogar]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148714|Patrick Ene Okon]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148715|Agbor Patrick Orok]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148717|Tangban EbutaAmba]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148723|Agoda John Halim Ochuko]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148724|Aguariavwodo Emmanuel Edesiri]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148725|Almona-Isei Mercy]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148726|Gabriel M. Dumi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148727|Efekodha Anthony Onomuefe]]''
| Onye ndọro ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148729|Emibra Agbeotu Efiriaendi]]''
| Onye ndoro ndoro ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Temi Harriman|Harriman Temi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịch naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148731|Irabor Nduka]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148733|Nwoko Ned Munir]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148813|Chukwuemeka Tobias Okwuru]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148814|Peter oge Ali]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148816|Edeh Onyemaechi Peter]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148831|Omo Christopher Isu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148832|Chima Innocent Ugo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi nailịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148836|Okereke D. Onuabunchi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148859|Aguebor Sunday Ikponmwonsa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148860|Alegbe Benson]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148862|Aziegbemi Anthony]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148863|Ehimen Oiboh Gabriel]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148865|Idahosa EhiogieWest]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148866|Lakoju Joseph Babatunde]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148867|Augustine U. Obozuwa]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148869|Ogbiede Enoma Willie]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2003
| 
|-
| [[Fajura Charles Adedayo|Adedayo Fajura Charles]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148937|Ajayi Joseph Aderemi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148938|Aladejebi Francis Oluyemi]]''
| Nigeriaonye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148939|Olusegun Raphael Ojo]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148940|Owoola Ogunsanmi]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148941|Ropo Ige]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ogbuefi Ozomgbachi]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Kanayo Graham-Burton Oguakwa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149050|Paul Okwudili Eze]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149152|Mathew Omegara]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Uwazurike Patrick]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149177|Anyanwu Tony]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149180|Dike Cajethan O.]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149196|Egu Greg C.]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149206|Eze Okere Tony]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149219|Ezeani Nnamdi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149227|Ibekwe Maurice Obasi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149228|Nwole Uchenna]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149229|Oguike Levi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149230|Christopher Chukwuemeka]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149246|Abba Anas Adamu]]''
| Ọnye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149247|Bsshir Adamu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149249|Hussein Namadi Abdulkadir]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149250|Ibrahim Chaicai]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149251|Ibrahim Garba]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149252|Ibrahim Yusha’u Kanya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Mustapha Khabeeb]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149258|Safiyanu Taura]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Niger]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149259|Yusuf Saleh Dunari]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochịchị Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149296|Ahmed Maiwada]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149298|Inuwa M. Aliyu]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149299|Asake Jonathan]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149301|Audu Ado Dogo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149302|Aya Florence Diya]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149303|Dansa Audu]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149304|Haruna Mohammed Mikalu]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149305|Yakubu M Isiaku]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149306|Koji Binta Garba]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149310|Liiloro Mohammed Hussain]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149311|Paki Tijjani Sani]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149312|Tanko Yahaya]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149314|Tukur Abdul'Rauf]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149316|Usman Abdukadir]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149395|Abdurrahamman Suleiman Kawu]]''
| Onye ndoro ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ahmad Audi zarewa]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149407|Alhassan Uba Idris]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| [[Danlami Hamza]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149419|Garba Mohammed Batalawa]]''
| Ònye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ala Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149421|Ibrahim Muazzam Bichi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 2007-05-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149423|Ibrahim Umar Ballah]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| [[Isah Idris Alhaji]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149430|Kiru Ubale Jakada]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149436|Labaran Y. Dambatta]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149629|Bala Ali]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149633|Biburim Bashir yusuf]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149637|Bichi Mahmoun Baba]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naịjiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149638|Bunkure Yusuf Malam]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149639|Butalawa Garba Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149640|Fanda Adamu Abdul]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149642|Gora Muhtan Abdulrazaq]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149643|Gwarzo Hamza Zakari]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149644|Harisu Srajo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149646|Haruna Shehu Lambu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Hausawa Aminu Ghali]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149649|Kachako Aliyu Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149656|Muktar Ad'hama Ismail]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149660|Sarai Bako]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149662|Tsanyawa Umaru Aliyu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149663|Wudil Sirajo Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149664|Yako Aliyu Mohammed]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149666|Yammedi Shehu Aliyu]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149689|Abdullahi Musa Nuhu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149695|Aminu Bello Musari]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149705|Adamu Saidu Daura]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149707|Funtua Lawal Ibrahim]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149709|Makera Sabiu Hassan]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149710|Mashi Abdu Haro]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149722|Nadabo Tukur Idris]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149723|Nasarawa Usman Mani]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149725|Safana Amina Yakubu]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149748|Shehu Abubakar Garba]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149749|Tsagero Muazu Lemamu]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149751|Yahaya Shuaib Baure]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yar'adua Abubakar Sadiq]]
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149755|Abubakar Lamido Sadiq]]''
| Onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdullahi Umar Faruk]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149803|Aminu Musa Koko]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149806|Garba Abdullahi Bagudo]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149807|Garba Gulma]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Halima Hassan Tukur]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| [[Ibrahim Bawa Kamba]]
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ochichi Naijịria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149810|Muhammed Umar Jega]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abdulkarim Saliu]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149831|Badamasuiy Abdulrahaman]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| [[Mohammed Ibrahim Idris]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149833|Karim Sunday Steve]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149834|Tom Ogijo Zakari]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149835|Ismail Inah Hussein]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149837|Asema M. Sadiq]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149839|Umar Buba Jibrin]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149840|Atai Usman]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149841|Samuel Aro Bamidele]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149842|Ihiabe Samson Positive]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149843|James Idachaba]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149847|Suleiman Y. Kokori Abdul]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149874|Abiodun Ojo Samuel]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149876|Ineke Itaka Frank]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149878|Jimba Isaac Ruzama]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149879|Muazu Abimaje]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149882|Musa Adamu Osuku]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149884|Olorunshola Ojo]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149887|Samari Adamu Ahmadu]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149890|Abdul Stephen E Sani]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150077|Oni Bashir Bola]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150085|Sarouk Farouk Abdul Wahab]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150086|Shittu Rauf Kolawole]]''
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
| onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150099|Michael Abayomi]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150107|Bashiru O. Bolarinwa]]''
| onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si Nigeria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150117|Babatunde Kazeem]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150121|Babatunde Akinloye]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150124|Ganiyu Oladunjoye Hamzat]]''
| Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150125|Lanre Mukaila]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150127|Abiodun Muniru]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150131|Owolabi Alao]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150134|Moruf Akindelu Fatai]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150135|Ojelabi C. Oyefolu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150140|Oyewole Adenekan]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150142|Ekundayo Ajebiosu]]''
| 
| [[Naijiria]]
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ojiarụ:GerardM/Ugandan universities et al</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>743738</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-07T03:03:13Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="7049" sha1="ip3rv36b2r1u12wrh5jvr9qoab562tp" xml:space="preserve">The [https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/country/Q1036 Scholia for Uganda]

{{Wikidata list
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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Organization
! Number of authors
! Publications (known/missing)
|-
| ''[[:d:Q261506|Makerere University]]''
| 20
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q261506|25]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q261506/missing|📖]]
|-
| [[Afrịka Continent Free Trade Area|Mpaghara Azụmahịa Afrịka]]
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q50828855|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q50828855/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2753927|Kyambogo University]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2753927|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2753927/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137661715|Worship Harvest Ministries]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q137661715|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q137661715/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138788211|12th Parliament of Uganda]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q138788211|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q138788211/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6739289|Makerere University College of Health Sciences]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6739289|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6739289/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6739292|Makerere University School of Public Health]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6739292|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6739292/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6343817|Kabale University]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6343817|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6343817/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4917719|Bishop Stuart University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4917719|7]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4917719/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7877609|Uganda Martyrs University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7877609|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7877609/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q103019028|MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit On AIDS]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q103019028|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q103019028/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136180867|Femrite- Uganda Women Writers Association]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q136180867|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q136180867/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106380835|Hamz App]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q106380835|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q106380835/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q141622676|مجلس إدارة جامعة إنسان الدولية]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q141622676|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q141622676/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15262105|New Vision Group]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q15262105|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q15262105/missing|📖]]
|-
| [[Fountain Publishers|Ndị mbiputa Fountain]]
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q19903271|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q19903271/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28223289|Ministry of Health]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28223289|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28223289/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948019|Makerere University School of Education]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948019|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948019/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115241692|The Uganda Society]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q115241692|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q115241692/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121145240|Uganda Library and Information Association]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q121145240|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q121145240/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q130882836|Afya na Haki Institute]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q130882836|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q130882836/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14956750|Mulago Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q14956750|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q14956750/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16902646|Victoria University Uganda]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16902646|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16902646/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18351712|Insurance Regulatory Authority of Uganda]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18351712|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18351712/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28232201|Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28232201|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28232201/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30261875|National Agricultural Research Organisation]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30261875|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30261875/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30262098|Uganda Industrial Research Institute]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30262098|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30262098/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30267820|African Field Epidemiology Network]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30267820|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30267820/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30296330|Rakai Health Sciences Program]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30296330|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30296330/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5158982|Islamic University in Uganda]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5158982|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5158982/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5617918|Gulu University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5617918|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5617918/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60746495|Uganda National Examinations Board]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q60746495|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q60746495/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7589504|St. Lawrence University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7589504|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7589504/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7877634|Uganda Virus Research Institute]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7877634|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7877634/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q954747|East African Airways]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q954747|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q954747/missing|📖]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alex Iwobi</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-07T02:59:11Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="21018" sha1="620c5qct4nvwlpp4s8csrkvfecefetg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Faịlụ:Alex_Iwobi_2019.jpg|thumb|Alex Iwobi]]
Alexander Chuka Iwobi (/ ɪˈwoʊbi/ ih-WOH-bee; amuru 3 Mee 1996) bu onye okacha amara n’egwuregwu ndi Naijiria nke na-egwu egwu dika onye nku maka iko Premier League Everton na otu mba Naijiria.

Iwobi malitere ọrụ ya na Arsenal, na-eme ngosi 149 ma nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ 15, wee merie FA Cup na 2017. N'August 2019, ọ gafere Everton maka ego mbụ £ 28 nde.

Iwobi nọchitere anya England ruo n'okpuru 18 larịị. O mere egwuregwu izizi ya nke mba ụwa na Nigeria na Ọktoba 2015, ma so na ndị otu ha na FIFA World Cup na 2018 na iko mba Africa na 2019 na 2021, gbachara nke atọ na asọmpi 2019.

== Oge mbụ na ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ Iwobi na [[Lagos]] tupu ọ kwaga England mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ , na-eso nwa oge nọrọ na Turkey &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Daniel|title=How Arsenal's Alex Iwobi became England's loss and Nigeria's gain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/mar/26/arsenal-alex-iwobi-england-nigeria|accessdate=10 April 2016|work=The Guardian|date=26 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AFC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arsenal.com/academy/players/alex-iwobi|title=Profile|accessdate=11 October 2015|publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lawrence|first=Amy|title=Alex Iwobi: 'I did extra training. My mum made me do kick-ups in the living room'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/dec/09/alex-iwobi-arsenal-extra-sessions|accessdate=6 November 2018|work=The Guardian|date=9 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;wee tolite na Newham, London. Nwanne nne ya bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ Jay-Jay Okocha. &lt;ref name=&quot;AFC&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47988402|title=Arsenal's Alex Iwobi hoping to emulate uncle Jay-Jay Okocha's success|date=19 April 2019|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Arsenal ===
[[Usòrò:Alex_Iwobi_20150814.jpg|thumb| Iwobi (n'aka nri) na-egwu maka Arsenal U21s na 2015]]
[[Usòrò:Alex_Iwobi_(24109638313)_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Iwobi with Arsenal, 2016]]
Iwobi sonyeere Arsenal mgbe ọ ka nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na 2004, ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hapụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ na ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii.

O tinyere aka na egwuregwu otu nke mbụ dị ka onye nnọchi na-ejighị ya na Njikọ Njikọ megide West Bromwich Albion na 25 Septemba 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Results/matches: 2013/14|url=http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=142&amp;teamTabs=results&amp;season_id=143|work=Soccerbase|publisher=Centurycomm|accessdate=25 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ogologo oge na Arsenal na October 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alex Iwobi signs new contract&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/20151006/alex-iwobi-signs-new-contract|title=Alex Iwobi signs new contract|date=6 October 2015|accessdate=25 March 2016|publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/alex-iwobi-2|title=Profile|accessdate=13 October 2015|publisher=Premier League|archivedate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308074552/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/alex-iwobi-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 27 October 2015, Iwobi mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, malite na 3-0 meriri Sheffield Wednesday na Round nke 16 nke Njikọ Njikọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34654548|title=Arsene Wenger 'used too many senior players' in League Cup exit|date=28 October 2015|accessdate=1 November 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34578025|title=Sheffield Wednesday 3–0 Arsenal|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=1 November 2015|author=Luke Reddy|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị na mmeri 3-0 megide Swansea City na ama egwuregwu nnwere onwe, dị ka oge nkwụsịtụ maka Mesut Ozil . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34623949|title=Swansea City 0–3 Arsenal|date=31 October 2015|accessdate=1 November 2015|author=Dafydd Pritchard|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwobi mere mpụta mbụ Champions League ka ọ nọchiri nkeji iri asatọ na ise na mmeri 5-1 megide Bayern Munich. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/34892626|title=Bayern Munich 5–1 Arsenal|date=4 November 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwobi malitere na otu nke mbụ maka iko FA 2015–16 nke atọ na nke anọ meriri Sunderland na Burnley n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Critchley|first=Mark|title=Arsenal vs Sunderland team news: Alex Iwobi handed first-team chance, Petr Cech starts in goal|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/fa-league-cups/arsenal-vs-sunderland-team-news-alex-iwobi-handed-first-team-chance-petr-cech-starts-in-goal-a6803886.html|accessdate=1 February 2016|work=The Independent|date=9 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hytner|first=David|title=Arsène Wenger makes England quip over Arsenal's in-form Alex Iwobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jan/31/arsene-wenger-england-arsenal-alex-iwobi-roy-hodgson-burnley-fa-cup|accessdate=1 February 2016|work=The Guardian|date=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nwesịrị mmalite Njikọ Njikọ nke mbụ na mmeri 3-1 pụọ na Barcelona, Iwobi gara n'ihu nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ na Premier League abụọ mbụ ya malitere na mmeri megide Everton, na Watford, n'otu n'otu.

Na oge na-esote, Iwobi gbanwere nọmba ndị otu ya site na 45 ruo 17, mgbe Alexis Sánchez weere nọmba 7 site na ọpụpụ Tomáš Rosický . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.espnfc.com/english-premier-league/story/2881382/granit-xhaka-to-wear-arsenal-no-16-shirt-alex-iwobi-to-wear-no-17|title=Granit Xhaka to wear Arsenal No. 16 shirt, Alex Iwobi takes over No. 17|date=27 May 2016|publisher=ESPN FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na-egosipụta oge niile Arsenal meriri iko FA nke 2016-17, merie 2-1 megide Chelsea na ikpeazụ . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dede|first=Steve|title=Arsenal star is an FA Cup winner|url=http://pulse.ng/sports/football/alex-iwobi-wins-fa-cup-title-with-arsenal-id6746129.html|accessdate=29 May 2017|work=pulse.ng|date=28 May 2017|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155850/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/alex-iwobi-wins-fa-cup-title-with-arsenal-id6746129.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma na Arsenal na 2017 Community Shield, nke Arsenal meriri Chelsea na ntaramahụhụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-au/amp/news/lets-keep-it-going-iwobi-lauds-arsenal-after-community/1gyizgop73z4s1v9kp2jfxd23j|title='Let's keep it going' – Iwobi lauds ARSENAL after Community Shield Triumph|work=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2018, e wepụtara vidiyo nke eboro gosiri Iwobi na oriri abalị awa iri atọ na isii tupu egwuregwu. Na May 2018, mgbe onye njikwa Arsenal Arsène Wenger kwuputara na ọ ga-ahapụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Iwobi kọwara ya dị ka &quot;mkpali&quot; ma kwuo na ọ dị mwute ma na-akpali akpali.

N'August 2018, ọ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ogologo oge ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, a kọrọ ruo mgbe 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45060242|title=Alex Iwobi: Arsenal midfielder signs new 'long-term' deal|date=3 August 2018|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2019, Iwobi bụ isiokwu nke ebubo ịkpa ókè agbụrụ sitere n'aka onye na-eme ihe nkiri India Esha Gupta, onye nnọchi anya Arsenal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-47042681|title=Esha Gupta: Has Instagram exposed everyday racism in India?|date=1 February 2019|accessdate=1 February 2019|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na July 2019, mgbe 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, o kwuru na ya na-atụ anya ịlaghachi na football football na Arsenal. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49070902|title=Nigeria's Alex Iwobi shifts focus to Arsenal after Nations Cup|date=22 July 2019|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Everton ===
Na 8 August 2019, Iwobi bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na Everton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1303855/Everton-Seal-Signing-Of-Iwobi|title=Everton Seal Signing of Iwobi|date=8 August 2019|publisher=Everton F.C.|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315013445/https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1303855/Everton-Seal-Signing-Of-Iwobi|archive-date=15 March 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka BBC si kwuo, Arsenal nwetara ego nke mbụ £ 28 nde, na-arị elu na £ 34 nde nwere ike tinye-ons. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49282957|title=Alex Iwobi: Everton sign Arsenal forward in five-year deal worth up to £34m|date=8 August 2019|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụbọchị iri na ise ka ọ bịanyere aka na ya, Iwobi mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nọchiri anya ọkara elekere ikpeazụ n'ọnọdụ Gylfi Sigurðsson na mmeri 2-0 na Aston Villa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kirkbride|first=Phil|title=Everton new-boy Alexi Iwobi explains Marco Silva's tactical instructions ahead of debut|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-new-boy-alexi-iwobi-16811240|accessdate=7 January 2020|work=Liverpool Echo|date=24 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 28 Ọgọst na agba nke abụọ nke iko EFL, o meriri goolu Everton mbụ ya na mmeri 4–2 na Lincoln City . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Jones|first=Adam|title=Alex Iwobi's love, a damning statistic broken and other moments missed from Everton's Lincoln win|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/alex-iwobis-love-damning-statistic-16835167|accessdate=7 January 2020|work=Liverpool Echo|date=29 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na 1 Septemba na 3-2 meriri Wolverhampton Wanderers, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu abụọ a họpụtara maka otuto site n'aka onye njikwa Marco Silva ka emechara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Marco Silva impressed by two Everton players in Wolves win|url=https://www.football365.com/news/marco-silva-impressed-by-two-everton-players-in-wolves-win|accessdate=7 January 2020|publisher=Football 365|date=1 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
[[Usòrò:Alex_Iwobi-Nigeria.jpg|thumb|291x291px| Iwobi na Nigeria na 2017]]
N'ịbụ onye ruru eru ịnọchite anya England ma ọ bụ obodo a mụrụ ya Nigeria, Iwobi malitere dị ka onye ntorobịa mba ụwa maka England, onye ya na ya meriri 2011 Victory Shield . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/england/all-teams/players/i/alex-iwobi|title=Profile|accessdate=11 October 2015|publisher=The Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/mar/26/arsenal-alex-iwobi-england-nigeria|title=How Arsenal's Alex Iwobi became England's loss and Nigeria's gain|date=26 March 2016|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Trophy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13040755.Victory_Shield__Scotland_U16_2_England_U16_4/|title=Victory Shield: Scotland U16 2 England U16 4|work=The Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwobi nwetara ọkpụ iri na otu n'England n'ọkwa na-erubeghị afọ, mana ọ gara n'ihu kwupụtaara Naịjirịa n'afọ 2015. O mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Super Eagles na 8 October, dochie Ahmed Musa na nkeji 57th nke 2-0 enyi na enyi meriri DR Congo na Visé, Belgium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34497630|title=Arsenal's Alex Iwobi encouraged by Nigeria opportunity|date=10 October 2015|accessdate=11 October 2015|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naijiria họpụtara ya maka ndị otu ha dị mmadụ iri atọ na ise maka asọmpi Olimpiks Summer 2016 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ soghị na ndị egwuregwu 18 ikpeazụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/teams/team=1889763/players.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727010628/http://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/teams/team=1889763/players.html|archivedate=27 July 2016|title=Olympic Football Tournament Rio 2016 – Nigeria|publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'August 2017 Iwobi chụpụrụ n'otu Nigeria maka asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke ọnwa ahụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ. N'October 2017, Iwobi meriri Nigeria na 1-0 meriri Zambia iji nweta Super Eagles otu ebe na 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. Akpọrọ ya aha n'ime ndị mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ na Naịjirịa maka asọmpi a wee sonye n'egwuregwu atọ a ka agbapụrụ Super Eagles n'ọkwa otu.

N'August 2017 Iwobi chụpụrụ n'otu Nigeria maka asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke ọnwa ahụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ. N'October 2017, Iwobi meriri Nigeria na 1-0 meriri Zambia iji nweta Super Eagles otu ebe na 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. Akpọrọ ya aha n'ime ndị mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ na Naịjirịa maka asọmpi a wee sonye n'egwuregwu atọ a ka agbapụrụ Super Eagles n'ọkwa otu.. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Akpọrọ Iwobi n'otu egwuregwu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2021 na-egbu oge n'afọ 2022. E nyere ya kaadị uhie nkeji ise ka ọ nọchiri ya na asọmpi knockout ha na Tunisia, egwuregwu Nigeria meriri 0-1.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{{updated|match played 26 February 2022}}

{{updated|match played 20 March 2022}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Arsenal
|2015–16
|Premier League
|13
|2
|5
|0
|1
|0
|2{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]|name=UCL}}
|0
|0
|0
|21
|2
|-
|2016–17
|Premier League
|26
|3
|3
|0
|2
|0
|7{{efn|name=UCL}}
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|38
|4
|-
|2017–18
|Premier League
|26
|3
|1
|0
|5
|0
|6{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|0
|1{{efn|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}
|0
|39
|3
|-
|2018–19
|Premier League
|35
|3
|2
|1
|3
|0
|11{{efn|name=UEL}}
|2
|0
|0
|51
|6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!100
!11
!11
!1
!11
!0
!26
!3
!1
!0
!149
!15
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Everton
|2019–20
|Premier League
|25
|1
|0
|0
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|2
|-
|2020–21
|Premier League
|30
|1
|3
|0
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|36
|2
|-
|2021–22
|Premier League
|16
|1
|1
|0
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|19
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!71
!3
!4
!0
!9
!3
!0
!0
!0
!0
!84
!6
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!171
!14
!15
!1
!20
!3
!26
!3
!1
!0
!233
!21
|}
 {{notelist}}

=== Mba ụwa ===
{{updated|match played 23 January 2022}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|60750|access-date=30 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{updated|match played 23 January 2022}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|60750|access-date=30 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Mpụta na ebumnuche site na otu mba na afọ
! Otu mba
! Afọ
! Ngwa
! Ebumnuche
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | Naijiria
| 2015
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2016
| 6
| 1
|-
| 2017
| 6
| 3
|-
| 2018
| 12
| 1
|-
| 2019
| 15
| 2
|-
| 2020
| 4
| 2
|-
| 2021
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2022
| 4
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mkpokọta
! 55
! 9
|}

: ''Dị ka egwuregwu emere 23 Jenụwarị 2022.'' ''Akara na rịzọlt a depụtara goolu Naịjirịa mbụ.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta goolu mba ụwa nke Alex Iwobi nyere
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mba.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ebe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Onye mmegide
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Akara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nsonaazụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Asọmpi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| Ọktoba 9, 2016
| Levy Mwanawasa Stadium, Ndola, Zambia
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Zambia
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| 2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| Ọktoba 7, 2017
| Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, Uyo, Nigeria
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| 2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nọvemba 14, 2017
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Stadiumlọ egwuregwu Krasnodar, Krasnodar, Russia
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Argentina
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4–2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enyi na enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–2
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5
| 2 Juun 2018
| Wembley Stadium, London, England
|&lt;/img&gt; England
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–2
| Enyi na enyi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6
| 6 Julaị 2019
| Stadiumlọ egwuregwu Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
|&lt;/img&gt; Cameroon
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–2
| Iko mba Afrịka 2019
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 7
| Nọvemba 17, 2019
| Stadiumlọ egwuregwu Setsoto, Maseru, Lesotho
|&lt;/img&gt; Lesotho
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–2
| Iso ntozu Iko Mba Afrịka 2021
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 8
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 13 Nọvemba 2020
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ogbe Stadium, Benin City, Nigeria
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Sierra Leone
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4–4
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Iso ntozu Iko Mba Afrịka 2021
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 9
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
|}

== Nkwanye ugwu ==
'''Arsenal'''

* Iko FA : 2016–17 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39984089|title=Arsenal 2–1 Chelsea|first=Phil|author=McNulty|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 May 2017|accessdate=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FA Community Shield : 2015, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33667216|title=Arsenal 1–0 Chelsea|first=Andy|author=Cryer|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 August 2015|accessdate=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40766983|title=Arsenal 1–1 Chelsea|first=Tom|author=Rostance|publisher=BBC Sport|date=6 August 2017|accessdate=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye meriri EFL Cup : 2017–18 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43101681|title=Arsenal 0–3 Manchester City|first=Phil|author=McNulty|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 February 2018|accessdate=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye meriri UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48368406|title=Chelsea 4–1 Arsenal|first=Chris|author=Bevan|publisher=BBC Sport|date=29 May 2019|accessdate=29 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''England U16'''

* Ọta mmeri : 2011 &lt;ref name=&quot;Trophy&quot;/&gt;

'''Naijiria'''

* Iko Mba Afrịka : ebe nke atọ 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48932084|title=Tunisia 0–1 Nigeria|publisher=BBC|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=18 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Ndị ntorobịa CAF nke afọ : 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/01/05/live-african-football-lovers-await-top-continental-honours-hosted-in-nigeria/|title=[LIVE] Algerian Riyad Mahrez is 2016 African Player of the Year|author=AfricaNews|date=7 January 2017|work=Africanews|accessdate=7 January 2017|archivedate=8 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108052517/https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/05/live-african-football-lovers-await-top-continental-honours-hosted-in-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị otu CAF nke afọ : 2016 (dị ka nnọchi) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=JjXA1yebDNx8I52tgKCOlg%3d%3d|title=CAF – CAF Awards – Previous Editions – 2016|publisher=CAFOnline|accessdate=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Alex Iwobiina at Soccerbase 
{{Everton F.C. squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Nigeria squads|bg=#008751|fg=white|bordercolor=#00703C|list1={{Nigeria squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Nigeria squad 2019 Africa Cup of Nations}}
{{Nigeria squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}}}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iwobi, Alex}}

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndi bekee sitere na Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Category:Onye ọkpụkpọ iko mba ụwa nke 2018]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu iko mba Afrịka 2019]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu Premier League]]
[[Òtù:Category:Everton F.C. ndị egwuregwu]]
[[Òtù:Category:Arsenal F.C. ndị egwuregwu]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị otu bọọlụ bọọlụ]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị ntorobịa mba England]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ Bekee]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu si Lagos]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị dị ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Category:1996 ọmụmụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1933" sha1="b21t3rs6arkzvk7rbbrtu9fd8hqza15" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}Ọrụ Bekee bụ ọrụ ndi gụrụ akwụkwo, ndi ọkachamara na ndi maara nke ekwe na-akụ na nhazi na nchikọta ụlọ ọrụ. Aha na-ewu ewu a na-akpọkwa ya bụ '''''[https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-43739384 Ọrụ Oyibo].''''' Ihe a na-akpọkwanụ onye na-arụ ya bụ '''o''nye ọrụ oyibo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-43739384&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọbụ onye ọrụ bekee.''''' A na-ahụkarị ndi ọrụ bekee na ụlọ ọrụ goomenti nile, ụlọ ọba ego na nnukwu ụlọ ọru ebe a na-ede ma na ahazi akwụkwọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ orụ a na-ahụ dika ihe enweghi mgbakasi ahụ. Ọrụ a nwekwara nkwalite na ọkwa dika afọ ole onye ahụ rugoro. Nkea pụtara na mmadụ nwere ike site na ọbere onye rigide ruo na agadi na ọrụ oyibo. A na-akwụ ndi ọrụ bekee ụgwọ ọnwa, nke gbadoro ụkwụ na ọkwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bli.ca/ig/%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-bekee-na-montreal/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514220143/https://bli.ca/ig/%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-bekee-na-montreal/ |archive-date=2021-05-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye ahụ nọ. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe e jiri mara ndi ọrụ bekee. Ha gụnyere ụdiri ekike ha na-eke aga ọrụ, etu ha si eme omume na etu ha si ekwu okwu. Ka ọ di taa, e jizikwa igwe kọmputa&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343558649_Igboscholars_International_Journal_OF_IGBO_SCHOLARS_FORUM&lt;/ref&gt; arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nile enwere ndi ọrụ bekee. Nwoke na nwanyi na-alụkwa ọrụ bekee mana onwere ọtụtụ ndi na-ekwetaghi na ụmụ nwanyi ha ga-arụ ọrụ bekee n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ụdiri ọrụ ahụ ga-eme ka ndi nwanyi ha waa nnukwu anya.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-54111128&lt;/ref&gt; Ma ka ọ di ugbua, ọrụ bekee agazuola mba nile nakwa mmadụ nile.

== Ebensidee ==</text>
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    <title>2015 Niger State gubernatorial election</title>
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      <text bytes="30098" sha1="jtpx210jn0nfp6dl4seuirpfrnm6k46" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election|election_name=2015 Niger State gubernatorial election|country=|type=presidential|ongoing=no|previous_election=[[2011 Niger State gubernatorial election|2011]]|previous_year=[[2011 Niger State gubernatorial election|2011]]|next_election=[[2019 Niger State gubernatorial election|2019]]|next_year=[[2019 Niger State gubernatorial election|2019]]|election_date=April 11, 2015|image2=|title=Governor|map_caption=|map_size=|map_image=|nominee1=[[Abubakar Sani Bello]]|party1=All Progressives Congress|popular_vote1=593,702|percentage1=|nominee2=Umar Nasko|party2=People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|popular_vote2=239,772|percentage2=|image1=|before_election=[[Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu]]|before_party=People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|after_election=[[Abubakar Sani Bello]]|after_party=All Progressives Congress}}Ntuliaka ọkwa gọvanọ nke mpaghara Niger Steet nke '''afọ 2015''' [[Ȯra Niger|bụ ntuli aka ọkwa gọvanọ  nke asatọ nke steeti Niger]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Igboanugo|first=Ada|date=2015-04-12|title=LIVE: INEC announces results of Governorship elections » YNaija|url=https://naija.yafri.ca/live-inec-announces-results-of-governorship-elections/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-04-13|title=Nigeria's APC win landslide over PDP in state polls|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32280676|accessdate=2021-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=Elections: APC wins 19 states as PDP takes seven|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/elections-apc-wins-19-states-as-pdp-takes-seven/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-16|title=Issues as governorship contest shifts to tribunals|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/issues-as-governorship-contest-shifts-to-tribunals/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-25|title=Governors-elect: Facts behind the faces|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/governors-elect-facts-behind-the-faces/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-11|title=ANALYSIS: How the governorship elections would be won and lost {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/180993-analysis-how-the-governorship-elections-would-be-won-and-lost.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-04|title=Governorship Polls: How states will vote|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/governorship-polls-how-states-will-vote/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2015-04-12|title=INEC’s Statement on Governorship &amp; State Assembly Elections – READ|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/inecs-statement-on-governorship-state-assembly-elections-read/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-12|title=Nigeria 2015 Governorship, State Assemblies Elections – LIVE UPDATES (INEC Declarations) {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/investigationspecial-reports/181232-nigeria-2015-governorship-state-assemblies-elections-live-updates-inec-declarations.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PDP Sets Governorship Primaries For Nov 29, Presidential For Dec 6|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/157585/pdp-sets-governorship-primaries-for-nov-29-presidential-for.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-24|title=#NigeriaDecides2015: APC wins majority of Nigeria states in governorship poll {{!}}|url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237793|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052252/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237793}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-15|title=Nigeria Elections 2015: APC wins 13 states, PDP 4 in governorship polls|url=http://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-apc-wins-13-states-pdp-4-in-governorship-polls-id3649343.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415225327/http://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-apc-wins-13-states-pdp-4-in-governorship-polls-id3649343.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=APC wins in 13 states, PDP victorious in four|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/apc-wins-in-13-states-pdp-victorious-in-four/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413070322/http://www.punchng.com/news/apc-wins-in-13-states-pdp-victorious-in-four/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-07-25|title=APC sweeps gov polls: Wins 19 States and counting, PDP is finished… See results. {{!}}|url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237638|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725113258/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237638}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emere n'abalị iri n'otu nke ọnwa  Eprel afọ 2015, onye nnọchite anya otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị [[All Progressives Congress]] Abubakar Sani Bello meriri na ntuliaka, merie Umar Nasko nke otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015 Governors Election Results Summary and Analysis by States in Nigeria|url=https://whowin.com.ng/2015-governors-election-result.aspx|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=whowin.com.ng|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430191210/https://whowin.com.ng/2015-governors-election-result.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election Centre|url=https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/governor/2015|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=nigeriaelections.stearsng.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428145625/https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/governor/2015|archive-date=2021-04-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=APC sweeps out PDP in Nigeria's northern states -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2015/04/13/apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-nigerias-northern-states/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=pmnews|date=2015-04-13|title=APC wins Niger, Kano, Adamawa, Nasarawa, Kebbi|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/04/13/apc-wins-niger-kano-adamawa-nasarawa-kebbi/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Correspondents|first=Our|date=2015-04-13|title=Nigeria – APC sweeps out PDP in governor and state elections|url=https://africasustainableconservation.com/2015/04/13/nigeria-apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-governor-and-state-elections/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Africa Sustainable Conservation News|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064048/https://africasustainableconservation.com/2015/04/13/nigeria-apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-governor-and-state-elections/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Time|date=2015-08-30|title=Meet APC Governors|url=https://timenigeria.com/meet-apc-governors/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Time Nigeria Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2015-04-12|title=Governorship Election Results Part 1: Tambuwal, Amosun, Masari &amp; More Win|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/governorship-election-results-part-1-tambuwal-amosun-okorocha-more-win/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2015-04-13|title=Governorship Election Results Part 2: Wike, Al-Makura, Ganduje &amp; More Emerge Winners|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/governorship-election-results-part-2-wike-al-makura-ganduje-more-emerge-winners/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GOVERNORSHIP ELECTION RESULTS|url=https://dailytrust.com/governorship-election-results|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501001115/https://dailytrust.com/governorship-election-results}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=Bello|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/niger-governorship-apcs-bello-declared-winner/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-11|title=In Niger, It’s The Battle Of The Generals’ Sons|url=https://guardian.ng/news/in-niger-its-the-battle-of-the-generals-sons/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=APC 19 - 7 PDP... Results of 2015 gov election|url=https://www.thecable.ng/apc-17-7-pdp-results-2015-gov-election|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015 Gubernatorial Election: Results so Far… – KapitalFM 92.9 Abuja|url=https://kapital929.fm/2015-gubernatorial-election-results-so-far/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=kapital929.fm|archivedate=2021-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523141338/https://kapital929.fm/2015-gubernatorial-election-results-so-far/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The governors emerge: Ribadu, Agbaje, Yero, Dakuku crash out - Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/the-governors-emerge-ribadu-agbaje-yero-dakuku-crash-out/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=GUBER ELECTION LATEST: APC WINS 14 STATES, PDP 4 – Abia, Rivers, Cross River not ready yet|url=https://theyesng.com/guber-election-latest-apc-wins-14-states-pdp-4-abia-rivers-cross-river-not-ready-yet/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Yes International! Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ejiofor|first=Clement|date=2015-04-12|title=2015 Governorship Election In Nigeria: Official Results From States|url=https://www.legit.ng/419961-read-official-results-of-2015-governorship-election.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428114852/https://www.legit.ng/419961-read-official-results-of-2015-governorship-election.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=xinhuanet.com|date=2015-04-12|title=Key governorship positions return to Nigeria?s opposition party|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/key-governorship-positions-return-to-nigerias-opposition-party/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=News Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - 2015 Election Results - Google Drive|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/tghGyMtgwvGREo_mYjftkFw/htmlview|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=docs.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Time|date=2015-08-30|title=Meet APC Governors|url=https://timenigeria.com/meet-apc-governors/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Time Nigeria Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reflections On 2015 General Elections|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/176495/reflections-on-2015-general-elections.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-11|title=#NigeriaDecides 2015: Governorship and State House of Assembly Elections Results - LIVE UPDATES|url=https://guardian.ng/lead-story/nigeriadecides-2015-governorship-and-assemblies-elections-results-live-updates/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Services|first=Compiled from Wire|date=2015-04-13|title=Buhari's APC winning big in Nigeria governorship polls|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2015/04/13/buharis-apc-winning-big-in-nigeria-governorship-polls|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Daily Sabah|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-15|title=List &amp; faces of newly elected governors in Nigeria|url=https://theinfong.com/2015/04/faces-and-list-of-newly-elected-governors-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Theinfong|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523135445/https://theinfong.com/2015/04/faces-and-list-of-newly-elected-governors-in-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ugwuanyi|first=Sylvester|date=2015-04-13|title=Detailed results from Saturday’s governorship election|url=https://dailypost.ng/2015/04/13/detailed-results-from-saturdays-governorship-election/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntuliaka imeụlọ APC ==
Onye na-azọ  ọkwa n'okpuru otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị APC, Abubakar Sani Bello nwetara tiketi pati ahụ. E mere ntuliaka imeụlọ otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị APC n'afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-05|title=FULL LIST: Mala Buni, Dapo Abiodun... APC approves guber candidates for 24 states|url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-mala-buni-dapo-abiodun-apc-approves-guber-candidates-for-24-states|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=editor|date=2018-10-01|title=Incumbents Coast to Victory in APC, PDP Gov Primaries|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/10/01/incumbents-coast-to-victory-in-apc-pdp-gov-primaries/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-02-10|title=Nigeria: How progressive is the APC?|url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/9964/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=New African Magazine|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527082508/https://newafricanmagazine.com/9964/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-04|title=APC governorship primaries: Day of reckoning|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/apc-governorship-primaries-day-reckoning/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-02-17|title=APC Must Conduct Transparent Governorship Primaries, Says Wahab, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/apc-must-conduct-transparent-governorship-primaries-says-wahab/195653/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217190957/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/apc-must-conduct-transparent-governorship-primaries-says-wahab/195653/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-04|title=APC Governorship primaries updates|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-governorship-primaries-updates/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-11-29|title=APC: Rave of the moment in North-West, NorthEast|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-rave-of-the-moment-in-north-west-northeast/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-04|title=A festival of choice|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/festival-choice/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Peoples|date=2014-12-08|title=Presidential Primaries: Power play as APC gubernatorial candidates emerge|url=https://peoplesdailyng.com/presidential-primaries-power-play-as-apc-gubernatorial-candidates-emerge/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Peoples Daily Newspaper|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527085053/https://peoplesdailyng.com/presidential-primaries-power-play-as-apc-gubernatorial-candidates-emerge/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntuliaka imeụlọ PDP ==
Umar Nasko bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị PDP nwetara tiketi pati ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PDP governorship primaries: 8 ministers may quit in weeks|url=https://dailytrust.com/pdp-governorship-primaries-8-ministers-may-quit-in-weeks|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080648/https://dailytrust.com/pdp-governorship-primaries-8-ministers-may-quit-in-weeks}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-14|title=Flawed Primaries, Aggrieved Aspirants Set To Dump PDP En masse|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/14/flawed-primaries-aggrieved-aspirants-set-dump-pdp-en-masse|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Sahara Reporters}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-09|title=Primaries chaos rocks PDP|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/primaries-chaos-rocks-pdp/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-08|title=PDP faces crises in 17 states|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-faces-crises-17-states/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-11-13|title=How PDP govs hijacked party structures ahead 2015|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21050-how-pdp-govs-hijacked-party-structures-ahead-2015|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2014-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113013640/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21050-how-pdp-govs-hijacked-party-structures-ahead-2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-11-21|title=Battle for 2015: Fresh crisis hits PDP|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21019-battle-for-2015-fresh-crisis-hits-pdp|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2014-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121161050/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21019-battle-for-2015-fresh-crisis-hits-pdp}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-01-18|title=2015 Guber Race: 10 Toughest Battlegrounds|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/top-stories/19165-2015-guber-race-10-toughest-battlegrounds|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118064725/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/top-stories/19165-2015-guber-race-10-toughest-battlegrounds}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-01-01|title=The building blocks of 2015|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/25240-the-building-blocks-of-2015|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101043414/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/25240-the-building-blocks-of-2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-06|title=PDP chieftain calls for peace among gov aspirants|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/20074-pdp-chieftain-calls-for-peace-among-gov-aspirants|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406030948/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/20074-pdp-chieftain-calls-for-peace-among-gov-aspirants}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-08-11|title=APC, PDP and battle for 2015|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-pdp-and-battle-for-2015/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-08|title=Ribadu wins PDP Adamawa, Dankwambo retains Gombe and crisis in Niger -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2014/12/08/ribadu-wins-pdp-adamawa-dankwambo-retains-gombe-and-crisis-in-niger/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines.|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust/20141226/281835757057799|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=www.pressreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ihedioha, Ribadu, Agbaje, Okowa, Wike, and others Win PDP Gubernatorial Primaries for 2015 Elections {{!}} The African Democrat|url=http://africandemocrat.com/content/ihedioha-ribadu-agbaje-okowa-wike-and-others-win-pdp-gubernatorial-primaries-2015-elections|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=africandemocrat.com|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080659/http://africandemocrat.com/content/ihedioha-ribadu-agbaje-okowa-wike-and-others-win-pdp-gubernatorial-primaries-2015-elections}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-09|title=PDP Governorship Primaries: Ribadu, Folarin, Okowa, Agbaje, others win|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/pdp-governorship-primaries-ribadu-folarin-okowa-agbaje-others-win/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emere ntuliaka imeụlọ PDP  n'afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines.|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20141214/282200829261007|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=www.pressreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-08|title=Update: PDP Governorship primaries|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/update-pdp-governorship-primaries/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jimi Agbaje, Ifeanyi Okowa, Nyesom Wike, Teslim Folarin Win PDP Governorship Primaries|url=https://onobello.com/jimi-agbaje-ifeanyi-okowa-nyesom-wike-teslim-folarin-win-pdp-governorship-primaries/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=onobello.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080651/https://onobello.com/jimi-agbaje-ifeanyi-okowa-nyesom-wike-teslim-folarin-win-pdp-governorship-primaries/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Primary Elections: Wike, Folarin, Others Win PDP Governorship Tickets|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/12/08/pdp-primaries-wike-folarin-others-win-governorship-tickets/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-17|title=PDP primaries nationwide reactions|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23725-pdp-primaries|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517110358/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23725-pdp-primaries}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-09|title=Primaries: PDP in disarray|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/primaries-pdp-disarray/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-12|title=Who picks PDP govs ticket?|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23557-who-picks-pdp-govs-ticket|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512052002/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23557-who-picks-pdp-govs-ticket}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-03-27|title=PDP Governorship Primaries: A Harvest of Upsets, Protests, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/pdp-governorship-primaries-a-harvest-of-upsets-protests/196647/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327023519/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/pdp-governorship-primaries-a-harvest-of-upsets-protests/196647/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-19|title=The emerging power blocs in PDP|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23124-the-emerging-power-blocs-in-pdp|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419214943/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23124-the-emerging-power-blocs-in-pdp}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-18|title=PDP primaries|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23033-pdp-primaries|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418142824/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23033-pdp-primaries}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=A tale of woes|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tale-woes/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-07-03|title=Protests, Defection Trail PDP Guber Primaries {{!}} OSUN DEFENDER|url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=199254|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703093346/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=199254}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-13|title=2015: Governorship primary tears PDP apart in states|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/2015-governorship-primary-tears-pdp-apart-in-states/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2014-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213024456/http://www.punchng.com/news/2015-governorship-primary-tears-pdp-apart-in-states/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-03|title=Mixed reactions trail PDP primaries|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/22912-mixed-reactions-trail-pdp-primaries|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2014-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203032616/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/22912-mixed-reactions-trail-pdp-primaries}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsonaazụ ==
Ngụkọta mmadụ iri sonyere na ntuliaka ahụ. Abubakar Sani Bello onye si na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]] meriri na ntuliaka, wee merie Umar Nasko n'aka [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] . Onye mmeri, Abubakar Sani Bello meriri na ọchịchị ime obodo iri abụọ na-atọ n'ime iri abụọ n'ise na steeti ahụ, Umar Nasko meriri naanị obere ọchịchị ime obodo abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015 Elections: A Time to Choose (3); Focus on Akwa Ibom, Nasarawa, Taraba, Oyo, Kano, By Olusegun Adeniyi|url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/9221-2015-Elections-A-Time-to-Choose-3-Focus-on-Akwa-Ibom-Nasarawa-Taraba-Oyo-Kano-By-Olusegun-Adeniyi|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=News Express Nigeria Website|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501002619/https://newsexpressngr.com/news/9221-2015-Elections-A-Time-to-Choose-3-Focus-on-Akwa-Ibom-Nasarawa-Taraba-Oyo-Kano-By-Olusegun-Adeniyi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admins|date=2015-04-13|title=Niger :Nasko Congratulates Victorious Abu Lolo Newsdiaryonline|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/niger-nasko-congratulates-victorious-abu-lolo/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Newsdiaryonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admins|date=2015-04-13|title=Lalong ,Ortom ,Al-Makura Join Ganduje ,Bagudu,Yari, Abu Lolo ,Okowa As Winners Newsdiaryonline|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/lalong-ortom-al-makura-join-ganduje-baguduyari-abu-lolo-okowa-as-winners/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Newsdiaryonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-27|title=After final whistle, it's APC 22 - 13 PDP|url=https://www.thecable.ng/final-whistle-apc-22-13-pdp|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=APC tsunami sinks PDP in 19 states …Adamawa, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto, Yobo and Zamfara {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/apc-tsunami-sinks-pdp-in-19-states-adamawa-bauchi-benue-borno-jigawa-kaduna-kano-katsina-kebbi-kwara-lagos-nasarawa-niger-ogun-oyo-plateau-sokoto-yobo-and-zamfara/|accessdate=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Editorial|date=2015-04-13|title=APC Wins Governorship Election In 19 States|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/apc-wins-governorship-election-in-19-states/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=International Centre for Investigative Reporting|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admins|date=2015-04-08|title=Choose One: Abu Lolo or Umar Nasko, By Mustapha Zubairu Newsdiaryonline|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/choose-one-abu-lolo-or-umar-nasko-by-mustapha-zubairu/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Newsdiaryonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=NIGER GOV: PDP's candidate Nasko concedes defeat to Bello|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/niger-gov-pdps-candidate-nasko-concedes-defeat-to-bello/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election update : Abubakar Bello wins in Niger state {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/election-update-abubakar-bello-wins-in-niger-state/|accessdate=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Headliners|title=Final Niger State Governorship Election Result {{!}} Nigeria News Headlines Today|url=https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/nigeria-2015-election-report/2015/04/13/final-niger-state-governorship-election-result/|accessdate=2021-05-01|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064048/https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/nigeria-2015-election-report/2015/04/13/final-niger-state-governorship-election-result/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=2015-04-13|title=Niger State Governor-Elect, Sani-Bello Says 2015 Elections Has Restored Voters’ Power|url=https://newswirengr.com/2015/04/13/niger-state-governor-elect-sani-bello-says-2015-elections-has-restored-voters-power/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=NewsWireNGR|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064049/https://newswirengr.com/2015/04/13/niger-state-governor-elect-sani-bello-says-2015-elections-has-restored-voters-power/|archive-date=2021-05-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buhari's APC wins big in Nigeria's governorship poll|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/buharis-apc-wins-big-in-nigerias-governorship-poll/57958|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Election box begin|title=2015 Niger State gubernatorial election}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All Progressives Congress|candidate='''[[Abubakar Sani Bello]]'''|votes=593,702}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|candidate=Umar Nasko|votes=239,772}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|winner=All Progressives Congress}}
{{Election box end}}

== Ebensidee ==
 {{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Category:Ntuliaka ọkwa gọvanọ nke afọ 2015 na Naịjirịa]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ntuliaka ọkwa gọvanọ nke Niger Steeti]]</text>
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    <title>Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold</title>
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      <text bytes="335334" sha1="b6jqetb2f0symk7bu2t32cu48a9yknn" xml:space="preserve">Abụ m Olugold ọ na-amasị m inye aka na ọrụ Wikimedia Foundation.

== Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? ==

Hi! Olugold,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]].

Please vote and encourage other editors of Igbo Wikipedia to also vote.

Regards, [[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|kwuo]]) 16:39, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC)

:Thank you so much [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 20:41, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC)

== Stefania Turkewich ==

Thank you very much for this article, Olugold! [[Ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|kwuo]]) 10:02, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

:Anytime!😊👍🏾 [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 11:38, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

== [[:Òtù:Candidates for speedy deletion]] ==

Hi, can you please review these deletion requests? '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 23:58, 8 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:Done! Thank you! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 07:20, 9 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[file:Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter, Introduction by Érica Azzellini, English, Nov 12, 2022.webm|thumb|320px|Ask Me Anything session introduction (12 November), presented by a Movement Charter Drafting Committee member.]]

* MCDC members attended the “[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter sessions|'''Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter''']]” sessions to provide more information about the Movement Charter, its goal, why it matters and how it impacts the communities. Recordings of the presentations in different languages can be found [[m:c:Category:Movement_Charter_videos|here]].
* [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program''']]: Movement Charter Ambassadors (MCA) are individuals or groups interested in helping to ensure that their communities are fully engaged in community consultations. MCA are interested in supporting their communities to understand the content of the Movement Charter as well as ensuring that their communities can easily provide feedback. Anyone can become a MCA! [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/grant|Dedicated funds are available]] to support the MCA and their activities. Are you interested in becoming a Movement Charter Ambassador for your community? Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]!
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcements/Closing membership|'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee will close membership''']]: The  Committee decided not to add new members or replace those who step down after 1 January 2023, unless for exceptional reasons.
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#October 2022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in October''']]:  The Committee released its regular monthly update from October 2022. It includes highlights about the Committee's progress in drafting the Movement Charter content, its upcoming community consultation and participation at Wikimedia events.

'''Coming up''':

* '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Community_consultation|Regional feedback conversations]]:''' The MCDC’s community consultations to collect feedback on the first three sections of the Movement Charter will take place between November 20 and December 18, 2022. You are invited to join one of the regional conversations planned for the eight regions (and various languages) of the Movement. Please note that interested people can share their feedback in different ways, including on the [[m:Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]], on the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter/21 Movement Strategy forum], filling out a [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 survey] (anonymously) and sending an email to: [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org movementcharter{{@}}wikimedia.org].
* '''Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]''' to become a Movement Charter Ambassadors from your community and help ensure that your community is aware of the conversations around the Movement Charter!  
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--13:37, 20 Novemba 2022 (UTC).
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&amp;oldid=24094585 --&gt;

== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2022 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentyfirst newsletter, covering November 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Activities'''
* Current: Women in Climate Change editathon in various languages (1 December 2022 - 31 January 2023) (SDG 5 &amp; 13) [17]
* Past: Wikipedia and sustainability, how to increase knowledge on climate change? (SDG all) [1]
* Past: Wikidata editathon in Swedish during COP 27 (SDG  13) [2]

'''News'''
* Wikimedia Nederland signed the Wikimedia Affiliates Environmental Sustainability Covenant (SDG all) [3]
* WikiProject Govdirectory was featured as Digital Public Goods (SDG 16) [11]
* The theme for Wiki Loves Africa 2023 has been revealed: Climate and weather (SDG  13) [16]

'''Resources'''
* Let's Connect learning report - pilot phase 2022 (SDG 17) [15]

'''Research'''
* Recommendations for use of annotations and persistent identifiers in taxonomy and biodiversity publishing [SDG 15) [7]
* A longitudinal analysis of gender diversity in Wikipedia articles (SDG 5) [13]

'''Videos'''
* 10 Anos de Wikidata: Wikidata for Open Access to Cultural Heritage, por Susanna Ånäs (AvoinGLAM) (SDG 11) [14]

'''New WikiProjects'''
* Myosotis Pilot (SDG 15) [12]

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* Bank of information on the historical and cultural heritage of the Republic of Belarus (SDG 11) [4]
* Louisiana Plant ID (SDG 15) [5]
* DrugCentral ID (SDG 3) [8]
* Probes And Drugs ID  (SDG 3) [9]

'''New Wikidata query examples'''
* Map of water bodies in France (SDG 14) [6]
* Gender balances of winners of literary awards (SDG 5) [10]

'''Links'''
* [1] https://www.wikimedia.nl/session_wikiconnl22/
* [2] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Sweden/Swedish_Riksdag_documents/Kopplingssprint_COP_27
* [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Affiliates_Environmental_Sustainability_Covenant
* [4] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11184
* [5] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11189
* [6] https://w.wiki/5wCp
* [7] https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e97374
* [8] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11198
* [9] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11199
* [10] https://w.wiki/5$BR
* [11] https://mailchi.mp/c3e4c371c62a/announcing-new-dpga-members-and-strengthening-dpi-12387620
* [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa/What_We%27ve_Done/Myosotis_Pilot
* [13] https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wednesday-index
* [14] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vgh5_oD1yec
* [15] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Let%27s_Connect_learning_report_-_pilot_phase_2022.pdf
* [16] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Africa_2023
* [17] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Climate_Change_2022

This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 22:05, 1 Disemba 2022 (UTC) •  [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]]
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Values and Principles presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Values &amp; Principles chapter by MCDC member [[m:User:Geugeor|Georges Fodouop]].]]
[[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Roles and Responsibilities presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Roles and Responsibilities chapter (statement of intent) by MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]].]]

* [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#November%202022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in November''']]''':''' As usual, the Committee released its regular monthly updates from November 2022. This month’s updates include highlights about the external facilitator hiring, next in-person meeting of the Committee and updates about the new drafting groups, among others. 
* [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|'''First community consultation period:''']] From mid November to mid December 2022 the Committee members took part in 8 regional feedback sessions. Committee members joined the sessions to provide clarifications and answer to questions that came from different language communities on the Movement Charter. 
** Recordings of the presentations shared during the regional meetings are available [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Regional Conversations#Regional%20conversation|here]] for those interested. 
** A list '''[[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' that came up in the calls is available on Meta. 
** If you have not shared your feedback on the drafts of the Movement Charter yet, please do so by filling out this [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 '''anonymous survey'''], which is open until '''January 2, 2023''' and is available in '''more than 12 languages'''. 
* [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassador Program''']] received over 15 proposals. The ambassadors are currently putting their initiatives into action in various local communities. The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program will once again be opened for applications in the second quarter of 2023, in preparation for the next  round of Movement Charter consultations. Both individuals and organizations will be able to apply. Those interested in becoming Movement Charter Ambassadors are encouraged to [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|sign-up]]. 

'''Coming up''':
* '''Community Conversations summary:''' [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|The Movement Strategy and Governance]] team of the Wikimedia Foundation will prepare and publish the final summary report of the community feedback in January 2023. The report will be shared with the MCDC and the communities on different channels of communication. 
* '''Feedback on the Movement Charter:''' There will be additional ways to engage with the Movement Charter content, including the early feedback on the proposed ratification process and a new set of draft chapters in the second quarter of 2023. 
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
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--14:27, 22 Disemba 2022 (UTC).
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== Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka ==


{| style=&quot;background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Silverwiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; | '''Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]&lt;/span&gt;. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị nari abụọ'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! 
[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 10:48, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC)
|}

:Obi dị mu ụtọ maka ihe nrite nke afọ a. Daalụ nke ukwu! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 20:55, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC)

== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Meetings'''
* January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15)
* [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 &amp; 13)

'''News'''
* [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15)

'''Resources'''
* New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all)

'''Videos'''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&amp;t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine &amp; Biota] (SDG 15)

'''Featured content'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15)
* [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13)
* [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3)
* [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16&lt;!-- insert related SDGs here --&gt;.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Meetings'''
* Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) 
* Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14)
* Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14)
* Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3)
* Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14)
* Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3)
* Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 &amp; 13)

'''News'''
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14)
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14)
* [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 &amp; 14) 
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity &amp; inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 &amp; 10)

'''Resources'''
* [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3)

'''Videos'''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3)
* [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10)

'''Featured content'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) 
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) 
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3)
* [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3)
* [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]]
* '''First Community Consultation:''' A concise summary of the community consultation on the initial three drafts of the Charter is now available for your review [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|on Meta]] and [[wmfblog:2023/02/07/movement-charter-community-consultation-summary/|on the Diff platform]]. In addition, you can read about MC Ambassadors are sharing about their experiences: 
** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/highlights-of-the-movement-charter-drafting-committees-first-community-consultation/|Highlights of the community consultation process, as well as about the Movement Charter Ambassador Program]]. 
** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/|The Igbo Wikimedia community’s participation in the MC consultation]].
** [[wmfblog:2023/02/01/ambassadors-of-the-movement-charter-draft-committee-in-the-arabic-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|The experience of Arabic-speaking community members]]. 
* '''What’s next after the community feedback period?''' The Committee is currently reviewing the detailed feedback which consists of 59 pages of comments, in March the Committee will share their response to the comments. The detailed version of the feedback, which the Committee is reviewing, is also available [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|on this Meta page]]. 
* '''MCDC’s Virtual Working Session:''' The Committee gathered virtually from 3rd to 5th February to work on the drafts of the following new set of [[m:Movement Charter/Content|chapters of the Movement Charter]]: Global Council, Hubs, Decision Making, and Roles &amp; Responsibilities. The Committee members worked in their smaller drafting groups first. The full Committee then convened, with representatives of each drafting group presenting the progress made so far, as well as about what type of support is needed for their future sessions. 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#January 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in January''']]''':''' The update includes details of the meetings held by the Committee in the month of January 2023, stakeholder conversations, completed work as well as about the new drafting groups, creating glossary and independent legal review. 

'''Coming up:'''
* '''Community feedback on the ratification methodology''' proposal of the future Movement Charter. The feedback was postponed until March 2023. The communities will be able to review the ratification methodology and share their early input on the open questions.  
* '''The MCDC will soon announce a “Call for Advisors”.''' The call will be an invitation for interested individuals with relevant expertise and knowledge to participate in drafting the Charter. Advisors will be considered non-voting members.
* '''Responses to the community consultation feedback''' by the MCDC. The Committee has been carefully reviewing feedback collected in the consultation from November &amp; December 2022, and will publicly share responses to the feedback by March.   
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--14:20, 22 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC).
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== A new Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions update is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-02-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: the latest changes in our development team, info about our participation at the latest Conversation with Trustees, links to the recordings of our last week's meetings, and the latest development updates.

Enjoy the reading!

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:28, 27 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16&lt;!-- insert related SDGs here --&gt;.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
'''Meetings'''
* [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all)
* [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest &quot;Environmental sustainability and climate crisis&quot; topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all)
* Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13)
* Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13)
* Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on &quot;Tools for Finding the Right Articles&quot; and &quot;Building Article List with Petscan&quot;]] (SDG 10 &amp; 13)
* Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 &amp; 13)

'''News'''
* [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2)

'''Resources'''
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3)

'''Research'''
* [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7)

'''Wikidata query examples'''
* [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11)

'''Featured articles'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14)
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11)
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed caption=&quot;Featured images&quot;&gt;
File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15)
File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15)
File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15)
File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15)
File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15)
File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15)
File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15)
File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15)
File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15)
File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #106 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: an essay from Denny about deconstructing narratives around functions, links to the recordings of our last presentations, and the latest development updates.

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1678127403 today at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading!

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:21, 6 Maachị 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #107 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: an essay from Denny about where to store objects for Abstract Wikipedia (and relative problems with such issue) and the next appointment with the community.

About the last point, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation workstream public meeting will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679416242 March 21, at 16:30 UTC] on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading!

--  [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:02, 17 Maachị 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]]
* '''Call for Advisors'''! Individuals interested to support the Drafting Groups or the Subcommittees of the MCDC in the role of an advisor can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform fill out the advisory application form] by May, 2023. The MCDC will be contacting interested individuals on a rolling basis. Do you want to know more about it? Please [[wmfblog:2023/02/21/movement-charter-drafting-committee-call-for-advisors/|read here for more information]]. The information is also available in [[wmfblog:ar/2023/03/02/لجنة-صياغة-ميثاق-الحركة-دعوة-مستشارين/|Arabic]], [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/01/comite-de-redaccion-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-convocatoria-de-asesores/|Spanish]], [[wmfblog:fr/2023/02/27/comite-de-redaction-de-la-charte-du-mouvement-appel-aux-conseillers/|French]], [[wmfblog:pt/2023/02/24/comite-de-redacao-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-chamada-para-pessoas-assessoras/|Brazilian Portuguese]], [[wmfblog:ru/2023/03/02/комитет-по-разработке-устава-движени/|Russian]] and [[wmfblog:zh-hant/2023/03/02/運動憲章起草委員會：徵求顧問/|Chinese]] languages respectively. 
* '''Movement Charter Ambassadors from the Latin America and the Caribbean region''' share their experiences of organizing community conversations on the Movement Charter. Please read the Diff blog [[wmfblog:pt/2023/03/12/programa-de-pessoas-embaixadoras-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-na-america-latina-e-no-caribe/|in Brazilian Portuguese]] and in [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/16/programa-de-embajadores-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-wikimedia-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/|Spanish languages]]. 
* '''Casual updates''': The MCDC publishes regular casual updates after bi-weekly full Committee meetings, as well as after other drafting group and subcommittee meetings. If you are interested, please read casual updates [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates/Casual|here on Meta]] and on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-drafting-committees-casual-updates/2079 Movement Strategy Forum]. 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#February 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in February''']]''':''' As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work &amp; discussions. The MCDC’s monthly updates are also [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charters-discussion-and-monthly-updates/363/20 shared on the multilingual Movement Strategy forum]. 

'''Coming up'''

* '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|MCDC Responses to the community feedback]]''': The MCDC published responses [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|to the community feedback]] on the first set of drafts (collected during a consultation in November - December 2022). The response includes a [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|Summary]], as well as some [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|specific responses to the full community feedback]] (highlighted in orange).
* '''Revised Movement Charter drafts:''' The MCDC will share in the coming month the revised versions of the first two chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values &amp; Principles|Values &amp; Principles]] (including a newly-added glossary), and the revised [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Roles &amp; Responsibilities|Roles &amp; Responsibilities intentions statement]].
* '''Ratification methodology consultation''': The MCDC is working on a new proposal (not available yet) for a [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology]]. The proposal will be discussed through a community consultation process, including live meetings to provide feedback. 

''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]''

&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
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--11:34, 21 Maachị 2023 (UTC).
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #108 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue we announce [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21780-7_6 a new paper] about Natural Language Generation by [https://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/ Aarne Ranta], member of the Abstract Wikipedia NLG Special Interest Group and professor at the [[:w:en:University of Gothenburg|University of Gothenburg, Sweden]]. The paper is also accessible as a pre-print [https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~aarne/preprint-AAM-textgen.pdf here].

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1680543035 April 3, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading!

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 10:50, 24 Maachị 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Meetings'''
* Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all)
* Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 &amp; 13)
* Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13)
* Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13)
* Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5)

'''News'''
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13)
* [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10)
* [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15)
* [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism &amp; Folklore] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5)
* [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3)
* [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15)
* [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13)

'''Featured content'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15)
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed caption=&quot;Featured images&quot;&gt;
Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15)
Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15)
Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15)
Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15)
Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15)
Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15)
Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15)
Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15)
Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15)
Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15)
Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15)
Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15)
Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15)
Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15)
Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15)
Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15)
Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15)
Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15)
Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15)
Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15)
Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15)
Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15)
Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15)
Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15)
Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 Eprel 2023 (UTC) •  [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]]
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:MCDC_pre_work_at_New_York_BoT_retreat.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Committee's meeting in New York, in early March.]]
* '''Starting conversations on how to ratify the Movement Charter:''' The Committee invites the Wikimedia movement to express opinions on the [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|'''proposed Movement Charter ratification methodology''']] from April 10 to April 28. Everyone is invited to share feedback [[m:Talk:Movement Charter#Ratification methodology|on the Meta talk page]] or the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930 Movement Strategy forum]. Two community conversation hours are planned to take place: on '''April 18 at 10.00 UTC''' and '''April 24 at 17.00 UTC'''. Please [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification/Ratification methodology review launch|read the details here]]. 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|'''MCDC’s responses to the community feedback are now on Meta''']]''':''' The Committee has shared a summary of their responses and next steps based on the feedback from the first round of community consultation which took place late 2022.
* '''What to read on Diff?''' 
** [[wmfblog:2023/03/17/4-movement-charter-ambassadors-from-the-french-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|'''Learn more about the Movement Charter Ambassadors work''']]''':''' Movement Charter Ambassadors from the French-speaking community share their experience. 
** MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]] has written a blog post titled “[[wmfblog:2023/03/30/an-excerpt-from-my-life-movement-strategy-and-mcdc/|An excerpt from my life, movement, strategy and MCDC]]”. 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#Meetings|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in March''']]''':''' the monthly Committee’s updates include information about the coordination efforts with Wikimedia Germany, update on membership, submission to Wikimania 2023, participation at the Wikimedia Foundations Board of Trustees’ strategic retreat in New York in March 2023. 

'''Coming up:''' 

* '''Revised chapters:''' The Committee is preparing to publish the revised draft chapters of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|The Preamble]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values &amp; Principles|Values &amp; Principles]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles &amp; Responsibilities|Roles &amp; Responsibilities]] intentions statement, based on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|the community feedback]] received in November and December 2022. 
* '''Inviting advisors and experts:''' The Committee is preparing to welcome a number of advisors from outside the Committee. All interested Wikimedians were invited to apply earlier (you can still [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform apply here]!). Additionally, the Committee is planning and scheduling meetings with individuals with specific sets of expertise in various topics, including stewards, movement committees, Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate staff, and others.

''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]''
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--19:18, 15 Eprel 2023 (UTC).
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #109 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: a reflection about implementation of functions, a [https://keet.wordpress.com/2023/03/14/some-reflections-on-designing-abstract-wikipedia-so-far/ reflection on Abstract Wikipedia] from [[User:Keet10|Prof. Maria Keet]], and a reminder about an in-person talk about Abstract Wikipedia in Sweden.

Also, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation special interest group public meeting will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682440206 April 25, 2023 at 16:30 UTC]''' on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Special guest of the meeting will be [https://github.com/olpa/multi-nlg Oleg Parashchenko], who will share his experience and thoughts about implementing a multilingual NLG system. 

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:11, 21 Eprel 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #110 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: Wikimedia Endowment finances development of the project, and the team has published its manifesto, Objectives and Key Results (OKRs) and communications principles.

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1683567008 May 8, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Meetings'''
* Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all)
* Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all)

'''Activities'''
* Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13)
* Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6)
* Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6)
* Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15)
* Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5)
* Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5)

'''News'''
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 &amp; SDG 13)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&amp;ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6)
* [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 &amp; SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13)
* [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13)

'''Research'''
* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15)

'''New Wikidata properties'''
* [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4)
* [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51]
* [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11)
* [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4)

'''Featured content'''
* English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed caption=&quot;Featured images&quot;&gt;
Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15)
Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15)
Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15)
Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15)
Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15)
White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15)
Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2)
Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula &amp; Canna indica (SDG 15)
Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15)
Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15)
Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15)
Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15)
Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15)
Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15)
Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15)
Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15)
Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38]
Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39]
California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40]
Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15)
Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15)
White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43]
Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15)
Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15)
Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) •  [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]]
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
'''Updates:''' 
* '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#April_2023_ratification_methodology_community_review|Charter Ratification Methodology proposal conversations]]''': The Movement Charter Drafting Committee recently held the first conversations regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology for the Movement Charter]]. The MCDC has received valuable feedback from different communities and the Committees during the community input period. The report of the community input will be shared in May, while the updated version of the ratification methodology will be presented between September and November 2023.  
* '''Communication evaluation''': The Communications sub-committee of the MCDC together with the support staff conducted an evaluation of the communications. The Communications sub-committee appreciates the time and input of the community members who shared their opinions during the interviews. Several recommendations are going to be implemented in the upcoming period based on the valuable input.  
* '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#April_2023|Learn about the MCDC’s work in April]]''': The MCDC continues to draft additional chapters: The Global Council, Hubs, Decision-making and Roles &amp; Responsibilities. Alongside the drafting work, the MCDC is planning their in-person meeting scheduled for 2-4 June in Utrecht, Netherlands with the aim of advancing the charter's content. 

'''What’s coming up?'''
* Participants of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiNusantara_2023|WikiNusantara 2023 in Banjarmasin, Indonesia]] are invited to join a [[m:WikiNusantara_2023/Acara/Selayang_Pandang_Arah_Strategis_Gerakan_Wikimedia:_Kolaborasi_WMF_dan_Komunitas|session on the topics around Wikimedia Movement Strategy and community collaboration]] on May 20. [[m:User:RamzyM_(WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] will provide updates, share about the Movement Charter Ambassadors Program and answer the questions. 

''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]''
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #111 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: a new full stack software engineer joins the development team, and a presentation of a paper co-authored by Denny about the history of Wikidata.

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:04, 15 Mee 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #112 and #113 are out ==

There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them!

On May 17, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-17|thanked Julia]] for her work and we wished her well for her new work with the Trust &amp; Safety team.

On May 25, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-25|presented our new viewing and editing experience]] for Wikifunctions.

Want to catch-up with the previous updates? Check [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 26 Mee 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #114 is out ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue: a very brief note about the Wikimedia Hackathon in Athens.

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1685986233 June 5, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Note: since last time we've had some network problems with Jitsi, &lt;u&gt;in case of new malfunctions&lt;/u&gt; during next meeting we will provide on short notice a Google Meet link to the participants. Thanks for your understanding.

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 07:08, 3 Jụn 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #115 is out ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue we present the new interface for multilingual editing, and we discuss the results of our &quot;fix-it week&quot;.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:35, 9 Jụn 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #116 and #117 are out ==

There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them!

On June 22, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-22|summarised the results]] of our annual in-person meeting in Delft, The Netherlands.

On June 28, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-28|thanked Cai and Allan]] for their work and we wished them well for their new endeavours.

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1689010212 July 10, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]).

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:02, 4 Julaị 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #118 to #121 are out ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them!

On July 20, we shared an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-20|update on our plans for the initial deployment of Wikifunctions]] in the next few weeks, what will be possible, and changes to the development in the last few weeks. Also, a request for suggestions on what should be the very first Function to be created in Wikifunctions.

On July 17, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-17|grant from Google.org]].

On July 12, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-12|grant from The Rockefeller Foundation]].

On July 7, we welcomed a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-07|new Director of Product]] to the team.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 21:38, 20 Julaị 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|180px|right]]
''This newsletter combines content from both June and July, due to a delay in sharing out the previous newsletter.''

'''Updates:''' 
* '''New Movement Charter content published:''' The Committee published new draft chapters on the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|'''Global''' '''Council''']], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|'''Hubs''']] and the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Glossary|'''Glossary''']]. You are invited to share your feedback or ask any questions you may have to the Committee before September 1, 2023 on the following talk pages:
** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|Share your feedback on The Global Council draft]] 
** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|Share your feedback on Hubs draft]] 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft|'''Revised draft chapters published on Meta:''']] The Committee has shared the revised draft chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Values &amp; Principles|Values &amp; Principles]], and [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Roles &amp; Responsibilities|Roles &amp; Responsibilities]] intentions statement. These revisions are based on the [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#November-December 2022 consultation|community feedback]] received in November-December 2022. 
* [[m:wmfblog:2023/06/02/how-will-the-wikimedia-movement-ratify-its-charter/|'''Ratification Methodology community feedback:''']] The summary of community feedback on the proposed methodology for the ratification of the Charter is on Diff. 

* Listen to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy_IQ_G1wEI '''WikiAfrica Hour #46: Africa and Movement Charter'''], where MCDC members [[m:User:Anass Sedrati|Anass Sedrati]] and [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|Georges Foudoup]]  talk about Movement Charter, its aims and objectives, and the relevance to the African community. 
* MCDC member’s are busy participating in various community events to discuss Movement Charter. [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]], a member of the Global Council and Roles and Responsibilities Drafting Groups [[m:EduWiki Conference 2023/Program/MCDC|joined the EduWikiConference 2023]].  The MCDC support staff [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] shared updates about the charter at [[m:WikiNusantara 2023|WikiNustantara 2023]] in Banjarmasin, Indonesia ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1659772318913294336 @wikimediaid on Twitter]). The Wikimedia communities in Indonesia were engaged by [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|Movement Charter Ambassador]] [[m:User:Arcuscloud|Arcuscloud]] in the [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|last round of community conversations]]. 

* [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#May 2023|'''Learn about MCDC’s work in May &amp; June:''']] as usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work &amp; discussions. 

'''What’s coming up?''' 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#MCDC Live Launch Party|'''Join the live launch party''']]: The Drafting Committee is hosting a launch party on July 30th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1690725614 14.00 UTC] to celebrate the new drafts, introduce them to the community and give space for sharing thoughts and feedback. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsdOiurT0vHta6stHaiHHEyrwK3RUPveBR#/registration '''Register here to receive a Zoom link to the launch party.'''] 
* [[m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Grant|'''Movement Charter Community Conversation grants''']] are open for individuals or groups who want to organize conversations about the Charter content. Talk to us if you need any support on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter-ambassadors/38 the MS Forum]! Apply for a grant before Jul 30, 2023. 
* [[m:wmania:2023:Wikimania|'''Wikimania 2023''']]''':''' Wikimania 2023: Members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee are excited to be attending Wikimania Singapore in August, to speak to and hear from you in person (and hybrid) about the four drafts and the Charter in general.
* '''Community events:''' MCDC members will be present in the [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2023|CEE Meeting]] in September in Georgia to discuss the Charter content with the CEE and CA communities. In addition, the MCDC prioritizes participation in the conferences planned for 2023 to continue conversations on the content of the Charter with the communities: [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2023|WikiConvention Francophone]], [[m:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomen Camp]],  [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2023|WikiIndaba Morocco]], [[m:wikiconference:2023/Main_Page|WikiConference North America]], [[m:GLAM Wiki 2023|GLAM Wiki Conference]], among others.

''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]''
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
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--12:25, 30 Julaị 2023 (UTC).
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #122 is out: Wikifunctions is live! ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Main_Page Wikifunctions.org] is live (in read-only mode), we welcome a new member of the team, and we announce a new job opening.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:02, 31 Julaị 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter: August 2023&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
'''Updates'''
* '''Community consultation''': The community consultation on the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council|Global Council]], [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs|Hubs]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Glossary|Glossary]] drafts is ongoing. We value your input, if you have not already, please take a moment to review the draft chapters and share your thoughts with the MCDC. We’ve posed open questions we would like your opinion on. Feel free to engage in a way that is most comfortable for you and your community. Learn more on our Diff blogs about the [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/13/a-global-council-for-our-movement/ Global Council] and [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/27/building-wikimedia-movement-hubs-together/ Hubs]. 
* '''Launch Party''': On July 30 we hosted a Launch Party to share the Global Council and Hubs draft chapters. It was an inspiring event where we had the opportunity to listen to your feedback and address some of your questions. If you missed it, you can catch the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SItWeX78tv8&amp;list=LL&amp;index=4 recording on YouTube].
* '''Community Conversations''': We want to hear from as many people as possible. On July 16, the SWAN meeting opened its doors and offered an opportunity to interact with the MCDC members regarding the new drafts of the charter. [[m:Strategic_Wikimedia_Affiliates_Network/2023_07#Notes|Notes are available here]]. On July 28, a regional conversation with the Francophone community was held. Here comes a [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council#Summary_of_the_feedback_from_the_francophone_conversation|short summary here in English and French]]. Additionally, on August 2 we had a fruitful conversation with the [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs#Summary_from_2_August_call|LATAM region]]. 
* '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#July_2023|MCDC’s Work in July]]''': As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work &amp; discussions. 

'''Upcoming'''
* '''Join the MCDC at Wikimania''': Whether you’ll be at Wikimania 2023 in person or joining virtually, there are a few events that we would like to invite you to. Please drop by for a casual conversation. We would love to connect to workshop any ideas together. Drop in, get a sweet treat, and share your thoughts with us! [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2023:Registration Register] and see below for an overview of our time together: 
** Tuesday, August 15
*** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 02:00|02:00 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/UVKSKQ/ '''Movement Strategy &amp; Governance Connection track - Welcome and opening'''] (Room 325)
*** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 05:45|05:45 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/FJCXUP/ '''Movement Charter Drafting Committee: Open office hour'''] (Room 326)
** Wednesday, August 16
*** {{zonestamp|2023-08-16 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/EYGDHC/ '''Role Play the Future Roles and Responsibilities in the Movement'''] (Room 326)
** Thursday, 17 August
*** {{zonestamp|2023-08-17 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/AWXHMA/ '''Movement Charter Content Discussions'''] (Room 310)
* A '''[[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|regional call tailored for the MENA region]]''' will be conducted in Arabic on September 2 at 17.00 UTC. Kindly indicate your interest to attend this meeting.  
''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta-wiki]]''
&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot; /&gt;
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MCDC Support Team, 23:53, 14 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)
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== Spam article ==

@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] [[Suraj Rana]] a blank page, requested for speedy deletion under the reason of &quot;no useful content, spam page&quot; [[Ihü kárírí:Contributions/82.115.220.168|82.115.220.168]] 12:16, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks for this notification [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 17:17, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

== Spam Articles ==

@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page &amp; reason below :

1) [[Krishnam Kumar]] 

Reason : Language, written in english language in igbo wikipedia also, Telegram links are included in reference list, it indicates self promotion links.

2) [[Jhonnchefe]]

Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like spotify, apple music, jaxta, YouTube.

3) [[Faaxy]]

Reason : Language (English)

4) [[الشيخ محمد حمزة التميمي]]

Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

5) [[مسكنك]]

Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

6) [[إيجي سكاي]]

Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

7) [[أراتوك]]

Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

8) [[كيرلس مجدي القمص]]
Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content

[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:30, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

:Thanks for this notification. Done! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:05, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

== Spam Articles (for speedy deletion) ==

@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Again I'm here to show some spam articles, Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page &amp; reason below :


1) [[اشرف عظيم وخبرته الواسعة في التسويق]]

Reason : Language (English)


2) [[Mohamed Mohsen]] 

Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, TikTok, Instagram


3) [[Exclusive Movies (Streaming Platform)]]

Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram 


4) [[Iftkhar Mughal ( Actor )]]

Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included - Instagram


5) [[Vivek Tripathi - Actor]]

Reason : Language (English)


6) [[Nitin Meena]]

Reason : Language (English)


7) [[Kiddyong]]

Reason : Language, Contains personal informations - &quot;phone number, email adddress,&quot; also it is just a self promoting article even you can able to understand by seeing the first line of that article &quot;Kiddyong The Naughty Kid&quot;???

7) [[Omar Yahya (actor)]]

Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram, I couldn't find any real Movies of his and his biography is disorganized

8) [[King Media]]

Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram

9) [[Yahya Moussa]]

Reason : Self Promotional links are included - telegram


[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 18:10, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

:Thank you once again for bringing these to my notice. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 18:25, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)
::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Welcome :)   [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:19, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

== Spam articles  ==

@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Once again here to show some spammy articles written in &quot;Arabic language&quot; with &quot;Self promotional links&quot;


1) [[محمد عتال]]

Reason : Language (Arabic), Self Promotional Links - SoundCloud, Spotify Anghami


2) [[وسام شاهين]]

Reason : Language (Arabic)


3) [[محمد جابر طه]]

Reason : Language (Arabic)


[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 14:55, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

:Thank you so much! Do not hesitate to tag me for cleanup. I sincerely appreciate your efforts. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:27, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)
::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] 2 more spammy articles too. This time I included reason and additional reasons.
::1) [[Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie]]
::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content
::'''• Additional Reason''' : I searched about this person and I can't even able to get a single result about this person. This article contains only one paragraph, it says that he is football coach, other than it doesn't includes any notable works about him.

::2) [[Ahmed ALshehri]]
::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content
::'''• Additional reason''' : as same as mentioned in the first article.
:: Another info - [[Nitin Meena]] This page was previously deleted because of language and multiple issues, this article was re-created by the same person [[ 2401:4900:41E8:A08C:D5B9:C39B:83A4:2E9C]] and I noticed that he is the person who is creating autobiography on themself as you can see his message on here: [[Okwu:Nitin Meena]].
 
::Also thank you for your each responses.  [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 11:18, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)
:::Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]], I have responded accordingly.-- [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:13, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #125 is out: Wikimania digest, CoSMo language, GFpedia demo, CCKS keynote ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-08-31|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we recap what happened at our sessions at Wikimania 2023, we talk about some new updates regarding our Natural Language Generation special interest group (NLG SIG), and we briefly speak about Denny's most recent keynote speech.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:35, 1 Septemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #126 is out: Let's start building morphological paradigms! ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, Denny proposes a call for action for creating morphological paradigms on Wikifunctions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:25, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #127 is out: Renderers and parsers for types ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to represent integers on Wikifunctions and its related challenges.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #128 is out: Serializers and deserializers for types ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to make types easier to use, by discussing serializers and deserializers, and their role in Wikifunctions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:47, 29 Septemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #129 is out: Arguments made easier ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the recent improvements that made it easy to reference arguments in functions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #130 is out: Running on WebAssembly ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our decision of rewriting the evaluator encapsulation service, in order to make it run on [[:w:en:WebAssembly|WebAssembly]].

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

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== Crosswiki spam ==

Dear colleague, I have found your name at the page of sysop requests though I cannot figure out if you were elected eventually or not. But as you seem to be esteemed member of ig.wiki community, you know better what to do. It's about the article [[Hacktivist Vanguard]] which seems to be the last remnants of massive crosswiki spam and as such is the subject for speedy deletion. I'd be grateful if you take necessary steps according to the rules and habits of your local wiki. The best, [[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|ṅkátá]]) 19:51, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC)

:Dear@[[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] thanks for bringing this to my notice. Yes, I'm a sysop on the Wiki. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:02, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #131 is out: Python on WebAssembly; Improved Object selector; Next volunteer's corner ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our latest technical improvements on Wikifunctions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 6 Novemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #132 is out: Wikifunctions, the library of functions that anyone can use and edit ==

[[File:Anyone can edit Wikifunctions.png|center|alt=Wikifunctions can now be edited by anyone!|660x660px]]

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we finally announce that Wikifunctions is on general availability, and that functions can be run also by non-logged in users!

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:50, 10 Novemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #133 is out: What types next? ==

There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss which new types of functions should we support and the latest changes to the software.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:10, 18 Novemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #134 is out: Welcome, Grace and Miguel! Appointing Functioneers now by community ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present two new members of the team, we discuss the latest changes in software, and we announce that Functioneer right will be now assigned by the community.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1701714600 December 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 1 Disemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #135 is out: Announcing Wikifunctions on the Wikimedia Foundation blog. Looking for feedback on the Function page proposal ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/12/05/introducing-wikifunctions-first-wikimedia-project-to-launch-in-a-decade-creates-new-forms-of-knowledge/ the latest blogpost] about us on WMF blog, and we invite you to share your feedback at the [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Function page proposal: looking for feedback|Wikifunctions' Project chat]] on the new proposed designs for the Function page.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:06, 7 Disemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #136 is out: Looking back at 2023 ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we look back at all the accomplishments that we achieved in 2023 and we thank you all for your help in achieving them. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

This will be the last newsletter for 2023, so see you again in 2024!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:49, 15 Disemba 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development,

As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024.

'''Highlights of 2023:'''

;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year.

;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead.

;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale.

;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem.

;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future.

'''Acknowledging Challenges:'''

While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed.

'''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:'''

As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community.

Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future.

Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year!

Warm regards,
[[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]]

PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it.

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #137 is out: Introducing our first new type: Lists ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our newest and much requested type of function, list. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1704738600 January 8, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #138 is out: The Joy of Collaboration; Introducing the Function of the Week: reverse string ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you an essay from Denny and we introduce a new section of the newsletter, dedicated to the &quot;function of the week&quot;. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

We also wanted to note that we are in the process of moving the Updates from Meta to Wikifunctions. We'll keep you updated about it.

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:27, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #139 is out: Refreshing the Function page; Function of the Week: ROT13 ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce a redesign and rewrite of the Function page and we present our first &quot;function of the week&quot;. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #140 is out: Getting debug information from code; Function of the Week: Wrap string ==

There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss debugging in implementations and we present our new &quot;function of the week&quot;. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #141 is out: The Igbo Imperative! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we focus on language functions in Igbo, a language spoken by more than 44 million people in South-Eastern Nigeria. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments.

Starting from this issue, the status updates will be hosted on Wikifunctions, instead of Meta. One more step towards maturation of the project!

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive (on Meta)]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1707157800 February 5, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:14, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--Add content here --&gt;
; User group news
* We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]].
* Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you.

; Other news
* New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]]
* Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #142 is out: Quarterly planning. Thank you, Nick! Function of the Week: is permutation ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss about the results of our last internal planning meeting, whose objective was to define what we will work on in this quarter. Also, we take a look at the latest changes in the team and the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:22, 8 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] (16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024) ==

Please what it all about --[[Ọbanife:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Assuranc29|ṅkátá]]) 16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #143 is out: Fix-it week ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-14|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we take a look at the latest software developments, after our monthly &quot;fix-it week&quot;, where we work on technical debt and other issues that pile up in our daily work.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:19, 16 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #144 is out: Updating the function model ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present the new documentation about our [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Function model|function model]] and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:55, 23 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #145 is out: Type proposal for natural numbers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1709577000 March 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:40, 1 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #146 is out: Introducing our second new type: Natural numbers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the launch of the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 8 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]])
* Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]]

; Other news
* Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14)
* Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) 
* Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #147 is out: On identity ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the notion of identity and present our latest document about [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Representing identity|how we represent it]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:27, 14 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #148 is out: On the way to internationalizing numbers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the implementation of renderers and parsers for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:11, 22 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #149 is out: Creating tests is now much easier! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our progresses with tests and how it is easier to make them, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Maachị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #150 is out: Product Update on Diff and Upcoming API Improvements ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/03/27/wikifunctions-where-we-are-now-and-what-you-can-do/ our latest blog post on Diff], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1712615400 April 8, at 22:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:23, 4 Eprel 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #151 is out: New API for calling Wikifunctions and celebrating 1000 functions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the new API for calling Wikifunctions, we celebrate our first 1,000 functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Also, there's [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/5850672 a job opening] for joining our team!

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:57, 12 Eprel 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #152 is out: Welcome, Sharvani! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 22 Eprel 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Henny17|Henny17]] (00:01, 26 Eprel 2024) ==

Hello
I want to start editing --[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Henny17|ṅkátá]]) 00:01, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]]! Are you in the community WhatsApp group? That's where must editing sessions and training are announced. You can also join the Igbo community hubs around your area. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:38, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC)

== Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]]!

Aha mụ bụ [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma Ozurumba]], ana mụ arụrụ ndi WMF orụ. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi Igbo Wikimedians nọ na [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako|igwe nkata Wikipedia]].

Ebe ibu otu onye nime ndi na atughari edemede na Igbo Wikipedia, ọ ga amasi anyi ma [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|igụọ ozi anyi]] gbasara mgbanwe ndi otu [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] chọrọ ime na igwe ntughari okwu nke nọ na Igbo Wikipedia, ma gwa anyi ebumunobi gi maka ya.

Daalụ sọ maka ọru gi nile na ikwado ọmumu ihe na asụsụ Igbo.

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 20:17, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC)

:Ndewo@[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]. Daalụ maka ozi a i zitere. A gụrụ m ozi ahụ ma tinye kwa ebumunobi  [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|ebe a]]. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:34, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC)

== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]]

; Other news
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13)
* On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13)
* [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the  Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia.
* WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: &quot;[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]&quot; (SDG 13)
* WikiForHumanRights organized a session: &quot;[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]&quot;

; Events
* [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 &amp; 15)
* [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May.  (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #153 is out: Team meeting and Quarterly plan ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the results of our team meeting held in San Francisco, USA, as well as presenting the objectives that we will pursue in the next months.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]]  ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:57, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteer's Corner is on May 6 ==

We remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1715016600 May 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Apologies for the reaching out to you with a separate message.

See you at the meeting! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:12, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #154 is out: Flagship type for enumerations: Months of the Gregorian calendar ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our first proposal for a new type for enumerations and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 13 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #155 is out: Call for Functions: Spell out the number! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we call on you to help us doing new language functions about numbers and we also take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:01, 16 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #156 is out: New type - Gregorian calendar months ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce our initial enumeration Type, Gregorian calendar months, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]].

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:18, 23 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #157 is out: A single singular or a plurality of plurals? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the various implications of linguistic functions about singulars and plurals, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1717435800 June 3, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:17, 31 Mee 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--Add content here --&gt;
; User group news
* Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June
* [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]]
* [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]])
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]]

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023]
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 &amp; 15)
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 &amp; 15)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13)

; Events
* [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 &amp; 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #158 is out: New Type: Sign ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, Sign, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

We are also looking for feedback for our next new types. See [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Testing two new types|the announcement at the Project Chat]] for more information.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:59, 7 Jụn 2024 (UTC)
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== Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo Nwa-ada @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]],

Imere otu ole? Enwerem olileanya na ahụ di gi nma.

Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia maka ngwa ọrụ ha chọrọ itineyere anyi. Ọ ga-amasi anyi ma igụọ ihe gbasara [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia|'''ozi a''']], ma testia ngwa a, ma zaghachi anyi ebunuche gi gbasara itinye ngwa ọrụ a nke a na akpọ &quot;MinT for Wiki Readers&quot; na ịgbo Wiki.

Inwekwara ike ime ka ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia ndi ọzọ mata maka ozi a ma gwa anyi uche ha igwe ozi.

Daalụ sọ! [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 23:57, 10 Jụn 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #159 is out: New Type: Igbo calendar months ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, this time for the thirteen months of the [[:en:Igbo calendar|Igbo calendar]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:21, 14 Jụn 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #160 is out: New Type: Integers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we are happy to announce that we introduced another new type, [[:f:Z16683|integers]], that will increase our coverage of mathematical functions. Moreover, we take a look at the (many!) software developments we introduced in the last week.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:07, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] (21:51, 21 Jụn 2024) ==

Hello --[[Ọbanife:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kwinkate|ṅkátá]]) 21:51, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 04:02, 22 Jụn 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #161 is out: Welcome, Daphne! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we ask for feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our &quot;About&quot; widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1719855000 July 1, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:20, 27 Jụn 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC)
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July
* User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]]
* The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?]

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3)
* [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13)
* [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3)
* [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13)
* WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16)

; Events
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #162 is out: Quarterly planning ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present our objectives and lines of work for this quarter, we remember to give your feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our &quot;About&quot; widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1720459800 July 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:59, 5 Julaị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #163 is out: Type proposals for accessing Lexemes ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our current draft about Type proposals for accessing Lexemes, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:21, 12 Julaị 2024 (UTC)
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== First meet ==

Nnọọ @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], I came from English WP, and I am a bit interested with languages, since I am a seminarian, and often speak little Igbo. I presume many of our editors are on the English based. I will want you to keep good eye here since I will try creating, revamping, and tagging for deletion also. Asirim ka m gwa gi. It is also part of my learning to advance in it. [[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 14:30, 15 Julaị 2024 (UTC)

:Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]! It's really great to have you here.👍🏽 I see your works on the English Wikipedia, way to go! I started with the English Wikipedia, then moved to Igbo when I discovered it was available. Though I still edit the English Wikipedia sometimes...You are welcome and if you need assistance or anything you think I can help out with, please feel free to let me know. Obi dị m ụtọ na ị bịara ịnọnyere anyị, nnọọ! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:00, 16 Julaị 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #164 is out: Research report on integrating Wikifunctions from Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you the results of a research about how to integrate Wikifunctions and Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:33, 19 Julaị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #165 is out: Wikimania 2024 coming soon! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our upcoming Wikifunctions events at Wikimania 2024, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:13, 29 Julaị 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]]
* Next user group meeting will be 18 August

; Other news
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch]  (SDG 10&amp;16)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13)

; Events
* 5th August,  [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024  Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13)
* 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] 
* 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13)

; Participate
* Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #169 is out: Limits on Name and Description Lengths ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the introduction of more stringent limits on the length of object names, input names, and descriptions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! You might be interested in the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-02|launch of our &quot;About&quot; widget]], a [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-16|summary of our experience at Wikimania 2024]], or the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-23|refinement of WasmEdge]].

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1725298200 September 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:04, 30 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]].
* User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]])

; Other news
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 &amp; 16)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15)
* Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now 

; Events
* [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11)

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== Pages nominated for deletion ==

Hello @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] this are the pages with no information on Igbo wikipedia I told you about. Please help me delete them.

1 [[Innocent Anyanwu]]

2 [[Ikedi Ohakim]]

3 [[Iheanyi Uwaezuoke]]

4 [[Ifunanyachi Achara]]

5[[Ibezito Ogbonna|I bezito Ogbonna]]

6 [[Holmes Onwukaife]]

7 [[Henry Nwawuba]]

8 [[Francis Okaroh]]

9 [[Francis Arinze]]

10 [[Ezenwa Otorogu]]

11 [[Eric Obinna Chukwunyelu]]

12 [[Ephraim Ikeakor]]

13 [[Emmanuel Okala]]

14 [[Emmanuel Ekwueme]]

15 [[Edwin Ume-Ezeoke]]

16 [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]]

17 [[Clarion Chukwura]]

18 [[Chukwuemeka Chikelu]]

19 [[Chima Anyaso]]

20 [[Chikelue Iloenyosi]]

21 [[Chijioke Ejiogu]]

22 [[Charles Chukwuma Soludo]]

23 [[Cedric Ogbuehi]]

24 [[Bruno Ibeh]]

25 [[Bonaventure Enemali]]

26 [[Augustine Nwagwu]]

27 [[Augustine Aniebo]]

28 [[Anyika Onuora]]

29 [[Jude Aneke]]

30 [[Kennedy Ihenacho]]

31 [[Kelvin Ebuka Nwamora]]

32 [[Kenechuhwu Uchenwa]]

33 [[Kennedy Nzechukwu]]

34 [[Kingsley Chibueze Onyeukwu]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186940|2]]

35 [[Louis Okoye]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186939|2]]

36 [[Maxwell Anikwenwa]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186938|2]]

37 [[Victoria Ohuruogu]]

38 [[Valerian Ume-Ezeoke]]

39 [[Obinna Nwaneri]]

40 [[Ugonna Ozurigbo]]

41 [[Ugonna Anyora]]

42 [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]]

43 [[Steve Eboh]]

44 [[Rolland Ezuruike]]

45 [[Philomena Obiageliuwa Uyanwah]]

46 [[Obinna Eregbu]]

47 [[Osita Henry Chikere]]

48 [[Okwesilieze Nwodo]]

49 [[Okey Uzoeshi]]

50 [[Sikiratu Sindodo]]

51 [[Abba Moro]]

52 [[Ramatu Tijani Aliyu]] [[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ogalihillary|ṅkátá]]) 13:04, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] thanks for this notification. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 16:08, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #171 is out: Dagbani Wikipedia will be our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-13|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce Dagbani Wikipedia as our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration, discuss the recent stability challenges we've had in the past few days, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:51, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #172 is out: Introducing focus topic areas ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-20|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce focus topic areas for generating natural language texts and we update you on last week's site incident.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:30, 21 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #173 is out: Quarterly planning for October–December 2024 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we give you an overview of what we will focus on in the next three months, we discuss our presentation at [[:m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024|Celtic Knot conference 2024]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:42, 26 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]]

; Other news
* [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube])
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13)

; Events
* Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #174 is out: Focus topic: food ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss one of our next topics we will focus on for our work: food. We hope you have a good appetite for discussion. :)

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1728322200 October 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:42, 4 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #175 is out: Wikidata Lexemes in Wikifunctions are coming soon ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present a preview of our planned support for Wikidata lexemes in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:54, 11 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #176 is out: What could abstract content look like? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present some thoughts by [[User:Mahir256]] about how abstract content could look like in the future, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:12, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024) ==

How can I be promoted to administrative level here? --[[Ọbanife:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #177 is out: Our goal for this Quarter: Agreement ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss our goal of building up phrases from Lexemes using linguistic agreement, i.e. accordance to number and gender when constructing a phrase.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:32, 25 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC

; Other news
* Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15)

; Events
* November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change &amp; Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #178 is out: Rewriting the backend ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss how the team is working hard to rewrite Wikifunctions' backend, to overcome some of the limits we encountered with the current language.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1730745000 November 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:19, 2 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #179 is out: The dream of a Universal Language ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we talk about several presentation in and around the topics of languages and our work, we discuss the current refactoring of our functions catalogue and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:50, 7 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #180 is out: New type: Rational numbers ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you our newest Type, [[:f:Z19677|rational numbers]], as well as the new renderer and parser for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:40, 14 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== We need your help with Igbo Wikipedia Main Page ==

Ndewo Goody,
Biko nyere anyi aka, mmadu mebisiri ihu mbu Igbo Wikipedia. A na m acho ka mweghachi ya mana okweghi. Biko nyere anyi aka. [[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 13:38, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #181 is out: New special page for missing labels, new type for Gregorian years, and much more ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a new special page for objects with a missing label, we present two new types (Gregorian year and Wikidata statement rank), we showcase several contributions made by you volunteers, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 22 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #182 is out: WordGraph release; New Special page: list functions by tests; new type for day of the year, and much more ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the implications of the release of Google Zurich's WordGraph dataset, we introduce a new special page, support for other Wikidata statements and a new type (day of Roman year), and finally we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:03, 28 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]])
* We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on.

; Other news
* [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]]
* [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&amp;12)
* The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17)

; Events
* Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13)
* Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13)
* Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16)

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== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on December 9 ==

Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733758200 December 9, at 15:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:46, 6 Disemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (18:38, 13 Disemba 2024) ==

Hi, Olugold

I have added Wikipedia pages for quick deletion. I hope to delete them as soon as possible and activate the deletion template on them, but they delete them over and over again. Thanks Olugold --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 18:38, 13 Disemba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #183 is out: Sketching a path to Abstract Wikipedia; Team offsite in Lisbon; and much more ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss how natural language generation for Abstract Wikipedia might develop, and we share news on tools and types on Wikifunctions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:52, 16 Disemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #184 is out: Function of the Week: age; Intros for year articles; New Type: Floating-point number ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In the last issue for 2024, we discuss functions to create introductions for articles about years, we showcase one of the 23 functions with the Gregorian year type, we introduce a new type, and finally we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:06, 19 Disemba 2024 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] on [[Basil Raslan]] (22:11, 26 Disemba 2024) ==

Basil Raslan --[[Ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|ṅkátá]]) 22:11, 26 Disemba 2024 (UTC)

== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]])
* We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]!

; Other news
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&amp;13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&amp;15)
* [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&amp;15
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13)

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== Would you join our editorial board? ==

Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], how are you doing? Would you join our community editorial board? This helps to record a resounding outcome. Thanks for your consideration.

[[Ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|Onwuka Glory]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|ṅkátá]]) 16:22, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)

== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on January 13 ==

Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next Volunteers' Corner, that will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1736793000 January 13, at 18:30 UTC] ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:44, 10 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #185 is out: Happy Wikipedia day! Quarterly planning ==

The [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-15|first update of 2025]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions is out. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present our plan for the upcoming quarter (January-March 2025), we suggest changes to our &quot;Function of the week&quot; section, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:34, 17 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #186 is out: Welcome, David! Naming conventions recommendations ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we introduce our current discussion on naming conventions recommendations, we introduce a new section dedicated to the newest functions created, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:36, 23 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #187 is out: With 2000 Functions into the new year: time for stats ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present some statistics about where we are as a project, we give some updates about our Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738607400 February 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:05, 30 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]]
* User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]).
* The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]].
* The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted.

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11)

; Events
* 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate &amp; Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #188 is out: Invitation to the Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present a proposal to restructure our Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group (NLG SIG) meeting, we announce the creation of a new type, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:17, 6 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #189 is out: Restricting the World, redux ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we have an essay from Denny, we discuss the fix to the Byte Type, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:19, 14 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #190 is out: A proposal for types per language and part of speech ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present a proposal for types to represent a part of speech in a language, we present some events that we have taken part to (or we are taking part to), and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:50, 20 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;We would like to hear about your experiences with Temporary Accounts&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]]
'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo This survey should take no longer than 5 minutes to complete.]'''

The Trust &amp; Safety Product team recently made [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] available on 12 wikis. There are plans to expand this to a larger set of wikis in the coming weeks and months and then proceed with a complete deployment later this year. Your participation in this survey will be immensely valuable in helping us understand how well Temporary Accounts are working and what we can improve on going forward.

The privacy policy for this survey may be [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|viewed at this link]]. By completing this survey, you agree to the terms set forward in the privacy policy.

Thank you!&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #191 is out: From things to words ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the deployment of the possibility of getting the right Lexeme given a Wikidata Item, we discuss the newest updates about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1741026600 March 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:16, 28 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]).

; Other news
* [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3)
* [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13)
* A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13)

; Events
* 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8)
* 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16)
* 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #192 is out: Recent Changes in the software, Recording of Volunteer’s Corner, and talks in London ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present two talks that will feature Denny as a speaker and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:12, 7 Maachị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #193 is out: Upcoming NLG meeting, Recent Changes in the software ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we invite you to the next [[:f:Wikifunctions:NLG SIG|NLG SIG Meeting]], that will take place [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1739894400 on Tuesday March 18 at 16 UTC], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:39, 15 Maachị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #194 is out: Wikidata-based simple enumerations ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a discussion about a new kind of enumeration type, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:06, 21 Maachị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #195 is out: It’s about time ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a discussion about how to support the creation of a type for time that is compatible with Wikidata, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:25, 28 Maachị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
; News
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15)
* [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13)
* [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15)
* A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17)
* A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17)

; Events
* [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]]

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #196 is out: Quarterly Planning for April–June 2025; We are looking for a Senior Product Manager ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present our work plan for the upcoming quarter (April-June 2025), we publish a new job opening for joining the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744047000 April 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 6 Eprel 2025 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] (18:56, 9 Eprel 2025) ==

Riyad Hossain With over 05 years of experience in the field of journalism, Riyad Hossain heads the editorial operations of Mission Ki Awaaz as a Blogger. Lives from Bangladesh --[[Ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|ṅkátá]]) 18:57, 9 Eprel 2025 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #197 is out: Quarter in review, and lots of material to watch ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we evaluate our work done for the recently closed quarter (January-March 2025), we present you a number of video and blogpost about us to watch and read, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744732800 April 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:20, 11 Eprel 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #198 is out: Wikifunctions integrated in Dagbani - and Wikifunctions; and the date of Easter ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that this week we switched on the ability to call Wikifunctions functions from within Dagbani Wikipedia (our first wiki to do so!), we discuss the functions related to calculating the dates of Easter, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:28, 17 Eprel 2025 (UTC)
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== Question from [[User:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] on [[Legrek Parond]] (07:00, 25 Eprel 2025) ==

do all articles have to be written in igbo or can the articles be written in English. --[[Ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|ṅkátá]]) 07:00, 25 Eprel 2025 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #199 is out: Welcome, Gregory! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present a new member of the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:16, 28 Eprel 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #200 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is a MacArthur 100&amp;Change finalist ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that we reached the final stage of a grant competition, we introduce our next big conversation about where the content of Abstract Wikipedia will be located, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:57, 1 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #201 is out: Abstract Wikipedia and the Wikimedia AI Strategy ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-09|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss how Abstract Wikipedia ties in with the newly announced WMF's strategy for AI, we talk about the Wikimedia Hackathon and our community meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:27, 10 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]])

; Other news
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&amp;5)

; Events
* May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #202 is out: Location of Abstract Content ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we invite you to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we invite you to our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:56, 16 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #203 is out: Ongoing consultation about the Location for Abstract Content ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we invite you again to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we present some updates about existing and new types, we remind you of our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:54, 23 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #204 is out: Rolling out to five Wiktionaries; Calculating with today's date ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we talk about our latest deployment on five Wiktionaries, we showcase a couple of functions about dates, we remind you of ongoing discussions and upcoming presentations, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1748885400 June 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:38, 29 Mee 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #205 is out: Where will Abstract Content go? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we give you some updates on the discussion about where to store abstract content, we present you the recordings of our latest presentations and meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:38, 9 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]]

; Other news
* Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop:
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page]  (SDG 5)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10)
** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 &amp; 16)
* [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15)
* [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3)

; Events
* 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]]

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #206 is out: Closing the consultation about the location of Abstract Content ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce the closing of the discussion about where to store abstract content, we remind you about our current discussions about types and our next [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:NLG_SIG|NLG SIG meeting]], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:56, 16 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #207 is out: Quarterly Planning for July–September 2025 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we outline our priorities for the next quarter (July–September 2025), we give you some updates related to our new types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:38, 23 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #208 is out: How many people are needed to write an encyclopedia? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about writing an encyclopedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:38, 28 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
*  6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]]

; Other news
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15)
* [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&amp;15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR]  (SDG 3)

; Events
* 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5)
* 2 &amp; 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #209 is out: Coverage of 1298 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about how Wikipedias cover articles about years, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1751909400 July 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:39, 4 Julaị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #210 is out: Length limits on labels and descriptions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a measure to limit length of labels and descriptions, we show a video illustrating our work on front-end components, we share some news on new Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1752595200 July 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:46, 11 Julaị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #211 is out: Wikidata-based enumerations are here ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a new kind of Type (Wikidata-based enumerations), we remind you of our current sprint in fixing labels and descriptions that are too long, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 19 Julaị 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #212 is out: “Wikipedia is an encyclopedia”; Two years of Wikifunctions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-26|the '''second anniversary update''']] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our work on functions that generate sentences and fragments in several languages, we celebrate our second anniversary, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:33, 26 Julaị 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--Add content here --&gt;
; User group news
*  6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]])
* We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested.

; Other news
* To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|&quot;Sustainable Development Wikiproject&quot; was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]]
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 &amp; 13)
* [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15)
* [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15)

; Events
* 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]].

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== Question from [[User:Imborhope|Imborhope]] (16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025) ==

How do I write my perfect autobiography --[[Ojiarụ:Imborhope|Imborhope]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Imborhope|ṅkátá]]) 16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC)

:Writing an autobiography is not encouraged on Wikipedia. Learn more: [[en:Wikipedia:Autobiography|Wikipedia:Autobiography]]. If a person is notable, other editors will write a [[en:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography]] about the person. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:48, 16 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #215 is out: Accessing Wikidata items now possible from embedded function calls; Wikifunctions available on 65 Wikitionaries ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to access Wikidata items from embedded function calls, we also inform that Wikifunctions is now available on 60 more Wiktionaries, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:57, 29 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
*  21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]]

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15)
* [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]]

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== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner is tomorrow! ==

We remind you that our next '''Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner''' will be '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1757352600 tomorrow, September 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Unless you have many questions, we will follow our usual agenda, giving updates on the upcoming plans and recent activities, having plenty of time and space for your questions, and building a Function together.

See you at the Corner! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:39, 7 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #216 is out: Copying function calls from one Wikipedia to another ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to use natural languages as a default value in embedded function calls, we discuss the latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:04, 8 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #217 is out: More than 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we celebrate reaching the milestone of 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions, we discuss our upcoming commitments in outreach, we share with you our latest blogpost, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:21, 12 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #218 is out: Wikifunctions available on 123 Wiktionary languages ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-19|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on the recent Wikifunctions deployment on Wiktionaries, we introduce our new page for requesting cleanups, we update you on what's new on Types, we remind you of the upcoming meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758643200 September 23, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #219 is out: Accessing qualifiers in Wikidata statements ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce the possibility of calling also qualifiers from Wikidata, we update you on the recent  deployments of Wikifunctions and on the Wikifunctions presentations at Wikimedia events, we give you the recent updates on Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
*  User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]])

; Other news
* The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called &quot;[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]&quot; focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025]

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #220 is out: Rich text now available in embedded function calls on 148 Wiktionaries and Incubator ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on the latest functions and types you can create, we announce that functions are now available to call on 152 projects, we talk about our presentations at Wikimedia meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1759771800 October 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:55, 4 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #221 is out: Decision on location for abstract content and Quarterly Planning for October–December ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our plans and work for the upcoming quarter (October-December 2025), we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:47, 9 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #222 is out: Kicking Off the Naming Contest for Abstract Wikipedia; Visualizing functions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we kickstart our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we present a beautiful representation of functions by a community member, we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #223 is out: Welcome Zaree and Laura! Naming contest round 1 kicked off ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we welcome two new additions to the team, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #224 is out: Round 1 of “abstract content wiki” naming vote ending Monday; An example of short descriptions ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we announce our first experimentation with short descriptions on Wikidata, we talk about our presentations at the upcoming WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 November 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:48, 30 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online]
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4)
* The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&amp;diff=58499099&amp;oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13)

; Events
* 6 November–3 December:  [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5)
* 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10)
* 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #225 is out: First round of voting for naming the wiki for abstract content closed; Calling for Wiktionary functions; Embedded Wikifunctions on Bengali Wikipedia and seven more Wiktionaries ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on the closing of the first phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we introduce a possible implementation of Wikifunctions for Wiktionaries, we talk about our latest outreach events, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:06, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #226 is out: Getting ready for second round of voting for naming the wiki with abstract content; Rewriting the backend: Why Rust? ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we summarise current discussion regarding the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss how we are rewriting the backend, we ask for help in substituting a function, we suggest you the recordings of Wikifunctions-related sessions at the WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1763481600 November 18, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:42, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #227 is out: Second round of voting for naming the wiki with language-independent content; Sharing function calls ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce the start of the second phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share the results of the MacArthur Foundation's 100&amp;Change contest, we share the recording of the last NLG SIG meeting, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:11, 21 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #228 is out: Vote on the new wiki name! Finishing each other’s sentences ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our progress on sentence creation with functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 December 1, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:38, 27 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]]
* As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out:
** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] 
*** Help by identifying which videos need translation
** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]]
*** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics
&lt;br/&gt;

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13)
* [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13)

; Events
* [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #229 is out: And the name is Abstract Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share the final results of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share two demos about new Wikifunctions features, we talk about Wikidata components in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:02, 4 Disemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #230 is out: How to write better error messages ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share an essay on how to write better error messages, on improving which we focused in the last months.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 12 Disemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #231 is out: We wish you a happy new Gregorian year! ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we showcase some templates using Wikifunctions functions on several projects, and we wrap up work for this Gregorian year, wishing you happy holidays.

The updates will resume in the week of January 14, so if you feel like you want more, you can always read the previous updates in [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:01, 18 Disemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;!--Add content here --&gt;
; User group news
*  User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]])

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&amp;13)
* [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #232 is out: 25 years of Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In the first issue of 2026, we celebrate our incredible milestone of 25 years of Wikipedia and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 16 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #233 is out: Quarterly plan for January–March 2026 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share our work plans for the quarter that goes from January to March 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 22 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #234 is out: Integrating Abstract Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share our ideas about the integration of Abstract Wikipedia with the existing Wikimedia projects, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:51, 30 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
*  The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published.
* [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February.
* The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help.

; Other news
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15)

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== Next Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on February 9 ==

Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1770661800 February 9, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 06:23, 6 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #235 is out: Finishing each other sentences: Starting things; Offsite in Istanbul ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share the results of our recent team offsite (meeting in person) in Istanbul, Türkiye, especially on creating sentence fragments in several languages.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:31, 13 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #236 is out: A sneak preview of Abstract Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we share a sneak preview of how Abstract Wikipedia will look like and work, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:15, 20 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #237 is out: Graceful overrides and fallbacks ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss different patterns in articles about years on different Wikipedias, we present the video of the Wikifunctions presentation by Nicolas Vigneron at the last Celtic Knot, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1772476200 March 2, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:18, 27 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted!

; Other news
* [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them.
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15)
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 &amp; 13)

; Events
* March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5)
* [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16)
* [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &amp;17)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #238 is out: Citations and Copy and Paste ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce the possibility of creating a function that deals with references and a Wikifunctions internal clipboard, where you can temporarily store any piece of code in order to paste it somewhere else, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:28, 6 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #239 is out: A new composition language ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we talk about the revamp of the composition language on Wikifunctions, with its potential for further improvements.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:19, 12 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

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== Question from [[User:SamKel123|SamKel123]] (00:44, 19 Maachị 2026) ==

Hi, Olugold. I stopped Wiking a long time now. I want to get back, as a rewarding hubby. I need your help and push. --[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 00:44, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]], 
:How can I help you? Have you joined the Igbo Wikimedia community Whatsapp group? There are several Wiki activities organized by the [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] that will help you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:17, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC)
::Okay. I will join immediately. Thank you so much. [[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 08:37, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #240 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is now in Beta ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we celebrate the launch of the [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ preliminary Beta version of Abstract Wikipedia], and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #241 is out: First few days of Abstract Wikipedia Beta; Status of Composition Language v2 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the first early edits on [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ Abstract Wikipedia], we share the status of Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:48, 26 Maachị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; User group news
* There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it.

; Other news
* [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15)
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #242 is out: Request for Discussion: Syntactic tables ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce a proposal for Natural Language Generation, we introduce a page for function suggestions from Abstract Wikipedia, we inform you that there will be a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:37, 3 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #243 is out: Community proposals for capturing meaning ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we report on three community proposals on syntactic approaches, we introduce a new Type (Complex numbers), we report on current hiccups on Abstract Wikipedia, we share more information about a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:35, 10 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #244 is out: Milestones; Some major issues hopefully resolved ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we celebrate 4000 functions on Wikifunctions and 1000 abstract articles on Abstract Wikipedia, we announce that we should have fixed some major issues with the websites, we inform you on our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:22, 17 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #245 is out: The Foundation's search for the perfect language ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present an academic paper about Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest Type created, and we take a look at the newest created functions.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 25 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

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== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 Eprel 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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:Thanks and duly noted. @[[Ojiarụ:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:45, 29 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #246 is out: Request for input: what should we count for Abstract Wikipedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we ask you what would be the relevant metrics for Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest news on Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:21, 2 Mee 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]]  (SDG 15)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon &quot;Women Botanists&quot; and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 &amp; 15)

; Events
* Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13)
* Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 &amp; 7)
* May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15)
* May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #247 is out: References from Wikidata now available ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we announce that is now possible to pass references in Wikidata statements, we introduce the [https://abstract-data.toolforge.org/ Abstract Data dashboard], we report you on the presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1778520600 May 11, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:16, 8 Mee 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #248 is out: A higher meaning ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss functions creating language fragments, we present our latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:36, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC)

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== Question from [[User:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] (14:26, 20 Mee 2026) ==

Hello,
Please how does the editing role work? How are roles assigned to people on Wikimedia? Do I have to wait to follow a project or I can find one and start myself on the site? Is there a criteria to get started as well. --[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|ṅkátá]]) 14:26, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:hello @[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]]. You can choose to start editing Wiki projects such as Wikipedia, Wikiquote, Wiki commons, etc you can edit by adding more details, translating, or creating new articles. You can join communities to learn more during campaigns, events, etc. There are lot of communities like, language, regional, women, etc. You can participate in any of these communities. See [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], it's a language community. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:30, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC)

== Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:17, 22 Mee 2026) ==

Hi Olugold,

My name is Goodmaraj, and I'm a Wikipedia user. I really enjoy editing and creating pages. I started over two years ago and have made more than 3,000 edits.

I always run into the problem of seeing pages that don’t meet Wikipedia’s standards—pages promoting certain topics or featuring unknown people—and I can’t delete them. At first, I would ask administrators to delete them, but they usually take a long time to respond.

That’s why I need this permission to delete articles directly—it will help me a lot and make my work much faster.

Thank you --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:17, 22 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]]! Thank you for all you do. I see that you have 2 accounts Goodymaraj and [[user:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]], kindly choose a preferred account and continue contributing with the preferred account to avoid blocks. 
:Your account Goodymeraj has being added to the auto patroller group. What this means is that, while logged in to the account on Igbo Wikipedia, you can:
:*Go through newly created pages and mark them patrolled
:*Tag pages for deletion
:*Suggest deletion
:*Report problematic pages. 
:You can ping user:King ChristLike as one of the active admins on the Igbo Wikipedia, to go through and delete the tagged pages. Thank you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:00, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], this user is totally different from [[User:Goodymeraj]] whom you just granted the autopatroller rights. 
::Secondly, while @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] has made some meaningful edits here, they're still not a native Igbo speaker or have a good understanding of the Igbo language, so their edits or page creations would still need to be patrolled to ensure accuracy and quality. Granting the autopatroller rights may not be advisable for now. I've had an off-wiki conversation with them about this. They can always tag or request for admins to delete non-notable articles. Every other request should follow through the normal process. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:48, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::Good morning ma @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]]. Please, @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] is an entirely different user from me @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]]. Thank you also for the rights granted me. I appreciate. It will go a very long way for me. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 04:21, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] and @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] thanks for the clarification. 
:::Goodymeraj showed interest in carrying out administrative task in the past, so when I saw this message, I honestly thought it was Goodymeraj. With the patrol right, he needs to tag admins to delete unwanted articles. In addition, he has a good understanding of the written and spoken Igbo language.
:::Moving forward, nke a bụ Wikipedia Igbo, anyị kwesịrị iji asụsụ Igbo na-ekwurịta okwu ebe a. [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:51, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC)

== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #249 is out: Annual plan 2026-2027 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you the current draft of objectives for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia in the WMF Annual Plan 2026-2027, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:48, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #250 is out: Looking back and forward ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you a recollection of our work so far, now that we celebrate our 250th newsletter, we share with you a summary of our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 &amp; 6 &amp; 7 &amp; 13)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15)
*[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 &amp; 6 &amp; 7)
* [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #251 is out: The illustrated encyclopaedia ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our first function to import images on Abstract Wikipedia, we present our Functions of the Week, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780939800 June 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:14, 5 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #252 is out: Improved loading and display of Test results ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you an improvement in loading and display of Test results, we talk about our next events, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that Denny will lead a discussion on the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15#News in Types: way forward for natural language generation types|new NLG types]] in the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781625600 June 16, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 12 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #253 is out: The or not the, this is (the?) question ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we present you a delicate question regarding grammatical framework, we talk about our next events and about the results of our latest online meetings, we discuss news about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:34, 19 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #254: Working on Functions, together ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we report on new collaborative patterns emerging in our community, we discuss news in Types, we share some events that relate to Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 27 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #255: Integration on test wiki and annual plan ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss integration of Abstract Wikipedia in Test Wiki and our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:22, 2 Julaị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5 and 10.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; In the news
* [[diffblog:2026/06/08/reading-wikipedia-in-the-classroom-in-wa-ghana-empowering-educators-with-media-and-information-literacy-skills/|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Wa, Ghana: Empowering Educators with Media and Information Literacy Skills]] (SDG 4)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/|Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/13/artfeminism-network-organizers-at-eseap-conference-2026/|Art+Feminism Network Organizers at ESEAP Conference 2026]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/|A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/16/from-mentee-to-builder-my-six-months-in-the-eduwiki-hub-mentorship-program/|From Mentee to Builder: My Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] (SDG 4)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/16/building-skills-and-confidence-during-my-three-month-journey-through-the-on-wiki-skill-program-organized-by-africa-wiki-women/|Building Skills and Confidence During My Three-Month Journey Through the On Wiki Skill Program Organized by Africa Wiki Women]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/17/why-the-eduwiki-starter-kit-matters-for-the-future-of-education/|Why the EduWiki Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] (SDG 4)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/17/empowering-new-editors-to-bridge-the-gender-gap-my-experience-as-a-mentor-in-the-edither-africa-april-2026-contest/|Empowering New Editors to Bridge the Gender Gap: My Experience as a Mentor in the EditHer Africa April 2026 Contest]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/18/visible-women-edit-a-thon-piloting-a-collaborative-approach-to-free-knowledge-in-hong-kong/|Visible Women Edit-a-thon: Piloting a Collaborative Approach to Free Knowledge in Hong Kong]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/23/guiding-new-voices-training-women-in-wikidata-during-the-april-edither-africa-contest/|Guiding New Voices: Training Women in Wikidata during the April EditHer Africa Contest]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/06/23/wikimedia-community-usergroup-botswana-in-collaboration-with-art-and-feminism-on-wikidata-mobile-training-2026/|Wikimedia Community Usergroup Botswana in collaboration with Art and Feminism on Wikidata Mobile Training 2026]] (SDG 5)

; Events
* 10-18 July: [[m:Event:Wikiwomen Camp 2026|Wikiwomen Camp 2026]] (SDG 5)
* 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers &amp; Frauen 14.07.2026|Queers &amp; Frauen]] (SDG 5 &amp; 10)
* 21-25 July: Wikimania is coming up and there are plenty of sessions related to sustainable development. There is now a dedicated page for those sessions at [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions]].
* 23 July: [[m:Event:From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements|From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements]] (SDG 10)
* 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers &amp; Frauen 28.07.2026|Queers &amp; Frauen]] (SDG 5 &amp; 10)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #256: Moving toward our first Abstract Wikipedia integration milestone ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss further our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we show the latest community tool, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:43, 9 Julaị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #257: Beyond syntactic tables ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss syntactic tables and news in Types, we show some community blogposts and tools, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

We also remind you that in the next weeks these newsletter reminders will be paused, and that they will resume in mid-August.

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:55, 17 Julaị 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #258: Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the presentations and workshops at Wikimania, including a features feedback request based on what we heard there, and highlight new features shipped this week including diffs for Wikifunctions. 

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! [[m:user:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] 19:05, 30 Julaị 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 6, 15 and 16.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [[diffblog:2026/07/04/photowalk-at-the-purbachal-reserve-forest/|Photowalk at the Purbachal Reserve Forest]] (SDG 15)
* [[diffblog:2026/07/13/welcoming-women-into-wikimedia-tech-a-guide-based-on-lived-experiences/|Welcoming Women+ into Wikimedia Tech: A Guide Based on Lived Experiences]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/07/14/empowering-youth-through-knowledge-wikipedia-for-freedom-of-elections-in-armenia/|Empowering Youth Through Knowledge: “Wikipedia for Freedom of Elections” in Armenia]] (SDG 16)
* [[diffblog:2026/07/19/water-for-life-knowledge-for-all-how-wikiverse-botswana-is-showcasing-africas-water-story-through-the-africa-wiki-challenge-2026/|Water for Life, Knowledge for All: How WikiVerse Botswana is Showcasing Africa’s Water Story Through the Africa Wiki Challenge 2026]] (SDG 6)
* Wikimania: There were so many sessions and posters related to the SDGs, they can't all be listed here. But on [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions|this Wikimania page]] you can find them all and the session pages have links to the recordings.

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #259: Congratulations Jules*. An apple is a fruit ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we congratulate Wikimedian of the Year and we discuss his favourite article in relation to Abstract Wikipedia, we introduce a new Type of function on Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

We also remind you that in the next weeks these newsletter reminders will be paused, and that they will resume in mid-August.

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:19, 10 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)

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== Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings!

As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.&lt;br&gt;
'''What the tool does'''&lt;br&gt;
The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away.

'''Here's what we would like you to do:'''

* Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit
* Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out.
* Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can:
** Learn more about the tool.
** Ask questions and share your thoughts.

Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting.

Best regards,
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #260: Shoutout to User:99of9 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we congratulate our own User:99of9 for his extensive work with the Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia communities, we discuss what happened at Wikimania, we introduce a document for interested communities to join Abstract Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:55, 13 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #261: Mayors and the North ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we have an essay from Denny about accidental gaps in languages, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:41, 21 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #262: Wikifunctions Object Reference ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss a new Type implemented after a community request, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:31, 28 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)

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== Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings!

This is a friendly reminder to attend the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting.

Date and time: '''Today, Saturday, August 29th, 2026, 01:00–02:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here])

This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand.

If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_2:_Saturday_29_August_2026,_01:00_UTC

See you soon!
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== Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings!

This is a friendly reminder to attend the third [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting.

Date and time: '''Saturday, September 5th, 2026, 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here])

Video call link: https://meet.google.com/eov-gbgn-rew

This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand.

If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_3:_Saturday_5_September_2026,_05:00_UTC

See you soon!
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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2026 Newsletter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 4, 10, 11, 13 and 14.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [[diffblog:2026/08/12/wiki-loves-fish-bringing-coastal-biodiversity-to-the-world-through-open-knowledge/|Wiki Loves Fish: Bringing Coastal Biodiversity to the World Through Open Knowledge]] (SDG 14)
* [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/08/19/making-rare-disease-knowledge-a-little-more-common-on-wikipedia/ Making rare disease knowledge a little more common on Wikipedia] (SDG 3)
* [[diffblog:2026/08/26/the-pre-conference-on-information-integrity-in-climate-change-at-wikimania/|The Pre-Conference on Information Integrity in Climate Change at Wikimania]] (SDG 13)
* [[diffblog:2026/08/29/beyond-wikipedia-a-technical-workshop-introducing-moroccan-teachers-to-wikidata-and-the-wikimedia-technical-ecosystem/|Beyond Wikipedia: A Technical Workshop Introducing Moroccan Teachers to Wikidata and the Wikimedia Technical Ecosystem]] (SDG&amp;nbsp;4)
* [[diffblog:2026/08/29/wiki-for-human-rights-nigeria-write-for-rights-and-july-virtual-session/|Wiki for Human Rights Nigeria: Write for Rights and July Virtual Session]] (SDG 10)

; Events
* Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2026|Wiki Loves Monuments]] (SDG 11)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #263: 5,000 Functions, passing Z40000 ==

There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we mark the 5,000th function on Wikifunction, we explore a new Type for functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788802200 September 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:00, 4 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #264: Your code can now call back to the Wikidata fetch functions ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce the possibility of calling Wikidata fetch functions, we present a new Type, we celebrate more than 200 new functions this week, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:13, 11 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

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== The next Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting is tomorrow! ==
Hi all! A quick message to inform you that Denny will lead a quick first introduction to syntactic phrase functions in the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''', that will be held tomorrow, '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1789488000 September 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]).

See you at the meeting! In case you can't join, the meeting will be recorded and made available on Commons. -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:27, 14 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #265: More engaging error messages ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we explain how we reworked error messaging, we talk about our recent and upcoming meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:59, 18 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #266: Memoization arriving ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we talk about storing a function call's result in a cache for easier recalling, we analyse how quickly one particular fact propagates through different Wikipedia language editions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #267: Refreshing results ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we talk about two new capabilities addressing the issues of caching and freshness of function call results, we introduce our groundwork to support the first pilot communities for Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2026 Newsletter ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our fifty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 11, and 15.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/The_little_coloured_bar_that_tells_you_a_species_is_disappearing_%E2%80%94_and_the_Australian_project_keeping_it_accurate The little coloured bar that tells you a species is disappearing — and the Australian project keeping it accurate] (SDG 15)
* [[diffblog:2026/09/05/more-than-a-campaign-the-measurable-impact-of-celebrate-women-2026/|More than a campaign: the measurable impact of Celebrate Women 2026]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/09/04/shesaid-2026-the-global-story-continues-one-voice-at-a-time/|SheSaid 2026: The Global Story Continues, One Voice at a Time]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/09/13/from-focus-group-to-skills-focus-a-new-programme-of-wiki-loves-women/|From Focus Group to Skills Focus: A New Programme of Wiki Loves Women]] (SDG 5)
* [[diffblog:2026/09/17/2387-photographs-237-participants-documenting-colombias-biodiversity-through-wiki-loves-earth-2026/|2,387 photographs, 237 participants: documenting Colombia’s biodiversity through Wiki Loves Earth 2026]] (SDG 15)
* [[diffblog:2026/09/20/more-programs-arent-enough-why-eduwiki-needs-stronger-infrastructure/|More Programs Aren’t Enough: Why EduWiki Needs Stronger Infrastructure]] (SDG 4)
* [[diffblog:2026/09/21/wiki-loves-earth-2026-in-bangladesh-3330-photographs-15-winners-and-one-snake-that-changed-the-rules/|Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in Bangladesh: 3,330 photographs, 15 winners, and one snake that changed the rules]] (SDG 15)
* [[diffblog:2026/09/23/from-open-knowledge-to-national-development-representing-wikimedia-botswana-at-the-un-consultation/|From Open Knowledge to National Development: Representing Wikimedia Botswana at the UN Consultation]] 
* [[diffblog:2026/09/25/from-university-research-to-free-knowledge-academics-discover-wikimedia/|From University Research to Free Knowledge: Academics Discover Wikimedia]] (SDG 4)
* [[diffblog:2026/09/26/after-the-storm-the-shoots-are-more-photogenic/|After the storm, the shoots are more photogenic]] (SDG 15)

; Events
* Still ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2026|Wiki Loves Monuments]] (SDG 11)
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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #268: Quarterly planning ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-09|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss the work we have planned for this quarter (October-December 2026), we introduce news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]!

Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1791826200 October 12, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]).

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #269: Changes in evaluator representations ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce our latest changes in evaluator representations, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #270: Wikiabstrak app ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we introduce the latest app created by a Wikimedia volunteer about Abstract Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest functions created by the community.

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== Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2026 Newsletter ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This is our sixtieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15 and 17.&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

; News
* [[diffblog:2026/09/28/world-malaria-day-2026-promoting-public-health-on-malaria-on-wikipedia-and-wikidata/|World Malaria Day 2026: Promoting Public Health on Malaria on Wikipedia and Wikidata]] (SDG 3)
* [[diffblog:2026/10/05/how-wiki-loves-earths-images-expressed-love-in-2026/|How Wiki Loves Earth’s images expressed love in 2026]] (SDG 15)
* [[diffblog:2026/10/06/climate-change-and-free-knowledge-workshops-for-editing-urgent-issues/|Climate Change and Free Knowledge: Workshops for Editing Urgent Issues]] (SDG 13)
* [[diffblog:2026/10/10/from-india-to-uzbekistan-how-butterflies-brought-wikipedians-together/|From India to Uzbekistan: How Butterflies Brought Wikipedians Together]] (SDG 15)
* [[diffblog:2026/10/10/my-wikigap-2026-journey-in-uganda-amplifying-womens-stories-through-wikimedia/|My WikiGap 2026 Journey in Uganda: Amplifying women’s stories through Wikimedia]] (SDG 5)
* [https://zenodo.org/records/23350108 Contributing plant-related knowledge to the Wikiverse - How and why to collaborate] (SDG 15)

; Events
* Upcoming
:* 11 November: [[w:en:Wikipedia:24hr editathon for COP31|24hr editathon for COP31]] (SDG 13)
* On-going:
:* [[m:Maritime_Silk_Road_Edit-a-thon|Maritime Silk Road Edit a Thon]] (SDG 17)
* Past:
:* [[m:Event:Writing_Wikipedia_in_ASL:_A_Deaf_Editor%27s_Perspective_on_SignWriting,_Linguistics,_and_Access_to_Knowledge|Writing Wikipedia in ASL]] (SDG 10)
:* [[d:Event:Query_Service_Days_2026|Query Service Days 2026]] (SDG 9)

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #271: Errors and fallbacks in Abstract Wikipedia ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we address some key questions about errors and fallbacks on Abstract Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

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== Wikifunctions &amp; Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #272: A new Type for NLG Functions? ==
There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-11-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it!

In this issue, we discuss a potential new Type for NLG Functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments.

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    <title>Zora Neale Hurston</title>
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      <text bytes="85892" sha1="9jnxlczqh5lorr2g3g5quztmbsr468r" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Hurston-Zora-Neale-LOC.jpg|thumb|Zora Neale Hurston]]
'''Zora Neale Hurston''' (Januari 7, 1891&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated17&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Boyd |first=Valerie |title=Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston |year=2003 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-84230-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/wrappedinrainbow00boyd |url-access=limited }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hurston5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hurston|first=Lucy Anne|title=Speak, so you can speak again : the life of Zora Neale Hurston|year=2004|isbn=0-385-49375-4|edition=First|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Januari 28, 1960) onye odee Amerika, onye ọkachamara n'agumagu maka ndụ mmadụ, nakwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gosipụtara mgba agbụrụ na ndịda Amerika emeputara na mmalite 1900 wee bipụta nnyocha na hoodoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Trefzer|first=Annette|date=2000|title=Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_summer-2000_34_2/page/299|journal=African American Review|volume=34|issue=2|pages=299–312|doi=10.2307/2901255|jstor=2901255}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kacha ewu ewu nime akwụkwọ o bipụtara bụ Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, nke e bipụtara na 1937. O dekwara akụkọ mkpirisi, egwuregwu, na edemede karịrị '''Zora Neale Hurston''' (Januari 7, 1891&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated17&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hurston5&quot;/&gt; – Januari 28, 1960) onye odee Amerika, onye ọkachamara n'agumagu maka ndụ mmadụ, nakwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gosipụtara mgba agbụrụ na ndịda Amerika emeputara na mmalite 1900 wee bipụta nnyocha na hoodoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Trefzer|first=Annette|date=2000|title=Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_summer-2000_34_2/page/299|journal=African American Review|volume=34|issue=2|pages=299–312|doi=10.2307/2901255|jstor=2901255}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kacha ewu ewu nime akwụkwọ o bipụtara bụ Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, nke e bipụtara na 1937. O dekwara akụkọ mkpirisi, egwuregwu, na edemede karịrị iri ise.

A mụrụ Hurston na Notasulga, Alabama, o wee soro ezinụlọ ya kwaga Eatonville, Florida na 1894. O mechara jiri Eatonville dị ka ntọala maka ọtụtụ akụkọ ya. N'oge ọrụ mbụ ya, Hurston mere nchọpụta gbasara mmadụ na agbụrụ mmadụ mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Barnard College na Columbia University.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/|title=The Upbringing and Education of Zora Neale Hurston|website=social.rollins.edu|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043547/http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/|last1=Flynn|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Deasy|first2=Caitlin|last3=Ruah|first3=Rachel|archive-date=September 25, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=September 25, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043547/http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  O nwere mmasị na akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Africa, American na Caribbean, nakwa ka ndị a si enye aka na njirimara obodo.

O dekwara akụkọ ifo gbasara ihe ndị dị ugbu a na obodo ojii wee bụrụ onye isi na Harlem Renaissance.  Satires ya dị mkpụmkpụ, na-esite na ahụmịhe ndị Africa-American na nkewa agbụrụ, ka ebipụtara n'akụkọ ọdịnala dị ka The New Negro na Fire!!!&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Newly-Complicated-Zora/125753|title=The Newly Complicated Zora Neale Hurston|last1=Carpio|first1=Glenda R.|date=January 2, 2011|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=June 21, 2017|last2=Sollors|first2=Werner|language=en|issn=0009-5982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626131647/http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Newly-Complicated-Zora/125753/|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Florida, Hurston dere ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmagụ ya na akụkọ ọdịnala Africa-American na  North Florida, Mules and Men (1935), na akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ mbụ ya: Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934);  Anya Ha Na-ele Chineke (1937);  na Moses, Nwoke nke Ugwu (1939).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black History Profiles – Zora Neale Hurston|url=https://themadisontimes.themadent.com/article/from-the-harlem-renaissance-to-the-black-arts-movement-writers-who-changed-the-world/|last=Rae|first=Brianna|date=2016-02-19|website=The Madison Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10|accessdate=2022-03-16|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172016/https://themadisontimes.themadent.com/article/from-the-harlem-renaissance-to-the-black-arts-movement-writers-who-changed-the-world/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ebipụtakwara n'oge a Gwa Ịnyịnya m: Voodoo na Ndụ na Haiti na Jamaica (1938), na-edekọ nyocha ya gbasara emume na Jamaica na Haiti.

Ọrụ Hurston metụtara ma ahụmahụ Africa-American na mgba ya dị ka nwanyị Africa-American. Ụwa agụmagụ amachaghị akwụkwọ ya ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Enweghachiri mmasị na 1975 mgbe onye edemede Alice Walker bipụtara otu akụkọ a kpọrọ, &quot;In Search of Zora Neale Hurston&quot;, na mbipụta March nke magazin Ms. nke afọ ahụ. Ihe odide Hurston nke ọ kpọrọ Every Tongue Got to Confess, nchịkọta akụkọ ifo gbakọtara na 1920, ka ebipụtara n'afọ 2001 mgbe achọpụtara ya na ebe nchekwa Smithsonian . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke a kpọrọ Barracoon: Akụkọ nke ikpeazụ &quot;Black Cargo&quot;, gbasara ndụ Cudjoe Lewis (Kossola), ka ebipụtara n'afọ 2018 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.

===Akụkọ ndụ===
===Mmalite ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ===

Hurston bụ nwa nke ise n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke John Hurston na Lucy Ann Hurston (née Potts) mụrụ. A mụrụ nne na nna ochie ya dika ndị ohu ohu. Nna ya bụ onye nkwusa Baptist na onye na-akọ ihe ubi, bụ onye mechara ghọọ ọkwá nkà, nne ya bụkwa onye nkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. A mụrụ ya na Notasulga, Alabama, na Jenụarị 7, 1891, ebe nna ya tolitere na nna nna ya bụ onye nkwusa nke ụka Baptist.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Eatonville, Florida . N'afọ 1887, ọ bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị isi ojii ewebara na United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/us/29florida.html |last=Cave |first=Damien |title=In a Town Apart, the Pride and Trials of Black Life|date=September 28, 2008|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802014556/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/us/29florida.html|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hurston kwuru na Eatonville bụụrụ ya “ụlọ” ebe ọ ka bụ nwata mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ebe a mụrụ ya. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara nna ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi obodo ahụ na 1897. N’afọ 1902, a kpọrọ ya ije ozi dị ka onye ozi nke ụka ya kacha ukwuu, Macedonia Missionary Baptist.

Dị ka okenye toro eto, Hurston na-ejikarị Eatonville mee ihe dị ka ntọala na akụkọ ya-ọ bụ ebe [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]] nwere ike ibi dị ka ha chọrọ, na-adabereghi n'obodo ndị ọcha. Na 1901, ụfọdụ ndị nkụzi n’ebe ugwu gara Eatonville ma nye Hurston ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị meghere uche ya n’akwụkwọ ọgụgụ. O mechara kọwaa edemede a nke onwe ya dị ka ụdị “ọmụmụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;jsl&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jones, Sharon L. (Sharon Lynette)|title=Critical companion to Zora Neale Hurston: a literary reference to her life and work|url=https://archive.org/details/criticalcompanio0000jone|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8160-6885-2|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hurston biri ndụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Eatonville wee kọwaa ahụmahụ nke itolite ebe ahụ na edemede 1928 ya nke a kpọrọ, &quot; How it feels to be coloured Me &quot;. Eatonville na-enwezi “ Ememe Zora&quot; maka nsọpụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;zfh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zorafestival.org|title=ZORA! Festival Homepage|website=ZORA! Festival|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426193152/https://zorafestival.org/|archive-date=April 26, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nne Hurston nwụrụ na 1904, nna ya mechara lụọ Mattie Moge na 1905.&lt;ref name=&quot;chdr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chdr.cah.ucf.edu/hurstonarchive/?p=chronology|title=Chronology of Hurston's Life|website=University of Central Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011229/https://chdr.cah.ucf.edu/hurstonarchive/?p=chronology|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;   E weere nke a ka ọ bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya n’ihi na a na-anụ kepu kepu na ya na Moge nwere mmekọahụ tupu nwunye mbụ ya anwụọ.  Nna Hurston na nwunye nna ya zigara ya ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi nke Baptist na Jacksonville, Florida . Ha mechara kwụsị ịkwụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya, e mechara chụọ ya n'ụlọakwụkwọ n'ihi ụgwọ akwụkwọ.


===Ọrụ na ọmụmụ Ihe===
N'afọ 1916, onye na-agụ egwú Gilbert &amp; Sullivan weere Hurston n'ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ na-eje ozi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Zora Neale Hurston&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090416185654/http://www.zoranealehurston.com/biography.html About Zora Neale Hurston] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416185654/http://www.zoranealehurston.com/biography.html |date=April 16, 2009 }}, Zora Neale Hurston official website, maintained by the Zora Neale Hurston Estate and Harper Collins.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://baltimoreauthors.ubalt.edu/writers/zorahurston.htm|title=Zora Neale Hurston|website=The Baltimore Literary Heritage Project|access-date=August 21, 2019|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=May 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514050306/http://baltimoreauthors.ubalt.edu/writers/zorahurston.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

N'afọ 1917, ọ maliteghachiri agụmakwụkwọ ya, ọ gara Morgan College, ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Morgan State University, kọleji ndị ịsị ojii na Baltimore, Maryland . N'oge a, o doro anya na iji ruo eruo maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'efu, Hurston dị afọ 26 malitere ịzọrọ 1901 dị ka afọ ọmụmụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Zora Neale Hurston&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/news/zora-neale-hurston-biography-facts-black-history|title=Zora Neale Hurston: 7 Facts on Her 125th Birthday|last=Kettler|first=Sara|date=6 January 2016|website=Biography.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421045452/https://www.biography.com/news/zora-neale-hurston-biography-facts-black-history|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=April 22, 2019|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Morgan State University na 1918.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/hurs-zor.htm Zora Neale Hurston], Women in History.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kọleji na ntakịrị mgbe ọ gụsịrị kọleji===
Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, ewebatara ya ka ọ na-elele ndụ site na enyo ndị na-agu maka ndu mmadụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ site na Eatonville. Otu n'ime ebumnuche ya bụ igosi myirịta dị n'etiti agbụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Staple|first=J.|date=2006|title=Zora Neale Hurston's Construction of Authenticity through Ethnographic Innovation|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Zora-Neale-Hurston%27s-Construction-of-Authenticity-Staple/5f71d3680d1a5c157811acf59b30a0984b997237|access-date=2021-02-04|s2cid=141415962|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na 1918, Hurston malitere ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum Howard, kọleji ndị isi ojii na Washington, DC. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị e weere na mmalite nke Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., nke a tọrọ ntọala ya maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi ojii, ma burukwa The Hilltop soro wee tọọ ntọala ya, the Hilltop a bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum.&lt;ref&gt;Shivonne Foster, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071124012428/http://media.www.thehilltoponline.com/media/storage/paper590/news/2007/11/20/Campus/Following.Footsteps.Zora.Neale.Hurston-3112139.shtml Following Footsteps: Zora Neale Hurston], ''[[The Hilltop (newspaper)|The Hilltop]]'', November 20, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Spanish, Bekee, Grik, na ikwu okwu ọha wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na 1920.  N'afọ 1921, o dere obere akụkọ, &quot;John Redding Goes to Sea&quot;, nke mere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye so na otu ndị edemede a kpọrọ Alain Locke, The Stylus.

Hurston hapụrụ Howard na 1924, na 1925, e nyere ya ohere igu akwụkwọ n'efu nke onye nlekọta Barnard aha ya bu Annie Nathan Meyer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Annie Nathan|title=It's Been Fun: An Autobiography|year=1951|publisher=H. Schuman|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyere Barnard College of Columbia University, kọleji ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ isi ojii.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxfordreference.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cheryl A |first=Wall L|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9XtCY7cijMC |title=The concise Oxford companion to African American literature|date=2001 |section=Hurston, Zora Neale |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803175-8 | editor-last=Andrews |editor-first=William L |editor-last2=Foster |editor-first2=Frances Smith |editor-last3=Harris |editor-first3=Trudier}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mgbe ọ nọ na Barnard, o mere nchọpụta gbasara agbụrụ ya na ọkà mmụta gbasara agụmagụ ndụ mmadụ aha ya bu Franz Boas nke Mahadum Columbia, ma mesịa soro ya mụọ akwụkwọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ya na Ruth Benedict rụkwara ọrụ nakwa nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya bụ Margaret Mead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/rothschild/cent_anth/early.html|title=A Century of Barnard Anthropology, The Early Period|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114101102/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/rothschild/cent_anth/early.html|archive-date=January 14, 2009|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=January 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114101102/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/rothschild/cent_anth/early.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hurston nwetara BA na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na 1928, mgbe ọ dị afọ 37.

Hurston zutere Charlotte Osgood Mason, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, bụ onye nwere mmasị na na ọrụ ya. Ọ kwadoro ndị odee Africa-American ndị ọzọ, dị ka Langston Hughes na Alain Locke, ndị gwara ya maka Hurston. Ma ọ gbalịkwara iduzi ọrụ ha. Mason kwadoro njem Hurston na ndịda maka nyocha site na 1927 ruo 1932,  site n'inye ya nkwado nke $200 kwa ọnwa. Ya onwe ya chọrọ ka Hurston nye ya ihe niile ọ na-anakọta gbasara egwu Negro, akụkọ ọdịnala, akwụkwọ, hoodoo, na ụdị omenala ndị ọzọ. N'otu oge ahụ, Hurston aghaghị ịgbalị ime ka obi di Boas mma dị ka onye ndụmọdụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, onye bụ onye na-akwado omenala ma chọọ ịkwatu echiche dị elu nke omenala na ọkwa nke ụkpụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hurston2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Zora Neale Hurston|title=Every Tongue Got to Confess: Negro Folk-tales from the Gulf States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbNc4RgZ3NEC&amp;pg=PR26|year= 2009|publisher=HarperCollins e-books|isbn=978-0-06-174180-7|page=xxvi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnard, Hurston gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ abụọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Columbia, soro Boas na-arụ ọrụ n'ime oge a.  Mgbe ọ bi na Harlem na 1920s, Hurston nwere ezi mmekọrịta ya na ndị na-ede uri Langston Hughes na Countee Cullen, nakwa ọtụtụ ndị edemede ọzọ. Ụlọ ya, dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, bụ ebe na-ewu ewu maka nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. N'ihe dị ka oge a, Hurston nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'oge mbụ, gụnyere itinye n'ime obere akụkọ na asọmpi edemede nke Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life , nke National Urban League bipụtara.

Hurston bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ a nabatara na otu ụmụ nwanyị a kpọrọ Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated, ọ bụ ndi ụmụ nwanyị ịsị ojii tọrọ ntọala otu ọgbakọ a na 1920 maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi ojii. O kwere nkwa na ngalaba Alpha sorority dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Howard.

===Alumdi ya===
Na 1927, Hurston lụrụ Herbert Sheen, onye egwu jazz na onye bụbu onye nkuzi na Howard; o mesịrị ghọọ dibịa. Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na 1931. Na 1935, Hurston sonyeere Percy Punter, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia. O kpaliri àgwà Tea Cake na anya ha na-ekiri Chineke.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Folk Heroine|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2003/01/12/folk-heroine/2a4a1c03-09a2-4cd0-8c2f-fba1b5b1169e/ |last=Lamar |first=Jake|newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=January 12, 2003|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152131/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2003/01/12/folk-heroine/2a4a1c03-09a2-4cd0-8c2f-fba1b5b1169e/|archive-date=September 11, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Na 1939, mgbe Hurston na-arụ ọrụ na WPA na Florida, ọ lụrụ Albert Price. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gachara,   ma ha agbaghị alụkwaghịm ruo 1943. N'afọ sochirinụ, Hurston lụrụ James Howell Pitts nke Cleveland. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ erughị otu afọ.   

Hurston biri n'otu ọnụ ụlọ dị na Eau Gallie, Florida ugboro abụọ: na 1929 nakwa na 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;ft110306&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | first=Megan K. | last=Scott | title=Zora Neale Hurston's real home was in Brevard County — Famed author, folklorist spent many productive years in Brevard | url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/life/2011/03/06/zora-neale-hurstons-real-home-was-in-brevard-county-famed/77153912/| newspaper=[[Florida Today]] | location=Melbourne | page= 1D | date=March 6, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;


===Nkwado nke ndi na-enye nkwado===
Mgbe onyinye ntọala dị iche iche kwụsịrị n'oge nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi, Hurston na enyi ya Langston Hughes abụọ dabere na nkwado nke onye ọrụ ebere Charlotte Osgood Mason, onye ọcha na-akwado edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;taylor&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;manuel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;horner&quot;&gt;Horner, Shirley. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/16/nyregion/about-books.html &quot;About Books&quot;], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 16, 1986. Accessed March 5, 2011. &quot;For many years, Hughes enjoyed the patronage of &quot;an aged, well-preserved white dowager of enormous wealth and influence&quot;, Charlotte Mason...&quot; and &quot;Dr. [David Levering] Lewis said that his research 'points out that, thanks to Mrs. Mason's generosity, Hughes lived in the early 1930s in a one-family house in Westfield, where his neighbor was another of Harlem's luminaries, Zora Neale Hurston.'&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime afọ ndị na-esote 1930, Hurston biri na Westfield, New Jersey, mpaghara New York, ebe enyi ya Hughes nọ n'etiti ndị agbata obi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;taylor&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Yuval |year=2019 |title=Zora and Langston |url=https://archive.org/details/zoralangstonstor0000tayl |publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Company |isbn=978-0393243918 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;manuel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-74410616/mule-bone-langston-hughes-and-zora-neale-hurston-s|url-access=subscription|title=Mule Bone: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston's Dream Deferred of an African-American Theatre of the Black Word|last=Manuel|first=Carme|journal=[[African American Review]]|volume=35|issue=1|pages=77–92|date=22 March 2001|access-date=5 March 2011|quote=In February 1930, Hurston headed north, settling in Westfield, New Jersey. Godmother Mason ([[Charlotte Osgood Mason|Mrs. Rufus Osgood Mason]], their white protector) had selected Westfield, safely removed from the distractions of New York City, as a suitable place for both Hurston and Hughes to work.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412144624/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-74410616/mule-bone-langston-hughes-and-zora-neale-hurston-s|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|doi=10.2307/2903336|jstor=2903336}}&lt;/ref&gt; 


===Ụlọ Agụmakwụkwọ ya===  

Na 1934, Hurston guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke nka ememe &quot;dabere na naanị nkwupụta Negro&quot; na Mahadum Bethune-Cookman (n'oge ahụ, ọ ka bụ Bethune-Cookman College), kọleji nke ndi isi ojii na Daytona Beach, Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Porter|first=A. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZ-1dEMZBggC&amp;pg=PA66|title=Jump at de sun : the story of Zora Neale Hurston|date=1992|publisher=Carolrhoda Books |isbn=0-87614-667-1|location=Minneapolis|pages=66 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na 1956 Hurston nwetara ihe nrite kọleji Bethune-Cookman maka agụmakwụkwọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na nkwado maka mmezu ya. Ngalaba Bekee na kọleji Bethune-Cookman ka raara onwe ya ụkọ ifonye maka ichekwa ihe nketa omenala ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zoranealehurston.com/about/timeline/|title=Zora Neale Hurston|first=The Estate of Zora Neale|last=Hurston|access-date=February 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306000924/http://zoranealehurston.com/about/timeline|archive-date=March 6, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=March 6, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306000924/http://zoranealehurston.com/about/timeline}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ya, na ịga n'ihu na ọrụ edemede ya, Hurston jere ozi na ngalaba nke [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]] College for Negroes (ugbu a North Carolina Central University ) na Durham. 

===Ọrụ nke Antropọlọji nakwa akụkọ ifo===
Hurston gara njem nke ukwuu na Caribbean na South America wee tinye onwe ya na omume omenala obodo iji mee nchọpụta gbasara mmadụ. Site n'ọrụ ya na ndịda, nke Charlotte Osgood Mason onye ọgaranya na-enyere mmadụ aka kwadoro site na 1928 ruo 1932, Hurston dere Mules na Men na 1935.  Ọ nọ na-eme nchọpụta n'ogige osisi dị n'ebe ugwu Florida ma kwuo okwu banyere ajọ omume nke ndị ikom ndị ọcha nọ n'ọchịchị ndi na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ịsị ojii dị ka ndị ha ga na na-akwasa iko, ma mekwa ka ha mụọ ụmụ. Akpọrọ omume a ka emechara dị ka &quot; ikike paramour &quot;, nke putara ikike ụmụ nwoke n'ihi oke agbụrụ nke metụtara omume n'oge ịgba ohu. Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyekwara ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo. Hurston si na ihe a nweta mmekọrịta akụkọ ifo o mepụtara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya dị ka Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934). 

N'afọ 1935, Hurston mere njem gaa Georgia na Florida ya na Alan Lomax na Mary Elizabeth Barnicle maka nyocha banyere egwu ọdinala Afrika na America nakwa mmekọrịta ha na ịbụ ohu na egwu ochie nke Africa. Enyere ya ọrụ ịhọpụta mpaghara na isiokwu ndị a ga-enyocha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hurston|first=Zora Neale|title=Dust tracks on a road : an autobiography|others=Hemenway, Robert.|year=1995|isbn=0-252-01149-X|edition=2nd|location=Urbana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dusttracksonr2nd00hurs/page/209 209]|oclc=11091136}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File: Zora Neale Hurston NYWTS.jpg|thumb|Hurston playing a hountar, or mama drum, 1937]]

N'afọ 1936 na 1937, Hurston gara Jamaica na Haiti maka ime nyocha, site na nkwado nke Guggenheim Foundation . O nwetara site na nyocha a maka ọrụ gbasara mmadụ, Tell my Horse (1938).

N'afọ 1938 na 1939, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ na Federal Writer's Project (FWP), akụkụ nke nchịkwa ọganihu ọrụ .  Egoro ya maka ahụmahụ ya dị ka odee na onye akụkọ ọdịnala, ọ chịkọtakwara ozi iji gbakwunye na mkpokọta akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Florida. 

Site n'Ọktoba 1947 ruo Februarị 1948, Hurston biri na Honduras, nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Puerto Cortés . O nwere olile anya ịchọta mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Mayan ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmepeanya a na-achọpụtabeghị.  : Mgbe ọ nọ na Puerto Cortés, o dere ọtụtụ Seraph na Suwanee, nke e mere na Florida. Hurston gosipụtara mmasị na ọdịdị ọtụtụ agburu nke ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ (ọtụtụ, dị ka Miskito Zambu na Garifuna, bụ ndị sitere na Africa ma na-emepụta omenala criole ).

[[File: Zora Neale Hurston and unidentified man 1935 Belle Glade FL.tif|thumb|Hurston in Florida on an anthropological research trip, 1935]]

N'ime afọ iri nke ikpeazụ ya, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye edemede nweere onwe ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1952, Sam Nunn, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Pittsburgh Courier , kpọtụrụ ya ka ọ gaa Florida iji wee leta ikpe igbu mmadụ nke Ruby McCollum . E boro McCollum ebubo igbu Dr. C. Leroy Adams, onye bụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. McCollum kwuru na ya manyere ya ka ha nwee mmekọahụ ka ọ wee mụọrọ ya nwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;movie&quot;&gt;Dr. C. Arthur Ellis, Jr. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140628225912/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/1/prweb4933714.htm &quot;New Florida-based Movie on Ruby McCollum Story Underscores Need for Black History Month&quot;], PR Web, January 5, 2011, accessed March 18, 2014,&lt;/ref&gt;  Hurston chetara ihe ọ hụrụ banyere ikike ụmụ nwoke ndị ọchana na-achị n'ogige osisi dị na North Florida, wee soro Nunn kparịta ụka màkà ya. Ha abụọ chere na ikpe ahụ nwere ike ịbụ maka &quot;ikike paramour&quot; dị otú ahụ, ma chọọ &quot;ikpughe ya nye ndị niile na-ege ntị&quot;. 

Mgbe ọ rutere Live Oak, ihe turu Hurston anya ya abụghị nanị iwu onye ọkà ikpe na-ekpe ikpe ahụ nyere kama site n'enweghị ike ime ka ndị bi n'ime obodo kwuo okwu banyere ikpe ahụ; ma ndị oji na ndị ọcha gbachiri nkịtị. O kwenyere na nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe metụtara ebubo eboro Dr. Adams' maka itinye aka na ịgba chaa chaa nke di Ruby, Sam McCollum. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'oge ikpe ahụ. A mara Ruby McCollum ikpe site n'aka ndị ọkà iwu bu naanị ụmụ nwoke, ndị ọkà iwu bu naanị ndị ọcha, ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ. Hurston nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche ide ihe ndekọ n'usoro, The Life Story of Ruby McCollum, ihe karịrị ọnwa atọ na 1953 na akwụkwọ akụkọ uwa.  Akụkụ ya kwụsịrị na mberede mgbe ya na Nunn nwere nghọtahie banyere ụgwọ ya, o wee pụọ. 

Enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ onwe ya ịlaghachi maka mkpesa na ikpe nke abụọ, Hurston kpọtụụrụ onye nta akụkọ William Bradford Huie, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ na The American Mercury, iji gbalịa ịmasị ya n'okwu ahụ. Ọ kpuchiri mkpesa na ikpe nke abụọ, ma mepụtakwa ihe sitere na nyocha ndabere. Hurston kesara ya ihe ya site na nnwale mbụ, mana ọ nabatara ya naanị obere oge n'akwụkwọ ya, Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Suwannee (1956), nke ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyd&quot;&gt;[https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14694 Elizabeth Boyd, &quot;Disquiet&quot;, Review of Tammy Evans, ''The Silencing of Ruby McCollum: Race, Class, and Gender in the South''], H-Net Review, July 2008, accessed March 18, 2014,&lt;/ref&gt; Hurston ñuriri n'ihi na:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ihe akaebe McCollum n'ịgbachitere onwe ya bụ oge mbụ a na-ahapụ otu nwanyị sitere na Africa-America ka ọ gbaa akaebe maka nna nke nwa ya site n'aka onye ọcha. Hurston kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ akaebe nke Ruby McCollum malitere okwu ikwusi 'ikike paramour' na ndị nkewa nke ndida.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Hurston mechara rụọ ọrụ na Pan American World Airways Technical Library nakwa na Patrick Air Force Base na 1957. A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ihi na ọ &quot;gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma&quot; karịa etu ọrụ ọ na-arụ si wee chọọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ft140204&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | first=Ben | last=Brotemarkle | title=Zora Neale Hurston fond of writing in Eau Gallie cottage | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20140204/NEWS01/302040022/Florida-Frontiers-Zora-Neale-Hurston-fond-writing-Eau-Gallie-cottage | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=9A | date=February 4, 2014 | access-date=February 4, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222075355/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20140204/NEWS01/302040022/Florida-Frontiers-Zora-Neale-Hurston-fond-writing-Eau-Gallie-cottage | archive-date=February 22, 2014 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ kwagara Fort Pierce, Florida . N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọ ga-achọta ha, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya onye nkụzi.. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii, Hurston lụrụ ọgụ &quot;iji nweta ihe oriri&quot; site n'enyemaka nke enyemaka ọha. N'otu oge ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odibo na Miami Beach's Rivo Alto Island.


===Ọnwụ ya===
N'ime oge nsogbu ego na ahụike, a manyere Hurston ịbanye na St. Lucie County Welfare Home, bụ ebe ọ nwere ọrịa mkpọnwu ahụ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa obi ọbara mgbali elu na Jenụarị 28, 1960, e wee lie ya n'ogige a kpọrọ Garden of Heavenly Rest na Fort Pierce, Florida. Ozu ya nọ n'ili ọtụtụ oge na-enweghị akara ruo 1973. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Alice Walker na onye otu ọkà mmụta Hurston Charlotte D. Hunt chọtara ili na-enweghị akara na mpaghara izugbe ebe e liri Hurston; ha kpebiri kaa ya akara dika a ga-asi na ọ bụ nke ya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Charlotte Hunt, renewed interest in author Hurston,&quot; ''[[Tallahassee Democrat]]'', 25 March 25, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Walker commissioned a gray marker inscribed with &quot;ZORA NEALE HURSTON / ''A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH'' / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901–1960.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plant2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Deborah G. Plant|title=Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZfcDixewEYC&amp;pg=PA57|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98751-0|pages=57}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Walker nyere ihe nrịbama nke e dere &quot;ZORA NEALE HURSTON / A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901-1960.&quot;  Ahịrị &quot;onye ọgụgụ isi nke ndịda&quot; sitere na abụ Jean Toomer, Georgia Dusk, nke pụtara n'akwụkwọ ya Cane. A mụrụ Hurston na 1891, ọ bụghị 1901.  

Mgbe Hurston nwụsịrị, e nyere iwu ka e suo akwụkwọ ya ọkụ. Otu onye ọrụ iwu na enyi ya, Patrick DuVal, mgbe ọ na-agafe n'ụlọ ebe o bi, kwụsịrị ma gbanyụọ ọkụ ahụ, e wee si otú a wee chekwa akwụkwọ edemede nke mechara baara ụmụ mmadụ uru. Enyere ohere nke mkpokọta a na ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum nke Florida na 1961 site n'aka Oriakụ Marjorie Silver, enyi, na onye agbata obi Hurston. Enyere ihe ndị ọzọ na 1970 na 1971 site n'aka Frances Grover, ada EO Grover, onye prọfesọ College Rollins na enyi ogologo oge nke Hurston. Na 1979, Stetson Kennedy nke Jacksonville, onye maara Hurston site na ọrụ ya na Federal Writers Project, gbakwunyere akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ (Zora Neale Hurston Papers, University of Florida Smathers Libraries, August 2008).


===Ọrụ edemede ya===
===1920s: The Harlem Renaissance===

Mgbe Hurston rutere obodo [[New York City]] na 1925, Harlem Renaissance nọ na ogogo dị elu ya, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị edemede na etiti ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya tupu ya abanye Barnard, a họrọ akụkọ mkpirikpi Hurston a kpọrọ &quot;Spunk&quot; maka New Negro, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ifo, uri, na edemede na-elekwasị anya na nkà na akwụkwọ ndị Africa na African-American.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Richard |first=A. Long |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9XtCY7cijMC |title=The concise Oxford companion to African American literature|date=2001 |section=New Negro, The |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803175-8 | editor-last=Andrews |editor-first=William L |editor-last2=Foster |editor-first2=Frances Smith |editor-last3=Harris |editor-first3=Trudier}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1926, otu ndị na-eto eto na-ede akwụkwọ ojii nke gụnyere Hurston, Langston Hughes, na Wallace Thurman, na-akpọ onwe ha Niggerati, wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede a na-akpọ Fire!! nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na ndị edemede nke Harlem Renaissance.

N'afọ 1927, Hurston gara na mpaghara ndịda nke di omimi iji nakọta akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Africa na America. Ọ gbakwara Cudjoe Kazzola Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ, nke Africatown, Alabama, onye bụ onye ikpeazụ ama ama lanarịrị ndị Afrịka gbara ohu bu n'ụgbọ Clotilda, ụgbọ ohu iwu na-akwadoghị nke batara US na 1860, wee si otú a bụrụ onye ikpeazụ ama nke e e bufere n'ụgbọ mmiri maka Azụmahịa ohu transatlantic . N'afọ sochirinụ, o bipụtara isiokwu bụ &quot;Cudjoe's Own Story of the last African slave&quot; (1928). Dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya bụ Robert E. Hemenway si kwuo, ibe a na-edepụta ọrụ nke Emma Langdon Roche,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography|last=Hemenway|first=Robert E.|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0252008078|location=Urbana and Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe/page/96 96–99]}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye edemede Alabama nke dere banyere Lewis n'ime akwụkwọ e dere na 1914. Hurston gbakwunyere ozi ọhụrụ gbasara ndụ kwa ụbọchị na obodo Lewis nke Bantè.

Hurston bu n’obi ibipụta mkpokọta ọtụtụ narị akụkọ ọdịnala sitere na ọmụmụ ihe ya na mpaghara ndịda. Ọ chọrọ ka ha nọrọ na nke mbụ dịka o kwere mee mana ọ gbalịsiri ike ime ka atụmanya nke onye ndụmọdụ ya, Franz Boas, na onye na-elekọta ya, Charlotte Osgood Mason. Ebipụtaghị ihe odide a n'oge ahụ. E mechara chọta otu n'ime ebe nchekwa Smithsonian n'etiti akwụkwọ nke ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ William Duncan Strong, enyi Boas. Hurston's Negro Folk-tales sitere na Gulf States ka ebipụtara n'ime afọ 2001 dika Every Tongue Got to confess.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Largesse of Zora Neale Hurston&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/04/16/the-largesse-of-zora-neale-hurston/|title=The Largesse of Zora Neale Hurston|website=villagevoice.com|date=April 16, 2002|access-date=April 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404005546/https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/04/16/the-largesse-of-zora-neale-hurston/|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=April 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404005546/https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/04/16/the-largesse-of-zora-neale-hurston/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1928, Hurston ji ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ laghachite na Alabama; ọ gbara Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ karịa, ma sere foto ya na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime obodo ahu, wee dekọọ naanị ihe onyonyo a ma ama banyere ya - onye Afrịka eji ahia ohu gbagara United States. Dabere na ihe a, o dere ihe odide, Barracoon, na-emecha ya na 1931. Hemenway kọwara ya dị ka &quot;akụkọ dị egwu nke ukwuu, nke a na-edepụta nke ọma maka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ ama ama.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hemenway |first=Robert E. |title=Zora Neale Hurston : a literary biography|url=https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe |date=1977|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-00652-6|location=Urbana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe/page/100 100]–101}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Diouf, Sylviane A. (Sylviane Anna). (2007) ''Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilde and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America.'' New York: Oxford University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xjPKi1CDP2MC&amp;pg=pa225 p. 225] {{isbn|978-0-19-531104-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;    A kọwakwara ya dị ka “edemede akaebe”, karịa n'ụdị ọmụmụ gbasara mmadụ ndị ọzọ kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndi a gasịrị, onye na-akwado agụmagụ Hurston nakwa onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ, Charlotte Osgood Mason, matara banyere Lewis wee malite iziga ya ego maka nkwado ya. Ndị nta akụkọ gbakwara Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ maka mbipụta ya nke mpaghara na nke mba.&lt;ref&gt;Diouf, Sylviane A. (Sylviane Anna). (2007) ''Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilde and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America.'' New York: Oxford University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xjPKi1CDP2MC&amp;pg=pa226 p. 226] {{isbn|978-0-19-531104-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  E mechara bipụta ihe odide Hurston nke a kpọrọ &quot;Barracoon&quot; na Mee 8, 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Little|first1=Becky|title=The Last Slave Ship Survivor Gave an Interview in the 1930s. It Just Surfaced|url=https://www.history.com/news/zora-neale-hurston-barracoon-slave-clotilda-survivor|website=History|publisher=History|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504232902/https://www.history.com/news/zora-neale-hurston-barracoon-slave-clotilda-survivor|archive-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulture1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Halle Kiefer |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/12/new-zora-neale-hurston-book-to-be-published-in-2018.html |title=New Zora Neale Hurston Book to Be Published in 2018 |publisher=Vulture.com |date=December 18, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011008/http://www.vulture.com/2017/12/new-zora-neale-hurston-book-to-be-published-in-2018.html |archive-date=May 4, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Barracoon&quot;, ma ọ bụ ogige n'asụsụ Spanish, bụ ebe a tụkpụrụ ndị Africa ejidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nwa oge tupu ebuga ha mba ọzọ maka ịgba ohu.

Na 1929, Hurston kwagara Eau Gallie, Florida, ebe ọ nọ wee dee Mules na Men. E bipụtara ya na 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian River Journal &quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Indian River Journal|series=Brevard Historical Commission |first=Ben |last=Brotemarkle |date= Fall–Winter 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Afọ 1930s===
Ka ọ na-erute 1930 na afọ ndị ọzọ na-esote ya, Hurston ebipụtala ọtụtụ akụkọ mkpirisi nke gụnyere Mules na Men (1935), ọrụ dị egwu nke &quot;akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwụkwọ&quot; bu nke na-edepụta akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Afrika bi na America site na ogige osisi dị na North Florida. N'afọ 1930, ya na Langston Hughes jikọrọ aka wee dee Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life, egwuregwu nke ha na-emetụbeghị. Mmekọrịta ha mere ka ọbụbụenyi ha daa.  Emechara mee egwuregwu a na 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishers Weekly&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4792-1302-3|title=Fiction Book Review: Harlem Mosaics|work=Publishers Weekly|date= April 28, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Hurston megharịrị ọrụ gbasara mmadụ maka nka. Ntụle akụkọ ọdịnala ya, The Great Day, gosipụtara abụ na egwu Africa bụ ezie, wee mee ihe ngosi ya nke mbu na John Golden Theatre na New York na Januari 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraut&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine | url=http://sfonline.barnard.edu/hurston/kraut_02.htm | title=Everybody's Fire Dance: Zora Neale Hurston and American Dance History | last=Kraut | first=Anthea | magazine=S&amp;F Online | volume=3 | number=2 | date=Winter 2005 | issn=1558-9404 }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị nyocha dị mma, ọ nwere naanị otu ngosi nke ọra. Mpụta mbụ nke Broadway hapụrụ Hurston na ụgwọ ruru dọla narị isii ($600). Ọ dịghị ndị na-emepụta ihe chọrọ ịga n'ihu na-eme ihe ngosi zuru ya

N'ime 1930s, Zora Neale Hurston weputara nyocha egwu abụọ ọzọ nke a kpọrọ From Sun to Sun, nke bụ mmegharị nke Great Day, na Singing Steel. Hurston nwere nkwenye siri ike na akụkọ ifo kwesịrị ịbụ ihe nkiri.

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ nke Hurston na 1930 nke a kpọrọ Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934); Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke (1937), nke e dere n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Haiti ma leba anya n'ọrụ nkà ya n'akwụkwọ a kporo Moses, Nwoke nke Ugwu (1939).

N'afọ 1937, e nyere Hurston onyinye Guggenheim Fellowship iji mee nchọpụta agbụrụ na Jamaica na Haiti.  Tell my horse (1938) dekọrọ akụkọ ya banyere ọrụ ya na ọmụmụ emume ime mmụọ na omenala na Jamaica na vodoun na Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zora Neale Hurston|url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/aa-history-month-bios/zora-neale-hurston|last=Henderson|first=Kali|website=outhistory.org|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Afọ ndị 1940s na 1950s===
N'afọ ndị 1940, e bipụtara ọrụ Hurston n'akwụkwọ mbiputa ndị gụnyere American Mercury na Saturday Evening Post . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya e bipụtara, nke aha ya bu Seraph na Suwanee, nke ama ama maka itinye uche ya na mkpụrụedemede dị ọcha, bu nke ebipụtara na 1948. Ọ nyochara ihe oyiyi nke ụmụ nwanyị &quot; ihe mkpofu ọcha &quot;. Jackson (2000) na-arụ ụka na ntụgharị uche Hurston na mkpofu, na iwu klaasị na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị ọcha dara ogbenye na-egosipụta okwu eugenics nke 1920s.&lt;ref&gt;Chuck Jackson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220316192437/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Waste+and+Whiteness:+Zora+Neale+Hurston+and+the+Politics+of+Eugenics.-a070434327 &quot;Waste and Whiteness: Zora Neale Hurston and the Politics of Eugenics&quot;], ''African American Review'', 2000, 34(4): 639–660.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1952, ndị Pittsburgh Courier zigara Hurston ka ọ ga leta ikpe igbu ọchụ nke e boro Ruby McCollum, nwunye ojii bara ọgaranya, onye gburu onye ọcha na-akpa ókè agbụrụ. O nyekwara aka na Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ na Jail Suwannee (1956), akwụkwọ nke onye nta akụkọ na onye na-akwado ikike obodo William Bradford Huie.

===Edemede ndị ebipụtara ka ọ nwuchara===
Ihe odide Hurston Every Tongue Got to Confess (2001), nke bu nchịkọta akụkọ ifo anakọtara na 1920s, ka ebipụtara ka Hurston nwuchara mgbe achọpụtachara ya na ebe nchekwa Smithsonian . 

N'afọ 2008, Library nke America họọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime akụkọ sitere na Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ na Jail Suwannee (1956), nke Hurston nke a nyere aka na nsonye na nlegharị anya nke narị afọ abụọ gara aga banyere ide akụkọ mpụ ndị America.

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Hurston a kpọrọ Barracoon na 2018.  Barracoon bụ ụdị ụlọ mkpọrọ a tụrụ ndị ohu tupu a kpọga ha mba ofesi. 


===Echiche ime mmụọ===
N'Isi nke iri na ise nke Dust Tracks on a Road, nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;Okpukpe&quot;, Hurston kwupụtasiri ekweghị ekwe na nlelị maka theism na nkwenkwe okpukpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://medium.com/religion-bites/religion-by-zora-neale-hurston-4fa3b147579e|title= 'Religion' by Zora Neale Hurston|date= August 24, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ekwu:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ekpere yiri m mkpu nke adịghị ike, na mgbalị iji zere, site n'aghụghọ, iwu egwuregwu dị ka e debere. Anaghị m ekwere adịghị ike. Ana m anabata ihe ịma aka nke ibu ọrụ. Ndụ, dị ka ọ dị, adịghị atụ m egwu, ebe ọ bụ na emewo m udo na eluigwe na ụwa dị ka m hụrụ ya, na-eruberekwara iwu ya isi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ffrf.org/news/day/dayitems/item/14128-zora-neale-hurston|title=Freethought of the Day|website=ffrf.org|accessdate=2022-03-16|archivedate=2021-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612114348/https://ffrf.org/news/day/dayitems/item/14128-zora-neale-hurston}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ajụ n'ụzọ doro anya nkwenkwe Baptist nke nna onye nkwusa ya, ọnọdụ ime mmụọ ya dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya karịa ekweghị na Chineke. Ọ na-enyocha voodoo, ruo n'ókè nke ikere òkè n'ememe ndị dị otú ahụ, ọzọkwa na ihe odide mbụ ya a na-enyochabeghị maka akụkọ ndụ ya na-ekwu maka mmasị o nwere maka ndị a kọrọ akụkọ ha na Bible dị ka Eze Devid : &quot;Ọ bụ onye na-eme dika obi Chineke si chọọ, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ọma n'inyere aka ka Chineke wee kpochapu ndi nādighi-agu n'ọlu ndi nākpasa ebe ahu. 

===Ozuzo n'anya ọha na eze===
Ọrụ Hurston dabara na nzuzo ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, n'ihi ma omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ojiji olumba nke Africa-American, dị ka e gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Hurston, bịara bụrụ nke na adịghị ewu ewu. Ndị na-eto eto na-ede akwụkwọ chere na ọ bụ ihe na-eweda ala iji ụdị olumba dị otú ahụ, n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ifo dị n'akwụkwọ America. Ọzọkwa, Hurston emewo nhọrọ dị mma na mkparịta ụka nke ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ. N'ịche echiche dị ka onye na-agụ akụkọ ọdịnala, Hurston gbalịsiri ike ịnọchite anya usoro okwu nke oge ahụ, nke o dekọtara site na nnyocha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Duck|first1=Leigh Anne|title='Go there to know there': Zora Neale Hurston and the Chronotype of the Folk|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literary-history_summer-2001_13_2/page/265|journal=American Literary History|date=2001|volume=13|issue=2|pages=265–294|jstor=3054604|doi=10.1093/alh/13.2.265|s2cid=145060987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ Hurston katọrọ iji olumba ya, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-akatọ omenala ndị Africa na America na gbanye kwa mkpọrọgwụ na mgbe agha obodo gasịrị, omenala ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọcha. Ndị edemede a, ejiikọtara ha na Harlem Renaissance, katọrọ ọrụ Hurston dika nke na-adịghi akwalite mmegharị ahụ. Richard Wright, na ntụle ya nke Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, kwuru:

Ntụgharị uche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya enweghị isiokwu, enweghị ozi, enweghị echiche. Na isi, a na-agwa ndị Negro akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, kama ọ bụ ndị na-ege ntị na-acha ọcha bụ ndị ọ maara otú e si emeju ihe ụtọ ha, ọ na-erigbu oge nke ndụ Negro nke bụ &quot;quaint,&quot; usoro nke na-eme ka ọnụ ọchị dị nro na egbugbere ọnụ. agbụrụ &quot;karịrị&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], &quot;Between Laughter and Tears&quot;, ''[[The New Masses]]'', October 5, 1937.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mana kamgbe narị afọ nke iri abụọ, enweela mmụgharị na mmasị n'ọrụ Hurston. Kemgbe ahụ, ndị nkatọ etowo otú o si jiri nkà na-ekwu okwu akpaala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Qashgari|first=Sawsan|date=2017|title=Racism, Feminism, and Language in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God|journal=AWEJ for Translation and Literary Studies|volume=1|pages=10|ssrn=2980166}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ 1930s na 1940s, mgbe e bipụtachara ọrụ ya, onye odee Africa-American mbụ bụ Richard Wright, onye bụbu onye Kọmunist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/w/richard-wright.html|last=Colville|first=Liz|website=findingdulcinea.com|date=September 4, 2010|title=Happy Birthday, Richard Wright, Groundbreaking Author of &quot;Black Boy&quot; and &quot;Native Son&quot;|access-date=January 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125113111/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/w/richard-wright.html|archive-date=January 25, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=January 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125113111/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/w/richard-wright.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wright dere n'ụzọ doro anya n'okwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọchịchị Kọmunist enweghị ya, mana o jiri mgba nke ndị Africa bi na America maka nkwanye ugwu na ọganihu akụ na ụba dịka ntọala na mkpali maka ọrụ ya. Ndị ọzọ na-ede akwụkwọ Africa-American na-ewu ewu n'oge ahụ, dị ka Ralph Ellison, na-emeso otu nchegbu dị ka Wright.

Hurston, onye bụ onye nchekwa, nọ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke esemokwu maka nkwa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke aka ekpe maka ndị Africa-America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Richard Wright encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-35519-6|editor-last=Ward|editor-first=Jerry Washington|location=Westport, Conn. |editor-last2=Butler|editor-first2=Robert | section=Hurston, Zora Neale }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji maa atụ, n'afọ 1951, Hurston rụrụ arumaru ụka na nkwado akụ̀ na ụba New Deal nkeá mere ka ndị Africa America nwee ntụkwasị obi na-emerụ ahụ na gọọmenti nakwa na ndabere a nyefere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ikike dị ukwuu. 

N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike nke bawanyere, Hurston nọgidere na nwere onwe ya na inwe nchekwube siri ike. O dere n'akwụkwọ ozi na 1957:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ma emeela m uto dị egwu dị ka onye na-ese ihe. . . . Achọghị m ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya . . Ọ bụrụgodi na m anwụọ n’enweghị ego, mmadụ ga-eli m, ma etu ọsila dị, achọghị m ka ọ dị otú ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://inthesetimes.com/article/7077/zora_neale_hurstons_lost_decade|title=Zora Neale Hurston's Lost Decade|first=Eve|last=Ottenberg|date=April 8, 2011|via=In These Times|access-date=November 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118053830/http://inthesetimes.com/article/7077/zora_neale_hurstons_lost_decade|archive-date=November 18, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


===Nkwanye ùgwù akwanyeere ya mgbe ọ nwusiri===
[[File:Zora Neale Hurston (1938).jpg|thumb|Zora Neale Hurston, photo by [[Carl Van Vechten]] (1938)]]

* Obodo Zora Neale Hurston nke Eatonville, Florida, na-eme ememe ndụ ya kwa afọ n'ememe akpọrọ Zora Neale Hurston Festival of Arts and Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zoranealehurstonfestival.com/|title=Zora Neale Hurston Festival – Festival of Arts and Humanities|access-date=May 8, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528160020/http://www.zoranealehurstonfestival.com/|archive-date=May 28, 2007|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=May 28, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528160020/http://www.zoranealehurstonfestival.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ebe Zora Neale Hurston Museum of Fine Arts dị, nakwa ọbá akwụkwọ e meghere na-aha ya na Jenụwarị 2004.

* Ụlọ Zora Neale Hurston dị na Fort Pierce ka ahọpụtara ka ọ bụrụ akara ngosi nke mba . Obodo a na-eme ememme Hurston kwa afọ site na mmemme dị iche iche dị ka ịkpọasị, oriri ụbọchị ọmụmụ, na mmemme ọtụtụ ụbọchị na njedebe nke Eprel nke a maara dị ka Ememme Zora.&lt;ref name=&quot;zfh&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=nyt-forgotten-florida&gt;{{cite news|last1=Graham|first1=Adam|title=Forgotten Florida, Through a Writer's Eyes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/travel/04culture.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0|access-date=June 14, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074537/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/travel/04culture.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0|archive-date=December 6, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  
* Onye edemede Alice Walker chọpụtara ili Hurston na-enweghị akara na 1973. Ọ rụnyere akara ili nke e dere &quot;A Genius of the South&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.urchinmovement.com/2013/02/05/a-headstone-for-an-aunt-how-alice-walker-found-zora-neale-hurston/  | first=Geo | last=Ong | date=February 5, 2013|title=A Headstone for an Aunt: How Alice Walker Found Zora Neale Hurston|website=urchinmovement.com|access-date=May 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508053739/http://www.urchinmovement.com/2013/02/05/a-headstone-for-an-aunt-how-alice-walker-found-zora-neale-hurston/|archive-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lucie-grave&gt;{{cite web|title=Zora Dust Tracks Heritage Marker 4|url=http://www.stlucieco.gov/zora/zora_marker_4.htm|website=Dust Tracks Heritage Trail|publisher=St. Lucie County Online|access-date=June 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802231206/http://stlucieco.gov/zora/zora_marker_4.htm|archive-date=August 2, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=August 2, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802231206/http://stlucieco.gov/zora/zora_marker_4.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=grosvenor-npr&gt;{{cite news|last1=Grosvenor|first1=Vertamae|title=Intersections: Crafting a Voice for Black Culture|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1849395|access-date=June 14, 2014|work=National Public Radio|date=April 26, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090401/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1849395|archive-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
* Alice Walker bipụtara &quot;Ịchọpụta onye bu Zora Neale Hurston&quot; na March 1975 na mbipụta nke magazin Ms., na-atụgharị mmasị na ọrụ Hurston.&lt;ref name=&quot;barnard-news&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Archaeology of a Classic: Celebrating Zora Neale Hurston '28|url=http://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28|website=News &amp; Events|publisher=Barnard College|access-date=June 14, 2014|date=December 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001314/http://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28|archive-date=July 15, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=July 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001314/http://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/powerprose/hurston/  | first=Christa Smith | last=Anderson|title=Power of Prose – Hurston|website=pbs.org|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001161135/http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/powerprose/hurston/|archive-date=October 1, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Na 1991, Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life, egwuregwu 1930 nke Langston Hughes na Hurston mere n'Ụlọ ihe nkiri Lincoln Center n'obodo New York

* Na 1994, a kpọbatara Hurston na 'National Women's Hall of Game's.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/zora-neale-hurston/ |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |title=Zora Neale Hurston |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072749/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/zora-neale-hurston/ |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Na 2002, ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante depụtara Zora Neale Hurston na ndepụta ya nke mmadụ narị ndị Afrika-Amerika Kasị Ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York. [[Prometheus Books]]. {{ISBN|1-57392-963-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ụlọ akwụkwọ Barnard nyefere ọgbakọ 2003 Virginia C. Gildersleeve na Hurston. 'Jumpin' na Sun': Ịtụle ndụ na ọrụ nke Zora Neale Hurston lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya na mmetụta ya.&lt;ref name=barnard-gildersleeve-archive&gt;{{cite news|title=Conference Celebrates Legacy of Zora Neale Hurston|url=http://www.barnard.edu/newnews/news101003.html|access-date=June 14, 2014|work=Barnard News Center|publisher=Barnard College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604070224/http://www.barnard.edu/newnews/news101003.html | first=Jo | last=Kadlecek|archive-date=June 4, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nkuzi Alice Walker's Gildersleeve kọwara ọrụ ya n'ịchọpụta na ịkpọsa ihe nketa Hurston.&lt;ref name=gildersleeve-video&gt;{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Alice|title=Finding a World that I Thought Was Lost: Zora Neale Hurston and the People She Looked at Very Hard and Loved Very Much|url=http://sfonline.barnard.edu/hurston/walker_01.htm|website=S&amp;F Online|publisher=Barnard College|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008221809/http://sfonline.barnard.edu/hurston/walker_01.htm|archive-date=October 8, 2014|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* E hiwere ihe nrite Zora Neale Hurston na 2008; a na-enye ya onye otu American Library Association onye &quot;gosipụtara idu ndú n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị America America&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ala.org/rusa/awards/znh |title=The Zora Neale Hurston Award |publisher=American Library Association |access-date=July 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820113753/http://www.ala.org/rusa/awards/znh |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* A kpọbatara Hurston dị ka onye otu New York Writers Hall of Fame na 2010.

* Akwụkwọ akụkọ Harlem Mosaics (2012) nke Whit Frazier na-egosi ọbụbụenyi dị n'etiti Langston Hughes na Hurston ma na-akọ akụkọ otú ọbụbụenyi ha siri daa n'oge mmekorita ha na egwuregwu nke 1930 ha, a kpọrọ Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life.
 
* Na Jenụwarị 7, 2014, Google mere ncheta ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke Hurston.&lt;ref&gt;Anika Myers Palm (January 7, 2014). [http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/blogs/gone-viral/os-google-doodle-honors-hurston-20140107,0,351684.post &quot;Google doodle honors Eatonville's Zora Neale Hurston&quot;] ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]''. Retrieved January 7, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNET-Hurston&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-bestows-author-zora-neale-hurston-her-own-doodle/ |title=Google bestows author Zora Neale Hurston her own doodle |last1=Kerr |first1=Dara |date=January 7, 2014 |website=CNET |access-date=January 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
* Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri na abụọ anabatara na Alabama Writers Hall of Fame na June 8, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rick Bragg, Harper Lee will be among Alabama Writers' Forum's inductees|url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20150525/News/605152280|last=Cobb|first=Mark Hughes|date=May 25, 2015|website=Tuscaloosa News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
* Edere ihe sitere na akụkọ ndụ ya bụ &quot;Dust Tracks on a Road&quot; na ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ August 28: A Day in the Life of a People, nke Ava DuVernay duziri, bụ nke arụpụtara na mmeghe nke Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture na 2016.&lt;ref name=Essence-NMAAHC-2016&gt;{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Rachaell|title=Why Is August 28 So Special To Black People? Ava DuVernay Reveals All In New NMAAHC Film|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/09/22/ava-duvernay-premiere-nmaahc|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|date=September 22, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716082304/https://www.essence.com/2016/09/22/ava-duvernay-premiere-nmaahc|archive-date=July 16, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;smithsonianmag2017&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Keyes |first1=Allison |title=In This Quiet Space for Contemplation, a Fountain Rains Down Calming Waters |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/quiet-space-contemplation-fountain-rains-down-calming-waters-180964981/ |year=2017 |access-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311201639/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/quiet-space-contemplation-fountain-rains-down-calming-waters-180964981/ |archive-date=March 11, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/ava-duvernays-august-28-delves-into-just-how-monumental-that-date-is-to-black-history-in-america-10220382 | first= Tai  | last= Gooden |title=Ava Duvernay's 'August 28' Delves Into Just How Monumental That Date Is To Black History In America |publisher=Bustle.com |access-date=August 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174225/https://www.bustle.com/p/ava-duvernays-august-28-delves-into-just-how-monumental-that-date-is-to-black-history-in-america-10220382 |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
  
* A sọpụrụ Hurston n'ime egwuregwu ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ dere ma mee na Indian River Charter High School na Ọktoba 2017, Jenụarị 2018, na Jenụarị 2019. Egwuregwu ahụ dabere na akwụkwọ ozi edere n'etiti Hurston na Vero Beach entrepreneur, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye ọsụ ụzọ, Waldo E. Sexton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/specialty-publications/vero-beach/2017/11/14/unlikely-friendship-waldo-sexton-zora-neale-hurston-come-life-charter-high/850272001/|title=Unlikely friendship of Waldo Sexton, Zora Neale Hurston will come to life at Charter High|website=TCPalm|language=en|access-date=August 27, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://irchs.org/irchs-celebrates-vero-beachs-100th-year-anniversary/|first=Jessica|last=Krueger|title=IRCHS Celebrates Vero Beach's 100th Year Anniversary|date=October 23, 2018|website=Indian River Charter High School|language=en-US|access-date=August 27, 2019|archive-date=August 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827151525/https://irchs.org/irchs-celebrates-vero-beachs-100th-year-anniversary/|url-status=dead|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=August 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827151525/https://irchs.org/irchs-celebrates-vero-beachs-100th-year-anniversary/}}&lt;/ref&gt;


===Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị===

Hurston bụ onye Republican bụ onye nwere ọmịiko na amụma mba ọzọ nke na-etinyeghi aka na Old Right na onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị enyemaka onwe onye Booker T. Washington . O kwenyeghị na nkà ihe ọmụma (gụnyere Kọmunist na New Deal ) nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Harlem Renaissance kwadoro, dị ka Langston Hughes, bụ onye nọ na 1930 bụ onye na-akwado Soviet Union ma too ya n'ọtụtụ abụ ya. John McWhorter akpọọla Hurston &quot;Ndị nchekwa nchekwa ojii kacha amasị America&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;McWhoter&quot;&gt;[[John McWhorter|McWhorter, John]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20090816182536/http://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_3_urb-zora-neale-hurston.html &quot;Thus Spake Zora&quot;], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816182536/http://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_3_urb-zora-neale-hurston.html|date=August 16, 2009}} ''City Journal'', Summer 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Root&quot;&gt;[[John McWhorter|McWhorter, John]] (January 4, 2011) [https://www.theroot.com/why-zora-neale-hurston-was-a-conservative-1790862242 Why Zora Neale Hurston Was a Conservative]  ''[[The Root (magazine)|The Root]]''&lt;/ref&gt;  ebe David T. Beito na Linda Royster Beito rụrụ ụka na ọ ga-aka mma iji mara ya dị ka onye nnwere onwe . N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na Old Right na amụma ụlọ na nke mba ọzọ, Hurston abụghị onye nchekwa ọha . Ihe odide ya na-egosi njikọ nke feminism. N'akụkụ a, echiche ya yiri ndị edemede libertarian abụọ bụ ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ: Rose Wilder Lane na Isabel Paterson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beito&quot;&gt;[[David T. Beito]] and Linda Royster Beito, [http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_12_04_4_beito.pdf &quot;Isabel Paterson, Rose Wilder Lane, and Zora Neale Hurston on War, Race, the State, and Liberty&quot;], ''Independent Review'' 12, Spring 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ bụ ezie na nhota nke onwe ya na-egosi ekwenyeghị n'okpukpe, Hurston ewepụghị ihe ime mmụọ dị ka egosipụtara na akwụkwọ maka akụkọ ndụ ya nke e bipụtara na 1942, a kpọrọ ya, &quot;Dust Tracks on a Road&quot;:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ekpere yiri ka ọ bụ mkpu nke adịghị ike, na mgbalị iji zere, site n'aghụghọ, iwu egwuregwu dị ka e debere. Anaghị m ahọrọ ịnakwere adịghị ike. Ana m anabata ihe ịma aka nke ibu ọrụ. Ndụ, dị ka ọ dị, adịghị atụ m egwu, ebe ọ bụ na emewo m udo na eluigwe na ụwa dị ka m hụrụ ya, na-eruberekwa isi n'iwu ya. Oké osimiri na-adịghị ehi ụra mgbe nile n'ihe ndina ya, na-eti mkpu &quot;ogologo oge?&quot; ruo Oge; nde akpụ akpụ ọkụ na-enweghị isi; iche echiche nke akụkụ abụọ a naanị, na-enye m nri zuru oke maka nkeji iri nke ndụ m tụrụ anya ya. Ọ dị m ka nkwenye a haziri ahazi bụ mkpokọta okwu gburugburu ọchịchọ. Ọ dị m ka enweghị m mkpa maka nke ahụ. Agbanyeghị, agaghị m, site n'okwu ma ọ bụ omume, nwaa ịnapụ onye ọzọ nkasi obi ọ na-enye. Ọ bụghị naanị m. Onye ọzọ nwere ike na-ele m anya na ndị mmụọ ozi. Isi-iyi nke ahịrị edo edo nke ụtụtụ site n'alụlụ nke miri emi nke ụtụtụ ezuworo m. Amaara m na ọ dịghị ihe na-emebi emebi; ihe na-agbanwe naanị ụdị. Mgbe nsụhọ anyị maara dị ka ndụ kwụsịrị, ama m na m ka ga-abụ akụkụ na akụkụ nke ụwa. M bụ akụkụ tupu anyanwụ akpọrepu n'ime udi na-agbawa pụta na ebube mgbanwe. Abụ m mgbe e si n’ọnụ ọkụ ya chụpụ ụwa. M ga-eji ụwa laghachi na Nna Sun ma ka dị adị mgbe anyanwụ tufuru ọkụ ya wee gbarie n'ime enweghi ngwụcha ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke mbara igwe. Gịnị mere ụjọ ji? Ihe dị n'ime m bụ okwu, na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-emegharị mgbe niile, ma ọ dịghị efu; ya mere kedu ihe mkpa nke ụka na nkwenye ịgọnarị onwe m nkasi obi nke mmadụ ibe m nile? Akara sara mbara nke eluigwe na ala anaghị achọ mgbaaka mkpịsị aka. Abụ m otu onye nwere enweghị ngwụcha, ọ nweghịkwa mmesi obi ike ọzọ&lt;ref name=FFRF&gt;Freedom From Religion Foundation [https://web.archive.org/web/20140107173554/https://ffrf.org/news/day/famous-freethinkers-secular-stars/spotlight/item/14128-zora-neale-hurston &quot;Zora Neale Hurston&quot;] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140107173554/https://ffrf.org/news/day/famous-freethinkers-secular-stars/spotlight/item/14128-zora-neale-hurston |date=January 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Na 1952, Hurston kwadoro mkpọsa onyeisi oche nke Senator Robert A. Taft . Dịka Taft, Hurston megidere amụma New Deal nke Franklin D. Roosevelt . Ọ kekọrịtakwara mmegide ya megide amụma mba ofesi itinye aka na Roosevelt na Truman . N'ime akwụkwọ mbụ o dere maka akụkọ ndụ ya, Dust Tracks on a Road, Hurston jiri ọchịchị United States tụnyere &quot;ngere&quot; na ngwongwo zuru ezu na Mafia - dị ka raket nchebe. Ọ na-akparị ndị na-achọ &quot;nnwere onwe&quot; maka ndị si mba ọzọ mana ọ gọnarị ya ndị mmadụ nọ na obodo ha: Roosevelt &quot;nwere ike ịkpọ aha n'ofe oke osimiri&quot; maka nnwere onwe anọ ya, mana o nweghị &quot;obi ike ikwu okwu ọbụna nwayọọ na ụlọ.&quot;  Mgbe Truman tụbara bọmbụ atọm na Japan ọ kpọrọ ya &quot;onye na-egbu anụ nke Asia&quot;. 

Hurston guzogidere mkpebi nke ulọikpe Kasị Elu n'ikpe Brown v. Board of Education ikpe nke 1954. O chere na ọ bụrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche hà n'ezie (ma o kwenyere na ha na-aghọ ngwa ngwa), ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii na nso ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha agaghị eme ka agụmakwụkwọ ka mma. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-echegbu onwe ya maka mbibi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii na ndị nkuzi isi ojii dị ka ụzọ isi nyefee ọdịnala ọdịnala nye ọgbọ ndị Africa America n'ọdịnihu. O kwuputara mmegide nke a n'akwụkwọ ozi, &quot;Court Order Can't Make Races Mix&quot;, nke e bipụtara na Orlando Sentinel na August 1955. Hurston agbanwebeghị mmegide ya ogologo oge n'ihi nkewa. Kama, ọ tụrụ egwu na mkpebi ụlọikpe ahụ nwere ike bụrụ ihe atụ maka gọọmentị etiti imebi nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla n'ọtụtụ okwu n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://archive.lewrockwell.com/epstein/epstein15.html|title=Court Order Can't Make the Races Mix by Zora Neale Hurston|access-date= February 2, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150622222829/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/epstein/epstein15.html |archive-date=June 22, 2015 |url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hurston megidekwara ọgwụgwọ mmasị maka ndị Africa-America, Ọ na-ekwu si:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ọ bụrụ na m na-ekwu na usoro dum ga-ewe iwe ka m nwee mmeri, ana m ekwu na enweghị m ike ịnọdụ ala na egwuregwu ahụ nakwa na ekwesịrị ịme iwu dị nchebe iji nye m ohere. M jụrụ nke ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, nyefee m aka ka m hụ ihe m nwere ike ime, n'agbanyeghị na m maara na ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emekọ ihe site na ala na ịghọ aghụghọ ule dị ka ọkụ n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 

===Nkatọ akatọro ya===
===Echiche maka ibiakọta ọnụ===

Darwin Turner, onye prọfesọ bekee, na ọkachamara n'ime akwụkwọ African-American kwujoro Hurston n'afọ 1971 maka imegide njikọta nakwa maka mmemme mmegide iji nye ndị ojii ikike ịrụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Darwin T. |title=In a Minor Chord: Three Afro-American Writers and Their Search for Identity |url=https://archive.org/details/inminorchordthre0000turn |url-access=registration |year=1971 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |location=Carbondale|isbn=978-0809304813 |oclc=909407023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị na a katọrọ ya, Hurston pụtara na ọ na-emegide mwekota dabere na mpako na echiche nke nnwere onwe. Ọ kweghị &quot;ehulata ala ihu onye ọcha&quot;, ma kwuo na &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ Negro zuru oke&quot; adịkarị kamgbe n'afọ 1955.&lt;ref&gt;Eriksen, John M. [http://johneriksen.net/bc/bc_cb.htm ''Brevard County, Florida : A Short History to 1955'']  Chapter 13. &quot;Negro Writer Opposes Court Ruling&quot;, ''Titusville Star Advocate'', September 30, 1955, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;  A kọwara Hurston dị ka “onye na-agba mbọ inye ụmụ nwanyị isi ojii ike” n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụzuru n'otu n'otu yana nkwenye siri ike ya na ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ike ịbụ &quot;onwe ha&quot;. Otú ọ dị, nkatọ a na-akatọkarị banyere ọrụ ya bụ na enweghị isi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ ya na ederede ya, karịsịa banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ &quot;onye bụ isi maka ikpere arụsị ndị ọcha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ikard|first=David|title=Ruthless Individuality and the Other(Ed) Black Women in Zora Neale Hurston's &quot;Their Eyes Were Watching God&quot;|date=2009|journal=CLA Journal|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–22|issn=0007-8549|jstor=44395261}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nnyocha na Nnọchiteanya===
Ndị ode akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche katọkwara Hurston maka ihe ngosi ya na-akpali akpali nke voodoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Brock|first=H. i|date=1935-11-10|title=The Full, True Flavor of Life in a Negro Community; Mules and Men. By Zora Neale Hurston. With an Introduction by Franz Boas. Ten Illustrations by Miguel Covarrubias. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. [Book review]|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/11/10/archives/the-full-true-flavor-of-life-in-a-negro-community-mules-and-men-by.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=2020-05-10|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na magazin Crisis na 1943, Harold Preece katọrọ Hurston n'ihi ọbịbịa ya nke &quot;Negro primitivism&quot; iji kwalite ọrụ edemede ya.&lt;ref&gt;Preece, Harold, &quot;The Negro Folk Cult&quot;, ''Crisis'', v. 43, no. 12, December 1936.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Negro History mere mkpesa na ọrụ ya na voodoo bụ ebubo nke amaghị ama na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị Africa na America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McNeill|first=B. C.|date=April 1936|title=Zora Neale Hurston, with foreword by Franz Boas and illustrations by Miguel Covarrubias, Mules and Men|journal=The Journal of Negro History|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=223–225|doi=10.2307/2714574|jstor=2714574|issn=0022-2992}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jeffrey Anderson kwuru na ụzọ nyocha Hurston bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo nakwa na ihe ọ na-ekwu maka ọrụ ya bu voodoo abuchaghi ihe mere eme. Ọ hụrụ na ọ kwetara ịmepụta mkparịta ụka maka akwụkwọ ya Mules na Men n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Ruth Benedict ma kọwaa ịkọ akụkọ Mules na Men akụkọ nke ndị dọkịta voodoo na-asọ mpi mgbe ọ bụ nwata na akụkọ ndụ ya mesịrị. Anderson kwenyere na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ Hurston kwuru na akwụkwọ voodoo ya bu ihe a na-enyo enyo.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ekwuola na Hurston tinyere aka na ideghari ọrụ ndị ọzọ degoro nakwa na ọtụtụ ihe ndi o dere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya a kpọrọ &quot;Akụkọ Cudjo banyere onye ohu Afrịka ikpeazụ&quot; bụ ihe mmadụ ndị ọzọ degoro maka ya,&lt;ref&gt;Robert Hemenway, &quot;Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography&quot;, [https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe/page/73 pp. 73–78], [https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe/page/96 pp. 96–99]&lt;/ref&gt; nakwa na ọ na-edekwa ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ọrụ ya na voodoo.


===Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ahọpụtara===
* &quot;Journey's End&quot; (Negro World, 1922), poetry

* &quot;Night&quot; (Negro World, 1922), poetry

* &quot;Passion&quot; (Negro World, 1922), poetry
Color Struck (Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, 1925), play

* Muttsy (Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life) 1926, short story.
* &quot;Sweat&quot; (1926), short story

* &quot;How It Feels to Be Colored Me&quot; (1928), essay

* &quot;Hoodoo in America&quot; (1931) in The Journal of American Folklore

* &quot;The Gilded Six-Bits&quot; (1933), short story

* Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934), novel

* Mules and Men (1935), non-fiction

* Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), novel

* Tell My Horse (1938), non-fiction

* Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939), novel

* Dust Tracks on a Road (1942), autobiography

* Seraph on the Suwanee (1948), novel

* &quot;What White Publishers Won't Print&quot; (Negro Digest, 1950)

* I Love Myself When I Am Laughing… and Then Again When I Am Looking Mean and Impressive: A Zora Neale Hurston Reader (Alice Walker, ed.; 1979)

* The Sanctified Church (1981)

* Spunk: Selected Stories (1985)

* Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life (play, with Langston Hughes; edited with introductions by George Houston Bass and Henry Louis Gates Jr.; 1991)

* The Complete Stories (introduction by Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Sieglinde Lemke; 1995)

* Novels &amp; Stories: Jonah's Gourd Vine, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Moses, Man of the Mountain, Seraph on the Suwanee, Selected Stories (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.; Library of America, 1995)  ISBN 978-0-940450-83-7

* Folklore, Memoirs, &amp; Other Writings: Mules and Men, Tell My Horse, Dust Tracks on a Road, Selected Articles (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.; Library of America, 1995)  ISBN 978-0-940450-84-4

* Every Tongue Got to Confess: Negro Folk-tales from the Gulf States (2001)

* Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters, collected and edited by Carla Kaplan (2003)

* Collected Plays (2008)

* Barracoon: The Story of the Last &quot;Black Cargo&quot; (2018)

* Hitting a Straight Lick with a Crooked Stick: Stories from the Harlem Renaissance (2020)

===Ihe nkiri, ihe onyonyo na redio===
* Na 1935 na 1936, Zora Neale Hurston mere ihe nkiri dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya na Florida na Haiti. Gụnyere ihe akaebe agbụrụ dị ụkọ nke okpukpe Hoodoo na Vodou na US na Haiti.

* Na 1989, PBS mere ihe nkiri dabere na ndụ Hurston nke isiokwu ya bụ Zora bụ Aha m!

* Usoro ihe onyonyo ụmụaka nke 1992–95 PBS Ghostwriter, bụ nke mesiri ike n'ịgụ na nka, gosipụtara ndị isi na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Zora Neale Hurston na mpaghara Fort Greene nke Brooklyn, New York.

* Ihe nkiri 2004 a kpọrọ Brother to Brother, nke etinyere ụfọdụ n'ime ya n'oge Harlem Renaissance, gosipụtara Hurston (nke Aunjanue Ellis gosipụtara).

* Anya ha nọ na-ekiri Chineke ka emegharịrị maka ihe nkiri 2005 nke otu aha ahụ site n'aka Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Productions, nke Suzan-Lori Parks na-eme teleplay. Ihe nkiri a gosiri Halle Berry dị ka Janie Starks.

* Na Eprel 9, 2008, PBS gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa nke were nkeji irí itoolu, Zora Neale Hurston: Jump at the Sun,  nke onye na-ese ihe nkiri Kristy Andersen dere ma mepụta ya,  dị ka akụkụ nke usoro American Masters . 

* Na 2009, Hurston gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ 90 nkeji gbasara ọrụ WPA Writers' akpọrọ mkpụrụ obi nke ndị mmadụ: Writing America's Story,   nke malitere na ọwa Smithsonian. Ọrụ ya na Florida n'oge 1930 ka e mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na akwụkwọ ibe, Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America .
  
* Na 2017, Jackie Kay gosipụtara ihe nkiri 30 nkeji BBC Radio 4 gbasara Hurston akpọrọ Nwanyị Half na Shadow, nke izizi na Eprel 17, wee bụrụ nke dị ka pọdkastị.
  
* Rozonda Thomas na-egwu Hurston na ihe nkiri 2017 Marshall


===Hụkwa===
{{Portal|United States|Conservatism|Biography}}
* [[Florida literature]]
* [[Kevin Brown (author)]]

===Ebensidee===
===Ihe ndetu===
{{reflist}}


===Nkọwapụta===

* 28th Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities.  ZORA! Festival.  The Association to Preserve the Eatonville Community, 2017. Web. 10 April 2017.

* Abcarian, Richard, and Marvin Klotz. &quot;Zora Neale Hurston.&quot; In ''Literature: The Human Experience'', 9th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006, pp.&amp;nbsp;1562–63.

* Anderson, Christa S. &quot;African American Women.&quot; PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, 2005.  Web. 9 April 2017.

* Baym, Nina (ed.), &quot;Zora Neale Hurston.&quot; In ''The Norton Anthology of American Literature'', 6th edition, Vol. D. New York, [[W. W. Norton &amp; Co.]], 2003, pp.&amp;nbsp;1506–07.

* Beito, David T. &quot;Zora Neale Hurston,&quot; American Enterprise 6 (September/October 1995), pp.&amp;nbsp;61–3.
* Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster, &quot;[http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_12_04_4_beito.pdf Isabel Paterson, Rose Wilder Lane, and Zora Neale Hurston on War, Race, the State, and Liberty]&quot;. ''Independent Review'' 12 (Spring 2008).

* Boyd, Valerie (2003). ''Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston''. New York: Scribner. {{ISBN|0-684-84230-0}}.

* Ellis, C. Arthur. ''Zora Hurston And The Strange Case Of Ruby McCollum'', 1st edition. Lutz, FL: Gadfly Publishing, 2009.

* Estate of Zora Neale Hurston. &quot;Zora Neale Hurston.&quot; The Official Website of Zora Neale Hurston.  Zora Neale Hurston Trust, 2015.  Web. 11 April 2017.

* Flynn, Elisabeth, Caitlin Deasy, and Rachel Ruah. &quot;The Upbringing and Education of Zora Neale Hurston.&quot; Project Mosaic: Hurston. Rollins College, 11 July 2011.  Web.  11 April 2017.

* Harrison, Beth. &quot;Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Austin: A Case Study in Ethnography, Literary Modernism, and Contemporary Ethnic Fiction. MELUS. 21.2 (1996) 89–106. {{ISBN|978-0-9820940-0-6}}.

* [[Robert Hemenway|Hemenway, Robert E.]] ''Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography''. Urbana: [[University of Illinois Press]], 1977. {{ISBN|0-252-00807-3}}.

* Hemenway, Robert E. &quot;Zora Neale Hurston.&quot; In Paul Lauter and Richard Yarborough (eds.), ''The Heath Anthology of American Literature'', 5th edition, Vol. D. New York: [[Houghton Mifflin Co.]], 2006, pp.&amp;nbsp;1577–78.

* Jones, Sharon L. ''A Critical Companion to Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work'' (New York: Facts on File, 2009).

* Kaplan, Carla (ed.). ''Zora Neale Hurston:  A Life in Letters''. New York: Random House, 2003.

* Kraut, Anthea, &quot;Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of [[Josephine Baker]], Zora Neale Hurston, and [[Katherine Dunham]]&quot;, ''Theatre Journal'' 55 (2003), pp.&amp;nbsp;433–50.

* Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt, &quot;Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960).&quot; In Hilda Ellis Davidson and Carmen Blacker (eds.), ''Women and Tradition: A Neglected Group of Folklorists'', Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2000, pp.&amp;nbsp;157–72.

* Trefler, Annette.  &quot;Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse.&quot; African American Review. 34.2 (2000): 299–312.

* Tucker, Cynthia. &quot;Zora! Celebrated Storyteller Would Have Laughed at Controversy Over Her Origins. She Was Born In Notasulga, Alabama but Eatonville Fla., Claims Her As Its Own&quot;; article documents Kristy Andersen's research into Hurston's birthplace; ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|Atlanta Journal and Constitution]]'', January 22, 1995.

* Visweswaran, Kamala. ''Fictions of Feminist Ethnography.'' Minneapolis: [[University of Minnesota Press]], 1994. {{ISBN|0-8166-2336-8}}

* Walker, Alice. &quot;In Search of Zora Neale Hurston&quot;, ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' (March 1975), pp.&amp;nbsp;74–79, 84–89.

===Ọgụgụ ọzọ===

* {{cite book|last=Boyd|first=Valerie|authorlink=Valerie Boyd|title=Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston|url=https://archive.org/details/wrappedinrainbow00boyd|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Scribner|isbn=0684842300}}

* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe|title=Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography|last=Hemenway|first=Robert|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1977|isbn=0252006526|location=Urbana|url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Sharon Lynette|title=Critical Companion to Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkRUxa8mc7YC|year=2009|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=978-0816068852}}

* Lucy Anne Hurston (her niece), ''Speak So You Can Speak Again.''

* Moylan VL. ''Zora Neale Hurston’s Final Decade''. University Press of Florida; 2011. {{ISBN|0813035783}}

* Plant, Deborah G. ''Zora Neale Hurston : A Biography of the Spirit''. Praeger Publishers, 2007. {{ISBN|9780275987510}}

* Norwood, Alisha. [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/zora-hurston &quot;Zora Hurston&quot;]. National Women's History Museum. 2017

* [https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2012/02/famous-contributors-zora-neale-hurston/ Zora Neale Hurston's &quot;The Conscience of the Court&quot;] in ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''

===Njikọ Mpuga===
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011122204522/http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/hurston_z.htm Zora Neale Hurston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011122204522/http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/hurston_z.htm |date=November 22, 2001 }} from the ''Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography''

* [https://zorafestival.org/ Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities (ZORA! Festival)]

* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?169204-1/writings-hughes-hurston Writings of Hughes and Hurston] from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''

* [https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/zora-neale-hurston/ Zora Neale Hurston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407024423/https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/zora-neale-hurston/ |date=April 7, 2020 }} at Women Film Pioneers Project at [[Columbia University]]

* {{imdb name|403678}}

===Ụlọakwụkwọ na ebe nchekwa===
* [http://www.howard.edu/library/reference/guides/hurston/ Zora Neale Hurston: 1891–1960]guide at [[Howard University]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223053359/http://www.howard.edu/library/reference/guides/hurston/ |date=December 23, 2014 }}

* {{LCAuth|n79086453|Zora Neale Hurston|67|}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044023/http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/ Project Mosaic: Zora Neale Hurston]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ([[Rollins College]])

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001150/http://asp3.rollins.edu/olin/oldsite/archives/hurston.htm Olin Library Special Collection and Archive Zora Neale Hurston Collection] (Rollins College)

* [https://archives.nypl.org/scm/20707 Zora Neale Hurston Collection] at the [[Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture]]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903231722/http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/folklife/sound_hurston.cfm Sound recordings of Hurston in the 1930s] at the [[State Library and Archives of Florida]]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090727061724/http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~zoraneal/ Zora Neale Hurston Digital Archive] at the [[University of Central Florida]]

* [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/zora/ University of Florida Digital Collections Archive] at the [[University of Florida]]

* [http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/saxon/SaxonServlet?style=http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/saxon/EAD/yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&amp;source=http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/fedora/get/beinecke:hurston/EAD&amp;query=zora%20neale%20hurston&amp;filter=&amp;hitPageStart=1 Zora Neale Hurston Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308145351/http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/saxon/SaxonServlet?style=http%3A%2F%2Fdrs.library.yale.edu%3A8083%2Fsaxon%2FEAD%2Fyul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&amp;source=http%3A%2F%2Fdrs.library.yale.edu%3A8083%2Ffedora%2Fget%2Fbeinecke%3Ahurston%2FEAD&amp;query=zora%20neale%20hurston&amp;filter=&amp;hitPageStart=1 |date=March 8, 2012 }}. James Weldon Johnson Collection in the Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

* [https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/166231 Voices from the Gap's biography] – [[University of Minnesota]]

===Ebe nchekwa e meghere emeghe===
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Hurston,+Zora+Neale }}
* {{FadedPage|id=Hurston, Zora Neale|name=Zora Neale Hurston|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Zora Neale Hurston |birth=1891 |death=1960}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9438}}
* {{OL author}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurston, Zora Neale}}</text>
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    <title>Yinka Ajayi</title>
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{{Databox}}{{Databox}}
'''Yinka Ajayi''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1997) bu onye ogba ọso Naijiria nke pụrụ iche na 400mita .  Ọ bụ onye nwetara ihe nrite ọla nchara n'asọmpi Afrịka nke afọ 2018 na Asaba . N'otu n'otu, ọ meriri akara ọla nchara na Egwuregwu ịdị n'otu nke Alakụba nke afọ 2017, na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ nrite ọsọ agbagharị agbagharị. Nwanne nwanyị onye n'agbara Miami Dolphins ọsọ azụ; Jay Ajayi  

Ọ bụ onye ọsọ ikpeazụ na 400 mita nke 2018 Commonwealth Games, wee gaa n'ihu na-arịlịka nke ọsọ agbagharị agbagharị Naijirịa 4 × 400mita quartet ( [[Patience Okon George|Patience George]], [[Glory Onome Nathaniel|Glory Nathaniel]], Praise Idamadudu, Ajayi ) na ihe nrite ọlaọcha n'azụ Jamaica. 

Ọ gbachara dịka onye nke abụọ na asọmpi Naijiria nke afọ 2017 n'ọkwa kacha mma nke 51.57 n'azụ [[Patience Okon George|Patience George]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingofchamps.com/2017/07/15/arowolo-okon-george-nathaniel-win-titles-national-championships/|title=Arowolo, Okon-George &amp; Nathaniel win titles at National Championships|author=Maduewesi|first=Christopher|date=2017-07-15|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|accessdate=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224041/http://www.makingofchamps.com/2017/07/15/arowolo-okon-george-nathaniel-win-titles-national-championships/|archive-date=2017-08-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere agba nke ọkara nke mita 400 n'asọmpi IAAF nke 2017 . Ihe kacha mma ya na mmemme ahụ bụ nkeji 51.22  ka odobere na Abuja na 2018 Abuja Golden League. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2018/03/18/ogunlewe-ajayi-ogundiran-shine-day-2-abuja-golden-league/|title=Ogunlewe, Ajayi &amp; Ogundiran shine on Day 2 of Abuja Golden League|author=Olus|first=Yemi|date=2018-03-18|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013358/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2018/03/18/ogunlewe-ajayi-ogundiran-shine-day-2-abuja-golden-league/|archive-date=2019-03-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asọmpi mba ụwa ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Representing {{NGR}}
|-
|2014
|[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, United States]]
|5th
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:35.14]]
|-
|2015
|[[2015 African Junior Athletics Championships|African Junior Championships]]
|[[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|4 × 400 m relay
|3:38.94
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|rowspan=2|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Durban, South Africa]]
|11th (sf)
|400 m
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|53.54]]
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:29.94]]
|-
|rowspan=5|2017
|rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games|Islamic Solidarity Games]]
|rowspan=3|[[Baku, Azerbaijan]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|400 m
|[[Athletics at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games – Results#400 meters 2|52.57]]
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|4 × 100 m relay
|[[Athletics at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games – Results#4 × 100 meters relay 2|46.20]]
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[Athletics at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games – Results#4 × 400 meters relay 2|3:34.47]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
|19th (sf)
|400 m
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|52.10]]
|-
|5th
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:26.72]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2018
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|rowspan=2|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]]
|8th
|400 m
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres|52.26]]
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:25.29]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Asaba, Nigeria]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|400 m
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|51.34]]
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:31.17]]
|-
|2019
|[[2019 IAAF World Relays|World Relays]]
|[[Yokohama, Japan]]
|18th (h)
|4 × 400 m relay
|[[2019 IAAF World Relays – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:32.10]]
|}

== Ebensidee ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị mere egwuregwu Asọmpi ịdị n'otu nke Naijirịa]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị otu egwuregwu Yoruba]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị otu egwuregwu si Kwara steeti]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu (ntụwaraụzọ na ubi)noa egwuregwu common wealth nke afọ 2018]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị ritere Naijirịa ọla ọcha n'egwuregwu commonwealth]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị Ọgba ọsọ nwetara ihe nrite n'egwuregwu commonwealth]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ ụmụ nwanyi na Naijirịa]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ndị amụrụ n;afọ 1997]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anuoluwapo Juwon Opeyori</title>
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{{Infobox badminton player|name=Anuoluwapo Juwon Opeyori|years_active=|medaltemplates={{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{NGR}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the African Games|African Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2019 African Games|2019 Rabat]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalGold | 2019 Rabat | Mixed team }}
{{MedalSilver | 2019 Rabat | Men's doubles }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[African Badminton Championships|African Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2019 African Badminton Championships|2019 Port Harcourt]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalGold | 2019 Port Harcourt | Mixed team }}
{{MedalGold | [[2022 African Badminton Championships|2022 Kampala]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2020 African Badminton Championships|2020 Cairo]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalBronze | 2019 Port Harcourt | Men's doubles }}
{{MedalBronze | 2020 Cairo | Men's doubles }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Africa Continental Team Badminton Championships|Africa Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2018 All Africa Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships|2018 Algiers]] | Men's team }}|date_of_current_ranking=17 August 2021|current_ranking=119 (MS)&lt;br /&gt;49 (MD with Godwin Olofua)|date_of_highest_ranking=|highest_ranking=101 (MS 5 November 2019)&lt;br /&gt;49 (MD with [[Godwin Olofua]] 23 March 2021)|event=Men's singles &amp; doubles|coach=|handedness=|weight=65 kg&lt;ref name=&quot;ra&quot;/&gt;|image=|height=1.80 m&lt;ref name=&quot;ra&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Athlete Profile:Opeyori Anuoluwapo Juwon |url=https://www.jar2019.ma/resultats/eng/zb/engzb_badminton-athlete-profile-n1006471-opeyori-anuoluwapo-juwon.htm |publisher=Rabat 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614064900/https://www.jar2019.ma/resultats/eng/zb/engzb_badminton-athlete-profile-n1006471-opeyori-anuoluwapo-juwon.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=8 July 2020 |accessdate=21 March 2022 |archivedate=14 June 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614064900/https://www.jar2019.ma/resultats/eng/zb/engzb_badminton-athlete-profile-n1006471-opeyori-anuoluwapo-juwon.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;|residence=Lagos, Nigeria|birth_place=[[Lagos]], Nigeria&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Yonex All England Draw Announced! |url=https://www.allenglandbadminton.com/news/yonex-all-england-draw-announced/ |website=All England Badminton |date=24 February 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512073157/https://www.allenglandbadminton.com/news/yonex-all-england-draw-announced/ |archive-date=12 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|6|1}}|country=Nigeria|birth_name=|nickname=|caption=|size=|bwf_id=B487E6E1-7C8E-45D8-A3A7-64C876B771AB}}

'''Anuoluwapo Juwon Opeyori''' (amuru 1 June 1997) bu onye egwu badminton nke Naijiria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Players: Anuoluwapo Juwon Opeyori|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/79662/anuoluwapo-juwon-opeyori|work=[[Badminton World Federation]]|accessdate=14 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere na-egwu egwu badminton ya na nwanne ya na 2005, ma emesịa ahọpụtara ya ka ọ sonyere ndị otu egwuregwu mba Nigeria na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ngobua|first=David|title=Anuoluwa Opeyori: I want to qualify for Tokyo Olympics to inspire upcoming badminton players|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/anuoluwa-opeyori-i-want-to-qualify-for-tokyo-olympics-to-inspire-upcoming-badminton-players.html|work=Daily Trust|date=9 May 2020|accessdate=8 July 2020|archivedate=10 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710033118/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/anuoluwa-opeyori-i-want-to-qualify-for-tokyo-olympics-to-inspire-upcoming-badminton-players.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opeyori meriri asọmpi mba Afrịka na egwuregwu Afrịka na mmemme ndi otu na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Etchells|first=Daniel|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1078577/nigerias-opeyori-and-adesokan-claim-singles-titles-at-all-african-badminton-championships|title=Nigeria's Opeyori and Adesokan claim singles titles at All-African Badminton Championships|work=Inside the Games|date=28 April 2019|accessdate=14 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://badmintonnigeria.org/african-games-2019-anuoluwapo-opeyori-wins-gold-as-team-nigeria-emerge-winners/|title=African Games 2019: Anuoluwapo Opeyori wins gold as team Nigeria emerge overall champions|work=Badminton Nigeria|date=30 August 2019|accessdate=14 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara asọmpi na Summer Olympics 2020 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Opeyori Anuoluwapo Juwon|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/badminton/athlete-profile-n1314056-opeyori-anuoluwapo-juwon.htm|publisher=Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games|accessdate=9 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806074921/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/badminton/athlete-profile-n1314056-opeyori-anuoluwapo-juwon.htm|archivedate=6 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmezu ==

=== Egwuregwu Africa ===
''Ụmụ nwoke ndi otu n'otu''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Afọ
! Ebe
! Onye mmegide
! Akara
! Nsonaazụ
|- style=&quot;background:#FFB069&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ebe egwuregwu ime ime Ain Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Georges Paul|Georges Julien Paul]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–16, 21–17
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_1.png|Ọlaedo]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Ọlaedo'''
|}
''Ụmu nwoke ndi abụọ abụọ''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Afọ
! Ebe
! Onye mmekọ
! Onye mmegide
! Akara
! Nsonaazụ
|- style=&quot;background:#FFB069&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ebe egwuregwu ime ime Ain Chock,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Casablanca, Morocco
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Godwin Olofua]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Aatish Lubah]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt; [[Georges Paul|Georges Julien Paul]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 9–21, 18–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_2.png|Ọlaọcha]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Ọlaọcha'''
|}

=== Asọmpi Afrịka ===
''Ụmụ nwoke ndi otu n'otu''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Afọ
! Ebe
! Onye mmegide
! Akara
! Nsonaazụ
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Alfred Diete-Spiff Center, [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt, Nigeria]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Godwin Olofua]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–17, 16–21, 21–17
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_1.png|Ọlaedo]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Ọlaedo'''
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ụlọ egwuregwu Cairo 2, Cairo, Egypt
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Georges Paul|Georges Julien Paul]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–16, 16–21, 21–23
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_2.png|Ọlaọcha]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Ọlaọcha'''
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2022
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Lugogo Arena, Kampala, Uganda
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Brian Kasirye]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–14, 23–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_1.png|Ọlaedo]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Ọlaedo'''
|}
''Ụmu nwoke ndi abụọ abụọ''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Afọ
! Ebe
! Onye mmekọ
! Onye mmegide
! Akara
! Nsonaazụ
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Alfred Diete-Spiff Center,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt, Nigeria]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Godwin Olofua]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Koceila Mammeri]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt; [[Sabri Medel|Youcef Sabri Medel]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–18, 16–21, 16–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_3.png|Ọla]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Ọla nchara'''
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ụlọ egwuregwu Cairo 2 ,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Cairo, Egypt
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Aatish Lubah]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt; [[Georges Paul|Georges Julien Paul]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 14–21, 25–27
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_3.png|Ọla]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Ọla nchara'''
|}

=== Ihe ịma aka/Series BWF International (aha 6, ndị  na-esote 8) ===
''Ụmụ nwoke ndi otu n'otu''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Afọ
! Asọmpi
! Onye mmegide
! Akara
! Nsonaazụ
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Côte d'Ivoire International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Bahaedeen Ahmad Alshannik|Bahaeedeen Ahmad Alshannik]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–18, 21–16
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye mmeri'''
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2018
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zambia International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Ade Resky Dwicahyo]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 11–21, 20–22
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye na-esote'''
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Kenya International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Chirag Sen]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 18–21, 8–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye na-esote'''
|}
''Ndị nwoke abụọ abụọ''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Afọ
! Asọmpi
! Onye mmekọ
! Onye mmegide
! Akara
! Nsonaazụ
|- style=&quot;background:#D8CEF6&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Lagos International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Godwin Olofua]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Manu Attri]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[B. Sumeeth Reddy]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 13–21, 15–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye na-esote'''
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2018
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Côte d'Ivoire International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Mathias Pedersen]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Jonathan Persson]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–14, 21–19
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye mmeri'''
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2018
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zambia International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Ade Resky Dwicahyo]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt; [[Azmy Qowimuramadhoni‎|Azmy Qowimuramadhoni]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 19–21, 21–18, 11–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye na-esote'''
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Uganda International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Siddharth Jakhar]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Ahmed Salah]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–18, 21–11
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye mmeri'''
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Benin International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Aravind Kongara]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Venkatesh Prasad (badminton)|Venkatesh Prasad]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–19, 21–19
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye mmeri'''
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Côte d'Ivoire International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Adham Hatem Elgamal]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;Ahmed Salah
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 20–22, 19–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye na-esote'''
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ghana International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Arjun Matathil Ramachandran|Arjun MR]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Shlok Ramchandran|Ramchandran Shlok]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 11–21, 12–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye na-esote'''
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Cameroon International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Adham Hatem Elgamal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;Ahmed Salah
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–12, 11–21, 21–11
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye mmeri'''
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Uganda International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Tarun Kona]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Shivam Sharma (badminton)|Shivam Sharma]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 15–21, 20–22
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye na-esote'''
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Kenya International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Godwin Olofua
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Kathiravun Concheepuran Manivannan]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Santosh Gajendran]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 12–21, 17–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye na-esote'''
|}
''Ngwakọta okpukpu abụọ''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Afọ
! Asọmpi
! Onye mmekọ
! Onye mmegide
! Akara
! Nsonaazụ
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2018
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zambia International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Dorcas Ajoke Adesokan]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; [[Bahaedeen Ahmad Alshannik|Bahaeedeen Ahmad Alshannik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Domou Amro]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 21–19, 23–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Onye mmeri'''
|}

: {{Color box|#D8CEF6}} [[Ihe ịma aka mba ụwa BWF|BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5}} [[Usoro nke BWF International|BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9}} [[Usoro nke ọdịnihu BWF|BWF Future Series]] tournament

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
Anuoluwapo Juwon Opeyori at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Youssef Francis</title>
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'''Youssef Francis''' (June 6, 1934 - April 14, 2001) bụ onye nduzi, onye edemede, na onye na-ese plastik, amụrụ na Cairo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=El-Ashri|first=Nagwa|title=Youssef Francis (1934-2001)|work=Al-Ahram|date=21 July 2020|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1218/375023/AlAhram-Weekly/Art/Youssef-Francis-.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maspero.eg&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ ya ==
O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na Ngalaba nke Photography na 1957, mgbe ahụ ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afọ abụọ n'ememe Luxor, diplọma nke Higher Institute of Cinema, mgbe ahụ ọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Ngalaba Directing na 1970, o nwekwara ọtụtụ mbiputa akwụkwọ na ngalaba dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Na mbido ọrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe osise maka magazin &quot;Rose Al-Youssef&quot; na 1958 ruo otu afọ, mgbe ahụ ọ gara dee edemede ahụ na 1965 wee sonye na akwụkwọ akụkọ Al-Ahram na 1964, ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ ruru ọkwa onye ndụmọdụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nke Egyptian Cultural Center na 1987 na Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Ihe nkiri mbụ ya, The Impossible na 1965 na ntinye aka nke Mustafa Mahmoud, na n'etiti ihe nkiri ya, My Father on the Tree na 1969, na ntinye aka Ihssan Abdel Quddous na Saad Eddin Wahba, na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwIQ&quot;&gt;ihe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nkiri The Thin Thread na 1971. Otu n'ime ọrụ telivishọn ya kachasị mkpa bụ miniseries nke 1980 nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Salah Zulfikar na-eme yana ihe nkiri ndị a na-eme na-eme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-04|title=يوسف فرنسيس - ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو|url=https://elcinema.com/person/1018892/|accessdate=2021-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604230647/https://elcinema.com/person/1018892/|archivedate=2020-06-04|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. 2020-06-04. Archived from [https://elcinema.com/person/1018892/ the original] on 2020-06-04&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-04-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ Mona Siraj, osote onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin Akhbar al-Nas, ma nwee ụmụ nwoke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=رحيل الفنان يوسف فرنسيس بعد عطاء امتد 40 عاما|url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8070&amp;article=35368#.X-l31e77S1t|accessdate=2021-04-21|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228061440if_/https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8070&amp;article=35368#.X-l31e77S1t|archivedate=28 December 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201228061440if_/https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8070&amp;article=35368#.X-l31e77S1t &quot;رحيل الفنان يوسف فرنسيس بعد عطاء امتد 40 عاما&quot;]. Archived from [https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8070&amp;article=35368#.X-l31e77S1t the original] on 28 December 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-04-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ya ==
Ọ nwụrụ na Eprel 14, 2001, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na asaa, n'ihi nkụchi obi nke dara ya n'obodo Hurghada dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ebe ọ na-etinye oge maka izu ike na ntụrụndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* Ihe nrite mbụ e nwetara n'ihe osise mmanụ site na Salon Cairo na 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;maspero.eg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.maspero.eg/wps/portal/home/treasures/creators/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9/30c47d56-cdc2-4c45-8001-669cc74a3e3b/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228060500/https://www.maspero.eg/wps/portal/home/treasures/creators/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9/30c47d56-cdc2-4c45-8001-669cc74a3e3b/|archivedate=2020-12-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt; https://www.maspero.eg/wps/portal/home/treasures/creators/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9/30c47d56-cdc2-4c45-8001-669cc74a3e3b/. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201228060500/https://www.maspero.eg/wps/portal/home/treasures/creators/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9/30c47d56-cdc2-4c45-8001-669cc74a3e3b/ Archived] from the original on 2020-12-28.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;Missing or empty &lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&amp;#x7C;title=&lt;/code&gt; ([[Enyemaka: njehie CS1|help]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]]
[[Category:CS1 errors: bare URL]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe nrite ihe nkiri sayensị.
* Ihe nrite nke Alexandria Festival.

== Ọrụ ya ==

=== Ndị o dere ===

* Nwa Ònye bụ Gị (2000)
* Ahịa ụmụ nwanyị (1994)
* Enyi m Olee otú i kwesịrị (1987)
* Nnụnụ Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (1986)             
* Onye Ọṅụ Na-anya Nri (1983)
* Nke atọ n'ime ha bụ Ekwensu (1978)
* The Thin Thread (1971)
* Nna m n'elu osisi (1969)
* Ndị nọ n'ime (1969)
* Ndị ohi atọ (Otu akụkọ) (1966)
* Ihe Na-agaghị Atụghị Iche (1965)
* Mba, nwa nwanyị m hụrụ n'anya (1979)

=== Nhazi ===

* Nwa Ònye ka i bu (2000)
* Ịchọ Tutankhamun (1995)
* Ahịa ụmụ nwanyị (1994)
* Enyi m Olee otú i kwesịrị (1987)
* Nnụnụ Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (1986)
* Onye Ọṅụ Na-anya Nri (1983)

== Ebensidee ==
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    <title>Asha Mwilu</title>
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{{Infobox person||name=Asha Mwilu|image=|caption=|birth_date=|birth_place=|nationality=Kenyan|known_for=Journalism}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

'''Asha Mwilu''' bụ onye nta akụkọ Kenya na [[Kenya|onye]] na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=FORUM2000.CZ|title=Asha Ahmed Mwilu|url=https://www.forum2000.cz/en/people/asha-ahmed-mwilu|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Forum 2000|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye Chevening Scholar na Mahadum maka Creative Arts, Farnham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Graduate receives top journalism award for documentary on terrorism at the Kenyan border|url=https://www.uca.ac.uk/news/news-archive/news-archive-2016/asha-ahmed-mwilu/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=University for the Creative Arts - UCA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, ọ bụrụ onye mmeri nke CNN Multichoice African Journalist of the year Awards, ma merie na News Impact category nke kachasị ewu ewu na Kọntinent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okuoro|first=Sarah|title=KTN’s Asha Mwilu wins CNN Multichoice African Journalists Awards 2016|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000219856/ktn-s-asha-mwilu-and-rashid-idi-named-african-journalists-of-the-year|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=The Standard|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/2020-05-29-journalist-asha-mwilu-exits-citizen-tv-to-start-her-own-company/|title=Journalist Asha Mwilu exits Citizen TV to start her own company|date=|work=The Star|language=en-KE|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2022-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Mwilu na Kenya. Ọ gụrụ Broadcast Journalism na Mahadum United States International ma nwee nzere Masters of Art in Documentary Practices (Distinction) site na Mahaduma maka Creative Arts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=whownskenya|date=2020-05-31|title=Aisha Mwilu Biography, Education, Career and Awards|url=https://whownskenya.com/index.php/2020/05/31/aisha-mwilu-biography-education-career-and-awards/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=whownskenya|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627083151/https://whownskenya.com/index.php/2020/05/31/aisha-mwilu-biography-education-career-and-awards/|archive-date=2020-06-27|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=Citizen TV's Special Projects Editor Quits|url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/asha-mwilu-asha-mwilu-quits-asha-mwilu-citizen-tv-citizen-tv-special-projects-editor/|accessdate=2020-07-31|work=Business Today Kenya|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya na June 2010 dị ka Onye isi akụkọ na One FM Kenya wee kwaga Kenya Television Network (KTN) n'etiti Disemba 2011 ruo June 2015, na August 2015, ọ sonyeere KTN News dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nta akụkọ onwe ya na n'April 2018, ọ sonye na Citizen TV dị ka onye nchịkọta ọrụ pụrụ iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Former Citizen TV Journalist, Asha Mwilu Launch Digital First Company Called Debunk Media|url=https://khusoko.com/2020/07/01/former-citizen-tv-journalist-asha-mwilu-launch-digital-first-company-called-debunk-media/|accessdate=2020-07-31|work=Khusoko - East African Markets|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142854/https://khusoko.com/2020/07/01/former-citizen-tv-journalist-asha-mwilu-launch-digital-first-company-called-debunk-media/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Louis|date=2020-06-01|title=Asha Mwilu Biography and Background Info 2020|url=https://ralingo.com/asha-mwilu-biography-and-background-info/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Ralingo|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628093533/https://ralingo.com/asha-mwilu-biography-and-background-info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asha Mwilu resigns from Citizen TV|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/editors-picks/asha-mwilu-resigns-from-citizen-tv|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Nairobi News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
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    <title>Yellow Chilli Restaurant</title>
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{{Infobox restaurant|name=Yellow Chilli|logo=|logo_width=|logo_alt=|image=|image_width=|image_alt=|image_caption=|pushpin_map=|map_width=|map_alt=|map_caption=|established=&lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;|current-owner=Ebere Shogbola|chef=|head-chef=|food-type=[[African cuisine]] [[European cuisine|Continental cuisine]]|dress-code=|rating=|street-address=27 Oju Olobun Close, Victoria Island|city=[[Lagos]]|postcode=|country=Nigeria|seating-capacity=170|reservations=|website={{URL|http://yellowchilling.com/}}}}
Yellow Chili bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ mmanya na-ewu ewu  dị na Victoria Island,  na obodo [[Lagos]], nke na-ahụ maka nri ọdịnala Naijiria na nkè Continental.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tatler.com/news/articles/november-2013/the-nigerians-have-arrived David Jenkins, &quot;The Nigerians have arrived... and London is paying attention&quot;, ''The Tatler'', 24 November 2014]. Accessed 28 December 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/10/13/the-yellow-chilli-introduces-customer-loyalty-scheme/|publisher=Bella Naija|title=The Yellow Chilli Introduces Customer Loyalty Scheme|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelstart.com.ng/blog/10-great-restaurants-lagos-mainland/|title=10 Great Restaurants in Lagos Mainland|work=Travel Start|accessdate=November 1, 2014|date=2014-06-09|archivedate=2014-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101190132/http://www.travelstart.com.ng/blog/10-great-restaurants-lagos-mainland/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html|work=NAPE|title=Feeding in Lagos|accessdate=November 4, 2014|archivedate=November 4, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104235712/http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.businesstravellerafrica.co.za/archive/2011/march-2011-2/special-reports/dining-out-in-africa|title=Dining Out in Africa|publisher=Business Traveller Africa|date=February 25, 2013|accessdate=November 7, 2014|archive-date=November 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107205113/http://www.businesstravellerafrica.co.za/archive/2011/march-2011-2/special-reports/dining-out-in-africa|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Colorado/Lagos/Restaurants|work=World Travels|title=Restaurants in Lagos|accessdate=November 7, 2014|archivedate=November 7, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107051944/http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Colorado/Lagos/Restaurants}}&lt;/ref&gt;  O nwere ebe ọzọ dị na [[Ikeja]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelstart.com.ng/blog/10-great-restaurants-lagos-mainland/|title=10 Great Restaurants in Lagos Mainland|work=Travel Start|accessdate=November 1, 2014|date=2014-06-09|archivedate=2014-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101190132/http://www.travelstart.com.ng/blog/10-great-restaurants-lagos-mainland/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa na ihe ịchọ mma ==
Alaka ọ bụla na-anọdụ ala n'ala abụọ. E kewara ala ala nke alaka Victoria Island ụzọ abụọ bụ isi iri nri na-eduga n'obere ebe a na-anọdụ ala; ala elu nwere ọkwa abụọ nke oche. Ala ala nke alaka ụlọ ọrụ GRA nwere nnukwu ebe obibi nke nwere akụkụ abụọ pere mpe n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla. A na-edozi ala dị n'elu dị ka ebe ezumike na ụlọ mmanya mara mma. Enwekwara ụlọ iri nri nkeonwe n'ala ala, yana ebe obibi ubi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.farebuzz.com/updates/lagos-home-to-many-stylish-and-trendy-restaurants-in-nigeria.aspx#.VFw5yvnF_84|title=Lagos – Home to many stylish and trendy restaurants in Nigeria|work=Fare Buzz|accessdate=November 7, 2014|archivedate=November 7, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107062452/http://www.farebuzz.com/updates/lagos-home-to-many-stylish-and-trendy-restaurants-in-nigeria.aspx#.VFw5yvnF_84}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omL5460steUC&amp;dq=frenchies+restaurant+lagos&amp;pg=PA136|title=Lagos: Where to eat and drink|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|author=Lizzie Williams|isbn=978-184-16-239-79|pages=133–136|accessdate=November 4, 2014|year=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html|work=NAPE|title=Feeding in Lagos|accessdate=November 4, 2014|archivedate=November 4, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104235712/http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/lagos-10-great-restaurants-for-a-taste-of-nigerian-culture/|title=Lagos' 10 Great Restaurants for a Taste of Nigerian Culture|work=The Culture Trip|accessdate=November 1, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hallmarknews.com/lagos-is-food-capital-of-africa-bahnam/|title=Lagos is food capital of Africa—Bahnam|date=April 8, 2014|publisher=Hallmark News|accessdate=November 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107203326/http://www.hallmarknews.com/lagos-is-food-capital-of-africa-bahnam/|archive-date=November 7, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African City Tour: This is Lagos|url=http://issues.ayibamagazine.com/african-city-tour-this-is-lagos/|work=Ayiba|accessdate=November 7, 2014|archivedate=November 8, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108195833/http://issues.ayibamagazine.com/african-city-tour-this-is-lagos/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/travel/features/683/lagos|work=TimeOut|title=Lagos: Chaotic, frenzied, sometimes hazardous, but at least Lagos causes a reaction|author=Ocran|first=Nana|accessdate=1 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
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    <title>Anna Cockrell</title>
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'''Anna Cockrell''' (amụrụ na ọnwa August 28, na afọ 1997) bụ onye America na-eme egwuregwu track and field na-asọmupi na sprinting na hurdling.&lt;ref name=&quot;athletics_results_book_pan_american_games_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Athletics Results Book|url=https://www.panamsports.org/downloads/pdf/lima-2019/AT_Results_Book_1.0.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230516/https://www.panamsports.org/downloads/pdf/lima-2019/AT_Results_Book_1.0.pdf|archivedate=14 June 2020|accessdate=14 June 2020|work=2019 Pan American Games}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nwetara ihe nrite ugboro abụọ na 2019 Pan American Games na Lima, Peru ma ọ nọchitere anya United States na 2020 Summer Olympics na Tokyo, Japan.

A mụrụ Cockrell na ọnwa August 28, n'afọ 1997 na San Ramon, California na Serena na Keith Cockrell dị ka nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ atọ. O si n'ezinụlọ ndị na-eme egwuregwu: nna ya na-agba bọọlụ na Mahadum Columbia, nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, Ross, bụ onye na-agbachitere Tampa Bay Buccaneers, nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Ciera, na-agba volleyball na Davidson College.&lt;ref name=&quot;RossCockrell&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Laine|first=Jenna|date=August 2, 2021|title=Tampa Bay Buccaneers cornerback Ross Cockrell, inspired by sister's Olympic run, delivers strong practice|work=[[ESPN]]|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/31942905/tampa-bay-buccaneers-cornerback-ross-cockrell-inspired-sister-olympic-run-delivers-strong-practice|accessdate=August 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USC_Cockrell&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anna Cockrell - Track &amp; Field - USC Athletics|url=https://usctrojans.com/sports/track-and-field/roster/anna-cockrell/11485#sidearm-roster-player-summary|accessdate=August 2, 2021|publisher=University of Southern California Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cockrell_perfection&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Grosbard|first=Adam|date=July 6, 2020|title=USC’s Anna Cockrell finds her voice outside the facade of perfection|work=[[Orange County Register]]|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2020/07/05/uscs-anna-cockrell-finds-her-voice-outside-the-facade-of-perfection/|accessdate=August 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cockrell gara Providence Day School na Charlotte, North Carolina, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afọ 2016. O sonyere n'ime usoro ịgba ọsọ na egwuregwu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke onye nkuzi Carol Lawrence duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;USC_Cockrell&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2016, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na ihe omume 400 mita nke ụmụ nwanyị, na 55.20s, na 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships nke emere na Bydgoszcz, Poland.&lt;ref name=&quot;american_norman_jr_world_junior_200m_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1039874/american-norman-jr-claims-world-junior-200m-crown-in-championship-record-time|publisher=InsideTheGames.biz|date=July 22, 2016|title=American Norman Jr claims world junior 200m crown in Championship record time}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;final_women_400m_hurdles_world_u20_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's 400 metres hurdles – Final results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5680/AT-400H-W-f----.RS6.pdf|publisher=[[IAAF]]|accessdate=July 9, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709215618/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5680/AT-400H-W-f----.RS6.pdf|archivedate=July 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetakwara ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmupi 4 × 400 mita nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;final_women_4_400m_relay_world_u20_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's 4 × 400 metres relay – Final results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5680/AT-4X4-W-f----.RS6.pdf|publisher=[[IAAF]]|accessdate=July 9, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709215841/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5680/AT-4X4-W-f----.RS6.pdf|archivedate=July 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2019, Cockrell ghọrọ onye mmeri NCAA na asọmupi NCAA nke afọ maka ihe omume mgbochi 400 mita nke ụmụ nwanyị na oge nke 55.23 mgbe ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na nke ọ bụla n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Creasy|first=Jason|date=June 8, 2019|title=Anna Cockrell Wins NCAA 400m Hurdle National Title!|url=https://nc.milesplit.com/articles/262989/anna-cockrell-wins-ncaa-400m-hurdle-national-title|accessdate=August 2, 2021|work=MileSplit North Carolina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055515/https://nc.milesplit.com/articles/262989/anna-cockrell-wins-ncaa-400m-hurdle-national-title|archive-date=August 3, 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, o ritere ihe nrite ọlaọcha na ihe omume 400 mita nke ụmụ nwanyị na ihe nrite ego edo na ihe omume 4 × 400 mita nke ndị inyom na 2019 Pan American Games nke emere na Lima, Peru.&lt;ref name=&quot;athletics_results_book_pan_american_games_2019&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Mee 2021, a kpọrọ Cockrell onye egwuregwu egwuregwu nke afọ nke afọ nke ụmụ nwanyị nke Pac-12 nke 2021 tupu o nyere aka iduga ụlọ akwụkwọ ya na nke atọ n'usoro na asọmupi Pac-12 nke afọ 2021 site na mmeri nke ihe omume 100 mita na 400 mita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 16, 2021|title=USC's Anna Cockrell Named 2021 Pac-12 Women's Track &amp; Field Scholar Athlete Of The Year|url=https://pac-12.com/article/2021/05/16/uscs-anna-cockrell-named-2021-pac-12-womens-track-field-scholar-athlete-year|accessdate=August 2, 2021|work=[[Pac-12 Conference]]|archivedate=August 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055514/https://pac-12.com/article/2021/05/16/uscs-anna-cockrell-named-2021-pac-12-womens-track-field-scholar-athlete-year}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TomHansenMedal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 23, 2021|title=Anna Cockrell, John Thomas Named USC's 2021 Pac-12 Tom Hansen Medal Winners|url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2021/6/23/baseball-anna-cockrell-and-john-thomas-named-uscs-2021-pac-12-tom-hansen-medal-winners.aspx|accessdate=August 2, 2021|publisher=University of Southern California Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa na-esote, mgbe akagbuchara asọmupi nke afọ gara aga n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, Cockrell ghọrọ onye mmeri NCAA nke 2021 maka ihe mgbochi 100 mita nke ụmụ nwanyị na ihe mgbochi 400 mita iji nyere aka mee ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ya merie aha otu na 2021 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships. Ọ gbara ọsọ 100 mita na oge nke 12.58 na 400 mita na oge 54.68 wee bụrụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji merie ihe omume abụọ ahụ n'otu oge na asọmupi NCAA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 13, 2021|title=Southern California wins women's track and field title, LSU wins men's title|url=https://www.ncaa.com/live-updates/trackfield/d1/LSU-men-USC-women-win-2021-di-outdoor-track-field-championships|accessdate=August 2, 2021|publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru mere ka ọ nata onyinye egwuregwu Honda nke 2021 maka track na field na Pac-12's Tom Hansen Conference Medal maka afọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 18, 2021|title=USC's Anna Cockrell Named 2021 Honda Sports Award Winner For Track And Field|url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2021/6/18/track-field-cockrell-named-the-2021-honda-sports-award-winner-for-track-and-field.aspx|accessdate=August 2, 2021|publisher=University of Southern California Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TomHansenMedal&quot; /&gt;

Cockrell gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Southern California na afọ 2019 na nzere bachelọ na nkwukọrịta site na Annenberg School na obere na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere masta ya na iwu ọha na eze na asambodo na nkwado iwu ọha na 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TomHansenMedal&quot; /&gt;

Na 2020 United States Olympic Trials maka track na field na ọnwa June 27, n'afọ 2021, Cockrell nọ n'ọnọdụ nke atọ na ihe omume mgbochi 400 mita nke ụmụ nwanyị iji ruo eru maka otu ahụ n'akụkụ Sydney McLaughlin na Dalilah Muhammad. O mebiri ihe ndekọ nke onwe ya na nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe omume mgbochi 400-meter na oge nke 53.70, n'ihu ihe ndekọ gara aga ọ setịpụrụ na 2021 NCAA championships.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 27, 2021|title=USC's Anna Cockrell, Dalilah Muhammad Make U.S. Olympic Track &amp; Field Team In 400m Hurdles|url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2021/6/27/track-field-cockrell-muhammad-make-us-olympic-t-f-team-in-the-400m-hurdles.aspx|accessdate=August 2, 2021|publisher=University of Southern California Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'egwuregwu Olimpik, Cockrell ruru eru maka ọkara ikpeazụ mgbe ọ batara na nke atọ na ọsọ okpomọkụ ya na oge 55.37.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Stroehlein|first=Ashley|date=August 2, 2021|title='I couldn’t have imagined I’d be living this way' - Anna Cockrell shares her difficult path to Tokyo Olympics|work=[[WCNC-TV]]|url=https://www.wcnc.com/article/sports/olympics/anna-cockrell-difficult-path-tokyo-olympics/275-4268fbaa-ef20-4055-94ca-27fe41c8bb59|accessdate=August 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 30, 2021|title=Track and Field 400m Hurdles Round 1 Olympic Results and Live Scores|url=https://results.nbcolympics.com/track-and-field/womens-400m-hurdles/round-1/2153630|accessdate=August 2, 2021|work=NBC Olympics}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara mechie n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ na oge nke 54.17 na ọkara ikpeazụ, na-eme ka ọ banye n'ọkwa ikpeazụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;RossCockrell&quot; /&gt; Na ngwụcha, Cockrell yiri ka ọ ga-abụ onye nke asaa, mana e mechara wepụ ya mgbe ndị ọrụ chọpụtara na o mebiri ụzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Korynta|first=Emma|date=August 4, 2021|title=Here's why Anna Cockrell was disqualified from the women's 400m hurdles finals at Olympics|work=[[WCNC-TV]]|url=https://www.wcnc.com/article/sports/olympics/anna-cockrell-disqualified-womens-400m-finals/275-532e5635-c221-4a44-9c12-53fd67237db5|accessdate=August 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Palmer|first=Ewan|date=August 4, 2021|title=Why Was Anna Cockrell Disqualified From 400m Hurdles Final at Tokyo Olympics?|work=[[Newsweek]]|url=https://www.newsweek.com/anna-cockrell-disqualified-400-hurdles-tokyo-olympics-1616002|accessdate=August 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cockrell abụwo onye na-akwado ahụike uche nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme egwuregwu mgbe ọ nwesịrị mmerụ ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ n'ụbọchị mbụ nke 2019 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships nke ọ boro onwe ya ụta maka ọdịda ụlọ akwụkwọ ya na asọmupi otu. Mgbe o gosipụtara mgbaàmà siri ike nke ịda mbà n'obi na ọchịchọ igbu onwe ya, o mechara chọọ enyemaka n'aka ndị enyi ya, onye isi nchịkwa ya, na onye na-ahụ maka egwuregwu, ndị niile ọ kelere n'okwu ngụsị akwụkwọ nwa akwụkwọ na onye na'egwuregwu na USC nke mechara gbasaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;RossCockrell&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kragen|first=Aubrey|date=June 5, 2019|title=Anna Cockrell: Brave, Not Perfect|url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2019/6/5/usc-ripsit-blog-anna-cockrell-brave-not-perfect.aspx|accessdate=August 2, 2021|publisher=University of Southern California Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cockrell_perfection&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adams|first=Emily|date=July 30, 2021|title='My body never gave up on me': Anna Cockrell opens up about mental health, Olympic journey|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2021/07/30/olympic-hurdler-anna-cockrell-opens-up-her-mental-health-journey/8016243002/|accessdate=August 2, 2021|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Adiantum hispidulum</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''''Adiantum hispidulum''''', nke a maara nke ọma dị ka fern maidenhair ma ọ bụ jakị '''mkpịsị aka ise''', bụ obere '''fern''' n'ezinụlọ Pteridaceae nke nkesa zuru ebe niile. A na-ahụ ya na [[Eluàlà|Afrika]], [[Ostraliya|Australia]], Polynesia, Malesia, New Zealand na agwaetiti ndị ọzọ dị na  pasifik.&lt;ref name=&quot;foa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Adiantum hispidulum''|work=Flora of Australia Online|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=4557|accessdate=2022-09-05|archivedate=2013-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103214656/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=4557}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ahịhịa ya na-ebili n'ìgwè site na rhizomes n'etiti nkume ma ọ bụ n'ala n'ebe zoro ezo.

== Nchịkọta Nchịkọta ==
Ọ bụ onye Sweden na-amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ bụ Olof Swartz kọwara ''Adiantum hispidulum'' na 1802. Aha ụdị ya sitere na Latin ''hispis'' &quot;ntutu&quot; ma ọ pụtara &quot;obere ntutu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Elliot|first=Rodger W.|title=Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2|year=1985|publisher=Lothian Press|location=Port Melbourne|isbn=0-85091-143-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaki mkpịsị aka ise bụ aha ọzọ a na-akpọ n'asụsụ obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.noosanativeplants.com.au/plants/575/adiantum-hispidulum|title=''Adiantum hispidulum''|work=Welcome to Noosa's Native Plants|author=Stephanie Haslam|year=2007|accessdate=19 July 2010|archivedate=3 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403202940/http://www.noosanativeplants.com.au/plants/575/adiantum-hispidulum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
''Adiantum hispidulum'' na-etolite na tufts ma ọ bụ ụyọkọ n'etiti nkume ma ọ bụ site n'ala, ahịhịa ya na-esite na mkpirikpi mkpirikpa. Ogwe ojii ahụ ruru 45 cm (18 in) n'ogologo. A na-ekewa ahịhịa ndị ahụ n'ime ogologo na mkpụmkpụ triangular ma ọ bụ elliptic pinnae, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha kewara ọzọ n'ime obere udi akụkụ anọ, diamond-, ma ọ bụ ụdị fan pinnulas. Pinule ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwe 1 ruo 20 sori n'akụkụ ya n'okpuru. Uto na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe ụcha na-acha pinki tupu ọ tolite n'ime akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;foa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fairley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fairley A, Moore P|title=Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide|year=2000|edition=2nd|publisher=Kangaroo Press|location=Kenthurst, NSW|isbn=0-7318-1031-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkesa na ebe obibi ==
Ụdị ndị a sitere na mpaghara okpomọkụ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, gụnyere South Africa, Mozambique, Malawi, Kenya na Tanzania, yana Madagascar na Comoros, Mauritius, ruo Eshia site na Malesia ruo steeti niile nke Australia (ma e wezụga Tasmania), yana New Zealand na agwaetiti Pasifik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.utas.edu.au/dicotkey/dicotkey/ferns/gAdiantum.htm|title=Key to Tasmanian Dicots}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Entry for ADIANTUM hispidulum var. hispidulum [family ADIANTACEAE], Flora of Tropical East Africa|url=http://plants.jstor.org/flora/ftea005971?cookieSet=1|work=JSTOR Plant Science|year=2002|author=Verdcourt, Bernard|accessdate=19 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụkarị osisi a na-ahụtụkarị, ''Adiantum hispidulum'' na-etolite n'ebe mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. N'Australia, a na-ahụ ya n'akụkụ nkume, n'oké ọhịa ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Adiantum hispidulum''|work=PlantNET - NSW Flora Online|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&amp;lvl=sp&amp;name=Adiantum~hispidulum|accessdate=2010-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ewezuga ebe a mụrụ ya, ọ ghọwo nwa amaala na Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira na Canary Islands), ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States na [[Hawaii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Plants: Complete Plant List|url=https://www.worldplants.de/world-plants-complete-list/complete-plant-list/?name=Adiantum-hispidulum#g-|work=www.worldplants.de|accessdate=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209083520/https://www.worldplants.de/world-plants-complete-list/complete-plant-list/?name=Adiantum-hispidulum#g-|archive-date=9 December 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
A na-eto ''Adiantum hispidulum'' dị ka osisi ịchọ mma nke na-eme ngwa ngwa maka ịkọ ugbo, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịdị nwayọ na-eto. Ọ na-anabata anwụ na ịcha karịa ụdị fern ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot; /&gt; Dị ka Royal Horticultural Society si kwuo Adiantum hispidulum na-eguzogide ruo -5C ruo -10C. {{Tinye edensibịa}}

== Ihe odide ==
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[[Òtù:Mkpụrụ osisi si na Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Zaitun Driwaru</title>
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Za
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
itun Driwaru 

'''Zaitun Driwaru''' (amụrụ na 10 Disemba na afo 1977), bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Uganda. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya nwanyị distrikti maka Yumbe District, na 10th Uganda Parliament (2016 - 2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 March 2016|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Driwaru-elected-Yumbe-Woman-MP/688334-3113168-wiaxogz/index.html|title=Driwaru Elected Yumbe Woman MP|author=Robert Elema|accessdate=23 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Driwaru na 10 Disemba na afo 1977. Ọ gara Arua Hill Primary School, n'obodo Arua, nnukwu obodo ukwu na mpaghara West Nile. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ na afo 1991 wee banye na Mvara Secondary School kwa na Arua. O nwetara ma Uganda Certificate of Education (O-Level) na Uganda Advanced Certificate of education (A-Level), na afo 1995 na 1999, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

A nabatara ya na Muni National Teachers College, ebe e nyere ya diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị, n'afọ 2002. N'afọ 2005, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Islam dị na Uganda, na nzere Bachelor of Public Administration.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Zaitun Driwaru|publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=51|date=2016|author=Parliament of Uganda|accessdate=23 April 2020|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427180411/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Tupu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ===
Site na afo 1999 ruo na afo 2001, ọ bụ onye njikwa ahịa na Bata Uganda. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ''ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị'' na Aringa Secondary School, n'obodo Yumbe. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ mmepe obodo maka Gọọmentị Obodo Yumbe, site na afo 2006 ruo na afo 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

N'oge ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2016, Zaitun Driwaru sonyere maka oche onye nnọchi anya nwanyị distrikti maka Yumbe District. Ọ gbara ọsọ dị ka onye na-azọ onwe ya. Driwaru meriri Avako Naima Gule, nke National Resistance Movement na-achị, onye bụ onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa n'oge ahụ. Driwaru nwetara vootu 32,504 megide Naima 24,394.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419263/yumbe-police-tear-gas-post-election-fracas|title=Yumbe Police Fire Tear Gas In Post-Election Fracas|date=10 March 2016|author=New Vision|accessdate=23 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke iri, ọ na-eje ozi na kọmitii na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na egwuregwu na kọmiti na-ahụ Maka mmesi obi ike gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye otu Uganda Women Parliamentary Association (UWOPA).&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://uwopa.or.ug/content/members-uwopa-10th-parliament|title=Members of UWOPA In the 10th Ugandan Parliament|date=2016|publisher=Uganda Women Parliamentary Association|accessdate=23 April 2020|author=Uganda Women Parliamentary Association|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418030533/http://uwopa.or.ug/content/members-uwopa-10th-parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zaitun Driwaru bụ onye otu zuru oke nke ntọala nke Uganda Muslim Supreme Council (UMSC).&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/browser?id=dbea72ae-88cb-43af-8b93-1f7a2c9b2444%3B1.0|title=Muslim MPs Plan Bill On Family Law|date=5 July 2019|author=Farooq Kasule|accessdate=23 April 2020|format=Cached from the original on 23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123083402/https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/browser?id=dbea72ae-88cb-43af-8b93-1f7a2c9b2444%3B1.0|archive-date=23 November 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Nusura Tiperu
* Rose Atima Ayaka
* Udo Proscovia

== Ihe odide ==
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[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ọkọlọtọ nke Liberia</title>
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[[Usòrò:Liberia,_West_Africa_-_panoramio_(1).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Liberia%2C_West_Africa_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Liberia%2C_West_Africa_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg|thumb|Ọkọlọtọ nke Liberia]]
[[Usòrò:Liberian_Capitol_Building.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Liberian_Capitol_Building.jpg/220px-Liberian_Capitol_Building.jpg|thumb|A rụgharịrị ọkọlọtọ na mabul na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ụlọ Capitol]]
Ọkolọto nke Liberia ma ọ bụ okọlọto '''Liberia''', mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Lone Star, yiri nnọọ '''ọkọlọtọ nke''' United States, na-anọchite anya ntọala [[Liberia]] site n'aka ndị bụbu ndị ohu ojii si United States na Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908270369.html|title=Liberia: Flag Day Reflections - All Hail the Lone Star, All Hail!|publisher=[[AllAfrica]]|date=27 August 2019|accessdate=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rozario|first=Paul|date=2003|title=Liberia|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Liberia/SV4X6TaetGEC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0|language=English|location=|isbn=9780836823660|publisher=Gareth Stevens}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&amp;issue_id=75|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105163105/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&amp;issue_id=75|archivedate=5 November 2007|title=Background on conflict in Liberia|quote=Paul Cuffee advocated settling formerly enslaved African Americans in Africa. He gained support from free black leaders in the US, and members of Congress for an early emigration plan. From 1815 to 1816, he financed and captained a successful voyage to British-ruled Sierra Leone, where he helped a small group of [[African-American]] immigrants establish themselves. Cuffee believed that African-Americans could more easily &quot;rise to be a people&quot; in Africa than in the US, where slavery and legislated limits on black freedom were still in place. Although Cuffee died in 1817, his early efforts to help repatriate African-Americans encouraged some free blacks and the [[American Colonization Society]] (ACS) to lead further settlements. Some free blacks in the [[Upper South]] created independent institutions dedicated to the idea of repatriation to Africa. The ACS was made up mostly of Friends (often called [[Quakers]]) and slaveholders, who disagreed on the issue of slavery but found common ground in support of repatriation. Friends opposed slavery but believed blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the US. The White Americans slaveholders opposed freedom for blacks but saw repatriation as a way of avoiding rebellions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọkọlọtọ nke Liberia nwere akara uhie na nke ọcha yiri ya, ya na square na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na kpakpando ọcha na canton. A nabatara ya na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ime ọnwa August 1847.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Liberia: Open Door to Travel and Investment|date=1967|publisher=Liberia. Department of Information and Cultural Affairs|quote=This symbol of Negro liberty was first unfurled on August 24, 1847}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/africa/liberia.htm|title=Liberia Flag and Description|date=24 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ mere eme ==
Kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị asaa haziri ma jiri aka dụkọta ọkọlọtọ Liberia. Onye isi oche kọmitii ahụ bụ Susannah Elizabeth Lewis. Ndị ọzọ so na kọmitii ahụ gụnyere Matilda Newport, Rachel Johnson, Mary Hunter, Mrs. J. B. Russwurm, Colonette Teage Ellis, na Sara Draper. A mụrụ ụmụ nwanyị niile na United States, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị nwunye nke ndị ikom a ma ama na Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Burrowes|first=Carl Patrick|date=2004|title=Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Power_and_Press_Freedom_in_Liberia_1830/FaEs88IpUzEC?hl|language=English|location=|isbn=9781592212941|pages=97|publisher=Africa World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lewis bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya Colston Waring, nwanne nwanyị nke nwanyị mbụ nke Republic, Jane Roberts, na nwunye John N. Lewis, otu n'ime ndị bịanyere aka na nkwupụta nnwere onwe Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;aabio&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gates|first=Henry Louis and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham|date=2008|title=The African American National Biography: Moore, Lenny-Romain|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_African_American_National_Biography/yCoOAQAAMAAJ|language=English|location=|isbn=978-0-19-516019-2|pages=620–621|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=American Colonization Society|date=1873|title=The African repository and colonial journal 49|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwrcd2|language=English|location=|isbn=|pages=336–337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;past&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Richardson|first=Nathaniel R.|date=1959|title=Liberia's Past and Present|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Liberia_s_Past_and_Present/sf2RAAAAIAAJ|language=English|location=|isbn=|publisher=Diplomatic Press and Publishing Company}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nabatara ọkọlọtọ ha mepụtara na 24 August 1847, ihe dị ka otu ọnwa mgbe Liberia kwupụtara nnwere onwe na 26 July 1847.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica&quot; /&gt; N'ụbọchị a nabatara ọkọlọtọ ahụ, mba ahụ mere emume na Monrovia. N'ebe ahụ, a na-emeghe ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'ihu ọha na nke mbụ ya, Susannah Lewis kwukwara okwu ịhụ mba n'anya. Ememe ahụ gosipụtakwara okwu nke ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Liberia ama ama na ndị isi okpukpe, yana ntụrụndụ n'ụdị egwu egwu.&lt;ref&gt;Burrowes, ''Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970'', pp. 59–60.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1850 na 1860, Eusibia N. Roye ghọrọ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ nke Liberia gosipụtara ọkọlọtọ na New York City na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Liverpool. Ọ bụ Edward James Roye nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;diction&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dunn|first=Elwood D.|date=2000|title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Liberia/qt0_RrW8ghkC|language=English|location=|isbn=9781461659310|publisher=Scarecrow Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1860, e gosipụtara ọkọlọtọ Liberia na stampụ mbụ a maara nke gọọmentị Liberia wepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;Dunn; Beyan; Burrowes; ''Historical Dictionary of Liberia'', pp. 308.&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1915, Onye isi ala Daniel Edward Howard bịnyere aka n'iwu nke kwupụtara ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwarị dị ka ụbọchị ọkọlọtọ, ezumike mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica&quot;/&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1974, ndị omeiwu nke Liberia wepụtara iwu na-enye onye isi ala ikike iguzobe kọmitii iji tụlee mgbanwe ndị nwere ike ime na ọtụtụ akara mba, gụnyere ọkọlọtọ na ukwe mba. McKinley Alfred Deshield Sr. duziri kọmitii ahụ. Kọmitii ahụ chọrọ inyocha akara ndị ahụ, ma wepụ akụkụ nkewa ha. Onye isi ala William Tolbert họpụtara ndị otu 51 na Commission on National Unity. A na-akpọkwa kọmitii ahụ Deshield Commission, n'aha nwoke duziri ya. Kọmitii ahụ nyere akụkọ ha na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ime ọnwa Jenụwarị 1978. Akụkọ ahụ mechara tụọ aro ka ọ ghara ịgbanwe ọkọlọtọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;Dunn; Beyan; Burrowes; ''Historical Dictionary of Liberia'', pp. 107–109.&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ahụ ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri gburugburu ụwa ka Liberia na-enye ndebanye aha n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eme nke a iji zere ụtụ isi na ihe mgbochi nke mba ndị ọzọ na-etinye n'ọrụ. Dịka ọkọlọtọ nke abụọ kachasị ewu ewu (mgbe ọkọlọtọ Panama gasịrị), a na-eme atụmatụ na ụgbọ mmiri 1,700 nke mba ọzọ na-efe ọkọlọtọ Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3072983|title=Liberian shipping draws scrutiny|date=11 August 2003|work=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-eweta ọtụtụ n'ime ego mba ahụ na-enweta.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;/&gt;

== Nnọchianya ==
Akara iri na otu na-anọchi anya ndị bịnyere aka na nkwupụta nnwere onwe nke Liberia na ọbara ọbara na ọcha na-anọchite anya obi ike na omume ọma. Kpakpando na-acha ọcha na-anọchite anya mba mbụ nwere onwe ya n'Africa, n'elu square na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya kọntinent [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]]. A na-eṅomi ọkọlọtọ Liberia ma yie ọkọlọtọ United States n'ihi na ndị nweere onwe ha na ndị isi ojii si United States na Caribbean na-agba ohu na ndị isi ndị bụbu ndị ohu na-agba ndị isi ojii na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na ndị America Colonization Society (ACS), otu nzuzo raara onwe ya nye iwepụ ndị nweere isi ojii si n'ofe North America. Oge ụfọdụ mgbe ndị Africa America malitere ịbịa na Liberia na 1822, a bịara mara ha dị ka &quot;Americo-Liberians&quot; na mgbalị nke ikewapụ ha na ndị obodo na ndị ohu Afrịka napụtara n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri iwu na-akwadoghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldflags101.com/l/liberia-flag.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104080701/http://www.worldflags101.com/l/liberia-flag.aspx|archivedate=4 November 2018|title=Liberia Flag- Liberian Flags|publisher=World Flags 101|access-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. World Flags 101. Archived from [http://www.worldflags101.com/l/liberia-flag.aspx the original] on 4 November 2018.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe owuwu ==
Debe ogologo otu narị na iri nkeji na obosara dị ka narị abụọ na itoolu nkeji. Akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke canton bụ nkeji 50, square nke kpakpando 5 nwere akụkụ 30 niile na etiti ya bụ nkeji 25 site n'aka ekpe na elu nke ọkọlọtọ nke canton / ọkọlọtọ. [citation needed]

== Ọkọlọtọ ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:Flag of Liberian Customs.svg|Flag nke Liberian Customs Service
Usòrò:Flag of the President of Liberia.svg|Ụkpụrụ nke [[President of Liberia|Onye isi ala nke Republic of Liberia]]
Usòrò:Flag of the United States (1837-1845).svg|A na-eji ọkọlọtọ nke United States (18371845), nke nwere kpakpando 26 / steeti mee ihe na gọọmentị mbụ nke Commonwealth nke Liberia ruo Satọdee, 26 Eprel 1845
Usòrò:Flag of Liberia (1827–1847).svg|Flag nke [[American Colonization Society]]
Usòrò:Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg| Flag nke [[Republic of Maryland|Republic]] of Maryland site na 1854 ruo 1857
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ọkọlọtọ nke obodo ==
E kewara Liberia na mpaghara iri na ise, nke ọ bụla nwere ikike ịnwe ọkọlọtọ nke ya. Ọkọlọtọ mpaghara ọ bụla nwere ọkọlọtọ mba Liberia na canton. A na-efegharị ọkọlọtọ obodo ahụ n'ọfịs mpaghara ma jikọta ya gburugburu ọkọlọtọ mba Liberia n'obí onye isi ala. 

William Tubman webatara ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'afọ 1965 maka ebumnuche nke ịkwalite mpaghara dị ka ụlọ ọrụ bara uru. Nhazi ha sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke omenala akwa akwa nke Liberia. 

Ndị otu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe mkparị n'ịntanetị na-akwa ọkọlọtọ n'elu ikpo okwu mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta dịka Reddit na Facebook, mana onye na-ahụ Maka ihe mkparikpi Steven A. Knowlton na-ekwu na mkparịta ụka ndị a na-egosi enweghị nghọta banyere ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke ọkọlọtọ na ihe eji ewu ọkọlọtọ site na akwa karịa ihe okike dijitalụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Knowlton|first=Steven A.|title=Liberian County Flags in Historical and Cultural Context|journal=[[Raven: A Journal of Vexillology]]|date=2021|volume=28|pages=57–90|url=https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/knowltonliberianflags.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:Flag of Bomi County.svg| Flag nke Bomi County
Usòrò:Flag of Bong County.svg| Flag nke Bong County
Usòrò:Flag of Gbarpolu County.svg| Flag nke [[Gbarpolu County]]
Usòrò:Flag of Grand Bassa County.svg| Flag nke Grand Bassa County
Usòrò:Flag of Grand Cape Mount County.svg| Flag nke [[Grand Cape Mount County]]
Usòrò:Flag of Grand Gedeh County.svg| Flag nke Grand Gedeh County
Usòrò:Flag of Grand Kru County.svg| Flag nke Grand Kru County
Usòrò:Flag of Lofa County.svg| Flag nke Lofa County
Usòrò:Flag of Margibi County.svg| Flag nke Margibi County
Usòrò:Flag of Maryland County.svg| Flag nke [[Maryland County]]
Usòrò:Flag of Montserrado County.svg| Flag nke Montserrado County
Usòrò:Flag of Nimba County.svg| Flag nke Nimba County
Usòrò:Flag of Rivercess County.svg| Flag nke Rivercess County
Usòrò:Flag of River Gee County.svg| Flag nke River Gee County
Usòrò:Flag of Sinoe County.svg| Flag nke Sinoe County
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}

== Mpụga njikọ ==
Liberia at Flags of the World
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Aisha Musa el-Said''' (nke a na-akpọkwa Asha, ''Ayesha'', Mousa, Elsaid, ''El Said'', ''Saeed'', Arabic: ) bụ onye ntụgharị na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudan nke jere ozi dị ka onye otu Sovereignty Council of Sudan, onye isi ala nke mba ahụ, n'etiti August 2019 na May 2021. Musa bụ otu n'ime ndị nkịtị isii nwere oche na kansụl gọọmentị 11 nke na-achịkwa, nke weghaara ọchịchị mgbe mgbanwe Sudan gasịrị; ndị agha Sudan họpụtara ndị otu ise fọdụrụnụ. Musa na onye otu Sovereignty Council Raja Nicola bụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Sudan nke oge a iji nwee ọrụ nke onye isi ala. A maara Musa dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị na maka ịkwado maka agụmakwụkwọ ka mma, nke ziri ezi na nke dịpụrụ adịpụ, yana maka itinye ihe ọmụma a nwetara na Sudan.

== Agụm akwụkwọ ==
Musa holds a master's degree from the University of Manchester. In 1965, she studied and obtained a two-year TEFL diploma at the University of Leeds in England. During the visit, she carried out research related to her doctoral studies and held the role of Secretary of the Sudanese Students Society.

== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Musa bụ onye otu Trustees nke al-Tayeb Salih International Awards committee. Na Jenụwarị 2018, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Ghada Award for Young Writers Committee.

Na Jenụwarị 2018, Musa nwere ọkwa prọfesọ na mahadum Saudi abụọ.

== Ịgba mbọ ==
Musa na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị na Sudan ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.

== Kansụl Na-achị Isi ==
N'okpuru August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, ndị Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) họpụtara Musa dị ka otu n'ime ndị nkịtị so na Sovereignty Council, onye isi ala nke Sudan n'oge oge mgbanwe ọnwa 39 nke malitere n'August 2019. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Kansụl ahụ na Mee 2021, na-ekwu na a naghị anụ olu ndị nkịtị na kansụl ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woman on Sudan's ruling council quits, saying civilians are being ignored|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/woman-sudans-ruling-council-quits-saying-civilians-are-being-ignored-2021-05-22/|work=Reuters|accessdate=24 May 2021|date=23 May 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210524043018/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/woman-sudans-ruling-council-quits-saying-civilians-are-being-ignored-2021-05-22/|archivedate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya ==
N'afọ 2018, Musa kwuru na &quot;ọnọdụ pụrụ iche nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya&quot; nke njirimara na agbụrụ ndị Arab na-agwakọta na Sudan emebiwo kemgbe Sudan ghọrọ steeti nwere onwe ya, na-ekwu, &quot;Nghọta a kwụsiri ike na iwulite njirimara Sudan mebiri site na obi abụọ na njehie nke gọọmentị dị iche mepụtara kemgbe nnwere onwe&quot;. O kwuru na gọọmentị Sudan bụ &quot;ndị nketa nke iwu ọchịchị&quot; ma ghara ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ. O kwuru na gọọmentị ejikọtala &quot;nchịkwa na ihe ọmụma, na nkesa na-ezighị ezi nke ngwaọrụ na ụzọ ndụ ka mma belatara 'mmepụta' ọbụna mkpa dị mkpa nke ndị mmadụ nọ n'ebe dị anya nke nnukwu mba ahụ na ndị mmadụ si Khartoum nweta ihe ndị dị njikere.

Musa rụrụ ụka megide ihe ọmụma dị n'echiche, na-ekwu, &quot;Ihe ọmụma, na-enweghị ọrụ ubi na ikuku maka itinye ya n'ọrụ, na-anọgide na nkà ihe ọmụma maka ntụgharị uche. ... A na-eji teknụzụ dịnụ na ngwaahịa njedebe dị n'aka eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. N'ihi na mmepụta ihe ọmụma na itinye ego na ngwaahịa na-akwado; ma ọ bụghị ya, anyị ga-emecha zụọ ahịa na ihe ochie. &quot;

Musa na-ekwu na ngalaba nka ya, ntụgharị, bụ nka onwe ya na ngalaba nke asụsụ a na-etinye n'ọrụ, nakwa na ndị ntụgharị bụ &quot;ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị ọkachamara nke okwu, nka nke cloning, paraphrasing, transliterating&quot;. Ọ na-akwado ezi nkwekọrịta n'etiti onye ntụgharị na onye edemede, na ikwesị ntụkwasị obi nke onye ntụgharị maka ogo mbụ nke ederede.

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist|refs={{cite news | last1 = Musa el-Said | first1 = Aisha | title = Identity and Knowledge Production by Asha Musa Elsaid | newspaper = [[SudaneseOnline]] |date =5 February 2018 | url = https://sudaneseonline.com/board/12/msg/1517871417.htm | accessdate = 20 August 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190820214454/https://sudaneseonline.com/board/12/msg/1517871417.htm |archivedate= 20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name={{cite web | last1 = Najeeb | first1 =Mohamed | last2= Ali | first2= Mohamed | title =Dr. Aisha Musa Speaks on Abdel Hai's Poetry And Life, Translation Art | website= Sudanow |date = 7 January 2018 | url = https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?subId=1&amp;Id=338 | accessdate = 20 August 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190820214516/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?subId=1&amp;Id=338 |archivedate= 20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  

{{cite web |last1 = FFC |last2 = TMC |author1link = Forces of Freedom and Change |author2link = Transitional Military Council (2019) |title = (الدستوري Declaration (العربية)) |trans-title = (Constitutional Declaration) |language = ar |website = raisethevoices.org |date = 4 August 2019 |url = http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |accessdate = 5 August 2019 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190805170905/http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |archivedate = 5 August 2019 |url-status = dead}}&lt;/re{{cite news | title= FFC finally agree on nominees for Sudan's Sovereign Council | date= 20 August 2019 |newspaper= [[Sudan Tribune]] | url= https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article67962 |accessdate= 20 August 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190820195835/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article67962 |archivedate= 20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{cite news | last1= Hendawi | first1= Hamza | title= Who's who in Sudan's new ruling council | date= 22 August 2019 |newspaper= [[The National (Abu Dhabi)]] | url= https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/who-s-who-in-sudan-s-new-ruling-council-1.901481 |accessdate= 24 August 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190824200037/https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/who-s-who-in-sudan-s-new-ruling-council-1.901481 |archivedate= 24 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cite news | last1= Hassan | first1= Mohamed | title= Who are the members of Sudan's new sovereign council?  | date= 21 August 2019 | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/who-sudans-new-sovereign-council |accessdate= 25 August 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195045/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/who-sudans-new-sovereign-council |archivedate= 25 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cite news | last1= Amin Yassine | first1= Mohammed | title= Members of Sudanese 'Sovereign Council'  | date= 21 August 2019 | url= https://english.aawsat.com//home/article/1865796/members-sudanese-%e2%80%98sovereign-council%e2%80%99 |accessdate= 29 April 2021}}&lt;/re {{cite news | last1= Flanagan | first1= Jane | title= Sudan revolution: women face same old, male problem | date= 26 August 2019 | url= https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sudan-revolution-women-face-same-old-male-problem-n378z2tm6 |accessdate= 29 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} 
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ụbọchi ịzụtaghi ihe obụla</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Ụbọchi ịzụtaghi ihe obụla''' bụ obere ihe omume nke mkpesa megide ịzụ ahịa. Na North America, United Kingdom, Finland na Sweden, a na-eme Buy Nothing Day n'ụbọchị na-esote US Thanksgiving, n'otu oge na Black Friday; n'ebe ọzọ, a na'ụbọchị na'ihu, nke bụ Satọdee ikpeazụ na Nọvemba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian 2000&quot;&gt;&quot;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/internetnews/story/0,7369,402170,00.html|title=Internet spreads word as networks shun adverts for Buy Nothing Day|work=The Guardian|first=Duncan|author=Campbell|date=24 November 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buy Nothing Day bụ onye na-ese ihe Ted Dave guzobere na Vancouver ma mesịa bụrụ onye Adbusters nke dị na Canada kwalite.&lt;ref&gt;Crook, Barbara. &quot;Can you say bye to buying 1 day a year?&quot; ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. September 25, 1991&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2000/11/40142|title=Click Here to Buy Nothing|first=Joanna|author=Glasner|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=November 22, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922141000/http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2000/11/40142|archive-date=September 22, 2013|access-date=April 19, 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emebere ụbọchị mbụ ịzụtaghi ihe obụla na Canada na Septemba 1992 “dị ka ụbọchị ọha mmadụ ga-enyocha okwu nke oke oriri.. &quot; N'afọ 1997, a kwagara ya na Fraịdee mgbe American Thanksgiving gasịrị, nke a na-akpọkwa &quot;Black Friday&quot;, nke bụ otu n'ime ụbọchị iri kachasị na United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanverdon/2019/09/24/the-10-busiest-shopping-days-at-stores-does-anyone-still-care/|title=The 10 Busiest Shopping Days At Stores: Why They Now Matter More To Stores Than Shoppers|author=Verdon|first=Joan|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, ụfọdụ mgbasa ozi site n'aka ''ndị'' Adbusters na-akwalite Buy Nothing Day ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu netwọk telivishọn niile gbochiri oge mgbasa ozi ma e wezụga CNN.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian 2000&quot;/&gt; N'oge na-adịghị anya, mkpọsa malitere ịpụta na [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Israel]], [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[New Zealand]], [[Japan]], [[Netherlands]], [[France]], [[Norway]], [[Finland]].

== Ihe omume ==
[[Usòrò:Buy_Nothing_Day_trolley_(cropped).jpg|thumb|262x262px|Ihe ịrịba ama Buy Nothing Day nke onye na-eme ngagharị iwe ejikọtara na ụgbọ ahịa Walmart]]
A na-eji nnọkọ na ụdị ngagharị iwe dị iche iche mee ihe na Ụbọchi ịzụtaghi ihe obụla iji dọta uche na oke oriri:

* Nnukwu oriri n'okporo ámá n'efu, nke na-abụghị nke azụmahịa
* Ịnọdụ ala
* Buy Nothing Day hik: Kama ime emume ịzụ ahịa site na ịzụ ahịa, ndị sonyere na-eme emume ụwa na okike.
* Buy Nothing Coat Exchange: A na-anakọta uwe n'ọnwa Nọvemba niile site n'aka onye ọ bụla chọrọ inye onyinye ma weta ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'ime steeti ọ bụla. N'ụbọchị na-esote ekele, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahọrọ ịhapụ ịzụ ahịa na Black Friday iji nye onyinye ma ọ bụ wepụta onwe ha. A na-anabata onye ọ bụla chọrọ uwe oyi iji gbanwere otu ma ọ bụ were otu. Na-esite na Providence, Rhode Island, mgbanwe uwe oyi yiri ya na-ewere ọnọdụ na Nothing Buy Day na [[Kentórkị|Kentucky]], [[Yútạh|Utah]], na [[Oregon]]. {{Tinye edensibịa}}

== Zụta Ihe Ọ dịghị Ihe Krismas ==
Buy Nothing Christmas malitere n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na 1968, mgbe Ellie Clark na ezinụlọ ya kpebiri ileghara akụkụ azụmahịa nke ezumike Krismas anya n'ihu ọha.&lt;ref name=&quot;buy nothing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.buynothingchristmas.org/about/index.html|title=About Us|work=Buynothingchristmas.org|accessdate=2017-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, e mepụtara otu mmegharị iji gbasaa Adbusters' Ụbọchi ịzụtaghi ihe obụla n'ime oge Krismas niile. Ekeresimesi ịzụtaghi ihe obụla ghọrọ onye isi na 2001 mgbe obere ìgwè nke ndị Mennonite Canada mepụtara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ma nye òtù ahụ aha.&lt;ref&gt;Priesnitz, Wendy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061247/http://www.naturallifemagazine.com/0612/buynothing.htm &quot;A Buy Nothing Christmas.&quot;] ''Natural Life Magazine'', November/December 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị mgbasa ozi na 2011 gbanwere aha ihe omume ahụ Occupy Xmas, na-ezo aka na mmegharị Occupy.

Ụbọchi ịzụtaghi ihe obụla sonyeere na mkpọsa Ekeresimesi ịzụtaghi ihe obụla nke Adbusters. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Lauren Bercovitch, onye njikwa mmepụta na Adbusters Media Foundation, nabatara ụkpụrụ nke Occupy Xmas n'ihu ọha, na-akwado &quot;ihe dị mfe dị ka ịzụta na itinye ego n'ime akụ na ụba mpaghara gị na-eme onyinye Krismas gị&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-12-07|title=An occupied Christmas|url=https://thefulcrum.ca/news/an-occupied-christmas/|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=The Fulcrum|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge gara aga, ozi dị mkpa nke Occupy Xmas na Occupy Christmas dị iche na Occupy Xmes kpọrọ maka &quot;Zụta Ihe Ọ dịghị Krismas&quot; na Occupy Krismas kpọrọ maka nkwado nke akụ na ụba mpaghara, ndị na-ese ihe, na ndị ọrụ aka na ịzụ ahịa ezumike. Njikọ nke echiche ndị a na-akpọ maka Ụbọchị Ịzụta Ihe Ọ dịghị iji malite oge nke ịkwado akụ na ụba na ezinụlọ mpaghara.

== Hụkwa ==
 {{div col|colwidth=20em|small=no}}
*[[Anti-consumerism]]
*[[Advent Conspiracy]]
*[[Car-Free Days]]
*[[Circular Monday]], a grassroots movement, database and shopping day for circular consumption
*[[Culture jamming]]
*[[Super Saturday|Super Saturday (Panic Saturday)]]
*[[Giving Tuesday]]
*[[Singles' Day]]
*[[Earth Overshoot Day]]
*[[Festivus]]
*''[[Homo consumericus]]''
*[[Kashless.org]]
*''[[The Story of Stuff]]'' (2007 film)
{{div col end}}

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* The Buy Nothing Day - isiokwu peeji (2019) nke Adbusters Media Foundation
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230731212021/http://buynothingday.co.uk/ BND UK ozi na nkwado maka ndị UK na-eme mkpọsa]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe</title>
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      <text bytes="22698" sha1="skrnax6m97xf6n6osds8565g90kb8ux" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Global_CO2_emissions_and_probabilistic_temperature_outcomes_of_Paris.png|thumb|500x500px|Mgbasa CO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ na nsonaazụ okpomọkụ nke iwu dị iche iche]]
'''Ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe''' ma ọ bụ '''ọnọdụ mmekọrịta''' mmadụ na ibe ya bụ atụmatụ nké ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ (GHG) n'ọdịnihu nke ndị nyocha ji nyochaa nsogbu ọdịnihu na mgbanwe ihu ígwé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Developing and Applying Scenarios. In: Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [J.J. McCarthy ''et al.'' Eds.]|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.|author=Carter, T.R.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm|accessdate=2010-01-10|archivedate=2018-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032403/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-emepụta ihe nkiri na ụzọ iji nyochaa ụzọ ọ bụla na-adịte aka ma nyochaa ịdị irè nke ibelata ma nyéré anyị aka ịghọta ihe ọdịnihu nwéré ike ijide nke a ga-eme ka anyị chee ọdịnihu nke usoro gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar6wg3ch3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=IPCC AR6 WG3 Ch3|url=https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter03.pdf|accessdate=2023-04-20|archivedate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204095545/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter03.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar6wg3ch3&quot; /&gt; Ịmepụta ihe omume chọrọ atụmatụ nke ọkwa ndị mmadụ n'ọdịnihu, ọrụ akụ na ụba, usoro ọchịchị, ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na usoro mgbanwe teknụzụ. Enwèrè ike iji ihe nlereanya akụ na ụba na ike (dị ka ụdị World3 ma ọ bụ POLES) nyochaa ma chọpụta mmetụta nkè ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala dị otú ahụ.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwèrè ike ịmepụta ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe dị íchè íchè nke mba ụwa, mpaghara na mba. A na-eme ihe omume ndị a iji nyere ndị nwèrè mmasị áká ịghọta ụdị mkpebi ga-enwe mmetụta bara uru na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ma ọ bụ mgbanwe. Ọtụtụ mba na-eme atụmatụ mgbanwe ma ọ bụ Onyinye Mba ga-enye ọrụ nyocha ihe omume iji ghọtakwuo mkpebi ha nwèrè.

[[Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide 13|Ihe mgbaru ọsọ]] mba ụwa màkà ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe site na usoro mba ụwa dị ka Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Paris Agreement na Sustainable Development Goal 13 (&quot;Were ihe ngwa ngwa iji lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya ọgụ&quot;) dabere na nyocha nkè ihe omume ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a tọhapụrụ Akụkọ Pụrụ Iche na Global Warming nke 1.5 °C n'afọ 2018 iji gosipụta ụdị mmepe nke ikuku, Onyinye Mba, na mmetụta nkè mgbanwe ihu ígwé karịa ónyé bu ya ụzọ IPCC Fifth Assessment Report bipụtara n'afọ 2014 tupu nkwekọrịta Paris.

== Ihe omume nke mgbasa ozi ==

=== Ọnọdụ ọdịnihu zuru ụwa ọnụ ===
Enwèrè ike íchè echiche banyéré ihe omume ndị a dị ka akụkọ banyéré ọdịnihu nwéré ike ime. Ha na-enye ohere nkọwa nke ihe ndị siri ike ịkọwa, dị ka ọchịchị, usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ụlọ ọrụ. Morita et al. nyochara akwụkwọ gbásárá ọdịnihu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;morita&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Scenarios and Implications. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz ''et al''. Eds.]|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.|author=Morita, T.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm|accessdate=2010-01-10|archivedate=2018-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032403/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha chọtara ọtụtụ ihe dị íchè íchè n'etiti ihe omume, site na ụdị dị íchè íchè nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na ọdịda nke usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na gbụrụ-gbúrụ eb ébée obibi. N'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ, a chọtara mmekọrịta ndị a:

* Rising '''GHGs''': A na-ejikọta nke a na ọnọdụ ndị nwéré akụ na ụba na-eto eto, nke na-esote ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, nke ka ukwuu na ntinye aka gọọmentị dị ala na ọkwa dị elu nke asọmpi. Ịha nhata ego na-ebelata n'ime mba, mànà enweghị usoro doro anyá na ikpe ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ịha nhata mba ụwa.
* '''GHGs na-ada''': N'ime ọtụtụ n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a, GDP rịrị elu. Ihe omume ndị ọzọ gosipụtara ọrụ akụ na ụba na-ejedebe na ọkwa na-adịgide adịgide. Ihe omume ndị na-adaba na ikuku nwèrè ọkwa dị elu nke gọọmentị na akụ na ụba. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe omume gosipụtara mmụba nke ikpe ziri ezi na ịha nhata n'ime na n'etiti mba.

=== Ihe ndị dị na ya ===
A na-eji ihe omume ndabere eme ihe dị ka ihe atụ màkà iji ya tụnyere ihe omume ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe omume mgbochi.&lt;ref name=&quot;glossary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2007c|title=Annex. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz ''et al''. Eds.]|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.|author=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm|accessdate=2009-05-20|archivedate=2018-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032403/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịtụle akwụkwọ akụkọ, Fisher et al., achọpụtara ''na'' atụmatụ CO2 na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ihe. Na United States, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-ewepụta ihe dị ka ijeri tọn carbon dioxide (CO) 2.4 kwà afọ, ma ọ bụ ihe dịka pasent  irí ano nkè ngụkọta ikuku nkè mba ahụ. EPA emeela ihe mbụ dị mkpa site na ịtọ ụkpụrụ nké ga-ebelata mmetọ carbon site na ụgbọala na gwongworo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara site n'afo 2025 na site na ịtụ aro ụkpụrụ iji belata mmetor carbon site na ụlọ ọrụ ike ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Using the Clean Air Act to Sharply Reduce Carbon Pollution from Existing Power Plants|url=http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/|publisher=Natural Resources Defense Counsel|accessdate=October 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwapụta nke ọnụọgụ ikuku ==
E mepụtara ọtụtụ atụmatụ nkè gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Ihe omume &quot;SRES&quot; bụ ihe omume &quot;baseline&quot; Nké ikuku (ya bụ, ha na-eche na ọ dịghị mgbalị a na-eme n'ọdịnihu iji belata ikuku), a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na akwụkwọ sayensị (lee Special Report on Emissions Scenarios màkà nkọwa).&lt;ref&gt;
{{Citation|pages=etal}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Greenhouse gas #Projections chịkọtara atụmatụ ''n'afọ'' 2030, dịka Rogner et al nyochara. A na-egosi ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ ébé a.

Ihe dị n'etiti nkè mbipụta nkè International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook ''2011'' na-atụ aro mmụba na-aga n'ihu na ikuku CO2 metụtara ike zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ikuku ruru 36.4 Gt n'afọ 2035. Nké a bụ mmụba pasenti iri abụọ na ikuku na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri apụta ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa afọ 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;weo 2011 emission projections&quot; /&gt;

=== UNEP 2011 akụkọ nchịkọta ===
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, afọ 2011): 7 lere anya n'otú ikuku ikuku ụwa nwèrè ike isi melite ruo n'afọ 2020 dabere na mkpebi iwu dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bridging the Emissions Gap&quot; /&gt; Iji mepụta akụkọ ha, UNEP (2011): 8 kpọkọtara ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara irí ise na isé sitere na ìgwè sayensị iri abụo na asatọ gafee mba iri na ise.

Atụmatụ, na-eche na ọ dịghị mgbalị ọhụrụ iji belata ikuku ma ọ bụ dabere na &quot;azụmahịa-dị ka ọ na-adịkarị&quot;, tụrụ aro ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 2020 nke irí ise na isii gigatonnes CO2-equivalent (GtCO2-eq), na ọnụọgụ nke 55-59 GtCO2-e: 12 N'ịnakwere ntọala dị íchè ébé nkwa ndị a na Copenhagen Accord zutere n'ụdị ha kachasị elu, ikuku zuru ụwa niile a na-atụ anya n'afọ 2020 ka ga-eru iri ise gigatonnesCO2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change Public Expenditure and Institutional Review Sourcebook (CCPEIR)|author=Fozzard|first=Adrian|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=2014|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=92}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law|author=Alam|first=Shawkat|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415687171|location=London|pages=373}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na-aga n'ihu na omume dị ugbu a, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ụdị ọchịchọ dị ala, a na-atụ anya mmụba nke okpomọkụ Celsius atọ na njedebe nke narị afọ, nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-eweta nnukwu gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi, akụ na ụba, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=EU Management of Global Emergencies: Legal Framework for Combating Threats and Crises|url=https://archive.org/details/eumanagementofgl0008unse|author=Govaere|first=Inge|publisher=BRILL Nijhoff|year=2014|isbn=9789004268326|location=Leiden|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eumanagementofgl0008unse/page/313 313]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okpomọkụ ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na evapotranspiration na-esi na ya apụta nwéré ike iduga na égbè eluigwe ka ukwuu na ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu site na idei mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change in Developing Countries: Results from the Netherlands Climate Change Studies Assistance Programme|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangeind0000unse_r2k6|author=van Drunen|first=M.A.|publisher=CAB International|year=2006|isbn=9781845930776|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/climatechangeind0000unse_r2k6/page/52 52]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke mba (mgbanwe) ==
Ntụle ihu ígwé nkè mba (mgbanwe) (nkè a na-akpọkwa &quot;ihe omume ihu ígwé nke obodo&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;nnyocha ihu igwe nke afọ&quot;) bụ atụmatụ ihu ígwé pụrụ íchè nke mpaghara, nke mba dị íchè iche na-emepụta. Ihe na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti atụmatụ ihu igwe nke mba na atụmatụ ihu igwe ndị ọzọ bụ na gọọmentị ''mba'' ahụ bịanyere áká na ha, si otú a bụrụ ihe ndabere dị mkpa màkà atụmatụ mgbanwe. A na-emepụta atụmatụ ihu igwe n'ime ọtụtụ afọ site na ọrụ ihu igwe nke mba ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

=== Ebumnuche ===
Atụmatụ ihu ígwé nke mba na-egosi mgbanwe ndị kwere omume na ihu igwe mba n'ọdịnihu. Site n'iji ọtụtụ ihe omume ikuku, atụmatụ ndị a na-eme ka mmetụta dị íchè íchè nkè mgbalị ndị na-ebelata ụwa dị íchè íchè nwèrè na mgbanwe, gụnyere okpomọkụ, mmiri ozuzo, na awa anwụ na-achasi ike. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe na-atụ aro iji ọtụtụ ihe omume ikuku iji hụ na mkpebi siri ike na mgbanwe ihu igwe dị íchè íchè. Atụmatụ ihu ígwé nke mba bụ ihe ndabere nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke obodo na atụmatụ ihu ígwé, nke a na-agwa [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]] ma jiri ya mee ihe na nyocha IPCC.

=== Nhazi ===
Iji nyochaa ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ihu ígwé na iji mee ka obi sie ya ike na atụmatụ ahụ, a na-emepụta atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu ígwé nke mba site na ọtụtụ ụdị mgbasa ozi (GCMs). Ụdị ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị otú ahụ nwèrè ike iwere ụdị nke perturbed physics ensembles (PPE), multi-model ensembles, ma ọ bụ mmalite ọnọdụ ensembles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Parker|first=Wendy S.|date=2012|title=Whose Probabilities? Predicting Climate Change with Ensembles of Models|journal=Philosophy of Science|language=en|volume=77|issue=5|pages=985–997|doi=10.1086/656815|issn=0031-8248}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka mkpebi mpaghara nke GCMs ndị dị n'okpuru na-adịkarị njọ, a na-emekarị atụmatụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na iji [[Regional climate models|ụdị ihu igwe mpaghara]] (RCMs), ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ. Atụmatụ ụfọdụ na-agụnye data sitere na mpaghara ndị búrú ibu karịa ókèala mba, dịka ọmụmaatụ iji nyochaa mpaghara mmiri nké osimiri ndị na-agafe ókèala. Mba ụfọdụ emeela atụmatụ ndị ọzọ màkà obere mpaghara nchịkwa, dịka. [[U.S. state|Steeti]] dị na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], na Länder dị na [[Jémanị|Germany]].

=== Ihe Nlereanya ===
Ihe karịrị mba iri atọ akọwo atụmatụ / ihe omume ihu ígwé nke mba na National Communications na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ọtụtụ gọọmentị Europe enyekwara ego màkà ọnụ ụzọ ozi mba gbásárá mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book|author=Füssel|first=Hans-Martin|year=2014|authorlink=|title=How Is Uncertainty Addressed in the Knowledge Base for National Adaptation Planning?. In Adapting to an Uncertain Climate|location=pp. 41-66|publisher=Springer, Cham|isbn=978-3-319-04875-8|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Ostraliya|Australia]]: CCIA&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/climate-projections/ Climate Change in Australia]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[California]]: Cal-Adapt&lt;ref&gt;[https://cal-adapt.org California climate change scenarios and climate impact research ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Netherlands]]: KNMI'14&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.climatescenarios.nl KNMI'14 Pictures of the future - Climate scenarios]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Switzerland]]: CH2011 / CH2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ch2011.ch/en/index.html|title=Swiss Climate Change Scenarios CH2011 B|work=ch2011.ch|accessdate=2018-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ch2018.ch/en/home-2/ |title=CH2018 - New Climate Scenarios for Switzerland |accessdate=2023-04-20 |archivedate=2018-06-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628005142/http://www.ch2018.ch/en/home-2/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]]: UKCP09 / UKCP18&lt;ref&gt;[http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125 UKCP18 Project announcement]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/collaboration/ukcp UKCP18 Demonstration Projects (Met Office)]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwa ===
A na-eji atụmatụ ihu ígwé e nke mba eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ébé iji buo amụma mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọtụtụ ngalaba akụ na ụba, ya na iji mee ka ọmụmụ na mkpebi mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe màrà. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ gụnyere:

* Ike&lt;ref&gt;[http://ecem.climate.copernicus.eu/ European Climatic Energy Mixes (ECEM)]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mmiri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/adaptation/water.html |title=California's Climate Adaptation Strategy for Water |access-date=2023-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220224031/http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/adaptation/water.html |archive-date=2019-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọrụ ugbo na ọhịa: mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/sector-policies/agriculture |title=Climate-ADAPT EU sector policies - Agriculture |accessdate=2023-04-20 |archivedate=2022-08-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827160921/https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/sector-policies/agriculture }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://boris.unibe.ch/68007/1/CH2014-Impacts_79.pdf Switzerland: Climate change impacts on tree species, forest properties, and ecosystem services]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ịkụ azụ
* Ecosystems na Biodiversity: mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'oké osimiri, mmetụta nke mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ígwé n&quot;ụmụ anụmanụ, mmetụta nke ịgbanwe ihu ígwé na ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.baltex-research.eu/BACC/material/IBS_No35_BACC.pdf BACC – The Baltex Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea basin]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ahụike: mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na [[Health|ahụike]] mmadụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hpa.org.uk/hecc2012|title=Health effects of climate change in the UK 2012|accessdate=2021-03-14|archivedate=2013-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104121758/http://www.hpa.org.uk/hecc2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Njem&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-adaptation-programme-transport UK's Climate change national adaptation programme: transport]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.deltacommissaris.nl/binaries/delta-commissioner/documents/publications/2017/09/19/dp2018-en-printversie/DP2018+EN+printversie.pdf|title=The Netherland's Delta Programme 2018 - Continuing the work on a sustainable and safe delta|accessdate=2021-03-14|archivedate=2018-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105061915/https://english.deltacommissaris.nl/binaries/delta-commissioner/documents/publications/2017/09/19/dp2018-en-printversie/DP2018+EN+printversie.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Njem
* Inshọransị&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.swissre.com/eca/|title=SwissRe: The Economics of Climate Adaptation|accessdate=2021-03-14|archivedate=2018-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106003300/http://www.swissre.com/eca/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe owuwu&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theiet.org/policy/collaboration/etf/infrastructure.cfm Infrastructure, Engineering and Climate Change Adaptation – ensuring services in an uncertain future]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Obodo ukwu na [[Okeama|obodo ukwu]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www4.unfccc.int/nap/Documents%20NAP/National%20Climate%20Resilience%20and%20Adaptation%20Strategy.pdf Australia's National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe ize ndụ nke ọdachi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/45001 |title=UNISDR -Coherence and mutual reinforcement between the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and international agreements for development and climate action |access-date=2023-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330011451/https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/45001 |archive-date=2019-03-30 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mbufe ụmụ mmadụ (n'ọtụtụ mba na ihe metụtara njikwa ókèala mba, iwu mbufe na mgbanwe ihu igwe)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Future of the human climate niche|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/suppl/2020/04/29/1910114117.DCSupplemental/pnas.1910114117.sapp.pdf|accessdate=25 June 2020|archivedate=14 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514064826/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/suppl/2020/04/29/1910114117.DCSupplemental/pnas.1910114117.sapp.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume ndị na-ebelata ==
[[Usòrò:Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg|thumb|Ihe omume nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile. Ọ bụrụ na mba niile emezu nkwa nkwekọrịta Paris ha dị ugbu a, nkezi okpomọkụ site na 2100 ga-agafe ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke nkwekọrịta París iji nọgide na-ekpo ọkụ &quot;nke dị n'okpuru 2 °C&quot;.]]
Ọnọdụ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ime n'ọdịnihu ébé a na-ebelata okpomọkụ ụwa site na omume a kpachapụrụ ányá, dị ka mgbanwe zuru oke na isi mmalite ike ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mmanụ ala. Ndị a bụ omume ndị na-ebelata ikuku ikuku nke méré na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-akwụsi ike na ọkwa ndị na-egbochi mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'iji ihe omume ndị a, nyocha nke mmetụta nke ọnụahịa carbon dị íchè íchè na akụ na ụba na-eme ka ọ dị n'ime usoro nke ọkwa dị íchè íchè nke ọchịchọ ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;Commonwealth of Australia, “Climate Change Mitigation Scenarios:  Modeling report provided to the Climate Change Authority in support of its Caps and Targets Review,” 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2018 from &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/a28424ae-cce9-48c9-aad2-56b3db0920a5/files/climate-change-mitigation-scenarios.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gas ndị ọzọ na-eme ka okpomọkụ ===
A na-agbakọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihe gbásárá carbon dioxide. Meinshausen et al emeela ọtụtụ ihe omume mgbochi gas.&lt;ref name=&quot;multigas&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meinshausen|first=M.|doi=10.1007/s10584-005-9013-2|title=Multi-gas Emissions Pathways to Meet Climate Targets|journal=Climatic Change|volume=75|issue=1–2|year=2006|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/319658/files/10584_2005_Article_9013.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dị ka ihe a na-elekwasị anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ====
N'akwụkwọ afọ 2000, Hansen kwùrù na ịrị elu 0.75 °C [nnyocha na-emezughị] na nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa n'ime afọ otu narị gara-aga bụ nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-abụghị carbon dioxide, ébé ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke CO2 ejirila ịjụ oyi n'ihi aerosols, na-egosi na usoro nke dabeere na mbụ na ibelata ikuku nke gas na carbon ojii, na-elekwasị ányà na CO2 naanị n'oge dị ogologo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global warming in the twenty-first century: An alternative scenario|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2000-08-29_97_18/page/9875|first=James|author=Hansen|date=29 August 2000|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=97|issue=18|pages=9875–9880|doi=10.1073/pnas.170278997|pmid=10944197}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Veerabhadran Ramanathan na Jessica Seddon Wallack kwukwara nke a ọnwa Septemba/Ọktoba nafo 2009 Foreign Affairs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65238/jessica-seddon-wallack-and-veerabhadran-ramanathan/the-other-climate-changers Why Black Carbon and Ozone Also Matter]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Degrees 4 na Beyond International Climate Conference
* Bio-energy na carbon capture na nchekwa (BECCS)
* Ihichapụ carbon dioxide (CDR)
* Carbon na-adịghị mma mmanụ
* Injinia ihu igwe (geoengineering)
* Azụmaahịa ikuku
* Nkọwa ike
* Ihe ịma aka nke ụwa na-amaghị nwoke
* [[Drawdown|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe]]
* CMIP
* Ihe Omume Copernicus
* Nkwupụta ọnụ
* Nnyocha mmetụta
* Nnyocha ejighị n'aka
* Atụmatụ ihe nkiri

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Citation}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-01502-2}}).
* {{Citation}} (pb: {{ISBNT|978-0-521-70598-1}}).
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      <text bytes="7150" sha1="n5vpgo7epe4vfyu5ixrp0q4cxsdaore" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Ụdị na-adịghị ike bụ '''ụdị''' nke International Union for Conservation of Nature [[Ọnọdụ nchekwa|kewara]] ka ọ na eyi egwu na ọ ga apụ n'anya ọ gwụla ma ọnọdụ ndị na eyi ndụ ya egwu na ọmụmụ ya ka mma.

Ihe na akpata adịghị ike bụ mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ mbibi nke ụlọ ụdị ahụ. A na enyocha ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche ma nwee ike ịghọwanye egwu. Ụdị ụfọdụ edepụtara dị ka &quot;ndị na adịghị ike&quot; nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na ahụkarị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ihe atụ bụ macaw ndị agha.

E nwere ugbu a 5,196 anụmanụ na 6,789 [[osisi]] kewara dị ka adịghị ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 1998 nke 2,815 na 3,222, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn 2012.2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_2.pdf|title=IUCN Red List version 2012.2: Table 2: Changes in numbers of species in the threatened categories (CR, EX, VU) from 1996 to 2012 (IUCN Red List version 2012.2) for the major taxonomic groups on the Red List|accessdate=2012-12-31|author=[[IUCN]]|date=2012|archivedate=2013-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127140524/http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na eme omume ndị dị ka cryoconservation nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa anụmanụ na mgbalị iji chekwaa ụdị anụ ụlọ na adịghị ike kpọmkwem.

== Ihe ndị e ji mara ==
[[Usòrò:Brachypelma_smithi_2009_G09.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mexican red-knee tarantula (''Brachypelma hamorii''), ụdị dị ize ndụ sitere na Mexico]]
[[Usòrò:Snares_Penguin_(Eudyptes_robustus)_-group.jpg|thumb|Snares penguin (''Eudyptes robustus''), ụdị dị ize ndụ sitere na New Zealand]]
International Union for Conservation of Nature na eji ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ abanye ụdị na ụdị a. A taxon bụ adịghị ike mgbe ọ na anọghị n'ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ n'ihe egwu mana ọ na eche nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ ihu n'ọhịa n'ọdịnihu dị n'etiti, dị ka akọwapụtara site na [[Ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|nke]] ọ bụla n'ime njirimara ndị a (A ruo E):

'''A) Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụdị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:'''

# A hụrụ, atụmatụ, kwenyere ma ọ bụ na-enyo enyo na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ belatara ≥ 50% n'ime afọ 10 gara aga ma ọ bụ ọgbọ atọ, nke ọ bụla dị ogologo, ọ bụrụhaala na ihe kpatara mbelata ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ghọta ma kwụsị.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucnvu&quot;/&gt; Nlele a dabere na (ma kọwaa) ihe ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:
## Nnyocha kpọmkwem
## ndepụta nke ụbara kwesịrị ekwesị maka taxon
## mbelata n'ebe obibi, oke ihe omume ma ọ bụ ogo ebe obibi
## n'ezie ma ọ bụ ọkwa ndị nwere ike iji ya eme ihe
## mmetụta nke taxa ndị e webatara, ngwakọta, pathogens, mmetọ, ndị asọmpi ma ọ bụ parasites.
# Mbelata nke ọ dịkarịa ala 20%, nke a na-atụ anya ma ọ bụ nke a na'echiche na a ga ezute n'ime afọ iri na esote ma ọ bụ ọgbọ atọ, nke ọ bụla dị ogologo, dabere na (ma kọwaa) nke ọ bụla n'ime (2), (3), (4) ma ọ bụ (5) n'elu.

'''B) Ogologo ihe omume a na eme atụmatụ na ọ na erughị 20,000 km2 ma ọ bụ ebe obibi a na eche na ọ na na erubeghị 2,000 km2, na atụmatụ na egosi abụọ ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:'''

# E kewara nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ mara na ọ dị n'ebe na erughị iri.
# Ịga n'ihu na agbadata, na ekwu, na ahụ ma ọ bụ na atụ anya, na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:
## oke nke ihe omume
## ebe obibi
## mpaghara, oke ma ọ bụ ogo ebe obibi
## ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ma ọ bụ obere obodo
## ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị tozuru etozu
# Mgbanwe dị egwu na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:
## oke nke ihe omume
## ebe obibi
## ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ma ọ bụ obere obodo
## ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị tozuru etozu

'''C) Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na erughị 10,000 ndị tozuru etozu na ma ọ bụ:'''

# A na eme atụmatụ na ọ na aga n'ihu na agbadata ma ọ dịkarịa ala 10% n'ime afọ 10 ma ọ bụ ọgbọ atọ, nke ọ bụla dị ogologo, ma ọ bụ
# Mbelata na aga n'ihu, nke a hụrụ, nke a tụrụ anya ya, ma ọ bụ nke a na-ekwu, n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị tozuru etozu na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụdị nke ọ bụla:
## nke kewara ekewa nke ukwuu (ya bụ, ọ dịghị obere ndị e mere atụmatụ na ha nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 ndị tozuru etozu)
## mmadụ niile tozuru etozu nọ n'otu obere obodo

'''D) Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị obere ma ọ bụ nke a machibidoro n'ụdị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:'''

# Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya na-erughị 1,000 ndị tozuru etozu.
# A na-eji mgbochi siri ike mara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mpaghara obibi ya (nke na-erughị 20 km2) ma ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe (nke na na-erubeghị ise).&lt;ref name=&quot;iucnvu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1|title=IUCN 2008 Red List - Categories and Criteria (version 3.1)|work=www.iucnredlist.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008002903/http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1#critical|archivedate=2008-10-08|access-date=2018-09-07|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''www.iucnredlist.org''. Archived from [http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1#critical the original] on 2008-10-08.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, ụdị taxon dị otú ahụ ga-enwekarị mmetụta nke ọrụ mmadụ (ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị na-enweghị atụ nke mmetụta ya na-abawanye site na ọrụ mmadụ) n'ime oge dị mkpirikpi n'ọdịnihu a na-apụghị ịhụ anya, ya mere ọ nwere ike ịghọ Onye N'Ime N'Iche Dị Oké Iche ma ọ bụ ọbụna Mgbukpọ n'oge dị mkpirisi.

'''E) Nnyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi ohere nke mkpochapụ n'ọhịa bụ ọ dịkarịa ala 10% n'ime afọ 100.'''

Ihe atụ nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị na adịghị ike bụ hyacinth macaw, mountain zebra, gaur, kreenu okpueze ojii na blue crane

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụdị:IUCN Red Ndepụta dị iche iche na-adịghị ike maka ndepụta mkpụrụ akwụkwọ
* Cryoconservation nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa anụmanụ
* Ndepụta nke anụ ndị bi n'ala na n'ala
* Ndepụta nke arthropods na-adịghị ike
* Ndepụta nke nnụnụ ndị na-adịghị ike
* Ndepụta nke azụ ndị na-adịghị ike
* Ndepụta nke ụmụ ahụhụ ndị na-adịghị ike
* Ndepụta nke invertebrates na-adịghị ike
* Ndepụta nke anụ na-enye nwa ara na-adịghị ike
* Ndepụta nke molluscs na-adịghị ike
* Ndepụta nke anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ na-adịghị ike

== Ihe edeturu na ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.iucnredlist.org/search/grid?redListCategory=vu Ndepụta nke ụdị ndị na-adịghị ike] dị ka IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</text>
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    <title>Ọdịdị ala nke Botswana</title>
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      <text bytes="9495" sha1="108zapse486gbwfybfumt05bdl4m842" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Botswana_Districts_HEB.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị ala nke Botswana]]
'''[[Botswana]]''' bụ mba na-enweghị mmiri nke dị na akuku Ndịda Afrịka n'ebe ugwu  Ndịda [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] .  [[Botswana]] nwere mpaghara nke ọnụ Ọgụgụ dị ka 581,730 square  (224,610  ), nke 566,730 km2 (218,820 sq mi) bụ ala.  Botswana nwere ókèala nke ngụkọta ogologo 4,347.15  (2,701.19 ), nke ókèala ya na [[Namibia]], maka 1,544  (959 ); Ndịda Afrịka 1,969  (1,223 mi); [[Zimbabwe]], 834  (518 mi) na [[Zambia]], 0.15 kilomita (0.093 mi).  Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na Botswana na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ anyanwụ dị elu n'afọ ọ bụla ọ bụ ezie na oge oyi bụ oge kachasị amụ anwụ. Mba ahụ dum na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eme uzuzu n'oge ọkọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Landsberg&quot;&gt;General Survey of Climatology, Landsberg (ed.),Elsevier, 2001&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Ala ahụ dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larị iche, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụfọdụ obodo ugwu, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe. Ọzara Kalahari dị n'etiti na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ.  Okavango Delta, otu n'ime nnukwute ala n'ụwa, dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na Makgadikgadi Pans, nnukwu nnu dị n'etiti ugwu.  E guzobere Makgadikgadi dị ka ebe obibi mbụ maka mmadụ oge ochie; Nnukwu ala mmiri a nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu akụkụ, nke kachasị bụ Nwetwe Pan, Sua Pan na Nxai Pan.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 ''Makgadikgadi'', Megalithic Portal, ed. A.Burnham]&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe kachasị ala na Botswana bụ na njikọ nke Osimiri Limpopo na Shashe, na ịdị elu nke 513 m (1,683 ).  Ebe kachasị elu bụ Monalanong Hill, na 1,494 m (4,902 ).
A na-ekewa mba ahụ n'ime mpaghara mmiri anọ, nke na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi ọdịdị ala kpọrọ nkụ:

* Osimiri Chobe n'ókè ya na Caprivi Strip nke Namibia tinyere obere ebe mara mma dị n'akụkụ ya bụ akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Zambezi.
* ọtụtụ n'ime mpaghara ugwu na etiti nke mba ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Okavango.
* akụkụ kachasị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ na-adaba na ọdọ mmiri Limpopo.
* mpaghara ndịda na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, nke bụ ndị kasị kpọọ nkụ, na-agbanye mmiri site na osimiri Molopo n'akụkụ ókèala South Africa na osimiri Nossob site na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kalahari Gemsbok, ma bụrụ akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Orange. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime osimiri ndị a na-asọba ruo Orange, Otú ọ dị. (Ntinye ikpeazụ e dekọrọ bụ n'afọ 1880.)&lt;ref&gt;Times Comprehensive Atlas, (2007), Times Books, London&lt;/ref&gt;

Ewezuga osimiri akpọrọ Chobe, Okavango, Boteti na Limpopo, ọtụtụ osimiri Botswana na-akwụsị ịba n'oge ọkọchị na oge mmiri ozuzo.

== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ==
Botswana bụ ọkara mmiri ozuzo, n'ihi obere oge mmiri ozuzo. Otú ọ dị, ịdị elu nke mba ahụ na ọnọdụ kọntinent ya na-enye ya ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ. Mba ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ site na ikuku na-ebu mmiri maka ihe ka ukwuu n'afọ. Oge ọkọchị na-adị site na onwa Eprel ruo na onwa Ọktoba n'ebe ndịda na Nọvemba n'ebe ugwu ebe, Otú ọ dị, mmiri ozuzo dị elu. Ndịda nke mba ahụ na-ahụkarị ikuku oyi n'oge oyi (mmalite ọnwa Mee ruo ngwụcha ọnwa Ọgọst) mgbe nkezi okpomọkụ dị gburugburu ọnụ Ọgụgụ dị ka 14 °C (57.2 ). Mba ahụ dum nwere oge okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na nkezi okpomọkụ gburugburu ọnụ Ọgụgụ 26 °C (78.8 ). Ọnụ ọgụgụ anyanwụ dị elu n'afọ niile ọ bụ ezie na oge oyi bụ oge kachasị amụ anwụ. Mba ahụ dum na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eme uzuzu n'oge ọkọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Landsberg&quot;&gt;General Survey of Climatology, Landsberg (ed.),Elsevier, 2001&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box|collapsed=|location=Gaborone ([[Sir Seretse Khama Airport]], 1981–2010)|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan record high F=103|Feb record high F=104|Mar record high F=102|Apr record high F=98|May record high F=91|Jun record high F=84|Jul record high F=83|Aug record high F=91|Sep record high F=103|Oct record high F=100|Nov record high F=104|Dec record high F=103|year record high F=104|Jan high C=32.7|Feb high C=32.1|Mar high C=30.8|Apr high C=28.4|May high C=25.6|Jun high C=23.1|Jul high C=22.9|Aug high C=26.2|Sep high C=30.0|Oct high C=32.0|Nov high C=32.3|Dec high C=32.5|year high C=29.1|Jan mean C=25.7|Feb mean C=25.2|Mar mean C=23.7|Apr mean C=20.6|May mean C=16.8|Jun mean C=13.7|Jul mean C=13.5|Aug mean C=16.9|Sep mean C=21.2|Oct mean C=24.0|Nov mean C=24.7|Dec mean C=25.3|year mean C=20.9|Jan low C=19.7|Feb low C=19.3|Mar low C=17.4|Apr low C=13.5|May low C=8.3|Jun low C=5.0|Jul low C=4.4|Aug low C=7.5|Sep low C=12.3|Oct low C=16.3|Nov low C=17.7|Dec low C=18.8|year low C=13.4|Jan record low F=57|Feb record low F=55|Mar record low F=52|Apr record low F=32|May record low F=30|Jun record low F=30|Jul record low F=28|Aug record low F=32|Sep record low F=41|Oct record low F=45|Nov record low F=46|Dec record low F=52|year record low F=28|precipitation colour=|Jan precipitation mm=143|Feb precipitation mm=82|Mar precipitation mm=74|Apr precipitation mm=30|May precipitation mm=8.3|Jun precipitation mm=7.5|Jul precipitation mm=1|Aug precipitation mm=0.9|Sep precipitation mm=5.8|Oct precipitation mm=5.8|Nov precipitation mm=58|Dec precipitation mm=71|year precipitation mm=|Jan precipitation days=6|Feb precipitation days=5|Mar precipitation days=5|Apr precipitation days=3|May precipitation days=2|Jun precipitation days=1|Jul precipitation days=1|Aug precipitation days=1|Sep precipitation days=2|Oct precipitation days=4|Nov precipitation days=5|Dec precipitation days=6|year precipitation days=41|source 1=African Regional Climate Centre&lt;ref name=ARCC&gt;{{cite web
 |url          = http://acmad.net/rcc/African-RCC/rcc_country_selection.php
 |title        = Precipitation and temperature reference climatologies: Seretse Khama International Airport
 |publisher    = African Regional Climate Centre
 |access-date  = 19 January 2016
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035305/http://acmad.net/rcc/African-RCC/rcc_country_selection.php
 |archive-date = 14 March 2016
 |accessdate   = 6 May 2023
 |archivedate  = 14 March 2016
 |archiveurl   = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035305/http://acmad.net/rcc/African-RCC/rcc_country_selection.php
}}&lt;/ref&gt;|source 2=Weatherbase (records)&lt;ref name=temperature&gt;{{cite web | url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=44286&amp;refer=&amp;cityname=Gaborone-South-East-Botswana&amp;units=us | title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Gaborone, Botswana | access-date =26 June 2012 | publisher =Weatherbase | archive-date =24 September 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120924123406/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=44286&amp;refer=&amp;cityname=Gaborone-South-East-Botswana&amp;units=metric | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|date=June 2012}}

== Ihe ize ndụ ndị sitere n'okike ==
Oké ọkọchị na-emetụta Botswana site n'oge ruo n'oge, ikuku nke oge ọnwa Ọgọstụ na-esi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na-efe, na-ebu ájá na uzuzu, nke nwere ike ime ka a ghara ịhụ ya.

== Gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Road_landscape.jpg|thumb|Igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo n'elu Serowe Jenụwarị 2019]]
Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ugbu a na Botswana bụ nke akpọrọ ịtabiga nri ókè, ọzara na ịdị adị nke naanị obere mmiri dị ọcha.

Nnyocha sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na omume a na-emekarị nke ịbabiga ehi iji merie ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-eme ka ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ụkọ, na-eme gore gburugburu ebe obibi dịkwuo mfe. Nnyocha nke mpaghara ahụ na-ebu amụma na ka ọ na-erule afọ iri abụọ na iri ise usoro nke obere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịghọ ọnwa iri na asatọ karịa afọ abụọ n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-10-22-april-2008.html Sub-Saharan Africa news in brief: 10–22 April 2008 – SciDev.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ==
Botswana dị na otu n'ime nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ndị akpọrọ :Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Organization, Ozone Layer Protection and Wetlands.

== Ihe ndị dị oke mkpa ==
Nke a bụ ndepụta nke ebe ndị dị oke mkpa nke [[Botswana]], ebe ndị dị n'ebe ugwu, ndịda, ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ.

* Ebe kachasị n'ebe ugwu bụ ókèala ya na [[Zambia]] n'elu Osimiri Zambezi na Chobe District
* Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke South Africa na [[Zimbabwe]], Central District
* Ebe ndịda kacha ukwuu bụ Bokspits, Kgalagadi District
* Ebe kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ bụ akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala ya na [[Namibia]]*
** ''Rịba ama: Botswana enweghị ebe ọdịda anyanwụ kachasị ka akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ bụ nke 22nd meridian nke longitude n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Greenwich.''

== Ndemsibia ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{Botswana topics}}{{Geography of Africa}}{{Africa topic|Climate of}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi''' nke a na-akpọ '''Traditional ecological knowledge''' ('''TEK''') na-akọwa ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ nke ihe onwunwe mpaghara. Dị ka ngalaba ọmụmụ na Northern American anthropology, TEK na-ezo aka na &quot;ihe ọmụma, nkwenye, na omume, nke na'agbakọta site na nchịkọta nke T EK ma nyefee site n'ọgbọ site mu abụ ọdịnala, akụkọ na nkwenkwe. Ọ na-emetụta mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ (gụnyere mmadụ) na ndị otu ọdịnala ha na gburugburu ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Berkes|first=F.|date=1993|title=Weaving Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Biological Education: A Call to Action|journal=BioScience|volume=52|issue=5|pages=432}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala abụghị echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti ọha mmadụ dị iche iche, mana a na-ezo aka na usoro omenala ma ọ bụ omume nke na'ụzọ dị ukwuu na &quot;ebe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Madden|first=Brooke|date=June 2, 2015|title=Pedagogical pathways for Indigenous education with/in teacher education|journal=Teacher and Teacher Education|volume=51|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2015.05.005}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ihe ọmụma dị otú ahụ eme ihe na njikwa ihe okike dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka data gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọnọdụ ebe e nwere obere data sayensị edere, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ijikọta usoro sayensi nke Western nke njirimara gburugburu.&lt;ref&gt;Freeman, M.M.R. 1992. The nature and utility of traditional ecological knowledge. ''Northern Perspectives'', 20(1):9-12&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntinye nke TEK n'ọhịa nke njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na sayensị ka na-ese okwu, dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ma na'anakọta ihe ọmụma ọ bụ ezie na ọ na - mgbe mgbe na a na, ụdị nyocha na nnwale, na ndị a ga-eji mepụta ma kwado ihe omuma sayensi nke gburugburu ụlọ site n&quot;ụzọ ọdịda anyanwụ.&lt;ref&gt;McGregor, D. (2004). Coming full circle: indigenous knowledge, environment, and our future. ''American Indian Quarterly'', 28(3 &amp; 4), 385-410&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, C. D., Ghimire, K. (2003). Synergy between traditional ecological knowledge and conservation science supports forest preservation in Ecuador. ''Conservation Ecology'', 8(1): 1&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-abụghị agbụrụ, dị ka US EPA, eguzobewo mmemme njikọta na ụfọdụ gọọmenti agbụọ iji tinye TEK na atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nsuso mgbanwe ihu igwe.

E nwere arụmụka ma ndị obodo ahụ nwere ikike ọgụgụ isi n'elu ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na ma iji ihe ọmụmụ a chọrọ ikike na ikikere tupu oge eruo.&lt;ref&gt;Simeone, T. (2004). Indigenous traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights. Library of Parliament: PRB 03-38E. Parliamentary Research Branch Political and Social Affairs Division.&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a dị mgbagwoju anya karịsịa n'ihi na a na-echekwa TEK ugboro ugboro dị ka ọdịnala a ma n&quot;ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ghara inwe akwụkwọ doro anya. N'ihi nke a, otu ụzọ ndị nwere ike idozi nsogbu nke akwụkwọ iji mezuo ihe ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ chọrọ nwere ikike imebi ọdịdị nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala.

A na-eji ihe ọmụma ọdịnala eme ihe iji chekwaa ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection.htm |title=AAAS - Science and Human Rights Program. 2008. 10 February 2009 |accessdate=27 May 2023 |archivedate=9 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209125203/http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ bụ ezie na TEK n'onwe ya, na obodo ndị ejikọtara na ọdịnala ọnụ, nwere ike ịbụ ihe egwu n&quot;ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, T EK na-egosi na ọ dị oke mkpa maka ịghọta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ndị ahụ nʼime usoro okike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/tk/wg8j-05/information/wg8j-05-inf-18-en.doc|title=Highly vulnerable Indigenous and local communities, inter alia, of the Arctic, small island states and high altitudes, concerning the impacts of climate change and accelerated threats, such as pollution, drought and desertification, to traditional knowledge and practices with a focus of causes and solution|author=Henriksen|first=John|publisher=UNEP/Convention on Biological Diversity|year=2007|location=Montreal|pages=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

TEK nwekwara ike izo aka na '''ihe ọmụma''' gburugburu ebe obibi ọdịnala nke na-emesi ihe dị iche iche na mmekọrịta nke gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;What is Traditional Knowledge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_knowledge.html|title=What is Traditional Knowledge|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2021-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129022035/http://www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_knowledge.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọganihu nke mmụta ahụ ==
A na-eme nnyocha mbụ nke TEK na anthropology. A na-amụ ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi site na oghere nke ethnoecology, &quot;ụzọ na'elekwasị anya n'echiche nke mmekọrịta gburugburu ụlọ nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị nwere,&quot; n&quot;ịghọta etu usoro ihe omuma si mepụta site n-enye ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective|author=Berkes|first=Fikret|date=1993|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2018-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123164810/http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harold Colyer Conklin, onye American anthropologist onye butere ụzọ n'ịmụ ihe gbasara ethnoscience, buturu ụzọ na-edekọ ụzọ ụmụ amaala si aghọta ụwa okike. Conklin na ndị ọzọ dere otú ndị ọdịnala, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ubi na Philippines, si gosipụta ihe ọmụma dị ịrịba ama na nke zuru oke banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe ha bi. Ntinye aka n'ịnchịkọta, imepụta ngwaahịa site na, na iji osisi na anụmanụ dị n&quot;ógbè ahụ mepụtara atụmatụ nke ụwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụwa ọdịbendị jikọtara ọnụ. N'ịkwado ọmụmụ nke usoro mgbanwe, nke na-ekwu na nzukọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'onwe ya bụ nzaghachi mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi site n&quot;otu ìgwè na gburugburu ya, mmekọrịta ụmụ mmadụ-okike na usoro bara uru nke mmekọrịta na ọdịbendị ndị a dabere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/canadaresearchchair/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religion%20And%20Nature%20Traditional%20Ecological%20Knowledge.pdf|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge|author=Berkes|first=Fikret|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2020-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809113026/https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/canadaresearchchair/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religion%20And%20Nature%20Traditional%20Ecological%20Knowledge.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, akwụkwọ na'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ihe ọmụma ọdịnala gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dere ma ihe gbasara ebe nchekwa nke ndị obodo dị iche iche nwere na mmekọrịta gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Mmụba nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge a dugara na nkwenye mba ụwa maka ngwa ngwa ya na omume njikwa akụ na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Akụkọ 1987 nke World Commission on Environment and Development gosipụtara nkwekọrịta n'oge ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na ihe ịga nke ọma nke narị afọ nke 20 (ebelata ọnwụ ụmụaka, mmụba nke atụmanya ndụ, ịrị elu nke ịgụ na ide, na mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ) emeela ka ọnọdụ ndị kpatara mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi &quot;n'ime ụwa na'etiti ihe onwunwe na na - na. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf|title=Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future|date=March 20, 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, olileanya dị maka ụdị ndụ ọdịnala. Akụkọ ahụ kwupụtara na agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala nwere ụdị ndụ nke nwere ike inye ọha mmadụ nke oge a nkuzi na njikwa ihe onwunwe n'oké ọhịa, ugwu, na usoro okike dị mgbagwoju anya.

=== Ihe dị iche na sayensị ===
[[Usòrò:2005_Comparing_Traditional_Ecological_Knowledge_(TEK)_to_Western_Science_-_Fish_&amp;_Wildlife_Service_chart_circa_2014.svg|thumb| Ntụnyere TEK na Western Science&lt;ref name=&quot;FWS_BasicTEKinfo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge - Basic FWS Information / Comparing Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Western Science|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/traditional-knowledge.html|work=FWS.gov|publisher=U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service (FWS)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330221507/https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/traditional-knowledge.html|archivedate=30 March 2014|date=2014}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150510173256/http://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-comparisons.pdf direct link to chart]) ● FWS credits {{Cite journal|author=Barnhardt|first=Ray|title=Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Alaska Native Ways of Knowing|journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly|date=March 2005|volume=36|issue=1|doi=10.1525/aeq.2005.36.1.008|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-barnhardt-kawagley.pdf|issn=0161-7761}}&lt;/ref&gt;
]]
Fulvio Mazzocchi nke Italian National Research Council's Institute of Atmospheric Pollution na-emegide ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na ihe ọmụmụ sayensị dị ka ndị a:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọmụma ọdịnala ewepụtala echiche nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-emesi njirimara symbiotic nke mmadụ na okike ike.  Ọ na-enye ụzọ maka mmepe mpaghara nke dabere na mmekorita ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana kwanyere ikike ibu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ugwu.  Ihe ọmụma a gbadoro ụkwụ na nleba anya nhụsianya ogologo oge dabara na ọnọdụ mpaghara - na-eme ka ojiji dị mma na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-enyere ụmụ amaala aka ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi n'ụwa ụzọ bụ isi iji gboo mkpa ha bụ isi, na-etolitekwa ntọala maka mkpebi na atụmatụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ bara uru, gụnyere nkọwa nke ihe ịtụnanya meteorological, ọgwụgwọ ahụike, njikwa mmiri, imepụta uwe, ịnya ụgbọ mmiri.  oru ugbo na ugbo, ichu nta na igbu azu, na usoro nhazi nke ndu.... Ewezuga uru ya doro anya maka ndi mmadu na-adabere na ihe omuma a, o nwere ike inye mmadu n'ozuzu ya ihe omuma ohuru na ndu;  ọ nwere uru bara uru maka njikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike ma nwee ike ịba uru na agụmakwụkwọ nchekwa yana n'ime atụmatụ mmepe na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi ... Sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ bụ positivist na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya n'ụzọ dị iche na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, nke bụ ime mmụọ na ọ dịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti.  empirical na dị nsọ.  Sayensị Western bụ ebumnobi na ọnụọgụ dị iche na-emegide ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, nke bụ isi n'onwe ya na nka.  Sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ gbadoro ụkwụ n'ọkwa mmụta na ịgụ akwụkwọ, ebe ndị okenye na-ebufekarị ihe ọmụma ọdịnala site n'otu ọgbọ gaa n'ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mazzocchi|first=Fulvio|date=2006-05-01|title=Western science and traditional knowledge|journal=EMBO Reports|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=463–466|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400693|issn=1469-221X|pmc=1479546|pmid=16670675}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Akụkụ nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ==
Akụkụ nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ụdị dị iche iche n'otú e si eji ya ma ghọta ya. Ndị a bụ ezigbo ihe na-egosi etu esi eji ya eme ihe site n'echiche dị iche iche na otu esi ejikọta ha, na'inye nkwenye na &quot;nchịkwa mmekorita iji chọpụta ebe dịgasị iche ma na - agbakọta mgbe ị na na&lt;ref&gt;Houde, N. (2007) Ecology and Society.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ndị e kwuru n'eziokwu ===
Houde na-akọwa ihu isii nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Houde&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Houde|first=Nicolas|date=2007-12-20|title=The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements|journal=Ecology and Society|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|doi=10.5751/ES-02270-120234|issn=1708-3087|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/2639/ES-2007-2270.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkụ mbụ nke ihe ọmụma gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye eziokwu, nleba anya akọwapụtara site na nnabata, aha na nhazi nke akụkụ pụrụ iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi.  Akụkụ a bụ maka ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị na gburugburu ha.  Ọ bụkwa usoro nke ma nleba anya na ozi na-emesi akụkụ nke anụmanụ na omume ha, na ebe obibi, na njirimara anụ ahụ nke ụdị, na ụbara anụmanụ.  Nke a kacha baa uru maka ntule na njikwa ihe egwu nke na-enye mba dị iche iche ohere imetụta njikwa akụrụngwa.  Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na mba emeghị ihe, mgbe ahụ steeti nwere ike ime ihe maka ọdịmma nke ya.  Ụdị &quot;ihe ọmụma pụtara ìhè bụ nke a na-eme nleba anya n'ozuzu ya nke a na-eme ogologo oge ma kwadoro site na akaụntụ nke ndị ọzọ na-ejide TEK.&lt;ref&gt;Usher, P.J. 2000. Traditional Ecological Knowledge in environmental assessment and management&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Usoro nchịkwa ===
Ihu nke abụọ na-ezo aka n'iji ihe onwunwe eme ihe n&quot;ụzọ ziri ezi na nke na'ụzọ na ya na usoro njikwa. A na-enweta nke a site na atụmatụ atụmatụ iji hụ na nchekwa akụ na ụba. Karịsịa ihu a na-agụnye ịnagide njikwa ahụhụ, ntụgharị ihe onwunwe, ọtụtụ usoro owuwe ihe ubi, na ụzọ maka ịtụle ọnọdụ ihe ọkụkụ.&lt;ref&gt;Berkes 1988, Gunn et al. 1988&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ na-elekwasịkwa anya na njikwa akụ na otu o si emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Houde&quot;/&gt;

=== Ojiji e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a ===
Ihu nke atọ na-ezo aka na oge nke TEK, na'elekwasị anya n'iji gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe n&quot;oge gara aga na nke ugbu a site na akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka iji ala eme ya, ebe a na ya bi, ma ọ bụ na owuwe ihe ubi.&lt;ref&gt;Usher 2000&lt;/ref&gt; Karịsịa osisi na-agwọ ọrịa na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ nnukwu nchegbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Houde&quot;/&gt; A na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme eme iji nyefee ihe nketa ọdịbendị n'ọgbọ, ma na'enye aka n&quot;echiche nke ezinụlọ na obodo.

=== Ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ ===
Ihu nke anọ na-ezo aka na nkwupụta uru na njikọ dị n'etiti usoro nkwenye na nhazi nke eziokwu. Banyere TEK ọ na-ezo aka na ụkpụrụ omume gburugburu ebe obibi nke na'ịnọgide na ikike mmegbu. Ihu a na-ezo aka na ngosipụta nke ụkpụrụ gbasara mmekọrịta ya na ebe obibi nke ụdị na gburugburu ha - gburugburu mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ.

=== Omenala na njirimara ===
[[Usòrò:Lithospermum_canescens.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-ejikọkarị na ihe ọmụma gbara osisi na akwụkwọ gburugburu.]]
Ihu nke ise na-ezo aka na ọrụ nke asụsụ na ihe oyiyi nke oge gara aga na'enye ndụ na ọdịbendị.&lt;ref&gt;Houde 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Aboriginals (ndị bi na mbụ) na gburugburu ha dị mkpa iji kwado ihe ọdịbendị na-akọwa ha. Ihu a na-egosipụta akụkọ, ụkpụrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke bi n'ebe dị ka ihe na'inye aka na ndụ, ọmụmụ, yana evolushọn nke ọdịbendị na njirimara. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na &quot;uru e si eme ka ọdịbendị dị ka ebe a ga-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis and Sheppard 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịdị mbara igwe ===
Ihu nke isii bụ cosmology dabeere na ọdịbendị nke bụ ntọala nke akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Cosmology bụ echiche nke otu ụwa si arụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ọdịbendị. Nke a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site n'otu ọdịbendị gaa na nke ọzọ. Na US dịka ọmụmaatụ, e nwere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 577 gọọmentị etiti nabatara nwere ọdịbendị, asụsụ na usoro nkwenkwe nke ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime agbụrụ ndị a na-aghọta onwe ha dị ka ndị jikọtara ọnụ na ala. Okwu 'cosmology' metụtara echiche na nkwenye banyere otu ihe si arụ ọrụ, ma kọwaa ụzọ ihe jikọtara, na-enye ụkpụrụ ndị na'ịchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ na ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ n'ụwa. Site n'echiche anthropological, cosmology na-anwa ịghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ na otu ndị a si emetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọrụ ndị otu obodo, na omume nchịkwa.

N'akwụkwọ ya bụ ''A Yupiaq Worldview''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kawagley|first=A. Oscar|title=A Yupiaq worldview: a pathway to ecology and spirit|url=https://archive.org/details/yupiaqworldviewp0000kawa_c3i9|date=2006|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=1-57766-384-5|edition=2nd|location=Long Grove, IL|oclc=64668378}}&lt;/ref&gt;: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit nke Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ, kwuru na &quot;Nkwado nke okike, ma ọ bụ echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, dị oke mkpa nye Yupiiaqa. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie nke agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ụwa yiri ka ọ na-egosi otu usoro nkà ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi n&quot;etiti ndị mmadụ niile, njikọ a doro anya na na'echiche nke njikọ nke ihe niile dị na mbara igwe. Ndị Yupiaq bụ, ma ka bụ ndị na-akwado echiche ụwa a, n'agbanyeghị adịghị ike nke echiche gburugburu ebe obibi site na intrusions nke oge a. Kawagley na-akọwawanye banyere TEK na echiche ụwa nke Yupiaq site n'ikwu na, &quot;Ụzọ onye Yupiak gụnyere nyocha, ahụmịhe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ige ntị na mkparịta ụka na ajụjụ nke ụwa okike na nke ime mmụọ na uche. Onye ahụ bụ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe niile. &quot;

== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Grass_tree_on_fire_during_controlled_burn.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke a bụ gọọmentị Australia na-enyeghachi ndị Aborigine ala iji mee omenala ha nke ọkụ ọkụ. Nke a mere ka ebe ndị ahụ dị iche iche ma belata egwu ọkụ ọhịa na oke ha.]]
Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ụzọ dị iche iche na nke zuru oke maka njikwa akụ na ụba. Ọ na-agụnye ma sayensị na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala iji chịkọta data site na usoro ogologo oge nke sayensi na ọ gaghị enwe ike. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ha na ụmụ amaala na'etiti ha site na usoro mkpebi nkwekọrịta ka ha wee zute mkpa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke ọgbọ ndị dị ugbu a na nke ga-abịa n'ihu. Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala emeela ụzọ iji dozie mgbagwoju anya ebe sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere usoro na ngwaọrụ. Nke a bụ mmekọrịta dị mma inwe nke na-emepụta nsonaazụ ka mma maka akụkụ abụọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe ize ndụ nke ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ bụ na mba anaghị [[Abá|aba]] uru n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ malị. Ọtụtụ oge, a na-eji ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala eme ihe n'èzí mba ahụ n&quot;enweghị nkwenye (nkwado ọdịbendị), nkwanye ùgwù, ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ. Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịkwado gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ nwere ikike ịbụ ihe ọmụma dị nsọ.

=== Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi ===
Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ omume nke iweghachi usoro gburugburu ụlọ site na ntinye aka mmadụ. E nwere ọtụtụ njikọ n'etiti mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi na omume nchịkwa gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ metụtara TEK, agbanyeghị na njikwa gburugburu obodo T EK dị omimi karịa site na mmekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Douterlungne|first=David|date=2010|title=Applying Indigenous Knowledge to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Rain Forest Clearings Dominated by Bracken Fern|journal=Restoration Ecology|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=322–329|doi=10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00459.x|issn=1526-100X}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ike na-ahaghị nhata n'etiti ụmụ amaala na ndị na'abụghị ụmụ Amaala, ọ dị mkpa na mmekọrịta dị mma iji weghachite ikpe na nke a egosila na ọ ga-aga nke ọma mgbe ụmụ ụmụamaala duziri ọrụ mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Monique Mae|date=2021|title=Promoting social and environmental justice to support Indigenous partnerships in urban ecosystem restoration|journal=Restoration Ecology|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=e13305|doi=10.1111/rec.13305|issn=1526-100X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na US Environmental Protection Agency ==
Ụlọ ọrụ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti mbụ mepụtara iwu iwu na-akọwapụta otu ọ ga-esi soro gọọmenti agbụrụ rụkọọ ọrụ ma kweta ọdịmma agbụọ n&quot;ịmepụta mmemme ya &quot;iji chebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/tribal/epa-policy-administration-environmental-programs-indian-reservations-1984-indian-policy|title=EPA Policy for the Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations (1984 Indian Policy)|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-12|date=2015-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịghọta njikọ agbụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, EPA achọwo ịmepụta mmemme gburugburu Ebe obibi nke na-ejikọta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ime &quot;sayensị gburugburu obodo, iwu, na usoro mkpebi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/500024668.pdf|title=Consideration of Tribal Treaty Rights and Traditional Ecological Knowledge|author=Woolford|first=James|date=January 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị TEK ugbu a dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ n'ịmepụta mmemme nkà sayensi nke kwekọrọ na T EK ma na'akwalite afọ ojuju na mkpebi siri ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.epa.gov/region9/tribal/web/pdf/tribal-ecological-knowledge-env-sci-policy-dm.pdf|title=Integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Environmental Science, Policy and Decision-Making|date=June 2011|access-date=2022-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122200825/https://archive.epa.gov/region9/tribal/web/pdf/tribal-ecological-knowledge-env-sci-policy-dm.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-22|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị nkwenye maka ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịkọwa ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu gburugburu Ebe obibi na-anọchite anya ọchịchọ agbụrụ iji sayensị kpọrọ ihe karịa ụdị ọdịbendị. Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikọta sayensị na TEK ga-ekweta ụkpụrụ nke usoro nkuzi pụrụ iche iji jiri uru nke sayensi na tEK mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ US ga-amụta banyere TEK site na oghere nke ndị otu ụmụ amaala site n'ịrụ ọrụ n&quot;akụkụ na ndị okenye ụmụ Amaala, na-anakọta data aka site ne ebe a na'okwu ahụ, ma tinye ụkpụrụ ụmụ amụrụ nʼime nyocha sayensị ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2000, Onye isi ala US Bill Clinton wepụtara Executive Order 13175, nke chọrọ ka ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-agwa gọọmenti agbụrụ India na mmepe nke iwu ndị ga-enwe mmetụta agbọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; EPA na-akọwa mmetụta agbụrụ dị ka inwe &quot;mmetụta dị ukwuu na otu ma ọ bụ karịa agbamakwụkwọ ndị India, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gọọmentị etiti na agb agbụọ ndị Indian, maọ bụ na nkesa ike na ibu ọrụ n&quot;etiti ọchịchị etiti etiti n &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-executive-order-13175-consultation-and-coordination-indian-tribal|title=Summary of Executive Order 13175 - Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-17|date=2013-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke gọọmenti US, achọrọ ka EPA guzobe ụkpụrụ maka usoro ndụmọdụ ahụ. Dị ka nzaghachi mbụ ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara ụkpụrụ nke ga-enye ohere maka nkwurịta okwu na nhazi bara uru n'etiti ụlọ Ọrụ na ndị isi agbụrụ tupu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ emee ihe ma ọ bụ mezuo mkpebi ndị nwere ike imetụta agbọrọ. Ụkpụrụ ahụ họpụtakwara kọntaktị ndụmọdụ EPA iji kwalite nkwekọrịta na nhazi nke usoro ndụmọdụ ahụ, ma guzobe nlekọta nchịkwa na ịkọ akụkọ iji hụ na ịza ajụjụ na nghọta.

Otu ụdị ndụmọdụ bụ EPA Tribal Councils. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mmepe nke EPA guzobere Kansụl Sayensị Tribal nke ESA. Kansụl ahụ, nke ndị nnọchiteanya si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ mejupụtara, bụ iji nye usoro maka itinye aka agbụrụ na mbọ sayensị nke EPA, ma bụrụ ụgbọ ala nke ga-esi na EPA nwere ike inweta nghọta nke okwu sayensi nke kachasị mkpa maka agbọrọ na ọkwa mba. Kansụl ahụ na-enyekwa agbụrụ ohere imetụta atụmatụ sayensị nke EPA site n'ibuli okwu ndị a dị mkpa na otu EPA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/ej-indigenous-policy.pdf|title=Policy on Environmental Justice for Working with Federally Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peoples|date=July 24, 2014|work=www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe dị mkpa maka ndị agbụrụ na nnọkọ mbụ nke Kansụl Sayensị Agbụrụ EPA bụ ọdịiche dị na ndụ ọdịnala agbọrọ na sayensụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Ụzọ ndụ ndị a gụnyere &quot;mmekọrịta ime mmụọ, mmetụta uche, anụ ahụ, na nke uche na gburugburu ebe obibi; njikọ ndị dabeere na ụkpụrụ intrinsic, nke a na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ&quot;; na nghọta na ihe onwunwe ụwa ga-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;

Otu ọ di, e bụ n'obi ka EPA's Tribal Science Council, rụọ ọrụ dị ka ebe nzukọ ebe otu abụọ ahụ nwere ike &quot;ịkekọrịta ozi nwere ike inye aka na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị mmadụ niile na-enweghị omenala na-ahapụ njirimara ya.&quot;  N'ịgbalị ichekwa TTL Kansụl ahụ chọpụtara n'ime ala dịka mpaghara dị oke mkpa maka nyocha.  Council EPA-Tribal Science Council kọwara ndụ dị ka: &quot;mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ụzọ ndụ. Nri na-agụnye njikọ ime mmụọ dị n'ime ụwa, na-agụnye nghọta na ihe onwunwe nke ụwa ga-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ.  Ndị na-eri nri site n'ihe ndị bụ́ isi dị n'ụwa nọgidere na-ejikọta ha na ihe ndị ahụ, na-ebi ndụ n'ime gburugburu ndụ.  N'ihi na TTL ma ọ bụ TEK bụ kpọmkwem ebe ma na-agụnye mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na anụmanụ, na mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwenye nke subsitement dị ka ihe kacha mkpa na-enye ohere ka e chebe ihe ọmụma na omume nke TTL.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka akụkụ nke ntụle aka ha gbasara ihe iri nri, Kansụl ahụ kwetara ịchọpụta mmetọ akụrụngwa dịka &quot;okwu sayensị agbụrụ kachasị njọ n'oge a.&quot;  N'ihi na ndị ebo na-ebi ndụ na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi maka usoro ọdịnala nke ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta.  ịkụ azụ, oke ohia, na ọgwụ, na emume, mmetọ na-emetụta ndị agbụrụ na-adịghị mma ma na-etinye TTL ha n'ihe egwu.  Dị ka EPA Council si kwuo, &quot;ọnụego iri nri ebo na-adịkarị elu karịa nke ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ya, na-eme ka mmetụta mmetọ akụ na ụba na-enwe nchegbu ozugbo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-j-sepez.pdf|title=Traditional Environmental Knowledge in Federal Natural Resource Management Agencies|author=Sepez|first=Jennifer|date=Winter 2005|work=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ụmụ amaala na-agbasi mbọ ike na akụ ndị emetọghị, kansụl ahụ enweela ọganihu n'ịchọpụta mmetụta ya.

N'agbanyeghị mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ, a ka nwere ihe mgbochi maka ọganihu n'ime Kansụl Sayensị agbụrụ EPA. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ihe mgbochi bụ ọdịdị nke TTL. A na-enyefe ndụ ọdịnala agbụrụ site n'ọnụ, site na onye gaa na mmadụ, ọgbọ gaa n&quot;ọgbọ, ebe sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na'okwu edere ede, na a na -ezipụ ya site mube akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji jikọta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị agbụrụ egbochikwala site n'echiche nke ndị American Indian na a ga-etinye nyocha sayensi na &quot; igbe ojii&quot; ihe atụ nke na'imechi ntinye agbọrọ. N'agbanyeghi, EPA amatala ikike nke ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala iji kwalite nghọta sayensị ma nye ozi ọhụrụ na echiche ndị nwere ike ịba uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ.

Njikọ nke TTL n'ime usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA bụ otu ihe atụ nke otu Kansụl Sayensị nke Ezinụlọ EPA si nwee ike ịme mgbanwe na omenala EPA. Usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ bụ &quot;usoro nhazi maka nyocha sayensị nke ikike maka mmetụta na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ikpughe na mmetọ ma ọ bụ nrụgide gburugburu ụlọ ndị ọzọ&quot;. EPA ejirila nyocha ihe ize ndụ mee ihe iji guzobe &quot;ọkwa dị ọcha na ebe mkpofu dị ize adị, ogo mmiri na ikuku, ndụmọdụ azụ, na mmachibido iwu ma ọ bụ mmachi maka ọgwụ ahụhụ na kemịkal ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Otú ọ dị, ndị agbụrụ na-echegbu onwe ha na usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ ugbu a anaghị enye uru zuru oke na omenala agbamakwụkwọ, ụkpụrụ, na / ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndụ. Kansụl Sayensị Tribal na-achọ itinye TTL n'ime echiche ndị dị na ụdị nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ogologo oge maka Kansụl Sayensị Tribal nke EPA, Otú ọ dị, bụ mgbanwe zuru oke na nyocha mkpebi site n'ihe ize ndụ gaa n&quot;ichekwa ndị nwere ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ndị agbụrụ anaghị anabata nkewa nke ọnọdụ mmadụ na nke gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ha na-akọwa ihe ize ndụ. Site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe, ogbako, na ọrụ ndị EPA malitere, agbụrụ enweela ike itinye aka na mkparịta ụka banyere njikọta nke Tribal Traditional Lifeways n'ime nyocha ihe ize ndụ na mkpebi nke EPA. Nke a emeela n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: itinye ọrụ ọdịbendị agbụrụ pụrụ iche dị ka nkata ala, mkpa salmon na azụ ndị ọzọ, ọgwụ osisi ala ahụ, iri nnukwu azụ na egwuregwu, na ụlọ ọsụsọ dị iche iche maka ịtụle ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ime maka ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ọrụ agbụrụ ndị a nwere ike itinye na nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA, ọ nweghị mmesi obi ike na a ga-etinye ha ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'otú e si etinye ha n&quot;ọrụ na saịtị dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, EPA kwupụtara &quot;Nchịkwa ya maka ikpe ziri ezi maka gburugburu ebe obibi maka ịrụ ọrụ na agbụrụ na ndị obodo a ma ama,&quot; na-ewepụta ụkpụrụ ya iji &quot;kwado mmejuputa iwu gburugburu obodo nke gọọmentị etiti, ma nye nchebe pụọ na mmetụta na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu. &quot; N'etiti ụkpụrụ iri na asaa ahụ bụ # 3 (&quot;EPA na-arụ ọrụ iji ghọta nkọwa nke ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site n'echiche nke agbụrụ gọọmentị etiti nabatara, ụmụ amaala niile na United States, na ndị ọzọ bi na mba India&quot;); # 6 (&quot;APA gbara ume, dịka o kwesịrị ma ruo n&quot;ókè iwu nwere ike ime ma kwe ka ọ dị, njikọta nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala n-abanye na sayensị gburugburu, iwu, ihe ndị ọrụ mkpebi, iji ghọtakwuo ma dozie nchegbu gbasara mmejuputa usoro ihe omume, ozi ọdịbendị, dị nsọ&quot;Ọpụpụ ọzọ Ọ bụ ezie na iwu a na-akọwa ntuziaka na usoro maka EPA n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi ka ha na agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala metụtara, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ha anaghị arụ ọrụ dịka iwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ. A pụghị itinye ha n'ọrụ na ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee maọbụ dochie iwu ọ bụla, ụkpụrụ, ma Ọ bụ ihe ọ ọzọ iwu chọrọ ma bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Policy&quot; /&gt;

== Mmetụta nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ==
N'ebe ụfọdụ, mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka mbelata nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na obodo Aamjiwnaang nke Anishnaabe ndị mba mbụ dị na Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, ndị bi na ya na-ata ahụhụ site na &quot;ebelata dị ịrịba ama nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ nwoke ..., nke ndị obodo na - na ha na ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical dị nso&quot;:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoover&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hoover|first=Elizabeth|year=2012|title=Indigenous Peoples of North America: Environmental Exposures and Reproductive Justice|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=120|issue=12|pages=1645–1649|doi=10.1289/ehp.1205422|pmid=22899635}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ihu igwe ==
[[Usòrò:Climate Change and the Health of Indigenous Populations (US EPA, 2016) (IA indigenous-health-climate-change).pdf|thumb|Ụmụ amaala na Mgbanwe ihu igwe: akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere mmetụta ahụike nke mgbanwe ihu ọha na ụmụ ama amaalaa]]
Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na-enye ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ofe ọgbọ na ọdịdị ala nke ndị bi n&quot;ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;link.springer.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ignatowski|first=Jonathan Andrew|title=Identifying the exposure of two subsistence villages in Alaska to climate change using traditional ecological knowledge|journal=Climatic Change|volume=121|issue=2|pages=285–299|doi=10.1007/s10584-013-0883-4|year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emesi ike ma na'eme ka ozi gbasara ahụike na mmekọrịta nke ebe dị n'etiti ozi ọ na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moffa|first=Anthony|title=Traditional Ecological Rulemaking|url=https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/moffa.pdf|accessdate=16 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụdị njirimara ndị obodo na ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ ha. A na-enyefe ihe ọmụma ọdịnala site n'ọgbọ ruo n&quot;ọzọ ma na'ihu taa.  Ndị obodo ahụ na-adabere na omenala ndị a maka ndụ ha. Maka ọtụtụ oge owuwe ihe ubi, ụmụ amaala agbanweela ọrụ ha ọnwa ole na ole gara aga n'ihi mmetụta sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Okpomọkụ na-arị elu na'ihi na ọ na - emebi ndụ nke ụfọdụ osisi na ụdị osisi. Njikọ nke ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ na mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri ozuzo na-emetụta ebe osisi na'eto.

Okpomọkụ ahụ na-emetụtakwa ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ site n'oge ụmụ ahụhụ na-apụta n&quot;afọ niile na mgbanwe na ebe obibi nke ụmụ anụmanụ n-agbanwe oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;nca2014.globalchange.gov&quot;/&gt;

Ka okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkụ ọhịa na'ozuzu ya na ọ ga-abụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e weghachiri otu mba dị n'Australia ala ma na'ịgbanwe omume ọdịnala ha nke ịchịkwa ọkụ. Nke a emeela ka ọtụtụ  dị iche iche dị ndụ na mbelata oke ọkụ ọhịa.

Ọ bụghị naanị na akụkụ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta, kamakwa n'ozuzu, mgbanwe ihu igwe na'ahụ maka ahụike nke usoro okike, ya mere, ihe onwunwe gburugburu ụwa dị maka ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịgbanwe na ego dịnụ na ogo nke ihe ndị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;nca2014.globalchange.gov&quot;/&gt;

Ka oke ice nke oké osimiri na-ebelata, ndị Alaska Native na na'ahụ mgbanwe na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị; ịkụ azụ, njem, akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke ndụ ya anaghị adịkarị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 2016|title=Climate Change and the Health of Indigenous Populations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/indigenous-11x17.pdf|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbasa nke ala emebiwo ụlọ na okporo ụzọ. Mmetọ mmiri na-akawanye njọ ka mmiri dị ọcha na'ebelata.&lt;ref name=&quot;nca2014.globalchange.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bennet|first=T.M. Bull|date=2014|title=National Climate Assessment: Indigenous Peoples, Lands, and Resources|url=http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples|accessdate=13 March 2017|work=Global Change|publisher=US Global Change Research Program|archivedate=7 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507040148/http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ amaala n'ọtụtụ ọkwa. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụmụ amaala nwere mmekọrịta dịgasị iche iche dabere na mpaghara ala nke chọrọ mgbanwe dị iche na omume ibelata. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji dozie ọnọdụ ndị a ozugbo, ndị obodo ahụ na-agbanwe mgbe ha na'ewe ihe ubi na ihe ha nwetara ma na na a na - gbanwee ojiji ha ji akụ mee ihe. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịgbanwe izi ezi nke ozi nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. Ndị obodo ahụ adaberela n'ụzọ miri emi na ihe ngosi na okike iji hazie ihe omume na ọbụna maka amụma ihu igwe dị mkpirikpi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Vinyeta|first=Kirsten|title=Exploring the role of traditional ecological knowledge in climate change initiative|url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo37896/pnw_gtr879.pdf|publisher=Portland, OR: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station|accessdate=13 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na nke na'ebe ọzọ, ndị obodo ahụ na -akwagharị iji chọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ ha ga-esi dịrị ndụ. N'ihi ya, enwere mfu nke njikọ ọdịbendị na ala ha biri na ya ma enwerekwa mghọm na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ha nwere na ụwa dị n'ebe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;nca2014.globalchange.gov&quot;/&gt; Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke a na-ahazighị nke ọma ma ọ bụ na'ọrụ nwere ike imerụ ikike ụmụ amaala ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Raygorodetsky|first=Gleb|title=Why Traditional Ecological Knowledge Holds the Key to Climate Change|url=https://unu.edu./publications/articles/why-traditional-knowledge-holds-the-key-to-climate-change.html|work=United Nations University|accessdate=16 March 2017|archivedate=13 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513155340/https://unu.edu/publications/articles/why-traditional-knowledge-holds-the-key-to-climate-change.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

EPA ekwuola na ọ ga-ewere ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịhazi mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. National Resource Conservation Service nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States ejirila usoro nke ụmụ amaala lụso ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

=== Nnyocha ikpe: Savoonga na Shaktoolik, Alaska ===
N'otu nnyocha, ndị obodo Savoonga na Shaktoolik, Alaska kọrọ na n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga nke ndụ ha, ihu igwe siri ike ịkọ, oge oyi adịla mkpụmkpụ, enwere ihe isi ike ibu amụma ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi dị maka owuwe ihe ubi, e nwere ọdịiche na mbata anụmanụ, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ọhụrụ karịa tupu, na ọrụ ịchụ nta na nchịkọta aghọwo ihe a pụrụ ịkọwapụta ma ọ bụ mee mgbe niile n&quot;ihi obere nnweta ime ya. Ndị bi ebe ahụ hụrụ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ihu igwe ha nke metụtakwara ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ. Osisi na anụmanụ anaghị adaba na nnweta ha nke na-emetụta ịchụ nta na nchịkọta nke ndị bi ebe ahụ n'ihi na enweghị ọtụtụ ihe ịchụrụ ma ọ bụ chịkọta. Ọdịdị nke ụdị osisi na anụmanụ ọhụrụ bụkwa nchegbu anụ ahụ na nke nri na-edozi ahụ n'ihi na ha abụghị akụkụ nke ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;link.springer.com&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe Nlereanya Agbụrụ ==

=== Karuk na Yurok Ọkụ ===
Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi Kirsten Vinyeta na onye nchọpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe agbụrụ Kathy Lynn si kwuo, &quot;ebo Karuk nke California bi n'ala ndị Aborigine n&quot;etiti osimiri Klamath na Salmon na Northern California. Ógbè ndị Aborigine nke agbụrụ ahụ gụnyere ihe dịka nde 1.38 n'ime Klamath River Basin. Omume ọkụ ọdịnala abụwo ihe dị oke egwu na Karuk kemgbe oge ochie. Maka agbụrụ ahụ, ọkụ na-eje ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa ala dị oke mkpa yana omume ime mmụọ. &quot; Dị ka prọfesọ ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi Tony Marks-Block, onye na-eme nchọpụta gburugburu ụlọ Frank K. Lake na onye ọrụ ọhịa Lisa M. Curran si kwuo, &quot;tupu iwu mgbochi ọkụ gbasaa, ndị India America na'ịgbasa ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọdịbendị iji bulie ihe onwunwe dị mkpa maka ndụ ha na omenala ha. Iji weghachite ihe onwunwe ọdịbendị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-agwụ site na ọtụtụ iri afọ nke iwepụ ọkụ na iji belata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ ọhịa, agbụrụ Karuk na Yurok nke Northwest California na'ihu na mgbalị mmekorita mpaghara iji gbasaa ọkụ mgbasa ozi na ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ na ala ọha na eze, nke onwe, na nke agbú na mpaghara nna ha. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank K 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marks-Block|first=Tony|date=2019-10-15|title=Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=450|pages=117517|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117517|issn=0378-1127}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake na Lisa M. Curran kwukwara na &quot;n'ókèala Karuk, gọọmentị etiti emeghị ebe nchekwa, na-ahapụ naanị 3.83 square kilomita nke ala ntụkwasị obi Karik n'ógbè nna ha, ebe ndị fọdụrụ n&quot;ụzọ dị ukwuu nʼokpuru ikike nke Klamath na Six Rivers National Forests na ebe obibi ndị mmadụ gbasasịrị. N'ihi ya, ndị otu Karuk Tribal na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa ga-agafe USDA Forest Service na-ekwu na ala nna nna ha ma nwee nhọrọ ole na ole iji gbasaa ala ha site n'inweta ala onwe ha. N'ókèala Yurok, ọtụtụ ikike na-emetụta gụnyere Redwood National Park na Six Rivers National Forest na mpụga ebe gọọmentị etiti guzobere. Ebe nchekwa ahụ dị n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ osisi nke onwe. N'ihi ya, agbụrụ Yurok ga-ejikọta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'ime ala nna nna ha, mana ha nwere nhọrọ ka ukwuu maka inweta ihe onwunwe onwe ha karịa agbụọ Karuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank K 2019&quot;/&gt; Dị ka prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya Kari Norgaard na onye otu agbụrụ Karuk William Tripp si kwuo, &quot;a pụrụ imepụtaghachi usoro a ma gbasaa ya na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Klamath Mountains na karịa. Hoopa na Yurok tanoak na-eguzo na ọkụ ọkụ na ya na ọrịa ahụ na oge. Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-egosi ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na ọrịa na mberede na ọkụ ọhịa (ugboro 72 na ọ gaghị adị n'ebe ọkụ gbara na ebe ọkụ na otu ebe ahụ), ọ bụ ezie na egosila na ya na'oge na a na - na na enweghị ọkụ ugboro ugboro, n&quot;ihi na nsogbu ahụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ndị ọbịa na ha ọkụ ahụ na. &quot;

=== Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke Anishinabe ===
Dị ka ndị edemede Bobbie Kalman na Niki Walker si kwuo, &quot;ndị obodo, ma ọ bụ ụmụ amaala, ndị mmadụ ebiela na mpaghara Great Lakes ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Ndị obodo Anishinabe (Anishinaabe) biri na mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Great Lakes. Dị ka ọdịnala si kwuo, ndị Anishinabe biri n'akụkụ nnukwu mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]], nke nwere ike ịbụ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] ma ọ bụ Hudson's Bay. Ndị mmadụ natara amụma, ma ọ bụ amụma na ọ bụrụ na ha aga n'ime ime obodo, ha ga-achọta ebe nri na-eto n&quot;ime mmiri. Ụfọdụ gara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agbaso ọhụụ nke ihe a na'ahụ anya, ma ọ bụ cowrie shell, nke duziri ha gaa n&quot;ebe ndịda Great Lakes. Ndị mmadụ kewara n'ìgwè ma biri n&quot;ebe dị iche iche nke jikọtara ọnụ mepụta mba Anishinabe. Ndị Anishinabe nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na mba abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Great Lakes bụ Odawa (Ottawa) na Potawatomi. Ndị si mba atọ a na-alụkarị ibe ha, na'azụ ahịa, ma na - arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji dozie esemokwu. Ha gbakọtakwara na kansụl, ebe ha na-eme mkpebi ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kalman|first=Bobbie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oq-MowtMYbEC&amp;dq=ann%20ishnabe+relation+to+great+lakes&amp;pg=PA4|title=Life in an Anishinabe Camp|date=2003|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7787-0373-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe / ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi Kyle Powys Whyte si kwuo, &quot;Ndị Anishinabe n'ógbè Great Lakes niile nọ n&quot;ihu nchedo ụdị ala na mweghachi gburugburu. Nmé bụ azụ kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị ochie na Great Lakes basin, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-agafe 100 afọ. Nmé jere ozi ndị Asnishinabe dị ka isi ihe oriri, ụdị ihe ngosi maka nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi, na njirimara lachlan, yana ọrụ na ememe na akụkọ. Kenny Pheasant, onye okenye na-ekwu, &quot;Ọdịda nke sturgeon kwekọrọ na mbelata nke ezinụlọ storgeons. Naanị ezinụlọ ole na ole nke sturgeon ka a maara ebe a&quot; (Little River Band). Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu nke ndị India Ottawa malitere otu ọdịbendị, nke nwere ndị agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, bụ ndị mepụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ebumnuche maka mweghachi. Ebumnuche ya bụ &quot;iweghachi nkwekọrịta na njikọ dị n'etiti Nmé na ndị Anishinabe ma weghachite ha abụọ n&quot;osimiri ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, ngalaba ahụ mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ịzụlite mbụ n'akụkụ iyi maka ichebe ụmụ sturgeon tupu a tọhapụ ha n&quot;oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ọ bụla iji chekwaa nne na nna ha. Osikapa ọhịa, ma ọ bụ manoomin, na-eto n'ụzọ mmiri na'enweghị isi, nke doro anya, yana nke na na - na Mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, a na-edozi manoomin site na ihe omume ndị dị ka ịcha, ịkpụcha ihe, ịgbacha mmiri, na ihicha. Mgbe ndị Anishinabe si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ kwaga n&quot;ógbè Great Lakes ebe ha nwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ na mmiri, ìgwè ndị agbata obi nke ụmụ amaala US na Canada na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwe mmiri. Ihe omume ndị a na-emetụta manoomin na ebe obibi ya. Taa, ndị Anishinabe bụ ndị ndú na nchekwa nke osikapa ọhịa. Nibi (mmiri) na Manoomin Symposium, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ n'afọ abụọ ọ bụla, na'eweta ndị na -aṅụ osikapa agbụrụ na Great Lakes, ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ amaala, Ndị na na (paddy rice), ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na kewupụta ihe na ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị, yana ndị nchọpụta mahadum nwere mmasị na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke osika. Ndị okenye na-ekerịta akụkọ ha banyere manoomin na ndị ntorobịa na na'ekereta echiche ha gbasara otu manoonin si daba n'ọdịnihu ha. Ndị obodo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ebo ha na ndị okenye na'arụkọ ọrụ iji ghọta mmetụta dị omimi nke ọrụ ha mere iji mụọ ma chekwaa manoomin. A na-akpọkarị ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ ka ha kesaa ahụmịhe ha na iweghachi na ichekwa ụdị ala ndị dị iche iche, dị ka taro na ọka. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Whyte|first=Kyle|title=Our Ancestors' Dystopia Now.|publisher=kylewhyte.cal.msu.edu|pages=209–211|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lummi Nation nke Washington State Nchekwa nke Southern Resident Killer Whales ===
Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler na onye otu Lummi Jeremiah Julius si kwuo, &quot;Lummi Nation nke Washington State bụ agbụrụ America nke Salish Sea. N'afọ 2018, mba Lummi raara onwe ya nye njem Totem Pole gafee United States na-akpọ maka nloghachi nke onye ikwu ha &quot;Lolita&quot; (Southern Resident Killer Whale) na mmiri ya. N'asụsụ Salish, a na-akpọ killer whales dị ka qwe 'lhol mechen, nke pụtara 'mmekọrịta anyị n'okpuru ebili mmiri', mana Lummi abụghị naanị 'ihe metụtara' whalas n&quot;ụzọ nkịtị, whals bụ mmekọrịta n-echiche na ha bụ ndị ikwu. Mgbe NOAA bu ụzọ họpụta Southern Resident killer whale dị ka akụkụ dị iche iche dị n'ihe ize ndụ (DPS) na 2005, ha wepụrụ &quot;Lolita&quot; dị Ka onye ezinụlọ. Mkpebi ahụ na-agụ, &quot;Southern Resident killer whale DPS anaghị agụnye killer whales sitere na J, K ma ọ bụ L pod etinye n'agbụ tupu edepụta ya, ma ghara ịgụnye ụmụ ha a mụrụ&quot; (NOAA, 2005). Lummi na-arịọ ka NOAA rụkọọ ọrụ n'inye whales nri ruo mgbe chinook na Puget Sound nwere ike ịkwado ha. Lummi amalitela inye ndị ikwu ha nri, mana NOAA gwara ha na mbọ buru ibu ga-achọ ikike na mmekọrịta gọọmentị etiti. Ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime ebumnuche nchedo nke nzukọ ahụ bụ iji hụ na 'ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, ogo na nnweta nke ụdị anụ oriri', NOAA na-aghọta iwu a n&quot;ụzọ siri ike dị ka nsogbu ebe obibi. Ha emeela ka o doo anya na ugbu a abụghị oge maka enweghị obi ụtọ n'ihi 'ihe ọmụma na-ezughị ezu' ma ọ bụ ejighị n&quot;aka. Lummi na-aga n'ihu na njem Totem Pole ha kwa afọ iji chebe ụmụnne ha ndị okenye, blackfish, na iji gbochie coal, mmanụ na egwu ndị ọzọ na Oké Osimiri Salish. A na-eme usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị a iji dozie ihe Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart na Lemyra M. DeBruyn kpọrọ &quot;ọdachi a na'edozighị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guernsey|first=J.|date=July 30, 2021|title=How the Lummi Nation revealed the limits of species and Habitats as Conservation Values in the Endangered Species Act: Healing as Indigenous Conservation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353606078}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Agroecology
* ''Ịkpa Sweetgrass''
* Ihe ndị na-abụghị osisi
* Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala
* Ụmụ ahụhụ Africa TEK
* Sayensị ụmụ amaala

== Edensibia ==

=== Ihe edeturu ===
&lt;references responsive=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

=== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Hernández-Morcillo|first=Mónica|year=2014|title=Traditional ecological knowledge in Europe: Status quo and insights for the environmental policy agenda|journal=[[Environment (magazine)|Environment]]|volume=56|issue=1|pages=3–17|doi=10.1080/00139157.2014.861673|url=https://zenodo.org/record/33573}}
* Robin Wall Kimmerer (2013). Ịkpa Sweetgrass: Amamihe nke Ụmụ Amaala, Ihe Ọmụma Sayensị, na Ozizi nke Osisi (Milkweed Edition)  .

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/tek/index.htm Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi: Nlekọta Interdisciplinary nke Nne Ụwa, National Park Service]
* [http://www.esf.edu/nativepeoples/ Center for Native Peoples and the Environment, na State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015133/http://www.ser.org/iprn/default.asp Nchịkọta Nweghachi Ndị Aborigine (IPRN)]
* [http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/bc/gwaiihaanas/index.aspx Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve na Haida Heritage Site]
* [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art34/table1.html Tebụl nke Ihu Isii nke TEK]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Acokanthera oblongifolia</title>
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      <text bytes="4880" sha1="bojuexh3smcjjzxuy77qokv7hbw9ksf" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Acokanthera oblongifolia (fruits) 01.JPG
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=IUCN&gt;{{cite iucn |author= Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) &amp; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title= ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' |volume=2019 |article-number= e.T141549206A149506107 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T141549206A149506107.en |access-date=December 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Acokanthera
| species = oblongifolia
| authority = ([[Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter|Hochst.]]) [[George Bentham|Benth.]] &amp; [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] ''ex'' [[Benjamin Daydon Jackson|B.D.Jacks.]]&lt;ref name=WCSP&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=2164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919095516/http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=2164 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |title=''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' |work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] (WCSP) |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = 
*''Acokanthera spectabilis'' &lt;small&gt;([[Otto Wilhelm Sonder|Sond.]]) Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Carissa oblongifolia'' &lt;small&gt;[[Hochst.]]&lt;/small&gt;
*''Carissa spectabilis'' &lt;small&gt;([[Otto Wilhelm Sonder|Sond.]]) [[Marcel Pichon|Pichon]]&lt;/small&gt;
*''Jasminonerium oblongifolium'' &lt;small&gt;([[Hochst.]]) [[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]&lt;/small&gt;
*''Toxicophlaea spectabilis'' &lt;small&gt;Sond.&lt;/small&gt;
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=WCSP/&gt;
}}

'''''Acokanthera oblongifolia''''' (a maara nke ọma dị ka '''African wintersweet''', '''dune poison bush''', '''Hottentot's poison''', '''poison arrow plant''' ma ọ bụ '''wintersweet'''&lt;ref name=GRIN&gt;{{GRIN | ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' | 102583 | accessdate = 8 August 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a plant in the family [[Apocynaceae]].&lt;ref name=POWO&gt;{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164695-1 |title=Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth. &amp; Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=n.d. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116062826/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164695-1 |archive-date=November 16, 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=COL&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/9FRH |title= Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth. &amp; Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=n.d. |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=Species 2000 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eto dị ka osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma ọ bụ obere osisi ruo {{convert|6|m}} n'ogologo. Okooko osisi ya na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere pink ọcha na-acha odo odo [[Corolla (ifuru)|corolla]]. Mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ na-acha odo odo mgbe ha chara. Ebe obibi ya bụ oke ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ na oke ọhịa dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. A na-eji ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' agwọ ọrịa ndị Afrịka na-agwọ agwọ, ọzịza na ikpuru dị n'ime. E jirila osisi ahụ mee ihe dị ka [[nsị akụ]].&lt;ref name=Med&gt;{{cite book | title = Medicinal Plants | publisher = PROTA | year= 2008 | pages = 29&amp;ndash;30 | isbn = 978-9-05782-204-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị a sitere na [[Mozambique]] na [[South Africa]].&lt;ref name=WCSP/&gt;&lt;ref name=Med/&gt;

==Taxonomy==
[[Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter]] kọwara ya nke mbụ n'afọ 1844 dị ka nke a.''&lt;ref name=ipni/&gt;&lt;ref name=hochst/&gt; e kenyere ya ọzọ na 1876 na ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a, ''[[Acokanthera]]'', site n'aka George Bentham na Joseph Hooker,&lt;ref name=hooker&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/657858|date=1876|author=Bentham, G.|author2=Hooker, J.D.|journal=Genera Plantarum :ad Exemplaria Imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus Servata Definita|volume=2|issue=2|page=696|title=Apocynaceae}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana ọ bụghị nke ziri ezi, n'ikpeazụ, na 1895, [[Benjamin Daydon Jackson]] bipụtara ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'''.&lt;ref name=ipni/&gt;&lt;ref name=jacks/&gt;

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=ipni&gt;{{IPNI|id=/77164695-1|taxon=Acokanthera oblongifolia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=hochst&gt;Hochstetter, C.F.F (1844) [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39982 Flora 27(2): 827]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = jacks&gt;Jacks, B.D. (1895) [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42403109 Index Kew. 2(2): 1262.]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q926276}}

[[Category:Acokanthera|oblongifolia]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Flora of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Flora of South Africa]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1844]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter]]

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      <text bytes="1713" sha1="9pqxdu87uu07e74n0slv4r3j0s1o8uo" xml:space="preserve">Ghana Chamber of Telecommunications bụ òtù nche anwụ nke na-achịkwa ma na-akwalite ọdịmma nke ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta na [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://telecomschamber.com/|title=Home - Ghana Chambers of Telecommunication|work=Ghana Chambers of Telecommunication|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222301/http://telecomschamber.com/|archive-date=2017-11-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nca.org.gh/media-and-news/news/chamber-of-telecoms-honours-communications-minister-and-nca-dg/|title=Chamber of Telecoms Honours Communications Minister and NCA DG » National Communications Authority|work=nca.org.gh|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwaku Sakyi-Addo bụ onye isi ọrụ maka afọ isii mbụ nke ịdị adị ya. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/04/09/kwaku-sakyi-addo-steps-down-as-telecoms-chamber-ceo/|title=Kwaku Sakyi-Addo steps down as Telecoms Chamber CEO {{!}}|work=citifmonline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=30 July 2020|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105032847/http://citifmonline.com/2017/04/09/kwaku-sakyi-addo-steps-down-as-telecoms-chamber-ceo/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ụlọ ahụ bụ Ing. Kenneth Ashigbey&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://theheraldghana.com/telecom-chamber-sack-kweku-sakyi-addo/|title=Telecom Chamber To Sack Kweku Sakyi-Addo|work=Herald|accessdate=2017-11-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222312/http://theheraldghana.com/telecom-chamber-sack-kweku-sakyi-addo/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Steeti Anambra</title>
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[[Usòrò:Prof. Kenneth Dike State Central E-Library, Awka, Anambra State.jpg|thumb|Prof.Kenneth Dike State Central E-Library, Awka, Anambra State.jpg]]
Anambra State Library Board (ANSLB), bụ '''ụlọ''' akwụkwọ Naijiria nke na-elekọta ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze niile dị na Anambra State. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ Awka - [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] express site na Aroma junction na [[Óká|Awka]], isi obodo Anambra State. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Prọfesọ [[Kenneth Dike]] State Central e-Library, Awka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Agbanu|first=Norbert|date=2019-11-28|title=PROBLEMS OF COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE LIBRARY BOARD|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/3701|journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Osuigwe|first=Nkem Ekene|date=2016|title=Leveraging On Organizational Culture For Innovative Services: A Case Study Of Prof. Kenneth Dike State Central e-Library, Awka|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4020&amp;context=libphilprac|journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze iri na otu, nke nwere ọbá Akwụkwọ Divisional atọ nwere ọbáakwụkwọ Branch / Community asaa na isi ụlọ ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ - Prọfesọ Kenneth Dike State Central e-Library, Awka. The State Library Board enwetala ihe nrite maka Best Public Library na Nigeria ruo afọ atọ n'usoro, na-enweta ya ihe nrite ọzọ maka Ever Green Public Library na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.pressreader.com/|accessdate=2022-12-22}}
[[Òtù:CS1 errors: missing title]]
[[Òtù:CS1 errors: bare URL]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nguzobe nke Anambra State Library Board ==
E guzobere Anambra State Library Board n'okpuru CAP 82 Laws of Anambra State of Nigeria 2669. E wepụtara ya na Eastern Nigeria Regional Library Board, East Central State Library Board, na Old Anambra State Library Board ebe e mepụtara Enugu State Library Board.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Onebune Chris|date=2018-12-04|title=PROVISION OF PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES IN A DEPRESSED ECONOMY: A CASE STUDY OF ANAMBRA STATE LIBRARY BOARD|url=https://lisdigest.org/index.php/lisd/article/view/2|journal=Journal of the Nigerian Library Association, Anambra State Chapter: Anambra State Library and Information Science Digest|volume=2|issue=1|pages=7–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ogbonna|first=Isaac M.|date=2011|title=Public Library Services Provided by the Enugu State Library Board from 2007 to 2010: A Statistical Report.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344446914|journal=Nigerian Libraries|volume=44|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere, mgbe e guzobere Anambra State na 1991, Anambra State Library Board ghọrọ onye na-achị onwe ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze ndị ọzọ dị na Anambra ochie na-abịa n'okpuru nlekọta ya ma na-echebe isi ụlọ ọrụ ya nwa oge na St. Mary's High School, Ifite-Dunu tupu ebufee ebe obibi ya na Prọfesọ Kenneth Dike State Central e-Library Awka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra {{!}} state, Nigeria {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anambra|accessdate=2022-12-22|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=F.O. Obodoeze|date=2008|title=PUBLIC - PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVES IN RURAL LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES: THE 20TH CENTURY ANAMBRA STATE EXPERIMENTS|url=https://lisdigest.org/index.php/lisd/article/view/2|journal=Journal of Nigerian Library Association, Anambra State Chapter: Anambra State Library and Information Science Digest|volume=2|issue=1|pages=11–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mepụtara ọbá akwụkwọ nke ngalaba atọ iji lekọta ọbá akwụkwọ obodo asaa dị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke steeti ahụ na isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Awka na-eme ka ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze iri na otu n'okpuru Anambra State Library Board. Otú ọ dị, n'ime ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze iri na otu dị na steeti Anambra, ọ bụ naanị anọ - ọbá akwụkwọ [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]], Awka, Ajalli na Atani na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ndị e wuru kpọmkwem dị ka ụlọ ọbá akwụkwọ. Ọbá akwụkwọ asaa ndị ọzọ dị n'ụlọ nzukọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-09|title=Dr Nkechi Udeze lauds Anambra State Library Board for its achievements - Welcome To InlandTown Online {{!}} Get hot information on Onitsha|url=https://www.inlandtown.com/dr-nkechi-udeze-lauds-anambra-state-library-board-for-its-achievements/|accessdate=2022-12-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ndepụta nke Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Divisional na Anambra State Library Board'''

* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Onitsha
* Ọbá Akwụkwọ [[Nnewi]] Divisional
* Ọbá Akwụkwọ Abagana Divisional

'''Ndepụta nke Ọbá Akwụkwọ Branch / Community n'okpuru Anambra State Library Board'''

* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Alaka Ozubulu
* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Alaka Ihembosi
* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Alaka Amichi
* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mkpologwu
* Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ajali
* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Alaka Adazi
* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Alaka Atani

== Ọ́bá akwụkwọ nkewa nwere ọ́bá akwụkwọ alaka / ọ́bá Akwụkwọ obodo na Anambra State Library Board ==
Ọbá akwụkwọ atọ dị na Anambra State Library Board bụ Onitsha, Nnewi, na Abagana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Moukwelu Maureen Ifenyinwam , Usuka Enweremadu Isaac and Azubuike Chioma G|date=2020|title=Impact of Users' Reference and Information Needs Satisfaction on Library Patronage|url=https://lisdigest.org|journal=Journal of Nigerian Library Association, Anambra State Chapter: Library and Information Science Digest|volume=14|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị a dị n'obodo ukwu na obodo nta dị na steeti ahụ nke na-anọchite anya mpaghara ndị omeiwu atọ dị na steet ahụ. Ya mere, Ngalaba Onitsha na-anọchite anya Anambra North Senatorial District, ebe Ngalaba Nnewi na-anọchi anya Anambra South Senatorial district na Ngalaba Abagana na-anọchitere Anambra Central Senatorial Region, n'otu n'otu.

Onitsha Divisional Library dị n'etiti azụmahịa nke mba ahụ nke bụ Onitsha, nke nwere nnukwu ahịa na West Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mbanefo S. Ogene|date=2013|title=Repositioning Libraries for Information Management in Nigerian Society Being a Keynote Address Delivered on the Occasion of Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Nigerian Library Association ( The Nature and Role of Public Libraries in Nigeria|url=https://www.academia.edu/5317928|archivedate=2013|accessdate=2022-12-23|work=researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onitsha dị na mpaghara [[Onitsha North]]. Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ na-ejere ndị niile bi na Onitsha na gburugburu ya ozi. Ọbá akwụkwọ alaka / obodo dị n'okpuru ya bụ Atani. Ọbá akwụkwọ obodo Atani na-akọ akụkọ na Onitsha Division nke na-akọ na isi ụlọ ọrụ na Prọfesọ Kenneth Dike State Central Library Awka ebe State Library Board dị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2014|title=Information Needs of Rural Dwellers as a Measure of the Effectiveness of Library and Information Services Provision in Anambra State, Nigeria|url=https://www.jaistonline.org/AnunobiOgbonnaOsuchukwu-2k14.pdf|journal=Journal of Applied Information Science and Technology|volume=7|issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003140501/https://jaistonline.org/AnunobiOgbonnaOsuchukwu-2k14.pdf|archive-date=2023-10-03|access-date=2023-06-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnewi Divisional Library dị n'obodo Nnewi nke a maara dị ka ahịa akụkụ igwe na steeti Anambra. Ngalaba ahụ na-ejere ndị bi na Nnewi na gburugburu ya ozi. Ọbá akwụkwọ alaka / obodo dị n'okpuru Nnewi bụ Amichi, Ihembosi, na Ozubulu, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Light|first=National|date=2020-06-17|title=Rape: Anambra Library Board takes enlightenment to grassroots|url=https://www.nationallightngr.com/2020/06/17/rape-anambra-library-board-takes-enlightenment-to-grassroots/|accessdate=2022-12-23|work=National Light|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024025036/https://nationallightngr.com/2020/06/17/rape-anambra-library-board-takes-enlightenment-to-grassroots/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọbá akwụkwọ Abagana Divisional dị n'obodo Abagana na mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo nke Anambra Steeti. Ọ na-ejere ndị bi na Abagana na gburugburu ya ozi. Ọbá akwụkwọ obodo dị n'okpuru Abagana bụ Adazi, Ajalli na Nkpologwu, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Otú ọ dị, otu n'ime ọbá akwụkwọ Divisional, Nnewi, na ọbá akwụkwọ obodo nke alaka, Atani anaghịzi arụ ọrụ n'ihi ihe ịma aka sitere na obodo ebe ha dị. Ụlọ ọrụ State Library Board enwebeghị ike idozi nsogbu ndị ahụ ruo afọ ole na ole ugbu a. N'ihi ya, ọbá akwụkwọ Nnewi na Atani anọwo na mkpọchi ruo ọtụtụ afọ ugbu a n'enyeghị ndị bi na ya ọrụ ozi. Ọzọkwa, a chọpụtara na Anambra State Library Board na ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze ya na-eche ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka ihu dị ka ego ezughi oke, ọnọdụ ọrụ na atụmanya na-adịghị mma maka ndị ọrụ, akụrụngwa ICT ezughi ezu, na ndị ọrụ nwere nkà ICT.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kelechi Okafor|date=2020|title=Public Library Services in Nigeria: Challenges and Strategies|url=https://www.lisdigest.org/index.php/lisd/article/view/152|journal=Journal of Nigerian Library Association, Anambra State Chapter: Library and Information Science Digest|volume=13|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na ihe omume nke Anambra State Library Board ==
Anambra State Library Board na-ahazi ihe omume, mmemme, na ihe omume maka obodo na ụmụ amaala ha na-eje ozi nke gụnyere:

* Ịgụ nkwalite site na iji aṅụ na-asụ mkpụrụ, asọmpi ịgụ akwụkwọ yana mgbasa ozi ụlọ akwụkwọ, na nkwado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NWOFOR, Florence Amaka, UDEZE, Nkechi Sabina and CHIKAODI, Hope Chinyere Ilorah|date=2019-08-26|title=Public Library Transforming Communities: Innovative Projects through Partnerships for Sustainable Developments|url=https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2678/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222145457/https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2678/|archivedate=2022-12-22|accessdate=2022-12-22|work=ifla.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Osuchukwu, Ngozi P., Okonkwo, Ifeyinwa N., Obuezie, Adaora C. and Udeze, Nkechi S.|date=2017|title=Pathway to Inclusive Community Children Reading Program for Sustainable Development: Summer Reading Experience in Anambra State, Nigeria|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1690|journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)|volume=1690}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwekwara mmemme ndị a haziri gburugburu Ụbọchị Ịgụ na Ịgụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra State Library Board Commemorates International Literacy Day In Awka|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2022/09/10/anambra-state-library-board-commemorates-international-literacy-day-in-awka/|accessdate=2022-12-22|work=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910062025/https://www.absradiotv.com/2022/09/10/anambra-state-library-board-commemorates-international-literacy-day-in-awka/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Ụzọ Mba Nile
* Ihe omume ndị dị gburugburu Ụbọchị Ọrịa Cancer Ụwa nke na-ekerịta nghọta ọha na eze na itinye aka na mgbochi na nlekọta nke ọrịa kansa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=247ureports|date=2022-02-18|title=Cancer: Anambra Library Director, Udeze makes case for organic foods|url=https://247ureports.com/2022/02/cancer-anambra-library-director-udeze-makes-case-for-organic-foods%ef%bf%bc/|accessdate=2022-12-22|work=247ureports.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ụbọchị Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị na nkwalite nke asụsụ nne maka nkwado nke ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala na asụsụ obodo. Ihe omume kwa afọ nke Anambra State Library Board nke na-akwado ịkwalite asụsụ obodo na [[Omenala|omenala Igbo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwabufo|first=Dominica Ijeoma|date=2022-11-03|title=Anambra State Library promotes local dialect|url=https://von.gov.ng/anambra-state-library-promotes-local-dialect/|accessdate=2022-12-22|work=Voice of Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101160418/https://von.gov.ng/anambra-state-library-promotes-local-dialect/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe omume na usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta maka ịkekọrịta ozi na mgbanwe echiche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Osuigwe, Nkem Ekene|date=2016|title=Leveraging On Organizational Culture For Innovative Services: A Case Study Of Prof. Kenneth Dike State Central elibrary, Awka|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1447|journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal).|volume=1447}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọrụ na ntinye aka na nghọta maka ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na obodo / ọbá akwụkwọ alaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
* Ọrụ mmekorita na òtù, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ na ozi na itinye aka maka mmepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Okafor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okafor|first=Izunna|date=2021-07-29|title=In Anambra, groups organise competitions for rural pupils|url=https://www.nationallightngr.com/2021/07/29/in-anambra-groups-organise-competitions-for-rural-pupils/|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=National Light|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226103050/https://www.nationallightngr.com/2021/07/29/in-anambra-groups-organise-competitions-for-rural-pupils/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Usoro aṅụ na-asụpụta&lt;ref name=&quot;Okafor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra Library Board Holds 2019 Spelling Bee Competition Grand Finale In Awka|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2019/12/15/anambra-library-board-holds-2019-spelling-bee-competition-grand-finale-in-awka/|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121043115/https://www.absradiotv.com/2019/12/15/anambra-library-board-holds-2019-spelling-bee-competition-grand-finale-in-awka/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ụbọchị Akwụkwọ na Nwe Ikike nwebisiinka Ụwa 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra State Library Board Has Joined The Rest Of The World To Commemorate The 2022 World Book And Copyright Day.|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/308153/anambra-state-library-board-has-joined-the-rest-of-the-world.html|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọbá akwụkwọ na ọrụ ozi site na Anambra State Library Board ==

* Ọrụ ụmụaka
* Ọrụ obodo
* Ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị
* Ịnweta nkà
* Ọrụ ozi maka ndị mkpọrọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ
* Ihe ọmụma ahụike
* Ọrụ ICT

== Akụkụ dị iche iche n'isi ụlọ ọrụ Anambra State Library Board ==

* Akụkụ ụmụaka
* Akụkụ ntụaka
* Ebe Nketa Ọdịbendị
* Ngalaba ICT

== Ndị nduzi gara aga nke Anambra State Library Board ==

* Nkechi Udeze&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Light|first=National|date=2019-07-04|title=Nkechi Udeze: Scholarly librarian with innovative drive|url=https://www.nationallightngr.com/2019/07/04/nkechi-udeze-scholarly-librarian-with-innovative-drive/|accessdate=2022-12-23|work=National Light|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222145512/https://www.nationallightngr.com/2019/07/04/nkechi-udeze-scholarly-librarian-with-innovative-drive/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Nkem Osuigwe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Osigwe commends Gov. Obiano for contribution to state library board|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2015/08/30/dr-osigwe-commends-gov-obiano-for-contribution-to-state-library-board/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421161158/https://www.absradiotv.com/2015/08/30/dr-osigwe-commends-gov-obiano-for-contribution-to-state-library-board/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Chris Onebunne&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Library Association Anambra State Chapter Holds 2021 Conference, AGM In Awka|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2021/12/02/nigeria-library-association-anambra-state-chapter-holds-2021-conference-agm-in-awka/|accessdate=2022-12-23|work=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121043326/https://www.absradiotv.com/2021/12/02/nigeria-library-association-anambra-state-chapter-holds-2021-conference-agm-in-awka/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ndị Anambra State Library Board meriri ==
Anambra State Library Board enwetala ihe nrite na mmata maka ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze kachasị mma na Naịjirịa ruo afọ atọ n'usoro. Ha bụ:

* Ihe nrite maka Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Ọha Kasị Mma maka Innovation na Creativity na Naịjirịa 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Light|first=National|date=2019-07-04|title=Nkechi Udeze: Scholarly librarian with innovative drive|url=https://www.nationallightngr.com/2019/07/04/nkechi-udeze-scholarly-librarian-with-innovative-drive/|accessdate=2022-12-22|work=National Light|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222145506/https://www.nationallightngr.com/2019/07/04/nkechi-udeze-scholarly-librarian-with-innovative-drive/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ihe nrite maka Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Ọha Kasị Mma maka Innovation na Creativity na Naịjirịa 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 
* Ihe nrite maka Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ọha Kasị Mma maka Innovation na Creativity na Naịjirịa 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
* Ihe nrite maka Ever Green Library maka mmeri Best Public Library maka afọ 3 n'usoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anambra Library Board Targets More Innovative Services To Consolidate On Achievements|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2021/06/05/anambra-library-board-targets-more-innovative-services-to-consolidate-on-achievements/|accessdate=2022-12-22|work=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605080202/https://www.absradiotv.com/2021/06/05/anambra-library-board-targets-more-innovative-services-to-consolidate-on-achievements/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ahụike na Naịjirịa</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Primus_International_Superspeciality_Hospital.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Abuja, isi obodo Naịjirịa]]
Na Naịjirịa, e nweela ọganihu dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite ahụike kemgbe afọ 1950. Otú ọ dị, ọrịa ndị na-emetụta akpa ume (lower respiratory infections), ọrịa ụmụaka ọhụrụ amụrụ amụ (neonatal disorders), na nje HIV/AIDS ka na-anọgide dịka ihe ndị kachasị ebute ọnwụ n'obodo ahụ. Ọrịa ndị dịka kịtịka enwe (monkeypox), polio, ịba (malaria), na ụkwara nta (tuberculosis) egosila mgbanwe dị mma n'ihi usoro ntinye aka dị iche iche. Ihe ndị ọzọ kachasị echegbu ahụike gụnyere erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ (malnutrition), lulu/mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi (pollution), na ihe mberede okporo ụzọ. N'afọ 2020, Naịjirịa nwetara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị bu ọrịa COVID-19 n'Afrịka niile.

Nzukọ &quot;Human Rights Measurement Initiative&quot; (HRMI) na-eme atụmatụ na Naịjirịa na-emezu naanị pacenti iri anọ na asatọ n'isi abụọ (48.2%) nke ọrụ a tụrụ anya n'aka ya maka ikike ahụike, dabere na ego ọ na-enweta n'ozuzu ya. Maka ahụike ụmụaka, Naịjirịa na-emezu pacenti iri isi na isii n'isi isi (66.6%) nke ihe a tụrụ anya ya, ebe maka ndị okenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ pacenti iri isi na otu n'isi asaa (61.7%). Arụmọrụ n'ahụike gbasara ịmụ nwa na mmepụta (reproductive health) dị nnọọ ala, nke ruru naanị pacenti iri na isii n'isi atọ (16.3%) nke ọkwa a tụrụ anya ya.

== Atụmanya ndụ na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ndị na-erubeghị afọ ise ==
Atụmatụ ndụ mmadụ mgbe a mụrụ ya (life expectancy at birth) na Naịjirịa ruru elu site n'afọ iri anọ na itoolu n'isi anọ (49.4) n'afọ 2007 gaa n'ihe dịka afọ iri ise na anọ (54) n'afọ 2017. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise (U5MR) n'ime puku mụrụ dị ndụ ọ bụla (per 1,000 live births) belatara site na otu narị na iri anọ na ise n'isi asaa (145.7) n'afọ 2007 gaa na otu narị n'isi abụọ (100.2) n'afọ 2017. E jiri ya tụnyere obodo ndị ọzọ na nkezi zuru ụwa ọnụ, ihe ngosi ahụike nke Naịjirịa ka dị nnọọ ala.
[[Faịlụ:Life_expectancy_development_in_Nigeria.svg|thumb|Atụmatụ ndụ mmadụ mgbe a mụrụ ya na Naịjirịa]]
'''Ihe iri kacha akpata ọnwụ na Naịjirịa (2007-2017) '''
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[[Faịlụ:Under-5_child_mortality_rate_(1964_-_2017)_and_life_expectancy_at_birth_(1960_-_2017)_in_Nigeria.jpg|Under-5 child mortality rate (1964–2017) and life expectancy at birth (1960–2017) in Nigeria]]

Isi Iyi: Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise (n'ime puku mụrụ dị ndụ ọ bụla) na Atụmatụ ndụ mmadụ mgbe a mụrụ ya (afọ). Atụmatụ ndị a bụ nke nzukọ &quot;UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation&quot; (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) wepụtara.

Ntụle nke ihe ngosi ahụike na Naịjirịa na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ e ji atụnyere ya
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ntụnyere nke ihe ngosi ahụike
!Mba/Ógbè
!Ogologo ndụ a tụrụ anya ya mgbe a mụrụ ya (2007) 
!Ogologo ndụ a na-atụ anya ya mgbe a mụrụ ya (2017) 
!U5MR (2007) 
!U5MR (2017) 
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e mere atụmatụ (2018) 
|-
|Naịjirịa
|49
|54
|146
|100
|Nde 195+
|-
!Mba ndị a na-ezo aka
|Ghana
|60
|63
|82
|49
|Nde 29+
|-
|Malawi
|53
|64
|103
|55
|Nde 18+
|-
|Rwanda
|59
|67
|88
|38
|Nde 13+
|-
|Sudan
|61
|67
|84
|63
|Nde iri anọ na otu
|-
|Norway
|80
|83
|4
|3
|Nde 5+
|-
|United States
|78
|79
|8
|7
|Nde 327+
|-
|China
|75
|76
|20
|9
|1.393 ijeri
|-
|Australia
|81
|82
|5
|4
|Nde 24
|-
!Mpaghara na ụwa
|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na Pacific
|74
|76
|26
|16
|ijeri 2.328
|-
|Europe na Central Asia
|75
|78
|15
|9
|Nde 918+
|-
|Latin America na Caribbean
|73
|76
|24
|18
|Nde 641+
|-
|Middle East na North Africa
|72
|74
|31
|23
|Nde 448+
|-
|Ndịda Eshia
|66
|69
|71
|45
|1.814 ijeri
|-
|Ebe ndịda Sahara nke Afrịka
|55
|61
|116
|76
|1.078 ijeri
|-
|Ụwa
|70
|72
|58
|39
|7.594 ijeri
|}
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nne na-anwụ na Naịjirịa karịrị 800 n'ime 100,000 a mụrụ dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Maternal health in Nigeria: generating information for action|url=http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/maternal-health-nigeria/en/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2013, e dekọrọ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ 560 maka 100,000 ọmụmụ dị ndụ, nke dịtụ elu karịa ọnwụ 516 maka 100,000 ọmụmụ na 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$state$time$value=2013;&amp;marker$select@$country=nga&amp;trailStartTime=1980;;&amp;axis_x$which=time&amp;domainMin:null&amp;domainMax:null&amp;zoomedMin:null&amp;zoomedMax:null&amp;scaleType=time&amp;spaceRef:null;&amp;axis_y$which=maternal_mortality_ratio_per_100000_live_births&amp;domainMin:null&amp;domainMax:null&amp;zoomedMin:null&amp;zoomedMax:null&amp;scaleType=genericLog&amp;spaceRef:null;;;&amp;chart-type=bubbles|title=Maternal mortality|accessdate=2019-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị na-enye aka gụnyere akụrụngwa nlekọta ahụike ezughi oke, ohere dị nta maka ọrụ ahụike dị mma, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2011|title=The Nigerian health care system: Need for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems|journal=Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=470–8|doi=10.4103/0975-7406.90100|issn=0975-7406|pmid=22219580|author=Welcome|first=Menizibeyaosain}}&lt;/ref&gt; nsogbu na-edozi ahụ nke metụtara ịda ogbenye, nchụpụ n'ihi nnupụisi Boko Haram, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-49154953/boko-haram-a-decade-of-terror-explained|title=Boko Haram: A decade of terror explained|work=BBC News|date=2019-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; ite ime na-adịghị mma, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dspace.unijos.edu.ng/jspui/handle/123456789/1443|title=Health Challenges in the Present Democratic Era in Nigeria: The Place of Technology|accessdate=2019-09-14|archivedate=24 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824150845/https://dspace.unijos.edu.ng/jspui/handle/123456789/1443}}&lt;/ref&gt; na omume ọdịnala na-emerụ ahụ dị ka igbu akụkụ ahụ nwanyị.

Na Naịjirịa, ohere nwere ike iduga n'ọnwụ nne dị ime n'oge ndụ ya niile bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nanyị iri abụọ na abụọ (1 n'ime 22). Obodo a nwere iwu siri ike machibidoro isikwatu ime, nke na-amachibido ohere ịnweta usoro nchekwa ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara isikwatu ime n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Nchọpụta e mere n'afọ 2019 rụtụrụ aka n'enweghị nka zuru ezu n'ilekọta ndị ime na-enye nsogbu na mberede (emergency obstetric care) n'etiti ndị na-enye ọrụ ahụike. E nwekwara nnukwu ọdịiche n'etiti mpaghara dị iche iche, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke ndị nne dị ime na-ebelata na mpaghara ndịda Naịjirịa mana ọ ka dị elu na mpaghara ugwu n'ihi ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị ala nakwa enweghị ohere zuru ezu iji nweta ọrụ ahụike.

Ọnwụ ndị nne (maternal mortality) na-enwe mmetụta siri ike na mmepe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (socioeconomic development) na Naịjirịa. Ebumnobi nke Atọ nke Mmepe Na-adigide (Sustainable Development Goal 3, target 1) na-achọ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ndị nne ka ọ daa n'okpuru iri asa (70) n'ime puku narị mụrụ dị ndụ ọ bụla (100,000 live births) tupu afọ 2030 eruo. Iji nweta ebumnobi a, ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee mkpọsa mmata (awareness campaigns), nlekọta ahụike ka mma, nakwa mkpebi siri ike na nkọwa ọrụ n'aka gọọmentị na ndị isi obodo.{{Reflist}} 

Nnweta mmiri dị mma n'Ebe Ndị Na-emepe Emepere na Naịjirịa rịrị elu site na 47% n'afọ 1990 ruo 54% n'afọ 2010. Nnweta nke ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe, nke rịdataworo site na 80% ruo 65% n'afọ 2006, gakekwara rụọ 74% ka ọ na-erule afọ 2010.[1]

Akụrụngwa nlekọta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ka na-adịghị mma. Imirikiti ezinụlọ na-adabere na mposi olulu (septic tanks) ebe ọ bụ na usoro nsị na mmiri ruru unyi nke etiti kpaara ókè na Abuja nakwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Lagos.[1] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2006 gosiri na ọ bụ naanị 1% nke ezinụlọ ndị dị na Lagos jikọtara na usoro nsị na mmiri ruru unyi a.[2] N'afọ 2016, mmiri na-adịghị mma, nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma, na ejighị ịdị ọcha kpọrọ ihe kpatara ọnwụ mmadụ 68.6 n'ime mmadụ 100,000 ọ bụla.[3]

== Ọrịa ==

=== Nje HIV na Ọrịa AIDS ===
Nnyocha Ihe Ngosipụta na Mmetụta HIV/AIDS nke Naịjirịa nke afọ 2018 gosiri na ọnụọgụ ndị bu nje HIV n'obodo ahụ n'etiti ndị okenye gbara afọ 15 ruo 49 bụ 1.4%.[1] Ọnụọgụ a dị iche iche nke ukwuu n'ofe mpaghara na steeti dị iche iche. Steeti Akwa Ibom nwere ọnụọgụ kacha elu nke ruru 5.6%, steeti Benue esote ya (4.9%), tupu steeti Rivers esote ha (3.8%).[2] N'aka nke ọzọ, steeti Jigawa na steeti Katsina nwere ọnụọgụ kacha ala nke ruru 0.3%.[3]

Ọrịa gbasara emume a na-agbasa kacha site na mmebi iwu na omume ndị dị ize ndụ dị ka inwe ọtụtụ ndị enyi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ, amaghị ihe ize ndụ dị na ya, enweghị ohere zuru oke maka nlekọta ahụike,[1] na ụfọdụ ihe metụtara ọnọdụ akụnaụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gụnyere ịgbagharị ahịa n'akụkụ ebe ndị agha na ndị uwe ojii na-enyocha ihe.[2] Ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata ya gụnyere ịgba akwụna, ọnụọgụ dị elu nke ọrịa na-efe efe site na mmekọahụ, omume mmekọahụ nzuzo dị ize ndụ, na azụmahịa ịzụ ma ọ bụ ire mmadụ.[3] Ụmụ agbọghọ kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma e jiri ha tụnyere ụmụ okorobịa.[3]

=== Ịba ===
Ịba, nke bụ ọrịa anwụnta na-ebute, ka na-asọ mpi dị ka otu n'ime ihe kacha ebute ọrịa na ọnwụ na Naịjirịa. Ọ dika mbelata dị nwayọ n'itunye nje na ọnwụ kemgbe afọ 2007,[1] mana ọ ka bụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ n'obodo ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2012, ọnụọgụ mgbasa nke ịba bụ 11%.[2] Atụmatụ Mgbochi Ịba nke Onye Isiala (President's Malaria Initiative) kọwara Naịjirịa dị ka obodo nwere ibu arọ dị elu nke ọrịa a.[3] Usoro Nchịkwa Ịba nke Mba (National Malaria Control Program) nakweere isiokwu mkpọsa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke bụ, 'Kwụsị Ịba Maka Ndụ Nke Ọma.'[4]

N'afọ 2017, ịba rịgooro dị ka ihe nke anọ kacha ebute ọnwụ na Naịjirịa, ebe ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka ọhụrụ mụrụ bụ 103.2 na 62.6 n'ime ụmụaka 1,000 ọ bụla a mụrụ ná ndụ, n'otu n'otu.[1] Mgbasa ọrịa a dị elu ka na-aga n'ihu na steeti dị iche iche, nke nsogbu ndị dị ka isi ike ọgwụ na ọgwụ anwụnta (anwụnta adaghị n'ọgwụ) nakwa ụgwọ akụnaụba dị elu nke mbọ a na-agba iji kpochapụ ya na-agbakwunye.[2] Nchịkwa anwụnta dị mma, nchọpụta ziri ezi, na ọgwụgwọ ziri ezi dị mkpa maka ịlụso ọrịa a ọgụ. Nduzi siri ike, ime ihe n'eguzogosị kwụ ọtọ, na ajụjụ na azịza (aza ajụjụ maka omume mmadụ) n'ọkwa gọọmentị niile dị mkpa iji hụ na e nwere ihe bose n'ịgbalị ịchịkwa na ikpochapụ ịba.[2

=== Ọrịa na-enye obodo nọrọ ===
N'afọ 1985, ntiwapụ nke ọrịa ịba mpanaka (yellow fever) na Naịjirịa kpatara ọnwụ nke ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,000. Ọrịa a gbasara gburugburu ebe ahụ rụọ afọ ise, ma kpatakwuo ọnwụ ndị ọzọ. Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mpanaka adịla kemgbe afọ ndị 1930.[1] Ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-enye obodo nọrọ (endemic) na Naịjirịa gụnyere ịba (malaria), ogbu na-acha n'anya ụdị A (hepatitis A), ogbu na-acha n'anya ụdị B (hepatitis B), taịfọdụ (typhoid), emume akpụkpọ ụbụrụ (meningitis), na ahụ ọkụ Lassa (Lassa fever).[2][3] Na gazi, a na-adụkarị ndị na-eme njem na-abịa Naịjirịa ọdụ ka ha nweta ọgwụ mgbochi na ọgwụ dị iche iche iji chebe onwe ha pụọ n'ọrịa ndị a.[2]

=== Ịba Enwe ===
Mpox, nke a na-akpọkwa ịba enwe (monkeypox), bụ ọrịa na-agbakarị n'etiti anụmanụ nke na-esi n'ahụ anụmanụ na-efe gaa n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ pụkwara isi n'ahụ onye nwere ọrịa ahụ gaa n'ahụ mmadụ ọzọ. Mpox na-efe mgbe e nwere mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ mmetụ aka n'etiti anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ nwere ọrịa ahụ, ma ọ bụ site n'ihe unyi ruru rịa ọrịa metụrụ aka. Mpox nwere ọgwụgwọ doro anya dị iche maka ya. Anyị nwere ike igbochi ya naanị site na mchacha aka anyị oge niile site n'ịsa ya ma hụ na anyị siri anụmanụ ọ bụla anyị chọrọ iri nke ọma ka ọ gbaa ọkụ. A chọpụtara ọrịa a na mbụ n'afọ 1971 na Naịjirịa ebe a hụrụ mmadụ abụọ rịara ya.[1][2]

=== Kofidi-biri-itolu ===
Nzaghachi Naịjirịa banyere ntiwapụ ọrịa COVID-19 gụnyere usoro dị iche iche e mere iji chịkwaa mgbasa nke nje ahụ, gụnyere iwu mmachibido iwu ịpụ n'èzí (lockdown), mmachibido iwu njem, na ịbawanye nnyocha ọbara. Gọọmentị sozi ndị otu mba ụwa rụọ ọrụ dị ka Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) na Njikọ Afrịka (African Union) iji nweta ọgwụ mgbochi. N'agbanyeghị mbọ ndị a rụpụtara, Naịjirịa chere ihe isi ike ihu n'ihe gbasara nkesa ọgwụ mgbochi na akụrụngwa ahụike ọha. Ntiwapụ ọrịa a mekwara ka nsogbu ahụike dịbu adị ka njọ, nke mere ka ihe onwunwe obodo ahụ nke pọrọ nku na mbụ hụkwuo ahụhụ.[1]
[[Faịlụ:Elephantiasis.jpg|thumb|Ọrịa Elephantiasis]]
Ọrịa ndị a na-asọ oge n'mpaghara okpomọkụ nke a na-eleghara anya (Neglected tropical diseases) bụ òtù ọrịa dị iche iche na-efe efe nke nje gasị dị iche iche na-akpata, gụnyere vaịros (viruses), baktiria (bacteria), katsiri (parasites), fọngas (fungi), na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu (toxins).[1][2][3] Ọrịa ndị a na-akachasị emesi ndị obodo ogbenye gburugburu ike, ọkachasị n'mpaghara okpomọkụ na gburugburu ya. Na Naịjirịa, ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya bụ nnukwu nchegbu n'ahụike ọha na eze n'ihi otú ha siri gbasazie n'ọtụtụ ebe nakwa mmetụta ha n'akụnaụba na mmekọrịta ọha.

Naịjirịa nwere otu n'ime ibu arọ kachasị elu nke ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya n'[[Afrịka]]. Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ịda ogbenye, akụrụngwa ahụike ezughi oke, na ịdabere n'ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta ọrịa ndị a na mba ahụ. Ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na Naịjirịa bụ ndị na-ebute ọrịa, nwere ebe nchekwa anụmanụ, ma gosipụta usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka itinye aka na ahụike ọha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ochola|first=Elizabeth A.|date=February 2021|title=The impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) on health and wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A case study of Kenya|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=15|issue=2|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009131|pmid=33571200}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria—Integrated Approach to Neglected Tropical Diseases (UNITED) · DAI: International Development|url=https://www.dai.com/our-work/projects/nigeria-integrated-approach-to-neglected-tropical-diseases-united|accessdate=2025-03-23|work=www.dai.com|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Lymphatic filariasis: A makwaara dị ka elephantiasis, bụ ọrịa parasitic nke ikpuru dịka ''Wuchereria bancrofti'', ''Brugia Malay'', na ''Brugia timori'' kpatara. A na-ebute ya site na ịta anwụnta site na ụdị dị ka ''Anopheles, Culex, Aedes,'' na ''Mansonia''. Ọrịa ahụ na-emetụta usoro lymphatic, na-eduga na ọzịza siri ike (lymphedema) na aka, akụkụ ahụ, na ara. Ka oge na-aga, akpụkpọ ahụ na-esiwanye ike, ebe ndị ahụ na-emetụta na-afụ ụfụ, na-eme ka ọ sie ike ịkwagharị. Ọrịa a nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nsogbu, gụnyere nkwarụ, ọrịa nke abụọ, na nsogbu uche. Ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa lymphatic filariasis na-eche ihere mmekọrịta ihu n'ihi ọdịdị ha, nke nwere ike imetụta ahụike uche ha na ogo ndụ ha. N'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ọnọdụ ahụ na-egbochi ịgagharị na ọrụ kwa ụbọchị, na-enye aka na nhụjuanya anụ ahụ na nke mmetụta uche ogologo oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic filariasis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis|accessdate=2025-03-23|work=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis)|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/lymphatic-filariasis|accessdate=2025-03-23|work=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Isianyaọcha|Onchocerciasis]], nke a maara nke ọma dị ka ìsì osimiri, sitere na ''Onchocerca volvulus'', ikpuru parasitic nke a na-ebute site na ịta nke blackflies na-arịa ọrịa (Ụdị &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAgI&quot;&gt;Simulium&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;). Nnụnụ ojii ndị a na-amụ nwa n'osimiri ndị na-asọ ngwa ngwa, na-eme ka obodo ndị dị nso n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike. Ozugbo ha banyere n'ime ahụ mmadụ, ikpuru na-emepụta microfilariae, nke na-agafe akpụkpọ ahụ na anya, na-eduga na nsogbu ahụike siri ike. Mgbaàmà nke onchocerciasis gụnyere ịta ezigbo ụta, akpụkpọ ahụ, na depigmentation, nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;akpụkpọ agụ owuru. &quot; Ndị butere ọrịa nwekwara ike ịmepụta nodules n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ ebe ikpuru toro eto bi. Ka oge na-aga, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ịhụ ụzọ, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na ìsì a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. E wezụga nhụjuanya anụ ahụ, ọrịa ahụ na-akpata ibu arọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, ebe ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ na ọrụ kwa ụbọchị. Mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ nke onchocerciasis na-agụnye nlekọta nke ivermectin, nke na-egbu microfilariae ma na-enyere aka ịchịkwa ọganihu nke ọrịa ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbalị iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ blackfly site na usoro nchịkwa vector, dị ka ịgbasa ọgwụ ahụhụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata nnyefe. Ọgwụgwọ na-aga n'ihu na usoro mgbochi dị mkpa iji belata mmetụta nke ọrịa a na-emebi emebi, ọkachasị na mpaghara ndị na-efe efe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Onchocerciasis (river blindness)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/onchocerciasis|accessdate=2025-03-23|work=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Onchocerciasis (river blindness)|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/onchocerciasis#tab=tab_1|accessdate=2025-03-23|work=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Schistosomiasis, nke a makwaara dị ka [[Skistosomiasis|Bilharzia]], bụ ọrịa parasitic nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ''Schistosoma'' kpatara, gụnyere ''S. mansoni'', ''S. haematobium'', na ''S. japonicum''. Ọrịa a na-eme mgbe ndị mmadụ na-emetụta mmiri dị ọcha nke snails na-arịa ọrịa na-emetọ nke na-ewepụta igurube parasitic. Ozugbo ha nọ n'ime ahụ, nje ndị ahụ na-etolite ma na-akwaga n'akụkụ dị iche iche, na-eduga na mgbaàmà dịka ọbara na mamịrị (urine schistosomiasis), [[afọ ọsịsa]], mmerụ ahụ imeju, na n'ọnọdụ siri ike, nkụchi akụrụ. Ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ ya, schistosomiasis nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nsogbu, gụnyere ọrịa kansa ụkwara, Fibrosis imeju, ụkọ ọbara, na nkwụsị uto n'ime ụmụaka. Igbochi schistosomiasis na-agụnye izere mmetụ na isi iyi mmiri na-emetọ emetọ na itinye usoro nchịkwa snail iji belata mgbasa nke ọrịa. Mass drug administration na praziquantel bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji kpochapụ nje ma gbochie nsogbu ogologo oge. Mgbalị ahụike ọha na eze na-elekwasị anya n'imeziwanye mmiri dị ọcha, ịkụziri obodo ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na ịkwalite nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge iji belata mmetụta nke ọrịa ahụ. Site na usoro mgbochi na usoro ọgwụgwọ na-aga n'ihu, enwere ike ịchịkwa schistosomiasis nke ọma ma belata ibu arọ ya nke ukwuu.

[[Faịlụ:Ascaris_infection_in_X-ray_image-_Pica,_the_practice_of_eating_soil_(South_Africa)_(16424840111).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa Ascaris na foto X-ray- Pica, omume iri ala (South Africa) (16424840111) ]]

* Helminths na-ebute n'ala, gụnyere roundworms (''Ascaris lumbricoides''), hookworms (''Necator americanus'', ''Ancylostoma duodenal''), na [[Trichuris trichiura|Trichuris trichiura&quot;&gt;whipworms]] (Trichuris trichiura), bụ parasitic worms nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ site na nri emetọ, mmiri, ma ọ bụ mmetụ aka na ala butere ọrịa. Nje ndị a na-akpata nsogbu ahụike dị mkpa dị ka nsogbu na-edozi ahụ, uto na-adịghị mma, ụkọ ọbara, ihe mgbu afọ, na afọ ọsịsa. N'ime ụmụaka, ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nwere ike iduga na nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi na mbelata arụmọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-emetụtawanye mmepe ha. Mgbasa nke ikpuru ndị a na-ejikọta ya na adịghị ọcha na omume ịdị ọcha, na-eme ka ha jupụta na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị mmiri dị ọcha na nkwụsịtụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Igbochi ọrịa helminth a na-ebute n'ala chọrọ njikọta nke ịdị ọcha ka mma, agụmakwụkwọ ịdị ọcha, na mmemme deworming. Ịkwalite ịsa aka kwesịrị ekwesị, iyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-echebe, na ijide n'aka na mmiri dị ọcha nwere ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrịa. A na-eji ọgwụgwọ deworming, dị ka albendazole na mebendazole, eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na atụmatụ ahụike ọha na eze iji chịkwaa ma kpochapụ ọrịa, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Idozi ọrịa ndị a dị oke mkpa maka imeziwanye ahụike n'ozuzu ya, ịkwalite nsonaazụ agụmakwụkwọ, na imebi usoro ịda ogbenye na obodo ndị metụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections|accessdate=2025-03-23|work=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Faịlụ:Trachoma_1.png|thumb|Trachoma 1]]

* Trachoma bụ ọrịa anya na-efe efe nke nje bacteria ''Chlamydia trachomatis'' kpatara. Ọ na-agbasa site na mmetụ anya kpọmkwem site n'aka ndị butere ọrịa ma ọ bụ site na ụmụ ahụhụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-ebute ọrịa. Ọrịa ahụ na-ebute ọbara ọbara, iwe, na nsị n'anya. Ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ ya, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute ugboro ugboro na trichiasis, ọnọdụ ebe anya na-agbanye n'ime ma na-agbanyụ cornea, na-akpata ọnyá. Ọnọdụ siri ike nwere ike ịkpata ìsì a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, na-eme ka trachoma bụrụ isi ihe na-akpata ìsì a pụrụ igbochi n'ụwa niile. Igbochi na ịgwọ trachoma gụnyere usoro SAFE, ịwa ahụ iji dozie trichiasis, Antibiotics dị ka azithromycin iji kpochapụ ọrịa ahụ, ịdị ọcha ihu iji belata nnyefe, na mmelite gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ịdị ọcha ka ibelata ọmụmụ nnụnụ. Omume ahụike ọha na eze na-elekwasị anya na ịdị ọcha na ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata mgbasa nke ọrịa ahụ. Site na mgbalị na-aga n'ihu, enwere ike iwepụ trachoma dị ka nchegbu ahụike ọha na eze na mpaghara ndị metụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trachoma - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20378505|accessdate=2025-03-23|work=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ekpenta]], nke a makwaara dị ka ọrịa Hansen, bụ ọrịa na-efe efe na-adịghị ala ala nke Mycobacterium leprae kpatara, nje bacteria na-eto ngwa ngwa nke na-emetụta akpụkpọ ahụ, akwara, na mucous membranes. A na-ebute ya site na mmekọrịta chiri anya na onye butere ọrịa, nke a na-ahụkarị site na mmiri ozuzo. Ọrịa ahụ na-apụta site na mgbaàmà ndị dị ka mmerụ ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ, enweghị mmetụta, mmebi akwara, na adịghị ike nke uru ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na a gwọọghị ya, ekpenta nwere ike ibute nnukwu nsogbu, gụnyere nkwarụ, nkwarụ na-adịgide adịgide, na ịkpa ókè ọha na eze n'ihi echiche na-ezighi ezi gbara ọrịa ahụ gburugburu. N'agbanyeghị ihere akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, ekpenta bụ ọrịa a na-agwọta, nchọpụta n'oge na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi nsogbu ogologo oge. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ọgwụgwọ ọtụtụ ọgwụ site na iji ngwakọta nke rifampicin, dapsone, na clofazimine, nke na-ewepụ nje bacteria ma kwụsị nnyefe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Perron|first=Gabriel G|title=Source–sink dynamics shape the evolution of antibiotic resistance and its pleiotropic fitness cost|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=22 September 2007|volume=274|issue=1623|pages=2351–2356|doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0640}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkwalite mmata, imeziwanye ohere maka nlekọta ahụike, na ibelata ihere ọha na eze bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa iji kpochapụ ekpenta na ijide n'aka na ndị metụtara ya na-enweta ọgwụgwọ n'oge na nke dị irè.

* Enweghị ego zuru oke: Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka ndị dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na Naịjirịa bụ ego. Ihe onwunwe e kenyere maka mmemme ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na-abụkarị ezughi ezu iji kwado mbọ itinye aka ogologo oge. Ọtụtụ atụmatụ na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ndị na-enye onyinye mba ụwa, ma mgbe ego na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ ezughi oke, mmemme ndị dị mkpa dị ka nlekọta ọgwụ, njikwa vector, na nlekota na-enwe nsogbu. Enweghị itinye ego zuru oke na nyocha, ọgwụgwọ, na usoro mgbochi, ọganihu iji kpochapụ ọrịa ndị a na-anọgide na-eji nwayọ, obodo ndị metụtara na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ENDING THE NEGLECT: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ELIMINATING NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES IN NIGERIA BY 2030|url=https://end.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/EndFund-Report-Dec21st-2022.pdf|work=end.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Onasanya|first=Adeola|title=Evaluating stakeholder coordination and partnerships for NTD elimination in Taraba state, Nigeria: a multi-level analysis|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|date=27 January 2025|volume=25|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-025-10553-x|pmid=39871204}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases Health Financing Landscape and Fund Flow Analysis in Cross River State|url=https://r4d.org/wp-content/uploads/Nigeria-FFA-Report-Final_09.27.23-1.pdf|work=r4d.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe owuwu ahụike na-adịghị ike: Usoro nlekọta ahụike nke Naijiria, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe, na-eche nnukwu ihe ịma aka ihu n'inye ọrụ zuru oke maka ịchịkwa ọrịa ndị a na'ebe okpomọkụ. Ọtụtụ obodo enweghị ụlọ ọrụ ahụike zuru oke, ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, na ihe ndị dị mkpa, na-eme ka o sie ike maka ndị mmadụ ịnata nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge. N'ógbè ụfọdụ, ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike dị anya site na ndị metụtara, na-eme ka ohere ịnweta ntinye aka dị mkpa sie ike. Ihe owuwu a na-adịghị ike na-egbochi ịdị irè nke nlekota ọrịa, nchọpụta n'oge, na mbọ nchịkwa, na-enye ohere ka ọrịa ndị a leghaara anya na-aga n'ihu ma gbasaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marchal|first=Bruno|title=Neglected tropical disease (NTD) control in health systems: The interface between programmes and general health services|journal=Acta Tropica|date=September 2011|volume=120|pages=S177–S185|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.02.017|pmid=21439930}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mgbochi na ibute ọrịa ọzọ: Nchịkwa nke ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na-eme ka ihe ịma aka nke iguzogide nje na ibute nje ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya, dị ka [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]] na lymphatic filariasis, nwere usoro mgbasa ozi dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-eme ka mkpochapụ zuru oke sie ike. Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere adịghị ọcha na nlekọta mkpofu ezughi oke, na-enye aka na nnyefe na-aga n'ihu. Ọbụna mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, ndị bi n'ebe ndị dị oke egwu na-enwekarị otu ọnọdụ ahụ nke dugara na ibute ọrịa na mbụ, na-eme ka ohere nke ibute ọrịa ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọgwụ na-eguzogide na-etolite, na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ ghara ịdị irè ma na-achọ mmepe nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ.
* Mmekọrịta obodo pere mpe: Nchịkwa dị irè nke ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na-achọ ntinye aka site na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, mana nkwenkwe mmekọrịta na ọdịbendị na enweghị mmata na-egbochi mbọ itinye aka. N'ebe ụfọdụ, echiche na-ezighi ezi banyere ihe na-akpata ọrịa na ọgwụgwọ na-eduga na iguzogide ntinye aka ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkwenkwe ọdịnala nwere ike ịkọwa ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya n'ebe okpomọkụ site na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ kama ịbụ ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, na-eduga ndị mmadụ ịchọ ọgwụgwọ ọzọ kama nlekọta ahụike. Tụkwasị na nke a, obodo ụfọdụ amaghị maka ọrụ nlekọta ahụike dịnụ ma ọ bụ na-atụ egwu ịta ahụhụ, nke na-egbochi ha ịchọ ọgwụgwọ. Ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ ahụike na itinye ndị isi obodo na mkpọsa mmata bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa iji merie ihe mgbochi ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Community engagement in neglected tropical disease treatment - Treatment in Nigeria: Rethinking the needs of varying contexts|url=https://countdown.lstmed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/content/centre_page/attachments/Community%20Engagement_final.pdf|work=countdown.lstmed.ac.uk|access-date=2026-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714103802/https://countdown.lstmed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/content/centre_page/attachments/Community%20Engagement_final.pdf|archive-date=2025-07-14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Opioid riri ahụ ===
N'afọ 2024, opioids bụ isi ihe na-akpata oke ọgwụ na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NigeriaSSA2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Oladapo|first=Rasaq|title=Combating opioid misuse in Nigeria: A comprehensive strategy for public health and social stability|journal=Society for the Study of Addiction|date=2025|volume=120|issue=2|pages=385–386|doi=10.1111/add.16710|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.16710|accessdate=27 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2024, opioids dị ka tramadol na codeine dị n'ọtụtụ ebe na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NigeriaLancet2024&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alare|first=Kehinde|title=The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions|journal=The Lancet|date=October 19, 2024|volume=404|issue=10462|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01855-5/fulltext|accessdate=27 April 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAlareMuili2024&quot;&gt;Alare, Kehinde; Muili, Abdulbasit (19 October 2024). [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01855-5/fulltext &quot;The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions&quot;]. ''The Lancet''. '''404''' (10462)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 April&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Opiates ndị ọzọ dịnụ gụnyere pentazocin na morphine. &lt;ref name=&quot;NigeriaLancet2024&quot; /&gt; Opiate na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma n'obodo ukwu ma n'ime ime obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NigeriaLancet2024&quot; /&gt; N'obodo ụfọdụ, a na-ejikarị opioid eme ihe, a na'ahụkwa ya dị ka ụzọ a na-adịghị emebi emebi iji dozie nrụgide onwe onye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NigeriaLancet2024&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2024, e nwere ụlọ ọgwụ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;NigeriaLancet2024&quot; /&gt; Omume mmanye iwu lekwasịrị anya n'ịghọ mpụ nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, kama igbochi inye ọgwụ ọjọọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NigeriaLancet2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alare|first=Kehinde|title=The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions|journal=The Lancet|date=October 19, 2024|volume=404|issue=10462|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01855-5/fulltext|accessdate=27 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nri ==
Nutrition, especially in northern Nigeria, is often inadequate. Since 2002, food staples have been required to be fortified with nutrients such as vitamin A, folic acid, zinc, iodine, and iron. However, some Nigerian industries have opposed this, citing reduced profit margins. The Bill &amp;amp;amp; Melinda Gates Foundation is contributing   $5 million over four years to enforce a rigorous testing regime to ensure the standards are met. The initiative aims to provide critical nutrients to children, particularly those who consume mainly cereal and beans, at low cost. This would help reduce the risk of stunting and death from diseases like measles and diarrhea. Nearly half of child deaths under five are attributed to malnutrition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Financial Times&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nigerian food sector commits to nutrient fortification|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a5712ca-9819-11e8-9702-5946bae86e6d?emailId=5b6873a4a1ccf60004083fa6|accessdate=21 September 2018|publisher=Financial Times|date=5 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, [[Aliko Dangote]], whose companies supply salt, sugar, and flour, has called for a crackdown on the importation of low-quality food products, often smuggled into local markets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Financial Times&quot; /&gt;

=== Mmetọ ===
Nchịkọta okporo ụzọ na Lagos, [[Mmetọ|mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi]] - gụnyere [[Mmetọ Mmiri|mmetọ mmiri]], [[Mmetọ ikuku]], na mmetọ mkpọtụ - bụ isi nsogbu ahụike.

Usoro mmiri na Naịjirịa bụ ebe nchekwa maka kemịkal na-egbu egbu. Ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas, tinyere nsị zuru oke n'ime ụzọ mmiri, emeela ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ratcliffe|first=Rebecca|date=2019-12-06|title='This place used to be green': the brutal impact of oil in the Niger Delta|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/dec/06/this-place-used-to-be-green-the-brutal-impact-of-oil-in-the-niger-delta|accessdate=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu dị ka polyaromatic hydrocarbons, ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ polyfluoroalkyl, na ọla dị arọ na-emetọ oké osimiri, osimiri, na iyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adeogun|first=Aina O.|date=May 2016|title=Corrigendum to &quot;Intersex and alterations in reproductive development of a cichlid, Tilapia guineensis, from a municipal domestic water supply lake (Eleyele) in Southwestern Nigeria&quot; [Sci. Total Environ. 541 (2016) 372–382]|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=551-552|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.069|issn=0048-9697}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ibor|first=Oju R.|date=December 2016|title=Gonado-histopathological changes, intersex and endocrine disruptor responses in relation to contaminant burden in Tilapia species from Ogun River, Nigeria|journal=Chemosphere|volume=164|pages=248–262|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.087|pmid=27591376|issn=0045-6535}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ND&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2018, akwụkwọ akụkọ The Nation kọrọ banyere mkpofu ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na ''Mba ahụ'', na-ekwu na enweghị usoro nchịkwa mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị, nke na-eduga n'ịtụfu ihe mkpofu n'enweghị isi, akpa polythene, karama plastik, na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/improper-waste-disposal-a-threat-to-our-survival/|title=Improper waste disposal: A threat to our survival|date=2018-04-25|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|accessdate=2019-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Huffington Post na May 2017 welitere egwu banyere ịtụfu plastik n'oké osimiri, na-ekwu na &quot;oké osimiri na-abanye na plastik - ọ dịghịkwa onye na-elebara egwu ahụ anya&quot;. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, na mmekorita ya na World Economic Forum, buru amụma na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050, plastik dị n'oké Osimiri ga-ebu ibu karịa azụ. A na-atụ anya na mmụba a na-eri ga-eme ka ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na-emetụta plastik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-waste-oceans_n_58fed37be4b0c46f0781d426|title=The Oceans Are Drowning In Plastic -- And No One's Paying Attention|author=Mosbergen|first=Dominique|date=2017-04-27|work=HuffPost|accessdate=2019-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu nwere kemịkal estrogenic na androgenic, nke nwere ike ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike imebi ọrụ homonụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ND&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Essa A.|date=2019-05-15|title=Modulation of Neuro-Dopamine Homeostasis in Juvenile Female Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Perfluoroalkyl Substances|journal=Environmental Science &amp; Technology|volume=53|issue=12|pages=7036–7044|doi=10.1021/acs.est.9b00637|pmid=31090407|issn=0013-936X}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanBertottoDaleLille-Langøy2019&quot;&gt;Khan, Essa A.; Bertotto, Luisa B.; Dale, Karina; Lille-Langøy, Roger; Yadetie, Fekadu; Karlsen, Odd André; Goksøyr, Anders; Schlenk, Daniel; Arukwe, Augustine (15 May 2019). &quot;Modulation of Neuro-Dopamine Homeostasis in Juvenile Female Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Perfluoroalkyl Substances&quot;. ''Environmental Science &amp; Technology''. '''53''' (12): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7036–&lt;/span&gt;7044. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...53.7036K 2019EnST...53.7036K]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b00637|10.1021/acs.est.9b00637]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:1956/22362|1956/22362]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X 0013-936X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31090407 31090407]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206583654 206583654].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Arukwe|first=Augustine|date=2008-04-09|title=Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc)-regulated steroidogenesis as an organ-specific molecular and cellular target for endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish|journal=Cell Biology and Toxicology|volume=24|issue=6|pages=527–540|doi=10.1007/s10565-008-9069-7|pmid=18398688|issn=0742-2091}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị a na-emetọ ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri, na-emetụta ndụ ha na ikike ọmụmụ ha, ha na-agbakọta na usoro nri.

Naịjirịa nwere ụfọdụ n'ime ikuku kachasị njọ n'ụwa (nke anọ n'ụwa niile), ya na obodo anọ - [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]], [[Aba, Nigeria|Aba]], [[Kaduna]], na [[Umuahia]] - nke kachasị emetọ n'ihi ihe ndị dị nro (PM10). Akụkọ WHO na-adịbeghị anya chọpụtara na ọnụọgụ PM2.5 nke Naịjirịa kwa afọ dị na 72 μg / m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, nke dị elu karịa ókè a tụrụ aro nke 10 μg / M&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Phoebe|first=Parke|title=Dirty by success? Nigeria is home to cities with worst PM10 levels|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/05/Africa/Nigeria-cities-pollution/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na akụkọ data ahụike ụwa, mmetọ ikuku bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na nkwarụ na Naịjirịa, na-enye aka na ọrịa iku ume na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa obi, na ọrịa na-efe efe. Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ na mmetọ ifufe gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ọ na-akpata nnukwu ọrịa na ọnwụ na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hyellai|first=Pona|title=Environmental health situation in Nigeria: current status &amp; future needs|journal=Heliyon|year=2021|volume=7|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06330|pmid=33851039}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Tebụl na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ihi mmetọ ikuku na Naịjirịa (2019) maka afọ na nwoke na nwanyị niile &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD compare/ viz hub&quot; /&gt;
!Ọrịa/ọgba aghara
!Mmetọ ikuku nke ọnwụ zuru oke na pasentị
|-
|Ọrịa obi Ischemic
|4.37
|-
|Ọrịa strok
|3.98
|-
|Ọrịa kansa akpa ume
|0.39
|-
|Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume
|0.89
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Tebụl na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke DALYs sitere na mmetọ ikuku na Naịjirịa (2019) maka afọ na nwoke na nwanyị niile &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD compare/ viz hub&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=IMHE|title=GBD compare/ viz hub|url=https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Ọrịa/ọgba aghara
!Mmetọ ikuku nke ngụkọta DALYs na pasentị
|-
|Ọrịa obi Ischemic
|1.3
|-
|Ọrịa strok
|1.47
|-
|Ọrịa kansa akpa ume
|0.13
|-
|Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume
|0.41
|-
|}
[[Faịlụ:Dafo_Yellow_Bus_coursing_Smoke_Pollution_in_Lagos_State._Nigeria.jpg|alt=An image of a yellow Danfo bus causing air pollution in Lagos State, Nigeria|thumb|Bọs Danfo na-acha odo odo na-akpata mmetọ ikuku na Lagos Steeti, Naịjirịa]]
Naịjirịa bụ ebe ọtụtụ ụgbọala, gụnyere ụgbọala, ọgba tum tum, na ụgbọala ndị dị arọ dị ka bọs na gwongworo, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ochie ma ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihe gbasara ike. Ụgbọala ndị a na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ na-emerụ ahụ, gụnyere nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, na ndị ọzọ. A na-ewepụ ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu na mba ahụ, ma ụlọ ma ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, site na ọkụ, na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ site na ihe ndị sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ, ihe ndị aka mere dị ka plastik na rọba, na ihe ndị ize ndụ dị ka batrị na ihe mkpofu. Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na-enyekwa aka na mmetọ ikuku site na iji stovu kerosene na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nkụ, na icheku ọkụ maka isi nri, mgbe mgbe n'ime ụlọ na ikuku na-adịghị mma. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọtụtụ ọfịs na ebe obibi na-enye aka na mmetọ ikuku site na iji generators dị ka ihe nnọchi anya ọkụ eletrik ọha na eze a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya, na anwụrụ ọkụ na-apụta n'ebe ikuku na-adịghị mma. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ mmetọ gụnyere ikuku sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ, nke na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ yiri nke ụgbọala, mana ọ na-eji diesel kama gasoline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fargorite|first=Victor|title=Air pollution, causes, effect &amp; remediation in Nigeria|journal=International Journal of Advanced Academic Research|date=2021|volume=7|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ ==
Kwa afọ, mmadụ nde 1.25 na-anwụ n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ.[1] N'agbata nde mmadụ 20 rụọ nde 50 ọzọ na-enweta mmerụ ahụ na-adịghị eduga n'ọnwụ, mana ọtụtụ n'ime mmerụ ahụ ndị a na-ebute nkwarụ na-adịgide adịgide. Mmerụ ahụ na-esi n'okporo ụzọ pụta na-akpata nnukwu mfu akụnaụba ga-adịrị ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ezinụlọ ha, nakwa mba gasị, n'ihi ụgwọ ọgwụgwọ na mfu nke mmepụta ihe sitere n'aka ndị ahụ nwụrụ ma ọ bụ nwee nkwarụ, yana ndị ezinụlọ ha dọpụrụ aka n'ọrụ ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji lekọta ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ. Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ na-eri ọtụtụ mba ihe ruru pasentị atọ (3%) nke ngụkọta akụnaụba ha (GDP). Mmerụ ahụ na-esi n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ pụta bụ isi ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ n'etiti ndị nọ n'agbata afọ 15 rụọ 29.[2]

Ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,400 na-anwụ n'okporo ụzọ gasị n'ụwa niile kwa ụbọchị, ebe ọtụtụ iri nde mmadụ na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-enweta nkwarụ kwa afọ. Ụmụ nwatakịrị, ndị ji ụkwụ aga, ndị na-agba igwe (cyclists), na ndị merie agadi nọ n'oké ihe ize ndụ karị. Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) na gọọmentị gasị nakwa ndị otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ụwa dum iji gosi na ihe mberede okporo ụzọ bụ ihe pụrụ igbochi egbochi, nakwa iji kwalite usoro ndị na-eleba anya n'omume ndị kacha ebute ihe ize ndụ, gụnyere ịgba ọsọ gabigara oke, ịkwọ ụgbọala n'okpuru mmetụta mmanya na-aba n'anya, iji nchegbu isi (helmet) eme ihe mgbe a na-agba ọgba tum tum, iji eriri nchekwa (seat-belts), na oche nchekwa ụmụaka.[1]

N'ihi otú ihe mberede okporo ụzọ siri gazi n'ụzọ dị ize ndụ na Naịjirịa, nke mere na n'afọ 2013, a hụrụ obodo ahụ dị ka otu n'ime mba gasị nwere ọnụọgụ ihe mberede okporo ụzọ kacha elu n'ụwa niile (nakwa mba kacha nwee ya n'Afrịka),[1][2] gọọmentị Naịjirịa guzobere Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Okporo Ụzọ (FRSC) n'afọ 1988 iji gbochie ma kwụsị ogbugbu na mbibi a na-enwe n'okporo ụzọ ukwu gasị.

=== Ogo na Atụmatụ Ọganihu nke Ihe Mberede Okporo Ụzọ ===
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Okporo Ụzọ (FRSC) kọrọ na mmadụ 456 nwụrụ gazi, ebe mmadụ 3,404 ọzọ merụrụ ahụ n'ime ihe mberede okporo ụzọ 826 e dekọrọ n'obodo ahụ dum n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2018.[1]

Ọkaikpe Nchịkwa otu FRSC (Corps Marshal), Boboye Oyeyemi, bụ onye bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ FRSC nke ọnwa Jenụwarị

=== Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke UN ===
N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2015, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UN General Assembly) nabatara Atụmatụ 2030 maka Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide, nke gụnyere Ebumnuche Maka Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide (SDGs) iri na asa (17). Site n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ahụ bụ &quot;ịhapụghị onye ọ bụla n'azụ,&quot; atụmatụ a na-emesi ike ụzọ nlekọta zuru oke (holistic approach) iji rụpụta ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide maka mmadụ niile.[1] Atụmatụ 3.6 dị n'okpuru Ebumnuche 3 nke Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide na-eleba anya kpọmkwem na gbasara ihe mberede okporo ụzọ. Ọ na-asị, &quot;Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020, belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na mmerụ ahụ n'ụwa niile na-esi n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ pụta okpukpu abụọ (halve it).

Gọọmentị Etiti nke Naịjirịa emebela usoro na atụmatụ gasị dị iche iche iji hụ na a rụpụtara Ebumnuche Maka Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide (SDGs) n'obodo ahụ.[1] N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Naịjirịa ka nọ ebe dị anya n'irute ebumnuche a.

== Ọgwụ ọdịnala / Ọgwụ ọzọ ==
[[Faịlụ:A_tray_of_local_herbal_products_and_concoctions.jpg|alt=A tray containing local herbal medicine products and concoctions|thumb|Otu tileyi (tray) jupụtara na ngwa ọgwụ ọdịnala na agwọ Ọgwụ dị iche iche]]
Akụkọ gasị pụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosipụtala ihe ize ndụ dị iche iche metụtara ụdị ọgwụ ọdịnala na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ a na-eme ná ndochi (alternative medicine). Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụgwọ ndị a nwere uru ha na-erubere ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ma na-eji ha eme ihe enweghị ozi zuru oke gbasara otu esi eji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ dị mma, nke a na-edugazi ná mmerụ ahụ pụrụ ime.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụ ọdịnala na-atụnye ụtụ dị ukwuu n'ahụike na n'akụnaụba, ire ha n'enweghị nchịkwa doro anya nakwa iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, gụnyere akwụkwọ nri na ogwu mkpọrọgwụ (herbs), ebutela mmerụ ahụ na igbu oge n'ịga chọọ nlekọta ahụike n'aka ndị dọkịta ruru eru.[2]

== Mgbanwe ihu igwe ==
Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ọnụọgụ ndị bi na ya ruru ihe dị ka nde 200,[1] Naịjirịa bụ mba kacha nwee nnukwu mmadụ n'Afrịka. Dị ka mba kacha zipụ mmanụ rị rị n'ofe Afrịka, Naịjirịa na-eche ihe isi ike ihu n'ịtụnyere mkpa ike (energy) nke mba ụwa na nkwụsi ike nke akụnaụba obodo ahụ, ebe ọ na-elebakwa anya na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe (climate change). Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na Naịjirịa nwere ike ịgụnye okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu, ntiwapụ nke oke ihu igwe dị ize ndụ ugboro ugboro na n'ogo dị elu, nakwa ịrị elu nke oge osimiri.[2] Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike iduga n'ịba ụba nke enweghị nri na mmiri doro anya, mmetụta siri ike nke oke okpomọkụ na ụzarị ọkụ anyanwụ (ultraviolet radiation), mgbanwe n'otú ọrịa si agbasa, na mmetụta dị ize ndụ n'ebe obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nọ, bụ ndị iju mmiri na-emesi ike.[2] N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, usoro mgbochi na nhazi zuru oke nwere ike inyere aka chebe ndị mmadụ ma weta ohere maka ahụike ka mma n'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta.

Ihe ize ndụ kacha siri ike n'ahụike na-esi n'ọrịa ndị pụrụ iduga n'ọnwụ pụta. Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi (climate change) nwere ike imekwa ka ọrịa ndị dịbu adị ka njọ ma tinye aka na ntiwapụ nke ndị nke ọhụrụ, dị ka ọbara mgbali elu (high blood pressure), mgbaka ma ọ bụ isi mgbaka (psychosis), nchegbu uche gabigara oke (neurosis), na nkwarụ a mụrụ nwa na ya (congenital malformations).[1] Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbakwunyere ndị mmadụ ogbenye rịrị n'ọnọdụ ha ihe isi ike.
[[Faịlụ:Health_effects_of_pollution.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|454x454px|Mmetụta ahụike nke mmetọ]]
Iju mmiri, nke oke osimiri na-arịwanye elu na akụrụngwa na-adịghị mma na-akpata, ọkachasị usoro ọwa mmiri (drainage) a na-ahaziri n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ n'ahụike. Ndịda Naịjirịa, ọkachasị Lagos—nke dị naanị otu mita n'elu ogo osimiri—nọ n'oké ihe ize ndụ maka iju mmiri, ebe obodo ahụ na-eche nchegbu maka mbibi ma ọ bụ mfu kpamkpam ihu.[1] Mmetụta ahụike nke iju mmiri na-eweta gụnyere ọrịa ndị na-esi na mmiri na-efe efe dị ka taịfọdụ (typhoid), kọlera (cholera), oyi nymonia (pneumonia), ọnyụnyụ (diarrhea), na ịba (malaria), bụ ndị meburịrị agbata n'anụ ahụ na ndụ ndị mmadụ na Naịjirịa.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Pasentị nke Ọnwụ na DALYs nke ọrịa ndị a na-ahụkarị nke idei mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọ ka njọ
|
|Pasentị nke ngụkọta ndị nwụrụ anwụ
|Pasentị nke DALYs
|-
|Ịba
|12%
|11.16%
|-
|Ọrịa oyi na-efe efe
|0.22%
|0.24%
|-
|Ọrịa afọ ọsịsa
|11.36%
|11.86%
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ebe e si nweta ya: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME 2019) 
|}
Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) achọpụtara ọrịa gasị dị ka Schistosomiasis (ọrịa ewi/mmerụ ahụ na-esi na mmiri), African trypanosomiasis (ọrịa ụra), ịba (malaria), lymphatic filariasis (atụrụ/ụkwụ mbu), onchocerciasis (ìsì osimiri), na leishmaniasis dị ka nnukwu ọrịa ndị na-asọ oge n'mpaghara okpomọkụ (tropical diseases).[1] Ọrịa ndị a nwere nnukwu mmetụta n'ahụike ọha na ibe ya nakwa n'akụnaụba. Dị ka onye bụbu Onye Isi Nchịkwa WHO, Hiroshi Nakajima kwuru, ọrịa ndị a na-egbochi ọganihu nke gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eme ka ala na-emepụta ihe ghara ịbụ ebe obibi, na-emebi uto nke uche na nke ahụ, ma na-ebute nnukwu ụgwọ ọgwụgwọ.[2]

Okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu na-emekwa ka mgbasa nke ọrịa dị iche iche siri ike, dị ka emume akpụkpọ ụbụrụ (meningitis), amụma ọbara (measles), kịtịkpa (chicken pox), ọbara mgbali elu (high blood pressure), na enweghị mmiri n'ahụ n'oge ime ime. A tụrụ anya na ọnụọgụ ndị bi ná mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-eto site na ijeri 2.3 n'afọ 2005 rụọ ijeri 4 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030,[1] nke a ga-eduga n'ịba ụba nke anwuru carbon na-emebi ikuku nakwa na-eme ka nsogbu obodo mepere emepe ka njọ, gụnyere ụlọ obibi na-adịghị mma. Mgbanwe ndị a na-eme ka ohere maka oke okpomọkụ dị ize ndụ (heatwaves) rịgoro elu n'obodo ukwu gasị.

Ọzọkwa, okpomọkụ dị elu na-emetụta mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị na-ebute site n'ịkwalite uto nke pathogens na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta, nke, n'aka nke ya, na-eme ka o kwe omume ibufe ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00688.x|title=Climate Change and Human Health: Estimating Avoidable Deaths and Disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_risk-analysis_2005-12_25_6/page/1409|year=2005|author=Kovats|first=R. Sari|journal=Risk Analysis|volume=25|issue=6|pages=1409–1418|pmid=16506971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nje ndị na-egbu egbu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-emetụta okpomọkụ nke ukwuu, nke na-eme ka usoro ọmụmụ nke anwụnta na nje na-egbu oge.

* '''Ọ bụ ezie na Naịjirịa achọpụtala mmetụta ahụike nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike iweta, ọ ka nwere oghere na nhazi na mmejuputa usoro nbelata ya.''' (Although Nigeria has acknowledged the potential health impacts of climate change, there remain gaps in planning and implementing mitigation strategies.)
* '''Akwụkwọ nyocha nke WHO gbasara &quot;Climate and Health Country Profile&quot; maka Naịjirịa (2015) rụtụrụ aka n'ọganihu ụfọdụ, dịka nhọpụta nke onye isi na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mba ahụ nakwa imepụta usoro mgbanwe ahụike nke mba.''' (The WHO's Climate and Health Country Profile for Nigeria (2015) highlights successes, such as the identification of a national focal point for climate change and the development of a national health adaptation strategy.)
* '''Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mbọ pụtara ìhè agbagoro iji mee ka ikike ụlọ ọrụ na nke teknụzụ siri ike, ma ọ bụ imezu ihe omume ndị ezubere iji bulie nchekwa akụrụngwa ahụike.''' (However, there have been no significant efforts to strengthen institutional and technical capacities or to implement activities aimed at increasing health infrastructure resilience.)
* '''Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ dịghị ego ọ bụla e wepụtara (ma ọ bụ nke si n'ime obodo ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa) iji kwado omume ndị ga-eme ka ahụike nwee nchekwa pụọ na mgbanwe ihu igwe.''' (Additionally, there have been no financial commitments (either domestic or international) to fund actions that would improve health resilience to climate change.)

* '''Ohere ndị a na-enye ohere maka ime ihe dị mma.''' (These gaps present opportunities for effective action.)
* '''Nzukọ WHO na-atụ aro ka e mee nyocha zuru ezu banyere mmetụta na usoro mgbanwe (vulnerability and adaptation assessment) nke ga-agụnye ndị niile dị mkpa nakwa atụmatụ ego e ji emejuputa usoro nchekwa ahụike.''' (The WHO suggests conducting a comprehensive vulnerability and adaptation assessment that includes relevant stakeholders and an estimation of the costs to implement health resilience strategies,)
* '''Usoro ndị a kwesịrị ịgụnye akụrụngwa obodo, yana ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ na nke teknụzụ.''' (which should cover infrastructure, as well as institutional and technical capacities.)
* '''Ọzọkwa, e kwesịrị ibute ụzọ n'omume ndị na-eme ka ngalaba ahụike bụrụ nke na-adịghị emebi gburugburu ebe obibi (&quot;green&quot;), dịka ịkwalite ike siri n'ihe ndị sitere n'okike (renewable energy).''' (Furthermore, actions to &quot;green&quot; the health sector, such as promoting renewable energy, should be prioritized,)
* '''E kwesịrị inyocha uru dị iche iche usoro nbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta n'ahụike.''' (and the co-benefits to health of climate mitigation policies should be evaluated.)
* '''Nke a ga-enyere aka na nlekọta ọganihu maka oge n'ọdịnihu nke ga-esi ike ma nwee nchekwa.''' (This will help monitor progress toward a more resilient future.)

== Hụkwa ==

** '''Ọrịa obi na akwara na Naịjirịa''' 
** '''Nlekọta ahụike na Naịjirịa''' 
** '''Ministri Ahụike Federal''' 
** '''Ịṅụ sịga na Naịjirịa''' 
** '''Ntinye ọrụ aka maka ndị ọkachamara ahụike na Naịjirịa''' 

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ọrụ Osisi Armenia</title>
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[[Usòrò:Armenia Tree Project.jpg|thumb|Armenia tree project.jpg]]
Armenia Tree Project ('''ATP''') bụ òtù na enweghị uru nke dị na Watertown, Massachusetts, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], na Yerevan, Armenia, nke Carolyn Mugar guzobere na 1994 iji kwalite mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Armenia site na iweghachi osisi. Kemgbe e guzobere ya, nzukọ ahụ akụwo ihe karịrị nde osisi 6.5 n'obodo niile dị na Armenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green Gold&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://thearmenite.com/magazine/features/green-gold-rebuilding-armenia-forests/|title=Green Gold: Rebuilding Armenia’s Forests|work=The Armenite|author=Teodora Gaydarova|date=April 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirror-Spectator&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Armenian Tree Project Celebrates 20th Anniversary|url=http://www.mirrorspectator.com/2014/10/03/armenian-tree-project-celebrates-20th-anniversary/|work=The Armenian Mirror-Spectator|author=Aram Arkun|date=October 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nzukọ ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ oge niile nke 70 na Armenia. Alaka Yerevan na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ osisi anọ dị elu, ebe agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi abụọ, na ndị mmekọ na ezinụlọ iji mepụta obere ohere azụmaahịa sitere na osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/mission.htm|title=Mission|publisher=Armenia Tree Project|accessdate=September 24, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013192435/http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/mission.htm|archivedate=October 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe omume mmemme ya dị mkpa gụnyere ịkụ osisi n'obodo ukwu na ime obodo, agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado, mmepe obodo na mbelata ịda ogbenye.&lt;ref name=&quot;What We Do&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What We Do|publisher=Armenia Tree Project|url=http://www.armeniatree.org/whatwedo/ctprr.htm|accessdate=10 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623192431/http://www.armeniatree.org/whatwedo/ctprr.htm|archivedate=23 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Mgbe Carolyn Mugar, onye si Boston, gara Armenia na 1992, mba ahụ dara ogbenye site na mmachi ike nke e tinyere n'oge Agha Nagorno-Karabakh Mbụ. Ndị Armenia adaberela na gas sitere n'okike maka pasent 90 nke mkpa ike ha, mana mmachibido iwu ahụ kwụsịrị inye ha. Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa dị oke njọ na mbido afọ 1990, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị Armenia nwere naanị osisi ha dị ka isi iyi mmanụ n'oge oyi. Ọnọdụ a mere ka a na echegbu onwe ya ma ala nke ọhịa kpuchiri ga aghọ ọzara. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2005 mere atụmatụ na oke ọhịa Armenia dị pasent 11.2 nke ala ya niile, na-agbadata na pasent 8.2 site na afọ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.socialwatch.org/sites/default/files/armenia2012_eng.pdf|title=Armenia: Undermining the environment|author=Dr. Svetlana Aslanyan|work=Social Watch|page=65|date=2012|publisher=Center for the Development of Civil Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Green Gold&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2012, ATP kọrọ na oke ọhịa nke mba ahụ ruru naanị pasent 7.&lt;ref name=&quot;Threat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Threat|url=http://www.armeniatree.org/thethreat/threat.htm|accessdate=10 August 2014|publisher=Armenia Tree Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901185150/http://www.armeniatree.org/thethreat/threat.htm|archivedate=1 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1994, Carolyn Mugar guzobere Armenia Tree Project iji dozie ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba nke oké ọhịa Armenia na ebelata. A haziri ATP dị ka onye enyemaka nke Nzukọ Armenia nke America, nke na aga n'ihu na enye enyemaka nchịkwa. Kemgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya, ATP akụwo ihe karịrị nde osisi 4.5 n'Armenia dum.  Ka ọ na erule n'afọ 2014, nzukọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ osisi atọ, na enye ọrụ oge niile maka mmadụ 45, osisi mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọrụ ya kụrụ na emepụta ihe owuwe ihe ubi ruru ihe karịrị pound 300,000 kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirror-Spectator&quot;/&gt;
[[Usòrò:ATP_plaque_in_Khor_Virap_3,_ArmAg_(33).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ncheta ATP na Khor Virap]]

== Ihe omume ATP ==
Ọrụ nzukọ ahụ na-emesi ike iji osisi eme ihe iji kwalite afọ ojuju akụ na ụba, na emeziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ ndị Armenia ka ha na echebe gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Home&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home Page|url=http://www.armeniatree.org/index.htm|accessdate=10 August 2014|publisher=Armenia Tree Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812232003/http://www.armeniatree.org/index.htm|archivedate=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Usoro ịkụ osisi n'obodo ukwu na obodo na arụ ọrụ na obodo ukwu na mpaghara mpaghara iji kụọ ọzọ n'ebe ọha na eze dị ka n'ogige ntụrụndụ, ala ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe onwunwe ọha na eze ndị ọzọ. N'ime ime obodo, ndị ọrụ ugbo na akụ mkpụrụ osisi n'azụ ụlọ ha maka ọrụ ịkụ osisi n'ebe ugwu Armenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;What We Do&quot;/&gt;

Na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmemme nkwado ya, ATP na akụzi uru nke ibi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.  Nzukọ ahụ na achọ nkwado site na Ministri nke Mmụta iji gosipụta usoro ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi maka ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Mbelata ịda ogbenye ya na mbọ mmepe obodo na eme ka ego were ndị bi na obodo n'ọrụ ịkụ osisi, ma kụziere ezinụlọ ka ha too ma lekọta mkpụrụ osisi n'ime ite ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;What We Do&quot;/&gt;

Building Bridges bụ mmemme n'ịntanetị nke ATP mepụtara maka ụmụaka Armenia. Ọ na enye ha ohere ịchọpụta ihe nketa gburugburu ebe obibi ha ma kpọọ egwuregwu ebe ha na akụ osisi nke ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Building Bridges|url=http://armeniatree.org/bb/site/|accessdate=10 August 2014|publisher=Armenia Tree Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623185445/http://armeniatree.org/bb/site/|archivedate=23 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye Energy Globe ==
N'afọ 2008, mmemme micro-ụlọ ọrụ na elekọta osisi nke ATP, &quot;Plant an Idea, Plant a Tree&quot;, bụ onye mmeri mba nke Energy Globe Award for Sustainability.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.energyglobe.com/de_at/energy-globe-award/press-room/pressefotos/aktuell/nationale-sieger-prag-09/continent-asia/|title=National ENERGY GLOBE Award Armenia|work=EnergyGlobe Award Portal|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họọrọ mmemme nkuzi ya maka onyinye ahụ site na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi 853 na mba 109. Malite dị ka ọrụ nnwale na 2004, e mere mmemme ahụ iji belata mgbukpọ ọhịa nke ịda ogbenye na nkwado maka ụlọ ọrụ osisi nke ezinụlọ ndị dara ogbenye nwere na Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Getik nke ugwu Armenia. Ọ malitere na ezinụlọ 17 na arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe n'afọ 2004, na etolite ruo ezinụlọ 400 ka ọ na erule afọ 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://world-wire.com/news/0806110001.html|title=Armenia tree project micro-enterprise program recognized as national winner of Energy Globe Award for Sustainability|date=June 11, 2008|work=World Wire|publisher=Environmental News Services|author=ATP news release|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129054820/http://world-wire.com/news/0806110001.html|archive-date=November 29, 2014|access-date=August 13, 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntinye aka n'afọ ofufo ==
ATP na anakọta ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo site na enyemaka nke Birthright Armenia / Depi Hayk Foundation. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọrụ afọ ofufo n'oge ọkọchị dị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mgbasa ozi, agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi, na mmemme SEEDS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/02_PR_volunteer.pdf|title=Public Relations and Outreach|publisher=Armenia Tree Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427222604/http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/02_PR_volunteer.pdf|archivedate=2015-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/03_EE_volunteer.pdf|title=Environmental Education|publisher=Armenia Tree Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427222559/http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/03_EE_volunteer.pdf|archivedate=2015-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/04_SEEDS_volunteer.pdf|title=SEEDS Program|publisher=Armenia Tree Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427222602/http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/04_SEEDS_volunteer.pdf|archivedate=2015-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Volunteer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Volunteer|url=http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/volunteer.htm|accessdate=10 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205652/http://www.armeniatree.org/whoweare/volunteer.htm|archivedate=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ ahụ na ewe ndị ọrụ oge 75 ruo 100 kwa afọ maka nnukwu ọrụ mgbake ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirror-Spectator&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Usoro Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Armenia
* Ọdịdị ala nke Armenia
* Okwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Armenia

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://armeniatree.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140818185233/http://www.armeniatree.org/atpnews/news.htm Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'oge na-adịbeghị anya]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181008082327/https://www.armeniatree.org/buildingbridges/ ATP's Building Bridges Program: Ịjikọ Ụmụ akwụkwọ Armenia Diaspora na Ihe Nketa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Ha]
* [https://www.facebook.com/armeniatree Peeji Facebook nke Armenia Tree Project]
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    <title>Ọgbụgba ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ndị isi obodo maka ihu igwe na ike</title>
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[[Usòrò:European_cities_going_green.jpg|thumb|Obodo ndị dị na Europe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ]]
E guzobere Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate &amp; Energy na 2016 site n'ịkpọkọta '''nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo''' na European Union's Covenant of Mayor. Ọ bụ njikọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ndị isi obodo na-ekwu maka mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ikwe nkwa belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ ma kwadebe maka mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UN launches global mayors network to fight climate change|url=http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/218634-un-launches-global-mayors-network-to-fight-climate-change|work=TheHill|accessdate=3 December 2015|first=Laura|author=Barron-Lopez}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-egosipụta mmetụta ihu igwe nke obodo mgbe ha na-atụle ọkwa ihe ize ndụ ha na mmetọ carbon. Nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo na-achọ igosi mkpa ọ dị ime ihe gbasara ihu igwe obodo, ma na mpaghara ma gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History - Compact of Mayors|url=http://www.compactofmayors.org/history/|work=Compact of Mayors|accessdate=24 November 2015|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN Ban Ki-moon na onye bụbu onye isi obodo New York City Michael Bloomberg, onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UN]] maka obodo na mgbanwe ihu igwe, malitere nkwekọrịta ahụ na 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cities are lapping countries on climate action|url=http://grist.org/cities/cities-are-lapping-countries-on-climate-action/|work=Grist|accessdate=3 December 2015|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-anọchite anya mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ site na netwọk obodo C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40), ICLEI, na United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG), yana UN-Habitat, iji jikọta ọnụ megide mgbanwe ihu igwe. Obodo 428 zuru ụwa ọnụ etinyela aka na Nkwekọta nke ndị isi obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New alliance on city finance unveiled at UN Summit on climate change {{!}} Cities Today - Connecting the world's urban leaders|url=http://cities-today.com/new-alliance-on-city-finance-unveiled-at-un-summit-on-climate-change/|work=cities-today.com|accessdate=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obodo ndị otu ahụ nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 376 na 5.19% nke ndị bi n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compact of Mayors&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Compact of Mayors|url=http://www.compactofmayors.org/|work=Compact of Mayors|accessdate=3 December 2015|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ban Ki-moon na Mike Bloomberg malitere nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo na 23 Septemba 2014 na UN Climate Summit 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cities Will Solve Climate Change, Not Nations|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-change-will-be-solved-in-cities-or-not-at-all/|work=www.scientificamerican.com|accessdate=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwupụta ahụ kọwapụtara mkpebi nke obodo 228 ga-ebelata 13 gigatons nke ikuku carbon ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050. Ndị isi obodo Eduardo Paes nke [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, Anne Hidalgo nke Paris, France na Park Won-soon nke Seoul, South Korea sonyeere ọkwa ahụ, na-anọchite anya C40, UCLG, na ICLEI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bloomberg presents city-centric climate report to U.N.|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2014/09/8553212/bloomberg-presents-city-centric-climate-report-un|work=www.capitalnewyork.com|accessdate=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144645/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2014/09/8553212/bloomberg-presents-city-centric-climate-report-un|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; UN-Habitat nyere nkwado na nlekọta ọzọ maka mmalite nke nkwekọrịta ahụ.

Na 8 Disemba 2014, World Resources Institute, C40 Cities, na ICLEI kpughere Global Protocol for Community Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC), nke a chọpụtara dị ka usoro mbụ nke iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka obodo iji tụọ ma kọọ n'ihu ọha ikuku carbon ha. Ụkpụrụ a bụ ntọala nke e guzobere Compact of Mayors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cities Take Lead on Tackling Climate Change|url=http://ecowatch.com/2014/12/08/cities-tackle-climate-change/|work=EcoWatch|accessdate=9 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na C40 Latin American Mayors Summit na 27 Machị 2015, ndị ọrụ Compact of Mayors malitere mgbalị mbụ nke iwebata ndị ọrụ n'ọrụ, na-enweta nkwa site n'aka ndị isi obodo iri abụọ nke Latin America iji sonye na Compact ma mee ka ha na-aga n'ihu na akụ na ụba carbon dị ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latin American Mayors Avow Clean Bus Transit|url=http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/30/latin-american-mayors-avow-clean-bus-transit/|work=[[CleanTechnica]]|accessdate=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 30 June 2015, Mike Bloomberg na Mayor Anne Hidalgo jikọrọ aka kwupụta atụmatụ ha iji kwado Climate Summit for Local Leaders na 4 December na Paris City Hall.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why Cities Will Be Vital Players at Paris Climate Talks|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-bloomberg/paris-climate-talks-bloomberg_b_7683246.html|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ ahụ ga-akpọkọta ndị isi obodo si gburugburu ụwa na mkparịta ụka ihu igwe COP21 ma wulite na nkwa ihu igwe dị ugbu a n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2015/11/27/cop21-green-cities-climate-talks-394191.html|title=COP21: Cities Move to Climate Talks' Center Stage|author=Schapiro|first=Mark|date=15 November 2015|work=Newsweek|accessdate=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na National Clean Energy Summit na Las Vegas na 24 August 2015, Onye isi ala [[Barack Obama]] mara 100 obodo aka itinye aka na nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu mmeghachi omume iji kwalite ike dị ọcha gafee United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces New Actions to Bring Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency to Households across the Country|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/24/fact-sheet-president-obama-announces-new-actions-bring-renewable-energy|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|accessdate=9 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rio de Janeiro ghọrọ obodo mbụ iji nweta nkwenye zuru oke na nkwekọrịta ahụ na 26 Ọgọst 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rio, first city to fully comply, Compact of Mayors|url=http://cities-today.com/rio-becomes-first-city-to-fully-comply-with-compact-of-mayors/|work=cities-today.com|accessdate=9 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye isi ala nke United States Joe Biden kpọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma nke Compact of Mayors n'ịkwalite ihe omume megide mgbanwe ihu igwe n'oge okwu ya na US-China Climate Leadership Summit na Los Angeles na 15 Septemba 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCYLBft3yZY|title=Vice President Joe Biden Discusses Local Climate Action at U.S.-China Climate Leaders Summit|date=22 September 2015|accessdate=8 December 2015|work=YouTube|publisher=Compact of Mayors}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, na 28 Septemba 2015, Mike Bloomberg kwupụtara mmalite nke nzukọ nne na nna ọhụrụ na-ejikọta mbọ nke Compact of Mayors na Compact nke States na Regions na NYC Climate Week.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why Cities Are the Next Frontier in the Fight Against Climate Change|url=http://time.com/4052920/cities-climate-change/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=9 December 2015|first=Justin|author=Worl|archivedate=11 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211023040/http://time.com/4052920/cities-climate-change/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye isi ala Biden kwukwara banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke Compact of Mayors mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na 5 Nọvemba 2015 na National League of Cities Congress of Cities na Nashville, Tennessee, USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vice President Biden calls on more U.S. cities to commit to the Compact of Mayors|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/11/06/vice-president-biden-calls-on-more-u-s-cities-to-commit-to-the-compact-of-mayors/|work=National Geographic (blogs)|accessdate=3 December 2015|archivedate=8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154535/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/11/06/vice-president-biden-calls-on-more-u-s-cities-to-commit-to-the-compact-of-mayors/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2015, White House nabatara nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo maka ihe karịrị otu narị obodo ndị otu US tupu mkparịta ụka ihu igwe COP 21 na Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/11/20/major-milestone-president-obamas-climate-agenda|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=A Major Milestone for President Obama's Climate Agenda|accessdate=23 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị isi obodo na ndị isi ndị ọzọ nke ọtụtụ narị obodo ndị na-etinye aka na nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo gara nzukọ ihu igwe maka ndị isi obodo na Paris City Hall na 4 Disemba 2015 n'oge COP21.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Na Climate Summit for Local Leaders, Leonardo DiCaprio nabatara nkwa nke obodo 392 mere n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo, ọ rịọkwara ndị isi obodo nọ ebe ahụ ka ha mee ihe iji lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DiCaprio Warns Time Is Running Out On Climate Change|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/12/04/leonardo-dicaprio-cop21-climate-change_n_8721832.html|work=The Huffington Post UK|accessdate=12 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịgbaso Nzukọ ihu igwe, obodo 428 zuru ụwa ọnụ etinyela aka na nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo, na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 376 n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compact of Mayors&quot;/&gt;

Nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo jikọtara ya na ọgbụgba ndụ nke ndị isi na 22 June 2016 na Brussels, [[Belgium]]. Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy nke e mepụtara ọhụrụ jikọtara ihe karịrị obodo 7,100 na mba 119 gafee kọntinent isii na ebumnuche ha na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ site na nhazi ihu igwe. Omume a na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 600, ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị pasent 8 nke ndị bi n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1979917/mayors-7100-cities-forge-worlds-largest-alliance-curb-climate-change|title=Mayors from 7,100 cities forge world's largest alliance to curb climate change|accessdate=22 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2016/0624/Why-cities-are-forming-a-global-alliance-to-curb-climate-change|title=Why cities are forming a global alliance to curb climate change|author=Orttung|first=Nicole|date=24 June 2016|work=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=22 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecowatch.com/7-100-cities-from-119-countries-join-together-in-historic-collaboratio-1891181666.html|title=7,100 Cities From 119 Countries Join Together in Historic Collaboration to Accelerate Climate Action|work=EcoWatch|accessdate=22 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịdu ==
Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN Ban Ki-moon na Mike Bloomberg malitere nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi obodo. Nzukọ ahụ na-enweta nlekọta site na ICLEI, United Cities and Local Governments, na C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. UN-Habitat enyewo nkwado ntọala na ọrụ. Onye isi obodo Eduardo Paes nke Rio de Janeiro na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onyeisi oche nke C40 Cities, ebe Onye isi obodo Kadir Topbas nke Istanbul, [[Turkéy|Turkey]] na Onye isi obodo Anne Hidalgo nke Paris, France na-eje ije ozi ugbu a dịka onye isi ala na onye isi oche nke United Cities and Local Governments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Mayors Lead by Example on Climate Action, Provides Hope for Binding Agreement at COP21|url=http://ecowatch.com/2015/11/23/mayors-lead-way-climate-action/|work=EcoWatch|accessdate=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=[UCLG] {{!}} [United Cities and Local Governments]|url=http://www.uclg.org/en/organisation/presidency|work=www.uclg.org|accessdate=3 December 2015|archivedate=5 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005755/http://www.uclg.org/en/organisation/presidency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ten global cities, climate plans, COP21 {{!}} Cities Today - Connecting the world's urban leaders|url=http://cities-today.com/ten-global-cities-present-climate-action-plans-ahead-of-cop21/|work=cities-today.com|accessdate=3 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi obodo Ashok-Alexander Sridharan nke Bonn, Germany bụ onye isi oche nke ICLEI ugbu a, na Ms Maimunah Mohd Sharif na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke UN-Habitat ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iclei.org/en/media/mayor-ashok-sridharan-of-bonn-elected-iclei-president|title=Mayor Ashok Sridharan of Bonn elected ICLEI President|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=5 June 2018|work=ICLEI|accessdate=28 September 2020|archivedate=26 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926184008/https://iclei.org/en/media/mayor-ashok-sridharan-of-bonn-elected-iclei-president}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Draft Habitat III rules clarify role of local authorities, civil society {{!}} Citiscope|url=http://citiscope.org/habitatIII/news/2015/11/draft-habitat-iii-rules-clarify-role-local-authorities-civil-society|work=citiscope.org|accessdate=3 December 2015|archivedate=8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111630/http://citiscope.org/habitatIII/news/2015/11/draft-habitat-iii-rules-clarify-role-local-authorities-civil-society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi obodo Nanda Jichkar nke Nagpur, India bụ onye otu Global Covenant of Mayors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/region/south-asia/|title=South Asia|work=Global Covenant of Mayors|language=en-US|accessdate=12 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
N'afọ 2020, ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ natara nkatọ mba ụwa maka ịrapara na nrụgide ndị China na imelite obodo isii so na Taiwan site na aha mbụ ha dị ka obodo dị na &quot;Chinese Taipei&quot; gaa n'obodo dị na &quot;[[China]]&quot;. Onye isi ala Taiwan Su Tseng-chang katọrọ mgbanwe ndị ahụ dị ka &quot;nke na-ekwesịghị ekwesị&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Blanchard|first=Ben|date=27 September 2020|title='Taiwan is Taiwan': China name dispute moves from birds to climate change|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-taiwan-china-idUSKBN26I08C|work=Reuters|accessdate=28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gbanwere mkpebi ahụ ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị site na enyemaka nke European Union.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=With EU help, Taiwan gets rare win in China naming dispute|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20200928043320-whb98/|work=Reuters|date=28 September 2020|accessdate=28 September 2020|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815090610/https://news.trust.org/item/20200928043320-whb98/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minista na-ahụ maka mba ofesi nke Taiwan Joseph Wu kwuru &quot;Anyị nwere obi ụtọ ịnụ na ha agbanweela aha anyị na aha mbụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3103312/global-climate-group-lets-taiwan-keep-chinese-taipei-name-win|title=Global climate group lets Taiwan keep Chinese-Taipei name, a win over China's demands|work=South China Morning Post|date=28 September 2020|accessdate=28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* C40 Obodo Ndị Nduzi nke Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe
* ICLEI - Gọọmentị Obodo maka Nkwado
* Obodo Ndị Dị n'Otu na Gọọmentị Obodo
* Ebe obibi UN
* [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]]

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States</title>
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Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu (EPA) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa nọọrọ onwe ya nke gọọmenti etiti United States na-ahụ maka ihe nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye isi ala Richard Nixon tụrụ aro ka e guzobe EPA na Julaị 9, 1970; ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Disemba 2, 1970, mgbe Nixon bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ikike. Iwu nke guzobe EPA bụ nke kọmitii na-ege ntị na Ụlọ na Sineti kwadoro.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye nchịkwa ya, onye isi oche họpụtara ma kwadoro ya site na Senate. Onye nchịkwa ugbu a bụ Michael S. Regan. EPA abụghị ngalaba nke Cabinet, mana a na-enyekarị onye nchịkwa ọkwa ọkwa kabinet. EPA nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Washington, D.C., ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara maka mpaghara iri nke ọ bụla, yana ụlọ nyocha 27.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eduzi nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ nwere ọrụ ichekwa na ịmanye ụkpụrụ mba dị iche iche n'okpuru iwu gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, site na ntụle aka na gọọmentị steeti, ebo na mpaghara. Ike mmanye EPA gụnyere nra, mmachi na usoro ndị ọzọ.

Ọ na-enyefe ụfọdụ ikike, nleba anya, na ọrụ mmanye n'aka steeti US na ebo gọọmenti etiti amatara. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ọkwa gọọmentị niile n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke mmemme mgbochi mmetọ afọ ofufo na mbọ nchekwa ike.

Ọkwa ndị ọrụ na-emefu ego nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2023 bụ 16,204.1 dakọtara oge niile (FTE). Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị ọrụ EPA bụ ndị injinia, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na ndị ọkachamara na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi; ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere iwu, ihe gbasara ọha, ego, na teknụzụ ozi.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ===
[[Usòrò:BURNING_DISCARDED_AUTOMOBILE_BATTERIES._(FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER_IMAGES_IN_THIS_ASSIGNMENT,_SEE_FICHE..._-_NARA_-_553841.jpg|thumb|Akara na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ site na ọkụ batrị ụgbọala a tụfuru atụfu, foto nke Marc St. Gil, onye na-ese foto nke EPA e guzobere na nso nso a, sere na Houston na 1972.]]
[[Usòrò:SMOKESTACKS_OF_THE_HOLMES_ROAD_INCINERATOR,_NO_LONGER_POLLUTE_THE_ATMOSPHERE._THE_PLANT_PREVIOUSLY_BURNED_OLD..._-_NARA_-_557411.jpg|thumb|Otu anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ na 1975 mgbe emechiri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ịgba mbọ maka nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi ka ukwuu]]
Malite na ngwụsị 1950s na site na 1960s, Congress mereghachi omume n'ịbawanye nchegbu ọha na eze banyere mmetụta ọrụ mmadụ nwere ike inwe na gburugburu ebe obibi. Senator James E. Murray webatara akwụkwọ iwu, Resources and Conservation Act (RCA) nke 1959, na 86th Congress. Ụgwọ ahụ gaara ehiwe Council on Environmental Quality na Executive Office nke Onye isi ala, kwupụta ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba, ma chọọ nkwadebe nke akụkọ gburugburu ebe obibi kwa afọ.

Mbipụta Silent Spring nke 1962 nke Rachel Carson mere mere ka ọha na eze mara banyere mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'enweghị isi.

N'ime afọ ndị na-esochi, ewebata akwụkwọ ụgwọ ndị yiri nke ahụ na emere ikpe iji kparịta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nzaghachi ndị Congress nwere ike ime. N'afọ 1968, ndị isi oche nke Kọmitii Senate on Interior and Insular Affairs, Senator Henry M. Jackson, na Kọmitii Ụlọ na Sayensị na Astronautics, nnọchiteanya George P. Miller, kpọkọtara ọnụ ụlọ-Senate colloquium iji kwurịta mkpa ọ dị. na ụzọ isi mejuputa atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba. Na mkpokọta, ụfọdụ ndị otu Congress kwupụtara nchegbu na-aga n'ihu maka omume ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Edebere iwu iwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba nke 1969 (NEPA) na ụgwọ 1959 RCA. Onye isi ala Nixon bịanyere aka na NEPA n'ime iwu na Jenụwarị 1, 1970. Iwu ahụ mepụtara Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) na Office Executive nke Onye isi ala. NEPA chọrọ ka edozi nkọwa zuru ezu nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nnukwu mmemme gọọmenti etiti niile na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. &quot;Nkwupụta zuru ezu&quot; ga-emecha kpọọ ya dị ka nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIS).

=== Ntọala ===
[[Usòrò:William_Ruckelshaus_Swearing_In_as_EPA_Administrator.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ruckelshaus ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye nchịkwa EPA mbụ]]
Na Julaị 9, 1970, Nixon tụrụ aro nhazigharị onye isi nke jikọtara ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmentị etiti n'okpuru otu ụlọ ọrụ, Agencylọ Ọrụ Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ. Atụmatụ a gụnyere ijikọ mmemme nchịkwa mmetọ site n'ọtụtụ ngalaba, dị ka nchikota mmemme pesticide sitere na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States na Ngalaba Ime Obodo United States.: 5  Mgbe ha nwesịrị ikpe n'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, Ụlọ na Senate kwadoro. atụmatụ ahụ. Emepụtara EPA ụbọchị 90 tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ,: 11  wee meghee ọnụ ụzọ ya n'ihu ọha na Disemba 2, 1970. Onye nchịkwa mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, William Ruckelshaus, ṅụrụ iyi nke ọrụ na Disemba 4, 1970.

Onye bu ụzọ EPA bu ụzọ bụ ngalaba ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke US Public Health Service (PHS), na okike kpatara otu n'ime usoro nhazigharị PHS nke mere n'oge 1966-1973. Site na PHS, EPA weghaara nchịkwa nchịkwa mmetọ ikuku nke mba dum, yana ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi na-ahụ maka njikwa mkpofu siri ike, Bureau of Water Hygiene, na akụkụ nke Bureau of Radiological Health. Ọ na-etinyekwa uche na Federal Water Quality Administration, nke ebufegoro na PHS na Ngalaba ime obodo na 1966. A na-etinyekwa ọrụ ole na ole sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na EPA: Federal Radiation Council nke nwere onwe ya na mbụ jikọtara ya; E bufere mmemme ọgwụ pesticides site na ngalaba nke ime ime, nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ, na ọrụ nyocha ọrụ ugbo; na ụfọdụ ọrụ e bufere site Council on Environmental Quality na Atomic Energy Commission.

Mgbe e kere ya, EPA ketara saịtị 84 gbasaa na steeti 26, nke saịtị 42 bụ ụlọ nyocha. EPA jikọtara ụlọ nyocha ndị a ka ọ bụrụ saịtị iri abụọ na abụọ.

=== Afọ ndị 1970 ===
N'afọ mbụ ya, EPA nwere mmefu ego nke ijeri $1.4 na ndị ọrụ 5,800.: 5  Na mmalite ya, EPA bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka aka ọrụ nke setịpụrụ ebumnuche na ụkpụrụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, omume ọhụrụ na mmezigharị ndị Congress mere nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ikike nchịkwa ya.: 9  A kwadoro nnukwu mgbasawanye nke Iwu Ikuku Clean na December 1970.

Ndị ọrụ EPA na-echeta na n'oge mbụ e nwere &quot;oke echiche nke nzube na obi ụtọ&quot; na atụmanya na &quot;enwere ụlọ ọrụ a nke ga-eme ihe banyere nsogbu nke doro anya na ọ dị n'uche ọtụtụ ndị na nke a. obodo,&quot; na-eduga na iri puku kwuru iri puku maliteghachi site n'aka ndị na-achọsi ike isonye na nnukwu mbọ a na-eme iji kpochapụ gburugburu America.

Mgbe EPA malitere ọrụ mbụ, ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ nwere mmetụta siri ike na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe na-agafe agafe. Ruckelshaus kwuru na ọ na-enwe nrụgide igosi ọha na eze nke na-enwe obi abụọ banyere arụmọrụ gọọmentị, na EPA nwere ike ịzaghachi nke ọma maka nchegbu zuru ebe niile gbasara mmetọ.

Osimiri Cuyahoga na-ere ọkụ na 1969 ebutela mkpesa mba. Na Disemba 1970, nyocha ndị jury gọọmentị etiti nke onye ọka iwu US Robert W. Jones duziri malitere, nke mmetọ mmiri nke ebubo na ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ 12 na-akpata na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Ohio kpatara. Ọ bụ nyocha ndị juri mbụ gbasara mmetọ mmiri na mpaghara ahụ. Ọkàiwu izugbe nke United States, John N. Mitchell, nwere ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ na December 18, 1970, na-ezo aka n'ịgba akwụkwọ gbasara nchịkwa mmetọ ọhụrụ, na-ekwu maka ịrụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ, ma kwupụta ntinye akwụkwọ ikpe n'ụtụtụ ahụ. megide Jones na Laughlin Steel Corporation maka ịwụsa nnukwu cyanide n'ime Osimiri Cuyahoga dị nso na Cleveland. Jones gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe mpaghara, na-ebo ebubo imebi iwu Rivers na Harbors nke 1899.

N'otu aka dabere na ahụmịhe ịgba akwụkwọ dị otú ahụ, Congress weputara Ndezigharị Iwu Mmetọ Mmiri Federal nke 1972, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Iwu Clean Water Act (CWA). CWA hibere usoro mba maka ikwado ịdịmma mmiri, gụnyere ụkpụrụ njikwa mmetọ nke amanyere iwu, nke ụlọ ọrụ na-emejuputa atumatu ya na steeti. Congress mezikwara Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) na 1972, na-achọ EPA iji tụọ ihe egwu ọ bụla pesticide nwere megide uru ọ nwere.

Na 1973 Onye isi ala Nixon họpụtara Ruckelshaus ka ọ bụrụ osote Attorney General. A họpụtara Russell E. Train ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na-esote.

Ndị omebe iwu gafere Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụṅụ Nchekwa na 1974, na-achọ EPA ịzụlite ụkpụrụ gọọmenti etiti amanyere iwu maka sistemụ mmiri ọha na eze, nke na-eje ozi 90% nke ndị US. Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka EPA manye ụkpụrụ ahụ site na nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ steeti.

N'October 1976, Congress gafere iwu nchịkwa ihe na-egbu egbu (TSCA) nke, dị ka FIFRA, metụtara mmepụta, ịde aha na ojiji nke ngwaahịa azụmahịa karịa mmetọ. Omume a nyere EPA ikike ịchịkọta ozi gbasara kemịkalụ ma chọọ ka ndị na-emepụta ihe nwalee ha, nye ya ikike ịhazi mmepụta na iji kemịkalụ (na-ekwu kpọmkwem banyere PCB), ma chọọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụta ndepụta kemịkalụ nke mba.

Congress mekwara iwu nchekwa nchekwa na mgbake (RCRA) na 1976, na-emezigharị nke ukwuu iwu mkpofu mkpofu siri ike nke 1965. O nyere EPA ọrụ ka o wepụta ebumnuche mba maka mkpofu mkpofu, ichekwa ike na ihe ndị sitere n'okike, ibelata mkpofu, na ịhụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma. njikwa ihe mkpofu. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara ụkpụrụ maka mkpofu siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ nke a ga-emejuputa na mmekorita ya na steeti.

Onye isi ala Jimmy Carter họpụtara Douglas M. Costle ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 1977. Iji jikwaa ọrụ iwu na ibu ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-agbasawanye, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 1979, mmefu ego ahụ toro ruo ihe dị ka ijeri $5.4 na nha ndị ọrụ mụbara ruo ihe dị ka 13,000.

=== Afọ ndị 1980 ===
N'afọ 1980, n'esochi nchọpụta nke ọtụtụ saịtị mkpofu dị ize ndụ a gbahapụrụ ma ọ bụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa dị ka Love Canal, Congress gafere Nzaghachi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ụgwọ ọrụ, nke akpọrọ &quot;Superfund.&quot; Iwu ọhụrụ ahụ nyere EPA ikike ịwụsa ụgbụ ka ukwuu maka ndị na-ahụ maka saịtị ndị mkpofu ihe dị egwu gara aga meruru ma guzobe usoro ego maka ntule na nhichapụ.

Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan họpụtara Anne Gorsuch onye nchịkwa EPA na 1981. Gorsuch gbadoro ụkwụ na nchịkwa ya nke EPA na usoro New Federalism nke ibelata ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti site n'inyefe ọrụ na ọrụ ha na steeti ndị ọ bụla. O kwenyere na EPA na-achịkwa azụmahịa nke ukwuu yana ụlọ ọrụ ahụ buru ibu na ọ bụghị ọnụ ahịa. N'ime ọnwa 22 ya dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, o belatara mmefu ego nke EPA site na 22%, belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gbara akwụkwọ megide ndị na-emetọ ihe, mee ka ọ dị mfe ịgbasa ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu. O wepụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, wee were ndị ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ha kwesịrị ịna-ahazi. Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi kwuru na atumatu ya e mere iji metọọ ndị na-emetọ ihe, ma bo ya ebubo na ọ na-agbalị ịkwatu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

N'ịgbaso mmechi ya nke mmemme Superfund, Reagan chụrụ onye enyemaka Rita Lavelle n'ọrụ na February 1983. E mechara mara Lavelle ikpe maka ịgba ụgha. Gorsuch nwere esemokwu na-abawanye ụba na Congress maka Superfund na mmemme ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ inyefe akwụkwọ ikike. A kpọtụrụ Gorsuch maka nlelị nke Congress na White House gwara EPA ka o nyefee akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na Congress. Gorsuch (onye lụgharịrị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ghọrọ Anne Gorsuch Burford) gbara arụkwaghịm na Maachị 1983, na-esochi arụkwaghịm nke osote onye nchịkwa ya na ọtụtụ ndị enyemaka ya. Reagan họpụtara William Ruckelshaus ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA maka okwu nke abụọ. Lee M. Thomas nọchiri Ruckelshaus dịka onye nchịkwa na 1985.

N’April 1986, mgbe ọdachi Chernobyl mere na Ukraine, e nyere EPA ọrụ ịchọpụta ihe ọ bụla metụtara United States na ime ka ọha na eze mara. Onye nchịkwa Lee Thomas kpọkọtara ndị otu interagency, gụnyere ndị ọrụ sitere na Commission Regulatory Commission, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, na Ngalaba Energy iji nyochaa ọnọdụ ahụ. Ha nwere ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ maka ụbọchị iri.: 9  N'otu afọ ahụ, ndị omeiwu wefere iwu atụmatụ mberede na ikike ịma obodo, nke nyere EPA ikike ikpokọta data na kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu ma kesaa ozi a na ọha.

EPA nyochakwara ihe mbelata ozone stratospheric pụtara. N'okpuru onye nchịkwa Thomas, EPA sonyeere ọtụtụ òtù mba ụwa iji mee nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke stratospheric ozone, bụ nke nyere aka n'ịkwalite ụkpụrụ Montreal Protocol, nke ekwenyere na August 1987.: 14

N'afọ 1988, n'oge mgbasa ozi onye isi ala mbụ ya, George H.W. Bush kwuru okwu banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe mmeri ntuli aka ya gasịrị, ọ họpụtara William K. Reilly, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka onye nchịkwa EPA na 1989. N'okpuru nduzi nke Reilly, EPA mejuputa mmemme afọ ofufo ma malite ịmepụta &quot;ọchịchị ụyọkọ&quot; maka ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi nke pulp na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ. N'oge ahụ, a na-amatawanye gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe gbasara mpaghara, nke gosipụtara na 1990 mmezi nke Iwu Clean Air na ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

=== Afọ ndị 1990 ===
Na 1992 EPA na Ngalaba Energy weputara mmemme Energy Star, mmemme afọ ofufo nke na-akwalite nrụpụta ike.

Onye isi ala Bill Clinton họpụtara Carol Browner onye nchịkwa EPA wee jee ozi site na 1993 ruo 2001. Nnukwu ọrụ n'oge Browner gụnyere:

* Mmalite nke mmemme ụgbọelu Brownfields na 1995&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Overview of EPA's Brownfields Program|url=https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/overview-epas-brownfields-program|date=2021-07-26|publisher=EPA|access-date=2023-08-19|archive-date=2023-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020135311/https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/overview-epas-brownfields-program|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụkpụrụ mmetọ ikuku dị ize ndụ maka ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ na 1995&lt;ref&gt;EPA (1995-08-18). &lt;/ref&gt;
* Iwu mbụ nke mbelata ágbá n'okpuru TSCA na 1996&lt;ref&gt;EPA (1996-08-29). &lt;/ref&gt;
* Mmelite nke National Ambient Air Quality Standards maka particulate matter na ozone na 1997.&lt;ref&gt;EPA (1997-07-18). &lt;/ref&gt;

Site na ngafe nke iwu Superfund na 1980, a na-atụnye ụtụ mpụ na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na mmanụ ala, iji kwado ego ntụkwasị obi mkpocha. Ikike Congressional maka ụtụ isi ahụ ga-agwụ na 1995. Ọ bụ ezie na Browner na nchịkwa Clinton kwadoro ịga n'ihu na ụtụ isi, Congress jụrụ inyeghachi ya ikike. N'ikpeazụ, a kwadoro mmemme Superfund naanị site na ntinye ego kwa afọ, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe mkpofu na-emezigharị n'ime otu afọ. (Na 2021 Congress nyere ikike ịtụ ụtụ isi na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal.)

Nnukwu mmelite ndị omebe iwu n'oge nchịkwa Clinton bụ Iwu Nchedo Ogo Nri yana mmezi nke 1996 na Iwu Ịṅụ Ọgwụ Nchekwa.

=== Afọ 2000 ===
Onye isi ala George W. Bush họpụtara Christine Todd Whitman ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2001. Mike Leavitt nọchiri Whitman na 2003 na Stephen L. Johnson na 2005.

Na Maachị 2005 steeti itoolu (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Mexico na Vermont) gbara ndị EPA akwụkwọ. Onye nleba anya n'ozuzu nke EPA ekpebiela na iwu EPA nke ikuku mercury agbasoghị Iwu Ikuku Clean Air, yana ndị isi nhọpụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emetụta ụkpụrụ ahụ. EPA akwụsịla ọmụmụ ihe Mahadum Harvard nyere ya nke megidere ọnọdụ ya na njikwa mercury. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ boro ebubo na iwu EPA na-ewepụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na-agba ọkụ site na &quot;teknụzụ nchịkwa kachasị dị&quot; bụ nke iwu na-akwadoghị, ma na-ebo ebubo na usoro EPA nke okpu na-azụmaahịa iji belata ọkwa mercury dị ala ga-ekwe ka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ kwụsị ibelata ikuku mercury. , nke ha jụrụ ga-eduga n'ebe dị ize ndụ nke mmetọ mercury n'ime mpaghara ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na nkezi ọkwa agbadala. Ọtụtụ steeti malitekwara iwepụta ụkpụrụ mkpochapụ mercury nke ha. Iwu Illinois tụrụ aro ga-ebelata mercury emission site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ site na nkezi nke 90% site na 2009. N'afọ 2008—site n'oge a ngụkọta nke steeti iri na anọ sonyeere uwe ahụ—Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka District nke Columbia kpebiri na EPA iwu mebiri iwu ikuku dị ọcha. Na nzaghachi, EPA kwupụtara atụmatụ ịtụpụta ụkpụrụ ndị dị otú ahụ iji dochie Iwu Ọcha ikuku Mercury, ma mee ya na Maachị 16, 2011.

Na Julaị 2005 akụkọ EPA na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala na-eji loopholes na-emepụta ụgbọ ala ndị na-adịchaghị mma mmanụ ọkụ egbuola oge. Ekwesịrị ka ewepụtara akụkọ ahụ ụbọchị tupu agafere ụgwọ ike na-arụrịta ụka na ọ ga-enye nkwado ndabere maka ndị na-emegide ya, mana EPA na-egbu oge ntọhapụ ya na nkeji ikpeazụ.

EPA butere mmemme WaterSense afọ ofufo ya na 2006 iji kwalite ịrụ ọrụ mmiri site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa.

Na 2007 steeti California gbara EPA akwụkwọ maka ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ ikwe ka California na steeti iri na isii ndị ọzọ bulie ụkpụrụ akụ na ụba mmanụ maka ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ. Onye nchịkwa EPA Stephen Johnson kwuru na EPA na-arụ ọrụ n'ụkpụrụ nke ya, mana a na-ahụta mmegharị ahụ dị ka mgbalị ichebe ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala site na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịtọ ụkpụrụ dị ala na ọkwa gọọmenti etiti, nke ga-ebupụ iwu obodo. Gọvanọ California Arnold Schwarzenegger, yana ndị gọvanọ sitere na steeti 13 ndị ọzọ, kwuru na omume EPA leghaara iwu gọọmenti etiti anya, na ụkpụrụ California dị ugbu a (nke ọtụtụ steeti nakweere na mgbakwunye na California) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ ka ọ dị irè dị ka ụkpụrụ gọọmenti etiti a tụrụ anya. A kọrọ na Johnson leghaara ndị ọrụ nke ya anya n'ime mkpebi a.

N'afọ 2007, a kọrọ na ndị njikwa ọrụ kwụsịrị nyocha EPA. Ndị nlekọta na EPA's National Centre for Environmental Assessment chọrọ ka ihichapụ ọtụtụ paragraf site na akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ gbasara usoro ozi ihe ize ndụ jikọtara ọnụ nke EPA, nke mere ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ abụọ wepụrụ aha ha na mbipụta ahụ, yana onye dere ya kwekọrọ, Ching- Hung Hsu, ịhapụ EPA &quot;n'ihi mmachi draconian etinyere na mbipụta&quot;. Akụkọ nke 2007 kwuru na EPA doro ndị ọrụ bụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ sayensị ka ha jide tupu oge eruo, ọ bụrụgodị na edere akwụkwọ ndị ahụ n'oge nkeonwe.

Na December 2007 EPA Administrator Johnson kwadoro idepụta akwụkwọ nke kwupụtara na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi ọdịmma ọha na eze-mkpebi nke ga-akpalite iwu nke mbụ na-amanyere iwu ikpo ọkụ n'ụwa. Onye osote onye isi nchịkwa Jason Burnett zigaara akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na White House. Ndị na-enyere aka na White House—bụ ndị guzogidere iwu amanyere ogologo oge dị ka ụzọ isi lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya—maara isi ihe nchọta Johnson ga-abụ, Burnett kwuru. Ha makwaara na ozugbo ha meghere ihe mgbakwunye ahụ, ọ ga-abụ ihe ndekọ ọha na eze, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ arụmụka na siri ike iwepụ. Ya mere ha emegheghi ya; kama, ha kpọrọ Johnson ma gwa ya ka o weghachi akwụkwọ ahụ. Johnson kagburu akwụkwọ ahụ; na Julaị 2008, o wepụtara ụdị ọhụrụ nke na-akọwaghị na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ihe ize ndụ nye ọdịmma ọha. Burnett gbara arụkwaghịm na ngagharị iwe.

N'April 2008, Union of Concerned Scientists kwuru na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,600 ndị ọrụ EPA ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị zara ajụjụ online na ajụjụ zuru ezu kọrọ na ha enwetala ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọrụ ha. Nnyocha ahụ gụnyere ndị na-ahụ maka kemịkalụ, ndị ọkà mmụta toxicologists, ndị injinia, ndị ọkà mmụta ala na ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba sayensị ndị ọzọ. Ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru na nnyonye anya a na-ahụkarị n'ime afọ ise gara aga karịa na afọ ndị gara aga.

Onye isi ala Barack Obama họpụtara Lisa P. Jackson ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2009.

=== Afọ 2010 ===
N'afọ 2010, a kọrọ na nyocha nke maapụ $3 million na ịrị elu oke osimiri bụ njikwa EPA kwụsịrị n'oge ọchịchị Bush na Obama, na ndị njikwa gbanwere akụkọ mmekọrịta dị mkpa iji gosipụta mwepụ nke maapụ ahụ.

N'etiti 2011 na 2012, ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ EPA kọrọ na ọ siri ike na-eduzi na ịkọ akụkọ ihe ọmụmụ banyere hydraulic fracturing n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ na nrụgide gọọmentị, ma na-enwe nchegbu banyere nyocha nke akụkọ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Onye isi ala Obama họpụtara Gina McCarthy ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2013.

N'afọ 2014, EPA bipụtara ụkpụrụ &quot;Tier 3&quot; maka ụgbọ ala, gwongworo na ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ, nke mere ka ihe ndị chọrọ ikuku na-emetọ ikuku sie ike ma wedata ọdịnaya sọlfọ na mmanụ ụgbọala.

Na 2015, EPA chọpụtara oke mmebi nke Volkswagen Group n'imepụta ụgbọ ala mmanụ dizel Volkswagen na Audi, maka afọ 2009 ruo 2016. N'ịgbaso ọkwa nke mmebi iwu na ntaramahụhụ mpụ nwere ike ime, Volkswagen mechara kwenye na nhazi iwu ma kwụọ ọtụtụ ijeri US dollar ntaramahụhụ mpụ, ma chọọ ka ọ malite usoro ịzụrụ ụgbọ ala ma gbanwee engine nke ụgbọ ala iji belata ikuku ikuku na-akwadoghị.

N'August 2015, 2015 Gold King Mine mwụfu mmiri na-ekpofu mere mgbe ndị ọrụ EPA nyochara ọkwa nke mmetọ dị ka lead na arsenic na ogbunigwe Colorado, na mberede tọhapụrụ ihe karịrị nde galọn atọ nke mmiri mkpofu n'ime Cement Creek na Osimiri Animas. Na 2015, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), ngalaba nke World Health Organisation, zoro aka nyocha na-ejikọta glyphosate, ihe na-eme ihe na-egbu ahihia Roundup nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ Monsanto mere, na lymphoma na-abụghị Hodgkin. Na March 2017, onye ọka ikpe na-ekpe ikpe nke ndị na-azọrọ na ha mepụtara glyphosate na-abụghị Hodgkin's lymphoma meghere ozi ịntanetị Monsanto na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ metụtara ikpe ahụ, gụnyere mgbanwe email n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmenti etiti. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times si kwuo, &quot;ihe ndekọ ahụ na-atụ aro na Monsanto nwere nyocha nke mmụọ nke e mesịrị kwuo na ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-egosi na onye isi ọrụ na Environmental Protection Agency arụ ọrụ iji kwụsịtụ nyocha nke isi ihe nke Roundup, glyphosate, nke a ga-enwe. Ndị Ngalaba Ahụike na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ United States duziri.&quot; Ihe ndekọ ahụ na-egosi na Monsanto nwere ike ịkwado &quot;mwakpo mmekọrịta ọha na eze&quot; na nchọpụta ahụ mgbe a mara ọkwa na mkpebi Jess Rowland, onye isi nke kọmitii nyochaa ọrịa cancer nke EPA n'oge ahụ, ọnwa ole na ole. Ozi ịntanetị gosikwara na Rowland &quot;ekwela nkwa na ya ga-akụghasị mbọ nke Ngalaba Ahụike na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ na-eme iji duzie nyocha nke ya.&quot;

Na February 17, 2017, Onye isi ala Donald Trump họpụtara Scott Pruitt ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA. Ndị Democratic Party hụrụ nhọpụta ahụ dị ka ihe na-akpata arụmụka, ebe Pruitt nọrọla ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na-agbagha ụkpụrụ na amụma gburugburu ebe obibi. O nweghi ahụmịhe gara aga na ngalaba nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi wee nweta nkwado ego site n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ fossil. N'afọ 2017, ọchịchị Trump tụrụ aro mbelata 31% na mmefu ego EPA gaa na ijeri $5.7 site na ijeri $8.1  na iwepụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, ndị Congress anabataghị mbelata a. Pruitt gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwá ahụ na July 5, 2018, na-ekwu maka &quot;mwakpo na-adịghị agwụ agwụ&quot; n'ihi esemokwu ụkpụrụ omume na-aga n'ihu.

Onye isi ala Trump họpụtara Andrew R. Wheeler ka onye nchịkwa EPA na 2019.

Na Julaị 17, 2019, njikwa EPA machibidoro onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Sayensị ntụkwasị obi nke ụlọ ọrụ, Francesca Grifo, ịgba akaebe na ntị kọmitii Ụlọ. EPA nyere ikike iziga onye nnọchi anya dị iche n'ọnọdụ Grifo wee bo kọmitii ahụ ebubo na &quot;na-agwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ onye ha kwenyere na ọ tozuru oke ikwu okwu.&quot; Ntị ahụ bụ iji kwurịta mkpa ọ dị ikwe ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gọọmenti etiti na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ mgbe na onye ha chọrọ maka nyocha ha na-enweghị nchegbu maka nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla.

Na Septemba 2019 ụkpụrụ mmetọ ikuku na California bụ ndị a na-awakpo ọzọ, ka gọọmentị Trump nwara ịkagbu nkwụghachi ụgwọ enyere steeti nke kwere ka ụkpụrụ siri ike maka ikuku ụgbọ ala na gwongworo karịa ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti.

=== Afọ 2020 ===
Onye isi ala Joe Biden họpụtara Michael S. Regan ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa na 2021. Regan malitere ije ozi na Maachị 11, 2021.

N'October 2021 EPA kwuputara &quot;PFAS Strategic Roadmap.&quot; PFAS bụ ogige kemịkalụ organofluorine nke a na-akpọ &quot;kemịkalụ ebighi ebi&quot;. Map ahụ bụ atụmatụ &quot;n'ozuzu nke-EPA&quot; na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-atụle usoro ndụ PFAS zuru oke, gụnyere igbochi PFAS ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ejide ndị na-emetọ ihe na-aza ajụjụ, na nhazi nke saịtị ndị mmetọ. Ọ ga-agụnye nleba anya mmiri ọñụñụ na nleba anya ihe ize ndụ maka PFOA na PFOS na biosolids (sludge nsị mmiri a na-edozi na-eji dị ka fatịlaịza).

Na Disemba 2021 EPA weputara ụkpụrụ gas griin ọhụrụ maka ụgbọ ala ndị njem na gwongworo ọkụ. Ụkpụrụ ndị a, nke ga-ebelata mmetọ ihu igwe ma melite ahụike ọha, dị irè maka afọ 2023 ụgbọ ala.

Na Machị 2022, nchịkwa Biden kwere ka California ọzọ ịtọlite ​​ụkpụrụ ikuku ikuku akpaaka siri ike.

N'August 2022 Enyere EPA ndenye aha ~ $ 53.216 ijeri ego dabere na Iwu Mbelata onu oriri (IRA). EPA depụtara mkpokọta atụmatụ 24, nke kacha mara amara n'etiti ha bụ mbelata na nleba anya gas griin haus, ụtụ mmanụ ala dị elu, jiri ụgbọ ala na-ekupụ efu dochie ụgbọ ala dị arọ ugbu a, yana mmemme mkpali methane.

Na February 3, 2023, ihe karịrị ụgbọ ala ụgbọ oloko 100 ka agbapụrụ na East Palestine, na ihe dị ka ọkara nke ụgbọ ala ndị ahụ nwere kemịkalụ dị ka butyl acrylate, vinyl chloride, na ethylhexyl acrylate. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, kemịkalụ ahụ gbabara n'ime ọkụ ka a na-ahụ site na ọtụtụ kilomita gburugburu, uzuoku jupụtara n'ikuku nke ndị bi na ya na-akọ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-arịa ọrịa na mmetụta na-ere ọkụ n'anya na imi ha. Ndị EPA na-enyocha ọnọdụ ahụ ma ndị ọkachamara na-atụ aro ka ndị bi n'ime obodo sonye na nyocha ikuku n'ụlọ EPA.

Na Eprel 12, 2023, EPA tụpụtara ụkpụrụ ikuku ikuku ụgbọ ala gọọmentị etiti ga-eme ka mgbanwe gaa na ụgbọ ala eletrik (EVs). Ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-achọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 2/3 nke ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ niile a na-ere na United States ka ọ bụrụ EVs site na 2032. Iwu na-achọ iji belata mmetọ ikuku na mgbanwe ihu igwe. EPA na-achọ nkwupụta ọha site na Julaị 25, 2023. Ọ bụrụ na akwadoro iwu a ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ngalaba njem na ahụike ọha.

== Nhazi ==
[[Usòrò:EPA_HQ_-_WJ_Clinton_Building_-_Main_entrance_-_2018a.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Isi ụlọ ọrụ EPA na William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building]]
Onye nchịkwa na-eduzi EPA, họpụtara na-esote nhọpụta nke onye isi oche na nkwenye sitere na Congress.

=== Ọfịs ===

* Ọfịs onye nchịkwa (OA). {{As of|2020|10}} Ọktọba , ọfịs ahụ nwere ngalaba iri na abụọ:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-administrator|title=About the Office of the Administrator|date=October 26, 2017|publisher=EPA|accessdate=February 18, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105122554/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ao.html|archivedate=January 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ọfịs nke Ọrụ Nchịkwa na Ndị Nchịkwa
** Ọfịs Nchebe Ahụike Ụmụaka
*** Kọmitii ndụmọdụ maka nchekwa ahụike ụmụaka
** Ọfịs nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ
** Ọfịs nke Mmekọrịta Ndị Omeiwu na Gọọmenti
** Ọfịs nke Mmeziwanye Na-aga N'ihu
** Ọfịs nke Executive Secretariat
** Ọfịs nke Homeland Security
** Ọfịs Iwu&lt;ref name=&quot;About Policy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About the Office of Policy|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-policy-op|date=2023-02-07|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ọfịs nke Mmekọrịta Ọha
** Ọfịs nke Mmekọrịta Ọha na Mmụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
** Ọfịs nke Obere na Ndị Nwere Ọghọm
** Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Sayensị
* Ọfịs nke ikuku na radiation (OAR)&lt;ref name=&quot;About OAR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About the Office of Air and Radiation|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-air-and-radiation-oar|date=2022-07-13|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọfịs nke Nchedo Chemical na Mgbochi Mmetọ (OCSPP)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chemical-safety-and-pollution-prevention-ocspp|title=About the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention|publisher=EPA|date=May 13, 2014|accessdate=May 19, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603223904/http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chemical-safety-and-pollution-prevention-ocspp|archivedate=June 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọfịs nke Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chief-financial-officer-ocfo|title=About the Office of the Chief Financial Officer|publisher=EPA|date=January 20, 2017|accessdate=November 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013041423/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chief-financial-officer-ocfo|archivedate=October 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọfịs nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ&lt;ref name=&quot;About OEJECR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About the Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-environmental-justice-and-external-civil-rights|date=2022-10-06|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọfịs nke Mmanye na Nkwado (OECA)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-oeca|title=About the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance|publisher=EPA|date=November 17, 2010|accessdate=March 20, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329024948/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-oeca|archivedate=March 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọfịs nke General Counsel (OGC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ogc.html|title=About the Office of General Counsel|publisher=EPA|date=November 17, 2010|accessdate=April 22, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501141448/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ogc.html|archivedate=May 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọfịs Inspector General (OIG)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510195006/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/oig.html|title=About EPA|publisher=EPA|date=January 18, 2013|archivedate=May 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọfịs nke International na Tribal Affairs (OITA)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-international-and-tribal-affairs-oita|title=About the Office of International and Tribal Affairs|publisher=EPA|date=November 17, 2010|accessdate=March 20, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329025052/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-international-and-tribal-affairs-oita|archivedate=March 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọfịs nke Nkwado Ọrụ (OMS)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-organization-chart|title=EPA Organization Chart|publisher=EPA|date=2013-01-29|accessdate=2019-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710034347/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-organization-chart|archivedate=July 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ọfịs nke Resources na Business Operations (ORBO)
** Kọmitii Mkpesa Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
** Ọfịs nke Federal Sustainability
** Ọfịs nke Ndị Ikpe Iwu Nchịkwa
** Office of Acquisition Solutions (OAS)
** Ọfịs Nchịkwa (OA)
** Ọfịs nke Human Resources (OHR)
** Ọfịs nke Onyinye na Nkwado (OGD)
** Ọfịs nke Nkwado Ndị Ahịa, Iwu na Nchịkwa Akụrụngwa (OCAPPM)
** Ọfịs nke Ọrụ Digital na Architecture Technical (ODSTA)
** Ọfịs nke Nchịkwa Ozi (OIM) Ọfịs Nchebe Ozi na Nzuzo (OISP)
** Ọfịs nke mmemme ozi ụlọ ọrụ (OEIP)
** Ọfịs nke IT Operations (OITO)

[[Usòrò:EPA_Breidenbach_Laboratory_2019a.jpg|thumb|Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center dị na Cincinnati bụ ụlọ ọrụ R&amp;D nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na EPA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/andrew-w-breidenbach-environmental-research-center-awberc|title=Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center (AWBERC)|date=2015-09-18|publisher=EPA|accessdate=2019-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529143426/https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/andrew-w-breidenbach-environmental-research-center-awberc|archivedate=May 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* Office of Research and Development (ORD), nke dị {{As of|2021|11}} Nọvemba 2021[update], nwere:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=EPA's Office of Research and Development Reorganizes to Better Support EPA's Mission|url=https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epas-office-research-and-development-reorganizes-better-support-epas-mission|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-29|title=Organization Chart for the Office of Research and Development|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/organization-chart-office-research-and-development-ord|accessdate=2021-11-06|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ọfịs ozugbo nke Onye Nlekọta
** Office of Science Advisor, Policy, and Engagement (OSAPE)
** Ọfịs nke Nchịkwa Ozi Sayensị (OSIM)
** Ọfịs nke Nchịkwa Ihe onwunwe
** Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE)
** Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling (CEMM)
** Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA)
** Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (CESER)
* Office of Land and Emergency Management (OLEM), nke dị {{As of|2017|3}} nke March 2017[update], nwere:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-land-and-emergency-management-olem|title=About the Office of Land and Emergency Management|date=November 17, 2010|publisher=EPA|accessdate=January 27, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127120503/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-land-and-emergency-management-olem|archivedate=January 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ọfịs nke Superfund Remediation na Technology Innovation
** Ọfịs Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe onwunwe
** Ọfịs nke Tanki Nchekwa n'okpuru ala
** Ọfịs nke Brownfields na Land Revitalization
** Ọfịs nke Nlekọta Mberede
** Ụlọ Ọrụ Federal Restoration and Reuse Office
* Ọfịs Mmiri (OW) nke, dị {{As of|2017|3}} nke Machị 2017[update], nwere:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ow.html|title=About the Office of Water|publisher=EPA|date=November 17, 2010|accessdate=April 22, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501133930/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ow.html|archivedate=May 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-water#wetlands|title=About the Office of Water|publisher=EPA|date=January 29, 2013|accessdate=March 20, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233011/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-water#wetlands|archivedate=March 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ọfịs nke Mmiri Ala na Mmiri Ọṅụ (OGWDW)
** Ọfịs sayensị na teknụzụ (OST)
** Ọfịs nke Wastewater Management (OWM)
** Ọfịs nke Wetlands, Oceans na Watersheds (OWOW)

=== Mpaghara ===
[[Usòrò:Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg|thumb|Mpaghara nchịkwa nke United States Environmental Protection Agency]]
Ịmepụta mpaghara 10 EPA bụ atụmatụ sitere n'aka Onye isi ala Richard Nixon. Lee Standard Federal Region. Ọfịs mpaghara EPA ọ bụla bụ ọrụ na steeti ya maka imejuputa mmemme ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, belụsọ mmemme ndị enyerela aka na steeti.

* Mpaghara 1: na-ahụ maka steeti [[Kónétíkùt|Connecticut]], [[Mën|Maine]], [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], [[Hampshire Ohúrú|New Hampshire]], [[Àlá mmírí Rhode|Rhode Island]], na [[Vermont]] (New England).
* Mpaghara 2: na-ahụ maka ya na steeti [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] na [[Nú Yọk|New York]]. Ọ bụkwa ọrụ maka mpaghara US nke Puerto Rico, na US Virgin Islands.
* [[Washington, D.C.|Mpaghara]] 3: na-ahụ maka steeti [[Déláwè|Delaware]], [[Mérílạnd|Maryland]], [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]], Virginia, West [[Végíníyà|Virginia]], na District of Columbia.
* Mpaghara 4: na-ahụ maka steeti [[Alabama]], [[Flórídạ|Florida]], [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]], [[Kentórkị|Kentucky]], [[Mississippi]], [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]], [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]], na [[Tennessee]].
* Mpaghara 5: na-ahụ maka ya na steeti [[Ilinoi|Illinois]], [[Ndiánà|Indiana]], [[Michigan]], [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]], [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]], na [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]].
* Mpaghara 6: na-ahụ maka ya na steeti [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]], [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]], [[Nú Mézíkọ|New Mexico]], [[Oklahoma]], na [[Texas]].
* Mpaghara 7: na-ahụ maka steeti [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], [[Mizurị|Missouri]], na [[Nebraska]].
* Mpaghara 8: na-ahụ maka steeti [[Colorado]], [[Montana]], [[North Dakota]], [[Sawt Dakótạ|South Dakota]], [[Yútạh|Utah]], na [[Waịómịn|Wyoming]].
* Mpaghara 9: na-ahụ maka steeti [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Hawaii]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], ókèala Guam na American Samoa, na Navajo Nation.&lt;ref&gt;Memorandum Of Agreement between The Navajo Nation and The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regions 6, 8, and 9 regarding the Implementation of Environmental Standards and Regulations on the Navajo Nation, October 9, 1991&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mpaghara 10: na-ahụ maka steeti [[Àláskà|Alaska]], [[Idaho]], [[Oregon]], na [[Washington (nkeji obodo)|Washington]].

Ọfịs mpaghara ọ bụla na-emejuputa mmemme na ala ndị agbụrụ India, ewezuga mmemme ndị ahụ enyere ikike ebo

== Ikike iwu ==
Ụlọ ọrụ na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ime naanị n'usoro iwu-iwu ndị Congress mere. Iwu nbinye ego na-enye ikike ego ole ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike imefu kwa afọ iji mezuo ụkpụrụ akwadoro. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ikike ịnye ụkpụrụ. Otu ụkpụrụ na-akọwa ụkpụrụ, na EPA na-etinye ụkpụrụ ya n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-akwado ihe ndị a chọrọ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-etinyerịrị nkọwa nke ihe kpatara achọrọ iwu. (Lee Iwu Usoro nchịkwa.) Enwere ike ịkatọ iwu n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ikpe mpaghara ma ọ bụ ụlọikpe mkpegharị, dabere na ndokwa nke iwu.

=== Iwu ndị metụtara ya ===
EPA nwere ikike mmejuputa iwu isi maka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi gọọmentị etiti ndị a

* Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha
* Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha
* Iwu Mmetụta zuru oke nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Nkwụghachi ụgwọ na Ibu ọrụ (&quot;Superfund&quot;)
* Atụmatụ Mberede na Iwu Ikike Ịmara Obodo
* Iwu Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, na Rodenticide
* [[Iwu Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ]]
* Iwu Mmiri Na-aba N'Otu
* Iwu Nchịkwa Ihe Na-egbu Mmanụ
* Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act

Enwere iwu ndị ọzọ ebe EPA nwere ọrụ inye aka ma ọ bụ na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ aka. N'ime iwu ndị a bụ

* Iwu Ụdị Ndị Na-eyi Egwu Egwu
* Iwu Nnwere Onwe na Nchebe
* Iwu Iwu Ike
* Iwu Nri, Ọgwụ, na Ihe ntecha nke gọọmentị etiti
* Iwu Nchebe Nri
* Iwu Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba
* Iwu Mmetọ Mmanụ
* Iwu Mgbochi Mmetọ

== Ihe omume ==
[[Usòrò:NEregionalLab_069_(14411979858).jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị EPA na-eme nnyocha iyi na Osimiri Merrimack na Massachusetts]]
EPA hibere mmemme ya bụ isi dabere na ọrụ ndị mbụ akọwapụtara na iwu ndị Congress weputara. Ewepụtala mmemme ndị ọzọ iji kọwapụta ozi ndị mbụ. Ndị Congress nyere ikike ụfọdụ n'ime mmemme ọhụrụ ọhụrụ ahụ. Onye bụbu onye nchịkwa William Ruckelshaus kwuru na 2016 na ihe ize ndụ maka EPA bụ na ikuku, mmiri, mkpofu na mmemme ndị ọzọ agaghị ejikọta ya, tinye ya na &quot;silos&quot;, nsogbu nke na-adịgide karịa afọ 50 ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị ntakịrị karịa na mmalite.

=== Ihe omume ndị bụ isi ===

==== Ọnọdụ ikuku na nchebe radiation ====
Officelọ ọrụ nke ikuku na Radiation (OAR) na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka &quot;ịmepụta mmemme mba, atumatu na ụkpụrụ maka ịchịkwa mmetọ ikuku na ikpughe radieshon.&quot; Ndị OAR na-ahụ maka ịmanye Iwu Ikuku Dị Ọcha, Iwu Atọmic Energy Act, Iwu Mpụpụ Pilot Plant Land Withdrawal Waste Isolation, na iwu ndị ọzọ dị. Ndị OAR na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ nke atụmatụ atụmatụ ịdị mma ikuku na ụkpụrụ, nchekwa ikuku, ụgbọ njem na ogo ikuku, yana Office nke Radiation na Ikuku ime ụlọ.

===== Ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi =====

* National Environmental Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
* Atụmatụ mmejuputa steeti (SIPs)

===== Ụkpụrụ mmetọ ikuku kwụ otu ebe =====

* [[Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ Ọhụrụ]]
* National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs)
* Ikike maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na azụmahịa

===== Ụkpụrụ isi iyi mkpanaka =====
[[Usòrò:AN_EPA_FACILITY_AT_ANN_ARBOR_MEASURES_ENGINE_EXHAUST_FROM_A_NEW_AUTOMOBILE._(FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER..._-_NARA_-_553895.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha nke ikuku ụgbọala na ụlọ nyocha EPA na Ann Arbor, Michigan]]

* Iwu ụgbọ ala n'okporo ụzọ
* Nchịkwa ụgbọ ala na-abụghị nke okporo ụzọ (gụnyere ụgbọelu, locomotives, ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri, injin kwụ otu ebe)
* Nchịkwa mmanụ ụgbọ njem
* [https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-laboratory-nvfel National Vehicle Fuel and Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL)]

===== Ihe nchebe radiation =====
'''Ihe omume Nchedo Radiation''' nwere ìgwè ọrụ asaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/|title=Radiation Protection|date=2022-03-29|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ihe Mgbukpọ Radioactive&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactive-waste|title=Radioactive Waste|date=2022-07-11|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Nkwadebe na Nzaghachi Mberede Nchebe Ọrụ Nchebe na Ntuziaka Atụmatụ maka Ihe Omume Radiological: EPA mepụtara ntuziaka dị ka ntuziaka maka gọọmentị mpaghara na steeti iji chebe ọha na eze pụọ na ihe mberede nuklia, mbipụta 2017 bụ mmelite afọ 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiological-emergency-response|title=Radiological Emergency Response|date=July 27, 2016|publisher=EPA|accessdate=March 13, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174231/https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiological-emergency-response|archivedate=March 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/epa_pag_manual_final_revisions_01-11-2017_cover_disclaimer_8.pdf|title=EPA Protective Action Guide|date=January 11, 2017|publisher=EPA|accessdate=March 13, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174648/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/epa_pag_manual_final_revisions_01-11-2017_cover_disclaimer_8.pdf|archivedate=March 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ọrụ EPA na nzaghachi mberede - Ndị otu pụrụ iche&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/chemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-consequence-management|title=Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence Management|work=Emergency Response|date=2022-12-19|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ihe Omume Radioactive Na-eme ka Ọdịdị Ukwu (TENORM)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/radiation/technologically-enhanced-naturally-occurring-radioactive-materials-tenorm|title=Naturally-Occurring Radiation Program|date=2022-07-05|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ụkpụrụ Radiation maka Mmiri na Mmiri Ọṅụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/air-water-overview.html|title=Radiation Regulations and Laws, Standards for Air and Drinking Water|date=January 19, 2017|publisher=EPA|accessdate=March 13, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907191429/http://www.epa.gov/radiation/air-water-overview.html|archivedate=September 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ntuziaka Federal maka Nchebe Radiation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/radiation/federal-guidance-radiation-protection|title=Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection|date=September 1, 2016|publisher=EPAaccess-date = March 13, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174138/https://www.epa.gov/radiation/federal-guidance-radiation-protection|archivedate=March 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Sayensị na ụkpụrụ nchịkwa =====

* '''Usoro''' ikikere nke National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) na-ekwu maka mmetọ mmiri site na ịchịkwa isi iyi nke na-abanye na mmiri US. N'ịbụ nke e mepụtara na 1972 site na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, usoro ikikere NPDES na-enye gọọmentị steeti ikike ịrụ ọtụtụ akụkụ ikikere, nchịkwa, na mmanye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPDES Basics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NPDES Permit Basics|url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-permit-basics|date=2020-08-03|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2021}}, EPA kwadoro steeti 47 iji jikwaa usoro ikikere niile ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme ikikere ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NPDES State Program Authority|url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-state-program-authority|date=2021-08-09|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọfịs mpaghara EPA na-achịkwa mmemme ahụ na mpaghara ndị fọdụrụ na mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPDES Basics&quot; /&gt; Iwu Mmiri nke 1987 gbatịkwuru ikike NPDES maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na usoro mmiri ozuzo dị iche iche. N'afọ 2016, e nwere ikike NPDES isi isi ihe 6,700 n'ebe ahụ na 109,000 isi obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ikike n'ozuzu ma ọ bụ nke onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanlon-2019&quot;&gt;Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. &lt;/ref&gt;

* Ntuziaka nsị (ụkpụrụ dabeere na teknụzụ) maka isi mmalite ụlọ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ mmiri (ụkpụrụ ndị dabeere n'ihe ize ndụ) maka mmiri, n'okpuru Isi nke Atọ nke CWA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Industrial Effluent Guidelines|url=https://www.epa.gov/eg/industrial-effluent-guidelines|date=2021-07-13|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are Water Quality Standards?|url=https://www.epa.gov/standards-water-body-health/what-are-water-quality-standards|date=2021-02-26|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe omume mmetọ na-abụghị isi iyi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution|url=https://www.epa.gov/nps|date=2022-05-31|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Usoro CWA nkewa 404 na-achịkwa nsị nke ihe ndị a gwupụtara ma ọ bụ jupụta na mmiri nke United States. Ndị U.S. Army Corps of Engineers na-enye ikikere ma EPA na-enyocha ya, ma enwere ike ịjụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-akpata mmebi na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụgodị na ihe ọzọ adịghị adị nke na-enweghị mmetụta ọjọọ na mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanlon-2019&quot;&gt;Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. &lt;/ref&gt; A na-achọkarị ndị nwere ikike iji weghachite ma ọ bụ mepụta ala mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji belata mfu nke a na-enweghị ike izere.
* EPA na-ahụ na '''mmiri ọṅụṅụ''' dị mma maka ọha na eze, site na ịtọ ụkpụrụ maka ihe karịrị usoro mmiri ọha na eze 148,000 na mba ahụ dum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Information about Public Water Systems|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems|date=2021-03-18|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; EPA na-elekọta steeti, gọọmentị ime obodo na ndị na-eweta mmiri iji mee ka ụkpụrụ dị n'okpuru Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụ Dị Mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Primacy Enforcement Responsibility for Public Water Systems|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/primacy-enforcement-responsibility-public-water-systems|date=2020-10-09|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe omume ahụ gụnyere ịchịkwa olulu mmiri iji chebe isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị n'okpuru ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Protecting Underground Sources of Drinking Water from Underground Injection|url=https://www.epa.gov/uic|date=2022-06-30|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ala, ihe mkpofu na nhicha ====

* Nchịkwa nke ihe mkpofu siri ike (nke na-adịghị ize ndụ) na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ n'okpuru RCRA. Iji mezuo iwu nke afọ 1976, EPA bipụtara ụkpụrụ na 1979 maka [[Ebe mkpofu ahịhịa|ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa]] &quot;dị ọcha&quot; nke na-enweta [[Iwu Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ|ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo]].&lt;ref&gt;EPA (1979-09-13). &lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bipụtara [[Iwu Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ|iwu mkpofu dị ize ndụ]] nke mba ma guzobe ikike na usoro nlekota zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ijikwa mkpofu dị egwu. Usoro a na-achịkwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị n'okpuru ikike EPA. E wepụtara ụkpụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ mkpofu, ebe nchekwa na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa (TSDFs), ma machibido ịtụfu ihe mkpofu n'oké osimiri iwu: 2-4 N'afọ 1984, Congress wepụtara Ndezigharị Ihe Dị ize ndụ na Ihe Dị Ike (HSWA) nke gbasaa ọtụtụ akụkụ nke usoro RCRA:&lt;ref&gt;United States. &lt;/ref&gt;
** Usoro mgbochi mkpofu ala na-esetịpụ ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ọgwụgwọ maka '''ihe''' mkpofu dị ize ndụ tupu a tụfuo ya n'ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Land Disposal Restrictions for Hazardous Waste|url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/land-disposal-restrictions-hazardous-waste|date=2023-02-22|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; EPA malitere ịnye usoro ọgwụgwọ na ọkwa nke ihe achọrọ na 1986 ma ndị a na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe na ihe mkpofu ọhụrụ dị ize ndụ na teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ. Ihe siri ike ọ na-etinye na nkwenye ya na omume ibelata ihe mkpofu na-agba ụlọ ọrụ ume ime atụmatụ ibelata mmepụta ihe mkpofu ma buru ụzọ jiri ya mee ihe na imegharị ihe. Site na mmalite nke mmemme ahụ na 1984 ruo 2004, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ a tụfuru n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa belatara pasent 94 na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ihe mkpofu dị egwu a tụfutu site na injection n'okpuru ala belatara na pasent 70.&lt;ref name=&quot;Horinko-2016&quot;&gt;Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. &lt;/ref&gt;
** RCRA Corrective Action Program chọrọ ka TSDFs nyochaa ma kpochaa mbipụta dị ize ndụ na ego nke ha. N'afọ 1980, EPA mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke saịtị ndị chọrọ nhicha ji okpukpu atọ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ndị dị na ndepụta Superfund nke mba.: 6 A na-emejuputa '''usoro''' ihe omume ahụ site na ikikere na iwu. {{As of|2016}} n'afọ 2016, mmemme ahụ emeela ka a kpochaa ala nde iri na asatọ, nke ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ isi ihe na-akpata ego nhicha. Ebumnuche nke EPA na steeti bụ iji mezue ngwọta ikpeazụ site na 2020 na ụlọ ọrụ 3,779 kachasị mkpa n'ime 6,000 nke chọrọ ka a sachaa ya, dị ka EPA si kwuo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Horinko-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RCRA 25 years&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/learn-about-corrective-action|title=Learn about Corrective Action|date=2016-01-22|publisher=EPA|accessdate=2018-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223154426/https://www.epa.gov/hw/learn-about-corrective-action|archivedate=December 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Horinko-2016&quot; /&gt;
** Malite n'etiti afọ 1980, EPA mepụtara ụkpụrụ maka obere ihe na-emepụta ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, dịka HSWA si kwuo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Categories of Hazardous Waste Generators|url=https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/categories-hazardous-waste-generators|date=2022-05-22|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** E nyere EPA iwu ka ọ nyochaa ọnọdụ ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na mba ahụ dum. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kọrọ na 1988 na ịdị irè nke njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa dịgasị iche na mba niile, nke nwere ike iduga na mmetọ siri ike nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mmiri dị n&quot;elu. EPA bipụtara atụmatụ mba na 1989 na-akpọ maka gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo ka ha jikọta usoro nchịkwa ihe mkpofu ha nke obodo na mmemme mbelata na imegharị ihe: 8&lt;ref name=&quot;RCRA 25 years&quot; /&gt; 
** '''Nchịkwa nke Tanki Nchekwa n'okpuru ala'''. A malitere [[Iwu Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ|usoro]] ihe omume Underground Storage Tank (UST) na 1985 ma kpuchie ihe dị ka USTs 553,000 na-arụ ọrụ nwere mmanụ na kemịkal dị ize ndụ. Kemgbe afọ 1984, emechiela nde USTs 1.8 n'ihi iwu. Steeti 38, District of Columbia na Puerto Rico na-achịkwa mmemme UST na ikike EPA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Horinko-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/ust/ust-program-facts|title=UST Program Facts|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=May 2018|publisher=EPA|accessdate=August 27, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825173609/https://www.epa.gov/ust/ust-program-facts|archivedate=August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe mmemme ahụ malitere, EPA nwere naanị ndị ọrụ 90 iji mepụta usoro iji chịkwaa ihe karịrị nde tankị 2 ma soro ndị nwe ya na ndị ọrụ 750,000 rụọ ọrụ. Ihe omume ahụ na-adabere na ọrụ mpaghara na mmanye karịa mmemme EPA ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/602BCE06FAFAB29B.pdf|title=Interview with Ron Brand re the Underground Storage Tank Program|date=April 24, 2013|publisher=EPA Alumni Association|accessdate=August 26, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075349/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/602BCE06FAFAB29B.pdf|archivedate=August 27, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taa, mmemme ahụ na-akwado nyocha nke tankị niile gọọmentị etiti na-achịkwa, na-ehichapụ mmiri ochie na nke ọhụrụ, na-ebelata mmiri nwere ike ịgba, ma na-agba ume iji ụlọ ọrụ gas a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Learn About Underground Storage Tanks|url=https://www.epa.gov/ust/learn-about-underground-storage-tanks-usts|date=2022-08-23|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Ihichapụ ebe dị ize ndụ'''. Na ngwụcha afọ 1970, mkpa ọ dị ime ka ebe ndị dị ka Love Canal dị ọcha nke e metọrọ nke ukwuu site na mkpofu ihe dị ize ndụ n'oge gara aga bịara doo anya. Otú ọ dị, gburugburu ebe obibi dị ugbu a dabere na ndị nwe ya ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ iji mee njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na EPA nwara iji ngalaba 7003 nke RCRA mee mkpo a, o doro anya na iwu ọhụrụ dị mkpa. N'afọ 1980, Congress weputara iwu Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), nke a maara dị ka &quot;Superfund&quot;. Iwu a mere ka EPA nwee ike ịbawanye net maka ndị nwere ọrụ, gụnyere ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ebugharị ihe n'oge gara aga ma ọ bụ ugbu a yana ndị nwe saịtị ahụ ugbu a na n'oge ochie iji chọta ego. Iwu ahụ guzobekwara ụfọdụ ego na usoro ụtụ isi na ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ iji nyere aka kwado nhicha dị otú ahụ. Nzukọ omebe iwu emegharịghị ụtụ isi Superfund n'afọ ndị 1990, ma mesịa, ego maka ọrụ nhicha kwadoro naanị site na ego zuru oke. Nzukọ omebe iwu weghachiri ụtụ isi na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na 2021, nke ga-emecha mụbaa mmefu ego dịnụ maka nhicha saịtị. Taa, n'ihi ego a kpaara ókè, ọtụtụ ọrụ nhicha na-eme site n'aka ndị nwere ọrụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke EPA na steeti. {{As of|2016}} n'afọ 2016, etinyela ihe karịrị saịtị 1,700 na ndepụta nhicha kemgbe e mepụtara mmemme ahụ. N'ime ndị a, e kpochapụrụ ebe 370 ma wepụ ya na ndepụta ahụ, a na-eme ka a dị ọcha na 535, e wuru ụlọ nhicha na 790 mana ọ dị mkpa ka a rụọ ọrụ n'ọdịnihu, na 54 ka na-emezi.&lt;ref&gt;United States. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;infrastructure act 2021&quot;&gt;United States. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Voltaggio-2019&quot;&gt;Thomas Voltaggio and John Adams. &lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Usoro mgbochi''' mgbochi nke EPA gụnyere mgbochi mgbawa, njikwa, na mgbochi (SPCC) na iwu atụmatụ nzaghachi ụlọ ọrụ (FRP). Iwu SPCC na-emetụta ụlọ ọrụ niile na-echekwa, na-ejikwa, na-arụ ọrụ, na-achịkọta, na-ebufe, na-edozi, na-ekesa, na-eji ma ọ bụ na-eri mmanụ ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa mmanụ. Ngwaahịa mmanụ gụnyere mmanụ na mmanụ ndị na-abụghị mmanụ yana: abụba anụmanụ, mmanụ na mmanụ; mmanụ azụ na mmanụ anụmanụ; na mmanụ akwụkwọ nri. Ọ na-enye iwu atụmatụ edere ede maka ụlọ ọrụ na-echekwa ihe karịrị 1,320 galọn mmanụ n'elu ala ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị 42,000 galọn n'okpuru ala, nke nwere ike ịba na mmiri na-agafe agafe (dị ka akọwapụtara na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha) ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ osimiri. A na-enye iwu ka a ghara ịwụfu mmiri nke abụọ n'ebe nchekwa mmanụ ma chọọ ka a ghara iwepụ mmanụ n'ebe mmepe mmanụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-preparedness-regulations|title=Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations|date=March 7, 2017|publisher=EPA|accessdate=March 14, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063148/https://www.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-preparedness-regulations|archivedate=March 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmepụta kemịkal na ojiji ====

* EPA na-achịkwa '''ọgwụ ahụhụ''' n'okpuru Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) na Food Quality Protection Act.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wayland -2019&quot;&gt;Susan Wayland and Penelope Fenner-Crisp. &lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enyocha, na-edekọ, na-achịkwa, ma na-enyochaghachi ọgwụ ahụhụ niile a na-ere na United States. Ihe ịma aka ole na ole usoro ihe omume a na-eche ihu na-agbanwe ule nsị, nyochaa ọgwụ ahụhụ maka ndị na-emebi endocrine, na ịchịkwa biotechnology na nanotechnology.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wayland -2019&quot; /&gt;
* TSCA chọrọ ka EPA mepụta ma debe '''ndepụta mba nke kemịkal niile dị''' na azụmahịa US. Mgbe e mere iwu ahụ na 1976, e nwere ihe karịrị 60,000 kemịkal n'ahịa nke a na-edebeghị aha ya. Iji mee nke a, EPA mepụtara ma tinye usoro ndị jere ozi dị ka ihe nlereanya maka Canada, Japan, na European Union. Maka ngwongwo ahụ, EPA guzobekwara ntọala maka kemịkal ọhụrụ nke a ga-agwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ tupu emepụta ya n'ahịa. Taa, iwu a na-eme ka EPA dị ọhụrụ na mpịakọta, ojiji, na ikpughe ihe dị ka 7,000 nke kemịkal kachasị elu site na akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer-2019&quot;&gt;Auer, Charles, Frank Kover, James Aidala, Marks Greenwood. &lt;/ref&gt;
* Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) bụ ihe enyemaka nke atụmatụ mberede na Iwu Ikike Ịmara Obodo guzobere kpọmkwem maka ọha na eze iji mụta banyere ntọhapụ kemịkal na-egbu egbu na ọrụ mgbochi mmetọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nke gọọmentị etiti kọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer-2019&quot; /&gt; Nkwado data TRI na-enye mkpebi site na obodo, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ, na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program|title=Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program|publisher=EPA|date=February 13, 2017|accessdate=March 14, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310051921/https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program|archivedate=March 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa afọ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-anakọta data sitere na ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 20,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer-2019&quot; /&gt; EPA emepụtala ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ iji kwado ojiji nke ngwongwo a, gụnyere map mmekọrịta na nchekwa data n'ịntanetị dịka ChemView.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer-2019&quot; /&gt;

==== Mmanye ====

* Mmanye iwu obodo na mmemme mmanye mpụ. EPA na-emepe ma na-ekpe ikpe nchịkwa na ikpe ma na-enye nkwado iwu maka ikpe na nyocha malitere na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ya. Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke US na-etinye akwụkwọ ikpe nke gọọmentị etiti (ikpe ikpe) n'aha EPA.&lt;ref name=&quot;basic-info&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/basic-information-enforcement|title=Basic Information on Enforcement|date=2022-11-02|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enyemaka n'ịgbaso iwu. EPA na-achọpụta, na-egbochi, ma na-ebelata enweghị nkwenye na ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịmepụta atụmatụ mmanye na ijide nlekota na nyocha nke nkwenye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives|url=https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/national-enforcement-and-compliance-initiatives|date=2023-01-19|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mmanye ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti
* Usoro Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi

N'afọ 2019, Environmental Data &amp; Governance Initiative, &quot;network nke ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị mmepe, na ndị ọkachamara na-enweghị uru&quot;, bipụtara akụkọ nke jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanye EPA tụnyere oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 2019|title=A Sheep In The Closet: The Erosion of Enforcement at the EPA|publisher=Environmental Data &amp; Governance Initiative (EDGI)|url=https://envirodatagov.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Sheep-in-the-Closet.pdf|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2023-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170104/https://envirodatagov.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Sheep-in-the-Closet.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ ikpe obodo nke EPA tinyere ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ belata, na 2018 ntaramahụhụ mpụ na nke obodo site na nkwupụta EPA dara karịa okpukpu anọ ha na 2013, 2016, na 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-06-11|title=Update of Sheep in the Closet Report; EPA Enforcement Record in the Trump Administration through Fiscal Year 2018|url=https://envirodatagov.org/update-of-sheep-in-the-closet-report-epa-enforcement-record-in-the-trump-administration-through-fiscal-year-2018/|publisher=EDGI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2016 EPA nyere $ 6,307,833,117 na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi mmebi nke ihe ụlọ ọrụ chọrọ, na 2018 ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere $ 184,768,000 na ntaramahụrụhụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-02-08|title=Enforcement Annual Results for Fiscal Year 2016|url=https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/enforcement-annual-results-fiscal-year-2016|accessdate=2021-04-06|publisher=EPA|archive-date=2018-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209000954/https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/enforcement-annual-results-fiscal-year-2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2018 E+C-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=February 8, 2019|title=Fiscal Year 2018 EPA Enforcement and Compliance Annual Results|url=https://archive.epa.gov/epa/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/fy18-enforcement-annual-results-data-graphs.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109232613/https://archive.epa.gov/epa/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/fy18-enforcement-annual-results-data-graphs.pdf|archive-date=January 9, 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na nyocha nke EPA ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ belata site na 2015 ruo 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018 E+C-2019&quot; /&gt; Ọrụ mmanye ebelatawo n'ụzọ ụfọdụ n'ihi mbelata mmefu ego n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-02-08|title=Historical Planning, Budget, and Results Reports|url=https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/archive|accessdate=2021-04-06|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe omume ndị ọzọ ===

* The '''EPA Safer Choice''' label, previously known as the &quot;Design for the Environment&quot; (DfE) label, helps consumers and commercial buyers identify and select products with safer chemical ingredients, without sacrificing quality or performance. When a product has the Safer Choice label, it means that every intentionally-added ingredient in the product has been evaluated by EPA scientists. Only the safest possible functional ingredients are allowed in products with the Safer Choice label.{{cn|date=May 2023}}
* Through the '''Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative''' (SDSI),&lt;ref name=&quot;sdsi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/sdsi.htm|title=Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative|publisher=EPA|date=December 22, 2008|accessdate=July 16, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903000102/http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/sdsi.htm|archivedate=September 3, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; EPA's Design for the Environment (DfE) recognizes environmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use of safer surfactants. Safer surfactants are the ones that break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water. Nonylphenol ethoxylates, commonly referred to as NPEs, are an example of a surfactant class that does not meet the definition of a safer surfactant. The Safer Choice program identified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and environmental advocates. These alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available. The CleanGredients website &lt;ref name=&quot;cleangredients&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cleangredients.org|title=CleanGredients Home Page|publisher=Cleangredients.org|accessdate=July 16, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725175840/http://www.cleangredients.org/|archivedate=July 25, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an information source about safer surfactants.
* The '''Energy Star''' program, initiated in 1992, motivated major companies to retrofit millions of square feet of building space with more efficient lighting. {{As of|2006}}, more than 40,000 Energy Star products were available including major appliances, office equipment, lighting, home electronics, and more. In addition, the label can also be found on new homes and commercial and industrial buildings. In 2006, about 12 percent of new housing in the US displayed an Energy Star label. EPA estimates that the program saved about $14&amp;nbsp;billion in energy costs in 2006 alone. The program has helped spread the use of LED traffic lights, efficient fluorescent lighting, power management systems for office equipment, and low standby energy use.
* EPA's '''Smart Growth Program''' began in 1998 and was created to help communities improve their land development practices and get the type of development they want. Together with local, state, and national experts, EPA encourages development strategies that protect human health and the environment, create economic opportunities, and provide attractive and affordable neighborhoods for people of all income levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;epa.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth|title=Smart Growth|publisher=EPA|accessdate=January 28, 2017|date=April 5, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128002119/https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth|archivedate=January 28, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The '''Brownfields Program''' started as a pilot program in the 1990s and was authorized by law in 2002. The program provides grants and tools to local governments for the assessment, cleanup, and revitalization of brownfields. {{As of|2015|9}}, the EPA estimates that program grants have resulted in 56,442 acres of land readied for reuse and leveraged 116,963 jobs and $24.2&amp;nbsp;billion to do so. Agency studies also found that property values around assessed or cleaned-up brownfields have increased 5.1 to 12.8 percent.
* EPA's [[Ọnọdụ ikuku ime ụlọ|Indoor air quality]] '''Tools for Schools''' Program helps schools to maintain a healthy environment and reduce exposures to indoor environmental contaminants. It helps school personnel identify, solve, and prevent indoor air quality problems in the school environment. Through the use of a multi-step management plan and checklists for the entire building, schools can lower their students' and staff's risk of exposure to asthma triggers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/indoor-air-quality-tools-schools-action-kit|title=Creating Healthy Indoor Air Quality in Schools|publisher=EPA|date=November 28, 2016|accessdate=March 14, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174743/https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/indoor-air-quality-tools-schools-action-kit|archivedate=March 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The National &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwBGU&quot;&gt;Environmental Education&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Act of 1990 requires EPA to provide national leadership to increase environmental literacy. EPA established the Office of Environmental Education to implement this program.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/education|title=Environmental Education|publisher=EPA|date=August 16, 2016|accessdate=January 28, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128195642/https://www.epa.gov/education|archivedate=January 28, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Clean School Bus USA''' is a national partnership to reduce children's exposure to diesel exhaust by eliminating unnecessary school bus idling, installing effective emission control systems on newer buses and replacing the oldest buses in the fleet with newer ones. Its goal is to reduce both children's exposure to diesel exhaust and the amount of air pollution created by diesel school buses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/clean-school-bus|title=Clean School Bus; Clean Diesel and DERA Funding|publisher=EPA|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=January 28, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128005855/https://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/clean-school-bus|archivedate=January 28, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The '''Green Chemistry Program''' encourages the development of products and processes that follow green chemistry principles. It has recognized more than 100 winning technologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-green-chemistry-challenge|title=Information about the Green Chemistry Challenge|publisher=EPA|date=2013-02-13|accessdate=2018-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221044518/https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-green-chemistry-challenge|archivedate=December 21, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; These reduce the use or creation of hazardous chemicals, save water, and reduce greenhouse gas release.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer-2019&quot; /&gt;
* The '''Beaches''' Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act, was authorized in a 2000 amendment to the Clean Water Act. The program focus is on coastal recreational waters, and requires EPA to develop criteria to test and monitor waters and notify public users of any concerns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/beach-tech/about-beach-act|title=About the BEACH Act|date=2013-02-28|publisher=EPA|accessdate=2018-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225030846/https://www.epa.gov/beach-tech/about-beach-act|archivedate=December 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The program involves states, local beach resource managers, and the agency in assessing risks of stormwater and wastewater overflows and enables better sampling, analytical methods, and communication with the public.
* The EPA has also established specific '''geographic programs''' for particular water resources such as the Chesapeake Bay Program, the National Estuary Program, and the Gulf of Mexico Program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanlon-2019&quot; /&gt;
* '''Advance identification''', or ADID, is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlands and other bodies of water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material. The EPA conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and local states or Native American Tribes. {{As of|1993|2}}, 38 ADID projects had been completed, and 33 were ongoing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/wetlands/facts/fact28.html|title=EPA – Wetlands – Wetlands Fact Sheet|date=June 28, 2006|publisher=EPA|accessdate=July 16, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216182656/http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/facts/fact28.html|archivedate=February 16, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* EPA's &quot;One Cleanup Program&quot; initiative was designed to improve coordination across different agency programs that have a role in cleanup at a particular site. The coordination efforts apply to the brownfields, federal facilities, USTs, RCRA and Superfund programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=One Cleanup Program|url=https://archive.epa.gov/oswer/onecleanupprogram/web/html/index.html|date=2016-02-21|publisher=EPA|access-date=2023-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216195605/https://archive.epa.gov/oswer/onecleanupprogram/web/html/index.html|archive-date=2020-12-16|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* EPA reviews environmental impact statements prepared by other agencies and maintains a national EIS filing system.&lt;ref name=&quot;About Policy&quot;/&gt;

* '''Ihe''' owuwu nke mbụ na-ekesa enyemaka gọọmentị etiti maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ nhazi mmiri mkpofu nke obodo site na 1972 ruo 1990. Ọ bụ ezie na enyemaka dị otú ahụ dị tupu 1972, CWA nke 1972 gbasaa onyinye ndị a nke ukwuu. E kesara ha ruo n'afọ 1990, mgbe a gbanwere mmemme na ego ahụ na State Revolving Loan Program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanlon-2019&quot;&gt;Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. &lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 1991 n'okpuru onye nchịkwa William Reilly, EPA mere atụmatụ afọ ofufo 33/50.&lt;ref&gt;Former Deputy Administrator Hank Habicht talks about management at EPA. &lt;/ref&gt; E mere nke a iji gbaa ume, mata, ma mee emume ụlọ ọrụ ndị ji aka ha chọta ụzọ iji gbochie ma belata mmetọ na ọrụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.epa.gov/oppt/3350/web/pdf/3350-fnl.pdf|title=33/50 Program|publisher=EPA|accessdate=September 16, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105121/https://archive.epa.gov/oppt/3350/web/pdf/3350-fnl.pdf|archivedate=September 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụzọ doro anya, ọ na-ama ụlọ ọrụ aka iji belata nsị nsị nke kemịkal 17 dị mkpa site na 33% n'otu afọ na 50% n'ime afọ anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer-2019&quot;&gt;Auer, Charles, Frank Kover, James Aidala, Marks Greenwood. &lt;/ref&gt; E nwetara nsonaazụ ndị a tupu oge nkwekọrịta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer-2019&quot; /&gt;
* Emere na 2006, mmemme afọ ofufo 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ asatọ iji wepụ ikuku ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụdị kemịkalụ ụfọdụ site na 95% site na 2010 ma wepụ ikuku ndị a site na 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program|title=Fact Sheet: 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program|publisher=EPA|date=2016-05-10|accessdate=2018-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208160450/https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program|archivedate=December 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Usòrò:OSV_Bold.jpg|thumb|OSV &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwBKk&quot;&gt;Bold&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; docked at Port Canaveral, Florida]]

* N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2004, ndị agha mmiri US wegara USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12), ụgbọ mmiri nyocha oké osimiri &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwBK8&quot;&gt;Stalwart&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, na EPA. E jiri ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mee ihe na ọrụ mgbochi ụgbọ mmiri n'oge Agha Nzuzo, e ji sonar, vidiyo n'okpuru mmiri, ihe nyocha mmiri na sediment eji eme ihe na ọmụmụ nke oké osimiri na ụsọ oké osimiri. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị dị mkpa nke Bold bụ ileba anya maka ebe mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ebe a tụfuru ihe site na ọrụ draging na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri US.&lt;ref name=&quot;bold brochure&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/owow/osvbold/brochure.html|title=About the OSV Bold|publisher=EPA|accessdate=January 17, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224070656/http://www.epa.gov/owow/osvbold/brochure.html|archivedate=February 24, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2013, General Services Administration rere Bold na Seattle Central Community College (SCCC), nke gosipụtara na asọmpi na ha ga-etinye ya na ebumnuche kachasị elu na nke kachasị mma, na ọnụahịa aha nke $ 5,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Katherine|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021743030_sccvesselxml.html|title=What a $5,000 deal: Seattle Central gets former Navy ship &amp;#124; Local News|work=The Seattle Times|accessdate=December 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arụmụka ==

=== Mmetụta na mmezu nke ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ ===
Ndị omeiwu weputara iwu dị ka Iwu Ikuku Ọcha, Iwu Nchekwa akụrụngwa na Iweghachite, na CERCLA n'ebumnobi igbochi na imekọrịta mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Malite na 2018 n'okpuru onye nchịkwa Andrew Wheeler, EPA degharịrị ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ mmetọ nke butere obere ụkpụrụ n'ozuzu ya. Ọzọkwa, ngwa CAA nwere ezi uche ebutela itinye iwu dị iche iche n'etiti steeti. N'afọ 1970, Louisiana wepụrụ mmemme njikwa ikuku ikuku na-egbu egbu iji rube isi n'iwu gọọmentị etiti. Mmemme a anaghị achọ nleba anya nleba anya mmetọ nke dabara na mmemme na steeti ndị ọzọ.

=== Ikpe Ziri Ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi ===
A katọrọ EPA maka enweghị ọganihu ya maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. A katọrọ onye nchịkwa Christine Todd Whitman maka mgbanwe ya na President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12898 n'oge 2001, na-ewepụ ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti iji were ndị ogbenye na ndị pere mpe na nlebara anya pụrụ iche mgbe ha na-eme mgbanwe na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, ya mere na-emeri mmụọ nke Executive. Nye iwu. N'ime akụkọ nke March 2004, onye na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwubiri na EPA &quot;emebebeghị ọhụụ doro anya ma ọ bụ atụmatụ atụmatụ zuru oke, ma guzobeghị ụkpụrụ, ihe mgbaru ọsọ, atụmanya, na nha arụmọrụ&quot; maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ ya kwa ụbọchị. . Akụkọ ọzọ na Septemba 2006 chọpụtara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka na-enyocha ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmemme ya, atumatu ya na ihe omume ya maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha achọpụtalakwa na mmemme Superfund nke EPA anabataghị ndị ogbenye na ndị pere mpe, na ọnọdụ a na-akawanye njọ. N'August 2022, e kenyere EPA ndenye aha ~ 42.8 ijeri ego sitere na Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) kwupụta ihe EPA na-ekewa dị ka &quot;Ọganihu Environmental Justice&quot;, wee bipụta nkwupụta ahụ &quot;Site na Iwu Mbelata Ọnụ ego, EPA ga-eme ka ndụ dịkwuo mma. nke ọtụtụ nde ndị America site n'ibelata mmetọ n'ógbè ebe ndị mmadụ bi, na-arụ ọrụ, na-egwu egwu na ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ; na-eme ka mbọ ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime obodo nke mmetọ juputara ogologo oge; na ịlụso nnukwu nsogbu ihu igwe anyị ọgụ mgbe anyị na-eke ọrụ ma na-ebuga nchekwa ike. &quot; Na Septemba 2022 EPA kwuputara imepụta Office ọhụrụ nke ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike obodo mpụga nke na-akọ ozugbo nye onye nchịkwa EPA. Ọfịs ọhụrụ ahụ nwere nnukwu mmefu ego yana ndị ọrụ nwere oke ibu karịa n'okpuru nhazi nhazi gara aga.

=== Ọrụ nhazi nke Iwu Nnwere Onwe ===
Na nyocha ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti 15 kachasị ọhụrụ nke na-anata arịrịọ nnwere onwe nke ozi (FOIA), nke e bipụtara na 2015 (iji data 2012 na 2013, afọ ndị kacha ọhụrụ dị), EPA nwetara D site na akara 67. N'ime isi 100 enwere ike, ya bụ, enwetaghị akara mmụta zuru oke na-eju afọ.

=== Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ===
Pebble Mine bụ ọrụ ngwuputa ọla kọpa na ọla edo dị na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alaska na mpaghara Bristol Bay nke Northern Dynasty Minerals haziri. N'afọ 2014, EPA wepụtara nkwupụta ya na mmetụta nke Ngwuputa ga-enwe na Bristol Bay na mpaghara ya. N'ime ọtụtụ ihe, nkwupụta ahụ na-enyocha geological, topographic, ecological, hydrological, na data akụ na ụba wee kpebie na Ngwuputa nwere ike imetụta ndị bi na salmon. N'ịhụ dị ka Bristol Bay na mmiri mmiri ya na-enye ihe dị ka 46% nke salmon sockeye ụwa, EPA achọghị itinye ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Na Julaị 2014, tupu Northern Dynasty Minerals enyefeela EIS ya, ụlọ ọrụ EPA's Region 10 tụrụ aro mmachi dabere na ngalaba 404(c) nke Iwu mmiri dị ọcha, mmachi ga-amachibido ọrụ ahụ nke ọma. Northern Dynasty Minerals megidere mkpebi a na July 18, 2014, na nkwupụta e bipụtara, Pebble Partnership CEO Tom Collier kwuru na ọrụ ahụ ga-aga n'ihu na-agba akwụkwọ megide EPA; kwuru na a na-enyocha ihe omume EPA site n'aka onye nleba anya n'ozuzu EPA na Kọmitii Ụlọ maka nlekọta na mgbanwe ọchịchị; ma kwupụta na ụgwọ abụọ na-echere na Congress na-achọ ịkọwapụta na EPA enweghị ikike iji gbochie veto ma ọ bụ machibido ọrụ mmepe tupu mmalite nke gọọmenti etiti na steeti ikike. Nkwupụta Collier kwukwara na atụmatụ EPA gbadoro ụkwụ na ọnọdụ ngwuputa oge ochie nke na-esoghị na usoro ọrụ a. Ọtụtụ ndị nta akụkọ na òtù dị iche iche akọwo banyere esemokwu ahụ gụnyere Natural Resources Defense Council na-akwado ịkagbu ọrụ ahụ na John Stossel na-akwado mmepe nke ogbunigwe. Dịka nke 2023, ogbunigwe ahụ ka bụ isiokwu na-ese okwu. Na Jenụwarị 30, 2023, EPA wepụrụ ogbunigwe ahụ.

=== Ọdịdị mmiri na East Palestine, Ohio ===
Gọvanọ Ohio Mike DeWine na onye nchịkwa nke EPA Michael Regan ṅụrụ mmiri mgbata na East Palestine, Ohio, na February 3, 2023 mgbe ụgbọ oloko kwụsịrị iji gosi na mmiri ahụ adịghị mma. Ọkpụkpụ ahụ kpatara ọkụ na mwepụta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu n'ikuku na mmiri na-eme ka ndị obodo na ndị otu gburugburu na-eche maka ịdịmma mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ. N'agbanyeghị mmesi obi ike nke EPA na mmiri dị mma ụfọdụ ndị bi na-atụkwasịghị àgwà nke mmiri ahụ ma jụọ mmetụta ya ogologo oge.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụbọchị Ụwa
* Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọchịchị Donald Trump
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme mkpesa EPA

== Ihe odide ==

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/environmental-protection-agency Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi] na Federal Register
* Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na USAspending.gov
{{United States government agencies involved in environmental science}}{{United States research agencies}}{{Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States}}{{Richard Nixon}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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{{Databox}}


'''Ụlọ ọrụ ICT nke''' Steeti Anambra  bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=about anambrastate|url=https://ict.anambrastate.gov.ng/about-us/|accessdate=2023-09-02|archivedate=2023-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929093258/https://ict.anambrastate.gov.ng/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke Steeti Anambra  n'okpuru Ọchịchị nke Gọvanọ nke [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Steeti]] ahụ, [[Charles Soludo|Prọfesọ]]. [[Charles Soludo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|title=ANAMBRA INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY BILL, PASSES SECOND READING – Reality Newspaper|url=http://realitynewspaper.com.ng/2018/09/05/anambra-information-and-technology-bill-passes-second-reading/|accessdate=2023-07-31|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140648/http://realitynewspaper.com.ng/2018/09/05/anambra-information-and-technology-bill-passes-second-reading/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2023-07-07|title=Tony Blair partners Soludo to integrate technology in project management in Anambra {{!}} The Paradise News|url=https://theparadise.ng/tony-blair-partners-soludo-to-integrate-technology-in-project-management-in-anambra/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=theparadise.ng|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140651/https://theparadise.ng/tony-blair-partners-soludo-to-integrate-technology-in-project-management-in-anambra/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọala ==
E guzobere Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà na Ụzụ nke Steeti Anambra n'abalị iri na asaa nke ọnwa [[Septemba]] n'afọ 2019, na-mgbaso iwu nke ndị isi gọọmentị kwadoro, dịka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ahụ maka nlekọta na mmejuputa atụmatụ na ọrụ gọọmentị nke [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambra]] iji kwalite ozi na teknụzụ nkwukọrịta na steeti ahụ. E nyefere ya dị ka ọrụ n'oge ọchịchị [[Willie Obiano]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=anambra assembly passes bill for law to establish ict-technology agency|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2019/09/18/anambra-assembly-passes-bill-for-law-to-establish-ict-technology-agency/|accessdate=2023-09-02|archivedate=2025-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423211031/https://www.absradiotv.com/2019/09/18/anambra-assembly-passes-bill-for-law-to-establish-ict-technology-agency/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|title=JUST IN: Anambra State Assembly, Passes ICT Bill – Reality Newspaper|url=http://realitynewspaper.com.ng/2019/09/18/just-in-anambra-state-assembly-passes-ict-bill/|accessdate=2023-07-31|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140652/http://realitynewspaper.com.ng/2019/09/18/just-in-anambra-state-assembly-passes-ict-bill/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ụdị steeti nke National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), ma na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ mba na ụlọ ọrụ ndị yiri ya na steeti ndị ọzọ.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere iwu na ịkwado ụlọ nyocha ICT gafee steeti ahụ dịka iwu si dị. Iwu ahụ na-enyekwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ikike ịhazi nyocha na mpaghara teknụzụ nkwukọrịta ọhụrụ na ịchọpụta ohere maka steeti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-07-21|title=User Spotlight: Fred Agbata Discusses the Work and Vision of the Anambra State ICT Agency, Nigeria|url=https://dial.global/user-spotlight-fred-agbata-discusses-the-work-and-vision-of-the-anambra-state-ict-agency-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Digital Impact Alliance|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Mmepe nke ICT ==
Ọrụ gụnyere Anambra State E-ID, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ime ka njirimara dijitalụ sie ike gafee steeti ahụ, belata ndị ọrụ mmụọ, nhazi nke ngwọta govtech na akụ dijitalụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2023-06-09|title=Anambra unveils scheme to track ghost workers|url=https://guardian.ng/news/anambra-unveils-scheme-to-track-ghost-workers/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2023-06-04|title=Anambra launches E-ID card for civil servants, distributes 200 computers|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/anambra-launches-e-id-card-for-civil-servants-distributes-200-computers-2/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzụzụ ekele maka teknụzụ lekwasịrị anya na ndị ọkachamara mgbasa ozi na mmepe nke State ICT Policy na mmekorita ya na ndị metụtara ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=fidesadmin|date=2023-07-04|title=Data Generation For Soludo's Health, Social Services Agenda: Anambra ICT Agency Forges Strategic Alliance - Fides Media|url=https://fidesnigeria.org/data-generation-for-soludos-health-social-services-agenda-anambra-ict-agency-forges-strategic-alliance/|accessdate=2023-07-31|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140649/https://fidesnigeria.org/data-generation-for-soludos-health-social-services-agenda-anambra-ict-agency-forges-strategic-alliance/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zụta ma kesaa kọmputa na ngwaọrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Anambra State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ndukuba|first=Emmanuel|date=2023-04-27|title=Soludo insists on e-government, distributes N100m computers to workers|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/soludo-insists-on-e-government-distributes-n100m-computers-to-workers/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNDP Meets Anambra Agency on Implementation of ICT Policy - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/07/20/undp-meets-anambra-agency-on-implementation-of-ict-policy|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Njikọ ==
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Tony Blair Institute for Global Change (TBI)     jikọtara aka iji jikọta teknụzụ na njikwa ọrụ site na ịmepụta ngwá ọrụ njikwa ọrụ, Delivery Dashboard for the State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ovat|first=Michael|date=2023-07-07|title=Tony Blair institute partners Anambra govt to integrate technology|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tony-blair-institute-partners-anambra-govt-to-integrate-technology/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Arinze|first=Alinnor|date=2023-03-30|title=TBI Visits Anambra State|url=https://pmexpressng.com/tbi-visits-anambra-state/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=P.M.EXPRESS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na-arụkọ ọrụ iji mepụta iwu ICT nke steeti niile na iji dozie egwu nke idei mmiri na mpaghara osimiri nke steeti ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=fidesadmin|date=2023-07-19|title=UNDP Representative In Anambra Visits State ICT Agency, Seeks Strategic Alliance - Fides Media|url=https://fidesnigeria.org/undp-representative-in-anambra-visits-state-ict-agency-seeks-strategic-alliance/|accessdate=2023-07-31|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802142153/https://fidesnigeria.org/undp-representative-in-anambra-visits-state-ict-agency-seeks-strategic-alliance/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNDP Meets Anambra Agency on Implementation of ICT Policy - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/07/20/undp-meets-anambra-agency-on-implementation-of-ict-policy|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NewsProbe|date=2023-07-20|title=Anambra To Ensure Children Affected By Flood Don’t Sit At Home During School Days|url=https://newsprobeng.com/anambra-to-ensure-children-affected-by-flood-dont-sit-at-home-during-school-days/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=NewsProbe|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140649/https://newsprobeng.com/anambra-to-ensure-children-affected-by-flood-dont-sit-at-home-during-school-days/|archive-date=2023-08-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ bụ PA-CENT Technologies na Bonitas Technologies iji bulie ọgụgụ isi dijitalụ na ikike nke ndị ọkachamara mgbasa ozi gafee ngalaba na steeti ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ovat|first=Michael|date=2023-07-22|title=Anambra govt organises ICT training for Journalists|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/anambra-govt-organises-ict-training-for-journalists/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Onwuaso|first=Ugo|date=2023-07-22|title=Anambra State ICT Agency, Others host One-day Technology Appreciation Workshop for Media Professionals in the State|url=https://www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/anambra-state-ict-agency-others-host-one-day-technology-appreciation-workshop-for-media-professionals-in-the-state/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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      <text bytes="31751" sha1="s6xhpe1ai9ikmr2n4ugl7umzy199gap" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Akamaiheadquarters.jpg|thumb|Akamai technology headquarters in cambridge]]
 

AAkamai Teknụzụ, Inc. bụ akpara àgwà America [1] (CDN), cybersecurity, na ụlọ ọrụ igwe ojii, na-enye ọrụ nchekwa na ịntanetị.  [2] [3] Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nke sava n'ụwa nile ma na-agbazinye ikike nke sava ahụ n'enye ndị ọrụ ikike iche nke site na iji sava Akamai dị nso na onye ọrụ.  Mgbe onye ọrụ na-agagharị na URL nke onye Akamai, usoro ngalaba aha Akamai na-eduzi ihe nchọgharị ha na sava [4] nso nke nwere ike ị chọrọ.  Sistemụ mfe Akamai [5] na-ekenye onye ọrụ ọkụ na sava ihu nso site na iji algọridim ọkaibe [6] dị ka matching kwụpụta na hashing na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-eme ka download webụ enyo obi yana ngwa ngwa.  Ọzọkwa, Akamai na-arụ ọrụ mbelata DDoS na ọrụ nchekwa ndị ọzọ [7] n'elu ikpo okwu nkesa ya.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-04-28|title=How these nine Mass. tech companies got their names|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/startups/2014/04/how-these-nine-tech-companies-got-their-names.html|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=Boston Business Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;Akpọrọ aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ akamai, nke 'amamihe' ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ okwu ọnụ, 'dị egwu' na Hawaiian, nke Lewin orụ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Hawaii-Bekee mgbe ntụnye onye ọrụ ibe ya nchebe

. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.akamai.com/company/company-history&lt;/ref&gt;kamai Teknụzụ batara 1998 MIT $50K nwere ikike iche dabere na nchacha ha na hashing na-agbanwe agbanwe, [1] wee họrọ ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ.  [2] Site n'August 1998, ha chọtala ụdị ọrụ, na site n'ibu Jonathan Seelig na Randall Kaplan, ha gosiri ime ihe iji tinye ụlọ ọrụ.  [3] Ewebatara Akamai Teknụzụ na Ọgọst 20, 1998.

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AKAMAI TECHNOLOGIES INC (AKAM) IPO|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/markets/ipos/company/akamai-technologies-inc-5134-2853|accessdate=June 16, 2014|publisher=NASDAQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'ọgwụgwụ 1998 na akpa 1999, otu ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-akpọ ngwá agha sonyeere ndị otu ntọala.  ẹkọ, Paul Sagan, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke New Media for Time Inc., na George Conrades, onye bụbu onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke BBN Corp. na onye isi osote onye isi oche nke ọrụ US maka IBM .  Conrades onye isi ọrụ nke Akamai n'April 1999. [1] [2] [3] ndị ọrụ ahụ ọrụ azụmahịa ya n'April 1999 wee depụta ya na NASDAQ Stock Market site na October 29, 1999.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 17, 2001|title=Akamai Technologies, Inc. Added to the Russell 3000 Index and Russell 2000 Index|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Akamai+Technologies,+Inc.+Added+to+the+Russell+3000+Index+and+Russell...-a076580202|accessdate=June 20, 2014|archivedate=February 4, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204042116/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Akamai+Technologies%2c+Inc.+Added+to+the+Russell+3000+Index+and+Russell...-a076580202}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na Julaị 1, 2001, e gbakwụnye Akamai na Russell 3000 Index na Russell 2000 Index.

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Leopold|first=Todd|date=September 11, 2013|title=The legacy of Danny Lewin, the first man to die on 9/11|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/09/tech/innovation/danny-lewin-9-11-akamai/|accessdate=July 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na September 11, 2001, onye na-arụkọ ọrụ Daniel M. Lewin gburu na September 11 mgbe ọ dị afọ 31 mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-agba ọsọ ọrụ ya mma.  Ọ nọ ọdụ kacha nso na ndị ojide a ma nwaa mgbasa ntọrọ ahụ n'oge ụgbọ elu ya n'akpaelu American Airlines Flight 11, ụgbọ elu mbụ dabara n'ebe a na-azụ ahihia ụwa .

N'afọ 2005, a họpụtara Paul Sagan onye isi ọrụ nke Akamai, na-eweghara Conrades. Sagan rụrụ ọrụ iji kewaa Akamai na ndị asọmpi ya site n'ịgbasawanye ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg Sagan 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Frier|first=Sarah|date=April 26, 2012|title=Akamai Says CEO Sagan to Leave; Profit Less Than Estimates|publisher=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-25/akamai-says-ceo-departing-by-end-2013-sales-top-estimates-1-.html|accessdate=May 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'okpuru nduzi ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ toro na $ 1.37&amp;nbsp;ijeri ego ha nwetara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Technologies, Inc. (AKAM) Income Statement|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=AKAM+Income+Statement&amp;annual|accessdate=May 29, 2014|publisher=Yahoo! Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Febụwarị 9, 2021, Akamai kwupụtara na ọ ga-ahazigharị ụzọ abụọ dị n'ime: Teknụzụ nchekwa na teknụzụ Edge. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ weghachikwara ọrụ nke onye isi ọrụ teknụzụ, ma kpọọ Robert Blumofe ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gagliordi|first=Natalie|date=9 February 2021|title=Akamai tops Q4 expectations, announces reorganization and new CTO|work=ZDNet|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/akamai-tops-q4-expectations-announces-reorganization-and-new-cto/|accessdate=10 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi nchekwa ogologo oge (CSO) Andy Ellis kwupụtara na ọ ga-apụ na Machị 2021. 

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Opens New HQ In Cambridge|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/11/01/akamai-new-headquarters-cambridge|work=www.wbur.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;Isi ụlọ ọrụ Akamai dị na Kendall Square .  Akamai nkiri na Teknụzụ Square wee ruo ruo ọtụtụ ụlọ na Cambridge Center .  Ha chị ụgbọ mmiri ha n'iche e wuru mmepụta na 145 Broadway na Disemba 2019

== Teknụzụ ==

=== Akamai Intelligent Edge Platform ===
Akamai nwere ọgụgụ isi Platform  bụ ikpo okwu igwe ojii na-ekesa na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile. Ọ bụ netwọk nke ihe karịrị ihe nkesa 365,000 ebugara na mba 135 karịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Facts &amp; Figures {{!}} Akamai|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/facts-figures.jsp|accessdate=April 16, 2020|work=www.akamai.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sava ndị a na-ebi ihe dị ka 1,350 nke netwọkụ ụwa na-achịkọta ozi ozugbo gbasara okporo ụzọ, mkpọkọ na ebe nsogbu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ihe nkesa Akamai nke ọ bụla nwere sọftụwia nke na-eji algọridim dị mgbagwoju anya hazie arịrịọ sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ nọ nso wee nye ọdịnaya achọrọ.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 26, 2018|title=Download Delivery|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/products/media-delivery/download-delivery.jsp#download_delivery_overview|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118025837/https://www.akamai.com/us/en/products/media-delivery/download-delivery.jsp#download_delivery_overview|archivedate=January 18, 2018|accessdate=January 26, 2018|publisher=Akamai Technologies}}&lt;/ref&gt;Akamai na-ebuga ngwaọrụ webụ n'elu Platformta isi ya site n'igosipụta ihe ndị dị ka HTML, CSS, nbudata na mgbasa ozi sitere na sava ndị ọrụ.  A na-akpa ihe nkesa Akamai na-ama aka dabere n'ụdị ihe yana ebe egwu onye ọrụ.  Sava kwuru dị na mba na egwuregwu 200. [1] Ịnata site sitere na ihe nkesa Akamai, dị nso onye ọrụ na-enye nhọrọ ngwa ngwa yana obere esere ike na ike .  Akamai na-ekwu na ọ na-enye scalability ka mma site na ibuga mgbochi n'ime kilomita ikpeazụ site na sava dị nso na ndị ọrụ njedebe, na-ezere mkpirisi ịntanetị dị n'etiti mile .  [2] Ahịrị ihe nbudata nbudata na-agụnye HTTP maka nnukwu ihe ike ike ndị, ngwa a na-hazi maka ndị na-azụ ahụhụ, yana ngwaọrụ ihe nwere metrik na-egosi ma na-akọ na nbudata ahụ.  [3]

Na mgbakwunye na iji sava Akamai nke akamai, Akamai na-ebuga ụfọdụ ọdịnaya sitere na kọmpụta ndị ọrụ njedebe ndị ọzọ, n'ụdị ịkparịta ụka n'ọgbọ-na-ọgbọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;watch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ben Homer|date=January 26, 2010|title=Akamai Using P2P for Enhanced Video Delivery|url=http://www.onlinevideowatch.com/akamai-using-p2p-for-enhance-video/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515021051/http://www.onlinevideowatch.com/akamai-using-p2p-for-enhance-video/|archivedate=May 15, 2013|accessdate=September 2, 2011|publisher=Online Video Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;netsession&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai NetSession Interface – Design Principles|url=http://www.akamai.com/html/misc/akamai_client/netsession_interface_design.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192947/http://www.akamai.com/html/misc/akamai_client/netsession_interface_design.html|archivedate=October 29, 2013|accessdate=September 2, 2011|publisher=Akamai Technologies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụlọ Ọrụ Iwu Network ===
A na-eji Akamai's Network Operations Command Center (NOCC) maka nleba anya na nchọpụta nsogbu nke sava niile na netwọk Akamai zuru ụwa ọnụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Weiss|first=David|date=September 25, 2013|title=Akamai Gets a New Network Operations Command Center|url=http://www.avnetwork.com/installs/0009/akamai-gets-a-new-network-operations-command-center/91729|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824162001/http://www.avnetwork.com/installs/0009/akamai-gets-a-new-network-operations-command-center/91729|archivedate=August 24, 2014|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=AV Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; NOCC na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị adị nke okporo ụzọ webụ Akamai. Metiris okporo ụzọ na-emelite na akpaghị aka wee nye nlele ọnọdụ okporo ụzọ ịntanetị na sava Akamai na webụsaịtị ndị ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=November 25, 2013|title=Akamai's NOCC To Monitor And Troubleshoot Client Servers|url=http://www.siliconindia.com/news/enterpriseit/Akamais-NOCC-To-Monitor-And-Troubleshoot-Client-Servers-nid-157202-cid-7.html|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=Silicon India News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ileta ịntanetị anya ===
Ngwa nhụta data Akamai na-egosipụta ka data si aga n'ofe ịntanetị ozugbo. Ndị na-ekiri ya nwere ike ịhụ ọnọdụ weebụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, okporo ụzọ mwakpo ọjọọ, yana njikọ ịntanetị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 7, 2007|title=Akamai Introduces First-of-Its-Kind, Real-Time View into Health of the Internet|url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/PressRelease/Akamai-Introduces-First-of-Its-Kind-Real-Time-View-into-Health-of-the-Internet_10256.aspx|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=StreamingMedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye, ntụle ojiji netwọk na-enyocha oriri akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ akọwapụtara, na usoro mkpanaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 23, 2009|title=Visualizing the internet with Akamai|url=http://datavisualization.ch/showcases/visualizing-the-internet-with-akamai/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723204408/http://datavisualization.ch/showcases/visualizing-the-internet-with-akamai/|archivedate=July 23, 2014|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=DataVisualization.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akamai na-enyekwa ngwa nlegharị anya ịntanetị, nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ịlele data ozugbo na ngwaọrụ mkpanaka ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Catone|first=Josh|date=June 7, 2007|title=Akamai Releases Internet Traffic Visualizations|url=http://readwrite.com/2007/06/07/akamai_visualizations|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=Readwrite.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== OPEN mmalite ===
N'October 9, 2013, Akamai kwuputara Open Initiative na Nzukọ Akamai Edge 2013. OPEN na-enye ndị ahịa na ndị mmekọ aka ịzụlite na hazie otu ha si emekọrịta na Akamai Intelligent Platform. Akụkụ ndị dị mkpa nke OPEN gụnyere sistemụ na njikọta arụmọrụ mmepe, ntinye data buru ibu n'ezie, yana interface onye ọrụ otu ebe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 9, 2013|title=Akamai Unveils Open Platform Initiative at Akamai Edge 2013 Customer Conference|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/akamai-releases-first-quarter-2014-103000375.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022063941/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/akamai-releases-first-quarter-2014-103000375.html|archivedate=October 22, 2014|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=Yahoo! Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Na February 10, 2000, Akamai nwetara Network24 Communications &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 18, 2000|title=Akamai to Acquire Network24 Communications|url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/News/Online-Video-News/Akamai-to-Acquire-Network24-Communications-61681.aspx|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=StreamingMedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka mbak 621,000 nke ngwaahịa nkịtị yana $12.5&amp;nbsp;nde ego. &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Annual Report 2000|url=https://www.akamai.com/content/dam/sdl-content/us/en/multimedia/documents/akamai/akamai-annual-report-2000.pdf|publisher=Akamai Technologies, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Eprel 20, 2000, &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2000&quot; /&gt; Akamai nwetara InterVU Inc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Richtymyer|first=Richard|date=February 7, 2000|title=Akamai buys InterVu|publisher=CNN Money|url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/02/07/technology/akamai/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113015/http://money.cnn.com/2000/02/07/technology/akamai/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka 10.0&amp;nbsp;nde mbak nke ngwaahịa nkịtị.
* Na Julaị 25, 2000, Akamai nwetara CallTheShots, Inc., maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $3,700,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2000&quot; /&gt;
* Na June 10, 2005, Akamai nwetara Speedera Networks, Inc. maka 10.6&amp;nbsp;nde mbak nke Akamai nkịtị na nhọrọ ịzụta 1.7&amp;nbsp;nde mbak Akamai nkịtị ngwaahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Annual Report 2005|url=https://www.akamai.com/content/dam/sdl-content/us/en/multimedia/documents/akamai/akamai-annual-report-2005.pdf|publisher=Akamai Technologies, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Disemba 13, 2006, Akamai nwetara Nine Systems, Inc., &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kawamoto|first=Dawn|date=November 20, 2006|title=Akamai to buy Nine Systems|url=http://news.cnet.com/Akamai-to-buy-Nine-Systems/2100-1014_3-6137171.html|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=CNET News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075250/http://news.cnet.com/Akamai-to-buy-Nine-Systems/2100-1014_3-6137171.html|archive-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $157,500,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Annual Report 2006|url=http://www.akamai.com/dl/investors/akamai_annual_2006.pdf|publisher=Akamai Technologies, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Maachị 13, 2007, Akamai nwetara Netli Inc. (Netli), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gross|first=Grant|date=February 5, 2007|title=Akamai to acquire Netli for about $170&amp;nbsp;million|url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2294763/software/akamai-to-acquire-netli-for-about--170-million.html|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=NetworkWorld}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $154,400,000.
* Na Eprel 12, 2007, Akamai nwetara Red Swoosh Inc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Arrington|first=Michael|date=April 12, 2007|title=Payday for Red Swoosh: $15 million from Akamai|url=https://techcrunch.com/2007/04/12/payday-for-red-swoosh-15-million-from-akamai/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=Tech Crunch}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $18,700,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Annual Report 2009|url=http://www.akamai.com/dl/investors/akamai_annual_report_09.pdf|publisher=Akamai Technologies, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Nọvemba 3, 2008, Akamai nwetara aCerno Inc., &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2009&quot; /&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $90,800,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kaplan|first=David|date=October 21, 2008|title=Branching Out, Akamai Acquires Ad Targeter Acerno For $95 Million|url=https://gigaom.com/2008/10/21/419-branching-out-akamai-acquires-ad-targeter-acerno-for-95-million/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=Tech Crunch|archivedate=October 6, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115936/https://gigaom.com/2008/10/21/419-branching-out-akamai-acquires-ad-targeter-acerno-for-95-million/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na June 10, 2010, Akamai nwetara Velocitude LLC, &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Annual Report 2010|url=http://www.akamai.com/dl/investors/akamai_annual_report_10.pdf|publisher=Akamai Technologies, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $12,000,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Boutin|first=Paul|date=June 10, 2010|title=Akamai acquires mobile services company Velocitude|url=https://venturebeat.com/2010/06/10/akamai-velocitude/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=VentureBeat|archivedate=October 6, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140158/http://venturebeat.com/2010/06/10/akamai-velocitude/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Febụwarị 7, 2012, Akamai nwetara Blaze Software, Inc., &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Annual Report 2012|url=http://www.akamai.com/dl/investors/akamai_annual_report_12.pdf|publisher=Akamai Technologies, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $19,300,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Huang|first=Gregory T.|date=February 8, 2012|title=Akamai Buys Blaze as Web Optimization Heats Up in Boston|url=http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/02/08/akamai-buys-blaze-as-web-optimization-heats-up-in-boston/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=Xconomy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Maachị 6, 2012, Akamai nwetara Cotendo, Inc., &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2012&quot; /&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $278,900,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wauters|first=Robin|date=December 22, 2011|title=Done Deal – Akamai Buys Rival Cotendo For $268 Million|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/12/22/done-deal-akamai-buys-rival-cotendo-for-268-million/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=Tech Crunch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Septemba 13, 2012, Akamai nwetara FastSoft, Inc., &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2012&quot; /&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $14,400,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=McCarthy|first=Maureen|date=September 14, 2012|title=Akamai Technologies snaps up FastSoft|publisher=Boston Business Journal|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2012/09/akamai-technologies-snaps-up-fastsoft.html?page=all|accessdate=September 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Disemba 4, 2012, Akamai nwetara Verivue, Inc., &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2012&quot; /&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $30,900,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Whittaker|first=Zack|date=November 13, 2012|title=Akamai expands digital content delivery network, acquires Verivue|url=http://www.zdnet.com/akamai-expands-digital-content-delivery-network-acquires-verivue-7000007306/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=ZDNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Nọvemba 8, 2013, Akamai nwetara Velocius Networks &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Annual Report 2013|url=http://www.akamai.com/dl/investors/akamai-annual-report-2013.pdf|publisher=Akamai Technologies, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $4,300,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dignan|first=Larry|date=November 11, 2013|title=Akamai buys Velocious Networks|url=http://www.zdnet.com/akamai-buys-velocius-networks-7000023037/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=ZDNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Febụwarị 2014, Akamai nwetara onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa cyber, Prolexic Teknụzụ &lt;ref name=&quot;annualreport2013&quot; /&gt; maka ọnụ ahịa azụta mkpokọta nke $390,000,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lunden|first=Ingrid|date=December 2, 2013|title=Akamai Buys DDoS Prevention Specialist Prolexic For $370M To Ramp Up Security Offerings For Enterprises|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/02/akamai-buys-ddos-prevention-specialist-prolexic-for-370m-to-ramp-up-security-offerings/|accessdate=September 23, 2014|publisher=TechCrunch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Febụwarị 2015, Akamai nwetara Xerocole Inc., ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ sistemụ aha ngalaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Castellanos|first=Sara|date=March 2, 2015|title=Akamai Technologies acquires Colorado domain name system tech firm Xerocole|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/techflash/2015/03/akamai-technologies-acquires-colorado-domain-name.html|accessdate=September 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Eprel 6, 2015, Akamai nwetara igwe ojii OTT IPTV onye na-eweta ọrụ Octoshape, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Media Delivery Solutions for Streaming Video and Software Delivery - Akamai|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/products/media-delivery/|work=www.akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ego akọwapụtaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Acquires Octoshape to Optimize Streaming Video - 040615 - Akamai|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/news/press/2015-press/akamai-acquires-octoshape.jsp|work=www.akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Nọvemba 2, 2015, Akamai nwetara Bloxx, onye na-eweta teknụzụ Secure Web Gateway (SWG), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bloxx - Real Time Web &amp; Email Filtering|url=http://www.bloxx.com/|work=www.bloxx.com|accessdate=2023-09-10|archivedate=2019-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531135745/http://www.bloxx.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ego akọwapụtaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Acquires Bloxx for Cloud Security - Akamai|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/news/press/2015-press/akamai-acquires-bloxx-for-cloud-security.jsp|work=www.akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Septemba 28, 2016, Akamai nwetara Concord Systems, onye na-eweta teknụzụ maka nhazi arụmọrụ dị elu nke data n'ogo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Concord: Concord.io|url=http://concord.io/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217041717/http://concord.io/|archivedate=December 17, 2016|accessdate=January 6, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ego akọwapụtaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Acquires Data Processing Provider Concord Systems - Akamai|url=https://www.akamai.com/uk/en/about/news/press/2016-press/akamai-acquires-data-processing-provider-concord-systems.jsp|work=www.akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Ọktoba 4, 2016, Akamai nwetara Soha Systems, ohere ụlọ ọrụ echekwara dị ka onye na-eweta ọrụ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Secure Application Access - Akamai|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/solutions/why-akamai/secure-application-access.jsp|work=www.akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ego akọwapụtaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Acquires Soha Systems for Secure Remote Access to Enterprise Applications - Akamai|url=https://www.akamai.com/uk/en/about/news/press/2016-press/akamai-acquires-soha-systems-for-secure-remote-access-to-enterprise-applications.jsp|work=www.akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Disemba 19, 2016, Akamai nwetara Cyberfend, onye na-eweta ihe ngwọta bot na automation, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bot Manager - Akamai|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/products/cloud-security/bot-manager.jsp|work=www.akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka ego akọwapụtaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=about/news/press/2016-press/akamai-acquires-cyberfend.jsp|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/news/press/2016-press/akamai-acquires-cyberfend.jsp|work=www.akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na March 29, 2017, Akamai nwetara SOASTA, ụlọ ọrụ njikwa arụmọrụ dijitalụ nke dabeere na Mountain View, CA, maka ego ego niile na-akọwaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 29, 2017|title=Akamai agrees to acquire SOASTA|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-akamai-agrees-to-acquire-soasta/brief-akamai-agrees-to-acquire-soasta-idUSASB0B7JU|accessdate=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na October 11, 2017, Akamai nwetara Nominum, onye na-enye ọkwa DNS na DHCP na otu n'ime ndị isi egwuregwu na ịmepụta DNS nke oge a, maka ego ego niile na-akọwaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=October 11, 2017|title=Akamai agrees to acquire Nominum|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-akamai-agrees-to-acquire-nominum/brief-akamai-agrees-to-acquire-nominum-idUSASB0BMNZ|accessdate=October 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'Ọktoba 2019, Akamai nwetara chameleonX na-eweta ngwanrọ nchekwa maka $20&amp;nbsp;nde. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Technologies Announces Acquisition Of ChameleonX - Quick Facts {{!}} Markets Insider|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/akamai-technologies-announces-acquisition-of-chameleonx-quick-facts-1028586770|accessdate=March 20, 2020|work=markets.businessinsider.com|publisher=Insider Inc. and finanzen.net GmbH (Imprint)|archivedate=March 20, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320021701/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/akamai-technologies-announces-acquisition-of-chameleonx-quick-facts-1028586770}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Technologies Announces Acquisition Of ChameleonX - Quick Facts|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/akamai-technologies-announces-acquisition-of-chameleonx-quick-facts-2019-10-09|accessdate=March 20, 2020|work=www.nasdaq.com|publisher=Nasdaq, Inc|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Jenụwarị 24, 2019, Akamai nwetara onye na-eweta CIAM Janrain . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Completes Acquisition Of Customer Identity Access Management Company Janrain Inc.|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/news/press/2019-press/akamai-completes-acquisition-of-customer-identity-access-management-company-janrain-inc.jsp|accessdate=December 6, 2020|work=www.Akamai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Ọktọba 27, 2020, Akamai nwetara IoT na onye na-eweta nchekwa ekwentị Asavie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Technologies Advances 5G Security Strategy With Acquisition Of Asavie|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/news/press/2020-press/akamai-advances-5g-security-strategy-with-acquisition-of-asavie.jsp}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Febụwarị 1, 2021, Akamai nwetara Inverse Inc. ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa nke Montreal Canada na-eme ihe mepere emepe Network Access Controller (NAC) akpọrọ PacketFence . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akamai Technologies Acquires Inverse Inc., Adds To Zero Trust Security Platform|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/news/press/2021-press/akamai-acquires-inverse-adds-to-zero-trust-security-platform.jsp|accessdate=2021-06-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Septemba 29, 2021 Akamai Teknụzụ nwetara Guardicore maka nde $600. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mirchevska|first=Sara|date=2021-10-04|title=Akamai Technologies Acquires Guardicore in A$600 Million Worth Deal|url=https://hostadvice.com/news/akamai-technologies-acquires-guardicore-in-a-600-million-worth-deal/|publisher=HostAdvice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na Febụwarị 15, 2022 Akamai nwetara Linode maka nde $900. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-15|title=Akamai To Acquire Linode to Provide Businesses with a Developer-friendly and Massively-distributed Platform to Build, Run and Secure Next Generation Applications|url=https://www.akamai.com/newsroom/press-release/akamai-to-acquire-linode|publisher=Akamai}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu n'ime patent Akamai na-ekpuchi ibufe data eletrọnịkị site na iji CDN. Ndị nwe webụsaịtị ịntanetị (ndị na-eweta ọdịnaya) na Akamai na-enye nkwekọrịta ibugara ndị ọrụ ịntanetị ọ bụla ọdịnaya saịtị ha. Usoro ikike ikike na-enye ohere ịchekwa nnukwu faịlụ, dị ka vidiyo ma ọ bụ faịlụ egwu, na sava Akamai wee nweta site na sava ndị ahụ site n'aka ndị ọrụ ịntanetị. Nke a na-abawanye ọsọ nke ndị ọrụ ịntanetị na-enweta ọdịnaya sitere na weebụsaịtị webụ. [ nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ ]

Akamai tụfuru ikpe ahụ na mbụ, ọbụna buru ya gaa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu weghachiri ikpe ahụ na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka Federal Circuit, Otú ọ dị, na ịkpọ òkù ka ọ nyochaaghachi iwu ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họọrọ ime ya, na usoro niile nke usoro ga-eme site na a. otu onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'ihi na e nwere mmebi iwu. N'ịbụ onye a kpọchiri, Federal Circuit tụlere okwu ahụ ''n'en banc'' (ndị ọka ikpe sekit niile na-arụsi ọrụ ike) wee gbanwee iwu ya. A na-ekwenye ugbu a na a pụkwara imebi patent ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na &quot;ihe ebubo ebubo imebi iwu na-ekere òkè na mmemme ma ọ bụ nnata nke uru na arụmọrụ nke nzọụkwụ ma ọ bụ usoro nke usoro patent ma guzobe usoro ma ọ bụ oge nke arụmọrụ ahụ&quot;. Na ndabere ahụ, Federal Circuit weghachiri $40 ahụ&amp;nbsp;nde juri ikpe. O kwuru na &quot;Akamai gosipụtara nnukwu ihe akaebe na-egosi na Limelight na-edozi ojiji ndị ahịa ya jiri CDN mee ihe n'ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị ahịa ya&quot; usoro Limelight anaghị eme n'onwe ya. Ahụrụla nke a dị ka nnukwu mgbanwe na iwu patent. Okwu a bụ ''Akamai Techs., Inc. v.'' ''Ụlọ ọrụ Limelight Networks, Inc.'' .

== Esemokwu ==
N'afọ 2013, Securities and Exchange Commission boro onye bụbu onye isi na Akamai Teknụzụ maka ịnye ozi na-abụghị nke ọha gbasara nsogbu ego ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ azụmaahịa nke onye nyocha nke Galleon Management hedge Fund onye guzobere Raj Rajaratnam, na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=September 20, 2013|title=SEC Charges Former Technology Company Executive for Role in Rajaratnam Insider Trading Scheme|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2013-189|publisher=VentureBeat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [https://www.akamai.com/uk/en/multimedia/documents/technical-publication/consistent-hashing-and-random-trees-distributed-caching-protocols-for-relieving-hot-spots-on-the-world-wide-web-technical-publication.pdf Karger, D., Lehman, E., Leighton, T., Panigrahy, R., Levine, M., Lewin, D. Hashing na-agbanwe agbanwe na Osisi Random: Usoro ngwungwu Caching ekesara maka iweghachite ntụpọ dị ọkụ na webụsaịtị ụwa.] [https://www.akamai.com/uk/en/multimedia/documents/technical-publication/consistent-hashing-and-random-trees-distributed-caching-protocols-for-relieving-hot-spots-on-the-world-wide-web-technical-publication.pdf ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 1997, p. 654–663.]
* [https://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/DMPPSW02.pdf J. Dilley, B. Maggs, J. Parikh, H. Prokop, R. Sitaraman, na B. Weihl.] [https://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/DMPPSW02.pdf &quot;Nnyefe ọdịnaya ekesara n'ụwa niile&quot;, ''IEEE Mgbakọ Ịntanetị'', Septemba/October 2002, p. 50-58.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712221237/https://www.sigcomm.org/sites/default/files/ccr/papers/2015/July/0000000-0000009.pdf Bruce Maggs na Ramesh Sitaraman.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712221237/https://www.sigcomm.org/sites/default/files/ccr/papers/2015/July/0000000-0000009.pdf &quot;Nkụkọ algorithmic na nnyefe ọdịnaya&quot;.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712221237/https://www.sigcomm.org/sites/default/files/ccr/papers/2015/July/0000000-0000009.pdf ACM SIGCOMM Nkwukọrịta Kọmputa Nlebanya '', Mpịakọta = 45, Okwu = 3, 2015.'']
* [https://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/eum_embedded.pdf F. Chen, R. Sitaraman, na M. Torres.] [https://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/eum_embedded.pdf &quot;Maapụ onye ọrụ njedebe: Arịrịọ arịrịọ ọgbọ na-abịa maka nnyefe ọdịnaya&quot;.] [https://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/eum_embedded.pdf Nzukọ ACM SIGCOMM '', Ọgọst 2015.'']
* [https://groups.cs.umass.edu/ramesh/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/07/sigcomm2020-final289.pdf Kyle Schomp, Onkar Bhardwaj, Eymen Kurdoglu, Mashooq Muhaimen, na Ramesh K. Sitaraman.] [https://groups.cs.umass.edu/ramesh/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/07/sigcomm2020-final289.pdf &quot;Akamai DNS: Na-enye Azịza ziri ezi nye ajụjụ ụwa&quot;, ``ACM SIGCOMM ogbako '', Ọgọst 2020.'']
* [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~xia/resources/Documents/gillman_ieee15.pdf D. Gillman, Y. Lin, B. Maggs na RK Sitaraman.] [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~xia/resources/Documents/gillman_ieee15.pdf &quot;Ichekwa webụsaịtị site na mbuso agha na netwọk nnyefe echekwara&quot;, IEEE Kọmputa '', vol. 48, mba. 4, peeji 26-34, Eprel 2015.'']

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Yusuf Mohamed Ismail</title>
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      <text bytes="4099" sha1="new7ykgcslsf9pi0ajm3j34vi1wryu9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Yusuf Mohamed Ismail &lt;br&gt; يوسف محمد إسماعيل|image=Baribari1.jpg|imagesize=|birth_date=15 July 1958|birth_place=[[Bologna]], Italy|death_date={{death date and age|2015|03|27|1958|07|15|df=yes}}|death_place=[[Mogadishu]], Somalia|office=Ambassador of Somalia to the [[United Nations Human Rights Office]]|term_start=2008|term_end=27 March 2015|primeminister=[[Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke]]|predecessor=|successor=Faduma Abdullahi Mohamud|office2=|term_start2=|term_end2=|primeminister2=|predecessor2=|successor2=|party=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|alma_mater=[[University of Bologna]]}}

Yusuf Mohamed Ismail &quot;Bari-Bari&quot; ( Somali &lt;/link&gt; , Arabic &lt;/link&gt; , amuru 15 Julaị 1958 – nwụrụ 27 Ma ọchịchị 2015) bụ onye anya mba Somalia na onye ngwá agha.  Ọ bụ onye akụkụ Somalia na United Nations Human Rights Office na Geneva

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gppatfabig&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Puntland President Attends the funeral of Ambassador Baribari in Garowe|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12332|accessdate=30 March 2015|date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306160706/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12332|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;A gidan Ismail na 1960 na Rome, Italy site n' &quot;ndị agha ndị Somalia na-achị achị .  [1] Ọ bụ onye Majeerteen Harti Darod .  [2] Ezin iro ya sitere na Garoowe, isi obodo ụmụaka nke steeti Somalia nke ugwu n'afọ Puntland

. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saasiuhmatm&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Somalia. Attacco al-Shabaab in un hotel a Mogadiscio, almeno 13 morti|url=http://www.articolotre.com/2015/03/somalia-attacco-al-shabaab-in-un-hotel-a-mogadiscio-almeno-13-morti/print/|accessdate=6 April 2015|date=27 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044621/http://www.articolotre.com/2015/03/somalia-attacco-al-shabaab-in-un-hotel-a-mogadiscio-almeno-13-morti/print/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Maka akara akara ya, Ismail akara akara ugo na-enyere ndị agụnyere na Mahadum Bologna

== Ọrụ ==
. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guhrcomsfpa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=UN Human Rights Council Observes Minute of Silence for Passing of Ambassador &quot;Bari-Bari&quot; of Somalia|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12369|accessdate=31 March 2015|date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143754/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12369|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'ịbụ onye mmetụta, Ismail sonyeere ọrụ diplomatic.  A mgbaàmà ya onye isi anya Somalia na United Nations Human Rights Office na Geneva, Switzerland na 2008. N'ime ikike a, Ismail ọrụ iji kwalite na chebe ikike mmadụ na obodo ya na gburugburu ụwa.  Site na ọrụ ya na ndị otu obodo, a na-ekwu na ọ nyere aka guzobe ifo Independent Expert na Albinism, otu òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ nke e hiwere na 2015

. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vtkiasaomh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/articleprintview/2696816.html|title=20 Killed in Al-Shabab Attack on Mogadishu Hotel|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|date=28 March 2015|accessdate=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 27 Maachị 2015, Ismail ike ahụ n'oge ndị otu Al-Shabaab wakporo Hotel Makka al-Mukarama na Mogadishu .  O mechara daa n'ọnya ahụ n'ahụ ike

. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guhrcomsfpa&quot; /&gt;Onye isi ala Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, [1] Onye isi ala Puntland Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, [1] onye bubu onye isi ala Puntland Abdirahman Farole, [2] na onye ihe anya UN-iche maka Somalia Nicholas Kay ezigara onye isi ala Puntland  ofesi ahụ nke ọma.  [3] Otu United Nations Human Rights Council hụkwara ịgbachi egwu otu iji sọpụrụ Ismail.  Onye isi oche nke Council Ambassador Joachim Rücker Ismail dị ka onye ndu ndị mmadụ na-enwe nri n'ebe niile na ndị a na- , onye ihe aka ya na ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ngwaọrụ a na-ahụ anya.  [4]

. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gppatfabig&quot; /&gt;Na 29 Maachị, e mere olili obodo maka Ambassador Ismail na Garoowe.  Onye isi ala Puntland Ali na ndị isi anya etiti dị iche iche gara olili ozu a .

== Ntụaka ==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian271009&quot;/&gt;Olabode Ibiyinka George Listen (help·info) (&quot;Bode George&quot;) ( 21 Nọvemba 1945) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, nke ikpe gọvanọ ndịagha [1] nke Ondo Steeti, ma mechaa onye isi oche nke Nigerian Ports Authority, mgbe ahụ  osote onye isi oche mba na mpaghara ndịda egwuregwu.  nke [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP).

== Afọ mbụ ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/10/24/20041024int01.html|title=Nobody Can Muscle Me in Ogun, Says Osoba|author=Olawale Olaleye|publisher=This Day|date=2004-10-24|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119192649/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/10/24/20041024int01.html#|archivedate=2005-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;A mụrụ George na November 21, 1945 na Lagos.  O nwetara B.Sc na MBA.[1]  Bode George ghọrọ onye Commodore na ndị agha mmiri Naijiria, ma bụrụkwa onye a họpụtara Gọvanọ ndị agha nke Ondo State (1988–1990).[2]  Akwụkwọ akụkọ African Concorde kọrọ na George lekwasịrị anya na mmefu ego steeti dị ka nke ya, na-emefu ego nke ọma ma na-enyefe ego n'ịgba ụgwọ maka nnukwu ịgba ọsọ.[3]  N'ajụjụ ọnụ Julaị 2002 gbara Gọvanọ Legọs steeti bụ [[Bola Tinubu]] kwuru na Bode George kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mpụ maka ọrụ ya na steeti Ondo.  O kwuru na &quot;Bode George na ndị njem ibe ya bụ ndị kwenyere n'aka ndị agha ka ekwesịrị ka a gwa ha n'ụzọ doro anya na oge ha agafeela, anyị nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ugbu a.&quot;[4] Na nzaghachi onye isi oche pati PDP, Alhaji Muhammed Muritala Ashhorobi, kwuru.  Bode George nwere akụkọ pụtara ìhè dị ka gọvanọ Ondo Steeti ochie, na ihe owuwu ndị o wuru bụ nnukwu ihe ncheta.[5]  O guzobere Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo site n'iwu n'afọ 1990, ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere ụmụakwụkwọ karịrị puku anọ ugbu a.[6]  Mgbe gọvanọ, a wakporo ya na emume na mahadum Lagos (UNILAG), nke ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ n'ime ya.

Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ọrụ onye isi, nye General Oladipo Diya mgbe onye nke ikpeazụ bụ onye isi ndị ọrụ izugbe, n'etiti 1993 na 1997. George bụkwa onye ntụzi aka na Nigerian National War College (NWC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/27/night-of-long-knife-for-bode-george-a-news-analysis/|title=Night of long knife for Bode George...a news analysis|date=October 27, 2009|author=Jide Ajani|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=2009-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/07/03/20020703news23.html|title=NPA Boss Seeks End to Truck Owners Strike|author=Francis Ugwoke|date=2002-07-03|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040929035700/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/07/03/20020703news23.html#|archivedate=2004-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;A ahụmahụ George onye isi oche nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Nigeria na 1999. [1] N'anyị Febụwarị afọ 2001, mgbe Bode George na-eleta ụgbọ mmiri Delta, Bode George hụrụ oku ka e guzo nchekwa, ma kparịtakwa nsogbu nke igbu oge.  n'ịkwụ ụgwọ nnukwu ego ji ndị na-ahụ maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n'aka ndị otu dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Petroleum Products Marketing, Nigeria National Shipping Line., Delta Steel Company na Central Water Transport Company.  [2] N’April 2001, George kwuru na otu n’ime ihe na-akpata mkpọkọ n’ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri bụ nke ndị na-ebubata ngwá ahịa na-adị ngwa ngwa ikpochapụ ngwá ọrụ ha n’ihi ajụjụ nke njide.  [3] Na Mee 2001, Bode George gboo oku ka e wuo ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ọhụrụ na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe iji gboo mkpakọ.  [4] Na September 2001, Chief Bode George nyere iwu ka ebupụ akpa niile efu n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lagos iji wepụta ìhè.  [5] N'Ọnọ Julaị 2002, ọ na-abụ ndị nwe gwongworo na-arụ ọrụ maka mkpochapụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lagos ka ha ga-enweta

. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/08/22/20030822bus10.html|title=NPA Plans for New Role in Port Landlord Model|author=Francis Ugwoke|publisher=This Day|date=2003-08-22|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425020020/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/08/22/20030822bus10.html#|archivedate=2005-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na Ma ọchịchị 2003, George jara ndị Grimaldi Group mma maka ike ego na Nigeria, ma kwuo na NPA ga-edozi ụkọ ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ọdụ mmiri RORO site na mgbasawanye mgbe dị ugbu a ike ike n'April.  [1] N'August 2003, na-ekwu okwu nke nke privatize ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, Bode George kwuru, sị: &quot;The Nrọ na NPA bụ a buoyant na- Mwepụta isi iyi nke ego, nke na-agba ume a omenala.  nke carefreeness na njikwa nke contracts na ihe, ndị na-enye-isi igodo ụgbọ ka. ihe na-egosi echiche ndị a na-achọghị maka mkpa ọrụ anyị, ezigbo onye njikwa njikwa ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ụgwọ mma na njikwa akụ anyị.  , ihe ndị niile ga-enye nhọrọ iji mebie eziokwu nke ọrụ ọhụrụ anyị.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article16/indexn3_html?pdate=271009&amp;ptitle=How%20the%20bubble%20burst%20at%20NPA&amp;cpdate=271009|title=How the bubble burst at NPA|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 27, 2009|accessdate=2009-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'October 2003, a chụrụ ndị isi ọrụ na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Nigeria.  [1] Onye isi njikwa ọhụrụ, Chief Adebayo Sarumi, goro ndị na-agbasa ka ha ngosi ngosi ndị dị adị.  Ntụleghachi ha mmetụta ezinụlọ ezi.  E nyere ya na Economic and Financial Crimes Commission n'okpuru Nuhu Ribadu, nke mgbaàmà na 2005

George bụ onye isi ala Olusegun Obasanjo nso, e nyere ya mmasị n'ịre ụlọ na Legọs steeti.  N'afọ 2001, e mere George ka ọ bụrụ osote onyeisi oche nke PDP na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ osote onyeisi oche nke PDP, South, ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke mba PDP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/27/night-of-long-knife-for-bode-george-a-news-analysis/|title=Night of long knife for Bode George...a news analysis|date=October 27, 2009|author=Jide Ajani|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=2009-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/02/17/20020217cov02.html|title=Guber Battle in the South-West: AD Versus Everybody|author=Yusuph Olaniyonu|publisher=This Day|date=2002-02-17|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107152242/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/02/17/20020217cov02.html#|archivedate=2005-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na ọnụ iwe nke March 2001, George dị na-akwado Chief Funsho Williams, onye gbara ọsọ na 1998 Lagos State primaries nke Alliance for Democracy (AD), dị ka onye na-azọkwa ọkwa PDP maka ibu aka 2003. [1  ] Williams mechara kwaba na PDP

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/14/20020814pol01.html|title=Bode George's Electoral Committee Auctioned Anambra PDP - APF Chieftain|author=Kola Ologbondiyan|publisher=This Day|date=2002-08-14|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226010834/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/14/20020814pol01.html#|archivedate=2004-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'Ọnọ Febụwarị afọ 2002, n'ịzaghachi ebubo na PDP na-atụnye ndị na-achọ ịzọ ọkwa dị ụtụ isi, Bode George kwuru na ọ dị element mgbe pati ahụ nyere iwu dị otú ahụ, na onye ọ echebe jidere na-eme ya.  ga-ejide ya ma ebi ya n'aka ndị Juu.  [1] N'August 2002, Nick Mbaezue, onye isi otu Anambra People's Forum (APF) ogwe aka Anambra People's Democratic Party (PDP) nke steeti Anambra boro Bode George ebubo na ọ na-ere ndị isi PDP ọnụ n'otu aka nchekwa.  .

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/04/13/20040413news01.html|title=Fayose Uncouth, Says Lagos Govt|author=Shaka Momodu|date=2004-04-13|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202065730/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/04/13/20040413news01.html#|archivedate=2005-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'ọnọ Jenụarrị afọ 2003, Chief Olorunfunmi Bashorun, bụ Ogaoche ntọala Peoples Democratic Party na Legọs steeti, na ndị isi ndị ọzọ, nọmba oche mba ahụ maka nsogbu dị na pati ahụ.  Ha boro George na onye aha ya bụ Alhaji Murtala Ashhorobi ebubo ihu ọma.  [1] N'April 2004, George gọrọ agọ na aka mgba mgba aka na njide nke Gọvanọ Bola Tinubu nke Lagos State na abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ ibu ibu.  [2] Mmadụ atọ ahụ na-aga olili n'Iyin-Ekiti mgbe ndị agha na ndị uwe ojii nwụchiri ha

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/07/15/20030715news01.html|title=Ngige: Anambra Assembly Reverses Self|author=Chuks Okocha and Charles Onyekamuo|date=2003-07-15|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425022814/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/07/15/20030715news01.html#|archivedate=2005-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na June 2004, otu ndị na-agbawara agba nke PDP boro Bode George, onye isi oche ndịda ikike ikike nke pati ahụ, Senator Adeseye Ogunlewe, na Mohammed Ashhorobi, onye isi oche PDP steeti maka ịwasa pati ahụ site na iyi egwu, nkwutọ, nna oke.  na iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na- ike ezi.  .  [1] N'nanọ Julaị afọ 2004, e nwere ọgba aghara na steeti Anambra ebe ụlọ ụlọ iwu buru ụzọ kwuo na ụdị Chris Ngige agbaala arụkwaghịm na osote mmanya, Okey Udeh ga-emekwa ya, ma me egwu ha sị na a kpachaara  anya duhie ha.  Bode George bụ onye isi otu ndị otu PDP faịlụ aro ka Okey Udeh gbaa arụkwaghịm

N'afọ Jenụarị afọ 2005, akwụkwọ ozi This Day kwuru na a na-atụ anya na a ga-akpọ Bode George onye isi oche otu PDP na azụ pati ahụ na Nọvemba.  [1] N'nanọ Julaị afọ 2005, e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche PDP (South).  [2] N'Nana Febụwarị 2007, Olabode George ọtọ oku ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm nke osote onye isi ala Atiku Abubakar, onye gbagoro na pati [[Action Congress]] (AC)

. Na Ma ọchịchị 2008, onye isi oche PDP mba, Prince Vincent Ogbulafor chụrụ Bode George na Board Governing of the Peoples Democratic Institute (PDI).  [1] N'April 2008, ndị PDP National Disciplinary Committee (NDC), nke Bode George na-isi, kagburu.

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=16649|title=NPA Fraud: Bode George Threatens Court Action|author=Ndubuisi Francis|date=2005-05-08|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509062221/http://thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=16649#|archivedate=2005-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'April 2005, Olabode George faịlụ egwu na nkọwa ga-eme ya maka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndị na-ebo ebubo na ọ bụ ụgwọ naira iri na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ n'ihi na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri nke Naijiria (NPA) mgbe ọ  bụ Louis oche nke ụlọ ọrụ NPA.  Ọka ebubo dị ka akara isi, akara isi na echiche echiche

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.weekly.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1604&amp;catid=1&amp;Itemid=109|publisher=Weekly Trust|title=Fall of Bode George, other Obasanjo men|author=DANIEL OCHENELU|accessdate=2009-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708221545/http://www.weekly.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1604&amp;catid=1&amp;Itemid=109#|archivedate=2011-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị nwe Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) boro ebubo ebubo mgbe onye isi bụ Nuhu Ribadu maka ebubo ebubo na NPA.  Otú ọ dị, a na-anụ kepu kepu na e chebe ya ike n'ikpe site n'aka President Olusegun Obasanjo .  [1] Akụkọ EFCC nke e metụtara na 1 April 2005 kwuru na ndị òtù NPA, pasto oche Bode George, na ndị na-ekwu nke NPA kwesịrị ka a mara maka ụma na nke ọma ike iwu na ike na-enye ike, na  a ga-amanye ya maka iwu.  nkewa mmetụta na ịrị elu nke ọnụ ọnụ, n'agbanyeghị na iwu na egwuregwu atọ.  [2] Onye isi ala Obasanjo kagburu nchoputa ahụ dịka akara njedebe, ma nye iwu ka ndị ọzọ.  Akụkọ EFCC nke mere ka Bode George iwu

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=42461|title=NPA Fraud : AD Wants Bode George Prosecuted|author=Philip Ogunmade|publisher=This Day|date=March 6, 2006|accessdate=2009-11-12|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070621015143/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=42461#|archivedate=2007-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'Ọnọ Nọvemba afọ 2005, EFCC hụrụ Bode George ka ọ bịa nzụkọ iji kparịta okwu pati ebe aha ya ọnụ.  [1] Na March 2006, Alliance for Democracy (AD) kpọkuru President Olusegun Obasanjo ka ọ gbaa osote onye isi oche nke National Democratic Party (PDP), Olabode George, na ndị isi oche na ndị isi nke NPA n'ihi ebubo na ha  na-enye ọrụ na- ike uru nke echiche ruru eru.  nde naira iri isii.

. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian271009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article01/indexn2_html?pdate=271009&amp;ptitle=Bode%20George%20goes%20to%20jail%20over%20NPA%20contracts|title=Bode George goes to jail over NPA contracts|author=Abiodun Fanoro and Yetunde Oyegbami|publisher=Guardian|accessdate=2009-11-12|archivedate=2020-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505204512/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article01/indexn2_html?pdate=271009&amp;ptitle=Bode%20George%20goes%20to%20jail%20over%20NPA%20contracts|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbiodun_Fanoro_and_Yetunde_Oyegbami&quot;&gt;Abiodun Fanoro and Yetunde Oyegbami. . Guardian. Archived from [http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article01/indexn2_html?pdate=271009&amp;ptitle=Bode%20George%20goes%20to%20jail%20over%20NPA%20contracts the original] on 2020-05-05&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2009-11-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;N'August 2008, EFCC n'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ ha bụ Farida Waziri nwụchiri Olabode George na Lagos ma kpụpụta ya na mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ n'ihi ikpe maka ebubo 163 nke ịgba izu, nnupụ isi n'iwu iwu, ime ihe n'  ụlọ ọrụ ebubo inye onyinye nke ruru ụgwọ naira 84 n'ụzọ megidere iwu.  ọ bụ onye isi oche NPA.  [1] Ka ikpe malitere ikpe ahụ, EFCC wedara ebubo a na ebubo iri isii na atọ.  [2] N'October 2009, a mara Bode George ikpe ma ejegharị ya maka ọnwa 30. [3] Ọkaikpe Joseph Olubunmi Oyewole nyere ikpe a.  [4] Ọkàikpe ahụ mara ndị a na-azara ikpe na ebubo 47 n'ime 68. Mkpokọta ahịrị ahịrị helre ruo afọ 28, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ maka nnupụisi n'iwu iwu ka ọ na-agba ọsọ n'otu oge ruo ọnwa 28.  isii, na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị enyi ga-agba ọsọ n'otu oge ruo afọ abụọ.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supreme Court Discharges PDP Chieftain Bode George of Corruption Conviction|date=2013-12-13|journal=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị ọka iwu George na-akọ akwụkwọ ma ikọ ka a gbapụta ya ka ha ga- ekiri mkpegharị ahụ.  [1] akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ.  [2] Dị ka onye nche, Chief Bode George na ndị ọrụ ibe ya ka etinyere na ngalaba VIP nke ụlọ ọrụ.  Achọghị ka ha yi uwe ụlọ nche, a na-ahapụkwa ha ihe ha sie nri.  [3] Na Disemba 13, 2013, Onyeikpe Kasị Elu wepụrụ ikpe Bode George.  ikpe ahụ, nke onye ọka ikpe John Afolabi Fabiyi na-achị, kwuru na EFCC nri ndị ọkachamara na George bu n'obi ime wayo na NPA, na ebubo nke &quot;nkewa nsogbu&quot; iwu iwu.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa</title>
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      <text bytes="9102" sha1="67kv4x1qn85v96aveus0ji2tivgc064" xml:space="preserve">Okwu ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa (ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa) na-ezo aka n'ọnọdụ anụ ahụ nne dị ime nwere ike iwere n'oge usoro ịmụ nwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid2332746&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Maternal birthing positions and perineal injury|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-family-practice_1990-05_30_5/page/n54|journal=J Fam Pract|volume=30|issue=5|pages=553–7|date=May 1990|pmid=2332746}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pụkwara ịkpọ ha ọnọdụ nnyefe ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọrụ. ọnọdụ nnyefe ọnọdụ ọrụ

Na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ lithotomy (n'azụ na ụkwụ a dọtara elu), ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-ejikarị eme ihe, ndị na-amụ nwa na ndị na-elekọta ọmụmụ ọdịnala na-eji ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ eme ihe nke ọma gburugburu ụwa. Ọnọdụ lithotomy ndị na-amụ nwa Ọrụ Engelmann nke afọ otu puku narị asatọ iri asatọ na abụọ&quot;Ọrụ n'etiti ndị mbụ&quot; kpọsara ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa n'etiti ọdịbendị mbụ na ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ. Ha na-ejikarị squatting, iguzo, ikpere n'ala na ọnọdụ anọ niile, ugboro ugboro n'usoro. &lt;ref&gt;Engelmann GJ Labor among primitive peoples (1883)&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akpọ ha ọnọdụ ọmụmụ kwụ ọtọ.&lt;ref&gt;Non-Supine (e.g., Upright or Side-Lying) Positions for Birth. Lamaze International Education Council, Keen R, DiFranco J, Amis D, Albers L, Journal of Perinatal Education. 2004 spring; 13(2): 30–34.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ Lithotomy ==
N'ọnọdụ lithotomy, nne ahụ dina n'azụ ya na ụkwụ ya n'elu na eriri ma afọ ya dị nso na nsọtụ tebụl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lithotomy Position for Labor|url=http://www.birthingnaturally.net/barp/lithotomy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025223022/http://birthingnaturally.net/barp/lithotomy.html|archivedate=2010-10-25|accessdate=2010-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnọdụ a dị mma maka onye na-elekọta ya n'ihi na ọ na-enye ya ohere ịbanye na perineum.Otú ọ dị, nke a abụghị ọnọdụ dị mma maka ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa, na-atụle nrụgide na mgbidi akụkụ ahụ nwanyị n'ihi na isi nwa ahụ adịghị mma na usoro ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ megide ike ndọda.&lt;ref name=&quot;childbirthsolutions.com&quot;/&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ọmụmụ kwụ ọtọ n'ozuzu ==
Ndị mmadụ dị iche iche akwalitewo nnabata nke ọnọdụ ọmụmụ kwụ ọtọ, ọkachasị squatting, maka mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, dị ka Grantly Dick-Read, Janet Balaskas, Moysés Paciornik na Hugo Sabatino. N'ụzọ dị mma Dick-Gụọ Janet Balaskas Moysés Paciornik Hugo Sabatino Nkwado nke ọnọdụ ndị na-abụghị lithotomy na-akwalite site na mmegharị ọmụmụ nwa. ịmụ nwa n'okike

Ịkwụ ọtọ n'oge ịmụ nwa na ịmụ nwa nwere ike ịbawanye ohere dị n'ime pelvis site na pasent iri abụọ  na asatọ ruo iri atọ na-enye nwa ohere maka ntụgharị na ịrịda. Enwekwara mbelata parent iri ise na anọ nke ọrịa obi nwa e bu n'afọ mgbe nne kwụ ọtọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gupta|first=JK|title=Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=25 May 2017|volume=2017|issue=5|pages=CD002006|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002006.pub4|pmid=28539008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnọdụ ọmụmụ ndị a nwekwara ike belata oge nke oge nke abụọ nke ịmụ nwa yana belata ihe ize ndụ maka ngalaba ịwa ahụ mberede site na pasent iri abụọ na itoolu. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140430065608/http://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy_childbirth/childbirth/2nd_stage/tlacom/en/ Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia: RHL commentary.] Lavender T and Mlay R. The WHO Reproductive Health Library; Geneva: World Health Organization. (last revised: 15 December 2006).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onlinelibrary.wiley.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003934.pub4|pmid=24105444|title=Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour|year=2013|journal=Reviews|issue=10|pages=CD003934|author=Lawrence A}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikọkwa ha na mkpa dị ala maka epidural. l&lt;ref name=&quot;onlinelibrary.wiley.com&quot; /&gt;

Ọnọdụ dị iche iche nwere ike ijikọta ya na ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke mmerụ ahụ perineal.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11843786&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Birth position, accoucheur, and perineal outcomes: informing women about choices for vaginal birth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_birth_2002-03_29_1/page/n8|journal=Birth|volume=29|issue=1|pages=18–27|date=March 2002|pmid=11843786|doi=10.1046/j.1523-536x.2002.00151.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17479052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Getting through birth in one piece: protecting the perineum|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mcn-the-american-journal-of-maternal-child-nursing_may-june-2007_32_3/page/158|journal=MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs|volume=32|issue=3|pages=158–64|year=2007|pmid=17479052|doi=10.1097/01.NMC.0000269565.20111.92}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ squatting ==
[[Usòrò:Pre-Columbian_collection,_Dumbarton_OaksDSCF7954.JPG|thumb|Ihe oyiyi ọmụmụ Dumbarton Oaks Ihe oyiyi ọmụmụ]]
Ọnọdụ squatting na-enye mmụba dị ukwuu nke nrụgide na oghere pelvic na obere mgbalị nke uru ahụ. Ọwa ọmụmụ ga-emeghe iri abụọ ruo pasent iri atọ karịa na squat karịa na ọnọdụ ọ bụla ọzọ. A na-atụ aro ya maka ọkwa nke abụọ nke ịmụ nwa. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ nke ịmụ nwa&lt;ref name=&quot;Russell&quot;&gt;Russell JG. Moulding of the pelvic outlet. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1969;76:817–20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị okenye si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-esiri ike iji ụkwụ gbadaa, a na-emekarị nkwekọrịta dịka itinye nkwado n'okpuru ụkwụ ụkwụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọzọ na-akwado onye squatter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://activebirth.org/Pages2/PAGES2PDFs/bbd13art6.pdf|title=Balaskas J Using the squatting position during labour and for birth|accessdate=2013-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309045503/http://activebirth.org/Pages2/PAGES2PDFs/bbd13art6.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'Ijipt oge ochie, ụmụ nwanyị mụrụ ụmụ mgbe ha na-anọdụ ala na brik abụọ, nke a maara dị ka brik ọmụmụ. 


ụ&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wilkinson, Richard H.|title=The complete gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt|publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson|location=London|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/152 152–53]|isbn=978-0-500-05120-7|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/152}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe anọ niile ==
Ụfọdụ ndị nne nwere ike ịhọrọ ọnọdụ anọ niile n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa. Ọ nwere ike inyere nwa ahụ aka ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na isi ya adịghị mma. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ a na-eji ike ndọda, ọ na-ebelata azụ mgbu, ebe nne nwere ike ịtọgbọrọ úkwù ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;childbirthsolutions.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/birth/pushingpositions/index.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024033917/http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/birth/pushingpositions/index.php|archivedate=2010-10-24|accessdate=2010-10-25|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. Archived from [http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/birth/pushingpositions/index.php the original] on 2010-10-24&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2010-10-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([[:Category: CS1 maint: echekwara dị ka aha|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/centres/pregnancy/childbirth/positions.html|title=Childbirth: Coping with Pain: Positions for Labour and Birth|accessdate=2010-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109041945/http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/centres/pregnancy/childbirth/positions.html|archivedate=2011-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịgha ụgha n'akụkụ ==
Ịda n'akụkụ nwere ike inye aka belata n'ụzọ ọmụmụ nwa ahụ, si otú a na-enye perineum oge ka ọ gbatịa. Iji were ọnọdụ a, nne ahụ dina n'akụkụ ya na ikpere ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. Iji kwalite, a na-eji obere mmegharị nke mere na a na-akwado nne n'otu ogwe aka, ebe a na-eweli otu ụkwụ elu. Ọnọdụ a anaghị eji ike ndọda mee ihe mana ọ ka nwere uru karịa ọnọdụ lithotomy, ebe ọ na-adịghị etinye venae cavae n'okpuru akpa nwa, nke na-ebelata ọbara na-aga nne na nwa. venae cavae uterus&lt;ref name=&quot;childbirthsolutions.com&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọnọdụ ndị na-apụ apụ
* Ọnọdụ mmekọahụ
* Ngwaọrụ nsị ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma maka nsị ụmụ agbọghọ

== Ebemsị dee ==
{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
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    <title>Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India</title>
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| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |[[Usòrò:India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mpaghara ndị nwere ọdachi na India.]]
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |[[Usòrò:India_wind_zone_map_en.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map na-egosi mpaghara ifufe, nke a na-ekpuchi site na nkesa nke ọsọ nke ifufe na-achịkwa.]]
|}
'''Ọdachi na-emere onwe ya na India''', ọtụtụ n'ime ha metụtara ihu igwe nke India, na-akpata nnukwu ọnwụ nke ndụ na ihe onwunwe. Oké ọkọchị, idei mmiri, Oké ifufe, ala ọma jijiji, mbuze ala nke nnukwu Mmiri ozuzo wetara, na snowstorms na-eweta nnukwu egwu. Ọdachi sitere n'okike nwere ike ibute site na ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, mgbawa ugwu, mbuze ala, ajọ ifufe wdg. Iji kewaa ya dị ka ọdachi, ọ ga-achọ inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na / ma ọ bụ ọnwụ mmadụ ma na-enwekarị mfu ego. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-12-01_314_5804/page/1442|journal=Science|volume=314|issue=5804|pages=1442–1445|year=2006|doi=10.1126/science.1132027|pmid=17138899}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ na-agụnye oké ifufe uzuzu n'oge ọkọchị, nke na-esikarị n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda; ha na-akpata nnukwu mmebi ihe onwunwe na North India ma na-etinye nnukwu uzuzu na unyi site na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ. A na-ahụkarị akụ́ mmiri igwe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke India, na-akpata nnukwu mmebi na ihe ọkụkụ ndị kwụ ọtọ dị ka osikapa na ọka wit na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na mmetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.''ihe ọkụkụ na mmetụta nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.''

== Ala na-agbada ==
Ala na-agbada na Lower Himalayas. Afọ ndị na-eto eto nke ugwu ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-ebute ọdịdị nkume, nke nwere ike ịdọrọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu na nrụgide mmepe, ọkachasị site na igbu osisi na njem nleta, na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ugwu ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke na-eme ka oke mbuze ala ka njọ; ebe ọ bụ na osisi, mkpuchi na-egbochi mmiri na-agbadata. Akụkụ nke Western Ghats na-enwekwa nsogbu site na mbuze ala dị ala. Avalanches na-ahụkarị na Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, na Sikkim wdg. Ala na-agbada na India dịkwa oke egwu dịka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ India na ndị ọrụ ugbo bi na ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu.'''bi n'ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu.'''

== Idei Mmiri na India ==
Idei mmiri bụ ọdachi na-emere onwe ya na India. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na-eme ka Brahmaputra na osimiri ndị ọzọ gbasaa, na-emekarị ka idei mmiri na-emebi ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ bụ ezie na ha na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo osikapa ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ịgba mmiri na itinye fatịlaịza, idei mmiri ahụ nwere ike igbu ọtụtụ puku ma chụpụ ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. Mmiri ozuzo gabigara ókè, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma nwekwara ike ịsacha ma ọ bụ mebie ihe ọkụkụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ India niile nwere idei mmiri, na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, dị ka idei mmiri na nnukwu mmiri, aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti India n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga, na-adaba na okpomọkụ na-arị elu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ngụkọta mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ egosila mbelata nke nta nke nta, n'ihi mgbasa nke mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị ike n'ihi okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa na Oké Osimiri India na mbelata ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpomọkụ ala na oké osimiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Roxy|first=Mathew Koll|date=2015-06-16|title=Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=6|pages=7423|doi=10.1038/ncomms8423|pmid=26077934|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01322870/document|accessdate=2019-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Roxy|first=Mathew Koll|date=2014-09-11|title=The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=27|issue=22|pages=8501–8509|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1|issn=0894-8755|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01141647/file/jclim2015_roxy_etal.pdf|accessdate=2019-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nke a pụtara na e nwere nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya na ogologo oge ọkọchị n'etiti India n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

== Oké ifufe na India ==
Mpaghara Intertropical Convergence nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ puku ndị India bi na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Cyclogenesis nke okpomọkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ugwu nke [[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] na gburugburu Ọwara Bengal. Cyclones na-eweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, Oké ifufe, na ifufe nke na-egbakarị ebe ndị metụtara site na enyemaka na ihe enyemaka. Na North Indian Ocean Basin, oge cyclone na-aga site na Eprel ruo Disemba, na ọrụ kachasị n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba. &lt;ref name=&quot;AOML_FAQ_G1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?|publisher=[[NOAA]]|accessdate=2006-07-25|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|archivedate=2006-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065833/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kwa afọ, nkezi nke oké ifufe asatọ na-aga n'ihu na ọsọ ifufe karịrị kilomita 63 kwa elekere (39 ; n'ime ndị a, abụọ na-esikwu ike n'ime ezigbo oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-agafe ikpo ọkụ karịrị kilomita 117 kwa elekere (73 mph). Na nkezi, nnukwu (Category 3 ma ọ bụ karịa) cyclone na-eme kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AOML FAQ G1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=July 25, 2006|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|archivedate=July 18, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065833/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AOML FAQ E10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What are the average, most, and least tropical cyclones occurring in each basin?|publisher=[[NOAA]]|accessdate=2006-07-25|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E10.html|archivedate=2012-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731201905/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E10.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge okpomọkụ, Ọwara Bengal na-enwe okpomọkụ siri ike, na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke na-emepụta cyclones. Ọtụtụ ajọ ifufe dị ike, gụnyere ajọ ifufe nke Calcutta nke 1737, ajọ ifufe Bhola nke 1970, ajọ ifufe Bangladesh nke 1991, ajọ ifufe Odisha nke 1999, na ajọ ifufe Fani nke afọ 2019 na Odisha na ajọ ifuf Vayu na Gujarat, emeela ka e bibie ihe n'akụkụ akụkụ ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India na Bangladesh dị nso. A na-akọ akụkọ ọnwụ na mbibi ihe onwunwe kwa afọ na Tamil Nadu, na West Bengal. Ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ India, nke dị n'ókè nke Oké Osimiri Arebia dị jụụ, na-enwe oké ifufe na-adịghị ahụkebe; ndị a na-emetụtakarị Gujarat na, obere oge, Kerala na mgbe ụfọdụ Odisha.

N'ihe gbasara mmebi na ọnwụ nke ndụ, 1999 Odisha cyclone, nnukwu cyclone nke dakwasịrị Odisha na 29 Ọktoba 1999, bụ nke kachasị njọ n'ihe karịrị otu narị afọ na iri anọ. Na oke ifufe nke 160 kilomita kwa elekere (257 km / h), ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ajọ ifufe nke 5. &lt;ref name=&quot;npmoc&quot; /&gt;Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ abụọ enweghị ebe obibi; ndụ nde mmadụ 20 ọzọ mebiri site na oké ifufe ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;bapscare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://baps-care.org/services/disaster/1990/1999supercyclone.htm|title=1999 Supercyclone of Orissa|year=2005|work=BAPS Care International|accessdate=2007-04-08|archivedate=2007-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927144115/http://baps-care.org/services/disaster/1990/1999supercyclone.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bapscare&quot; /&gt;N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mmadụ 9,803 nwụrụ site na oké ifufe ahụ; atụmatụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihe karịrị 10,100.&lt;ref name=&quot;npmoc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bapscare&quot; /&gt;

N'ihe gbasara mmebi na mbibi akụ, Cyclone Amphan, nnukwu cyclone nke wakporo West Bengal, Odisha na Bangladesh na 20 Mee 2020 bụ, ka ọ dị ugbu a, nke kachasị njọ na India na narị afọ nke 21. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cyclone Amphan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/imd-cyclone-amphan-turns-into-severe-cyclonic-storm-odisha-bengal-on-high-alert/as75801393.cms|title=2020 Supercyclone Amphhan|work=[[The Times of India]]|year=2020|accessdate=2020-06-05|archivedate=2020-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604110132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/imd-cyclone-amphan-turns-into-severe-cyclonic-storm-odisha-bengal-on-high-alert/as75801393.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;Site na oke ifufe nke 260 kilomita kwa elekere (162  ruo 280 kilomita kwa elekọ (174 mph), ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ajọ ifufe nke 5. &lt;ref name=&quot;npmoc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr/pdf/05b.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 05B|work=Naval Maritime Forecast Center (Joint Typhoon Warning Center)|accessdate=2007-04-08|archivedate=2011-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012159/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr/pdf/05b.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Naval Maritime Forecast Center (Joint Typhoon Warning Center)''. Archived from [http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr/pdf/05b.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2011-06-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2007-04-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 5 (50 lakh) enweghị ebe obibi na West Bengal, Odisha na Bangladesh; ndụ ndị ọzọ dị nde mmadụ 10 (1 crore) mebiri site na oké ifufe ahụ.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Cyclone Amphan&quot; /&gt;N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mmadụ 128 nwụrụ site na oké ifufe ahụ. Mmebi na mbibi nke gọọmentị bụ 13.40 ruo 13.69 ijeri US Dollars; ọ bụ oké ifufe kachasị ọnụ na nke kachasị emebi emebi na Bay of Bengal. &lt;ref name=&quot;US Dollar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.xe.com/currency/usd-us-dollar|title=US Dollar|accessdate=2020-06-05|archivedate=2020-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522042815/https://www.xe.com/currency/usd-us-dollar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 Cyclone Tauktae gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 104, nke kachasị elu n'ime afọ iri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Explained: How does Tauktae compare with other cyclones in severity and damage?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-tauktae-compares-with-other-cyclones-in-severity-damage-7324998/|accessdate=2021-09-19|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607112520/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-tauktae-compares-with-other-cyclones-in-severity-damage-7324998/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Mmiri ozuzo ===
Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na India ekwuputala na okirikiri mmiri ga-adịwanye ike, na mmiri ozuzo dị elu kwa afọ yana oke ọkọchị n'afọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu. A na-ebu amụma na mmụba nke pasent 20 nke mmiri ozuzo ga-eme n'ọtụtụ steeti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237247341|title=Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns|first=Jayant|author=Sathaye|date=30 November 2005|journal=Curr Sci|volume=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmụba 2 °C na nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa ga-eme ka mmiri ozuzo India bụrụ ihe a na-amaghị ama. &amp;nbsp;Na 4 °C mmiri ozuzo nke ukwuu nke nwere ohere 1 n'ime 100 afọ ugbu a ga-eme n'ime afọ 10 ọ bụla site na 2100. &amp;nbsp;Okpomọkụ kachasị elu na nke kachasị ala na mmiri ozuzo ga-abawanye karịsịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India.&lt;ref name=&quot;wb_impacts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/india-climate-change-impacts|title=India: Climate Change Impacts|accessdate=2018-07-03|archivedate=2018-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133455/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/india-climate-change-impacts}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-atụ anya na afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ ga-abụ ndị kpọrọ nká na ndị mmiri na-ezo n'ihi Mgbanwe ihu igwe.

=== Osimiri na ice ===
A na-atụ anya na mmiri dị ọcha na India ga-ada n'okpuru 1000 cubic mita ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025 n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mmiri dị iche iche nke Kaveri, Penna, Mahi, Sabarmati, Tapi, Luni na ole na ole ndị ọzọ adịlarị ụkọ mmiri. Krishna na Subarnarekha nwere ike ịghọ otú ahụ site na 2025. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị mmadụ, idei mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ntinye mmiri nnu na ikpughe na oké ifufe na-eme ka Ganga, Godavari, Krishna na Mahanadi osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri &quot;ebe dị ọkụ&quot; nke [[Adịghị ike mgbanwe ihu igwe|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]].Glaciers bụ isi iyi mmiri maka Osimiri Himalayan dị ka Ganga, Brahmaputra na Indus. 67% nke ice ndị Himalayan alaalayan n'ime afọ iri gara aga ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata na ọnụego na-arịwanye elu. O yikarịrị ka Ganga na Indus ga-abụ ụkọ mmiri ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;iwp_water_crisis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/news/india-will-be-hotspot-water-crisis-2025-un|title=India will be the hotspot of water crisis by 2025: UN|work=www.indiawaterportal.org|accessdate=2018-07-03|archivedate=2018-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133416/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/news/india-will-be-hotspot-water-crisis-2025-un}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kemgbe afọ 1962, mpaghara ice n'ozuzu ya ejirila pasent 21 belata site na kilomita 2077 ruo kilomita 1628. &amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Nke a ga-eme ka ụkọ mmiri na-akawanye njọ ka oge na-aga ma nwee ike itinye nchekwa nri na mmepụta ike n'ihe ize ndụ.

== Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==
 
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Alan Brinkley''' (June 2, 1949 - June 16, 2019) bụ onye America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke kụziri ihe karịrị afọ 20 na Mahadum Columbia. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/17/obituaries/alan-brinkley-leading-historian-of-20th-century-america-dies-at-70.html Alan Brinkley, Leading Historian of 20th-Century America, Dies at 70]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/alan-brinkley-scholar-liberalism-dead-70-63763125 ABC News]&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ bụ Allan Nevins Prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Site na 2003 ruo 2009, ọ bụ onye isi mahadum.&lt;ref&gt;See [https://web.archive.org/web/20170626034104/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/nov_dec08/around_the_quads2 &quot;Provost Brinkley Will Return To Teaching, Research&quot; November/December 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Brinkley na Washington, D.C., nwa Ann (Fischer) na David Brinkley, onye na-akọ akụkọ telivishọn ogologo oge na NBC na ABC. Alan bụ nwanne Joel Brinkley. Ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Landon, ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke na Bethesda, Maryland, n'etiti afọ 1958 na 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/17/obituaries/alan-brinkley-leading-historian-of-20th-century-america-dies-at-70.html|title=Alan Brinkley, Leading Historian of 20th-Century America, Dies at 70|author=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|date=2019-06-17|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-06-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Landon Lectures Honor Historian Alan Brinkley|url=https://www.landon.net/cf_news/view.cfm?newsid=840|accessdate=2023-08-05|work=www.landon.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2011, e mepụtara usoro nkuzi Alan Brinkley &quot;67 na Landon iji sọpụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Brinkley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na A.B. na Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs na Mahadum Princeton na 1971. O dechara akwụkwọ edemede dị peeji 218 nke akpọrọ &quot;The Gospel of Discontent: Huey Long in National Politics 1932-1935.&quot; Onye ndụmọdụ ya bụ Prọfesọ Nancy Weiss Malkiel. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Brinkley|first=Alan David|title=The Gospel of Discontent: Huey Long in National Politics 1932-1935|url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp014j03d041g|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ natara Ph.D. ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Harvard na 1979. Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, &quot;The Long and Coughlin Movements: Dissident Voices in the Great Depression&quot;, bụ nke Frank Freidel, onye nwere ikike na Franklin D. Roosevelt duziri.&lt;ref&gt;Greenberg, 2019, p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mmụta Brinkley lekwasịrị anya n'oge Great Depression na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. N'etiti akwụkwọ ya bụ Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (1983), nke meriri National Book Award. &lt;ref name=&quot;nba1983&quot;&gt;
[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1983 &quot;National Book Awards – 1983&quot;]. [[National Book Foundation]]. Retrieved 2012-04-13. name=&quot;paper&quot;&gt;
This was the 1980 [[List of winners of the National Book Award#History|award for hardcover History]].&lt;br /&gt;From 1980 to 1983 in [[National Book Award#History|National Book Award history]] there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and [[National Book Award for Nonfiction#nonfiction categories|several nonfiction subcategories]] including General Nonfiction. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including the 1983 History.&lt;/ref&gt;N'ebe a, o kwuru na ndị na-eme ihe ike abụọ ahụ abụghị ndị na-akwado ọchịchị aka ike, kama ha na-anọchite anya ezigbo nchegbu a ma ama nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ahụmịhe America nke Great Depression. O dekwara The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (1995); Liberalism and its Discontents (1998); na The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century (2010), nke meriri Ambassador Book Prize na Sperber Prize ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ maka Pulitzer Prize. O dekwara akụkọ ndụ abụọ dị mkpirikpi: ''Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (2009) na ''John F. Kennedy'' (2012).

== Akwụkwọ nkuzi ==
Brinkley bụ onye edemede ukwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme America abụọ kacha ere, American History: A Survey na The Unfinished Nation. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ mahadum na na klas ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị AP United States History. O dekwara akwụkwọ nkuzi AP US History American History: Connecting with the Past.

Brinkley weere naanị ọrụ maka mbipụta nke itoolu nke American History: Nnyocha sitere n'aka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Richard N. Current, Frank Freidel, na T. Harry Williams. Ọ sonyeere ndị otu ahụ iji nyere aka na mmezigharị nke afọ 1979. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme [[Emil Pocock]], na-enyocha mbipụta Brinkley nke afọ 1995, kwuru na ọ bụ

== Nkọwa nke onwe ==
Ya na nwunye ya, Evangeline Morphos, na nwa ya nwanyị, Elly biri na Manhattan, [[Nú Yọk|New York]].

Na June 16, 2019, Brinkley nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Manhattan site na nsogbu nke frontotemporal dementia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* America in the Twentieth Century (1960), nke ya na Frank Freidel dere; 5th ed. bipụtara na 1982 - jiri ya mee ihe na kọleji nke narị afọ nke 20 nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke US.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/americaintwentie0000frei|title=America in the Twentieth Century|first=Frank Burt|author=Freidel|date=Jun 17, 1982|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9780394327808|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* American History: A Survey, nke Richard N. Current, T. Harry Williams, na Frank Freidel (1961), nke Brinkley dere na mbipụta ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ruru mbipụta nke iri na otu. na 1995, 13th ed. na 2009, na 15th ed. na 2015 - eji ya mee ihe karịsịa maka AP U.S. History na International Baccalaureate History courses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/americanhistorys1995brin|title=American History: A Survey|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 1995|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780079121141|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1982 Olu nke mkpesa: Huey Long, Nna Coughlin, na Great Depression - onye mmeri nke National Book Award&lt;ref name=&quot;nba1983&quot;/&gt; name=&quot;paper&quot;&gt;
This was the 1980 [[List of winners of the National Book Award#History|award for hardcover History]].&lt;br /&gt;From 1980 to 1983 in [[National Book Award#History|National Book Award history]] there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and [[National Book Award for Nonfiction#nonfiction categories|several nonfiction subcategories]] including General Nonfiction. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including the 1983 History.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f37hAAAAMAAJ|title=Voices of protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 1982|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9780394522418|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1992 The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People (2 mpịakọta). Eds ndị e mesịrị. bụ ndị Harvey H. Jackson na Bradley Robert Rice dere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GQrAQAAIAAJ|title=The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 1997|publisher=A.A. Knopf|isbn=9780679454595|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crftAAAAMAAJ|title=The Unfinished Nation: From 1865|isbn=9780070078727|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019|author=Brinkley|first=Alan|year=1993|publisher=McGraw-Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1995 The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/endofreformnewde00brin|title=The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 1995|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=9780394535739|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1997 New Federalist Papers: Essays in Defense of the Constitution na Nelson W. Polsby na Kathleen M. Sullivan
* 1998 ''Nnwere Onwe na Enweghị Obi Ụtọ Ya''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4vcSknZc5IC|title=Liberalism and Its Discontents|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 1998|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674530171|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999 Ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Great Depression&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hN3AAAAMAAJ|title=Culture and Politics in the Great Depression|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 1999|publisher=Markham Press Fund|isbn=9780918954725|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g89bN5PYzpsC|title=Franklin Delano Roosevelt|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199732029|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 Onye na-ebipụta: Henry Luce na narị afọ America ya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G81gVvM6GAC|title=The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 2010|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=9780679414445|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 ''John F. Kennedy: The American Presidents Series: Onye isi ala nke 35, 1961-1963''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedy0000brin|title=John F. Kennedy|first=Alan|author=Brinkley|date=Jun 17, 2012|publisher=Thorndike Press|isbn=9781410449641|accessdate=Jun 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704541004575011172823798394?mod=WSJ_LifeStyle_Lifestyle_5 Oge icheta, Otu Henry Luce si guzobe Alaeze Ukwu Magazin nke ghọrọ Pulpit ya na-emegbu mmadụ, The Wall Street Journal, 17 Eprel 2010]
* ỌdịdịnaC-SPAN
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231029091831/https://omeka.binghamton.edu/omeka/items/show/857 Ajụjụ ọnụ na Alan Brinkley] site na Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, August 13, 1997</text>
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    <title>Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa</title>
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[[Usòrò:Dahomey-Nigeria_boundary._LOC_76696106.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Map nke oke ala Benin-Nigeria]]
Ókèala Benin-Nigeria bụ 809 km (503 m) n'ogologo wee si na tripoint na Niger na ugwu gbadaa Bight nke [[Benin]] na ndịda.

== Nkọwa ==
. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownlie, I.&quot;/&gt;Ókè-ala ahụ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu na tripoint ya na Niger dị n'osimiri Niger wee gaa n'ihu na mpaghara ndịda-na ndị òtù egwuregwu, tupu eruo osimiri Okpara dị nso na egwuregwu nke Waria.  Ókèala ahụ gakwara n’ebe ndịda, na-eji Okpara mee ihe dị ka otu kilomita, obere iyi dị iche iche, na iche dị iche iche nke dị n’elu ala, tupu ya echere na Bight of Benin.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownlie, I.&quot; /&gt;N'ime ọkara nke abụọ nke mfe awụ nke 19 France eserese obere ụlọ n'ọhụụ egwu egwu egwu Africa.  N'afọ 1851, e binyere aka na ekere nke enyi n'etiti France na nwa Dahomey n'ebe dị ugbu a n'ebe ndịda Benin, sochiri ya mkpa nchekwa na Porto Novo na 1863. [1] [2] Ekwuputara putara Dahomey  (nke bụbu aha Benin) na 1894 ma iko tinye ya n'ime obodo etiti buru ibu nke French West Africa ( Afrique occidentale française, nke ihuenyo AOF) na 1899. [1] [2] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Briten nwere  (site na Royal Niger Company ) na-elekọta mpaghara dị na Lagos ikpe 1861 na Nchekwa ịhụnanya  na Northern Nigeria Protectorate .  N'afọ 1900, e bufere ụmụaka nke mpaghara ndị a n'aka ụdị Britain, ebe ndị ugwu na ndịda (gụnyere Lagos na Calabar) Mkpa dị n'otu dị ka nsogbu Nigeria na 1914

Oke siri ike n'etiti mpaghara abụọ ahụ ruo n'ebe ugwu dịka nke 9th myirịta ka a kparịtara ụka na 10 Ọgọst 1889; A kọwakwuru nke a n'ụzọ zuru ezu site na nkwekọrịta nke 12 October 1896.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownlie, I.&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|author=Brownlie|first=Ian|authorlink=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages=164–89}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrownlie1979&quot;&gt;[[Ian Brownlie|Brownlie, Ian]] (1979). ''African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia''. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. pp.&amp;nbsp;164–89.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwekọrịta nke Anglo-French nke 14 June 1898 kwadoro ókè-ala a, ma gbasaa ya n'ebe ugwu ruo n'osimiri Niger. &lt;ref name=&quot;IBS091&quot;&gt;{{citation|url=https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS091.pdf|title=International Boundary Study No. 91 – Benin-Nigeria Boundary|date=15 October 1969|access-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001155955/https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS091.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownlie, I.&quot; /&gt; E kwadoro ókè a site na nkwekọrịta nke 19 October 1906, na ụfọdụ obere mgbanwe mere na 1912 na-esote n'elu-ala nke e mesịrị mechaa n'ihu ọha site na mgbanwe nke ndetu na 1914. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownlie, I.&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IBS091&quot; /&gt; Akụkụ dị n'etiti osimiri Atlantic na osimiri Okpara ka ejiri akara mgbịrịgba 142 mara n'ala, nke a na-eji akara kwụ ọtọ n'etiti ha kpụrụ ókè ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownlie, I.&quot; /&gt;

.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownlie, I.&quot;/&gt;Ka-iche dị iche na-eto n'oge Agha nke egwu gachara, Briten na France ji ozi nyekwuo ikike njikere ndị na-egosi anya mba Africa ha na-achị.  [1] Dahomey sere onwe zuru oke na 1 Ọgọst 1960, Nigeria sochiri ya na 1 October 1960, oke oke ha wee bụrụ nke mba ụwa n'etiti steeti abụọ.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2004-05, ọtụtụ n'ime akara ókèala sitere na mbido mbụ na-efu efu, nke mere ka Benin na Nigeria gbanwee akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oke.  &lt;ref name=&quot;HoungnikpoDecalo2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Houngnikpo|first=Mathurin C.|title=Historical Dictionary of Benin|year=2013|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-8108-7171-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe obibi dị nso na oke ==

=== Benin ===

* Mandécali
* Segbana
* Nneganzi
* Basso
* Wara
* Adékambi
* Pobè
* Porto-Novo

=== Nigeria ===

* Bani
* Samia
* Swate
* Babana
* Yashikera
* Suya
* Orieke

* [[Benin-Nigeria relations|Mmekọrịta Benin na Nigeria]]

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Ụtụtụ Ahmed Khan</title>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
bipụtakwala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ azụmahịa na mgbasa ozi. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dawn.com/2004/05/10/ebr12.htm Dawn 10 May 2004]&lt;/ref&gt;   Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na IBA na mbido afọ 1990 ọ nyeere [[Hakim kwuru|Hakeem Muhammad Saeed]] aka n'ịmepụta Hamdard University of managmnet sciences ma ghọọ Life Research Professor na Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences, Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences.N'afọ 2007, onye isi ala [[Pervez Musharraf]] nyere ụmụ amaala Pakistan 154 onyinye obodo maka ịdị mma n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọrụ. E nyere Dr Matin Ahmed Khan [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/15/nat8.htm Dawn August 15, 2007]&lt;/ref&gt; na-akpọ nwa nwa nke ahmed khan aha onye nkuzi ahụ a hụrụ n'anya; Matin Ahmed Khan Jr. [1] Ahmed Khan bụ onye nkuzi Pakistani, ọkachamara n'ahịa na onye nkuzi nchịkwa.

bipụtakwala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ azụmahịa na mgbasa ozi. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dawn.com/2004/05/10/ebr12.htm Dawn 10 May 2004]&lt;/ref&gt;   Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na IBA na mbido afọ 1990 ọ nyeere [[Hakim kwuru|Hakeem Muhammad Saeed]] aka n'ịmepụta Hamdard University of managmnet sciences ma ghọọ Life Research Professor na Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences, Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences.N'afọ 2007, onye isi ala [[Pervez Musharraf]] nyere ụmụ amaala Pakistan 154 onyinye obodo maka ịdị mma n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọrụ. E nyere Dr Matin Ahmed Khan [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/15/nat8.htm Dawn August 15, 2007]&lt;/ref&gt; na-akpọ nwa nwa nke ahmed khan aha onye nkuzi ahụ a hụrụ n'anya; Matin Ahmed Khan Jr. [1] Ahmed Khan bụ onye nkuzi Pakistani, ọkachamara n'ahịa na onye nkuzi nchịkwa.

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Dean na Director nke Institute of Business Administration site na 1972 ruo 1977 ma nye aka nke ukwuu na mmepe nke ụkpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ na mba ahụ dum.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na mahadum Aligarh na mbido afọ 1940. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ala Muslim mbụ na nchịkwa azụmahịa. Ọ natara MA ya na Wharton School nke Mahadum Pennsylvania na DBA na Mahadum nke Southern California. Mpaghara nyocha na nkuzi ya gụnyere ahịa, nyocha ahịa na Omume ndị ahịa. E jikọtara ya dị ka onye nduzi ọrụ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri na JRP-IV, ọrụ nyocha na Slum Improvement. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nleta na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Khan edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu gbasara ahịa na usoro nyocha gụnyere:

* Usoro nyocha maka nsogbu azụmahịa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Kọmitii Na-enye Onyinye Mahadum, 1989.
* Azụmaahịa zuru oke na Karachi. Institute of Public and Business Administration, Mahadum nke Karachi, 1959.

O bipụtakwala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ azụmahịa na mgbasa ozi. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dawn.com/2004/05/10/ebr12.htm Dawn 10 May 2004]&lt;/ref&gt;   Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na IBA na mbido afọ 1990 ọ nyeere Hakeem Muhammad Saeed aka n'ịmepụta Hamdard University of managmnet sciences ma ghọọ Life Research Professor na Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences, Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences.N'afọ 2007, onye isi ala Pervez Musharraf nyere ụmụ amaala Pakistan 154 onyinye obodo maka ịdị mma n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọrụ. E nyere Dr Matin Ahmed Khan Sitara-e-Imtiaz maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/15/nat8.htm Dawn August 15, 2007]&lt;/ref&gt; na-akpọ nwa nwa nke ahmed khan aha onye nkuzi ahụ a hụrụ n'anya; Matin Ahmed Khan Jr. [1]

Mgbe izu abụọ nke ọrịa gasịrị, ọ nwụrụ na 22 June 2014 mgbe ọ dị afọ 93. Nwunye &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://alumni.iba.edu.pk/in_memory_of_dr_matin_a_khan.html|title=In memory of Dr. Matin A Khan|publisher=alumni.iba.edu.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002163343/https://alumni.iba.edu.pk/in_memory_of_dr_matin_a_khan.html|archive-date=2022-10-02|access-date=2023-11-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ụmụ nwoke anọ, ụmụ ụmụ asatọ na ụmụ ụmụ nwanyị atọ hapụrụ ya.

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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Stainless steel soap bu mberesi nke stainless steel, no nu di ncha nkota. Ona eme ka usi Siri Ike gbatuo dika usi garlic, onion, durian, guava, salami maobu azu.

{{R|Lyden2006|Pollick2012}} ọmụmụ sayensị e bipụtara na a maara na e mere maka ịdị irè nke ncha ndị a, nke a na-enwe obi abụọ siri ike.

== Usoro a tụrụ aro ya ==

* '''Ọdịdị nke galik'''

Nri na ísì galik bụ n'ihi mmanụ, nke na-acha odo odo organosulfur compound S-Allyl prop-2-ene-1-sulfinothioate, nke a na-akpọkarị Allicin. Garlic ọhụrụ nwere obere ísì ruo mgbe a ga-egbutu ya ma ọ bụ kụrisịa ya. {{R|Kourounakis}} na-emepụta allicin site na alliin (nke sitere na amino acid cysteine) site na enzyme alliinase. Allicin anaghị akwụsi ike {{R|Amagase}} na-agbaji iji mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka diallyl sulfides. Ngwakọta ndị a na-enye aka n'isi galik ọhụrụ. Mgbe ha nọ n'aka, ihe ndị a nwere ike ịghọ ihe ndị ọzọ na-esi ísì ụtọ, gụnyere sulfuric acid, n'ihu mmiri. 

* '''Ọdịdị nke ígwè na-enweghị ntụpọ'''

Steel bụ ngwakọta nke e ji ígwè gwakọta na carbon mee. A na-eji ígwè na-enweghị ntụpọ agwakọta ya na ọ dịkarịa ala 10.5% chromium, na mgbe mgbe ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka nickel na molybdenum, wdg. A na-agbakwunye Chromium iji mee ka ọ na-eguzogide nchara. Steels na-enweghị ntụpọ nke na-eguzogide corrosion na oxidation na-achọkarị ihe karịrị 11% chromium. A na-agbakwunye Nickel iji mee ka ihe na-eguzogide corrosion dịkwuo elu, ma chebe ya pụọ na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Enwere ike itinye Molybdenum iji zere pitting ma ọ bụ scarring. Enwere ike imeziwanye ihe n{{R|sciencestruck}} dị na ígwè na-enweghị ntụpọ maka iji ya eme ihe pụrụ iche site na ịgbakwunye ihe ndị ọzọ, dịka titanium, vanadium na ọla kọpa. [1]

* '''Usoro o kwere omume'''

{{R|SSF}}{{R|Davis1994}}chromium [1] nke dị na ígwè anaghị agba nchara na-emepụta ihe nkiri oxide na-agafe agafe n'elu ígwè ahụ, na-akpata nguzogide corrosion. [2] A na-atụ aro na allicin na ihe ndị ọzọ sulfur compounds (gụnyere sulfuric acid) na-emeghachi omume na chromium oxide layer, ụfọdụ nwere ike adsorbed na ya. Ịsa ncha ígwè na-enweghị ntụpọ na mmiri ga-ewepụ ihe mkpuchi a na ya na ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ihe nkiri oxide {{R|ChemBlog}}-agbanwe ma nwee ike iji ncha ígwè anaghị agba nchara mee ihe ọzọ.

{{R|ChemBlog}} Lorch, Prọfesọ nke nkwurịta okwu sayensị na Chemistry na Mahadum Hull na Joanna Buckley, onye na-ahụ maka kemịkalụ na onye na-ekwu okwu sayensụ, na Mahadụ Sheffield duziri ụfọdụ &quot;sayensị ụmụ amaala&quot; na 2016 iji nwalee usoro a mana enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya maka ya. [1]

== Ojiji ==
Ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ncha ígwè na-enweghị ntụpọ na-ekwu na ísì nri ndị a na-akpata sitere na sulfur, nke na-aghọ sulfuric acid mgbe ị na-asa aka. Ebumnuche nke ncha ígwè {{R|huff}}-enweghị ntụpọ bụ ijikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ sulfur, si otú a wepụ ha na ísì ya n'aka.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=&quot;Amagase&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Amagase | first1=Harunobu | last2=Petesch | first2=Brenda L. | last3=Matsuura | first3=Hiromichi | last4=Kasuga | first4=Shigeo | last5=Itakura | first5=Yoichi | title=Intake of Garlic and Its Bioactive Components | journal=The Journal of Nutrition | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=131 | issue=3 | year=2001 | issn=0022-3166 | doi=10.1093/jn/131.3.955s | pages=955S–962S| pmid=11238796 | doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ChemBlog&quot;&gt;{{cite web | first1=Mark | last1=Lorch | first2=Joanna | last2=Buckley | title=Does stainless steel really get rid of garlic smells? Round 2. – Chemistry Blog | website=Chemistry Blog – A Chat and Waffles Chemistry Blog | date=24 November 2016 | url=http://www.chemistry-blog.com/2016/11/24/does-stainless-steel-really-get-rid-of-garlic-smells-round-2/ | access-date=8 March 2022 | accessdate=5 November 2023 | archivedate=8 January 2023 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108145220/http://www.chemistry-blog.com/2016/11/24/does-stainless-steel-really-get-rid-of-garlic-smells-round-2/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis1994&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | editor-last = Davis | editor-first = Joseph R. | year = 1994 | title = Stainless Steels | location = Materials Park, OH | publisher = ASM International | series = ASM Specialty Handbook | isbn = 9780871705037 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OrlG98AHdoAC | access-date = 8 March 2022 | archive-date = 14 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414012400/https://books.google.com/books?id=OrlG98AHdoAC | url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;huff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Kitchen Daily |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eliminating-garlic-smell_n_1341413|title=Why Does Stainless Steel Erase Garlic's Smell?|date=2012-03-13|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Kourounakis&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1= Kourounakis |first1=PN |last2=Rekka |first2=EA | title = Effect on active oxygen species of alliin and Allium sativum (garlic) powder | journal = Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology | volume = 74 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–52 | date = November 1991 | pmid = 1667340}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyden2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Does a Bit of Steel Get Rid of That Garlic Smell? |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6473350 |work=All Things Considered |first=Jacki |last=Lyden |publisher=NPR |date=2006-11-11 |access-date=8 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031434/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6473350 |archive-date=2015-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollick2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-stainless-steel-soap.htm |first=Michael |last=Pollick |title=What is Stainless Steel Soap? |date=2012-04-04 |website={{not a typo|wiseGEEK}} |access-date=8 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030413/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-stainless-steel-soap.htm |archive-date=2015-11-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencestruck&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Chemical Properties of Stainless Steel That Make it Unique |url=https://sciencestruck.com/chemical-properties-of-stainless-steel |website=ScienceStruck |date=18 June 2009 |publisher=Science Struck &amp; Buzzle.com, Inc. |access-date=9 March 2022 |accessdate=5 November 2023 |archivedate=4 October 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004103105/https://sciencestruck.com/chemical-properties-of-stainless-steel }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;SSF&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = 8 March 2020 | title = The Stainless Steel Family | location = Brussels, Belgium | author = International Stainless Steel Forum | url = http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non-image-files/PDF/TheStainlessSteelFamily.pdf | access-date = 8 March 2022 | archive-date = 24 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160324085201/http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/ISSF/non-image-files/PDF/TheStainlessSteelFamily.pdf | url-status = dead | accessdate = 5 November 2023 | archivedate = 24 March 2016 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160324085201/http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/ISSF/non-image-files/PDF/TheStainlessSteelFamily.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}</text>
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    <title>Ọkara Orenuga</title>
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'''Kenny Oluwafemi Gbolahan Ademola''' &quot;Femi&quot; '''Orenuga''' (amụrụ na 18 Machị 1993) bụ onye bọọlụ bọọlụ England nke na-agba bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti.

=== Southend United ===
A mụrụ ya na Lewisham, [[London]],  Orenuga sonyeere Southend United na 2006 mgbe ọ masịrị klọb ahụ na-agbaso aro ya site n'aka onye nnọchi anya ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Femi a record breaker&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Femi a record breaker|url=http://www.southendunited.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10444~1472578,00.html|publisher=Southend United F.C.|date=2008-12-01|accessdate=2008-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ sonyeere klọb ahụ, o nyeere Southend aka imeri Norhalne Cup na Denmark, na-adọta mmasị FC Copenhagen na Brøndby na usoro ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend vs Luton Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Southend vs Luton Town|url=http://www.southendunited.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10444~46783,00.html|publisher=Southend United F.C.|date=2008-11-29|accessdate=2008-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Southend 3-1 Luton&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Southend 3-1 Luton|url=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7741969.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2008-11-29|accessdate=2008-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://englishplayersabroad.com/2018/08/14/femi-orenuga-southend-uniteds-youngest-ever-player-on-his-time-in-scandinavia-and-australia/ Femi Orenuga: Southend United’s youngest ever player on his time in Scandinavia and Australia] englishplayersabroad.com&lt;/ref&gt; ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị nta na Southend United mgbe ọ bịara dị ka onye nnọchi anya nkeji nke 93 na mmeri 3-1 ha meriri Luton Town na agba nke abụọ Iko FA Cup na 29 Nọvemba 2008.

=== Everton ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kickoff.com/static/news/article.php?id=7123|title=Everton sign Orenuga|publisher=KickOff Magazine|accessdate=2009-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304051101/http://www.kickoff.com/static/news/article.php?id=7123|archivedate=4 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ọnwa Machị afọ 2009, Orenuga kwetara ịbịanye aka na otu egwuregwu Premier League Everton na 1 Julaị maka ego a na-akọwaghị nke e kwenyere na ọ bụ £ 30,000, na-abawanye dabere na egwuregwu mbụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Everton sign Orenuga&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Everton sign Orenuga|url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/everton-sign-orenuga.html|publisher=Everton F.C.|date=2009-03-02|accessdate=2009-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304181104/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/everton-sign-orenuga.html|archive-date=2009-03-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; sonyeere agụmakwụkwọ afọ abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2012/05/18/six-players-released|title=Archived copy|accessdate=18 May 2012|archivedate=22 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622160446/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2012/05/18/six-players-released}}&lt;/ref&gt; tọhapụrụ ya na klọb ahụ na 18 Mee 2012.

=== Whitehawk ===
Mgbe ya na Crewe Alexandra nwalere ihe ịga nke ọma n'oge okpomọkụ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/sport/11343335.display/|title=Alex eye former Spurs youngster|first=Toby|author=Robinson|work=Warrington Guardian|date=16 July 2014|accessdate=20 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Orenuga gbara bọọlụ maka Northern Premier League First Division South n'akụkụ Carlton Town na mbido oge nakwa maka Dagenham &amp; Redbridge tupu ọ banye na Whitehawk n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://nonleague.pitchero.com/news/hawks-pick-up-orenuga-33352/|title=Hawks Pick-Up Orenuga|date=22 August 2014|publisher=Pitchero Non-League|accessdate=21 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/sport/11485158.Whitehawk_sign_one_and_want_three_more/|title=Whitehawk sign one and want three more|date=19 September 2014|work=The Argus|accessdate=21 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; hapụrụ klọb ahụ ebe ọ pụtara naanị otu ugboro na Septemba.

Ọ gara Farnborough, bịanye aka na ha na 24 Nọvemba 2016, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.farnboroughfc.co.uk/players/femi-orenuga/|title=Femi Orenuga Player Profile|publisher=Farnborough FC|accessdate=8 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220103746/http://www.farnboroughfc.co.uk/players/femi-orenuga/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpụmkpụ ka ọ laghachiri Bedford Town na Disemba 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://nonleague.pitchero.com/news/orenuga-returns-to-eagles-51680/|title=Orenuga Returns to Eagles|publisher=Pitch Hero Non League|date=8 December 2016|accessdate=8 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mpnews.com.au/2018/05/28/morris-thomas-new-seaford-coach/|title=Morris-Thomas new Seaford coach|publisher=Mornington News|date=28 May 2018|accessdate=30 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mpnews.com.au/2018/03/19/mornington-strikers-skye-best-hopes/|title=Mornington, Strikers, Skye best hopes|publisher=Mornington News|date=19 March 2018|accessdate=30 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; oge 2018- nke Victoria State League Division 2 ọ sonyeere Peninsula Strikers na Australia ruo na njedebe nke oge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mpnews.com.au/2018/06/12/frankston-pines-too-slick-for-strikers/|title=Frankston Pines too slick for Strikers|publisher=Mornington News|date=12 June 2018|accessdate=25 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.peninsulastrikers.com/index_league_results.htm|title=Peninsula Strikers 2018 statistics|publisher=Peninsula Strikers|accessdate=25 June 2018|archivedate=25 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161435/http://www.peninsulastrikers.com/index_league_results.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbara goolu abụọ n'egwuregwu ise nke league [1] tupu ọ hapụ klọb ahụ na June 2018. [2]

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nwanne ya nwoke nke obere, Keith, bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Arsenal FC's Centre of Excellence . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.southendunited.co.uk/page/CoENews/0,,10444~1248007,00.html|title=Primus Cup 2008|date=2008-02-22|publisher=Southend United F.C.|accessdate=2009-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara Blackheath Bluecoat Church of England School.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ọkara Orenugana Soccerbase
* Ọkara Orenugan'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
* Femi Orenuga profaịlụ E debere  Wayback Machine na Everton F.C. website
* Profaịlụ Femi Orenuga na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Aylesbury United
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih</title>
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'''[[w:Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih|Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih]]''' &lt;small&gt;[[w:African Academy of Sciences|FAAS]] [[w:The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]] [[w:International Water Resources Association|FIWRA]]&lt;/small&gt; (amụrụ 1944) &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih {{!}} Just another UofK site |url=http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223544/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2022-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113231854/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye mba Sudan bụ ọkammụta na ngalaba Civil Engineering [[w:University of Khartoum|Mahadum Khartoum]] nakwa ọkachamara UNESCO na [[w:Hydrology|Akụnụba si na mmiri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Salih Abdin Mohamed Ali {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/salih-abdin-mohamed-ali |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.aasciences.africa |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113212840/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/salih-abdin-mohamed-ali |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2022-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113212842/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/salih-abdin-mohamed-ali }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=iAgua |first=redaccion |date=2011-10-05 |title=Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih, nuevo Director para la División de Ciencias del Agua y Secretario del PHI de la UNESCO |url=https://www.iagua.es/noticias/formacion/11/10/05/abdin-mohamed-ali-salih-nuevo-director-para-la-division-de-ciencias-del-agua-y-secretario-del-phi-de |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=iAgua |language=es |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223533/https://www.iagua.es/noticias/formacion/11/10/05/abdin-mohamed-ali-salih-nuevo-director-para-la-division-de-ciencias-del-agua-y-secretario-del-phi-de |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2022-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223533/https://www.iagua.es/noticias/formacion/11/10/05/abdin-mohamed-ali-salih-nuevo-director-para-la-division-de-ciencias-del-agua-y-secretario-del-phi-de }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya ===
A mụrụ Salih na [[w:|Wad Madani]], Sudan na 1944.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na e dere ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya dị ka 1 Jenụwarị, nke a nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ eziokwu. N'oge amụrụ ya, e kenyere abalị mbụ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị maka ndị a mụrụ na mpụga [[w:|Khartoum]], ọmụmaatụ, [[w:|Abdalla Hamdok]] na [[w:|Omar al-Bashir]]. Salih banyere na [[w:|Khartoum University| Mahadum Khartoum]] n'afọ 1963 wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Science n'ógó First Class Honors na ngalaba Civil Engineering. N'afọ 1969 o nwetara nzere [[w:|Diploma of Imperial College]] wee gaa n'ihu mechaa [[w:|Doctor of Philosophy]] na Hydraulics n'afọ 1972 sitere na Imperial College London. O mechara nweta Diploma na [[w:|Hydrology]] na Mahadum Padua Italy, n'afọ 1974 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=بروفسور عابدين محمد على صالح بقلم بخيتة امين |url=https://danagla.ahlamontada.com/t1560-topic |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=danagla.ahlamontada.com |language=ar |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223528/https://danagla.ahlamontada.com/t1560-topic |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CV |url=http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/wp-content/uploads/sites/495/2014/09/P.-abdin.pdf |access-date=2022-11-13 |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223530/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/wp-content/uploads/sites/495/2014/09/P.-abdin.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2022-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223530/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/wp-content/uploads/sites/495/2014/09/P.-abdin.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịme Nnyocha na ọrụ Ya ===
Mgbe omwetachara nzere PhD ya Salih laghachiri na Sudan n'afọ 1973 wee sonye na ngalaba nke injinia nke Mahadum Khartoum dị ka onye nkuzi tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta nsonye n'afọ 1977, onye isi ngalaba nke Civil Engineering n'afọ 1979. , na onye ọkammụta zuru oke n'afọ 1982. Ọ ghọrọ onye osote onye isi oche Mahadum Khartoum n'etiti 1990 na 1991. Dị ka ebe Nọvemba 2022, ọ bụ ọkammụta na ngalaba Civil Engineering, Mahadum Khartoum na onye so na Kansụl Na-achị Isi nke Mahadum Khartoum nakwa [[w:Sudan University of Science and Technology|Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Sudan]]. Ọ bụkwa onye ọkammụta na College of Engineering, Mahadum King Saud, site n'afọ 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cssp |url=https://www.bibalex.org/cssp/en/Speakers/Details.aspx?spID=196 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.bibalex.org |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223528/https://www.bibalex.org/cssp/en/Speakers/Details.aspx?spID=196 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọrụ ime nnyocha na inye ndụmọdụ Salih lekwasịrị anya na nchekwa mmiri na njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri. Ọ jere ozi na [[UNESCO]] site na 1993 ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye ntụzi aka nke ngalaba [[w:Hydrology | Water Sciences]] n'afọ 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Euro-Mediterranean Information System on know-how in the Water sector - International portal |url=http://www.emwis.org/thematicdirs/news/2011/10/unesco-director-general-appoints-new-director-division-water-sciences-and |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.emwis.org |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227210424/http://www.emwis.org/thematicdirs/news/2011/10/unesco-director-general-appoints-new-director-division-water-sciences-and |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2023-02-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227210424/http://www.emwis.org/thematicdirs/news/2011/10/unesco-director-general-appoints-new-director-division-water-sciences-and }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Side Event at the ICSU Forum on Science, Technology and Innovation // &quot;Water security&quot; A New Paradigm of Adaptive Management {{!}} Nexus - The Water, Energy &amp; Food Security Resource Platform |url=https://www.water-energy-food.org/events/side-event-at-the-icsu-forum-on-science-technology-and-innovation-water-security-a-new-paradigm-of-adaptive-management |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.water-energy-food.org |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223528/https://www.water-energy-food.org/events/side-event-at-the-icsu-forum-on-science-technology-and-innovation-water-security-a-new-paradigm-of-adaptive-management |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and was a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO from 2015 until 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Advisory and Consulting Contributions {{!}} Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih |url=http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/?page_id=12 |access-date=2022-11-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223528/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/?page_id=12 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2022-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223528/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/?page_id=12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-12-05 |title=Wagner elected as new Chair of UNESCO-IHE |url=https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2015/12/05/wagner-elected-as-new-chair-of-unesco-ihe/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Diplomat magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223528/https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2015/12/05/wagner-elected-as-new-chair-of-unesco-ihe/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụbukwa Gọvanọ ọzọ nke Kansụl n'ahụ maka mmiri nke mba ụwa n'etiti 1999 na 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Salih na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ maka Kọmishọn Ukwu maka mmepe [[w:Riyadh|Riyadh, Saudi Arabia]], ọ bụ onye òtù nke ọtụtụ òtù n'ahụ maka mmiri na mba ụwa ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Advisory and Consulting Contributions {{!}} Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih |url=http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/?page_id=12 |access-date=2022-11-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223528/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/?page_id=12 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2022-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223528/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/abdin-mohamed/?page_id=12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa onye juri nke ọtụtụ ihe nrite mmiri mba ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stephenson |first=David |url=http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=80306 |title=Water services management / { Prof. Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih collection } |date=2005 |publisher=Lightning Source UK Ltd |isbn=978-1-84339-080-0 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
A họpụtara Salih dịka onye òtù nke [[w:|International Water Resources Association]] (FIWRA) n'afọ 1983,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;, onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] (FAAS) n'afọ 1993,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdin Mohamed Ali Salih's biography, net worth, fact, career, awards and life story - ZGR.net |url=https://www.zgr.net/en/people/abdin-mohamed-ali-salih/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.zgr.net |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113223532/https://www.zgr.net/en/people/abdin-mohamed-ali-salih/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye òtù [[w:The World Academy of Sciences|The World Academy of Sciences]] (FTWAS) n'afọ 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Salih, Abdin Mohamed Ali |url=https://twas.org/directory/salih-abdin-mohamed-ali |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=TWAS |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113230351/https://twas.org/directory/salih-abdin-mohamed-ali |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enyere ya ihe nrite [[w:|Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation]] (ISESCO)'s Award for Excellence in Scientific Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye Ya ===
Salih alụọla nwanyị jiri ụmụ atọ .&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị Ebipụtara Ahọpụtara  ===

* '''Abdin M. A Salih''', Uygur Sendil (1984-09-01). ''[https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1984)110:3(289) Evapotranspiration under Extremely Arid Climates]''. [[w:Journal of Irrigation &amp; Drainage Engineering|Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering]]. 110 (3): 289–303. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1984)110:3(289). ISSN 0733-9437.
* Solaiman A. Al‐Sha'lan, '''Abdin M. A. Salih''' (1987-11-01). ''[https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1987)113:4(565) Evapotranspiration Estimates in Extremely Arid Areas]''. [[w:|Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering]]. 113 (4): 565–574. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1987)113:4(565). ISSN 0733-9437.
* '''Abdin M. A. Salih''', Ibrahim, Nagwa (1998-12-15). ''[[doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00197-0|UNESCO's international hydrological program and sustainable water resources management in the Arab region]]''. Desalination. Selected papers presented at The Third Gulf Water Conference Towards Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in the Gulf Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA). 120 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00197-0. ISSN 0011-9164.
* '''Abdin M. A. Salih''' (1980-10-01). ''[https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0005531#tabs Entrained Air in Linearly Accelerated Water Flow]''. [[w:|Journal of the Hydraulics Division]]. 106 (10): 1595–1605. doi:10.1061/JYCEAJ.0005531.
* '''Abdin M. A. Salih''' (1985-01-01). ''[[doi:10.1080/02508068508686311|The Nile Inside the Sudan—Increasing Demands and Their Consequences]]''. [[w:|Water International]]. 10 (2): 73–78. doi:10.1080/02508068508686311. ISSN 0250-8060.

===Ihe Ndị Nhụwa Ama ===
&lt;references group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

=== Hụkwa ===
* [[w:|Elfatih Eltahir]]
* [[w:|Yahia Abdel Mageed]]

=== Edensibia ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salih, Abdin Mohamed Ali}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara sayensị si mba Sudan]]
[[Category: Ndị dị ndụ]]
[[Category: Ndị òtù ọrụ UNESCO]]
[[Category:Ndị òtù TWAS]]
[[Category:Ndị amụrụ na 1944]]
[[Category: Ndị  Gụchara Akwụkwọ na Imperial College London]]
[[Otú:Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Khartoum]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkụzi na Mahadum Khartoum]]</text>
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'''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. 

Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi.
Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe.

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).&lt;ref name =&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954).

N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-30 |webụsaịtị=www.sahistory.org.za |Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/http://https/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-19 |archive-date=2022-12-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; {{rp|27}}&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--&gt;

Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/http://https/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;}}
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--&gt;
Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe &quot;ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka &quot;onye nke ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent |nweta-date=2022-12-29 |webụsaịtị=www.rosalux.de |asụsụ=en-US |ụbọchị-nchekwa=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-20 |archive-date=2022-12-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na &quot;Freedom Square&quot; n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu &quot;na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}}
 
Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee dee &quot;Monica Wilson Science Journal&quot; dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;/&gt; otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-journal-of-african-studies_1976_10_2/page/307 |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|50}}
Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name = &quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ=International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html |nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ=en |Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-20 |archive-date=2022-12-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research &amp; Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ 1969.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 |mbipụta=4 |ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162901/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-date=2022-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine |aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814080519/https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2024-08-14 |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ=fr |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}''

Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, &quot;Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot; : 0&quot; /&gt;}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:&lt;ref name=&quot; :0&quot; /&gt;{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}}

=== Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) ===
{{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}}
&lt;!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--&gt;
Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu olu &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |ikpeazụ= |mbụ.= |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 &quot;Mafeje Affair&quot; nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229191417/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=2023-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk/ | url-status = live | title = Archive copy | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | access-date = 2023-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu%20isi-na-Africa/%2C%20https%3A/%20/roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-nd%E1%BB%8B-mmad%E1%BB%A5-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ |nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ=en-US |Archive-ụbọchị=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-date=2023-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''&lt;/ref&gt;''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na &quot;ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe&quot;. Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 |title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 |mbipụta=2 |ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-30 |Archive-ụbọchị=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline./ |url-status=live |archive-date=2023-02-09 |access-date=2023-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a &quot;kacha mkparị&quot;.'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, &quot;Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;: 9&quot; /&gt;|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ &quot;adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail &amp; Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=2015-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite webụ |ụbọchị=2018-06-05 |aha=afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-%20years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-af%E1%BB%8D-after-the-mamdani- |url-status=dead |title=Archive copy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique |mpịakọta=9 |mbipụta=1–2 |ibe=147–168 |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-29 |Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live |archive-date=2022-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 |nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ====
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--&gt;
Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%25%20b4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 |asụsụ=ar |Archive-ụbọchị=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-date=2022-12-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title.=Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www./ |url-status=live |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}&lt;/ref&gt;| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na &quot;ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}

Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}
 
Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-%202008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www./ |archive-date=2022-12-29 |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en |access-date=2026-09-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka &quot;Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, &quot;Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!&quot; Ka Mafeje jụrụ &quot;Ọ nwụrụ?&quot; ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|65}}

Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye &quot;ihe siri ike&quot; n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye &quot;na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, &quot;Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke.&quot; Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|69}}

Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, &quot;Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|76}}

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218205454/https://aasciences.africa/ |url-status=bot: unknown |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2023-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-29 |webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en |Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-20 |archive-date=2022-12-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town | url = https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town | url-status = live | title = Archive copy | access-date = 2023-12-20 | archive-date = 2023-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.&lt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia&lt;nowiki&gt;. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara  ===
* {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | url=https://archive.org/details/scienceideologyd0000mafe | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | url=https://archive.org/details/theoryethnograph0000mafe | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}}

=== Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===

* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}}

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===

{{Commons}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]]
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[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]]
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[[Category:Ndị Xhosa]]</text>
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    <title>Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga</title>
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      <text bytes="30092" sha1="d6o2gtxswvmfxkoozhrqgauejd30p8e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga|image=Ratsimamanga in China in 1972.jpg|birth_date=28 December 1907|birth_place=[[Antananarivo]], [[French Madagascar]]|death_date={{Death date and age|2001|9|16|1907|12|28|df=yes}}|death_place=[[Antananarivo]], Madagascar|spouse=[[Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]]|parents=|citizenship=Madagascar, France|office1=Malagasy ambassador to France|term_start1=1960|term_end1=1972|office2=Malagasy ambassador to China and [[USSR]]|term_start2=1972|term_end2=1974|module={{Infobox scientist
| embed=yes
| fields            = [[Nutraceutical]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pharmacopoeia]]&lt;br&gt;[[Herbal medicine]]
| workplaces        = [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]]&lt;br&gt;Malagasy Institute of Applied Research&lt;br&gt;[[UNESCO]]&lt;br&gt;[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]
| education           =[[University of Antananarivo]]&lt;br&gt;[[University of Paris]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pasteur Institute]]
| awards            = Man of the Century, Madagascar&lt;br&gt;[[National Order of Madagascar|Grand Cross]], Madagascar&lt;br&gt;[[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]&lt;br&gt;[[Legion of Honour]], France&lt;br&gt;[[National Order of the Lion]], Senegal&lt;br&gt;[[Ordre des Palmes académiques]]&lt;br&gt;Order of Merit, [[Congo - Brazzaville]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ordre national du Mérite]], France&lt;br&gt;Grand Prize, [[Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]]
}}|honorific_suffix=[[African Academy of Sciences|FAAS]] [[The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]]|honorific_prefix=Professor|caption=Ratsimamanga in 1972}}

'''[[w:Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga|Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga]]''' (28 Disemba 1907 - 16 Septemba 2001) bụ dọkịta Madagascar gụrụ [[w:|biochemistry]] na onye nnọchi anya Madagascar na mba ọzọ. Onye amụrụ n'ezinụlọ eze nwere mmechu-ihu, a zụrụ Ratsimamanga dịka dọkịta nke ọgwụ dị iche iche dị oké ọnụ ahịa na French Madagascar nakwa France, ebe ọ sụrụ ụzọ n'ihe gbasara [[w:|neutraceuticals]] nke oge a. Ratsimamanga laghachiri Madagascar ebe, ya na nwunye ya, [[w:|Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]], n'afọ 1957, guzobere ụlọ ọrụ [[w:Malagasy Institute of Applied Research|Malagasy Institute of Applied Research]] nke na-ahụ maka ọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ na mkpá akwụkwọ.

Mgbe ọ nọ na France, Ratsimamanga tinyere aka na mbọ nnwere onwe Madagascar, mgbe nnwere onwe gasịkwaranụ, ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke Mba Madagascar na France ma nye aka ịkpụzi ihe omume ya na mba ọzọ nke mba ahụ. A na-ewere Ratsimamanga dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkàmmụta a ma ama na Madagascar ma nye ya nkwanye ùgwù [[w:Order of merit|orders of merits]] kachasị elu n'ime mba nakwa n'etiti mba na mba ụwa. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị guzobere The World Academy of Sciences (1983) na African Academy of Sciences (1985), a họpụtakwa ya dị ka ''Man of the Century'' nke Madagascar.

=== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ===
[[File:Young Ratsimamanga.jpg|right|thumb| Ratsimamanga ka na-eto eto ca. 1924]] 
A mụrụ Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga na 28 Disemba 1907, na Antananarivo, Madagascar, nye Razanadrakoto Ratsimiamanga na Lala Ralisoa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Généalogie de Prof. Rakoto Albert Ratsimamanga |trans-title=Genealogy of Prof. Rakoto Albert Ratsimamanga |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&amp;n=ratsimamanga&amp;oc=0&amp;p=prof.+rakoto+albert |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Geneanet |language=fr |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195938/https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&amp;n=ratsimamanga&amp;oc=0&amp;p=prof.+rakoto+albert |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụụrụ nwa nwa Prince [[w:|Ratsimamanga]], nwanne nna na onye ndụmọdụ nke Queen Ranavalona nke Atọ, onye e gburu n'afọ 1897 na mbido ọchịchị ndị France na Madagascar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Universalis |first=Encyclopædia |title=ALBERT RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117212009/https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Albert dịịrị naanị afọ iri na otu, nna ya nwụrụ n'afọ 1918 site na [[w:Alcoholism|Ịñụbiga mmanya ókè]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ratsimamanga, Albert Rakoto |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-50370 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |year=2014 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50370 |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |last1=Rich |first1=Jeremy |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182846/https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-50370 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata ya na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ-ọgwụ, Mahadum Antananarivo, ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ dọkịta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:Traditional Medicine|Indigenous Medicine]] n'afọ 1924. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Ratsimamanga sooro na òtù ndị nnọchi anya Madagascar na [[w:|Colonial Exhibition]] agara na Paris n'afọ 1930,&lt;ref name=&quot;Osseo-Asare&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Abena Dove |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exs7AgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA251 |title=Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa |date=2014-01-13 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08616-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; bụ oge ọ nọ kpebie isonyere Mahadum Paris ịghọ Dọkịnta sayensị (MS) na Dọkịnta ọgwụ (MD). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/12283647/albert_rakoto_ratsimamanga/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117210506/https://data.bnf.fr/12283647/albert_rakoto_ratsimamanga/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ravalitera |first=Pela |date=2012-11-30 |title=Madagascar, l'IMRA devient la Fondation Albert et Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga |trans-title=Madagascar, IMRA becomes the Albert and Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga Foundation |url=https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/2790-madagascarn-limra-devient-la-fondation-albert-et-suzanne-rakoto-ratsimamanga.|archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Madagascar Express |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịkwara akwụkwọ na  nakwa, ma hiwe òtù  na France.

=== Ọrụ Ya ===

==== Ime Nnyocha ====
Ratsimamanga malitere ịrụ ọrụ ná [[w:|French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS) n'afọ 1945 mgbe [[w:|Frédéric Joliot-Curie]], onye nduzi nnyocha nke CNRS na onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel n'isi ọmụmụ Kemistry (1935), bịakwutechara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wambebe |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S9KDwAAQBAJ |title=African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health |date=2018-01-29 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-71049-7 |pages=118–120 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195918/https://books.google.com/books?id=1S9KDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na CNRS, ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na ọmụmụ nke Usoro ọbara mmadụ, na ọgwụgwọ maka [[w:|Ekpenta]] na ụkwara nta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọrụ Ratsimamanga gosipụtara ọnụnọ nke homonụ na nri na ọrụ ha n'iwulite ahụ mmadụ, ka ha na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-ewepụ nsị, ọkachasị na imeju.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giroud, A.; Ratsimamanga, A. R. |date=1936 |title=Distribution de la vitamine C chez les invertebres. |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19361400394 |journal=Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique |volume=18 |pages=375–383 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195924/https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/welcome/?target=%2fcabdirect%2fabstract%2f19361400394 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Jouan |first1=Pierre-Nicolas |last2=Pouliot |first2=Yves |last3=Gauthier |first3=Sylvie F. |last4=Laforest |first4=Jean-Paul |date=2006-11-01 |title=Hormones in bovine milk and milk products: A survey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694606001506 |journal=International Dairy Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=1408–1414 |doi=10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.007 |issn=0958-6946 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2014-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812011019/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694606001506 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Daniel Schaffer, Peter McGrath, Gisela Isten, Tasia Asakawa |url=https://twas.org/sites/default/files/twas_packard_imra.pdf |title=Malagasy Institute for Applied Research |publisher=TWAS |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2022-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217173740/https://twas.org/sites/default/files/twas_packard_imra.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Ratsimamanga bụụrụ onye isi ntụziaka mmalite nke ụlọ ọrụ [[w:|Malagasy Institute of Applied Research]] (IMRA) n'afọ 1957. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title=Madagascar pushes untested herbal coronavirus remedy on its neighbors |url=https://www.codastory.com/waronscience/madagascar-covid-organics/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Coda Story |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117181041/https://www.codastory.com/waronscience/madagascar-covid-organics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=Manveen |last2=Masum |first2=Hassan |last3=Heys |first3=Jennifer |last4=Singer |first4=Peter A |date=2010-12-13 |title=Harnessing biodiversity: the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA) |journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights |volume=10 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S9 |doi=10.1186/1472-698X-10-S1-S9 |issn=1472-698X |pmc=3001617 |pmid=21144080 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; IMRA lekwasịrị anya na [[w:Herbal Medicine|Iji mgbọrọgwụ na mkpa akwụkwọ agwọ ọrịa (phytotherapy)]] iji jiri osisi ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi na omume ọdịnala dị iche iche gwọọ ọrịa, ya bụ, [[w:|pharmacopoeia]] n'ụzọ ọdịnala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Steven M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IphwEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA238 |title=The New Natural History of Madagascar |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22262-2 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195922/https://books.google.com/books?id=IphwEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA238 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rehman |first1=Sabith |last2=Iqbal |first2=Zafar |last3=Qureshi |first3=Rahmatullah |last4=Ur Rahman |first4=Inayat |last5=Khan |first5=Muazzam Ali |last6=Elshaer |first6=Mohamed M. A. |last7=Al Farraj |first7=Dunia A. |last8=Elshikh |first8=Mohamed S. |last9=Younas |first9=Muhammad |last10=Sakhi |first10=Shazia |last11=Nawaz |first11=Ghazala |last12=Ali |first12=Niaz |last13=Rahim |first13=Fazal |last14=Ali |first14=Hamid |last15=Khan |first15=Imran |date=2022-08-04 |title=Ethnogynaecological Knowledge of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous Communities of North Waziristan, Pakistan |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |language=en |volume=2022 |pages=e6528264 |doi=10.1155/2022/6528264 |issn=1741-427X |pmc=9371843 |pmid=35966728|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; IMRA mechara gaa n'ihu n'iji osisi [[w:|Syzygium cumini]] dị ka ihe na-egbochi ọrịa shuga,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxdlRSMaO14C&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA109 |title=Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents |date=2001 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195928/https://books.google.com/books?id=VxdlRSMaO14C&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; na imepụta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ megide [[w:Malaria|ịba]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rafatro |first1=Herintsoa |last2=Ramanitrahasimbola |first2=David |last3=Rasoanaivo |first3=Philippe |last4=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first4=Suzanne |last5=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first5=Albert |last6=Frappier |first6=François |date=2000-05-01 |title=Reversal activity of the naturally occurring chemosensitizer malagashanine in Plasmodium malaria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295299004001 |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=1053–1061 |doi=10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00400-1 |pmid=10704934 |issn=0006-2952}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rasoanaivo |first1=P. |last2=Petitjean |first2=A. |last3=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first3=S. |last4=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first4=A. |date=1992-09-01 |title=Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Madagascar |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741%2892%2990070-8 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(92)90070-8 |pmid=1434686 |issn=0378-8741 |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195945/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0378874192900708?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:|Ekpenta]], ụkwara ume ọkụ, [[w:Calculus (medicine)|lithiasis]], [[w:Blood Pressure|ọbara mgbali elu]], ịba ọcha n'anya na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eddouks |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iEyDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA217 |title=Phytotherapy in the Management of Diabetes and Hypertension |date=2016-02-02 |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-68108-161-8 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195941/https://books.google.com/books?id=-iEyDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA217 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=patents.justia.com |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118162912/https://patents.justia.com/inventor/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ratsimamanga bụụrụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Malagasy National Academy, nakwa [[w: Professor Emeritus|Ọkammụta larala ezumike nka]] nke Faculty of Medicine, Mahadum Antananarivo. Ọ bụụrụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere [[w:|World Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1983,  na [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1985.  Ọ bụụrụ onye òtù [[w:|Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]], [[w:|Institut de France]] (1966), na [[w:|Académie Nationale de Médecine]] (1967).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==== Na Ndọrọ Ndọrọ Ọchịchị ====
[[File:World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace 1948.jpg|thumb|Ratsimamanga mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na 1948 [[w:World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace|World Congress Intellectuals in Defense of Peace]] ]]
Ratsimamanga bụ onye na-eme udo na onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ya na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ nakwa ndị ji ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke France nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya. Mgbe ọ nọ na France, ya na Jacques Rabemananjara, Joseph Raseta na Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona guzobere njikọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ Malagasy nọ na France nakwa òtù [[w:Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation]] (MDRM) n'afọ 1946. MDRM duziri ngagharị iwe megide mwufu ọbara nke Mgbukpọ Madagascar nke afọ 1947Òtù ọ dị, a maara MDRM dị ka ebe ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ si [[w:Hova (Madagascar)|Hova]] na-achịkwa, ndị bụ ndị ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke  [[w:Merina People|Merina]] [[w: Kingdom of Imerina|Royal court]] gara aga ma chọọkwa iweghachite ọchịchị nke ndị Merina ahụ mgbe nnwere onwe bịachara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Faraony&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Leymarie |first=Philippe |date=March 1997 |title=Deafening silence on a horrifying repression |newspaper=Le Monde Diplomatique |url=http://mondediplo.com/1997/03/02madagascar |accessdate=13 December 2013 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102529/http://mondediplo.com/1997/03/02madagascar |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Galibert |first=Didier |date=2012 |title=Cosmopolitisme impérial et nationalisme: La vie circulaire d'Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |script-title= |trans-title=Imperial Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: The Circular Life of Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga  (1907-2001) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41938227 |journal=French Colonial History |volume=13 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.1353/fch.2012.0004 |issn=1539-3402 |jstor=41938227 |s2cid=144433736 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118163545/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41938227 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Emechara maa [[w:|Jacques Rabemananjara]], [[:fr:Joseph Raseta|Joseph Raseta]] na Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona ikpe ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ oge ndụ ha niile mana e nyere ha mgbaghara n'afọ 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Masson |first1=Antoine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPstZgf794kC |title=Representations of Justice |last2=O'Connor |first2=Kevin |date=2007 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-90-5201-349-7 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195908/https://books.google.com/books?id=GPstZgf794kC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ratsimamanga kwuru na ọ maghị banyere nnupụisi ahụ, ya mere, o soghi na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'afọ 1949, Ratsimamanga guzobere Kansụl Mba Madagascar, Gọọmentị nọ n'ebe ọ gbagara zoo. O mechara daa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1948, Ratsimamanga nọchitere anya Madagascar na [[w:|World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace]], nke mere n'etiti ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa irị n'afọ 1948 na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Wrocław, Poland, ma rụọ ọrụ n'ịhazi ike ndị Kọmunist dị ka ndị na-akwado udo, na n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, na-egosi West dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye udo.

Ratsimamanga bụ onye otu ndị nnọchi anya kwurịtara maka nnwere onwe Madagascar site na France. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;% nke ndị Madagascar vootu maka nnwere onwe na ntuli aka nke afọ 1958, [1] ma mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, a họpụtara Ratsimamanga ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Mba Madagascar na France site na 1960 ruo 1972. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Mgbe 1972 Coup &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvOz7k0iRYC&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=RA4-PA11|title=Current Background|date=1973-05-16|publisher=American Consulate General|language=en|accessdate=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;'état gasịrị, na 14 Disemba 1972, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke mba Madagascar na China na Soviet Union. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=China)|first=United States Consulate General (Hong Kong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqjMRr_-ZNEC&amp;q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia|title=Survey of China Mainland Press|date=1973|publisher=American Consulate General.|language=en|accessdate=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Service|first=United States Joint Publications Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCkFAQAAIAAJ&amp;dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=RA10-PA14|title=Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa|language=en|accessdate=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; mechara guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya na West Germany, North Korea, na [[Sierra Leone]]. [1] [2]
[[Usòrò:Ratsimamanga_USSR_1972.jpg|thumb|Ratsimamanga mgbe o gosipụtara asambodo ya na 14 Disemba 1972 na USSR]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Conference|first=Unesco General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vASHW9vOp4QC&amp;q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia|title=Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|date=1972|publisher=Unesco|pages=768|language=fr|accessdate=2022-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Ratsimamanga na-anọchite anya mba Madagascar na European Economic Community, UNESCO, na Food and Agriculture Organization. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its sixty-fourth session, Paris, 13-14 December 1962|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113221|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=unesdoc|archivedate=2022-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118153924/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113221}}&lt;/ref&gt; ghọkwara osote onye isi oche nke UNESCO nke Executive Council . [1]

=== Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ Ya ===
Ratsimamanga lụrụ [[w:|Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]] na 23 Maachị 1963. Ọ bụụrụ onye French [[w:Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jụụ]] gụrụ [[w:|biochemistry]],  onye òtù [[w:|World Academy of Sciences]] (1989),  na onye isi oche IMRA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aewrAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia |title=Profiles of African Scientific Institutions |date=1992 |publisher=African Academy of Sciences and Network of African Scientific Organizations |isbn=978-9966-831-11-8 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195921/https://books.google.com/books?id=aewrAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye mmekọ kacha nso Albert ya na ya na-arụkọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Site na njikọaka ya na Albert, ha guzobere &quot;Albert na Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga Foundation&quot; n'ime IMRA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artemisia et plantes médicinales : le &quot; Covid-Organics &quot;, symbole de la recherche malgache – Jeune Afrique |trans-title=Artemisia and medicinal plants: the &quot;Covid-Organics&quot;, symbol of Malagasy research - Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=30 April 2020 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104145524/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngbolua |first1=K. N. |last2=Rafatro |first2=H. |last3=Rakotoarimanana |first3=H. |last4=Ratsimamanga |first4=U. S. |last5=Mudogo |first5=V. |last6=Mpiana |first6=P. T. |last7=Tshibangu |first7=D. S. T. |date=2011 |title=Pharmacological screening of some traditionally-used antimalarial plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo compared to their ecological taxonomic equivalence in Madagascar |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/77113 |journal=International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences |language=en |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=1797–1804 |doi=10.4314/ijbcs.v5i5.3 |issn=1997-342X |access-date=2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203163411/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/77113 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ratsimamanga nwụrụ na 16 Septemba 2001, ka ọ gbachara afọ iri itoolu na atọ, na [[w:|Antananarivo]], Madagascar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; E mere emume olili ozu Steeti maka ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
E nyere Ratsimamanga Grand Cross ihe nrite [[w:National Order of Madagascar|Grand Cross of the Malagasy National Order]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national |trans-title=Grand Cross of the National Order |url=https://tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com/tag/grand-croix-de-lordre-national/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=TANIKO Madagascar |date=30 September 2019 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118160000/https://tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com/tag/grand-croix-de-lordre-national/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; nakwa Grand Cross n'ógó nke mbụ nke [[w:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Order of Merit]] nke mba Germany, &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Grand Officer nke [[w:Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] nke France, Commander of the Ordre National du Mèrite of France]],  na Grand Prize sitere na [[w:|Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : Un hommage incontournable |trans-title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga: An essential tribute |url=https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/463-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-hommage-incontournable.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.madagate.org |language=fr |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118160000/https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/463-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-hommage-incontournable.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-12-29 |archivedate=2022-11-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118160000/https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/463-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-hommage-incontournable.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara ya dị ka ''Man of the Century'' nke Madagascar n'afọ 1999.

Ratsimamanga bụ onye òtù guzobere [[w:|World Academy of Sciences]] (FTWAS) n'afọ 1983,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Université Cheikh-Anta-Diop |title=Liste des docteurs ''honoris causa'' de l'UCAD |trans-title=List of ''honoris causa'' doctors from UCAD |url=http://www.ucad.sn/cdp/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=748&amp;Itemid=354 |access-date=16 March 2014 |website=Ucad |language=fr |publication-date= |archive-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000518/https://www.ucad.sn/cdp/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=748&amp;Itemid=354 |url-status=dead |accessdate=28 December 2023 |archivedate=24 December 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000518/https://www.ucad.sn/cdp/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=748&amp;Itemid=354 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Ncheta Ya ===
A na-ewere Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta ama ama na Madagascar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-12 |title=Six personnalités qui ont fait ou font Madagascar |trans-title=Six personalities who have made or are making Madagascar |url=https://fr.globalvoices.org/2013/12/12/158381/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Global Voices en Français |language=fr |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117182442/https://fr.globalvoices.org/2013/12/12/158381/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:|A Commemorative Stamp]] ka ewepụtara maka ncheta ya n'afọ 2002, nakwa Institut de France bipụtara ego n'ụdị ụtụ na ncheta Ratsimamanga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=iNumis - Mail Bid Sale 32 Lot 1558 |url=https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&amp;sid=1403&amp;lot=1558 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.numisbids.com |language=fr |archive-date=2022-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123154749/https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&amp;sid=1403&amp;lot=1558 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;Enwere ike ịhụ ihe ncheta Ratsimamanga dị ka

{{Blockquote|text=Ntụgharị oge nke amụma ndị mba ọzọ banyere nnwere onwe, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iguzosi ike n'ihe nye ụkpụrụ ndị ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu n'ịkwalite echiche nke ịbụ nwa amaala mba Republic|onye edemede=Didier Galibert|title=Imperial Cosmopolitanism na Nationalism: The Circular Life of Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) ({{Lang-fr|Cosmopolitisme impérial et nationalisme: La vie circulaire d'Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001)}})|isi = French Colonial History, 2012, Vol. 13, peeji 175}}
 

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Suzy Andrée Ramamonjisoa (2007). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1141771391 Mụ na Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga]'' Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Madagascar (n'asụsụ French)    [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-912290-79-3|978-2-912290-79-3]].  &amp;nbsp; [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141771391 1141771391]
* Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga na Patrick Rajoelina (2001). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47896120 Madagascar: Ihe omimi nke 1947: ncheta]''. Paris: L'Harmattan (n'asụsụ French).   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/2-7475-1151-0|2-7475-1151-0]].  &amp;nbsp; [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47896120 47896120].&amp;nbsp;
* Didier Galibert (2012). Cosmopolitisme impérial na nationalism: Ndụ okirikiri nke Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001). Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke French Colonial. 13: 175–187.   [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:1539-3402 1539-3402].&amp;nbsp;
* Raymond William Rabemananjara (1998). [https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5130303 ''Nwa nke ìhè: Akụkọ ndụ nke Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga''] (n'asụsụ Italian). 1–190
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    <title>Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan</title>
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'''[[w:Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan|Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan]]''' [[w:Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]] [[w:The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]] ({{lang-ar|أحمد محمد الحسن}}; 10 Eprel 1930 – 10 Nọvemba 2022) bụ Ọkammụta si mba Sudan n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|pathology]]. 
 
A mụrụ El Hassan ma zụlite ya na [[w:Berber, Sudan | Berber, Sudan]]. Ọ nwetara ọtụtụ ọzụzụ n'isi ọmụmụ ahụike ya na Mahadum Khartoum tupu ọ gụchaa ma nweta nzere [[w:Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] ya na [[w:|Mahadum Edinburgh]] n'afọ 1965. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, O duru ngalaba Pathology (1966–1969) nakwa [[w:Kitchener School of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine, Kitchener School of Medicine]] (1969–1971) tupu o duo nwa nkenke oge {{Ill|lt=Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research |Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Nnyocha (Sudan) |ar|وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي (السودان)}} (1971–1972). Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Medical Research Council (1972-1977), mgbe ọ na-enye aka iguzobe Ngalaba Pathology na [[w:|Mahadum King Faisal]], Saudi Arabia na [[w:|Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology]], Sudan. Na mgbakwunye, El Hassan bụụrụ onye isi ntọala nke [[w:|Institute of Endemic Diseases]] (1993-2000), [[w:|Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]] (SNAS) (2005-2011) na [[w:|Sudanese Cancer Society]] (2008-2009). 

El Hassan lekwasịrị anya na [[w:|epidemiology]] na [[w:|immunopathology]] nke [[w:Tropical disease| ọrịa okpomọkụ]] na ọrịa na-efe efe. N'ihi nke a, Sudan nyere ya nkwanye ùgwù kachasị elu bụ [[w:Order of merit | Order of merit]], na ụlọ ọgwụ ọrịa okpomọkụ nke steeti Sudan bụ [[w:Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] ka a kpọkwasịrị aha ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọ natara ihe nrite [[w:World Health Organisation|WHO] nke afọ 1987 bụ [[w:WHO Public Health Prizes and Awards#A.T. Shousha Foundation Prize and Fellowship | Shousha Prize]], [[w:Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | RSTMH]] n'afọ 1996, [[w:|Donald Mackay Medal]], n'afọ 2017 – 2018 na Sheikh [[w:|Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]].

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
A mụrụ El Hassan na [[w:|Berber, Sudan]], na 10 Eprel 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Elhassan {{!}} Naanị saịtị UofK ọzọ |url=https://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ |nweta-date=2022-11-20 |asụsụ=en-US |Archive-date=27 Nọvemba 2022 |Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20221127025924/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-11-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127025924/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ |aha= |script-title=ar:في وداع البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن .. بقلم: البروفيسور. الوليد محمد الأمين |trans-title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan Daalụ.. Onye dere ya: Ọkammụta. Waleed Mohammed Al-Ami |url=https://sudanile.com/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%20%25.%20%E1%BB%A5b%E1%BB%8Dch%E1%BB%8B%3D2022-11-20 |websaịtị=سودانايل |asụsụ=ar |archive-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205113/https://sudanile.com/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-09-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị n'oge ahụ, ọ malitere akwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Quran (''[[w:Khalwa (school)|Khalwa]]'') tupu ọ banye Berber Intermediate School. O mechara kwaga Khartoum iji sonyere [[w:|Omdurman]] Secondary School n'afọ 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Ahmed El Safi. Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan: Ihe ịrịba ama na ọrịa okpomọkụ, ọrịa ọrịa, nchọpụta ọrịa cancer na mmụta ahụike |url=https://media.tghn.org/site_finder/sites/documents/Ahmed_Mohamed_El-Hassan_his_life_and_work.pdf |ebipụta-ụbọchị=April 30, 2019 |via=Ebipụtara onwe ya |isbn=978-1096419341 |nweta-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175615/https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175615/https:// |url-status=live |access-date=December 23, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
El Hassan gara [[w:Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum|Kitchener School of Medicine]] (bụzi ngalaba Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum ugbua).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11 -10 |title= |script-title=ar:وفاة البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن: السودان يفقد أبرز علمائه في مجال الطب والبحث العلمي - اوبن سودان يفقد أبرز علمائه في مجال الطب والبحث العلمي - اوبن سودان: The most ọwọrọetop ọnwụ nke Sudan | ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ngalaba ọgwụ na nyocha sayensị - Mepee Sudan |url=https://opensudan.net/archives/24595 | nweta-date=2022-11-20 |asụsụ = ar | Archive-date=20 November 2022 | Archive -url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205108/https://opensudan.net/archives/24595 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nweta nzere ọpụrụiche n'isi ọmụmụ ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ n'afọ 1955 mgbe ọ na-enweta ihe nrite [[w:Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Kitchener]] Ihe nrite ncheta maka ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ mahadum nzere ha kacha mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; O sonyeere Ministri Ahụike Sudan maka ọzụzụ, malite dị ka onye dọkịnta gụchara akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'etiti 1955 na 1957, na onye ọrụ ahụike site n'afọ 1957 ruo 1958 n'ebe dị iche iche na Khartoum, Omdurman na [[w:Northern state, Sudan|Northern State]]. Ọ laghachiri na ngalaba Pathology, Mahadum Khartoum dịka onye enyemaka nnyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=News &amp; Events |url=https:// www.snas.org.sd/index.php/news-events | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-11-20 | webụsaịtị = www.snas.org.sd | asụsụ = en-gb | Archive-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205628/https://www.snas.org.sd/index.php/news-events |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:بروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن أحد أول عشرة أطباء في تاريخ السودان |trans-title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan, otu n'ime ndị mbụ ndị dọkịta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Sudan |url=https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=سودارس |language=ar |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |Archive -url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205653/https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-11-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205656/https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

El Hassan gara n'ihu n'ọzụzụ ya na Mahadum London wee nweta nzere diploma n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Clinical Pathology]] (DCP) n'afọ 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Khartoum maka nw'obere oge (1962–1963) dị ka onye nkuzi tupu ọ malite ịchụ nzere [[w:Doctor of Philosophy|doctor of philosophy]] n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Immunology]] na [[w:|Mahadum Edinburgh]], nke ọ dechara n'afọ 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan |url=http://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/el-hassan |website=mycetoma |access-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-ụbọchị =20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205108/http://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/el-hassan |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nabd.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title =  | script-title = ar:اوبن سودان {{!}} أحمد محمد الحسن: السودان يفقد أبرز علماءه في trans-title=Mepee Sudan {{!}} Ọnwụ Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan: Sudan na-efunahụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama na ngalaba ọgwụ na nyocha sayensị (Sudan) | url = https://nabd.com/%20s/111169557-0eb438/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%25%208A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%20%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%20%8A%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%20%A1%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8-%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-11-20 | webụsaịtị = موقع نبض | asụsụ = ar | archive-date = 2023-03-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195517/https://nabd/ | url-status = dead | access-date = 2026-09-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya ====
[[File:Ahmed_Mohamed_El_Hassan_and_Mohamed_Hamad_Satti.jpg|thumb|Ahịrị mbụ site n'aka ekpe, [[w;Mansour Ali Haseeb|Mansour Haseeb]], HV Morgan na [[w:|Mohamed Hamad Satti]] Ahịrị nke abụọ, aka ekpe, El Hassan. ca. 1965]]
El Hassan laghachiri na Ngalaba Pathology, Mahadum Khartoum dịka onye isi nkuzi tupu ọ ghọọ ọkammụta na onye isi ngalaba ahụ n'afọ 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1969, e mere El Hassan ka ọ bụrụ Dean, Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ọgwụ na osote onyeisi mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:في رثاء البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن (4) .. بقلم: زهير السراج |trans-title=In Arịrị nke Prọfesọ Ahmed Muhammad Al-Hassan (4) .. Edere ya: Zuhair Al-Sarraj |url=https://sudanile.com/%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d8%ab% d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-% d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3% d9%86-4-%d8%a8%d9%82/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=سودانايل |asụsụ=ar |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https:// web.archive.org/web/20221120205107/https://sudanile.com/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8% AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-4-%D8%A8%D9%82 / |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Ahmed M El Hassan - Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences - HMA |url=http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=hmaward.org.ae |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120224704/http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 |url-status=ndụ |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-12-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202050603/http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
El Hassan bụụrụ Minista ntọala nke agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na nnyocha sayensị, Sudan, n'etiti 1971 na 1972, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Nnyocha (1972-1977). El Hassan sonyeziri [[w:|Mahadum King Faisal]], Saudi Arabia, dị ka ọkammụta n'afọ 1977 wee nye aka guzobe Ngalaba Pathology tupu ọ pụọ n'afọ 1979, ịlaghachi n'afọ 1981 dịka onye nduzi nyocha na Mahadum ahụ ruo afọ 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن يتفقد مركز أبحاث المايستوما ومركز الحسن لأبحاث الأمراض المدارية المهملة |trans-title=Professor Ahmed Mohammed Al-Hassan inspects the Mycetoma Research Center and the Al-Hassan Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research |url=https://sudanianews.net/2022/04/06/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%86-%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%b2/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=سودانية نيوز |language=ar |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205109/https://sudanianews.net/2022/04/06/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'agbata 1979-1980, El Hassan nọọrọ na Sudan dị ka onye nduzi nke [[w:|Tropical Diseases Institute]], ma guzobe [[w:|Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o si Saudi Arabia lọta n'afọ 1988, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba Pathology, ngalaba ọmụmụ ọgwụ, Mahadum Khartoum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
El Hassan bụụrụ onye nhazi ntọala nke [[w:|Institute of Endemic Diseases]] n'etiti afọ 1993 na afọ 2000, wee gaa n'ihu na njikọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka ọkammụta Pathology larala ezumike ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; El Hassan bụụrụ onye isi ntọala nke [[w:|Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]] (SNAS) n'afọ 2005, bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Sudan Cancer Society n'etiti afọ 2008 na 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
 
El Hassan bụụrụ Ọkammụta nleta na Mahadum London, Mahadum Copenhagen, Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị, na [[w:|Mahadum Ọktoba 6]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; O so na Kọmitii ndị Ndụmọdụ Nnyocha nke [[w:|World Health Organisation]] (WHO), strokes na Kọmitii ndị Ndụmọdụ Sayensị na NkànỤzụ nke Nnyocha Ọrịa Tropical, WHO.&lt;ref name = &quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

==== Nnyocha Ndị O Mere ====
El Hassan lekwasịrị anya na [[w:|epidemiology]] na [[w:|immunopathology]] nke [[w: Tropical disease| ọrịa okpomọkụ]] na ọrịa na-efe efe, karịsịa [[w:|leishmaniasis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zijlstra |first1=E. E. |ikpeazụ2=Musa |nke mbụ2=A. M. |ikpeazụ3=Khalil |nke mbụ3=E. a. G. |ikpeazụ4=Hassan |first4=IM El |ikpeazụ5=El-Hassan |first5=A. M. |ụbọchị=2003-02-01 |aha=Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(03)00517-6/abstract |journal=Ọrịa na-efe efe nke Lancet |asụsụ=bekee |mpịakọta=3 |mbipụta=2 |ibe=87–98 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6 |issn=1473-3099 |pmid=125 ohere-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 |Archive-date=20 Eprel 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420092726/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/ |url-status=live |title=Archive copy |archive-date=2013-04-20 |access-date=2023-12-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ghalib |first1=H. W. |ikpeazụ2=Piuvezam |nke mbụ2=M. R. |ikpeazụ3=Skeiky |nke mbụ3=Y. A. |ikpeazụ4=Siddig |nke mbụ4=M. |ikpeazụ5=Hashim |nke mbụ5=F. A. |ikpeazụ6=el-Hassan |nke mbụ6=A. M. |ikpeazụ7=Russo |nke mbụ7=D. M. |ikpeazụ8=Ahịhịa |mbụ8=S. G. |ụbọchị=1993-07-01 |aha=Interleukin mmepụta 10 jikọtara ya na pathology na ọrịa Leishmania donovani mmadụ |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |asụsụ= |issn=0021-9738 |pmid=8326000 |pmc=293600 |nweta-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615174125/https://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 |url-status=bot: unknown |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-12-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[w:Eumycetoma|mycetoma]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Fahal |first1=Ahmed | last2=Mahgoub |first2=El Sheikh |last3=El Hassan |first3=Ahmed Mohamed |last4=Abdel-Rahman |first4=Manar Elsheikh |last5=Alshambaty |first5=Yassir |last6=Hashim |first6=Ahmed |last7=Hago |first7=Ali | ikpeazụ8=Zijlstra |first8=Eduard E. |date=2014 |title=Ihe nlere ohuru maka njikwa mycetoma na Sudan |journal=PLOS Lelected Tropical Diseases |olu = 8 | mbipụta = 10 | ibe = e3271 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003271 |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=4214669 |pmid=25356640 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; gụnyere nchọpụta, ọgwụgwọ na ọgwụ mgbochi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Ménard |first1=Didier |last2=Khim |first2=Nimol |last3=Beghain |first3=Johann |last4=Adegnika |first4=Ayola A. |last5=Shafiul-Alam |first5=Mohammad | ikpeazụ6 =Amodu |first6=Olukemi | ikpeazụ7=Rahim-Awab |first7=Ghulam |last8=Barnadas |first8=Céline |last9=Berry |first9=Antoine |last10=Boum |first10=Yap |last11=Bustos |first11=Maria D. | ikpeazụ12 = Cao | mbụ12 = Jun | ikpeazụ13 = Chen | mbụ13 = Jun-Hu | ikpeazụ14 = Collet | first14 = Louis | ikpeazụ15 = Cui | first15 = Liwang | ụbọchị = 2016-06-23 | aha = Map nke Plasmodium zuru ụwa ọnụ falciparum K13-Propeller Polymorphisms |url=https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1513137 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine | mpịakọta=374 | mbipụta = 25 | ibe = 2453–2464 |doi=10.1056/13715 |NEJMoa 0028-4793 |pmc=4955562 |pmid=27332904}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Zijlstra |first1=E E |last2=el-Hassan |first2=A M |last3=Ismael |first3=A | ikpeazụ4=Ghalib |first4=H W |date=1994-12-01 |title=Endemic kala-azar n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Sudan: ọmụmụ ogologo oge gbasara ọrịa nke ụlọ ọgwụ na nke subclinical na post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis |url=https. ://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826 |journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | mpịakọta = 51 | mbipụta = 6 | ibe = 826–836 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.8 issn=1476-1645 |pmid=7810819}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ya lebakwara anya n'ọrịa [[w:|ekpenta]] na [[w:|iba]], ma mgbe afọ 2005 gachara, ọ tụgharịrị anya ya tinye ya na [[w:|nasopharyngeal cancer]]. O nwetara enyemaka maka nyocha n'ụdị ego n'aka [[w:|World Health Organisation's Tropical Disease Research]], [[w:|Wellcome Trust]], [[w:|Danish International Development Agency]], na [[w:|The World Academy of Sciences]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye ùgwù Ya ===
Gọọmenti Sudan nyere El Hassan ihe nrite ọla edo maka nyocha na sayensị n'afọ 1977, [[w:|El Neelain Order]] (Klas nke mbụ) n'afọ 1979, na [[w:Order of Merit (Sudan) | Order of Merit]] (Klas nke mbụ) n'afọ 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O nwetara nzere [[w:|Honorary Doctor of Science]] site na Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụnwaanyị n'afọ 2006.Okammụta Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan Center for Tropical Medicine na Doka, [[w:Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] State,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Abubakr |first=Bakri |title= | script-title=ar: افتتاح مركز بروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن لطب المناطق الحاره بمدينة دوكه ولاية القضارف |trans-title=Mmeghe nke Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed El-Hasef na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọgwụ maka Tropicl sudaneseonline.com/board/300/msg/%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%83%d8% b2-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%d%d9%85%d8% af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%b7%d8 %a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8 %b1%d9%87-%d8%a8%d9%85%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%af%d9%88%d9%83%d9%87-% d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%81-1285694164 ... /sudaneseonline.com/board/300/msg/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8 %B2-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8 %AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%B7% D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7% D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D9%87- %D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81-1285694164.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[w:|EL Hassan Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Clinical Trials Research]] na Soba, Khartoum &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EL Hassan Center maka Nleghara Ọrịa Tropical Diseases Nchọpụta nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ. |url=https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-el-hassan-centre |website=mycetoma.edu |nweta-date=26 Jenụarị 2023 |Archive-date=26 Jenụarị 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126071737/https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-el-hassan-centre |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2023-01-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Elhassan Center Maka Ọrịa Tropical Na-eleghara anya n'ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUk0ryE8GWo |asụsụ=en | nweta-date=2023-01-26 | Archive-date=26 Jenụwarị 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126071708/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUk0ryE8GWo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt; ka akpọrọ aha ya na 2010 na 2016, n'otu n'otu.
 
A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:Royal College of Pathologists|Royal College of Pathologists, London]] (FRCPath) n'afọ 1964, onye òtù [[w:|Royal College of Physicians, London]] (FRCP) n'afọ 1974, &lt;ref &gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed EL Hassan |url=https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-page/staff/110-mrc-staff/163-mohamed-elhassan |website=mycetoma | ohere-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-date = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205112/https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-page/staff/110-mrc-staff/163-mohamed-elhassan |url-status= ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye òtù World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS) n'afọ 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=El Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed |url=https://twas.org/directory/ el-hassan-ahmed-mohamed | nweta-date=2022-11-20 |website=TWAS |asụsụ=en |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221120175614/https://twas.org/directory/el-hassan-ahmed-mohamed |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ihe nrite [[w:|Shousha Prize]] n'aka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa n'afọ 1987,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Ihe nrite na ihe nrite ahụike ọha |url=https://apps.who.int/gb/awards/e/Sousha.html |access- ụbọchị=2022-11-20 |website=apps.who.int |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219215505/https://apps.who./ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:|Donald Mackay Medal]] sitere na [[w:|Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] n'afọ 1996,&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite webụ |title=Medal Donald Mackay {{!}} RSTMH |url=https://rstmh.org/medals-awards/donald-mackay-medal |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=rstmh. org | Archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175624/https://rstmh.org/medals-awards/donald-mackay-medal |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; na Sheikh [[w:|Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]] Award for Medical Sciences n'afọ 2017-2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
El Hassan lụrụ Amal Galal Mohamed n'afọ 1959, ha wee mụọ ụmụ nwanyị anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; O nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ise  foto na egwú. O hiwere òtù [[w:|Medical Photography]] na [[w:Medical illustration|Medical Illustration]] nke mbụ na Sudan. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ ngwá egwú [[w:|oud]] wee bipụta akwụkwọ ya ''Writings on Medicine, Music and Literature'' n'afọ 2017''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
 
El Hassan nwụrụ na 10 Nọvemba 2022 n'ụlọ ya na [[w:|Al Riyadh, Khartoum]] site na ihe mkpatara osinachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nabd.com&quot; /&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O Bipụtara Ahọpụtara ===
* Zijlstra, E. E.; Musa, A. M.; Khalil, E. a. G.; Hassan, IM El; El-Hassan, A. M. (2003-02). [[doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6|''Postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis'']]. [[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]]. 3 (2): 87–98. doi:[[doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6|10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6]]. {{ISSN|1473-3099}}. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 12560194&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ghalib, H. W.; Piuvezam, M. R.; Skeiky, Y. A.; Siddig, M.; Hashim, F. A.; El-Hassan, A. M.; Russo, D. M.; Reed, S. G. (1993-07). ''[https://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 Interleukin 10 production correlates with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections]''. [[The Journal of Clinical Investigation]]. 92 (1): 324–329. doi:[[doi:10.1172/JCI116570|10.1172/JCI116570]]. {{ISSN|0021-9738}}. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 8326000&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Zijlstra, E E; El-Hassan, A. M. (2001-04). [[doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4|''Leishmaniasis in Sudan. 3. Visceral leishmaniasis'']]. [[Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]]. S27–S58. doi: [[doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4|10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4]].
* Zijlstra, E E; El-Hassan, A. M.; Ismael, A; Ghalib, H W (1994-12). [[doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826|''Endemic kala-azar in eastern Sudan: a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and subclinical infection and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis'']]. [[American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene]]. 51 (6): 826–836. doi:[[doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826|10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826]]. {{ISSN|1476-1645}}. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 7810819&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

=== Edensibia ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===
Ahmed El Safi. [https://media.tghn.org/site_finder/sites/documents/Ahmed_Mohamed_El-Hassan_his_life_and_work.pdf ''Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan: Milestones in tropical disease, pathology, cancer research &amp; medical education''], Sudan Medical Heritage Foundation Publications (2008), {{ISBN|978-99942-899-5-0}}.


=== Njikọ Mpụga ===
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&amp;v=plB7oELp-zI&amp;embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fdndi.org%2F&amp;feature=emb_logo In memoriam: Prof. Ahmed M. El-Hassan], [[YouTube]] (English)
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NY3N9j1FrlY A Night of Loyalty and Gratitude to the Late Prof. Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan], YouTube (Arabic)


{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
 

{{DEFAULTSORT:El Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù TWAS]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Khartoum]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara sayensị si mba Sudan]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1930]]
[[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2022]]
[[Category: Ndị òtù Royal College of Physicians]]
[[Category: Ndị òtù Royal College of Pathologists]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Edinburgh]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  London]]
[[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa si mba Sudan]]
[[Category:Dr A.T. Shousha Foundation Prize and Fellowship laureates]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi na Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
[[Category: Ndị òtù Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century physicians]]
[[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa nke ọ́gbọ́ a]]
[[Category: Ndị si River Nile (state)]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Khalwa (school)]]
[[Category: Ndị natara ihe nrite orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]]</text>
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    <title>A. David Thackeray</title>
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      <text bytes="4804" sha1="trs2b9ofcjufw2zrehx8ck78w1nrkmj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}&lt;ref name=&quot;obit2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1979|title=Obituaries|journal=[[Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=20}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&quot;Obituaries&quot;. ''[[Quarterly Journal nke Royal Astronomical Society|Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]''. '''20'''. 1979.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;'''Andrew David Thackeray''' (19 June 1910 - 21 February 1978), &lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1978|title=A.D. Thackeray|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=73-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&quot;A.D. Thackeray&quot;. ''South African Journal of Science''. '''73–4'''. 1978.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye na-enyocha mbara igwe nke a zụrụ na Mahadum Cambridge . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Radcliffe Observatory ruo afọ 23.

== Ọrụ ==
Thackeray gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Eton College, ebe ọ hụrụ meteors maka British Astronomical Association. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meteoritehistory.info/BAAMS/VIEWFH/FH84.HTM|title=Raw observations plus Analysis J.P.M. Prentice Notebook (1903-1981)|work=www.meteoritehistory.info|accessdate=2017-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;obit2&quot; /&gt; gara n'ihu na-amụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na King's College, Cambridge . [1] Ọ natara PhD na spectroscopy kpakpando na 1937 site na Solar Physics Laboratory na Cambridge. &lt;ref name=&quot;radcliffe&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Glass|first=I.S.|date=2009|title=Andrew David Thackeray at the Radcliffe Observatory|journal=Transactions of Royal Society of South Africa|volume=64|issue=1|pages=76–8|doi=10.1080/00359190909519240|url=http://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/thack.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-20|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212338/http://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/thack.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGlass2009&quot;&gt;Glass, I.S. (2009).  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Transactions of Royal Society of South Africa''. '''64''' (1): 76–8. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190909519240|10.1080/00359190909519240]]. Archived from  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 3 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 December&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mount Wilson Observatory na California site na 1934 ruo 1936. [1] &lt;ref&gt;Stratton, F.J.M. &quot;The History of the Cambridge Observatories&quot; Annals of the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge Vol. I (1949)&lt;/ref&gt; bụ osote onye nduzi nke Solar Physics Observatory na Cambridge Observatory site na 1937 ruo 1948. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;radcliffe&quot; /&gt; bụ onye nduzi nke Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria site na 1951 ruo mgbe e jikọtara ya na Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope na 1974 iji guzobe South African Astronomical Observatory. &lt;ref name=&quot;radcliffe&quot; /&gt; ghọrọ prọfesọ nsọpụrụ nke Mahadum Cape Town na, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya, onye mmekọ nke Royal Astronomical Society.

== Nnyocha ==
Ọ bụ ọkachamara na kpakpando spectroscopy. Na nnọkọ nke International Astronomical Union na Rome na 1952, o gosipụtara nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ nke kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe na Magellanic Clouds, na-egosi na a ga-eji okpukpu abụọ gbasaa afọ na ogo nke eluigwe na ala. Ọ bụ onye chọpụtara Thackeray's Globules na 1950. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Some southern stars involved in nebulosity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1950_110_6/page/524|author=Thackeray|first=A. D.|volume=110|issue=6|date=1950|pages=524–530|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|doi=10.1093/mnras/110.6.524}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;radcliffe&quot; /&gt; mụrụ ya na 19 June 1910 na Chelsea, London. Nna &lt;ref name=&quot;obit2&quot; /&gt; bụ onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie Henry St. John Thackeray . [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;obit&quot; /&gt; nwụrụ n'ihe mberede na 21 Febụwarị 1978. [1] Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Mary Acworth Evershed.

== Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara ==

* {{Cite book|author=Thackeray|first=A.D.|title=Astronomical spectroscopy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fm1AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Eyre &amp; Spottiswood|location=London|date=1961|pages=256}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Feast|first=M. W.|title=The Brightest Stars in the Magellanic Clouds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1960_121_4/page/n10|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=121|issue=4|year=1960|pages=337–385|issn=0035-8711|doi=10.1093/mnras/121.4.337}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119212917/http://assa.saao.ac.za/html/his-astr-thackeray_ad.html A. David Thackeray]</text>
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    <title>2019 ntuli aka Senate nke Naijiria na Bayelsa Steeti</title>
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      <text bytes="2689" sha1="6ziu2jeqr9u42axm9uqglmsyj40cvue" xml:space="preserve">. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election Centre|url=https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/BY/senate/2019|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=nigeriaelections.stearsng.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809154539/https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/BY/senate/2019|archive-date=2021-08-09|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Confam INEC list of elected Nigeria Senators|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-47534951|accessdate=2021-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-02|title=Senators From 1999 Till Date -|url=https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/12/02/senators-from-1999-till-date/|accessdate=2021-08-31|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820060841/https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/12/02/senators-from-1999-till-date/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-03-12|title=List of all Senators elected in 2019 National Assembly elections|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/list-of-all-senators-elected-in-2019-national-assembly-elections/nxp70r9|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bayelsa: PDP wins 2 Senate, 2 Reps seats - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/02/27/bayelsa-pdp-wins-2-senate-2-reps-seats/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=pmnewsnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;E mere mmalite aka ndị Sineti nke afọ 2019 na Bayelsa steeti n'egosi iri abụọ na atọ n'afọ Febụwarị 2019, iji họpụta ndị otu Sineti na Naijiria ga-amị anya Bayelsa steeti .  Douye Diri na-ekiri anya Bayelsa Central, na Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo na- anya Bayelsa West ha abụọ meri n'ọkwa ndị People's Democratic Party (Nigeria), ebe Biobarakuma Degi na- anya Bayelsa East meri n'ọsọ All Progressives Congress

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=INEC RESULT SHEET BAYELSA STATE SENATORIAL ELECTION 2019|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/BAYELSA-WEST.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108011042/https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/BAYELSA-WEST.pdf|archivedate=2019-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-28|title=Dickson Kicks as PDP Wins Two Senate, Three House Seats in Bayelsa|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/02/28/dickson-kicks-as-pdp-wins-two-senate-three-house-seats-in-bayelsa/|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngụkọta ndị mmadụ iri na isii debanyere aha ha na ngalaba aka nke Independent National Electoral Commission ka ha so na ọhụrụaka ahụ.  Onye na-azọ ọkwa PDP bụ Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo meriaka ahụ, meri Matthew Ado Karimo na pati APC na mmadụ iri na anọ ọzọ.  Ewhrudjakpo ikike 70.92% nke vootu, ebe Kaimo ikike 28.73%</text>
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    <title>2019 ntuli aka Senate nke Naijiria na Delta State</title>
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      <text bytes="5879" sha1="jdzq1syiaugfcihzkb1majlpnt584jj" xml:space="preserve">. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election Centre|url=https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/DT/senate/2019|accessdate=2021-08-08|work=nigeriaelections.stearsng.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808161656/https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/DT/senate/2019|archive-date=2021-08-08|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Confam INEC list of elected Nigeria Senators|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-47534951|accessdate=2021-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-03-12|title=List of all Senators elected in 2019 National Assembly elections|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/list-of-all-senators-elected-in-2019-national-assembly-elections/nxp70r9|accessdate=2021-08-30|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Senator, Senators in Nigeria :: Nigeria General Information :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Nigerian-Senate.html|accessdate=2021-08-30|work=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nhoputa ndi omebe iwu nke Naijiria nke 2019 na Delta State mere na February 23, 2019, iji hoputa ndi otu Sineti Naijiria ga-5 anya Delta State.  James Manager Ebiowou na- አምስት anya Delta North, Nwaoboshi Peter Onyeluka na- , anya anya Delta South ha meri n'ọkwa ndị People's Democratic Party, ebe Ovie Omo-Agege na- anya Delta Central meri n'elu ikpo okwu All Progressives Congress

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=INEC RESULT SHEET DELTA STATE SENATORIAL ELECTIONS 2019|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/DELTA-SOUTH.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108011048/https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/DELTA-SOUTH.pdf|archivedate=2019-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Incumbent Delta Senators Win Re-election Bids|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/02/26/incumbent-delta-senators-win-re-election-bids/|accessdate=2021-08-08|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Uduaghan loses Delta South senatorial election, seeks cancellation|url=https://guardian.ng/news/uduaghan-loses-delta-south-senatorial-election-seeks-cancellation/|accessdate=2021-08-08|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808161654/https://guardian.ng/news/uduaghan-loses-delta-south-senatorial-election-seeks-cancellation/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Senators Omo-Agege, Manager re-elected in Delta|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/senators-omo-agege-manager-re-elected-in-delta/|accessdate=2021-08-08|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-27|title=My &quot;Oga&quot;, we’re all winners, Manager tells Uduaghan|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/my-oga-were-all-winners-manager-tells-uduaghan/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-04|title=Manager floors Uduaghan as Appeal Court upholds Omo-Agege’s election|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/11/manager-floors-uduaghan-as-appeal-court-upholds-omo-ageges-election/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-09-08|title=Tribunal sacks Senator James Manager, orders re-run in Delta South|url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/tribunal-sacks-senator-james-manager-orders-re-run-in-delta-south/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Uduaghan loses Delta South senatorial election, seeks cancellation|url=https://guardian.ng/news/uduaghan-loses-delta-south-senatorial-election-seeks-cancellation/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808161656/https://guardian.ng/news/uduaghan-loses-delta-south-senatorial-election-seeks-cancellation/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=After Losing Senatorial Bid, Uduaghan Asks Delta REC To Cancel Election|url=http://saharareporters.com/2019/02/26/after-losing-senatorial-bid-uduaghan-asks-delta-rec-cancel-election|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Sahara Reporters}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uduaghan Calls For Cancellation Of National Assembly Elections In Delta South|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/02/26/uduaghan-calls-for-cancellation-of-national-assembly-elections-in-delta-south/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Former Delta Governor Uduaghan Loses Senatorial Bid|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/02/26/ex-governor-uduaghan-loses-senatorial-bid-in-delta/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-27|title=Senatorial poll: Akpabio, Akume, Uduaghan lose|url=https://punchng.com/senatorial-poll-akpabio-akume-uduaghan-lose/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PDP loses Delta South senate seat, tribunal orders fresh election - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/09/08/pdp-loses-delta-south-senate-seat-tribunal-orders-fresh-election/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=pmnewsnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-06|title=Why I lost at Appeal Court, by Uduaghan|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-lost-at-appeal-court-by-uduaghan/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngụkọta nke ndị ndọrọndọrọ iri abụọ na ise debanyere aha ha na Independent National Electoral Commission ka ha so na ọhụrụaka ahụ.  Onye na-azọ ọkwa PDP bụ James Manager meri na Jerka ahụ, meri onye ụkwụ ndị APC Emmanuel Uduaghan na mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ ndị ọzọ ụzọ ụzọ.  Onye njikwa ikike 66.15% nke votu, ebe Uduaghan 32.27%</text>
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      <text bytes="1813" sha1="9h4aqxodff2m0d2fi7h7yzvwedjd3js" xml:space="preserve">. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Confam INEC list of elected Nigeria Senators|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-47534951|accessdate=2021-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election Centre|url=https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/KW/senate/2019|accessdate=2021-08-07|work=nigeriaelections.stearsng.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807225204/https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/KW/senate/2019|archive-date=2021-08-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Senator, Senators in Nigeria :: Nigeria General Information :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Nigerian-Senate.html|accessdate=2021-08-30|work=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-24|title=Buhari wins in Kwara, Saraki loses|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/buhari-wins-in-kwara-saraki-loses/|accessdate=2021-08-30|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=Nigeria's winners and losers - from godfathers to rappers|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47400317|accessdate=2021-08-30|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How ingenious campaign, 'O to ge' concept created change in Kwara senatorial election – Businessday NG|url=https://businessday.ng/brands-advertising/article/how-ingenious-campaign-o-to-ge-concept-created-change-in-kwara-senatorial-election/amp/|accessdate=2021-08-30|work=businessday.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nhoputa ndi omebe iwu Naijiria nke 2019 na Kwara State mere na February 23, 2019, iji hoputa ndi otu Sineti Naijiria ga-amị anya Kwara State .  Ibrahim Yahaya Oloriegbe na- ndị kwara Central, Suleiman Sadiq Umar na- ndị kwara Kwara North na Yisa Oyelola Ashiru na- anya Kwara South niile meri n'elu ikpo okwu nke All Progressives Congress</text>
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      <text bytes="3481" sha1="ep0umv9cff0mewvtddnlidb35ejoj08" xml:space="preserve">. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election Centre|url=https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/OD/senate/2019|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=nigeriaelections.stearsng.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811200627/https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/OD/senate/2019|archive-date=2021-08-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nhọpụta Sineti nke apụta 2019 na Ondo steeti mere na February 23, 2019, iji họpụta ndị otu ụlọomeiwu Naijiria ga-amị anya Ondo steeti .  Akinyelure Patrick Ayo na- anya Ondo Central, na Nicholas Tofowomo na- anya Ondo South ha abụọ meri n'elu ikpo okwu nke People's Democratic Party (Nigeria), ebe Robert Ajayi Boroffice na- anya anya Ondo North meri na ikpo okwu All.  Ndị omeiwu Progressives Congress &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Confam INEC list of elected Nigeria Senators|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-47534951|accessdate=2021-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-03-12|title=List of all Senators elected in 2019 National Assembly elections|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/list-of-all-senators-elected-in-2019-national-assembly-elections/nxp70r9|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-02|title=Senators From 1999 Till Date -|url=https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/12/02/senators-from-1999-till-date/|accessdate=2021-08-31|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820060841/https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/12/02/senators-from-1999-till-date/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=INEC RESULT SHEET ONDO SENATORIAL ELECTION 2019|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ONDO-CENTRAL.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108011032/https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ONDO-CENTRAL.pdf|archivedate=2019-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-25|title=Two APC senators lose return bids in Ondo State|url=https://m.guardian.ng/news/two-apc-senators-lose-return-bids-in-ondo-state/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Babajide|first=Abdul|date=2019-02-25|title=Mimiko loses senatorial bid to PDP candidate, Akinyelure|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/02/25/mimiko-loses-senatorial-bid-pdp-candidate-akinyelure/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Daily Trust NEWS|url=https://dailytrust.com/mimiko-alasoadura-lose-as-akinyelure-emerges-ondo-central-senator|accessdate=2024-02-10|archivedate=2025-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703191250/https://dailytrust.com/mimiko-alasoadura-lose-as-akinyelure-emerges-ondo-central-senator/}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngụkọta ndị mmadụ iri na isii debanyere aha ha na ngalaba aka nke Independent National Electoral Commission ka ha so na ọhụrụaka ahụ.  Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi PDP bụ Akinyelure Patrick Ayo meri na preaka ahụ, meri Tayo Alasoadura na pati APC na mmadụ iri na anọ ndị ọzọ.  Akinyelure ikike 33.11% nke vootu, ebe Alasoadura ụzọ 28.59% &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mimiko, Alasoadura lose as Akinyelure emerges Ondo Central senator|url=https://dailytrust.com/mimiko-alasoadura-lose-as-akinyelure-emerges-ondo-central-senator|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2025-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703191250/https://dailytrust.com/mimiko-alasoadura-lose-as-akinyelure-emerges-ondo-central-senator/}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election Centre|url=https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/OY/senate/2019|accessdate=2021-08-06|work=nigeriaelections.stearsng.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806135946/https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/state/OY/senate/2019|archive-date=2021-08-06|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Confam INEC list of elected Nigeria Senators|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-47534951|accessdate=2021-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-03-12|title=List of all Senators elected in 2019 National Assembly elections|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/list-of-all-senators-elected-in-2019-national-assembly-elections/nxp70r9|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Senator, Senators in Nigeria :: Nigeria General Information :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Nigerian-Senate.html|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;E mere mbụ aka ndị Sineti nke afọ 2019 na steeti Oyo n'egosi iri abụọ na atọ n'afọ Febụwarị 2019, iji họpụta ndị otu ụlọomeiwu Naijiria ga-amị anya Oyo State .  Abdulfatai Buhari na- Ireland anya Oyo North na Teslim Folarin na- anya Oyo Central meri n'elu okwu All Progressives Congress ebe Kola Balogun na- anya anya Oyo South meri n'ọkwa nke Peoples Democratic Party &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mfonobong|first=Daniel|date=2021-03-22|title=Names of Senators in Nigeria And Their Constituencies (Updated, 2021)|url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/names-of-senators-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Nigerian Infopedia|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812185956/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/names-of-senators-in-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=jlukmon|date=2020-09-26|title=List of senators in Nigeria and their constituencies.|url=https://aboutnigerians.com/list-of-senators-in-nigeria-and-their-constituencies/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=ABOUT NIGERIANS|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831101513/https://aboutnigerians.com/list-of-senators-in-nigeria-and-their-constituencies/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|title=Here is a List of the 100 Elected Nigerian Senators confirmed by INEC|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/03/newly-elected-senators-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=www.bellanaija.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Golden|first=Enudi|date=2021-04-12|title=Complete Names of Senators in Nigeria and their constituency 2021|url=https://goldennewsng.com/2021/04/12/complete-names-of-senators-in-nigeria-and-their-constituency-2021/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=goldennewsng.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831101513/https://goldennewsng.com/2021/04/12/complete-names-of-senators-in-nigeria-and-their-constituency-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kolesnik|first=Kay|date=2018-04-09|title=The full list of all Nigerian senators and their constituencies|url=https://www.legit.ng/1161920-names-nigerian-senators-constituency.html|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2021-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831101517/https://www.legit.ng/1161920-names-nigerian-senators-constituency.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-25|title=APC candidate, Buhari, wins Oyo North Senatorial district seat again|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315914-apc-candidate-buhari-wins-oyo-north-senatorial-district-seat-again.html|accessdate=2021-08-05|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-25|title=#NigeriaDecides2019 {{!}} Sen Buhari declared winner of Oyo North Senatorial seat|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigeriadecides2019-sen-buhari-declared-winner-of-oyo-north-senatorial-seat/|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION OYO NORTH SENATORIAL DISTRICT ELECTION, OYO STATE FEBRUARY 23, 2019|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/OYO-NORTH-1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108011015/https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/OYO-NORTH-1.pdf|archivedate=8 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngụkọta ndị na-azọ ọkwa iri na ndị debanyere aha ha na ngalaba ntọala nke Independent National Electoral Commission maka ịzọ ọkwa na mbụaka ahụ.  Onye ndọrọndọrọ APC bụ Abdulfatai Buhari meri na-ahụka ahụ, meri Mulikat Akande Adeola na pati PDP na mmadụ iri na isii ndị ọzọ zọọrọ nhọrọ.  Abdulfatai Buhari nke APC 37.12% nke vootu, ebe Mulikat Akande Adeola 30.81%</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Dogon</title>
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'''Asụsụ Dogon''' bụ obere ezinụlọ asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya nke Ndị Dogon nke [[Mali]] na-asụ ma nwee ike ịbụ nke Ezinụlọ Niger-Congo. E nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ 600,000 nke asụsụ iri na abụọ. Ha bụ asụsụ ụda, ọtụtụ n'ime ha, dị ka Dogul, nwere ụda abụọ, mana ụfọdụ, dị ka Donno Ya, nwere atọ. usoro okwu ha bụ isiokwu-ihe-okwu.

== Mmekọrịta mpụga ==
Ihe akaebe na-ejikọta Dogon na Ezinụlọ Niger-Congo bụ nọmba ole na ole na ụfọdụ okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị. A tụwo aro echiche dị iche iche, na-etinye ha na Gur, [[Asụsụ Mande|Mande]], ma ọ bụ dị ka alaka kwụụrụ onwe ya, nke ikpeazụ ugbu a bụ ụzọ kachasị mma. Asụsụ Dogon na-egosi ihe ole na ole fọdụrụ na usoro klas aha nke ọtụtụ Niger-Congo, na-eduga ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ikwubi na ha nwere ike ịpụ na Niger-Cong n'oge.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Roger Blench kwuru, 
 
na: &lt;ref&gt;Roger Blench, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Asụsụ [[Asusu igbo|Bamana]] na Fula enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na Dogon, n'ihi njikọ chiri anya nke ọdịbendị na ala.

&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703170928/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Isolates/MT%20XX%20Blench%20off%20print.pdf Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon]. In ''Mother Tongue'', Issue 20, 2015: In Memory of [[Harold Crane Fleming]] (1926–2015).&lt;/ref&gt;Blench (2015) na-eche na asụsụ Bangime na Dogon nwere ike ịnwe substrate sitere na alaka &quot;efu efu&quot; nke Nilo-Saharan nke kewara n'oge na Proto-Nilo-Sacharan, ma na-akpọ alaka ahụ &quot;Plateau&quot;.

== Nchịkọta n'ime ==
Ndị Dogon na-ewere onwe ha dị ka otu agbụrụ, mana ha ghọtara na asụsụ ha dị iche. Na cosmology Dogon, Dogon mejupụtara isii n'ime asụsụ iri na abụọ nke ụwa (ndị ọzọ bụ [[Asụsụ Fula|Fulfulde]], [[Mooré]], [[Asusu igbo|Bambara]], Bozo na [[Tamasheq language|Tamasheq]]). &lt;ref&gt;The last is not mentioned in Hochstetler's sources.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na Jamsay bụ asụsụ Dogon mbụ, mana ndị Dogon &quot;na-amata ọtụtụ obere ọdịiche ọbụna n'etiti akụkụ nke obodo nta na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ma na-agba mbọ ichebe ndị a&quot; (Hochstetler 2004:18).

Asụsụ Dogon a kacha mụọ bụ asụsụ escarpment Toro Ya nke Sanga, n'ihi ọmụmụ Marcel Griaule n'ebe ahụ na n'ihi na a họọrọ Toro So dị ka otu n'ime Asụsụ mba iri na atọ nke Mali. Ọ na-aghọta onwe ya na ụdị ndị ọzọ dị n'elu ugwu. Otú ọ dị, asụsụ ndị dị larịị - Tene Ka, Tomo Ka, na Jamsay, nke Toro na-aghọtaghị - nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu.

Asụsụ Bangime ( Ba géŋri mɛ), ụfọdụ na-ewere ya dị ka alaka dị iche iche nke Dogon na ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ (Blench 2005b). 

=== Calame-Griaule (1956) ===
Calame-Griaule yiri ka ọ bụ onye mbụ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke Dogon. Calame-Griaule (1956) kewara asụsụ dị ka ndị a, na-enye ohere maka asụsụ ndị a chọpụtara kemgbe (a kọrọ asụsụ Dogon ọhụrụ na ngwụcha afọ 2005), ma ọ bụ kemgbe egosila na ha na-aghọta ibe ha (dị ka Hochstetler kwupụtara maka olumba escarpment). Asụsụ abụọ a na-asụkarị bụ asterisked.

* '''Plains Dogon''': Jamsai,*[[Toro-tegu Dogon|Tɔrɔ tegu]], [[Western Plains Dogon|Western Plains]] (dialects: Togo kã, Tengu kã, Tomo kã)
* '''Escarpment Dogon''' (dialects: Tɔrɔ sɔɔ,*[[Tommo So|Tommo so]], Donno sɔ {{sm|aka}} Kamma sɔ)
* '''West Dogon''': Duleri, Mombo, [[Ampari Dogon|Ampari]]–[[Penange Dogon|Penange]]; Budu
* '''North Plateau Dogon''': Bondum, Dogul
* '''[[Yanda Dogon|Yanda]]'''
* '''Nanga''': [[Nanga Dogon|Naŋa]], Bankan Tey (Walo), Ben Tey
* '''[[Tebul Dogon|Tebul]]'''

Douyon na Blench (2005) na-akọ ihe dị iche iche ọzọ, nke a na-edebeghị aha ya:

* [[Ana Dogon|Ana Tiŋa]]

Blench kwuru na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ na aha na-egosi na Budu kacha nso na Mombo, n'ihi ya, a gụnyere ya dị ka West Dogon n'elu. Ọ na-ekwukwa na Walo-Kumbe yiri Naŋa; Hochstetler na-enyo enyo na ọ nwere ike ịbụ Naŋa. Enwere ike ịkekọrịta myirịta dị n'etiti asụsụ ndị a na Yanda. A maghị nke ọma ihe ndị a niile.

=== ''Glottolog'' 4.3 ===
''Glottolog'' 4.3 &lt;ref&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dogo1299 ''Glottolog'' 4.3].&lt;/ref&gt; jikọtara nkewa sitere na Moran &amp; Prokić (2013) na Hochstetler (2004). Moran &amp; Prokić (2013) na-arụ ụka maka nkewa abụọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime Dogon, na [[Yanda Dogon|Yanda Dom Dogon]], [[Tebul Dogon|Tebul Ure Dogon]], da Najamba-Kindige dị ka asụsụ Dogon ọdịda anyanwụ nke na-adịwanye ka asụsụ Dogons nke ọwụwa Anyanwụ n'ihi mkpakọrịta siri ike.

* '''''Nkewa ọdịda anyanwụ'''''
** '''Dogon nke Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ'''
*** [[Ampari Dogon]]
*** Bunoge Dogon
*** Mombo Dogon
*** [[Penange Dogon]]
*** Tiranige Diga Dogon
** '''North Plateau Dogon'''
*** Dogul Dom Dogon
*** Yanda-Bondum-Tebul
**** Najamba-Kindige: ''Bondum Dom, Kindige, Najamba''
**** [[Tebul Dogon|Tebul Ure Dogon]]
**** Yanda-Ana
***** [[Ana Dogon|Ana Tinga Dogon]]
***** [[Yanda Dogon|Yanda Dom Dogon]]
* '''''Nkewa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ'''''
** '''Ugwu Dogon'''
*** Donno So Dogon
*** [[Tommo So|Tommo So Dogon]]
*** Toro So Dogon: ''Ibi So, Ireli, Sangha So, Yorno So, Youga So''
** '''Nangan Dogon'''
*** Bankan Tey Dogon
*** Ben Tey Dogon
*** [[Nanga Dogon|Nkọwa Nkọwa]]
** '''Ala Dị Larịị nke Dogon'''
*** Jamsay Dogon: ''Bama, Domno, Gono, Guru, Perge Tegu''
*** [[Toro-tegu Dogon|Toro Tegu Dogon]]
*** [[Western Plains Dogon|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Dogon]]
**** [[Western Plains Dogon|Tengou-Togo Dogon]]: ''Gimri Kan, Tengu Kan, Tenu Kan, Togo Kan, Woru Kan''
**** [[Western Plains Dogon|Tomo Kan Dogon]]

== Okwu ntụnyere ==
Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ Dogon, &lt;ref&gt;Heath, Jeffrey; McPherson, Laura; Prokhorov, Kirill; Moran, Steven. 2015. ''[https://dogonlanguages.org/sources/heathetal2015 Dogon Comparative Wordlist]''. Unpublished Manuscript.&lt;/ref&gt; tinyere Bangime: &lt;ref name=&quot;BangimeList&quot;&gt;Heath, Jeffrey. 2013. Bangime and Dogon Comparative Wordlists. m.s.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Asụsụ
!Ebe
!anya
!ntị
!imi
!ezé
!ire
!ọnụ
!ọbara
!ọkpụkpụ
!osisi
!mmiri
!Iri nri
!aha
|-
|Yorno-So
|
|Nkọwapụta
|Ọgba aghara
|China
|Ọ bụ n'oge ochie
|nɛ́nɛ́, nɛ́nɛ̌ː
|Cañó, Ángá
|ìllîː
|kǐː
|náː
|dǐː
|Kaː
|Bọy
|-
|[[Toro-tegu Dogon|Toro Tegu]]
|Tabi
|Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga
|Suguuru
|Ihe omuma di iche iche
|Ọ dị njọ
|Lee
|Ka
|néŋ
|Ihe omuma di iche iche
|náː, X nà
|ní
|Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ
|ìsǒŋ
|-
|Ben Tey
|Beni
|Ọrịa
|ebe
|Okirikiri
|N'ịgbasa, n'ịgbasị
|Ọ bụ n'oge a na-adịghị anya ka a na-akpọ &quot;Aghere&quot;
|mǒː, m̀bǒː
|Gohnọ
|cyrnéy
|náː, nàː-dûm
|Nịlịː
|Ugboro ole na ole
|Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya
|-
|[[Yanda Dogon|Yanda Dom]]
|Yanda
|N'ebe ahụ,
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|Kínzà
|Anya
|Ọgba aghara
|Ebe a na-aga, ebe a na-anọ
|Ọ bụ ebe a na-eme ihe
|Òrnà
|Ihe omuma, ihe omuma, N'anya:
|na-adịbeghị anya
|ʔə́ñɛ́ ~ ʔəñɛ́-lì
|na
|-
|Jamsay
|Douentza
|Ọrịa
|Sunu
|okirikiri
|N'ịbụ onye e ji mee ihe
|Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka a ghara ịrụ ọrụ
|Kaː
|snow
|ciro
|náː
|níː
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka a mara ya
|bọn
|-
|Perge Tegu
|Pergué
|Nkọwa
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na
|kírné
|N'ịbụ onye e ji mee ihe
|Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ
|Kaː
|snowm
|Òtù
|náː
|níː
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka a mara ya
|sórnú
|-
|Gourou
|Kiri
|Nkọwa
|N'oge na-adịghị anya
|kírné
|N'ịbụ onye e ji mee ihe
|Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka a ghara ịrụ ọrụ
|Kaː
|snow
|Òtù
|Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye ọzọ
|níː
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka a mara ya
|bọn
|-
|[[Nanga Dogon|Nanga]]
|Na-agagharị
|Nkọwa
|Ọdịdị elu
|kírnê
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-eme ka ndị mmadụ ghara ịna-eme ihe.
|N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe
|nɔ̌ː
|Gondùgo
|Òrna
|deː, nàː dueː
|Nịlịː
|kɔ́ː
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ
|-
|Bankan-Tey
|Walo
|Nkọwa
|Sunu
|okirikiri
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya
|Ọmụmụ ihe
|mbǔː
|Gohnọ
|Ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀
|nàː-dûm
|Nịlịː
|Ugboro ole na ole
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ N'ihi na ọ bụ n&quot;ụlọ
|-
|Najamba
|Kubewel-Adia
|Ọ kọọrọ ya
|súnùː ~ súnìː
|kìnjâː ~ kìnjɛ̂ː
|ìnɔ̌ː ~ ìnɛ̌ː
|nɛ̌ndɔː ~ nɛ̌̀ː
|ìbí-ŋgé ~ ìbí
|sèn-ge ~ sèn
|kìná-ŋgó ~ kìná
|N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na
|íŋgé ~ íŋgé, ínjé ~ ínjé
|kwɛ́
|inèn ~ inèn
|-
|[[Tommo So|Tommo-So]]
|Tongo-Tongo
|Nkọwa
|Sugulú
|kenu
|ìnú
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n&quot;ụlọ
|Mkpịsị ugodi, mkpịsị
|ìlìyé
|Mmekọrịta
|Ihe nnọchianya
|diị
|Nchịkọta
|Bọy
|-
|[[Western Plains Dogon|Togo-Kan]]
|Koporo-pen
|Nkọwa
|Suguuru
|kírní
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya
|Ọgba aghara
|Kyati
|Ọgba
|Nwaanyị
|náː
|díː
|ñíː ~ ñíː
|Mmanụ ala
|-
|Mombo
|Songho
|Gírè
|N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ n'ụlọ
|Chinese Ya
|n'otu oge
|nèːndé
|Ọ bụ n'afọ iri na ụma ka a na-eme
|Gen: ge
|gàːwněː
|Tiníŋgɔ
|Ọganihu:
|Nri:
|na-adị n'obodo
|-
|Ọkụ ọkụ&lt;ref name=&quot;BangimeList&quot;&gt;Heath, Jeffrey. 2013. Bangime and Dogon Comparative Wordlists. m.s.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|ɡìré
|tàŋà
|Sumbí-rì
|n n n n síìn
|nóɔ́ n ʒɛ́rí
|N'ebe a na-akpọ
|Gị onwe gị
|nnò́rɛ̀
|dwàà, dwàɛ̀
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe a kpọrọ
|Ụbọchị-ụbọchị
| (màá) níì
|}

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ ==
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: &lt;ref name=&quot;ChanNumeralsNC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Niger-Congo.htm|title=The Niger-Congo Language Phylum|author=Chan|first=Eugene|publisher=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Asụsụ
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
|-
|Dogulu Dom (1) 
|Tọn
|Néɡè
|na-aga ebe
|Nkwupụta
|N'anya
|kúlè
|Saịọọọọ
|Mmiri ozuzo
|Tuùwɔ́
|Ọnyà
|-
|Dogul Dom Dogon (2) 
|Ọkpụkpọ
|nɛiɡe
|taandu
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri
|n'ihi na
|kuloi
|N'oge a
|Seele
|tuwɔ
|Nkwupụta
|-
|Tommo So Dogon
|tií (túmɔ́ dị ka onye na-agbanwe agbanwe) 
|amụrụ
|tàndú
|Ọchịchị
|N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ
|kúlóy
|Saịdịa
|ɡáɡìrà
|Tuwwɔ́
|Ọnyà
|-
|Donno So Dogon
|tí (maka ịgụta ọnụ), túru
|Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ
|tàːnu
|Iji jụọ
|nọmba / nnɔ
|kúlóy / kulei
|Saịdịa
|ɡàɡara
|Tuo / tuɡɔ
|Ọnyà
|-
|Jamsay Dogon
|gị
|Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ
|tǎːn / tàːn
|nǎyn / nàyn *
|N'oge a na-adịghị anya
|kúróy
|seguryn
|ɡáːrà
|láːrúwà / láːrwà
|Ọrịa
|-
|Toro So Dogon (1) 
|Ntinye (maka ịgụta ọnụ), túrú
|mkpụrụedemede
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|Naji
|Númfoɔ́́́́
|kúlòj
|sɔj
|ɡáárà
|Tuwɔ́
|Ọrịa
|-
|Toro So Dogon (2) 
|tíírú (maka ịgụta ọnụ), túrú
|Lee
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ
|onye na-egwu mmiri
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri
|kúlóí
|Saịdi
|ɡáɡá
|Tuwɔ́
|Ọnyà
|-
|[[Toro-tegu Dogon|Toro Tegu Dogon]]
|gị
|Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya
|tǎːlí
|Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ nǎyn
|Na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya
|kúréy
|sonyn
|ɡáːrà
|Ọ bụ mgbe a ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ
|Ọnyà
|-
|Bankan Tey Dogon
|Tumá
|jǒj
|tàːní
|N'ihi ya
|Númmǔjn
|N'oge a
|síjnɔjn
|ɡáːràj
|Isi:
|Ọdịda Anyanwụ
|-
|Ben Tey Dogon
|Pọs:
|Ihe omuma banyere ya
|tànúː
|N'ihi ya:
|Númǔyn
|N'oge a
|súynɔ́yn
|ɡáːrày
|Isiokwu:
|Ọrịa
|-
|Mombo Dogon
|Ọ́ bụ ọ́bọ̀ ọ́bòi (n'ịgụ) 
|nɛ́ːŋɡá
|tandːndì
|Mkpụrụ ego:jɔ́
|núːmù
|kúléyn
|sɔ́ːlì
|Seːle
|t.
|Ọdịdị dị mfe
|-
|Najamba-Kindige
|ebe a na-anọ
|nôːj
|tàːndîː
|Mkpụrụ ego
|Númîː
|kúlèj
|swɛ̂j
|sáːɡìː
|twâj
|Piereli
|-
|[[Nanga Dogon|Nkọwa Nkọwa]]
|Tutema
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|tàːndǐː
|nɔ̌jn
|N'ihi ya,
|kúrê
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya
|ɡáːrɛ̀
|Isiokwu: Isiokwu:
|Ọdịda Anyanwụ
|-
|[[Western Plains Dogon|Togo Kan Dogon]] (1) 
|gị
|Rọy
|Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ọ na-eme
|Ọgwụ
|Núnen
|kúréé
|Saịdoro
|Isi ọwụwa
|Tuwa
|Ọrịa
|-
|[[Western Plains Dogon|Togo Kan Dogon]] (2) 
|gị
|Rọchịchị
|tann
|náɲì
|ihe atụ
|kúlèn
|Ahịa
|ee
|ị na-eme
|Ọdịdị dị mfe
|-
|[[Yanda Dogon|Yanda Dom Dogon]]
|Gị:
|nɔ́ː / n'efu
|ebe
|Ihe a na-ekwu maka ya
|num
|kúlé
|swɛ́ː
|Saːɡè
|twâː
|piel
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Asụsụ nke Mali
* [[wiktionary:Appendix:Dogon word lists|Ndepụta okwu Dogon]] (Wiktionary) 

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Edensibia ==

* Bendor-Samuel, John &amp; Olsen, Elizabeth J. &amp; White, Ann R. (1989) 'Dogon', na Bendor- Samuel &amp; Rhonda L. Hartell (ed.) ''Asụsụ Niger-Congo: Nchịkọta na nkọwa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa'' (pp. 169-177). &amp;nbsp;Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
* Bertho, J. (1953) 'Ebe asụsụ Dogon nke ugwu Bandiagara n'etiti ìgwè asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara Sudan,' Bulletin de l'IFAN, 15, 405-441.
* .{{Cite journal|author=Blench|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Blench|title=A survey of Dogon languages in Mali: Overview|journal=OGMIOS: Newsletter of Foundation for Endangered Languages|year=2005a|volume=3.02|issue=26|pages=14–15|url=http://www.ogmios.org/ogmios_files/266.htm|accessdate=2011-06-30}}
* Blench, Roger (2005b) 'Baŋgi me, asụsụ a na-amaghị ama na Northern Mali', OGMIOS: Newsletter of Foundation for Endangered Languages, 3.02 (# 26), 15-16.  (akụkọ nwere ndepụta okwu) 
* [[Geneviève Calame-Griaule|Calame-Griaule, Geneviève]] (1956) ''Asụsụ Dogon''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [[Geneviève Calame-Griaule|Calame-Griaule, Geneviève]] (1968) Dictionnaire Dogon Dialecte tɔrɔ: Asụsụ na Mmepeanya. Paris: Klincksieck: Paris.
* Heath, Jeffrey (2008) A grammar of Jamsay. Berlin/New York: Nwa atụrụ Gruyter.
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/16/86/70/16867030534241382251180921508916674123/silesr2004_004.pdf|title=Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area|editor=Hochstetler|date=2004|accessdate=2021-02-22}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Moran|first=Steven|date=2013|title=Investigating the Relatedness of the Endangered Dogon Languages|journal=Literary and Linguistic Computing|volume=28|issue=4|pages=676–691|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84673/|doi=10.1093/llc/fqt061|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222065252/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/84673/|archive-date=2024-02-22|access-date=2024-02-22|url-status=dead}}
* Plungian, Vladimir Aleksandrovič (1995) ''Dogon'' (Asụsụ nke ihe ndị dị n'ụwa mpịakọta 64). München: LINCOM Europe
* Williamson, Kay &amp; Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger-Congo', na Heine, Bernd and Nurse, Derek (eds) African Languages - An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, peeji nke 11-42.&amp;nbsp;

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* [http://www.dogonlanguages.org/ Dogon na Bangime Asụsụ]
* [http://www.dogonlanguages.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ asụsụ Dogon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615111624/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Dogon/Dogon%20page.htm Asụsụ Dogon] na Rogerblench.info (gụnyere data asụsụ na foto) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081119133829/http://dogonlanguages.org/docs/Dogon_bibliography_12_2007.pdf Asụsụ Dogon na Asụsụ An (sic) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography] Abbie Hantgan (2007) 
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>tf4hnsoht62rp008k6eusjt0kfoep2v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Gtaʼ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37376</id>
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      <text bytes="10752" sha1="80r93y02j2vq7i4e10mi8yq7ysnmppe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Gta'|nativename=Didayi&lt;br&gt;ଡିଡାୟୀ|region=[[India]]|speakers={{sigfig|3055|2}}|date=1991 census|familycolor=Austroasiatic|fam2=[[Munda languages|Munda]]|fam3=South|script=[[Odia script|Odia]]|iso3=gaq}}

'''Asụsụ Gtaʼ''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Gataʼ''', '''Gataʔ''', na '''Gtaʔ'''), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Gta Asa''', '''Didei''' ma ọ bụ '''Didayi''' ({{IPA-all|ɖiɖaːj(i)}}{{IPA-all|ɖiɖaːj(i)}} [16], bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Ndị Didayi nke ndịda Odisha na [[Ndia|India]] na-asụ. {{IPA-all|ɖiɖaːj(i)}}

Ọ bụ ihe a ma ama maka ụdaume Sesquisyllabic ya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Munda languages|url=https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|others=Anderson, Gregory D. S.|isbn=9780415328906|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse/page/682 682]|oclc=225385744}}&lt;/ref&gt; na usoro ọnụọgụ vigesimal.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;ʼ bụ nke mmadụ 3,000 na-asụ karịsịa na Mpaghara Malkangiri, Odisha yana mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na Mpaghara Koraput. Dị ka Anderson si kwuo (2008), ihe na-erughị mmadụ 4,500 na-asụ ya.

Ethnologue na-akọ ebe ndị a:

* Odisha (47 obodo nta): Kudumulgumma block na Chitrakonda block nke Koraput district na Malkangiri district, ndịda nke Bondo Hills; ụfọdụ na Khairput block
* Mpaghara East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh

== Nchịkọta na olumba ==
Gtaʼ bụ nke South [[Asụsụ Munda|Munda]] subgroup nke alaka Munda nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. N'ime South Munda, a na-ewere Gtaʼ dị ka alaka mbụ nke na-esokwa asụsụ Remo na Gutob; a maara obere ìgwè a nke South Munda dị ka Gutob-Remo-Gataq. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Zide|first=Norman H.|date=1976|title=A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms|series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|pages=1335–1343|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; dị iche iche na fonology na morphologically n'ime alaka ahụ.

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==
Gtaʼ nwere ụdaume 5 /a, e, i, o, u/, na mgbe ụfọdụ ụdaume nke isii /æ/. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye na nke a ọtụtụ ihe yiri ya: /ã, õ, ũ/ na mgbe ụfọdụ /ĩ/. Gtaʼ nwere ụdaume ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Mkpịsị aka
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kwụsị
!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwXA&quot;&gt;enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|p
|[t]
|Ọdịdị
|c
|k
|ʔ
|-
!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwbA&quot;&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|b
|[d]
|Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a ga-eji
|ɟ
|ɡọ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
|
|s
|
|
|
|h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n
|
|
|ŋ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Flap
|
|ɾ
|Ọdịdị
|
|
|
|}

== Asụsụ ==

=== Aha ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GzxBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=gta+language&amp;pg=PA682|title=The Munda Languages|isbn=9781317828860|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|date=8 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eji aha na Gtaʼ eme ihe maka ikpe, nọmba na ihe onwunwe.

Aha nwekwara ụdị abụọ, otu bụ ụdị zuru oke, nke ọzọ bụ ụdị dị mkpirikpi. Ndị nke ikpeazụ a na-eme naanị mgbe a na-agwakọta aha na aha ọzọ ma ọ bụ ngwaa maka ebumnuche derivational, ya mere a na-akpọ ya &quot;ụdị ngwakọta&quot;. Ụdị njikọta na-agụnyekarị iwepu akara ma ọ bụ ime ka aha ahụ dị mkpirikpi n'ụzọ ụfọdụ.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ụdị nnwere onwe
!Ụdị ngwakọta
!Nkọwa
|-
|''ncu''
|''-cu-''
|mmanụ
|-
|''gsi''
|''-si-''
|louse
|-
|''Gbe''
|''-bụ-''
|bear
|-
|''gnar''
|''-gar-''
|Mkpụrụ osisi achara
|-
|''remwa''
|''-ịlaghachi''
|onye
|}

=== Ọdịdị nke ụda ===
Gtaʔ bụkwa ihe a ma ama maka ojiji ọ na-eji okwu echo. E nwere ụdị anọ sara mbara nke ụdị ụda: &lt;ref name=&quot;M76&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mahapatra|first=K.|title=Echo Formation in Gtaʔ|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/mahapatra1976echo.pdf|access-date=2024-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218164422/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/mahapatra1976echo.pdf|archive-date=2022-02-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* a-ụdị, na-egosi nnukwu ụdị;
* ụdị i, na-egosi obere ma ọ bụ ụdị dị nro;
* u/a-forms, na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche site na ụdị yiri ya;
* Ụdị gbanwere akụkụ ụfọdụ, na-egosi ụdị dị ala: ụdị a, na-egosipụta oke; na ụdị i, na-ezo aka n'ịdị nro.

Iwu phonological maka inweta otu ụdị okwu echo bụ ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;M76&quot;/&gt;

# A na-emepụta okwu mkpu site na ịgbanwe naanị ụdaume nke okwu isi.
# Okwu echo ga-adị iche na okwu isi. A na-egosipụta ụdaume nke okwu ndị isi dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/ na okwu echo. Maka okwu isi /u, e, o/ a na-ahọrọ ụdaume /a/, ebe maka okwu isi /ɛ/ a na'ahọrọ ụdaolu /i/.
# A na-egosipụta ụdaume nke okwu isi disyllabic na okwu echo dị ka ndị a:
#* A na-egosipụta ụdaume abụọ ahụ dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/; ma ọ bụ
#* Naanị otu n'ime ụdaume okwu bụ /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/ ebe nke ọzọ na-egosipụta n'agbanweghị; ma ọ bụ
#* Mkpụrụedemede mbụ (V1) na-agbanwe /u/ ebe nke abụọ (V2) na-agbanwere /a/.
# N'ihe banyere okwu trisyllabic, otu, abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ime ụdaume (na nkeji okwu ndị dị n'akụkụ) na-egosipụta dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/.
# A na-enweta ụdị ụda nke okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị okwu ha, dị ka ndị a:
#* N'ihe banyere ngwaa ngwakọta nke nwere ngwaa abụọ, otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na-agbanwe, dabere na mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha.
#* Ụdị njikọta aha na-apụta na ngwaa na-agbanwe n'onwe ya; ndị ejikọtara na aha na-agbanwere naanị na isi.
#* N'okwu na-etinye prefix, ma prefix na stem na-agbanwe dị ka otu.

Njikọ ụdị aha ndị na-apụta na ngwaa stems nwere ike ikwughachi n'onwe ya na ngwaa stem; ndị na-eme na aha stems ma ọ bụ na-anọgide ma ọ bụ gbanwee na isi stems.

== Usoro ọnụọgụ ==
ọnụọgụ Gta' bụ vigesimal.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|1. {{IPA|muiŋ}}
|21. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatakwu
|-
|2. {{IPA|mbar}}
|22. {{IPA|mũikuɽi mbar}}
|-
|3. {{IPA|ɲji}}
|23. {{IPA|mũikuɽi ɲji}}
|-
|4. {{IPA|õ}}
|24. {{IPA|mũikuɽi hõ}}
|-
|5. {{IPA|malʷe}}
|25. {{IPA|mũikuɽi malikliɡˀ}}
|-
|6. {{IPA|tur}}
|26. {{IPA|mũikuɽi turukliɡˀ}}
|-
|7. {{IPA|ɡul}}
|27. {{IPA|mũikuɽi gukliɡˀ}}
|-
|8. N'ihi ya
|28. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatak
|-
|9. {{IPA|sontiŋ}} / N'Anya
|29. {{IPA|mũikuɽi sontiŋkliɡˀ}}
|-
|10. {{IPA|ɡʷa}} / dɔa
|30. Ọnọdụ a na-akpọ &quot;Oké Mkpụrụ&quot; (20 + 10) 
|-
|11. {{IPA|ɡʷamiŋ}} / eɡa
|
|-
|12. {{IPA|ɡombar}} / baro
|
|-
|13. {{IPA|teroʈa}} International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;ɡoɲji / teroa
|
|-
|14. {{IPA|ɡohõ}} / coudoʹa
|40. mbarkuʹi (2 × 20) / {{IPA|calistɔra}}
|-
|15. {{IPA|ɡomal}} / pɔndrɔa
|50. {{IPA|mbarkuɽi ɡʷa}} ɡwa / pɔcas
|-
|16. {{IPA|ɡotur}} / soloːa
|60. ɲjikui (3 × 20) / saʹe
|-
|17. {{IPA|ɡogu}} / sɔtroya
|70. {{IPA|ɲjikuɽi ɡʷa}} / {{IPA|suturi}}
|-
|18. {{IPA|ɡotma}} / aɾa
|80. {{IPA|ōkuɽi}} (4 × 20) 
|-
|19. {{IPA|ɡososiŋ}} / unis
|90. {{IPA|ōkuɽi ɡʷa}}
|-
|20. Akụkọ banyere mba ndị ọzọ
|100. Ịkpọ anụ (5 × 20) / ya mere
|}

== Asụsụ ndị agbata obi ==
Gtaʼ echo-formation na-egosi ụfọdụ ihe yiri ya na echo-formation n'asụsụ Munda ndị agbata obi dị ka Remo na Gorum yana n'Asụsụ Desia nke Oriya nke a na-asụ na mpaghara Koraput Munda. Ihe kac&lt;ref name=&quot;M76&quot;/&gt; pụta ìhè ha na Gtaʼ bụ na okwu mkparịta ụka n'asụsụ atọ a niile sitere na okwu ndị bụ isi site na mgbanwe na ụdaume naanị.

== Edensibia ==
Malkangiri, Odisha yana mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na Mpaghara Koraput. Dị ka Anderson si kwuo (2008), ihe na-erughị mbụ nke na-esokwa asụsụ Remo na Gutob; a maara obere ìgwè a nke South Munda dị ka{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Anderson, Gregory D.S. (onye nwụrụ). Gtaʔ (Didey) Asụsụ - Munda Languages Project - Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages E debere  Wayback Machine.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Nchịkọta ọhụrụ nke South Munda: Ihe akaebe sitere na morphology ngwaa&quot;. Indian Linguistics 62.1: 21-36.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Gtaʔ.&quot; Na: Gregory D.S. Anderson (ed.), The Munda Languages. London / New York. [Routledge Language Family Series]. 682–763.
* Onye Kraịst bụ́ Bauer 1993. Nnyocha nke: Robert Parkin: Ntuziaka maka ndị na-asụ Austroasiatic na asụsụ ha.  (Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, no. 23.) ix, 198, [xv] pp. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. Na: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, mpịakọta. 56, mbipụta 1 (February 1993), peeji nke 193-194.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Munda.html Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Mmetụta Mmetụta Monosyllabic Vowels na Mmetụta Mbụ]. Ọmụmụ Austroasiatic Nkebi nke Mbụ, 13, 213-227. Munda  (n.d.)  E nwetara ya na February 15, 2015
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Arguments against the Vowel Plane&quot; na Gtaʔ Linguistic Inquiry, 18 (3), 523-529.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Alụmdi na nwunye, Omume na Ọgbọ n'etiti ndị Munda nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ India&quot;. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages (2 mpịakọta). Leiden: Ọmarịcha
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na Munda Linguistics I&quot;. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', 31 (4), 332-341.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms&quot;, na P. Jenner, L. Thompson, na S. Starosta, eds., Austroasiatic Studies, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210323184040/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Gta_Chatterji Online Gtaʔ Dictionary (Chatterji)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174247/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Gta_Mahapatra Online Gtaʔ Dictionary (Mahapatra)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071220050136/http://munda.chikyu.ac.jp/ Munda Site nke Toshiki Osada (nke nwere ozi gbasara Gtaʼ, Gutob, Ho, Mundari)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185738/http://globalrecordings.net/en/program/C24630/ Nchịkọta ụda Gta']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211114020857/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4186 Gta']
{{Austroasiatic languages}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Bu-Nao</title>
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Asụsụ '''Bu-Nao''' ma ọ bụ Bunu bụ alaka asụsụ Hmongic (Miao) nke a na-asụ na Guangxi, Yunnan, na Guizhou na [[China]]. A na-ahazi ndị na-asụ ya dị ka ndị Yao ma na-asụrụ Asụsụ Hmong. Alaka ahụ nwere asụsụ atọ, nke bụ Bunu (ma ọ bụ Bunu n'onwe ya), Baonao (Nao Klao), na Numao. Okwu '''''''Bu'''''-Nao'' bụ portmanteau nke Bunu na '''''Nao''' Klao''.

== Nchịkọta ==
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bu-Nao bụ ndị gọọmentị China na-akpọ Ndị Yao, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-asụrụ Asụsụ Hmong karịa Asụsụ Mienic. Strecker (1987) kewara Bunu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka asụsụ Hmongic Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ (Chuanqiandian), na asụsụ &quot;Bunu&quot; ndị ọzọ - Younuo (Yuno), [[Asụsụ Hm Nai|Wunai]] (Hm Nai), na Jiongnai (Kiong Nai) - dị ka alaka dị iche iche nke Hmongic. Matisoff (2001) chịkọtara ihe ndị a niile n'otu alaka ''Bunu'' nke Hmongic (ya bụ, n'èzí Western Hmongic). &lt;ref name=&quot;Ratliff2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ratliff|first=Martha|title=Hmong-Mien Language History|date=2010|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|isbn=978-0-85883-615-0|location=Canberra|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010) kewara Bunu n'ime Western Hmongic ma kwaga Jiongnai na alaka ya nke Hmongic. &lt;ref&gt;王士元、邓晓华，《苗瑶语族语言亲缘关系的计量研究——词源统计分析方法》，《中国语文》，2003（294）。&lt;/ref&gt; &amp; Deng (2003) kewara asụsụ Bu-Nao dị ka alaka nwanne nne nke Western Hmongic, na Jiongnai na Younuo dị ka alaka ndị nweere onwe ha.

== Ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche ==
Ngụkọta nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bu-Nao bụ ndị na-ekwu okwu 390,000. Enwere ike kewaa &lt;ref name=&quot;Meng2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meng|first=Chaoji 蒙朝吉|title=Yáozú Bùnǔyǔ fāngyán yánjiū|date=2001|publisher=Minzu chubanshe|location=Beijing|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'ime nnukwu ụyọkọ atọ, ya bụ Bunu, Baonao, na Numao.

Nghọta n'etiti ụdị ndị a siri ike, a pụkwara iwere ha dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Strecker|first=David|date=1987|title=Some Comments on Benedict's &quot;Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e Language&quot;|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/strecker1987some.pdf|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=22–42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116082421/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/strecker1987some.pdf|archive-date=2020-11-16|access-date=2018-10-31|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1987) tụrụ aro na ha nwere ike ọ gaghị eme otu ìgwè ma ọlị, kama asụsụ dị iche iche n'ime West Hmongic.

== Edensibia ==
ya nke Hmongic.  &amp; Deng (2003) kewara asụsụ Bu-Nao dị ka alaka nwanne nne nke Western{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&amp;morpho=0&amp;basename=new100\hmo\hmo&amp;first=0 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu bụ isi nke Bunu na Global Lexicostatistical Database]
{{Hmong-Mien languages}}{{Languages of China}}</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Alsatian</title>
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      <text bytes="16127" sha1="h3gqbnobxdp64x74sfurs3163tqlwqa" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vevent&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;&quot; |Alsace
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;&quot; |''Elsässisch'', ''Elsässerditsch''
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |A mụrụ ya&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[France]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ógbè
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Alsace]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |900,000 (2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;e19&quot;&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/gsw/ Alsatian] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (19th ed., 2016) &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; top: -2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
* [[Germanic languages|Asụsụ German]]
** [[West Germanic languages|West German]]
*** [[High German|Nnukwu German]]
**** [[Upper German]]
***** [[Alemannic German|German German]]
****** [[Low Alemannic German|Low German]]
******* [[Upper Rhenish]]
******** '''Alsace'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;&quot; |Ọnọdụ gọọmentị
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Asụsụ ndị ka nta a ma ama na&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[France]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[List of language regulators|Na-achịkwa site na&amp;nbsp;]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |''Enweghị iwu gọọmentị''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''A na-akwalite ya site na 'Office pour la Langue et les Cultures d'[[Alsace]] et de Moselle (OLCA) ' (Ọfịs maka asụsụ na ọdịbendị nke Alsace na Moselle), nke mpaghara Grand Est (nke bụbu mpaghara Alsace) kwadoro, na kansụl ngalaba nke [[Bas-Rhin]] na Haut-Rhin.''&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;&quot; |Koodu asụsụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-2]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=177 gsw]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:gsw|gsw]]&lt;/code&gt; (na [[Swiss German]]) 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/swis1247 swis1247]&lt;/code&gt; Central Alemannic&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[IETF language tag|IETF]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;gsw-FR&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Linguistic_Map_of_Alsace.svg|frameless]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;Map Asụsụ nke Alsace&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint selfref&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;&quot; |'''Isiokwu a nwere akara ụdaolu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].''' Enweghị [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|nkwado nsụgharị]] kwesịrị ekwesị, ị nwere ike ịhụ [[Unicode]]_block)#Replacement_character&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Specials (Unicode block)&quot;&gt;akara ajụjụ, igbe, ma ọ bụ akara ndị ọzọ kama mkpụrụedemede Unicode. Maka ntuziaka mmeghe na akara IPA, lee Help:IPA.
|}
'''Alsatian''' ({{lang-gsw-FR|Elsässisch|links=no}} ma ọ bụ {{Lang|gsw|Elsässerditsch}} &quot;Alsatian German&quot;; Lorraine Franconian: ''Elsässerdeitsch''; {{lang-fr|Alsacien}}; {{lang-de|Elsässisch}} ma ọ bụ Elsässerdeutsch) bụ otu olumba German Alemannic a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ Alsace, nke a na-esebubu. mpaghara dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ France nke gafere n'etiti njikwa French na German ugboro ise kemgbe 1681.

== Ezinụlọ asụsụ ==
Alsatian nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Alemannic ndị ọzọ dị nso, dị ka Swiss German, Swabian, Markgräflerisch, Kaiserstühlerisch na asụsụ Alemanonic ndị ọzọ nke Baden. A na-ejikarị ya na [[Lorraine]]_[[Franconian (linguistics)|Franconian]]&quot; id=&quot;mwJw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lorraine Franconian&quot;&gt;Lorraine Franconian, asụsụ Franconian nke nwere njikọ chiri anya nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alsace na Lorraine dị nso. Dị ka olumba na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, isi mmalite ndị ọzọ emetụtala Alsatian. Enwere ike ịchọta okwu sitere na Yiddish na Alsatian, na mkparịta ụka Alsatian nke oge a gụnyere mgbanwe nke okwu French na okwu Bekee, ọkachasị gbasara teknụzụ ọhụrụ.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Alsatian nwere ike, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, ide na German ezi uche dị na ya. Maka ọtụtụ ndị, nke a ga-abụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụrụ naanị ndị mụtara German n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ site na ọrụ. Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ, ihe dị iche iche na-ekpebi mgbe, ebe, na onye mmadụ nwere ike ikwurịta okwu na Alsatian. Ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche achọghị ịsụ asụsụ German, mgbe ụfọdụ, nye ụfọdụ ndị si n'èzí ma họrọ iji French. N'ụzọ dị iche, ọtụtụ ndị bi nso n'ókè ha na Basel, [[Switzerland]], ga-agwa onye Switzerland si n'ógbè ahụ okwu ha, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-aghọta ibe ha n'ọtụtụ akụkụ; omume yiri nke ahụ nwere ike itinye aka na mkparịta ụka na ndị German Markgräflerland dị nso. Ụfọdụ aha okporo ámá na Alsace nwere ike iji mkpụrụedemede Alsatian (a na-egosipụta ha naanị na French n'oge gara aga mana ugbu a ha na-asụ asụsụ abụọ n'ebe ụfọdụ, ọkachasị Strasbourg na Mulhouse).

== Ndị ọkà okwu ==
{{image frame|content={{Graph:Chart
 | type = area
 | width = 400
 | xAxisTitle = Year
 | xType = date
 | xAxisAngle = -40
 | x = 1900, 1946, 1962, 1979, 1986, 1991, 1997, 2001, 2012
 | yAxisTitle = Speakers (%)
 | yAxisMax = 100
 | yAxisMin = 0
 | yGrid= 
 | y1 = 95, 91, 86.3, 74.7, 71.7, 67, 63, 61, 43
}}|align=none|caption=Fraction of Alsatian speakers in Alsace&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.olcalsace.org/fr/observer-et-veiller/le-dialecte-en-chiffres|title=Le dialecte en chiffres|website=www.OLCAlsace.org|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013438/https://www.olcalsace.org/fr/observer-et-veiller/le-dialecte-en-chiffres|archive-date=2021-01-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2003-3-page-363.htm#|title=Le dialecte alsacien : état des lieux|last=Denis|first=Marie-Noële|date=2003|website=[[Cairn.info]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== Ọnọdụ nke Alsatian na France ===
[[Usòrò:Rue_du_Sauvage.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|175x175px|Ihe ịrịba ama asụsụ abụọ ([[Asụsụ French|French]] na Alsatian) na Mulhouse]]
[[Usòrò:WIKITONGUES-_Dominique_speaking_Alsatian.webm|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye na-asụ asụsụ Alsatian]]
Kemgbe afọ 1992, iwu nke [[French language|French]]_Fifth_Republic&quot; id=&quot;mwTQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;French Fifth Republic&quot;&gt;Republic nke Ise na-ekwu na French bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic. Otú ọ dị, Alsatian, tinyere Asụsụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ, bụ nke Gọọmentị France nabatara na ndepụta asụsụ nke France. France bụ onye bịanyere aka na European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages mana ọ kwadoro iwu ahụ ma enyeghị asụsụ mpaghara nkwado nke akwụkwọ ikike ahụ ga-achọ.

Alsatian esila n'ịbụ asụsụ a ma ama n'ógbè ahụ gaa n'asụsụ na-ebelata. Nnyocha [[National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies|INSEE]] mere n'afọ 1999 gụrụ ndị okenye 548,000 na-asụ Alsatian na [[France]], na-eme ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ mpaghara nke abụọ a na-asọpụta na mba ahụ (na-esote Occitan). Dị ka asụsụ mpaghara niile dị na France, Otú ọ dị, nnyefe nke Alsatian na-ebelata. Ọ bụ ezie na 43% nke ndị okenye bi na Alsace na-asụ Alsatian, ojiji ya anọwo na-ebelata n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'etiti ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto.

Otu ìgwè a maara dị ka Swiss Amish na-asụ otu olumba nke Alsatian German na United States, ndị nna nna ha kwagara ebe ahụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 19. Ihe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Chad|author=Thompson|title=The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=36|issue=1|year=1994|pages=69-91}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ndị ọkà okwu 7,000 dị na Allen County, Indiana, na &quot;ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị&quot; n'ebe ọzọ.

== Orthography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Ụdị ndị dị elu
|[[A]]
|[[B]]
|[[C]]
|[[D]]
|[[E]]
|[[F]]
|[[G]]
|[[H]]
|[[I|M]]
|[[J]]
|[[K]]
|[[L]]
|[[M]]
|[[N]]
|[[O]]
|[[P]]
|[[Q]]
|[[R]]
|[[S]]
|[[T]]
|[[U]]
|[[V]]
|[[W]]
|[[X]]
|[[Y]]
|[[Z]]
|Ä
|À
|Mụ onwe onye
|Ọ bụ
|Oge
|Ì
|Ö
|Ü
|Ùnu
|-
!Ụdị ndị pere mpe
|a
|b
|c
|d
|na
|f
|g
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|o
|p
|q
|r
|s
|t
|u
|v
|w
|x
|na
|z
|Ọ bụ n'oge ochie ka a na-akpọ
|na
|ë
|bụ
|Oge
|ì
|ö
|ü
|Ọ bụ
|-
!IPA
|{{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{IPA|/b̥/}}
|{{IPA|/ɡ̊/}}{{IPA|/k/}}, /ɡ̊/
|{{IPA|/d̥/}}
|{{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{IPA|/f/}}
|{{IPA|/ɡ̊/}}
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/j/}}
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|{{IPA|/l/}}
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|{{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|{{IPA|/o/}}
|{{IPA|/p/}}
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|{{IPA|/ʀ/}}{{IPA|/ʁ/}}, /ʁ/
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}
|{{IPA|/ʋ/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}
|{{IPA|/ks/}}
|{{IPA|/ʏ/, /yː/, /ɪ/, /iː/}}
|{{IPA|/z/}}
|{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|{{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ɑː/}}
|{{IPA|/æ/}}
|{{IPA|/e/}}
|{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|{{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
|{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|/ʊ/}}
|}

== Ihe edeturu ==

# &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thecommonlife.com.au/c/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Let-Us-Reason-Together.wps_.pdf|title=Following are relevant excerpts from a letter written to the ministry at Aylmer|work=thecommonlife.com.au|accessdate=22 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228193431/http://thecommonlife.com.au/c/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Let-Us-Reason-Together.wps_.pdf|archivedate=28 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ontariomennonitehistory.org/2016/02/08/prince-edward-island-fever/|title=Prince Edward Island Fever|date=8 February 2016|work=ontariomennonitehistory.org|accessdate=5 April 2018|archivedate=5 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090546/https://ontariomennonitehistory.org/2016/02/08/prince-edward-island-fever/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe obodo ndị Amish buru oke ibu, ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na-apụ ma mepụta ebe obibi ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ ''Ebe obibi nwa nwanyị''. Ebe obibi ha hapụrụ bụ ''ebe obibi nne''. 

== Edensibia ==
nwere ike ikwurịta okwu na Alsatian. Ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche achọghị ịsụ asụsụ German, mgbe ụfọdụ, nye ụfọdụ ndị si{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* Marthe Philipp na Arlette Bothorel-Witz. 1990. Low Alemannic. Na Charles V. J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of modern German: a linguistic survey, 313-336. Njem.
* &lt;span class=&quot;languag&lt;sup id=&quot; mwbpi=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;e&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;in lang&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:In_lang&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwBO8&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt; (n'asụsụ French) &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319135708/http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_publication/65/publi_pdf1_pop_et_soc_francais_376.pdf] François Héran, et al. (2002) &quot;La Dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle&quot;. Ndị bi na ụlọ ọrụ 376, Ined.
* (n'asụsụ French) Usoro ORTHAL 2016 - Orthographe Alsace - Iwu ụfọdụ dị mkpa iji mee ka ederede na ịgụ asụsụ Alsace dị mfe n'ụdị ya niile. 
* (n'asụsụ French) &quot;L'Alsacien, asụsụ mpaghara nke abụọ nke France&quot; (PDF). Ọnụ ọgụgụ maka Alsace INSEE Disemba 2002.{{Cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/alsace/rfc/docs/cpar12_1.pdf|title=L'Alsacien, deuxième langue régionale de France|publisher=INSEE|work=Chiffres pour l'Alsace|date=December 2002}}
* (n'asụsụ French) Brunner, Jean-Jacques. ''Onye Alsace n'enweghị nsogbu''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  
* (n'asụsụ French) Jung, Edmond. Asụsụ nke Alsacian. Asụsụ Strasbourg na ihe ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme 1983. Straßburg: Ed. Oberlin
* (n'asụsụ French) Laugel-Erny, Elsa. Ebe a na-asụ asụsụ Alsace [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* (n'asụsụ French) Matzen, Raymond, na Léon Daul. Ọ bụ Wie Geht? [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  
* (n'asụsụ French) Matzen, Raymond, na Léon Daul. Ọ bụ Wie Steht? [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  
* (n'asụsụ French) Steible, Lucie. ''Nchịkwa oge nke ụdaume occlusives nke Alsace na French a na-asụ na Alsace''. Asụsụ. Mahadum Strasbourg, 2014.
* (n'asụsụ French) Rünneburger, Henri. ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Alsace-French.'' Ụgbọelu atọ. Hamburg: Baar 2021 (100,000 lemmata).

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category}}&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; text-align: left; float: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;[[Usòrò:Wikipedia-logo.png|none|50x50px|Wikipedia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 70px;&quot;&gt;Isiokwu na Alsatian na mbipụta German German nke [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* [http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/alemany/a/i3/i3.html Euromosaic:] [link nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] Ọnọdụ asụsụ German na France (na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Universitat Oberta de Catalunya). 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416181957/http://elsasser.free.fr/ElsNamme/index.html Aha ebe ndị dị na Alsatian]
* [https://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/ElsWB Wörterbuch der elsässischen Mundarten] (n'asụsụ German) 
* [http://www.alsace-culture.com Ndị na-ese ihe na Alsatian]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240704100327/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/elsass-webschnuffler-1355900.html Webschnuffler], edemede na Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung na nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke mmemme Microsoft na Alsatian (n'asụsụ German) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722234955/http://www.olcalsace.org/ Ọfịs maka asụsụ na ọdịbendị nke Alsace na Moselle] (n'asụsụ French na German) 
* [https://www.elsassisch.eu/culture.alsace.pagesperso-orange.archive/dictionnaire_alsacien.htm Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Alsatian] (n'asụsụ French) (n'ụdị Alsatian) 
{{Languages of Germany}}{{Languages of France}}{{Alsace topics}}{{Germanic languages}}{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>h3gqbnobxdp64x74sfurs3163tqlwqa</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Barbareño</title>
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      <text bytes="9706" sha1="ts72ecnbsc7ijm3p5p5l2pvc44ue3ol" xml:space="preserve">Barbareño bụ otu otu n'ime asụsụ Chumashan, otu asụsụ ndị America na-asụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị na mpaghara Santa Barbara, California.  Ineseño nwere njikọ chiri anya nwere ike ịbụ olumba nke otu asụsụ.  Asụkwara otu olumba nke asụsụ Barbareño na San Emigdio dịdebere Ọdọ Mmiri Buena Vista” na ndịda Central Valley.  Olumba a, nke a na-akpọ Emigdiano, bụ ndị Buena Vista Yokuts nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu.&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barbareño|work=Survey of California and Other Indian Languages|accessdate=2012-11-01|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/barbareno.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barbareño tụfuru onye na-asụ ya ikpeazụ a maara na 1965 na ọnwụ Mary Yee. &lt;ref name=&quot;poser2004status&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|accessdate=2010-09-22|year=2004|first=William J.|author=Poser|journal=Ms., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.|url=http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/dm/featgeom/poser-chumashnew.pdf|title=On the Status of Chumash Sibilant Harmony}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bringing Back the Samala Chumash Language|work=Channel Islands National Park|accessdate=2013-05-07|date=2010-04-08|url=http://www.nps.gov/chis/parknews/bringing-back-the-samala-chumash-language.htm|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130626173631/http://www.nps.gov/chis/parknews/bringing-back-the-samala-chumash-language.htm|archivedate=June 26, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;santabarbara&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chumash Dictionary Breathes Life into Moribund Language|work=The Santa Barbara Independent|accessdate=2013-05-07|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2008/apr/24/chumash-dictionary-breathes-life-moribund-language/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042649/http://www.independent.com/news/2008/apr/24/chumash-dictionary-breathes-life-moribund-language/|archivedate=2014-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chawkins|first=Steve|title=Chumash recover their 'alishtaha'n: Armed with a trove of scattered notes, linguist saves ancestral tongue from brink of extinction.|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2013-05-07|date=2008-04-20|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/20/local/me-chumash20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|volume=24|issue=4|author=Moreno|first=Sarah Koyo|title=Our Ancestors are Happy: Chumash Language Learning at Wishtoyo|journal=News from Native California|accessdate=2013-05-08|date=2011|url=http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html|archive-date=2013-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202212515/http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chumash Language|work=Wishtoyo Foundation|accessdate=2013-05-08|url=http://www.wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705234344/http://wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html|archivedate=2013-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barbareño na Ineseño na-aga n'ihu ugbu a na usoro mmelite asụsụ.

== Nweghachi asụsụ ==
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, Kansụl Barbareno Chumash na-etinye aka na mbọ na-aga n'ihu iji mee ka asụsụ ahụ dịghachi ndụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Funded Projects|work=Seventh Generation Fund for Indian Development|accessdate=2013-05-08|url=http://www.7genfund.org/funded-projects|archivedate=2013-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509053046/http://7genfund.org/funded-projects}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barbareno Chumash Council|accessdate=2013-05-08|url=http://www.barbarenochumashcouncil.com/id1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822092529/http://barbarenochumashcouncil.com/id1.html|archivedate=2013-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ime ndị otu ya bụ ndị mmụta asụsụ na ndị nkuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
 Wishtoyo Chumash, na Malibu, California, kwupụtara mmeghe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ asụsụ Šmuwič na 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mgbochiume ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Mkpụrụ okwu ndị na-adịghị mma
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bilabial
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Alveolar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Postalveolar/Palatal&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Velar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Uvular
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mkpịsị aka
|-
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;sibilant&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Plosive/Africate&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|k
|q
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |ʔ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;ejective&lt;/small&gt;
|pʼ
|tʼ
|t͡sʼ
|t͡ʃʼ
|kʼ
|qʼʼ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;
|ph
|th
|t͡sh
|t͡ʃh
|kh
|qh
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|s
|ʃ
|x
|
|h
|-
!&lt;small&gt;ejective&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|sʼ
|Ihe atụ
|xʼ
|
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|sh
|ʃh
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|m
|n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Glottalized&lt;/small&gt;
|Ọdịdị
|__ibo__ N'ihi ya
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|
|l
|
|j
|w
|
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Glottalized&lt;/small&gt;
|
|Ọdịdị
|
|__ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị
|__ibo__ Ọdịdị
|
|
|}

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Mkpụrụ okwu ụdaume Barbareño
!
!N'ihu
!Central
!Ịlaghachi azụ
|-
!N'akụkụ
|i
|Ọdịdị
|u
|-
!Emeghe
|na
|a
|o
|}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Beeler|first=M. S.|title=Sibilant Harmony in Chumash|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1970-01_36_1/page/14|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=36|issue=1|pages=14–17|date=January 1970|doi=10.1086/465084}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1972). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130422131816/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/dissertations/applegate-1972.pdf ''Ineseño Chumash Grammar.'']  (Nkwupụta doctoral, Mahadum California, Berkeley).
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Barbareno Chumash: a farrago. Na Langdon, Margaret na Silver, Shirley, eds. Hokan Studies: Akwụkwọ sitere na 1st Conference on Hokan Languages nke emere na San Diego, California Eprel 23-25, 1970, peeji nke 251-270. &amp;nbsp;The Hague: Nwa atụrụ.
* Wash, Suzanne (1995). Mgbasawanye mmepụta na Barbareño Chumash.  (Master's thesis, Mahadum California, Santa Barbara; 210 + x pp.) 
* Wash, Suzanne (2001). Okwu mmegide na Barbareño Chumash Narrative Discourse.  (Nkwupụta doctoral, Mahadum California, Santa Barbara; 569 + xxii pp.) 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nchịkọta [https://web.archive.org/web/20130301180621/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/barbareno.php Asụsụ Barbareño] na Survey of California and Other Indian LanguagesNnyocha nke California na Asụsụ India Ndị Ọzọ
* {{Cite web|title=Barbareño / Chumash sound recordings|work=Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=2012-07-20|url=http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?date.slider=&amp;date.slider=&amp;fq=online_media_type%3A%22Sound+recordings%22&amp;fq=online_visual_material%3Atrue&amp;q=&amp;q=%22Tubatulabal%22&amp;fq=language:%22Chumash%22&amp;q=%22Chumash%22}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061758/http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=13FT9K2213128.121815&amp;profile=all&amp;uri=link=3100007~!35361~!3100001~!3100002&amp;aspect=Browse&amp;menu=search&amp;ri=2&amp;source=~!siarchives&amp;term=Chumash+Barbareno&amp;index=PSUBJ Chumash Barbareño], Smithsonian Archives
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025924/http://www.sbnature.org/research/anthro/chumash/body.htm Barbareño Chumash Aha maka Ahụ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042932/http://www.chumashlanguage.com/index.html Samala Chumash Language Tutorial]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/boi Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Barbareño]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131105042543/http://www.language-archives.org/language/inz Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Ineseño]
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&amp;morpho=0&amp;basename=new100\chm\chm&amp;limit=-1 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu bụ isi nke Ineseño na Global Lexicostatistical Database]
*  Isiokwu a gụnyereihe onwunwe ọha na ezesite na.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;'&quot;&quot;'&quot;}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Iweghachi Asụsụ Samala Chumash. National Park Service.</text>
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    <title>Alexandra Silva</title>
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      <text bytes="2159" sha1="l3ymbpyz5k5rtg2o17whc40bf5buhkl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} '''Alexandra Silva''' (amụrụ 1984) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa nke Pọtugal na Prọfesọ na Mahadum Cornell . Ọ bụbu Prọfesọ nke Algebra, Semantics, na Computation na Mahadum Mahadum London . &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003125427/http://www.alexandrasilva.org/files/cv.pdf|archivedate=2017-10-03|url=http://www.alexandrasilva.org/files/cv.pdf|work=alexandrasilva.org|first=Alexandra|author=Silva|year=2017|title=Alexandra Silva CV}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/people/A.Silva.html|title=Alexandra Silva|work=www.cs.ucl.ac.uk|date=2018-08-20|access-date=2024-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814054051/http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/people/A.Silva.html|archive-date=2020-08-14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==
Silva meriri Philip Leverhulme Prize na injinia na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/news/article/dr_alex_silva_awarded_prestigious_leverhulme_trust_award/|title=Dr Alex Silva awarded prestigious Leverhulme Trust Award|work=Computer Science News|publisher=University College London|date=28 October 2016|accessdate=2019-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905050952/http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/news/article/dr_alex_silva_awarded_prestigious_leverhulme_trust_award/|archive-date=2019-09-05|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ meriri ihe nrite Presburger, nke a na-enye kwa afọ nye &quot;onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto maka ntinye pụtara ìhè na sayensị kọmputa, nke akwụkwọ e bipụtara ma ọ bụ usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ bipụtara&quot;, na 2017, na Roger Needham Award na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anon|year=2018|title=Computer Science News: Alexandra Silva Receives BCS Roger Needham Award 2018|url=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/news/article/alexandra_silva_receives_bcs_roger_needham_award_2018/|accessdate=2018-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212155952/http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/news/article/alexandra_silva_receives_bcs_roger_needham_award_2018/|archive-date=2021-12-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Zukisa Tshiqi</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=[[The Honourable]]|office=[[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Justice of the Constitutional Court]]|term_start=1 October 2019|appointer=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|office1=[[Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa|Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeal]]|termend1=30 September 2019|nominator1=|appointer1=[[Jacob Zuma]]|predecessor1=|successor1=|office2=[[High Court of South Africa|Judge of the High Court]]|termend2=30 November 2009|nominator2=|appointer2=[[Thabo Mbeki]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|01|11}}|birth_place=[[Ngcobo|Cefane]], [[Cape Province]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Union of South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|birthname=Zukisa Laura Lumka Qingana|nationality=|party=|otherparty=&lt;!--For additional political affiliations--&gt;|spouse=F. V. Tshiqi|partner=&lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;|relations=|children=|alma_mater=[[University of the Witwatersrand]]|termstart2=25 July 2005|termstart1=1 December 2009|1blankname2=Division|1namedata2=[[Gauteng Division|Gauteng]]}}

{{Databox}}'''Zukisa Laura Lumka Tshiqi''' ( née Qingana ; amuru 11 Jenuarị 1961) bu onye ọka ikpe South Africa nke thelọ ikpe gbasara iwu nke South Africa . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị site na Disemba 2009 ruo Ọktoba 2019, mgbe Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa buliri ya gaa n'Ụlọikpe Iwu. Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbe mbụ a họpụtara ya na bench na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Gauteng na 2005.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Tshiqi na 11 Jenụwarị 1961 na Cefane, ime ime obodo dị nso na Ngcobo na mpaghara Cape mbụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Justice Tshiqi|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/current-judges/13-current-judges/353-justice-tshiqi|accessdate=12 April 2021|work=Constitutional Court of South Africa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412013501/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/current-judges/13-current-judges/353-justice-tshiqi|archive-date=12 April 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeal|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/sca/judges_cv.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110052124/https://www.justice.gov.za/sca/judges_cv.html|archivedate=2017-01-10|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ asatọ na nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rabkin|first=Franny|date=2019-09-13|title=Zukisa Tshiqi: The quiet fighter|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-09-13-00-zukisa-tshiqi-the-quiet-fighter/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Cefane wee gụọ akwụkwọ na 1979 na Blythswood High School na Nqamakwe . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=August 2005|title=Names in the News: Judge Zukisa Tshiqi|url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2005/august/2005-august-vol018-no2-p37.pdf|journal=Advocate|volume=18|issue=2|pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na Mahadum Fort Hare mana a manyere ya ịhapụ n'ihi enweghị ego. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ya gasịrị, ọ kwagara Johannesburg, bụ́ ebe o debanyere aha na Mahadum Witwatersrand . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BPRC na 1989, gụchara akara ugo mmụta ya mgbe ejidere di ya maka mmejọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbe ọ dị ime nwa mbụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Na mahadum, [[Halton Cheadle]] kụziri ya, onye kpalitere mmasị ya na iwu ọrụ . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mgbe e mesịrị, na 2001, ọ gụchara diploma diploma na iwu ọrụ na Rand Afrikaans University . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ iwu ==
Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ maka BPRC ya, Tshiqi bụ onye nhazi iwu nke South Africa Council of Churches . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ dechara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na Neluheni Attorneys, na-enweta nnabata dị ka onye ọka iwu na 1991. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere Matlala Attorneys dị ka onye enyemaka ọkachamara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Na 1992, ọ kwagara na Black Lawyers Association, ebe ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịgba akwụkwọ na onye na-enye ndụmọdụ ikpe ikpe ruo 1994. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'agbata 1994 na 2005, ọ na-elekọta onye ọlụlụ na ụlọ ọrụ nke ya, Tshiqi-Zebediela Attorneys. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu ọrụ na azụmahịa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; N'oge ahụ, site na 1995 ruo 2005, ọ bụkwa onye isi kọmishọna na Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; na ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ọrụ n'etiti 2003 na 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Gauteng: 2005-2009 ==
Na 31 May 2005, Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki kwupụtara na Tshiqi ga-esonye n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na-adịgide adịgide dị ka onye ọka ikpe nke Transvaal Provincial Division (mgbe e mesịrị na Gauteng Division ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=31 May 2005|title=Mbeki appoints new deputy Chief Justice|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/mbeki-appoints-new-deputy-chief-justice-242560|accessdate=21 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ sonyere na bench na 25 Julaị 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; N'ime afọ anọ ya na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, a kwadoro ya maka ogologo oge na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị, ebe ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe n'etiti 2007 na 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ mekwara ihe n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Kasị Elu site na Eprel ruo Nọvemba 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Kasị Elu: 2009–2019 ==
Na 25 Nọvemba 2009, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma kwupụtara na a ga-ebuli Tshiqi gaa n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị na-adịgide adịgide site na 1 Disemba 2009. A họpụtara ya na Jeremaya Shongwe na Eric Leach, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-11-25|title=New judges announced by Zuma|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-11-25-new-judges-announced-by-zuma/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-aghọ nwanyị ojii Afrịka nke atọ n'ụlọ ikpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rabkin|first=Franny|date=2019-09-11|title=Ramaphosa makes his first ConCourt appointments|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-09-11-ramaphosa-makes-his-first-concourt-appointments/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ jere ozi n'ụlọikpe mkpegharị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri. N'ime oge ahụ, n'etiti Nọvemba 2014 na Mee 2015, &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Sarah|date=2015-06-25|title=Top court nominations begin to address judicial gender injustice|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-06-25-top-court-nominations-begin-to-address-judicial-gender-injustice/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ikpe na Ụlọikpe Iwu nke South Africa, na-ejuputa oche nke Justice Chris Jafta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 July 2014|title=ConCourt appoints 3 female acting judges|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/concourt-appoints-3-female-acting-judges-20140725|accessdate=2023-07-01|work=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Benjamin|first=Chantelle|date=2015-01-27|title=Acting Concourt judges appointments boast a female majority|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-01-27-acting-concourt-judges-appointments-boast-a-female-majority/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ, o dere ọtụtụ ikpe abụọ maka Ụlọikpe Iwu Iwu n'ihe gbasara ''City Power v Grinpal Energy Management Services'' na ''Coughlan NO v Road Accident Fund'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=JSC Candidates Judge Zukisa Tshiqi|url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2019-interviews/jsc-candidates-apr-19/judge-zukisa-tshiqi/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=Judges Matter|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge na-adịghị anya ka njedebe nke ọrụ ya gasịrị, na June 2015, Tshiqi bụ otu n'ime ndị mmadụ ise, ndị inyom niile, bụ ndị Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe na-ahọrọ maka ịhọpụta oge na-adịgide adịgide na Justice Thembile Skweyiya 's oche ohere ohere na Ụlọikpe Iwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; A gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ maka ọnọdụ ahụ n'ọnwa na-eso ya, mana News24 kọwara ajụjụ ọnụ ya dị ka &quot;oke&quot;: ndị otu panel katọrọ o doro anya na ọ na-ala azụ ide ikpe na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị; enweghị ahụmahụ ya na-abụghị nke mpụ; na nhazi nke ụlọ ọrụ iwu mbụ ya gara n'ihu na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ ekwentị ya, nke onye ọka ikpe Mogoeng Mogoeng kọwara dịka &quot;ezighị ezi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Jenni|date=9 July 2015|title=Four women judges grilled over vacant ConCourt position|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/four-women-judges-grilled-over-vacant-concourt-position-20150709|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ''Daily Maverick'' si kwuo, ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara iwu nwekwara mmetụta na, n'ime ndị na-eme ntuli aka ise, Tshiqi nwere &quot;ihe ndekọ kachasị ike n'ihe gbasara mgbagwoju anya nke ikpe ya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Thamm|first=Marianne|date=2015-07-06|title=Judges and the rise of traditional leaders and customary law: A new legal frontier|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-07-06-judges-and-the-rise-of-traditional-leaders-and-customary-law-a-new-legal-frontier/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ala Zuma họpụtara Nonkosi Mhlantla n'ọkwa ahụ.

== Ụlọ ikpe gbasara iwu: 2019- dị ugbu a ==
N’ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2019, Kọmịshọna Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe ahọpụtara Tshiqi maka otu n’ime ohere ọhụrụ abụọ n’ụlọ ikpe gbasara iwu, oge a mere site n’aka ndị ọkaikpe ezumike nka Dikgang Moseneke na [[Bess Nkabinde]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 February 2019|title=Commission names judges shortlisted for key court positions|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-02-11-commission-names-judges-shortlisted-for-key-court-positions/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=Sowetan|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime mmadụ isii na-azọ ọkwa abụọ ahụ, ndị otu ndị ọka iwu ojii họpụtara ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Mgbe a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ n'April, ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka &quot;onye na-agba ọsọ&quot; nwere ahụmahụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke iwu, kwupụta echiche ya na nkọwa ikpe enweghị ike ịbụ &quot;usoro iwu kwadoro&quot;, ma zaa ajụjụ gbasara ọkwa nke kọleji na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Kasị Elu. Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Karim|first=Aisha Abdool|date=2019-04-04|title=Ramaphosa gets his shortlist for Constitutional Court judge vacancies|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-05-ramaphosa-gets-his-shortlist-for-constitutional-court-judge-vacancies/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ jụkwara echiche nke General Council of the Bar, nke dị na nrubeisi nke Bar na ngwa ya, na o nwere ndekọ ikpe dị ntakịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ gasịrị, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe na-akpọ Tshiqi na anọ ndị ọzọ na-aga ime - Annali Basson, Patricia Goliath, Jody Kollapen, na Steven Majiedt - dị ka ndị kwesịrị ekwesị maka nhọpụta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rabkin|first=Franny|date=2019-04-05|title=SCA tensions dominate at interviews|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-04-05-00-sca-tensions-dominate-at-interviews/|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 2019, Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa kwupụtara na ya ahọrọla Tshiqi na Majiedt ịbanye n'ụlọ ikpe gbasara iwu na-amalite site na 1 October. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gerber|first=Jan|date=11 September 2019|title=ConCourt Bench: Ramaphosa appoints judges Zukisa Tshiqi, Stevan Majiedt|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/concourt-bench-ramaphosa-appoints-judges-zukisa-tshiqi-stevan-majiedt-20190911|accessdate=2023-12-21|work=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ FV Tshiqi, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ atọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ [[Onye Kraịst]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2019-interviews/jsc-candidates-apr-19/judge-zukisa-tshiqi/ ZLL Tshiqi] na Ndị Ikpe Matter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160418200759/https://www.johannesburgbar.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Judge-ZLL-Tshiqi.pdf Nyochaa] Kansụl Bar (2016)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240330103754/https://gcbsa.co.za/jscdocs/2019%20April/JUDGE%20TSHIQI..pdf Nyochaa] Kansụl Bar (2019)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-tisIyYsGk Ajụjụ ọnụ] ya na Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe (2019)
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    <title>Ịnweta Ndụ</title>
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{{Databox}} 

'''Inweta Ndụ''' bụ ọrụ ebere  dabere na Canterbury, England na-enyere ndị na-ehi ụra aka ike, ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na ndị nọ n'ụlọ enweghị nchebe. Ọ na-adabere na onyinye, ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na inye ego n'ime obodo ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pack&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchinglives.org/pdf/Partner-Pack.pdf|title=Info Pack|publisher=Catching Lives|accessdate=2010-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516213323/http://www.catchinglives.org/pdf/Partner-Pack.pdf|archivedate=2011-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2011}} &lt;/link&gt;&lt;/link&gt; , Achịbishọp nke Canterbury Rowan Williams bụ onye nkwado . &lt;ref name=&quot;pack&quot; /&gt;

Catching Lives' Open Center na-enye ndị ahịa ya ọrụ dịka nri, ịsa ahụ, ịsa ákwà, uwe na adreesị ozi-e. Ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụkọ ọrụ na ha iji dozie nsogbu ha nwere; nweta ebe obibi dabara adaba, wee chọta ihe mkpali ime usoro maka ibi ndụ kwụụrụ onwe ya.

Ọrụ ebere ahụ na-arụ ebe nchekwa abalị oyi yana njikọ ụka dị n'ime obodo. 2016–2017 bụ oge nke asaa ya. Ọrụ a na-emepe ụlọ ụka maka Canterbury rough sleepers. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ebu ihe ndina, sie nri ma na-anabata ndị ọbịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://catchinglives.org/winter-shelter/|title=Winter Shelter|work=Catching Lives|date=27 July 2021|accessdate=4 December 2022|archivedate=6 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106113738/https://catchinglives.org/winter-shelter/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Aha ===
Inweta Ndụ malitere dị ka ''Canterbury Open Christmas'' ; tupu ọ bụrụ ''Canterbury Open Center'', wee bụrụ ''Scrine Foundation'' mgbe ndị guzobere Joan Scrine MBE na di ya Rev Ralph Scrine &lt;ref name=&quot;3s&quot;/&gt; 

Na 1 Julaị 2010 ndị ọrụ ebere nakweere aha ya ugbu a. Ọ bụ Charity edebanyere aha, nọmba 1014868, yana ụlọ ọrụ nwere oke 2719436. 

=== Evolution ===
Ebe mbụ Canterbury Open Center nyere ohere nnabata maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na Canterbury. Na 2002 ọ na-etinye uche na ''Kent Literacy Scheme'' ; na 2004 ọrụ ndụmọdụ enweghị ebe obibi nke ''Canterbury Youth Project'' maka ndị na-eto eto, yana n'afọ 2005 ''ịchọta atụmatụ ụkwụ gị'' maka ndị na-achọ mgbaba . &lt;ref name=&quot;3s&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Matthew|author=Little|title=Collaborators: Mergers save Kent care charities|url=http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/archive/628647/Collaborators-Mergers-save-Kent-care-charities/|work=Third Sector|date=2007-01-10|accessdate=2010-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930085907/http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/archive/628647/Collaborators-Mergers-save-Kent-care-charities/|archivedate=2011-09-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLittle2007&quot;&gt;Little, Matthew (10 January 2007). . ''Third Sector''. Archived from [http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/archive/628647/Collaborators-Mergers-save-Kent-care-charities/ the original] on 30 September 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 September&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntọala ahụ enyochala usoro mmezi mmanya na-aba n'anya maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na ọzụzụ pụrụ iche, ọzụzụ ọrụ. Otu ntọgharịgharị debere ndị ahịa ma nyere ndị nwe ụlọ ọhụrụ aka na-achọ ụlọ ogologo oge. Site na 2007 ọ na-arụ ọrụ oghere ụlọ mbikọ 146 ma nwee ndị ọrụ 60 oge niile. &lt;ref name=&quot;3s&quot;/&gt;

Na 2009, ọnwụ nke nkwekọrịta ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ £ 600,000 kwa afọ site na Kent County Council, bụ ndị na-ekwu na a naghị emezu ụkpụrụ dị mma, kpatara nsogbu ego.  Ndị na-ahụ maka ntọala ahụ gọnarịrị ebubo ahụ mana ha ga-enye ndị ọrụ 66 niile ọkwa maka nrụkwa ọrụ . &lt;ref name=&quot;Warren&quot;&gt;{{citation | title=Funding crisis for Canterbury's homeless charity, the Scrine Foundation | first=Gerry | last=Warren | journal=Kentish Gazette | date=23 July 2009 | url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/news/2009/july/23/funding_blow_for_scrine.aspx | accessdate=2010-09-02 | archive-date=16 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616141110/http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/news/2009/july/23/funding_blow_for_scrine.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 31 October 2009 ebe nchekwa abalị nke Scrine Foundation mechiri mgbe afọ 14 gachara.  Otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, ọ meghere ka ọ bụrụ ebe etiti ụbọchị .

== Ịnweta ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ndụ ==
[[Usòrò:Old_Kings_School_Shop_Canterbury_1_(4901200691).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ndụ, 2010]]
Inweta Lives Bookshop bụ ụlọ ọrụ afọ ofufo na-agba ọsọ akwụkwọ na-enyere aka ịkwado ọrụ ebere ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na ''The Crooked House'', nke a na-akpọkwa ''Sir John Boy's House'' ma ọ bụ ''Old Dutch House'', ihe dị egwu, nke narị afọ nke 17 skewed, okpukpu abụọ, ụlọ nke nwere ọkara na njedebe nke Palace Street, na-abụghị Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndị Eze . Ụlọ ahịa ahụ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ndị kacha ese foto na Canterbury ma na-echekwa akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ akụkọ, yana CD, vinyl na DVD. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://catchinglives.org/bookshop/|title=Catching Lives Bookshop|archivedate=24 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924151444/https://catchinglives.org/bookshop/|work=Catching Lives|date=27 July 2021|accessdate=2022-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.machadoink.com/Sir%20John%20Boys%20House.htm|title=Sir John Boy's House|work=Historic Canterbury|accessdate=4 December 2022|archivedate=9 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209011100/http://www.machadoink.com/Sir%20John%20Boys%20House.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Enweghị ebe obibi na England

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|title=Every Day of the Year: A History of Canterbury Open Centre|first=Ralph|author=Scrine|publisher=Scrine Foundation|year=2004}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 

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    <title>Ịda ogbenye na Australia</title>
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      <text bytes="15075" sha1="myz71b77nyb4rwez1u78a4kyxsnx0lu" xml:space="preserve">Ịda ogbenye n'Australia na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ego ogbenye dị n'Australia na nha ya.  A na-atụ ego ogbenye dị ka mkpa nke ndị mmadụ na-akpata obere ego ma e jiri ya na-egosi etiti ọnwa nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ .

. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://povertyandinequality.acoss.org.au/poverty/|title=Poverty – Poverty and Inequality}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2020 , Council of Social Service na Australia mgbaàmà na- akwụkwọ na ndị ogbenye na-eto na Australia, na-eme akwụkwọ 3.2 nde mmadụ, ma ọ bụ 13.6% nke ndị bi na ya, bi n'okpuru oke.  Mba ogbenye nke mba ụwa nabatara nke 50% nke ego etiti obodo.  O mekwarakwara na e nwere ihe dị 774,000 (17.7%) n'okpuru afọ 15 na inye ogbenye. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acoss.org.au/media_release/report-shows-three-million-people-in-poverty-in-australia-and-why-we-must-act-to-support-each-other/|title=Report shows three million people in poverty in Australia and why we must act to support each other – ACOSS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na-akọwa ịda ogbenye ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;PovertyAustraliaACOSS2012&quot;&gt;{{cite report|first=Peter|last=Davidson|title=Poverty in Australia|year=2012|publisher=Australian Council of Social Service|url=http://acoss.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Poverty_Report_2013_FINAL.pdf|issn=1326-7124|isbn=9780858710825|access-date=10 June 2013|location=Strawberry Hills, NSW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230161132/http://acoss.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Poverty_Report_2013_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ụzọ ozi mma isi abụghị ogbenye bụ nne ɔkwan ogbenye wee mmadụ ole dara n'okpuru ahịrị a.  Enwere ike nsogbu ahịrị ogbenye dị ka oke ike zuru oke ma ọ bụ oke ogbenye.  Ọstrelia ụtụ ahịrị ndị ogbenye, ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke ma ọ bụ onye ikwu.  Usoro ọmụmụ ACOSS/UNSW nke ịza Ogbenye n'Australia [1] na-eji ahịrị ike abụọ na-echekwa ego ụlọ ndị mmadụ.  Otu ahịrị ogbenye nke Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ji mee ihe na n' ụmụaka ihe a, zoro aka na ọkara nke ego etiti maka ihe niile, ya bụ, 50% nke ego etiti na nke ọzọ bụ.  60% nke etiti.  ego

=== Ogbenye zuru oke, oke ịda ogbenye ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;UN1995&quot;&gt;[UN declaration at World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995]&lt;/ref&gt;Ebu ụzọ webatara na 1990, ụbịa ndị ogbenye kwa ụbọchị na- ndị ogbenye zuru oke site n'ụkpụrụ nke mba kacha daa ogbenye.  Banklọ akụ ụwa kọwapụtara ahịrị ogbenye mba ụwa dị ka $1.27 kwa ụbọchị maka 2005 (nke ruru $1.00 kwa ụbọchị na ọnụ na ọnụ ahịa US 1996).  [1] mana emelitere na nso a ka ọ bụrụ $1.25 na $2.50 kwa ụbọchị.  [2] Ogbenye zuru oke, oke ogbenye, ma ọ bụ ego ogbenye dara ogbenye bụ &quot;ịkwa e ji mara oke nke mkpa mmadụ bụ isi, nri nri, mmiri dị ọcha, ebe obibi ọcha, ebe obibi, njikọ.  na ozi.Ọ dabere na ọ bụghị naanị na nchekwa maka ọrụ.

Okwu a bụ 'ịda ogbenye zuru oke', mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụdị a, na-oke 'oke ego ogbenye: Robert McNamara, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke ụlọ akụ ụwa, ndị oke mkpa ma ọ bụ oke ere.  ogbenye dị ka, &quot;... nke eri ihe na-edozi ahụ na-ejedebe . agụghị akwụkwọ, ọrịa, gburugburu ebe a na-ahụ ahụkebe, ọnụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-anwụ, na dị ndụ ala dị ka ọ ga-  adị n'okpuru ọlụ ezi uche dị na ya maka ụmụ mma mmadụ.&quot;  [1] [note 1] [2] Ɔstrelia bụ otu n'ime mba ndị bara àmà n'ụwa.  N'asụsụ ya nke e edi na Australian Policy Online, Robert Tanton na-ekwu na &quot;Ọ bụ ebe na ego a kwesịrị mkpa maka mba ụwa nke Australia, ego a-eji gboo mkpa a bụ isi ga-adị  elu akụkụ n'ihi na ọnụ ahịa ihe ndị a dị mkpa dị elu.&quot;

Ihe nrịbama a na-eme ihe iji were ihe ndị na-enweta enweta ego n'uche bụ Index Development Human (HDI) nke United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na-achịkọta kwa afọ, nke na-ahụ ụzọ maka ego, ngwaọrụ.  na ibe.  Maka akụ na dị dị elu, e akụkụ Index nke Ịda ogbenye (HPI-2), nke na-emetụta oke ego, ngwaọrụ na dị na mba ndị a.  Ọstrelia nọ n'ọkwa dị elu na ndeksi zuru ụwa ọnụ.

A gbakọrọ ahịrị ịda ogbenye ikwu na Australia maka ajụjụ ịda ogbenye Henderson na 1973. Ọ bụ $62.70 kwa izu, nke bụ ego a na-atụfu n'efu chọrọ iji kwado mkpa bụ isi nke ezinụlọ nke ndị okenye abụọ na ụmụaka abụọ dabere n'oge ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ Melbourne na-emelite ahịrị ịda ogbenye a mgbe niile dịka mmụba na nkezi ego; maka otu onye na-enweghị ọrụ, ọ bụ $445.40 kwa izu (gụnyere ụgwọ ụlọ) na Machị 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;poverty inequality&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tanton|first=Robert|date=6 July 2009|title=Poverty versus inequality|url=http://apo.org.au/commentary/poverty-versus-inequality|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609171100/http://apo.org.au/commentary/poverty-versus-inequality|archivedate=9 June 2013|accessdate=10 February 2012|publisher=Australian Policy Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'Australia, ịda ogbenye OECD ga-adaba na &quot;ego a ga-atụfu n'ihe na-erughị $358 kwa izu maka otu okenye (nke dị elu maka ezinụlọ buru ibu iji tụlee maka nnukwu ego ha na-efu). 

=== Ụbịam nwa ===
A na-eme atụmatụ ịda ogbenye ụmụaka na 0.13 (n'okpuru afọ 17) dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ OECD si kwuo (iji ego nke etiti) site na 2013 - 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;data.oecd.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://data.oecd.org/inequality/poverty-rate.htm|title=Inequality - Poverty rate - OECD Data|work=theOECD|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ACOSS si kwuo, ụmụaka nọ n'okpuru afọ 15 nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye nke 17.3%, na ndị na-eto eto dị afọ 15 ruo 24 nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 13.9%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ACOSS_Poverty-in-Australia-Report_Web-Final.pdf|work=www.acoss.org.au|title=ACOSS and UNSW Sydney: Poverty in Australia 2018|accessdate=2018-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-atụ aro na ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye dị elu metụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye dị elu n'etiti ndị okenye na-alụbeghị di (a na-eche na 25%). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.acoss.org.au/images/uploads/ACOSS_poverty_report_October_2010.pdf|work=www.acoss.org.au|title=Poverty Report (October 2010): Poverty and Its Causes|accessdate=2018-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpokọta ịda ogbenye mba nke 12.8% dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ OECD siri kwuo. &lt;ref name=&quot;data.oecd.org&quot; /&gt; National Center for Social and Economic Modeling (NATSEM) na-atụ aro ihe ọzọ kpatara oke ịda ogbenye ụmụaka nwere ike ịbụ enweghị ụlọ dị ọnụ ala maka ndị okenye na-enweghị ego. Ha chọpụtara na pasentị 39 nke ezinụlọ nwere ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 15 ka e nyere ego mgbazinye na-agaghị akwụ ụgwọ, nke na-egosi na ịrị elu ọnụ ahịa nnyefe n'Australia nwere ike na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye ụmụaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2016/09/by-2030-no-australian-child-will-be-living-in-poverty--why-cant-we-promise-that.php|title=By 2030, 'no Australian child will be living in poverty' – why can't we promise that?|work=www.swinburne.edu.au|language=en-au|accessdate=2018-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223548/http://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2016/09/by-2030-no-australian-child-will-be-living-in-poverty--why-cant-we-promise-that.php|archive-date=2018-12-15|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ogbenye Ogbenye ===
Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na OECD (iji ego na-akpata etiti), ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye nke ụmụ amaala 66 abụ abụọ nke mba na 0.257.  [1] Iji lelee ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye agadi Australia n'otu n'otu, ọ nọ n'ọkwa #4 n'etiti mba OECD, 8 ugboro ugboro n'ogo 0.031 maka France, Netherlands na Denmark.  Akọego ahụ dị ka nke akụ na na-emesapụ aka ndị ọzọ, yana US na 0.229 na UK na 0.142.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye ndị agadi dị ala, ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-egosi na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ụlọ dị elu na Australia n'etiti ndị agadi.  ለምሳሌ, nkọwa nke Income na Housing nke Australian Bureau of Statistics' 2009-10 na-egosi na 33% nke nwe ụlọ ha na-egosi, ebe 36% nwewe ụlọ n'ihu (nke ahụ bụ 21% nke ndị nwe ụlọ.  nwere ego ).  [2] Nke a dị mkpa ma e jiri ya mere onye nwe ụlọ na United States, ebe Washington Post na-eme akwụkwọ na 66% nke ndị nwe ụlọ US nwere ụfọdụ ụdị ụdị.  [3] Ịbụ ego nwe ụlọ dị elu nke Australia na ọnụma na-ahụ dị ala nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi na akụ nke ụmụ amaala mpaghara apụta 66, ọ bụghị na-egosi na mgbasa ogbenye merela agadi.

== Akụkọ banyere ịda ogbenye na Australia ==
N'ime afọ ndị sochiri njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na n'oge ọganihu akụ na ụba nke Australia nwere ogologo oge mgbe agha gasịrị, a kwenyere n'ọtụtụ ebe na iwebata steeti ọdịmma yana mmalite nke ọha mmadụ bara ọgaranya emesịa kwụsị ịda ogbenye na &quot; obodo nwere chioma&quot;. Otú ọ dị, n'etiti afọ iri isii na ụma, hụrụ &quot;nchọgharị&quot; nke ịda ogbenye, ebe ọ bụ na a chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ndị Australia enweghị ikere òkè na ọganihu akụ na ụba mgbe agha gasịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mendes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Philip Mendes|year=2008|title=Australia's Welfare Wars: the Players, the Politics and the Ideologies|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_O6-EAQ-570|publisher=[[University of New South Wales Press]]|isbn=978-0-86840-991-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta na òtù mere ka nnọgidesi ike nke ịda ogbenye na Australia pụta ìhè. Dị ka otu ọkà mmụta na 1960, Helen Hughes si kwuo, ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọkara nde ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ na ndị agadi na ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ezumike nká n'Australia bụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-eme atụmatụ na ha nọ n'ụbịam. N'afọ 1959, onye mmụta ọzọ aha ya bụ James Jupp dere banyere &quot;n'ime ụzọ iri&quot; nke ndị Australia hapụrụ na ọganihu akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ, gụnyere ndị Aborigine, ndị bi n'ụlọ ezumike, ndị nwunye gbahapụrụ, ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ, ndị bi n'ime ụlọ, ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ezumike nká, na &quot;ọ dịghị. - ndị na-eche &quot;. Ndị otu Victoria na Australian Councils of Social Service mere nyocha banyere oke ịda ogbenye n'Australia, ebe ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụka, Brotherhood St. Laurence, mere ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere mkpa ezinụlọ ndị na-enweghị ego. na ndị ezumike nka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mendes&quot;/&gt;

Enwekwara ọnọdụ ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ ndị Australia. Ngụkọ e mere na 1954 gosiri na ezinụlọ 49,148 bi n'ụlọ ọnụ ụlọ na n'ụlọ awụsa, ebe ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1972, ihe karịrị 1.5&amp;nbsp;nde mmadụ nọ n'obodo ukwu ndị ahụ bi n'ime ụlọ na ụlọ ndị na-ejikọtaghị na usoro mkpofu mmiri ozuzo zuru oke. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;The Whitlam Government 1972–1975 by Gough Whitlam&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1971, Institute of Applied Economic Research mere atụmatụ na ọ dịkarịa ala 1 nde ndị Australia bi na ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Luxury, And Poverty: Economic Inequalities in Australia|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XwhkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=j_EDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1132,11602297&amp;dq=poverty+in+australia+1970&amp;hl=en|accessdate=3 April 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=30 March 1971|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu akụkọ nke Justice John A. Nimmo sitere na mmalite nke Seventies kwuru na e nwere ihe dị ka otu nde ndị Australia bi n'okpuru &quot;oke ịda ogbenye dara ogbenye.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Britannica Book of the Year 1971, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., William Benton (Publisher)&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime akụkọ a, Commission chọrọ ịchọpụta oke ịda ogbenye n'Australia n'ihe gbasara ego ezughị oke n'ihe gbasara mkpa, ma kọwapụtara ahịrị ịda ogbenye dị ka pasentị nke ego a na-enweta, nke edoziri maka nha ezinụlọ. Edebere ahịrị ịda ogbenye na 56.5% nke ego a na-enweta maka ezinụlọ &quot;ọkọlọtọ&quot; (nke nwere onye na-eri nri nwoke, nwanyị anaghị arụ ọrụ akwụ ụgwọ, yana ụmụaka abụọ dabere). Dị ka akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, 8.2% nke ndị mmadụ bi na ịda ogbenye na 1972-73, ma ọ bụ 6.4% mgbe a na-atụle ụgwọ ụlọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Frank J. B. Stilwell &amp; Kirrily Jordan|year=2007|title=Who Gets What?: Analysing Economic Inequality in Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/whogetswhatanaly0000stil|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-70032-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ, ihe karịrị 10% nke ndị na-akpata ego na 1972-73 nọ n'okpuru ahịrị ịda ogbenye nke kọmishọna, ebe 8% ọzọ kọwapụtara dị ka 'ọ dara ogbenye', na-enweta ego na-erughị 20% karịa ahịrị ahụ. Mgbe a tụlechara ụgwọ ụlọ, pasent nke ndị na-akpata ego bi n'okpuru ịda ogbenye bụ ihe dịka 7%. &lt;ref name=&quot;c03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Poverty and inequality in Australia|chapterurl=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/poverty/report/c03.pdf|pages=33–53|title=A Hand Up Not a Hand Out: Renewing the Fight Against Poverty (Report on Poverty and Financial Hardship)|date=11 March 2004|publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]]|isbn=978-0-642-71199-1|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/poverty/report/|archive-date=16 February 2012|access-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216200320/http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/poverty/report/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland</title>
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[[Usòrò:Town's_Hospital,_Glasgow.jpg|alt=black and white image of large 3-storey building with lots of windows|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Ihe osise nke ụlọ ogbenye Glasgow, Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Obodo, site na 1830s]]
.Ndị ogbenye ndị Scotland, nke a na-akpọ oge ụfọdụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ, nyere ndị ogbenye na ndị ogbenye na Scotland ebe obibi.  Ọ echiche nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-eji okwu poorhouse ahụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na mba, n'ihi na n'adịghị ka ndị dị n'ibu ọrụ ha na ndị bi na England na Wales agbata obi achọ ịhụnanya na-adị na mba.  ọrụ nakwụghachi ụgwọ maka ndabere ha

Ndị omeiwu Scotland ụzọ a ga-eji na-emeso ndị ogbenye ihe na apụ nke 15 mgbe otu iwu 1424 depụtara ndị na-ahụ apụ n'ime ndị e chere na ha kwesịrị maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị na- ike ike.  ;  Ọtụtụ iwu ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ gbasoro ruo mgbe idere Iwu Iwu Ogbenye Scottish nke 1579. Iwu ahụ gbochiri ndị ogbenye ndị ruru eru ọrụ ọrụ eserese ma nwee ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma.  Enyemaka ọ bàrà n'ozuzu were ụdị ndị dị n'iche, na ọ bụ ebe na a gwara ndị burghs iri atọ na abụọ ka ha nye ụlọ mgbazi n'okpuru egwu a ga-ata ya, ọ na-enwe obi abụọ.  na e wuru ya.  Na mfe afã nke 18, obodo ndị dị ka Aberdeen, Edinburgh na Glasgow nwere ụlọ dara ogbenye ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya nke ndị ọrụ akara ngosi ma ọ bụ ndị otu ọzụzụ na-akwado

Usoro ahụ zuru oke ruo nwaa adọ nke 19 n'ime ime obodo ebe, na-ahụ mma bụ ike nke ndị ozi, ndị okenye ụka na ndị nwe ala mana o zughị oke n'ime ime obodo.  Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti ndị awụ ahụ ọ bụ ebe na Scotland chere mbà n'obi nke akụ na-ahụ ihu na nke a, na-ama ọkụ nke Ecclesiastic nke 1843, butere mfe akarị.  Mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Edinburgh na Glasgow na nhazi imewe maka iwu ụlọ ndị dara ogbenye bụ ndị Board nke bụ nke nyere akwụkwọ parochial bọọdụ e hibere ka emechara iwu nke Iwu Ogbenye (Scotland) 1845 .

== Nzụlite iwu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ==

=== Oge ochie ruo oge ochie ===
Enweela ihe na-adịghị ahụ mma oge oge ochie na usoro ndị na-anwa imeso ndị ogbenye ihe na mbụ awụ nke 15. [1] Edebere ụmụaka mbụ ndị nzuko omeiwu Scotland mere ndokwa maka nhọrọ na-enweghị mma n'ụkpụrụ 1424 na  -ekewa ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị gaa n'ụdị abụọ: ndị ruru eru ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị a na-ewereghị dị ka ndị nwere ike.  [1] Iwu na Scotland gbasara nsogbu na-ahụ mma dị iche n'a nnukwu akpa gbasara nke England na Wales.  A nwere ndị parish dị n'England ka ha weta ọrụ nke ndị ogbenye nwere ike ọrụ ọrụ ga-arụ ebe na Scotland nke ezi iwu.  [3] Ndị ọbịa ọbịa na-adịghị mma na Scotland nwere ikike ikike ugboro, n'ahuhu ka ndị na-aga na England na Wales.  [1] Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ Scotland na 1425 nyere ndị sheriff aka ijide ndị mmadụ ruru eru ọrụ;  ọ bụrụ na ha ahụghị ọrụ n'ime ụbọchị iri anọ ka a tọhapụrụ ha, na-eme ike ike ịhụ ha.  [5] Ihe na-emebe Ibu na-arụ ọrụ: na 1427 ndị ọkàikpe na- eme iwu ndị gara nwere ike ịra ha ọrụ;  ike ikepụ ndị na-agụ na mpaghara ahụ ma ọ bụ ike ya map na 1449;  na n'ihu iwu iwu n'oge 1455 na 1477 ugboro ike nkewa dị ka ndị ohi na gburugburu. [5]

Ndị ọka ikpe udo na mpaghara ime obodo na ndị ọka ikpe burgh n'ime obodo mebere iwu Iwu Ogbenye Scottish nke 1579. [6] A machibidoro ndị ogbenye na ndị dara ogbenye bụ ndị ruru eru ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ iwu ịnweta enyemaka ọ bụla nke mere na ego ndị a na-anakọta na ụlọ ụka na-ezurukarị iji gboo mkpa nke ndị ogbenye na-enweghị iji ntinye nke ọnụego mmanye nke e kwere maka ya. Iwu ahụ. [6] Ụdị enyemaka a na-enyekarị bụ [[Ebe a na-anọ n'èzí|enyemaka n'èzí]], [7] na-enye uwe, nri, ngwongwo ma ọ bụ ego. Iwu mechara na 1672 bufere ọrụ n'ime ime obodo nye ndị ozi, ndị okenye ụka na ndị nwe ala; [6] site na 1752 ka e nyere ndị nwe ala mmetụta ka ukwuu, dị ka ndị isi na-akwụ ụgwọ, ka ha mee mkpebi. {{R|BBC}} Ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 19, nhazi ahụ rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ime ime obodo; ma, ka ebe mkpọda ụlọ na-abawanye n'obodo ndị nwere ọdịdị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, usoro ahụ malitere ịda ada. {{R|Poor law}}

{{R|Higginbotham}}Iwu e ahụ mere na 1672 nnukwu ụlọ iri atọ na abụọ iji wuo ụlọ mgbazi, [8] nke a ga-ejide ndị na-agba ọsọ ma manye ọrụ.  [1] Enyere ndị Kọmishọna nke Excise ikike inye ike merk ise kwa ụnwayọbọ ndị omekome ọ mgba na-emezughị iwu ụlọ mgbazi n'ime oge mkpa.  [8] Mana iyi egwu nke akwadoghị iwu ụlọ ndị a, ma ndị Kọmishọna Iwu dara ogbenye dị ka Sir George Nicholls edekọla obi abụọ maka ma e wuru ya ma ọlị.  [9] Alexander Dunlop, onye ụgbọ ụkwụ na onye ọka iwu, kwuru na ọ dịghị ụlọ mgbazi wuru na-ewu ewu.  [10] [lower-alpha 1] Enyemaka n' nha ka bụ isi ụdị nhọrọ, mana ndị aha obodo na-enweta ego mgbe ụfọdụ ụlọ ndị ogbenye ma ọ bụ ihe ha nhata.  Na Aberdeen n'ime 1630s, ndị egwu akwa akwa hiwere ụlọ ọrụ;  [12] Canongate Charity Workhouse dị na Edinburgh bụ ndị otu nlekọta na-elekọta mgbe mchara na 1761;  [1] na Glasgow nwere ụlọ ọgwụ obodo, mepere na 1731

. [18]Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke mfe apụ nke 18 na-amụ nke ịma afụ nke 19, a na-ewere usoro na-adịghị mma na Scotland ka ọ dị elu nke ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na-alụ agha dị ka  James Anderson na England.  [13] Mgbe ọ na-ede na Bee, akwụkwọ a na-akpa kwa izu nke Anderson chị ndepụta, na 1792 ọ tụlere akwụkwọ nke mbụ Statistical Accounts of Scotland nke ọtụtụ parish nyere ozi gbasara ndị ogbenye;  Anderson usoro iwu n'England dị ka &quot;ịsụ ude n'okpuru nke nchekwa usoro iwu&quot; [14] ebe o chere na ndị ogbenye nọ na Scotland &quot;na-ezuru ihe niile ha ndị.&quot;  [14].  [13] tupu ndị mbụ nke ndị Kọmishọna Bekee Tamil oge na Scotland ha emee nke nke rụpụtara na 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act wee kwupụta iwu na Scotland na otu esi ekiri ya dị ka &quot;ihe na- Meghan .  [15] [16] Enweghi ike na onye nhazi Scotland egosi njirimara nlebara anya n'ime afọ ole na ole;  na 1840 William Alison, onye na-eme na-ebelata nsogbu na eze, ezi echiche ya nchọpụta nke nchọpụta na-adịghị mma na ike ya na ọrịa.  [17] N'oge ahụ Scotland nọ na-emefu ihe dị ka otu shilling na pence atọ maka onye isi ọ ALA maka igbochi mma;  na France ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ shilling iri, [17] nke yiri ọnụ ọnụ Bekee na gburugburu 1832

. [22]Iwu 1707 nke Union dị n'etiti Scotland na England enyela Scotland ọhọrọ idowe usoro iwu dị adị, anaghị agbanwe nke Iwu Ogbenye nke emere na England na Wales na 1834 emetụtaghị Scotland.  Ka o sina dị, usoro nhọrọ nke Scottish na-enweghị mma nwere otu ụdị mkpa ọchọrọ usoro nke ndị Bekee nwere.  Ihe ọzọ a na-ahụ anya na Scotland bụ isi nke 1843, bụ nke mere ka kpakpando 40 nke ndị na-eso echiche Scotland hapụ ikpughe òtù Free Church nke Scotland .  [20] Iwe iwe nke ụka sochiri nnukwu ego n'obi akụ na mụrụ na Scotland n'etiti 1839 na 1842 na, ka usoro na-ahụ mma na mba ahụ na-adabere na ndị ndu, Royal Commission hibere iji dozie  usoro ihe omume nwere na ndị ogbenye.  [21] Kọmịshọn ahụ chị achị ozi enwetara n'ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ parish ọ mgbasa yana ya ka ebipụtara na 1844 na-etolite ntọala nke Iwu Iwu Ogbenye nke 1845

[20N'ịgbaso nbanye n'ime iwu nke Iwu Iwu Ogbenye nke 1845, [1] e hibere bọọdụ parochial ma nye ya ikike ikenye na ibuli ego mpaghara.  [1] bọọdụ parochial bịara n'okpuru ikike nke Board of Supervision nke dabere na Edinburgh.  Sir John McNeill bụ onye isi oche kọmitii nke Lord Provosts sitere na Edinburgh na Glasgow, yana ndị sheriff na- anya anya Perth, Renfrew na Ross na Cromarty.  [24] A gụahụ onye ọkaiwu General na ndị okpueze atọ.  [1] Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ mere n'ikike maka parish 880 [22] mana a nkwado ya maka ebelata maka ụlọ dara ogbenye na maka maka nkwado ọ lụso ga-akwado nkwado.  [25] Iwu ọhụrụ ahụ kwere ka ndị parish ọnụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ụlọ ogbenye, nke a na-akpọ ụlọ ndị ogbenye ọnụ ọgụgụ.  Ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ụlọ iri asaa ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke Scotland ka a na-agbakọta dị ka akwụkwọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ ndị ogbenye ihe na-anata akụkụ n'.  Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1890, ndị ebe obibi maka ihe ezinụlọ ndị ogbenye 15,000 na ụlọ ogbenye ndị Scotland, mana nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ bi agafe ọkara nke ahụ.

Ndozigharị ndị etinyere na 1845 Ogbenye Iwu na Scotland adịchaghị oke dị ka ndị ahụ dị na iwu Bekee mbụ nke 1834 na naanị ejiri nwayọ mee mgbanwe. [26] Afọ atọ mgbe mmalite nke Board of Supervision akụkọ ya kwa afọ gosiri nkwado nke amụma ịgbasa ndị dị adị Edinburgh poorhouse na Town's Hospital, Glasgow workhouse nke e guzobere na 1731. {{R|Higginbotham}} [27] Edepụtara ụkpụrụ nduzi maka iwu ụlọ ndị ogbenye ọhụrụ na 1847 ma kwadoo iwu ụlọ ndị ogbenye asatọ na 1848. {{R|Higginbotham}} Ụlọ ọrụ Mackenzie &amp; Matthews ewepụtala atụmatụ maka ụlọ ndị ogbenye chọrọ iji jee ozi na parish St Nicholas na Old Machar dị na Aberdeen, obodo ebe omume ha dabere na ya, {{R|DSA}} na naanị obere mgbanwe malitere ntọala. nke ezigbo. [29] O yikarịrị ka e mere atụmatụ ahụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Scott na Moffatt, bụ ndị na-ekere òkè na nhazi nke ụlọ ọrụ Bekee e mesịrị, karịa nke Sampson Kempthorne . [29] Nhazi maka akụrụngwa n'obodo ukwu nwere ike idobe ihe ruru mmadụ 400 nwere ụdị dị nta maka ndị mkpọrọ 300 maka ụlọ ogbenye ime obodo. [30]

Mkpebi gbasara enyemaka na-adịghị mma ka bụ ndị parish ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ọkwa mpaghara, ma ahọpụtara ndị nyocha nke ndị ogbenye na mpaghara ka ha nyochaa arịrịọ maka enyemaka. {{R|Higginbotham}} N'ụzọ dị iche na iwu na England na Wales nguzobe nke ụlọ ogbenye bụ nhọrọ, na enyemaka n'èzí ka nwere ike inye, bụ nke nọgidere na-ahọrọ nke ọtụtụ parish. {{R|Higginbotham}} Nlereanya ụlọ ogbenye ihe atụ gosipụtara ọdịiche a dịka e kenyere ụlọ ndị dị nso n'ọnụ ụzọ maka ikesa uwe na nri nye ndị chọrọ enyemaka n'èzí. [30] Ma ụlọ ogbenye ndị Scotland adabereghị na ego ndị mkpọrọ na-enweta iji tinye aka na mmefu ha, dịka ọ dị na England. {{R|Aberdeen}} Ọnụọgụ ụlọ ndị dara ogbenye e wuru mụbara nke ukwuu n'ime oge site na 1850 mgbe enwere ụlọ dara ogbenye iri abụọ na otu; ọnụ ọgụgụ a amụbaala ruo iri ise na 1868. [32] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nọ na Glasgow na Edinburgh ma ọ bụ gburugburu. [33] Ndị Board chọrọ nkwụsi ike na njikwa na ịrụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ndị ogbenye, ma nyekwa usoro a ga-agbaso. [34]

=== Nbanye na mwepụ ===
E tinyere ụkpụrụ ndị siri ike tupu a kpọbata ndị ogbenye n'ụlọ dara ogbenye, a na-enyekwara onye nche ọnụ ụzọ ikike akwụkwọ ikike. [35] Onye nleba anya nke ndị ogbenye binyere aka na ya n'ozuzu, ikike ka ekwesịrị ka ụbọchị ya gafere ụbọchị atọ tupu mgbe ahụ ọ gwụla ma onye ji ya nọrọ ihe karịrị kilomita ise site n'ụlọ ogbenye, n'ọnọdụ nke a gbatịpụrụ oke ruo ụbọchị isii. [36] E kewapụrụ nnabata ọhụrụ niile na mpaghara nnwale ruo mgbe enyochachara ma kwupụta na ha nwere onwe ha pụọ na ọrịa ndị na-emetụta uche na ahụ site n'aka onye ọrụ ahụike. [36] A ga-enyocha ha nke ọma ma wepụsịa uwe ha tupu a sachaa ha ma bunye ha uwe ndị e ji ama atụ. [36] A na-asacha uwe nke ha ma debe ya n'ebe nchekwa ruo mgbe ha ga-apụ. {{R|Higginbotham}} Ọ bụrụ na onye ogbenye chọrọ ịpụ, ha nwere ike ime ya site n'inye Gọvanọ ụlọ ọkwa awa iri abụọ na anọ; [25] ịdị mfe nke nke a mere ka a na-erigbu sistemu ntọhapụ mgbe mgbe mana ikike gọọmentị chọkwara ọzọ tupu ekweta nnabata ọzọ. [37]

N'usoro iwu, e nwere otu ise etinyere maka ndị mkpọrọ: ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ abụọ; ụmụ agbọghọ na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise; ụmụ nwoke na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise; ndị okenye karịa afọ iri na ise; na ụmụ nwanyị toro eto karịrị afọ iri na ise. {{R|Rules}} Ọtụtụ ụmụaka, ihe dị ka pasent 80-90, ndị nwere ike chọọ nlekọta ogologo oge ka a na-azụlitekarị, ma ọ bụ banye dị ka a maara n'oge ahụ. [39] Ime ụlọ ndị dị n'aka nri nke ọnụ ụzọ mbata nyere ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị dara ogbenye ka a na-enyocha, na-asa ahụ ma na-eme usoro usoro site na ụlọ ahụ, ndokwa na mgbe e jiri ya tụnyere ụlọ ndị dị na England bụ &quot;ọkachamara na arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị&quot;. [30]

== Mgbe e mesịrị na mmepe na mkpochapụ ==
[41] Board of Supervision gara n'ihu na-enwe ọrụ zuru oke maka nchịkwa nke Iwu Ogbenye na Scotland ruo mgbe ndị ọchịchị obodo dochie ya n'okpuru usoro nke Local Government (Scotland) Act 1894.[40].  Na 1919, Kọmitii Ahụike Scottish e hibere ọhụrụ weghaara ibu ọrụ maka inye enyemaka na-adịghị mma, na-egosipụta mmegharị yiri nke ahụ na England na Wales n'otu afọ ahụ, ebe Ministri Ahụike weghaara ọrụ.

== Ntụaka ==


=== Ihe ndetu ===
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[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Obodo</title>
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      <text bytes="2048" sha1="9ro27fjc8ws0cmi15a25m5hv479c4u9" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Town's_Hospital,_Glasgow.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Ihe osise sitere na 1830]]
ọgwụ Town bụ ụlọ dara ogbenye na Glasgow, Scotland, nke nkata ntọala na 1731. [1] Ọ nwere saịtị dị na Old Green na Great Clyde Street, na ihe nke Ropework Lane nke ugbu a.  Ọ bụ Lord Provost na-elekọta ụlọ ahụ na ndị nduzi 48, ndị kansụl obodo mgbaàmà 12 n'ime ha.  N'ime nke nsogbu, 12 nọchitere anya n'ibugbe nke ọrịka Scotland, otu ndị ọrụ 12 na ndị otu onye nna iri na abụọ.  Otu afọ ka nwechara ụlọ ọgwụ obodo ahụ ndị agadi 61 na ngosi 90 {{R|TheWorkhouse}}

{{R|TheWorkhouse}}ọgwụ ahụ ahụ mechiri na 1844, ọ bụ ebe na e me ike ya obere oge na 1848 iji mmetụta n'ihi ọrịa ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ gbawara.  E kwaturu ya ma wuo ụlọ nkwakọba ihe n’ebe ahụ;  [1] Glasgow City Poorhouse weghaara ọrụ ya dị ka ebe obibi maka ndị ogbenye dara ogbenye nke parish, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọkwa Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Obodo.  Emeghere na 1845, ọ nwere ụlọ a na-akpọbu Glasgow Lunatic Asylum.

== Ntụaka ==


=== Nkọwapụta ===
.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .reflist{column-gap:2em}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ nke St Cross</title>
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      <text bytes="6359" sha1="69aus5fdi3ii9qze42qsxzspggrn3ie" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Hospital_of_St_Cross.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ ụka a hụrụ site na St Catherine's Hill]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hospital of St Cross and Almshouses of Noble Poverty|url=https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1095374|work=Historic England|accessdate=29 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hospitallọ ọgwụ St Cross na Almshouse nke Noble Ogbenye bụ ụlọ alms nke ochie na Winchester, Hampshire, England.  A kọwawo ya dị ka &quot;ihe ọrụ ebere kacha ochie na nke zuru oke nke England&quot;.  [1] Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ na mbara ala na-akpa nsogbu na eze n'oge ụfọdụ.  [2] Ọ bụ ọkwa m depụtara ụlọ .

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ọ bụ Henry nke Blois, Bishọp nke Winchester, nwa nwa William the Conqueror na nwanne nke nkata Eze Stephen na 1136. [1] ntọala ntọala ya.
[[Usòrò:Ambulatory_entrance,_Hospital_of_St_Cross,_Winchester.jpg|thumb| Ọnụ ụzọ ụgbọ ala]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;bho&quot;/&gt;A na-eji nkume ụlọ ahụ ma gbaa anọ gburugburu.  Obere Mpụga Quadrangle dị n'ebe ugwu nwere: ọnụ ụzọ mpụta (narị afọ 16);  ụlọ (narị afọ nke 14);  site na afụ nke 15, nku ndị ọbịa, kichin (nke ga- nri maka ndị ogbenye iri na atɔ na ndị ikom 100 n'ọnụ ụzọ ma);  [1] ebe obibi nke onye nche na ụlọ elu Beaufort dị okpukpu atọ nke c.  1450. Nke a nwe niche atọ dị n'elu arch, otu n'ime ha nwere ihe oyiyi ihu igwe nke Kadịnal Beaufort, onye bụ Bishhop Winchester, na ụlọ elu na oghere dị n'elu ụlọ ọnụ ụzọ na-abụbu ebe obibi.  Nna-ukwu

Na-agafe n'okpuru ụlọ elu ahụ, a na-erute Quadrangle Inner. Ebe ugwu na-agụnye Ụlọ Nzukọ Brethren nke narị afọ nke 14 (nke kwesịrị ibu ibu nke ga-ezuru ụmụnna na otu narị ndị ikom dara ogbenye), si na steepụ e ji steepụ gbapụ na veranda nkume. Enwere ihuenyo osisi nwere gallery dị n'elu, n'ime ya nwekwara nnukwu ụlọ elu osisi mara mma, nke ejiri aka mgbaka; ebe a na-esi nri etiti na ebe a na- eri nri ebe Nna-ukwu ya na ụmụnna nọ na-eri nri n'akụkụ isi nke ụlọ nzukọ ahụ; na steepụ osisi na-eduga n'ọnụ ụlọ Nna-ukwu nke dị na akuku ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ. Isi ụlọ nke ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ na akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke quadrangle; Ndị a bụ ndị mkpọrọ 25 ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama maka nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ na ọnụ ụzọ ọnụ ụzọ, nke ọ bụla na-eduga n'ụlọ anọ. A na-enwebu nso nso a n'akụkụ ndịda jikọtara ya na chọọchị ahụ, ma e bibiri nke a na 1789. &lt;ref name=&quot;bho&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Winchester: The hospital of St Cross', in A History of the County of Hampshire|first=William|author=Page|year=1912|pages=59–69|publisher=British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol5/pp59-69|accessdate=28 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPage1912&quot;&gt;Page, William (1912). [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol5/pp59-69 &quot;'Winchester: The hospital of St Cross', in A History of the County of Hampshire&quot;]. London: British History Online. pp.&amp;nbsp;59–69&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọ ihe mberede. &lt;ref name=&quot;bho&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;hopewell&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hopewell|first=Peter|year=1995|title=Saint Cross: England's Oldest Almshouse|url=https://archive.org/details/saintcrossenglan0000hope|isbn=978-0-85033-965-9|publisher=[[Phillimore (imprint)|Phillimore]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ụka nke ụkwụ nke 12 na apụ afụ nke 13 dị na ndịda-ọwụwa ọmụmụ akuku dị ka obere katidral ụfọdụ ụlọ ụka a na-azụ.  Ewebere ụlọ ahụ na nkume n'ụdị niile, nwere ebe a na-ebe ya na ụlọ elu etiti.  Mgbidi ahụ dị ihe otu mita, nke sitere na okwute sitere na Caen, Dorset, na Isle of Wight yana flint mpaghara.  Elu ụlọ bụ ụzọ .  Ndị ọchịchị dị na Transitional Norman / Gothic style.  Malite na 1135, Chancel bụ nke mbụ, wuo ọnụ mmiri abụọ dị omimi nke nwere okporo ụzọ.  Nke a na-enwe Norman, nwere windo isi nri yana ọtụtụ ihe omume mma chevron.  Ma isi arches na Arcade na n'okpuru ụlọ elu etiti ka a na-atụ akara aka n'ụzọ Gothic.  The atọ-bay aisled ụgbọ mmiri na transepts na-aga n'ihu ụdị.  N'agbata 1383 na 1385, n'ime nnukwu windo tracery n'ihu egwuregwu, ma windo ndị dị na nave na ọnụ ụzọ ugwo.  Ọtụtụ taịlị encaustic nke ochie na-adị ndụ n'ala.  Enwekwara ihe osise nke akwụkwọ mgbe ochie .  Ugogbe ahụ nwere ikike bụ isi ike awụ nke 19. Ihe odide ahụ sitere na St Faith's Church dị nso, nke e mebiri 1507 


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.stcross.f2s.com/becomeabrother.htm|title=Join The Hospital of St. Cross|publisher=Stcross.f2s.com|date=|accessdate=2010-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọgwụ ahụ ka na-enye ebe obibi maka ihe ndị agadi nwoke 25, nke a maara dị ka &quot;Ụmụnna&quot;, n'okpuru under nke &quot;The Master&quot;.  Ha bụ nke ọ lla n'ime ntọala ọrụ mbụ: ndị nke Order of the Hospital of St Cross (tọrọ ntọala gburugburu 1132) na-eyi okpu trencher ojii na uwe mwụda ojii nwere baaji LCD n'ụdị obe nwere ike, ebe ndị nwere ike.  nke Order of Noble Poverty (nke ntọala ntọala na 1445) na-eyi okpu claret trencher na uwe mwụda claret nwere ikike baajị mkpuchi na ebe nchekwa Kadịnal Beaufort .  [1] A na-akpọkarị ha &quot;Ụmụnna ojii&quot; na &quot;Ụmụnna Red&quot;.  [2] Ụmụnna ịbụ ndị di ma ọ bụ nri, ndị di ha ọnwụ ma ọ bụ ndị a gbara ajụjụ, na ndị kpọrọ 60 afọ.  A na-enye ndị kacha nwee mkpa mkpa.  A na-atụ anya na ha ga-eyi uwe mwụda ha ma na-aga ekpere ụtụtụ kwa ụbọchị (Matins) na Chapel

== Mgbasa ozi ==
A na-eji ụlọ ahụ ahụ eme ihe na-ese foto nke Day of the Triffids, na na BBC ihe nke Wolf Hall .  [1] E gosikwara ya na Abụ otuto &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00stbbh|title=Songs of Praise, Winchester|publisher=BBC|date=2010-06-13|accessdate=2010-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nna-ukwu nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ ==
 

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
      <sha1>69aus5fdi3ii9qze42qsxzspggrn3ie</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Usòrò:Beamsley Hospital 06.jpg|thumb]]
[[Usòrò:Margaret Gertrude Russell passport photo (1924).jpg|thumb|Margaret Gertrude Russell]]
.Hospitallọ ọgwụ Beamsley bụ ụlọ Almshouse dị na Beamsley, na nso Skipton na North Yorkshire, wee hibere na 1593 site n'aka Lady Margaret Russell, Countess nke Cumberland.  O bu n’obi na mbụ onye ebe obibi maka ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ dara ogbenye 13, otu nne na ekiri 12, ma ka ọ na-erule ọnwụ ya na 1616, ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ ka e wuchara.  Nwa ya mere, Lady Anne Clifford, gbakwunyere n'ihu ihu nke na-enye ebe obibi maka ndị inyom di ha ọnwụ n'ime obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;EH&quot;/&gt;

ọgwụ dị n'ebe ugwu na ụlọ dị iche iche dị iche iche ma ọ bụ nwanne ya dị ka ịrịba ama, otu n'ime nke ọzọ, nke dị n'ime na-esi n'elu ụlọ nke ụlọ ahụ pụta, ma nwee windo.  na-enye ìhè ehihie n'ime ụlọ ụka nke dị n'ime obi.  nke ụlọ ahụ.  Gburugburu ebe ahụ ihe ebe obibi maka nne na ike ịdị.  A na-ewu ụlọ ụlọ almhouse dị na ndịda dị nso n'ime ụlọ okpukpu abụọ nwe ọnụ ụzọ mmiri asaa nwera ụlọ awụ otu ụlọ elu n'otu ụlọ

. &lt;ref name=&quot;EH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bookings.landmarktrust.org.uk/BuildingDetails/Overview/137/Beamsley_Hospital|title=Landmark Trust website: Beamsley Hospital|accessdate=22 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726173731/http://bookings.landmarktrust.org.uk/BuildingDetails/Overview/137/Beamsley_Hospital|archivedate=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. Archived from [http://bookings.landmarktrust.org.uk/BuildingDetails/Overview/137/Beamsley_Hospital# the original] on 26 July 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 May&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;A ruo isi na-arụ ụlọ ndị ahụ na afọ 1970, mgbe nke ahụ ikike, ndị mụrụ ụlọ nyefere ihe ahụ na Landmark Trust na 1983, bụ nke njikọre ma ụlọ nke ndị ahụ ma mee ka ha dị ka ebe ezumike nke  ihe mere eme

Nku ugwu nke mgbagwoju ahụ bụ ọkwa nke m depụtara  yana nku ndịda edepụtara ọkwa ọkwa II*. 

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọkwa m depụtara ụlọ dị na North Yorkshire
* Ụlọ ndị edepụtara na Beamsley

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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[[Usòrò:Abingdon_LongAlley_north.jpg|thumb| . &lt;ref name=&quot;Almshouses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/almshouses.htm|title=Almshouses|accessdate=7 April 2011|publisher=Christ's Hospital of Abingdon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232322/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/almshouses.htm|archivedate=26 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Long Alley Almshouses n' Mak St Helen's parish Church, nke ụlọ ọgwụ na-eji maka akwụkwọ]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/history.htm|title=History|accessdate=7 April 2011|publisher=Christ's Hospital of Abingdon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232328/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/history.htm|archivedate=26 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hospitallọ ọgwụ mkpara nke Abingdon bụ ọrụ ebere ogologo ntolite, dabere na Abingdon-on-thames, Oxfordshire (nke bụbu Berkshire ).

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Akwụkwọ ikike eze hiwere Nna-ukwu na Gọvanọ nke ndị Siri Ọgwụ Ọgwụ nke Abingdon na 1553, n’afọ ahụ Mary I nọchiri n’ocheeze England.  Sir John Mason, onye ọnọdụ anya Tudor, bụ nna ukwu mbụ ya site na 1553 ruo 1566

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Girouard|first=Mark|year=1990|title=The English Town: A History of Urban Life|location=New Haven|publisher=[[Yale University]] Press|isbn=0-300046359|url=https://archive.org/details/englishtownahist0000giro/page/58}}&lt;/ref&gt;ebere ebere ahụ na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ ebere na Abingdon.  [1] Sampson Strong ji ihe ọrụ nke ndị àmà, ndị na-enyere aka na ndị bụbu ikike ụlọ ụlọ ahụ mma

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abingdon.org.uk/christs_hospital_arms/|title=Christ's Hospital Arms|accessdate=7 April 2011|publisher=[[Abingdon School]]|archivedate=18 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418032934/http://www.abingdon.org.uk/christs_hospital_arms/}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ ebere ahụla aka na ọrụ, na- ụmụ nwoke Abingdon site na 1608 ruo 1870. Enweela njikọ chiri anya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Abingdon 1870
[[Usòrò:Albert_Park_in_Abingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1299798.jpg|thumb|  &lt;ref name=&quot;AlbertPark&quot;/&gt;akụkụ nke Albert Park, Abingdon, yana ihe mmụta Albert dị n'etiti.  ọgwụ ọgwụ nke Abingdon hiwere akwụkwọ ahụ n'afọ 1860]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;AlbertPark&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/albertpark.htm|title=Albert Park|accessdate=7 April 2011|publisher=Christ's Hospital of Abingdon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232237/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/albertpark.htm|archivedate=26 March 2011}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232237/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/albertpark.htm &quot;Albert Park&quot;]. Christ's Hospital of Abingdon. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232237/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/albertpark.htm the original] on 26 March 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Hospitallọ ọgwụ mkpuchi hibere Albert Park na igwu egwu Abingdon (ọdịda ọmụmụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Abingdon) na 1860s na saịtị nke ubi Conduit mbụ

== Aha ndị nna ukwu ==
Ndepụta ndị a nwere aha ndị Nna-ukwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cobham|first=Claude Delaval|title=A Monument of Christian Munificence; OR, An Account of the Brotherhood of the Holy Cross, and of the Hospital of Christ in Abingdon|year=1872|pages=110–113|publisher=James Parker &amp; Co. (Oxford and London)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ ebere na United Kingdom

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240405103507/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/ Ụlọ ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]
* 
* 
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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[[Usòrò:Abingdon_LongAlley_north.jpg|thumb| . &lt;ref name=&quot;Almshouses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/almshouses.htm|title=Almshouses|accessdate=7 April 2011|publisher=Christ's Hospital of Abingdon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232322/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/almshouses.htm|archivedate=26 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Long Alley Almshouses n' Mak St Helen's parish Church, nke ụlọ ọgwụ na-eji maka akwụkwọ]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/history.htm|title=History|accessdate=7 April 2011|publisher=Christ's Hospital of Abingdon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232328/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/history.htm|archivedate=26 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hospitallọ ọgwụ mkpara nke Abingdon bụ ọrụ ebere ogologo ntolite, dabere na Abingdon-on-thames, Oxfordshire (nke bụbu Berkshire ).

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Akwụkwọ ikike eze hiwere Nna-ukwu na Gọvanọ nke ndị Siri Ọgwụ Ọgwụ nke Abingdon na 1553, n’afọ ahụ Mary I nọchiri n’ocheeze England.  Sir John Mason, onye ọnọdụ anya Tudor, bụ nna ukwu mbụ ya site na 1553 ruo 1566

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Girouard|first=Mark|year=1990|title=The English Town: A History of Urban Life|location=New Haven|publisher=[[Yale University]] Press|isbn=0-300046359|url=https://archive.org/details/englishtownahist0000giro/page/58}}&lt;/ref&gt;ebere ebere ahụ na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ ebere na Abingdon.  [1] Sampson Strong ji ihe ọrụ nke ndị àmà, ndị na-enyere aka na ndị bụbu ikike ụlọ ụlọ ahụ mma

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abingdon.org.uk/christs_hospital_arms/|title=Christ's Hospital Arms|accessdate=7 April 2011|publisher=[[Abingdon School]]|archivedate=18 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418032934/http://www.abingdon.org.uk/christs_hospital_arms/}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọrụ ebere ahụla aka na ọrụ, na- ụmụ nwoke Abingdon site na 1608 ruo 1870. Enweela njikọ chiri anya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Abingdon 1870
[[Usòrò:Albert_Park_in_Abingdon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1299798.jpg|thumb|  &lt;ref name=&quot;AlbertPark&quot;/&gt;akụkụ nke Albert Park, Abingdon, yana ihe mmụta Albert dị n'etiti.  ọgwụ ọgwụ nke Abingdon hiwere akwụkwọ ahụ n'afọ 1860]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;AlbertPark&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/albertpark.htm|title=Albert Park|accessdate=7 April 2011|publisher=Christ's Hospital of Abingdon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232237/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/albertpark.htm|archivedate=26 March 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110326232237/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/albertpark.htm &quot;Albert Park&quot;]. Christ's Hospital of Abingdon. Archived from  on 26 March 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Hospitallọ ọgwụ mkpuchi hibere Albert Park na igwu egwu Abingdon (ọdịda ọmụmụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Abingdon) na 1860s na saịtị nke ubi Conduit mbụ

== Aha ndị nna ukwu ==
Ndepụta ndị a nwere aha ndị Nna-ukwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cobham|first=Claude Delaval|title=A Monument of Christian Munificence; OR, An Account of the Brotherhood of the Holy Cross, and of the Hospital of Christ in Abingdon|year=1872|pages=110–113|publisher=James Parker &amp; Co. (Oxford and London)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ ebere na United Kingdom

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240405103507/http://www.ch-of-abingdon.org/ Ụlọ ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]
* 
* 
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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'''Kids Alive International''' (KAI) bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ [[Onye Kraịst|dabere]] [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|na United States]] nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwado mmepe ụmụaka, ezinụlọ na obodo. Nzukọ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ na mba 11, gụnyere United States, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, [[Peru]], [[Kenya]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Zambia]], [[Lebanon]], [[Romania]], na Taiwan .

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
'''1916''' ntọala ntọala nke Ụlọ Onesiphorus na Taian, [[China]], nke Rev. na Oriakụ Leslie Anglin dere. Ozi ahụ malitere mgbe ndị Anglin meghere ebe obibi ha nye ụmụ mgbei na ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ n'ógbè ahụ.

'''1921''' Leslie Anglin nọ na njem gaa na Hopei Province (ugbu a Hebei ), mpaghara oke ụnwụ nri, iji napụta ụmụaka; n'ime otu ụmụaka a bụ Samuel Hsaio onye mechara mee njem n'ọtụtụ ebe n'aha Kids Alive wee bụrụ onye isi ụlọ Tsinan, ebe nke abụọ na China.

'''1937''' Ụlọ ahụ nwere nkezi nke ụmụaka 600 kwa afọ, 95% n'ime ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.

=== Mba ndị na-arụ ọrụ ===

* [[Lebanon]] 1948
* Taiwan 1971
* Dominican Republic 1989
* Guatemala 1992
* [[Peru]] 1992
* [[Kenya]] 2000
* [[Zambia]] 2001
* Haiti 2002

== Ogo ==
Kids Alive International enwetala ọkwa kpakpando anọ n'usoro nke Charity Navigator . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charity Navigator - Rating for Kids Alive International|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&amp;orgid=5190|work=Charity Navigator}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
Ụlọ ahụ nwere nkezi nke ụmụaka 600 kwa afọ, 95% n'ime ha gụsịrị{{Reflist}}

* [http://www.kidsalive.org/ Kids Alive International]
* [http://www.kidsalive.co.uk/ Kids Alive International (UK)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032720/https://www.followthegls.com/stories/family-takes-leap-faith-hundreds-childrens-lives-changed/ KAI Guatemala Mission ọrụ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240405112037/https://www.nwitimes.com/kids-alive-international/article_23157b13-a40a-5ba3-b8a8-ca7af6ec4249.html/ NWI Times - Kids Alive International]
* [https://cafo.org/member/kids-alive-international/ Ndị otu Christian maka ụmụ mgbei - Kids Alive International]
* [http://www.ecfa.org/MemberProfile.aspx?ID=5306/ Council Evangelical for Financial Accountability - Kids Alive International]</text>
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      <text bytes="12224" sha1="on3cc4jcajb7gedw7q0juxfp7sdmavm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.periodicobolivia.com.bo/el-pais-en-estado-de-asedio/|title=El país en estado de asedio|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=30 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030132359/https://www.periodicobolivia.com.bo/el-pais-en-estado-de-asedio/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2020/01/grave-error-estrategico-de-evo-morales/|title=Grave error estratégico de Evo Morales|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chapare Drug Cartel bụ onye omempụ Bolivia raara onwe ya nye ndị ahịheji ike na ahaha ndị mmadụ [1] na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara Chapare.  [2] Maka nke a, ọtụtụ ndị nta mere eme a mara mma dị ka Chapare Cartel &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bolivianthoughts.com/2019/11/17/evo-seeks-to-create-a-farc-in-bolivia-evo-busca-crear-unas-farc-en-bolivia/|title=Evo seeks to create a FARC in Bolivia – Evo busca crear unas FARC en Bolivia|date=17 November 2019|language=en|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọchịchị Evo Morales niile na Bolivia na nchụpụ nke DEA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/evo-morales-suspendio-las-actividades-de-la-dea-en-bolivia-nid1065652/|title=Evo Morales suspendió las actividades de la DEA en Bolivia|date=November 2008|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na obodo a na 2008, ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ amụbaala na mba ahụ. Kemgbe 2014, Bolivia bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-emepụta cocaine n'ụwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/bolivia-the-new-hub-for-drug-trafficking-in-south-america/|title=Bolivia: the New Hub for Drug Trafficking in South America|date=27 March 2017|language=en|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UN]] si kwuo, 94% nke mmepụta coca nke mba ahụ na-aga ahịa na-akwadoghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/bolivia/es/press/entrevista_erbol.html|title=El 94% De La Coca De Chapare No Pasa Por El Mercado Legal|language=es|accessdate=27 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/opinion/2019/03/17/bolivia-narcoestado-cuya-politica-exterior-defiende-el-narcotrafico/|title=Bolivia, narcoestado cuya política exterior defiende el narcotráfico|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;    cartel nwere njikọ siri ike ugbu a na otu ndị agha ndị nke Movement for Socialism.  [1] [2] [3] N'ihi ihe ndị a nile, Interamerican Institute for Democracy dị iche nke Evo Morales dị ka nke a Narco-state .  [4] Ọhụụ a bụ onye Diego Ayo sitere na ntọala Vicente Pazos Kanki.  [5] Ugbu a, maghị usoro nke cartel ahụ.  Otú ọ dị, dị ka onye nta ndị Peruvian Jaime Bayly si kwuo, onye isi nke cartel ga-abụ onye bụbu Francis oche nke Bolivia, Evo Morales [6] [7] ebe ndị otu ndị na-akụ coca bụ ndị na-ebunye  .  ọgwụgwọ maka mba ụwa.

== Chronology nke cartel na conformation nke Narco-state ==
. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://repositorio.umsa.bo/bitstream/handle/123456789/16666/IE-058.S.Ramos-2011.Las%20federaciones%20del%20tr%C3%B3pico%20de%20Cochabamba.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y|title=LAS FEDERACIONES DEL TRÓPICO DE COCHABAMBA EN EL PROCESO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN INSTRUMENTO POLÍTICO (1992-1999)|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026165019/https://repositorio.umsa.bo/bitstream/handle/123456789/16666/IE-058.S.Ramos-2011.Las%20federaciones%20del%20tr%C3%B3pico%20de%20Cochabamba.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chapare Cartel sitere na nke isii Federaciones Cocaleras del Tropico, na mpaghara Chapare .  A na-arara ndị otu a maka nzere na akwụkwọ coca, nke kacha ochie bụ Federación Especial de Colonizadores de Chimore, nke ntọala ntọala na 1964

N'afọ 1996, Evo Morales bụ onye a na- Ale-ama na-ekiri oche nke kọmitii nhazi nke echiche isii nke ebe nchekwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/cocaleros-bolivianos-ratifican-a-evo-morales-como-su-maximo-dirigente/20000013-3765338|title=Cocaleros bolivianos ratifican a Evo Morales como su máximo dirigente|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkwalite nke akwụkwọ a ga-enweta ga-abụ n'echiche nke Evo Morales na onye isi oche nke mba ahụ na oge mbụ ya, nke akụkọ na 2006

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/america_latina/2010/05/100531_2247_bolivia_morales_narcos_jaw|title=Morales reconoce poder de narcos en Bolivia|date=31 May 2010|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2010, Evo Morales onye na-agụ mgbasa ozi BBC nke Britain na-apapapọ ike abanyela na ọkwa niile nke steeti, n'agbanyeghị na ọ boro [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] ebubo nke a, na-achọ ihe àmà nke a.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2011/09/en-bolivia-caso-sanabria-involucra-a-22-personas-alivio-en-el-gobierno-opositores-recin-se-conocern-implicaciones/|title=En Bolivia caso Sanabria involucra a 22 personas. Alivio en el gobierno; opositores: recién se conocerán implicaciones|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 2011, General nke ndị uwe ojii Bolivian, René Sanabria Oropeza na onye bụbu onye isi ọgwụ nke Evo Morales kenyere, boro [1] ikpe na United States maka akara akara ọgwụ.  [2] N'otu afɔ ahụ, Morales sere egwu ya na Sanabria ga- ụkpụrụ aha MAS iji eji maka ikpe ya.

Na 2012, onye bụbu Senator Roger Pinto jụrụ [[Brazil]] maka mgbapu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi egwu nke mwakpo na nchekwa nke onwe ya na inwe &quot;ihe akaebe nke nrụrụ aka na njikọ na ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ọkwa kachasị elu nke gọọmentị President Evo Morales&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coha.org/bolivia-struggles-to-combat-narco-trade/|title=Bolivia Struggles to Combat Narco Trade|date=18 July 2012|language=en|accessdate=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025005832/https://www.coha.org/bolivia-struggles-to-combat-narco-trade/|archive-date=25 October 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 2013, a chọtara obodo mmụọ nke e wuru naanị maka mmepụta ọgwụ na Oruro na ndị mgbasa ozi na-atụ aka na gọọmentị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/158630#_=/|title=Hallan &quot;narco pueblo fantasma&quot;|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026212247/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/158630#_=/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 2015, ejideburu onye ọchụnta ego Bolivia José Luis Sejas Rosales maka ikike ijide mba ụwa maka ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na [[Argentina]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2015/09/caso-narco-cisternas-capturan-al-dueno-de-la-empresa-creta-acusado-de-narcotrafico/|title=Caso narco-cisternas. Capturan al dueño de la empresa Creta acusado de narcotráfico|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sejas Rosales bụbu onye ndụmọdụ Yacimientos Petrolifos Fiscales Bolivianos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2019/05/al-menos-15-casos-de-narcotrafico-enlodaron-a-autoridades-del-pais/|title=Al menos 15 casos de narcotráfico enlodaron a autoridades del país|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2019/9/28/clan-lima-lobo-cae-lider-van-tras-su-hermana-ligada-al-mas-232446.html|title=Clan Lima Lobo: cae líder y van tras su hermana ligada al MAS|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026220611/https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2019/9/28/clan-lima-lobo-cae-lider-van-tras-su-hermana-ligada-al-mas-232446.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'October 2017, na ọrụ n'etiti ndị uwe ojii Federal Brazil na ndị uwe ojii Matto Grosso, ụgbọ elu nwere 480. E jidere, ma jide kilogram cocaine, na mba a, Carmen Iris Lima Lobo, onye bụbu onye na-  azọ ọkwa nke ngalaba Beni .  [1] Na mbụ, na Sept, njidere nwa nwanne ya, Abio Adhemar Andrade Lima Lobo n'otu obodo a maka ịnwa ike Brazil 480. n'arọ.  nke cocaine

Na Eprel 18, 2018, e jidere onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya Bolivia na Brazil, Haisen Ribero maka inwe 528.&amp;nbsp;n'arọ. nke cocaine dị ọcha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2018/4/18/hallan-cocaina-pura-en-hacienda-de-un-exconsul-del-mas-177001.html|title=Hallan cocaína pura en hacienda de un excónsul del MAS|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=30 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030095724/https://www.paginasiete.bo/seguridad/2018/4/18/hallan-cocaina-pura-en-hacienda-de-un-exconsul-del-mas-177001.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, na arịrịọ gọọmentị, a tọhapụrụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/policial/desvinculan-exc-oacute-nsul-caso-narcotr-aacute-fico/20180419003900611096.html|title=Desvinculan a un excónsul de caso de narcotráfico|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Eprel 23, 2019, ejidere Gonzalo Medina, onye bụbu onye isi FELCN na onye isi ndị uwe ojii Bolivia, Fernando Moreira, maka ebubo ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190423/aprehenden-gonzalo-medina-al-capitan-moreira-investigados-narcotrafico|title=Aprehenden a Gonzalo Medina y al capitán Moreira investigados por narcotráfico|date=23 April 2019|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 4 nke otu afọ ahụ, e jidere onye ọrụ MAS ọzọ, Mayerling Castedo, ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya (ụmụ ya: Darío na Joice Candia Castedo yana ọgọ ya nwoke Hugo Yañez na nwa nwanne ya, Luís Darío. Candia Zelada) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190604/cae-clan-narcotrafico-beni-vinculado-exfuncionarios|title=Cae clan de narcotráfico en Beni, vinculado a exfuncionarios|date=4 June 2019|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; site n'aka ndị uwe ojii maka ebubo ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20190604/mayerling-castedo-funcionaria-del-mas-vinculada-al-clan-narco-del-beni|title=Mayerling Castedo, la funcionaria del MAS vinculada al clan narco del Beni|date=4 June 2019|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Disemba 18, e jidere onye bụbu consul Diego Fernando Vega Ibarra na Argentina maka ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na mba ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20191218/exconsul-detenido-droga-impulsaba-llegada-evo-oran|title=El excónsul detenido con droga impulsaba llegada de Evo a Orán|date=18 December 2019|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eju.tv/2020/02/quien-es-dora-vallejos-con-un-patrimonio-de-us-150-mm-y-muy-cercana-a-poderosos-del-mas/|title=¿Quién es Dora Vallejos con un patrimonio de $us 150 MM y muy cercana a poderosos del MAS?|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na Febụwarị 6, 2020,ejidere Dora Vallejos, nyere onye na-ere ọgwụ Bismark Carlos Padilla na enyi nke onye bụbu onye minista MAS Carlos Romero na General Gonzalo Medina, maka ọgwụ ọgwụ.

Na Machị 5, 2020, a tụrụ Terán na Elba Terán, ụmụnne nwanyị Margarita Terán (onye so na pati MAS), mkpọrọ afọ 15 maka mpụ nke ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20200305/elba-teran-es-sentenciada-15-anos-carcel-narcotrafico|title=Elba Terán es sentenciada a 15 años de cárcel por narcotráfico|date=5 March 2020|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://correodelsur.com/seguridad/20200410_faustino-yucra-fue-trasladado-de-santa-cruz-a-la-paz.html|title=Faustino Yucra fue trasladado de Santa Cruz a La Paz|language=es|accessdate=26 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'Eprel 10 nke afọ ahụ,ejidere Faustino Yucra, onye bụbu onye ndu coca na enyi Evo Morales, ebubo ebubo ọgwụ ike, iyi egwu egwu na ịgba mgba okpuru.{{Organized crime groups in the Americas}}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]
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&lt;ref name=&quot;Oficina de Envigado&quot;/&gt;La Oficina de Envigado ( English: &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na ndị omempụ hibere na mbụ dị ka ụzọ mmanye na nnakọta nke Pablo Escobar's Medellín Cartel .  [1] N'agbanyeghị ama maka njikọ ihe mere eme ya na akara ọgwụ ahụ na mmemme mpụ ndị ọzọ ahaziri ahazi, ọrụ mpụ Oficina de Envigado ahụghị aka na ịhịa aka na mmemme dị otú ahụ n'afọ 2019 ma na-  aro anya ugbu a n'inye ọrụ ndị na-ere ọgwụ na ndị otu mafia dị ala.  [2] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Colombia niile, mana mana n'obodo Medellín na Envigado.  Ọ chịkwaara ịpụnara mmadụ ihe, ịgba chaa chaa, na azụmahịa mpụ ego n'ime Valle de Aburrá nke gbara Medellín gburugburu.  Ọ debere onwe ya dị ka onye isi ogbugbo na onye na-anakọtata n'esemokwu ahopụtara aha aha ma ndị na-enwe njikọ dị ukwuu na ndị agha Colombia na ndị agha okpuru

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Toby Muse in Medellín|title=New drug gang wars blow Colombian city's revival apart|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;E hiwere La Oficina dị ka nku mmanye maka Medellín Cartel site na Diego Murillo Bejarano, aka Don Berna (onye na-agbahapụ ndị agha Liberation Army guerrilla), Otú ọ dị Murillo dabara na Escobar ma ike sonye na Los Pepes iji chụpụ ya.  Murillo wee malite ijikọ Oficina ya na United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (&quot;Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia&quot;, AUC, na Spanish), na-hazi ọrụ ndị eji ọgwụ n'aha ha.  La Terraza, otu òtù ndị nwoke kacha atụ egwu na mba ahụ, nọkwa n'okpuru ikike La Oficina

La Oficina mechara ghọọ nnukwu ọrụ ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ sitere na Medellín ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu Colombia, gụnyere mpaghara ókèala Panama, na-adọta ọtụtụ ndị isi ya site na ndị agha ndị agha Colombia mbụ. Ndị nọ n'ọkwa ya juputara na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ụmụ okorobịa si n'ógbè ndị dara ogbenye na ugwu Medellin, tumadi Robledo na Manrique, bụ ndị ìhè ọnwa kụrụ ụmụ nwoke dị njikere igbu ihe dị ka US $ 25. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oficina de Envigado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/groups-colombia/oficina-de-envigado|title=Oficina de Envigado|work=InsightCrime|accessdate=16 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829103724/http://www.insightcrime.org/groups-colombia/oficina-de-envigado|archivedate=29 August 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19187008|work=BBC News|title=Colombia drug lord 'Sebastián' arrested|date=August 8, 2012|accessdate=2012-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe AUC dị na 2005, e jidere Murillo maka igbu ọchụ nke onye agha ndị obodo, n'agbanyeghị na o jisiri ike gbapụ Ime ukwu ya n'ahụ, ma soro ndị na-eme ihe iji ike ya mee ka ime ihe ike dị.  Na 2008, a ịchụpụrụ Murillo na ndị isi ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ndị agha, na La Oficina akwụkwọ ahụ site na ndu n'etiti òtù ndị na- esemokwu onwe ha bụ Maximiliano Bonilla Orozco, alias Valenciano, na Jordan Acevedo, alias Sebastian  , nwa amaala Barrio Popular na Medellin, yana edi.  ya na ndi Usuga .  E jidere Bonilla na 2011, [1] ebe ijidere Vargas n'ike anụ ya n'August 2012.

Na July 20, 2014, Hernán Alonso Villa, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka El Ratón (The Mouse), kwụsịrị ka ọ na-aga n'otu n'ime ụlọ nchekwa ya na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Alicante na-ebu € 40,000 (£ 31,660) na ego, dịka ndị uwe ojii, sitere na ịgba ọsọ ọgwụ ọjọọ na igbu ọchụ &lt;ref name=&quot;villaarrest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/20/colombian-drug-lord-el-raton-arrested-spain|title=Colombian drug lord el Ratón arrested in Spain|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=20 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Villa rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ndị agha Oficina wee kwenye na o mere igbu mmadụ 400, yana mpụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere mpụ, ịpụnara mmadụ n'ike na ịtọrọ mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;villaarrest&quot; /&gt;

Na Disemba 9, 2017, e jidere ndị isi Oficina Juan Carlos Mesa Vallejo, nke a makwaara dị ka &quot;Tom&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Carlos Chata,&quot; na Disemba 9 ka ọ na-eme ememe ụbọchị ọmụmụ 50th ya ma bo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ndị omempụ jọgburu onwe ya, na-ebu ngwá agha ndị agha na-akwadoghị. na iji akwụkwọ ụgha eme ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;recovery2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/colombia-arrests-top-figure-medellin-underworld-but-impact-likely-limited/|title=Colombia Arrests Top Figure in Medellín Underworld, but Impact Likely Limited|date=20 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Machị 23, 2019, e jidere Iván Darío Suárez Muñoz, nke a na-akpọ “Iván el Barbado,” n'oge mwakpo a wakporo ụlọ ezumike okomoko dị na Piedecuesta, obodo dị na ngalaba ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Santander. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/captura-de-ivan-suarez-munoz-alias-barbas-BG10430221|title=Cayó alias &quot;Barbas&quot;, otro peso pesado del crimen organizado en Medellín|date=25 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;evigadofive&quot; /&gt; N'April 3, 2019, e jidere Mauricio Zapata Orozco, nke a na-akpọ &quot;Chicho,&quot; n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na mpaghara El Poblado bara ọgaranya. Orozco bịara iduzi “La Terraza,” otu n'ime otu obere Oficina, afọ abụọ ka a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/medellin/capturan-a-alias-chicho-maximo-cabecilla-de-la-terraza-en-medellin-345368|title=Cómo cayó en Medellín alias Chicho, máximo cabecilla de la 'Terraza'|date=3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;evigadofive&quot; /&gt; Na Mee 8, 2019, e jidere John Eduard Barbosa, onye bụbu onye uwe ojii na onye isi Oficina, ka ọ na-anya ụgbọ ala na Sabaneta, na mpụga Medellín. &lt;ref name=&quot;evigadofive&quot; /&gt;  Njide nke mmadụ atọ a hapụrụ Oficina de Evigado na naanị ndị ọrụ ise na ndị isi ka nọ n'ala nna otu ahụ bụ Medellín. &lt;ref name=&quot;evigadofive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/medellin-oficina-envigado-capos-shuffle-game/|title=For Medellín's Oficina Capos, the Shuffle is Part of the Game|date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omume òtù ọjọọ ==
Nakwa ọgwụ, La Oficina na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa na ịgba chaa chaa, nke ọ na-eji eme ego.  La Oficina foto njikọ na ndị isi obodo na ndị uwe ojii, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-enwu ụgbụ dị ka ndị na-egbu mmadụ, yana ya na Los Rastrojos na Los Zetas na Mexico nwere njikọ.  [1] N'afọ 2014, Mpụ Insight kọrọ na La Oficina adala n'ihi ọgbaghara.  [2] Na 2017 Otú ọ dị, Insight Crime kọrọ na otu ahụ agbakeela.  [3] Na Julaị 2019, Insight Crime kwuru na &quot; Oficina nke taa bụ njikọ nke otu ndị omekome dị n'etiti ndị na-enye ndị na-ere ahịja ọgwụ na mba ọzọ ọrụ na ndị isi mafia ndị ọzọ, na-eji njikọ  aka na ndị otu na-achịkwa mpaghara na mpụ na Medellín.Dị ka nke a, ọ bụ ya. ihe atụ sere anya nke mafia Colombia taa: webụsaìtì nke ndị na-enye ọrụ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-etinye aka.  na ihe niile site na ahụnye ego na akara cocaine nke mba ụwa ruo n'ahịa ọgwụ na-ere akara n'okporo ụzọ ámá na ịpụnara mmadụ.   ihe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;smaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/colombia-organized-crime-news/oficina-de-envigado-profile/|title=Oficina de Envigado|date=7 July 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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    <title>Òtù Ọgwụ Peruvian American</title>
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      <text bytes="6654" sha1="6h3ns6lb5oda76tl9pd0qz86xzihi5b" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Peruvian American Medical Society''' (PAMS) bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ ahụike dabere na US nke na-ahazi ọrụ ahụike yana na-enye ndị obodo na-enweghị nchekwa na [[Peru]] nlekọta ahụike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.generaccion.com/noticia/76119/pobladores-huancavelica-extrema-pobreza-recibieron-atencica-gratuita|date=August 23, 2010|title=Pobladores de Huancavelica en extrema pobreza recibieron atención médica gratuita|accessdate=2013-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.noticiastrujillo.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=21930&amp;Itemid=1|title=Trujillo sede de la XXXIV Convención Anual de la Peruvian American Medical Society|date=3 August 2007|accessdate=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206040711/http://www.noticiastrujillo.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=21930&amp;Itemid=1|archive-date=2013-12-06|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB421DF95B54CF5&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Sunday Rounds|date=September 25, 1994|work=Chicago Sun-Times|quote=EHS Good Samaritan Hospital's plastic surgeon Dr. Ricardo Izquierdo recently returned from Lima, Peru, where he spoke at the 11th annual Peruvian American Medical Society Meeting and the Peruvian Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery.|accessdate=2013-12-03|archive-date=2013-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206232803/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB421DF95B54CF5&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&amp;s_site=miami&amp;p_multi=MH&amp;p_theme=realcities&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB4CCF5A4639EC6&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|work=Miami Herald|date=April 3, 1993|accessdate=2013-12-03|page=4B|title=RAQUEL ALTUNA-RAMIREZ HELPED CREATE GROUP TO AID MED STUDENTS|quote=Raquel Yolanda Altuna-Ramirez, a founding member of the Peruvian American Medical Society, died Wednesday after a brief illness. After retiring to Miami Beach from her suburban Chicago practice, Altuna-Ramirez, 68, worked part-time for a county clinic in Perrine. Sara Ramirez said her mother continued to practice medicine until just before she died. &quot;She loved it,&quot; Ramirez said of her mother's most recent undertaking. &quot;Even while she was in the hospital, she wanted to go back.|archive-date=2013-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206232929/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&amp;s_site=miami&amp;p_multi=MH&amp;p_theme=realcities&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB4CCF5A4639EC6&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&amp;p_theme=sl&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB0519AA9F6478A&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|title=PERUVIAN-BORN DOCTOR IS RETURNING HOME WITH MANY HELPING HANDS LOCAL HEALERS JOIN MEDICAL MISSION TO THE ANDES|first=Monte|author=Reel|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=June 18, 1999|accessdate=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207013923/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&amp;p_theme=sl&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB0519AA9F6478A&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=2013-12-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

PAMS nwere ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ahụike nke ọkachamara dị iche iche na-enye oge na nkà ha na ọrụ ahụike na Peru iji weta nlekọta ahụike dị mma na mpaghara dị iche iche nke mba ahụ. Ndị ọrụ ahụike dịka ndị dọkịta, ndị nọọsụ na ndị dọkịta ezé na- arụkọ ọrụ na ndị na-enye mpaghara na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike iji na-elekọta ọtụtụ puku ndị ọrịa. Na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ US &amp; Peruvian, PAMS ahazila ozi na ihe karịrị obodo 25 dị iche iche na Peru ma nyekwa ọtụtụ nde dollar na akụrụngwa na akụrụngwa ọgwụ. Ego niile sitere n'ịkwakọba ego na-aga n'ịzụta ngwa ọgwụ na-ebubata na Peru.

PAMS ọrụ dị mkpa gụnyere mmepe nke ọkụ ọkụ na Arequipa na Iquitos, dialysis nkeji na Cusco na Lima, otu mba na-ekwu banyere obi na ọzụzụ ịwa ahụ na Dos de Mayo National Hospital, na ọkachamara ọkachamara na ọgwụgwọ ezinụlọ na ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ, nke Andina kwadoro. Mahadum dị na Cusco . Site na nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo na ọha na eze, PAMS mepụtara Center Medical Education na Chincha mgbe oke ala ọma jijiji nke 2007 meghere na March 2011. Ebumnuche a na-aga n'ihu bụ imeziwanye ahụike ụmụaka, nwa ọhụrụ, eriri afọ, obi na ngalaba ịwa ahụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mpaghara.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke PAMS ==
Peruvian American Medical Society tọrọ ntọala na Septemba 8, 1973 site na otu ndị dibịa Peruvian na Atlanta, Georgia. N’oge na-adịghị anya, e hiwere ọtụtụ isiakwụkwọ n’ebe dị iche iche nke mba ahụ. E nwere ihe karịrị ndị òtù Society 400 na-etinye aka ugbu a. Na mpaghara mpaghara na mahadum.

== Kọmitii Executive PAMS ==
Ọkwa ndu niile bụ nke afọ ofufo na enweghị akwụ ụgwọ. N'oge Nzukọ Azụmahịa, na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi, na Nzukọ Kwa Afọ, n'oge okpomọkụ, ndị isi nke nzukọ na-ezukọ iji duzie azụmahịa na ndị otu n'ozuzu.

== Ozi ==
Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970, ndị otu emeela ihe karịrị otu narị ọrụ ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ na Peru. Ebe ozi gara aga na ugbu a gụnyere:

• Abancay • Amazon-Andahuaylilas • Arequipa • Ayacucho • Cajamarca • Cangallo • Chiclayo • Chincha • Chorrillos • Collique • Contamana • Cuzco - Belen Clinic • Cuzco - Hospital Antonio Lorena • Huancavelica • Huaran • Ica • Iquitos - Selva na Action • Lima - La Posadita del Buen Pastor • Lima - Cardio &amp; Thoracic Surgery • Santiago de Chuco • Marjuni • Motupe • Pisco • Piura • Tacna • Tarma • Trujillo • Yantalo

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
Official website
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    <title>Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland</title>
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Ndị ọchịchị Apothecaries nke Ireland bụ n'ime ikike ndị ga-eme anya ndị otu Dublin ochie.  A haziri ndị ozi na Dublin nke mbụ ka ndị otu Guild of Barbers 1446, yana St Mary Magdelene dịka onye nsò.  Na 1747, Apothecaries dere òtù nke ha, na St Luk dị ka onye na-elekọta ya.  N'afọ 1791, e hiwere ụlọ ọrụ Apothecaries' Hall maka iwu iwu ndị nke ha na ndị ọrụ na Ireland niile.  Ọ bụ ebe na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, inye ikike ikike na 1971, ọ na-aga n'ihu dị ka òtù ọrụ ebere.  Ndị ọrụ nke Apothecaries' Hall na-eke ezinụlọ ụlọ na Royal College of Physicians of Ireland na Kildare Street, Dublin.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Guild nke St Mary Magdelene ===
Ndị ọrụ apotheca nke mbụ na Dublin bụ ndị otu Guild of Barbers. Onye na-elekọta ndị otu ahụ bụ St Mary Magdelene. The Barbers' Guild tọrọ ntọala na 1446 site na akwụkwọ ikike nke Henry VI (25 Henry VI) (ntọala ahụike mbụ na Britain ma ọ bụ Ireland, tupu Obodo Edinburgh kwekọrọ na 1505, yana nke Obodo London na 1462). na ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ jikọtara ya na 1576 site na akwụkwọ ikike nke Elizabeth I (19 Eliz. I) (Ndị na-akpụ isi na ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ jikọtara na London na 1540, site na Act of Parliament).

Guild nke St Mary Magdelene nke Barbers, Dọkịta, Apothecaries na Periwig-makers bụ 4th n'usoro nke ụzọ ndị guild ma nwee ndị otu anọ na Council Common nke Obodo Dublin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Webb&quot;/&gt;

=== Ụlọ Nzukọ St Luke ===
Ndị Apothecaries kewapụrụ na Barber-Surgeons na 1747, site na akwụkwọ ikike eze nke George II nke 1745 (20 Geo. II). Onye na-elekọta ndị otu Apothecaries ọhụrụ bụ St Luke Onye Ọkwọrọikọ, na Guild nke St Luke bụ 25th n'ihu, yana ndị otu abụọ na Kansụl Common nke Dublin Corporation. (Nnọchite anya ndị Barbers na Council Common wepụrụ site na anọ ruo mmadụ abụọ mgbe ndị Apothecaries kewapụrụ).

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Worshipful Society of Apothecaries|url=http://www.apothecaries.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;Agba guild (nke e hiwere na 1767) bụ odo odo na oroma.  [1] [2] (Ndị a nwere ike ịbụ isi nke agba edo/acha ndị agha nke London Worshipful Society of Apothecaries - bụ nke kewapụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ London Grocers' Company na 1617 - na crest nke - rhinoceros - yiri ka ọ  Ndị òtù Dublin.) &lt;ref name=&quot;Wheelock&quot;/&gt;

== Ụlọ ọrụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Apothecaries ==
Na 1791, site na Act of Parliament (31 Geo. 3. c. 34 (Ir)), e hiwere ụlọ ọrụ nke Apothecaries' Hall na-eso arịrịọ sitere n'aka Master, Wardens na Commonality nke Corporation of Apothecaries (Guild of St Luke). ) na apothecaries ndị ọzọ nke Obodo Dublin (dị ka &quot;Gọvanọ na Ụlọ ọrụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Apothecaries nke Obodo Dublin&quot;). Ebumnuche nke Ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ bụ isi n'ịkwalite ego iji wuo Ụlọ Nzukọ, kamakwa igbochi &quot;egwu aghụghọ na mmegbu&quot; ka site na ya wee nwee otu &quot;... ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ òtù ụmụnna nke ndị apothecaries na-ekpe ikpe...&quot;. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ikike n'okpuru ala-eze Ireland dum. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ - ọ bụ ezie na ọchịchị, nhazi na otu ga-abụ otu ihe - bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-anọghị na ndị otu.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wheelock&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland: ACC/2011/3|url=https://www.rcpi.ie/content/docs/000001/97_5_media.pdf|first=Harriet|author=Wheelock|publisher=Royal College of Physicians of Ireland|date=October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821113044/https://www.rcpi.ie/content/docs/000001/97_5_media.pdf|archivedate=2014-08-21|access-date=2024-04-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWheelock2011&quot;&gt;Wheelock, Harriet (October 2011).  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. Archived from [https://www.rcpi.ie/content/docs/000001/97_5_media.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 21 August 2014.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site na ntọala ya bụ inyocha ndị a na-aga ime ma mee ka ruo eru maka akara dị ka akwụkwọ ozi.  Akwụkwọ ikike sitere na ndị ọchịchị Apothecaries (LAH) onyonyo ntozu a na-edebanye aha mgbe e hiwere General Medical Council dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ndị na-ahụ maka mgbasa na 1858, na-akwado na ndị nwere iru eru na-eme  ọgwụ.  [1] [2] Ndị nwe ọrụ ahụ gara n'ihu na-enye ndị ikike ikike ruo 1971 [3] mgbe General Medical Council na Medical Registration Council nke Ireland dị ihekwere ntozu sitere na ndị ọchịchị Apothecaries.  Ebe ọ bụ na iwu nzuko omeiwu hiwere ụlọ ụlọ ahụ, iwu ga-adịkwa mkpa iji mechie ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Clark|first=Mary|title=Directory of Historic Dublin Guilds|date=1993|publisher=Dublin Public Libraries|location=Dublin|isbn=0-94684-1438|url={{GBurl|gSy7AAAACAAJ}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'agbanyeghị na ọ dịghị ike iji ọrụ ya bụ isi nke ntozu na nkọwa apothecaries, ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke Apothecaries' Hall na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ taa dị ka otu n'ime naanị ikike ndị ga-eme anya anya kpọmkwem nke.  otu Dublin guild.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị òtù na ọrụ ebere, na-enye ikike ndị ọkpọ tozuru oke ikike.  Onye ọzọ nọchiri anya Dublin Guild bụ ụlọ ọrụ nke Goldsmiths (nke dị ka onye nọchiri anya Guild nke Ndị nsọ niile nke mgbe ochie) nke ka na-arụ ọrụ Dublin Assay Office &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Widdess|first=J. D. H.|title=The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and its Medical School, 1784-1984|location=Dublin|publisher=Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Publications Department|year=1984|edition=3rd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guildhalls na ogige ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Webb&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webb|first=John J|title=The Guilds of Dublin|date=1929|publisher=Ernest Benn|location=London}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWebb1929&quot;&gt;Webb, John J (1929). ''The Guilds of Dublin''. London: Ernest Benn.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Guild nke St Luke zutere atọ Stags' Heads Tavern na Eustace Street, Dublin

Na 1791, e wuru ndị nwe Apothecaries na 40 Mary Street, na-eri £ 6,000.  Ndị ikike ahụ nwere nnukwu ụlọ ụlọ kemịkalụ ebe a na- njikwa ọgwụ.  Ɛma enyaa uten̄ikọ ke ufọkmbono oro, ndien ubak ubak enye ekedi n̄kọk n̄kpọurua n̄kpọ, emi mme usọbọ ẹsikemede ndision̄o n̄kpọ.p 


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleetwood, John F.|title=The History of Medicine in Ireland|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmedicin0000flee|location=Dublin|publisher=The Skellig Press|year=1983}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 1837, e hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Apothecaries' Hall na Cecilia Street, Dublin, bụ nke natara Nkwado dị mkpa n'aka Royal College of Surgeons na Ireland .  [1] [2] N'afọ 1854, onye ụlọ na ihe dị n'ime ya maka £1,500 n'aha Andrew Ellis FRCSI, Prọfesọ nke ịwa ahụ na akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ nke Apothecaries' Hall na Cecilia Street, na onye ikpe,  iji guzobe akwụkwọ Medical University nke abụọ nke mepere na 1855

Na 1923, Ụlọ Nzukọ Apothecaries kwagara na 95 Merrion Square, nke rere na 2011. Ụlọ ọrụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Apothecaries bụ Royal College of Physicians nke Ireland na-elekọta ụlọ ya na Kildare Street. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wheelock&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Guilds nke Obodo Dublin

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Nhazi Nri]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ</title>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;rte2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/history/post-famine/2021/0309/1202980-living-skeletons-the-doolough-tragedy/|publisher=RTÉ|work=rte.ie|first=Kathleen|author=Villiers-Tuthill|title='Living skeletons': the Doolough Tragedy|date=25 March 2021|accessdate=9 January 2022|quote=five starving people died by the roadside in Mayo after being forced to walk for miles to present themselves for inspection [..] two more bodies were found on the mountain pass, nine or ten others who left for the inspection never returned home [..] and a number of [other] deaths occurred soon afterwards}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;afri2009&quot;/&gt;Ọdachi Doolough bụ ihe omume mere n'oge oke ụnwụ Irish dị nso na Doo Lough na ndị ihu egwuregwu County Mayo .  [1] Ọ̀ ala asaa (ma zọ anya 20 ma ọ bụ mpaghara) ndị agụụ na-agụ ọnwụ mgbe &quot;manyere ije ije ọtụtụ kilomita iji onwe ha maka nsogbu&quot; nke ndị ọrụ otu iwu dara ogbenye ga- agụ ma ha ga  -aga n'ihu na-enweta akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;NS&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe omume ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;NS&quot; /&gt;Na akwụkwọ 30 Ma Achị 1849, ndị ọrụ abụọ nke Westport Poor Law Union bịarutere Louisburgh inyocha ndị ahụ na nnata ihuenyo dị n'iji akara nna na ha kwesịrị ịga n'ihu nata ya.  [1] ahụ nyocha, n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ, ma ndị ma ndị ọrụ ahụ gara n'ihu na Delphi Lodge – ụlọ nha nta - 19 kilometers (12 miles) ndụ Louisburgh ebe ha bu n'obi ịrahụ ọdịdị.  [2] N'ihi ya, e nyere ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ndị na-agba àmà maka mgbaka ahụ, ma ọ bụ mechaa mee otú ahụ, ka ha na Delphi Lodge n'elekere asaa nke ụtụtụ echi ya ma ọ na ha ikike na-  enweta.  [3] [4] N'ihi na ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ozi na ehihie sochiri ihe yiri ka ọtụtụ ndị ogbenye na agụụ na-agụ imere ha ihe, n'ihi ọnọdụ ada ike ha dị adị, bụ njem na  -agwụ ike nke ukwuu, n'oge ihu igwe jọgburu onwe ya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0811/808544-first-doolough-festival/|publisher=RTÉ|work=rte.ie|title=RTÉ Archives - Fáilte Go Féile Dhubhlocha (1991)|first=Eileen|author=Magnier|date=1991|accessdate=9 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;afri2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afri.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/famine-walk-2009.pdf|publisher=[[Afri (organisation)|Afri]]|work=afri.ie|first=Leon|author=O'Morchain|title=Famine Walk 2009|date=2009|accessdate=9 March 2021|quote=According to this account the total number of deaths was no more than twenty on the road and an uncounted number in their homes [..] however, a strong folk tradition in the local Louisburgh community that the numbers who died [..] should be counted in hundreds}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO'Morchain2009&quot;&gt;O'Morchain, Leon (2009). [https://www.afri.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/famine-walk-2009.pdf &quot;Famine Walk 2009&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''afri.ie''. [[Afri (nzukọ)|Afri]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 March&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;According to this account the total number of deaths was no more than twenty on the road and an uncounted number in their homes [..] however, a strong folk tradition in the local Louisburgh community that the numbers who died [..] should be counted in hundreds&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Otu onye dere akwụkwọ ozi nyere akwụkwọ akwụkwọ The Mayo Constitution n'oge na-adịghị anya na a imera ozu mmadụ asaa, ndị mmadụ na-eme, n' okporo ụzọ dị n'etiti Delphi na Louisburgh nke na-ele anya n'  mmiri mmiri nke ịhụnanya Doolough, [1] na ozi ma ọ bụ iri ọzọ.  ndị mmadụ eru ụlọ ha.  [2] Ọ bụ ebe na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ihe dị ka mmadụ 20, akwụkwọ ozi mpaghara na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ akarị.

&lt;ref name=&quot;NS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Connelly|first=Charlie|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/travel/2009/05/ireland-louisburgh-night|title=The Black Lake's Secret|publisher=New Statesman|date=7 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053614/https://www.newstatesman.com/travel/2009/05/ireland-louisburgh-night|archivedate=4 March 2012|quote=Nobody knows for certain how many perished at Doolough. Estimates range wildly from 20 to 400|access-date=11 April 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFConnelly2009&quot;&gt;Connelly, Charlie (7 May 2009). . New Statesman. Archived from [http://www.newstatesman.com/travel/2009/05/ireland-louisburgh-night the original] on 4 March 2012. &lt;q&gt;Nobody knows for certain how many perished at Doolough. Estimates range wildly from 20 to 400&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Obe na njem 'ụnwụ nri' kwa afụ n'etiti Louisburgh na Doolough na-echeta mmemme a.  [1] Ihe nwere ike nke dị na Doough Valley ihe odide sitere na Mahatma Gandhi : &quot;Olee otú ndị mmadụ ga-esi nwee ike nwee ike na ha na-enye saịtị na mmechuihu nke ndị ibe ha?&quot;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ ọrụ (Dublin)</title>
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&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/workhousesofirel00ocon|title=The Workhouses of Ireland: The Fate of Ireland's Poor|date=1994-09-01|publisher=Childrens Pr|isbn=9780947962715|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị ọrụ ihe bụ ụlọ ọrụ na Dublin, Ireland nke sitere na nguzobe ya site n'aka ndị omeiwu na 1703, &quot;maka ọrụ na idobe ndị ogbenye ya.&quot;

Site na 1729 House of Industry webakwara ụlọ ntọala ntọala&lt;ref&gt;Tighe, Joan, 'Mendicity' in ''Dublin Historical Record'', vol. 20, no. 3/4 (Jun. - Sep., 1965), p.103&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ dị n'ebe dị ugbu a nke ụlọ ọgwụ St. James's, James Street, ma gụnye 14 acres (57,000 m nke ala. A na-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ a site na ụtụ isi a na-atụ n'elu oche sedan  , ndị nkuzi hackney na ụtụ isi nke isi n'obodo ahụ dum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/10159/page/224684|title=Enhanced British Parliamentary Papers On Ireland|work=www.dippam.ac.uk|accessdate=2016-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422052539/http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/10159/page/224684|archive-date=2016-04-22|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1796 ọ nabata ihe ụmụaka 1,700.  N'ịgbaso iwu nke nzuko omeiwu Irish, ndị 'gọọmentị' asaa na-ahụ maka njikwa ya, ndị otu Dublin Corporation na-achọ kwa afọ.  N'ihe dị ka oge a, ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ nke Benjamin Thompson webatara n'ime ụlọ ahụ maka nkwalite ikuku, nri na ikpo ọkụ.

Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-enye ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ, ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ụmụaka ndị gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na-erubeghị afọ asatọ, na ndị ara ara. N'afọ 1773, a gbanwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wee kewaa n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndị isi mgbaka, ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị ogbenye dị na ya, na ụlọ ọgwụ na-emepụta ihe nke a ga-eji mee ihe maka nchekwa na agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụaka a nabatara. Ụlọ ọgwụ a chọtara kpọbatara ụmụ ọhụrụ gbahapụrụ na Dublin mana n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị oke njọ (anọ n'ime ise) ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwetara nyocha na nyocha. Nnyocha ndị a chọtara ihe akaebe siri ike nke ajọ omume kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ puku ụmụaka. The House of Commons kwụsịrị ikwe ka nnabata ọhụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ na 1831. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/DublinSouth/|title=The Workhouse in Dublin South, Co. Dublin|work=www.workhouses.org.uk|accessdate=2016-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=de Tocqueville|first=Alexis|title=Alexis de Tocqueville's journey in Ireland, July-August, 1835|editor=Emmet J. Larkin|publisher=CUA Press|year=1990|pages=24|isbn=978-0-8132-0719-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKHtzVEr7xgC&amp;dq=%22the+most+hideous+and+disgusting+aspect%22&amp;pg=PA24}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị ọrụ ebe a na-ozira ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na ndị mmadụ dara n'okpuru ọchịchị yiri nke ahụ.  N'afọ 1805, Sir John Carr na njem ya nke Ireland ụlọ ọrụ ka &quot;ebe obibi ngwaahịa nke agwa agwa ọnụ, ọrịa, ọrịa na ọrịa, bụ ebe ndị na-ejuju na agbụ dị arọ na ụmụ dara maara.  ada wee kee ya na osisi&quot;.  [1] na nzuko omeiwu ndụ na ndị ahịa bụ ihe dara ada na &quot; ike uru kpamkpam&quot; [2] A ike ya dị ka 'Ogbenye Dublin', onye isi ndị France bụ Alexis de Tocqueville letara ya na 1835, n'  oge njem njem ya na Ireland.  Tocqueville na-ahụ ndị na-ahụ ebe ahụ dị ka 'maka kacha jọgburu onwe ya na ihe arụ nke ogbenye'.  Nri ahụ e nyere bụ ofe a na-esi n’aka ana iso n’ọkụ okporo ụzọ n’aka ndị na-eso ụzọ

== Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Ahịrị ọwa ==
&lt;ref&gt;Reynolds, Joseph, ‘’Grangegorman: Psychiatric Care in Dublin since 1815’’ (Dublin, 1992), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;E hiwere ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ na 1773 na Channel Row, North Brunswick Street nke oge a, n'ụdị ugwu nke obodo ahụ na a na-akpọ taa Grangegorman nso na ihe mechara ihe Royal Canal Harbor

Na 1838, site na ngafe nke Iwu Ogbenye Irish nke a wee bụrụ nke ọ pụtara North Dublin Union .

Na 1919, njikọ North Dublin jikọtara ọnụ na South Dublin Workhouse na arụgharịrị ụlọ ochie nke North Dublin. Ọ bụ site na mgbe ahụ gaa n'ihu naanị aha ya bụ Dublin Union. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dublin South Workhouse|url=https://www.irelandxo.com/ireland-xo/history-and-genealogy/buildings-database/dublin-south-workhouse|work=www.irelandxo.com|accessdate=6 January 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
{{Commons category}}

* [[Iwu ndị ogbenye nke Ireland|Iwu ndị ogbenye Irish]]
* Ụlọ ọrụ Mendicity
* Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Isi mmalite ==

* si X sitere na ''Ndụ na Dublin ochie'' nke James Collins 1913
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Bassetlaw</title>
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Bassetlaw District General Hospital bụ ụlọ ọgwụ na-ahụ maka mkpuchi mba na Worksop, Nottinghamshire .  Ọ bụ Doncaster na Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust na-elekọta ya.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dbth.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NHS-70-History-book-page-4.jpg|title=70th Anniversary History Book|publisher=Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129054309/https://www.dbth.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NHS-70-History-book-page-4.jpg|archive-date=29 November 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hospitallọ ọgwụ ahụ sitere na Kilton Hill Infirmary, nke Herbert Scalping mere nke JH Vickers wuru na nke jere ozi dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ Ogbenye Iwu obodo.  [1] Onye isi oche mpaghara nke ndị ndụ iwu dara ogbenye meghere ya na January 1902. [2] E gbatịpụrụ ngozi ụlọ ụlọ ọgwụ na 1929 ma tinye ngalaba ụlọ arụrụla mbụ na 1939 iji ezi ikike.  [3] ọgwụ ahụ sonyeere National Health Service na 1948.

&lt;ref name=&quot;mile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worksopguardian.co.uk/news/milestones-in-the-history-of-bassetlaw-hospital-1-627144|title=Milestones in the history of Bassetlaw Hospital|date=31 January 2003|publisher=Worksop Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;E wu ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ kpamkpam n'etiti 1982 na 1987 ebe Princess of Wales meghere ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ na September 198.  na 1994 na ihe nyọcha CT ọhụrụ na ngwa nfụkasị ọrịa ara ara rutere na 1997.

== Ọrụ ==
N'ịgbaso egwuregwu na January 2018 Care Quality Commission kọrọ na ụlọ ọgwụ &quot;chọrọ nkwalite&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cqc.org.uk/location/RP5BA|title=Bassetlaw District General Hospital|publisher=Care Quality Commission|accessdate=28 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na England

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Newark</title>
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      <text bytes="1786" sha1="8labczpk80gy11s8k042koprkkl0ud7" xml:space="preserve">Hospitallọ ọgwụ Newark bụ ụlọ ọrụ na Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, England.  Ọ bụ Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust na-elekọta ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;nhg&quot;/&gt;ndị ọgwụ ahụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nke e akara na Hawton Road (ugbu a Albert Street) na 1786. [1] [2] ndị ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ, nke e ahụ na-ahụ àjà nke 19, akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ.  mpaghara wee na Newark Hospital na Dispensary na 1868.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hospitalrecords/details.asp?id=2518|title=Newark General Hospital|publisher=National Archives|accessdate=22 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;ọgwụ ahụ ahụ kwagara n'iche ọrụ buru ibu, nke William Bliss mere, na saịtị dị na London Road n'April 1881. [1] Nke a weputara ngalaba ụlọ ọgwụ ochie maka dị ka Castle Brewery.  [1] ọgwụ ahụ sonyeere National Health Service dị ka Newark General Hospital na 1948.

&lt;ref name=&quot;nhg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/places/hospitals/hospitals9.htm|title=Hospitals|first=Denise|author=Amos|publisher=Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway|accessdate=23 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAmos&quot;&gt;Amos, Denise. [http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/places/hospitals/hospitals9.htm &quot;Hospitals&quot;]. Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Hospitallọ ọgwụ Newark General ochie dị na London Road mechiri na 1996, mgbe ebufere ndị ọrịa n'iche ọrụ ọhụrụ ọhụrụ na Boundary Road nke Duke nke Gloucester meghere na 1996.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na England

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Royal nke Salford</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7373" sha1="lf6b39e67idnqxtguatrjjenejcmfhj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hope Building, Salford Royal Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 2586383.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọgwụ Royal nke Salford]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cqc.org.uk/content/salford-royal-nhs-foundation-trust-awarded-outstanding-rating-chief-inspector-hospitals|title=Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust is awarded Outstanding rating by Chief Inspector of Hospitals|work=www.cqc.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-32076992|title=Hospital trust rated 'outstanding'|date=27 March 2015|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-03-27/what-makes-salford-royal-hospital-outstanding/|title=What makes Salford Royal Hospital 'outstanding'|work=ITV News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/david-cameron-visits-outstanding-salford-8939396|title=David Cameron visits 'outstanding' Salford Royal to promise seven-day NHS|first=Wayne|author=Ankers|date=28 March 2015|work=Manchester Evening News}}&lt;/ref&gt;Salford Royal Hospital (nke a na-akpọbu Hope Hospital ) bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi dị na Pendleton, Salford, England nke Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust na-arụ.  Ọ bụbu otu n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ kacha arụ ọrụ na United Kingdom. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CQC rates Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust requires improvement - Care Quality Commission|url=https://www.cqc.org.uk/press-release/cqc-rates-northern-care-alliance-nhs-foundation-trust-requires-improvement|work=www.cqc.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Hope Building, Salford Royal Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 2586383.jpg|thumb]]
E hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ izizi na Salford na Chapel Street na 1827 ma mara ya dị ka Salford na Pendleton Dispensary. &lt;ref name=&quot;mh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://manchesterhistory.net/manchester/outside/SALFORD/salfordroyal.html|title=The Former Salford Royal Hospital - Chapel Street|publisher=Manchester History|accessdate=30 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ Salford na Pendleton Royal Hospital na Dispensary na 1847 yana Salford Royal Hospital na 1870s. &lt;ref name=&quot;mh&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;nurses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/nurse-remembers-blitz-victims-at-old-1186058|title=Nurse remembers blitz victims at old bomb-site|date=17 February 2007|publisher=Manchester Evening News|accessdate=30 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jun 1941, n'oge Manchester Blitz, ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Chapel Street si German na ndị akaebe 14 nwụrụ.  [1] N'ịgbaso nguzobe NHS Trust na 1990 na mbelata fu ego nke Gọọmenti nyere iwu na ụlọ 1990s, ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Chapel Street mechiri na 1994 wee jiri ka ọ ụlọ okomoko.  [2] Mbadamba nkume nkume iji cheta ndị gburugburu n'oge Blitz ka dị n'elu ọnụ ụzọ Chapel Street mbụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;revamp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/royal-approval-in-hospital-revamp-1003988|title=Royal approval in hospital revamp|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Manchester Evening News|accessdate=30 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ dị na Hope, nke e wuru n'ịkpọ ndịda nke Eccles Road n'etiti 1880 na 1882 iji nabata ndị ogbenye na- arịa ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe ọrụ mpaghara, bụ nke a  maara dị ka Salford Union Infirmary.  [1] A bịara mara ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ dị ka Hope Hospital, na-ewere aha ndị Hope nke oge ochie, nke e mebiri na 1956. [2] Azụtara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ maka ụlọ ọgwụ Hope n'okpuru ọchịchị Initiative Ego nkeonwe na 2007  . Ụbọchị owuwu ahụ, bụ nke Ryder/ HKS [3] haziri ma ụmụ ya bụ Balfour Beatty n'ọnụ ego dị nde £136, ka arụchara na 2012. [4] Eme ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Hope aha dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ Salford Royal  n'oge nrụgharị ahụ.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CQC rates Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust requires improvement - Care Quality Commission|url=https://www.cqc.org.uk/press-release/cqc-rates-northern-care-alliance-nhs-foundation-trust-requires-improvement|work=www.cqc.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na January 2018, a mara ọkwa na a ga-ewu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ trauma, nke nwere helipad elu ụlọ, na Salford Royal Hospital na ọnụ ahịa £ 48 nde.  [1] A na-eche na a ga- oyeta 90 nke ndị ọrịa niile nwere ikike ahụ na mpaghara Greater Manchester ebe ahụ ozi emechara ya.  [1] Ọ bụbu otu n'ime ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na United Kingdom [2] [3] [4] [5] mana a na-egosi ya ugbu a dị ka &quot;chọrọ nweta nkwalite&quot; na Juan Juan.  nke Commission Care Quality na mbụ anụ.  otu Northern Care Alliance.

== Ndị ọrụ ama ama ==

* Mildred Alice Nodal RRC &lt;ref&gt;Mildred Alice Nodal, 27 April 1918, Register of The Royal Red Cross, 1883–1994; WO145/1, 289; The National Archives, Kew [Available at: www.findmypast.co.uk, accessed on 8 February 2018].&lt;/ref&gt; (1861-1947), matron site na 1907 ruo 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders:1880–1919' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=4 January 1908|title=Appointments|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nursing-times_1908-01-04_4_140/page/16|journal=[[The Nursing Times]]|volume=4|pages=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Nodal, Mildred Alice, Register of Nurses, General Part 1925, 1179; The General Nursing Council for England and Wales; The Nursing Registers, 1898–1968 [Available at: www.ancestry.co.uk, accessed on 8 February 2018].&lt;/ref&gt; Nodal zụrụ azụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ London n'okpuru Eva Luckes n'etiti 1892 na 1894. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mildred Alice Nodal, Register of Probationers; RLHLH/N/1/4, 42; Barts Health NHS Trust Archives and Museums, London&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Nlekọta ahụike na Greater Manchester
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike Manchester
* Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na England

'''Nkọwapụta'''
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.srft.nhs.uk/ Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (webụsaịtị emelitere ọzọ)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415131920/http://www.scanlite.co.uk/clients/salford-nhs-trust/ Ihe ọkpụkpụ Helix LED okpukpu abụọ] - ihe ọkpụkpụ Salford NHS Trust
* [http://www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk/ Ngalaba Medical na Human Sciences, Mahadum Manchester]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240411140400/https://www.northerncarealliance.nhs.uk/ Northern Care Alliance]
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields</title>
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      <text bytes="2446" sha1="bheysluxemea5ach0q46usav10us95d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox hospital|Name=Freedom Fields Hospital|Org/Group=|Logo=&lt;!-- optional --&gt;|image=Freedom House Freedom Fields Plymouth - geograph.org.uk - 1007342.jpg|caption=Freedom Fields Hospital|Location=[[Plymouth]]|coordinates={{Coord|50.3785|-4.1289|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}|map_type=Devon|map_caption=Shown in Devon|Region=|State=|Country=UK|HealthCare=NHS|Type=General|Speciality=&lt;!-- if devoted to a speciality, i.e. not if has broad spectrum of specialities --&gt;|Standards=&lt;!-- optional if no national standards --&gt;|Emergency=|Affiliation=|Beds=|Founded=1858|Closed=1998|Website=|Wiki-Links=&lt;!-- optional --&gt;}}Hospitallọ ọgwụ Freedom Fields bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọgwụ na Plymouth mechiri na 1998.
[[Usòrò:Freedom House Freedom Fields Plymouth - geograph.org.uk - 1007342.jpg|thumb]]

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;workhouses&quot;/&gt;Arthur na Dwelly haziri ihe owuwu a ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma wuo ya na saịtị dị n'ụdị ndị mụrụ nke njikọ Longfield Place na Greenbank Road n'etiti 1852 na 1858. [1] Mgbasawanye ngosi mgbasawanye nke ụlọ ọrụ n'  etiti 1907 na 1910. [1] Ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ Greenbank na 1909 yana ụlọ ọgwụ Plymouth City na 1930

&lt;ref name=&quot;workhouses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Plymouth/#Post-1834|title=Plymouth|publisher=Workhouses|accessdate=30 September 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Plymouth/#Post-1834 &quot;Plymouth&quot;]. Workhouses&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 September&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Aha ụlọ ụlọ ahụ ọtụtụ oge na mpaghara na mpaghara Plymouth Sound gburugburu n'oge Agha mmetụta nke egwu.  Egburu otu nwa n'ime ụlọ n'ime n'ime 13 Jenụarị 1941 na, obere oge ka Lord Astor mepechara mgbasa 20.  Ma achị.  1941. [1] Mgbe ọ sonyechara na National Health Service na 1948, a kpọpụtara ya ụlọ ọgwụ Freedom Fields.

&lt;ref name=&quot;workhouses&quot;/&gt;Ọrụ gbasara gbasara ebugara n'alụlụ Derriford ọhụrụ na 1982, ọrụ nwa bufere ebe ahụ na 1994 ma ndị ọrụ ndị na-eme na February 1998. [1] Emezi netwọk a nke ukwuu maka ojiji obibi.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165505/http://www.28dayslater.co.uk/forums/showthread.php?t=33531 Ubi nnwere onwe - Plymouth Archives 1999]
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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    <title>Ịda ogbenye na Democratic Republic of the Congo</title>
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[[Usòrò:Poverty_in_DR_Congo.jpg|thumb| Oke nke ndị bi na oke ịda ogbenye ka oge na-aga, 1981 ruo 2019]]
Ogbenye juru ebe niile na ọnọdụ njikwa ya na mpaghara 26 nke Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).  N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ nke obodo mkparịta n'Africa, yana mpaghara 2.3 nde square kilomita (890,000 sq mi), na n'ịbụ ndị e nyere nnukwu akụ sitere n'okike, DRC bụ obodo baa ikwu n'ụwa.  [1] Nkezi ego a na-enweta kwa afọ bụ naanị $449 US dollar.  [2] Na 2019, United Nations (UN) Human Development Index (HDI) DRC dị ka obodo 175th kacha mmari n'ime mba 189 nwere HDI nke 0.480.  [3] Ihe ụmụaka 80% nke ndị Congo na-ebi ihe na- ụmụaka $1.25 kwa ụbọchị, nke akọwara dị ka ọnụ ụzọ maka ogbenye dị oke egwu.. [lower-alpha 1]

== Ihe kpatara ya ==

=== Enweghi ike ===
[[Usòrò:KitshangaWar-05_(8539324900).jpg|thumb| Otu obere nwa agbọghọ na-asa aka ya n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị nso na ọdụ MONUSCO dị na Kitshanga ka nnukwu ọgụ dakwasịrị n'etiti APCLS na FARDC, a na-eche na mmadụ 5000 gbapụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 90 nwụrụ, 7 Maachị 2013.]]
{{R|Lee}}Nkwụsi ike site na ọtụtụ afɔ nke agha na ike ịgba mgba mgba bụ otu n'ime ihe kpatara akpata ogbenye na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), ebe ego ogbenye na ngwá ọrụ nke ndị agha ụdị.  [1] :  29 DRC bụ ebe nwere echiche, nke ruru ihe ruru US $ 24 trillion, bụ nke bụ ike butere otu n'ime okwu mkparịta ụka n'ụwa Agha IIwa nke amaghị.  [2] Agha maka mgbaàmà na Congo na-egbu ihe dị ka ndị ozi 10,000 kwa ọnwa.  [2] A na-eji ọla ndị dị oke ọnụ ahịa e gwupụtara na Kongo eme ihe n'ichepụta smartphones, ọkụ ọkụ, kọmputa, na ọla.  Nrụrụ aka nke ụlọ ọrụ Ngwuputa abụrụla na azụmahịa-enye nnukwu ego maka otu ndị agha bụ ndị, tupu 2010, na-enweta ego ha ga-enweta kwa afọ nke e mere akwụkwọ na ihe dị ka nde $185 site n'aka ndị ọchụnta ego.  si mba ọzọ.  Bas na ngafe nke Dodd-Frank Act na US na-enwera nke ukwuu maka mineral ndị iwu na-akwadoghị, na ọtụtụ ogbunigwe ugbu a nọ n'okpuru nri ndị akwụkwọ, ndị otu [3] na-aga n'ihu na-enweta ego.  site na ngwu pụta edo.  Ndị ọrụ ndị mba ọzọ na-etinye ego n'òtù ndị agha na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị n'ime ala akpatala mfu ihe otu ụlọ dollar na ụtụ isi.  N'ịgbakwụnye, inye ndị mba Kongo ihe ndị na-egwupụta akụ n'ala n'ụzọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ isii na-efu ndị Congo ihe dị ka Messi $1.35

{{R|uneca}}DRC dara ogbenye tupu agha obodo kacha nso nso a na 1990s.  Dị ka United Nations Economic Commission for Africa si kwuo, data ahụ dị, ma ka o sina dị, o kwubiri na &quot;ọgbaghara [a] mere ka ọ daa njọ n'ụdị ndụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara&quot;.  [1] : 67 Ezin nwere ndị nọ n'ebe agha tisasịrị na-eji obere ego onye ọ lla na-emefu kwa ụbọchị ụfọdụ ndị na mpaghara udo, ihe omume ama na agha ahụ emetụtawo ọnọdụ akụ na nyere ha n'ụzọ na-  na mma 

=== Ọrịa ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lee|first=Esther|title=The Paradox Of Congo: How The World's Wealthiest Country Became Home To The World's Poorest People|url=https://thinkprogress.org/the-paradox-of-congo-how-the-worlds-wealthiest-country-became-home-to-the-world-s-poorest-people-d27cbdd1debd/|work=ThinkProgress}}&lt;/ref&gt;ị bụ isi ihe ọzọ na-egosi ogbenye na DRC.  ịrịba ndị dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịba ọcha n'anya A, ịba, polio, measles na typhoid ahụ na-aga n'ihu.  HIV/AIDS na-emetụta 1.2% nke ndị Congo.  [1] Na DRC, ịba bụ isi ihe na-ebute ọrịa na ọnwụ.  DRC nwere ọnụ nke abụọ nke nzaghachi elu n'ụwa niile gbasara ọrịa ịba.  [1]mee na-enwekarị ike ịrịa ịba, ọrịa ahụ na-akpata ọnwụ nke 19% ndị na-eru pụta afọ ise.  [2] Ụkwara nta bụ ihe ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa.  [3] echiche na-efe efe belala ndụ ndụ ndị Congo ruo naanị afọ 48, [4] ebe otu n'ime ụgbọ asaa na-anwụ tupu ọ dị awụ ise

=== Agụụ ===
Dabere na Portal Nchekwa nri, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasenti 70 nke ndị DRC enweghị obere ohere inweta nri zuru oke na-enye aka na erighị erimeri nke otu n'ime ụmụaka anọ ọ bụla. &lt;ref name=&quot;Food&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Food Security Portal|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/dr-congo/resources?print|work=Food Security Portal|publisher=IFPRI|accessdate=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708054158/http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/dr-congo/resources?print|archive-date=8 July 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ́ ụmụaka na-enwekarị n'ógbè ndị agha tisasịrị bụ́ ndị na-adabere n'ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ̀. Isi ihe na-ebute ụkọ nri bụ nchụpụ ndị mmadụ. N'ihi ime ihe ike na-aga n'ihu, United Nations na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 2.3 na-achụpụ na DRC. &lt;ref name=&quot;Worldbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=The World Bank|title=The World Bank in DRC|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc/overview#1|work=The World Bank|accessdate=28 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esemokwu dị na mpaghara ebe a na-egwuputa ihe emebiela ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi nke mere ka nde mmadụ atọ nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke agụụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baynes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Baynes|first=Chris|title=Millions face starvation in Democratic Republic of Congo, UN warns|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo-un-united-nations-world-food-programme-starvation-joseph-kabila-a8025976.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri ===
Ụkọ mmiri na-ekerekwa òkè dị mkpa n'oké ụkọ nri. Enweghị akụrụngwa n'ime ime obodo, yana ndakpọ nke akụrụngwa n'ihi ọgụ, emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị Congo ghara inweta mmiri dị ọcha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shore&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shore|first=Rebecca|title=Water in Crisis – Democratic Republic of Congo|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water-crisis/water-in-crisis-congo|work=The Water Project|accessdate=28 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; DRC nwere ihe karịrị ọkara nke mmiri dị n'Africa, ma n'afọ 2011, ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi na ya enweghị ohere ịnweta mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha. &lt;ref name=&quot;UNNews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=UN News|title=In water-rich DR Congo, 50 million people lack clean water to drink – UN|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/03/369802|work=UN News|accessdate=28 June 2018|archivedate=6 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024753/https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/03/369802}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Economy nke Democratic Republic of Congo
* Nsogbu mmiri na Democratic Republic of Congo
* Ụlọ ọrụ Ngwuputa nke Democratic Republic of Congo

== Ntụaka ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/COD Akụkọ mmepe mmadụ: Congo (Democratic Republic of the)]
{{Poverty}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-11-24|title=&quot;Stronger Together&quot; Documentary Tribute To Stronghold Society|url=https://juicemagazine.com/home/stronger-together-documentary-tribute-to-stronghold-society/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=Juice Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lakota Country Times: Skate competition moves to Pine Ridge|url=https://www.indianz.com/News/2016/07/20/lakota-country-times-skate-competition-m.asp|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=Indianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;Stronghold Society bụ ngwa ngwa ọrụ nke na-akwado maka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, na-amụ anya n'ịmepụta na skateparks na obodo ndị America . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stronghold Society Benefit Show Featuring The Enigma {{!}} Things to do in Denver|url=https://www.timeout.com/denver/things-to-do/stronghold-society-benefit-show-featuring-the-enigma|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=Time Out Denver|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Nhazi ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-03-28|title=SKATE OR DIE|url=https://juicemagazine.com/home/skate-or-die/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=Juice Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://juicemagazine.com/home/skate-or-die/ &quot;SKATE OR DIE&quot;]. ''Juice Magazine''. 2013-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị Stronghold Society ntọala ntọala site n'aka Walt Pourier, Mark &quot;Monk&quot; Hubbard, James Murphy, na Jeff Ament .  [1] Pourier bụ onye isi oche nke akụrụngwa ogbu a.

=== Mmemme Skatepark ụzọ anọ ikpere merụrụ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Groovey|date=2014-09-02|title=Walt Pourier: Artist Stronghold for Native Youth|url=http://adobeairstream.com/design/walt-pourier-artist-stronghold-for-native-youth/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=AdobeAirstream|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813200922/http://adobeairstream.com/design/walt-pourier-artist-stronghold-for-native-youth/|archive-date=2020-08-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGroovey2014&quot;&gt;Groovey (2014-09-02). [http://adobeairstream.com/design/walt-pourier-artist-stronghold-for-native-youth/ &quot;Walt Pourier: Artist Stronghold for Native Youth&quot;]. ''AdobeAirstream''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Walt na Stronghold Society ekiri ya na Skateboards Knee ahụ iji weta Skatepark Knee 4-Directions akụrụngwa nye ahụ na-enye ikike na ndoputa Pine Ridge na South Dakota.  Ogige ahụ mepere na Pine Ridge Village na 2011.

=== Mmemme nka ===
Stronghold Society na-eme mmemme nka maka ndị ntorobịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Mgbasa ahụike ahụike uche ===
Òtù a na-emekwa mkpọsa mgbasa ozi na-akwalite ahụ ike nke ndị ntorobịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-02|title=Episode 35 – How It Happened: Pine Ridge with Walt Pourier|url=https://tonyhawkfoundation.org/2019/12/episode-35-how-it-happened-pine-ridge-with-walt-pourier/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=Tony Hawk Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://tonyhawkfoundation.org/2019/12/episode-35-how-it-happened-pine-ridge-with-walt-pourier/ &quot;Episode 35 – How It Happened: Pine Ridge with Walt Pourier&quot;]. ''Tony Hawk Foundation''. 2019-12-02&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://strongholdsociety.org/ Webụsaịtị gọọmentị]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMV16Ev9qtg&amp;feature=emb_title KAKWUO GBASARA YA | Up Mountain Switchel x Stronghold Society]
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Marcy</title>
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      <text bytes="3380" sha1="sfok5r1gs1erokzjpfa9dnypf8acj6x" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Marcy Houses Park Av rainy jeh.jpg|thumb|Marcy Houses Park Av rainy jeh.jpg]]
Ezi Marcy, ma ọ bụ The Marcy Projects, bụ ụlọ ọha na eze wuru ma na-arụ ọrụ site na New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) ma dị na Bedford-Stuyvesant ma dị n'aka Flushing, Marcy, Nostrand na Myrtle avenues  .  [1] [2] [3] Akpọrọ ọnọdụ ahụ aha William L. Marcy (1786–1857), onye ọkaiwu, onye agha na onye dị iche iche.  [4] Ihe nwe ụlọ 27 okpukpu isii na 28.49 acres (0.1153 km2 , o nwere ụlọ 1,705 ihe dị ka ndị bi na 4,286 (nkezi nke mmadụ 2.5 n'iche) &lt;ref name=&quot;nychamarcy&quot;/&gt;

== Mmepe ==
Obodo New York zụtara ala Marcy dị na 1945; ọ bụbu ebe a na-arụ nnukwu igwe igwe ikuku Dutch. &lt;ref name=&quot;60yrsnycha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/news/marcy_riis_60.shtml|title=Happy 60th Marcy and Jacob Riis House|accessdate=2009-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502161209/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/news/marcy_riis_60.shtml|archivedate=May 2, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A kpochapụrụ ụlọ na azụmahịa (gụnyere ụlọ akụ abụọ) maka owuwu nke Marcy, yana akụkụ nke Hopkins, Ellery, Floyd (ugbu a Martin Luther King Jr. Place), na okporo ụzọ Stockton nke gafere ebe mgbagwoju anya ugbu a.  Emechara Marcy na Jenụwarị 19, 1949. &lt;ref name=&quot;nychamarcy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml|title=NYCHA Housing Developments - Marcy Houses|work=nyc.gov|publisher=City of New York|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111053258/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml|archivedate=2009-01-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''nyc.gov''. City of New York. Archived from [http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml the original] on January 11, 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1946, 3.2 acres (0.013 km2   nke 28.49 acres (0.1153 km2   edoro maka ebe egwuregwu; e wughachiri ebe egwuregwu a na 1989.  

&lt;ref name=&quot;60yrsnycha&quot; /&gt; Marcy emeela ihe iji bụrụ enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi;  na 2006, o dochiri ihe niile na-ekpo ọkụ mmiri na-echekwa ike, ngwa ngwa mmiri ọkụ.  N'October 2008, mpaghara mpaghara Marcyụzọ ọkwa nke atọ na emume 43rd kwa afọ nke ubi na Greening, na ubi ya na-acha akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ nke ọnọdụ nke abụọ.  [1] Na Jenụwarị 19, 2009, ụbọchị nke 60 nke arụchara ụlọ ahụ, onye isi obodo Michael Bloomberg were ụbọchị Marcy Houses Day.

== Ndị ama ama ==

* Jay-Z, (amụrụ 1969), onye egwu &lt;ref&gt;Birchmeier, Jason. [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jay-z-mn0000224257 Jay-Z Biography]. AllMusic. Retrieved Jan 21, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndị isi ụlọ obibi New York
* Ndepụta nke ụlọ ikike obibi New York City

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml|title=NYCHA Housing Developments - Marcy Houses|work=nyc.gov|publisher=City of New York|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111053258/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml|archivedate=January 11, 2009}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith</title>
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      <text bytes="4591" sha1="hjhkif17kknbyry5qruy8wapmnkimqy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;smithhouses&quot;/&gt;Ndị ọchịchị Gọvanọ Alfred E. Smith, ma ọ bụ Ndị nwe Alfred E. Smith.  obere ụlọ nke New York City Housing Authority wuru na mpaghara Bridges nke Lower East Side nke Manhattan .  [1] [2] [3] Enwere ụlọ 12 na ikike anya;  ha niile toro ogologo iri na asaa.  [1] Ọ na-ekpuchi 21.75 acres (8.80 ha), nwere ụlọ 1,931, ma nwee ihe ruru mmadụ 5,739.  [1] [4] Ogige ahụ dị n'ụdị St. James Place n'ịkpọ ndị malite, okporo ụzọ Madison n'ebe ugwu, Catherine Street n'ịkpọ ụmụaka, yana South Street n'ụdị ndịda.

[[Usòrò:Alfred E Smith Houses Catherine Slip &amp; South St jeh.jpg|thumb|Alfred E Smith Houses]]

== Ihe gbasara ==
Nbibi nke ụlọ maka owuwu nke ogige ahụ malitere na 1950, ma wuchaa ụlọ ndị ahụ n'April 1, 1953. &lt;ref name=&quot;smithhouses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/mansmith.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205062508/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/mansmith.shtml|archivedate=5 December 2008|title=SMITH, ALFRED E. HOUSES|work=NYCHA Housing Developments|publisher=New York City Housing Authority|accessdate=16 January 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;villagerreveal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thevillager.com/villager_183/thelowereastside.html|title=The Lower East Side revealed|author=Steed|first=Tonia|work=The Villager|publisher=Community Media, LLC|accessdate=16 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015053453/http://www.thevillager.com/villager_183/thelowereastside.html|archivedate=October 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye isi nkwado nke ahụ bụ onye omebe iwu steeti John J. Lamula na aha ya bụ Gọvanọ New York oge aanọ Al Smith (1873–1944), onye mbụ mbụ nhọpụta onye isi ala site n'aka otu nnukwu ike ịnya na  onye na-eme nsogbu nsogbu na eze bụ onye.  nwere njirimara n'ụdị obibi na ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma.  [1] [2] Smith jere ozi dị iche site na 1919–1920 na 1923–1929, ma ndị Democratic Party ngosi ya n'enweghi ihe ịga nke ọma na 1928, ya na Joseph Taylor Robinson dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ ya.  [2] Ogige Alfred E. Smith dị nso, 2.77-acre (1.12 ha) nke nwere ọnụ ụlọ maka Gọvanọ Smith nke dị na akuku South St, Catherine Slip, na Madison St, Alfred E. Smith Recreational Center, nke nwe ọnụ ụlọ.  obodo na ụlọ ahụ, na PS 126.&lt;ref name=&quot;smithpark&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M194/|title=Alfred E Smith Park|work=Explore Your Park|publisher=New York City Department of Parks &amp; Recreation|accessdate=16 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ndị bi na Gọvanọ Alfred E. Smith Ụlọ, 30% bụ ndị agadi dị ka nke 2010, mgbe ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu dị otú ahụ pasent nke mmepe ụlọ ọha na eze na New York City. &lt;ref name=&quot;recoverygrants&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.recovery.gov/Transparency/RecipientReportedData/pages/RecipientProjectSummary508.aspx?AwardIdSur=30122&amp;AwardType=Grants|title=Grants-Award Summary|work=Recovery.gov|publisher=United States Federal Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011161853/http://www.recovery.gov/Transparency/RecipientReportedData/pages/RecipientProjectSummary508.aspx?AwardIdSur=30122|archivedate=2010-10-11|accessdate=16 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị ama ama ==

* Luther Vandross (1951 – 2005), onye na-abụ abụ na onye nrụpụta ndekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;NewYorkCoombs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Coombs|first=Orde|title=The Voice of The New Vulnerability|journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=February 15, 1982|volume=15|issue=7|pages=45–49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOcCAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA47|accessdate=September 20, 2014|issn=0028-7369}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Michael Che (amụrụ 1983), onye ọchị ọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Seabaugh|first=Julie|date=June 3, 2014|title=How New York Comedian Michael Che Willed His Way to SNL and The Daily Show|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2014/06/michael-che-snl-daily-show.php?page=all|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019083440/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2014/06/michael-che-snl-daily-show.php?page=all|archivedate=October 19, 2014|accessdate=April 15, 2020|work=[[Village Voice]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndị isi ụlọ obibi New York
* Ndepụta nke ụlọ ikike obibi New York City

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category|Alfred E. Smith Houses}}{{Lower East Side, Manhattan|state=collapsed}}
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    <title>Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu</title>
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ụlọ akụ nri mpaghara isi obodo bụ ihe kasị ukwuu na Washington metro na-arụ ọrụ iji dozie agụụ na nsogbu ndị enyi ya: erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na-ahụ ala ala, ọrịa obi, ọrịa shuga, na oke ibu.  Site na akwụkwọ ya na otu obodo 450 na District nke Columbia, Maryland, na Virginia, yana ibuga nri nri n'ime ebe siri ike iru, kwa afọ, Capital Area Food Bank na enyere ihe omume nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nde mmadụ.  aka kwa afọ ihe ọma., nri dị mma.

N'afọ mmefu ego nke 2015, ụlọ akụ nri nyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde pound iri anọ na ise - nke ya na nri nde 36 - na mpaghara ahụ. Na mgbakwunye na nri, ụlọ akụ nri na-enyekwa nkuzi nri nri na klaasị isi nri, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/nutrition-education-2/|title=Nutrition Education|work=Capital Area Food Bank – Washington, DC Metro Area|accessdate=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-enye ndị ọ na-enye aka na ozi na nka ịzụ ahịa na isi nri dị mma na mmefu ego.

mgbaàmà nke Capital Area Food Bank [1] na-eje ozi Washington, DC;  Montgomery, Maryland;  Onye isi ala George, Maryland;  Arlington, Virginia;  Fairfax, Virginia;  Prince William, Virginia;  Alexandria (Obodo), Virginia;  Fairfax (Obodo), Virginia;  Falls Church (Obodo), Virginia;  Manassas (Obodo), Virginia;  na Manassas Park (City), Virginia.

ụlọ akụ nri mpaghara isi obodo na-arụ ọrụ site n'ibu nke ndị ọrụ awụ 21,000 kwa afọ, ndị na-enye oge ha iji nyere aka dozie nri, nkuzi klaasị, na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka ụlọ nri.  [1] nri akụ nri bụ otu n'ime nri America .

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:Insidecafb.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Ndị nkwakọba ihe nke Capital Area Food Bank nke Northeast Washington]]
Ewebatara ụlọ nri Capital Area na Ọktoba 24, 1979, mana ọ na-ewere ụbọchị ntọala ya bụ January 15, 1980, dabara na ọnwụ Martin Luther King Jr. iri ise na mbụ.  [1] Tupu oge ahụ, ahụ Stamp Food nke egwu United States bụ isi obodo na-enyere ndị bi n'agụụ aka.  [2] ndepụta, mbelata na mmemme stampụ nri e zubere maka 1980s butere na ụlọ akụ nri site n'aka ndị otu mpaghara abụọ, United Planning Organization na Interfaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington.  [1] N'ime mbụ ọrụ ya, ụlọ nri jisiri ike na-enye ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nri otu nri ma na-ebuga nri 1,540 (kilogram 700) kwa ọnwa.  [3] [1] N'ime afọ ndị ọzọ nke 1980, Capital Area Food Bank gara n'ihu na-eme nke ọma ka ya na ụlọ ọrụ dị nso na-arụkọ ọrụ, dị ka Washington Post

Na 1991, Capital Area Food Bank meghere ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ọhụrụ na mpaghara Brookland na ugwo ihe ọmụmụ Washington, DC .  Ọhụrụ 48,000-square-foot (4,500 m [1] ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ụgwọ okpukpu okpukpu nke ụlọ nri mbụ 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi na Capital Area Food Bank  taa

Na 1998, ụlọ akụ nri meghere ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ọzọ, na Lorton, Virginia, nke na-eje ozi mkpa nke ndị bi na Northern Virginia &lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2004, e mere bọọlụ bọọlụ Blue Jeans nke mbụ - nke a na-akpọkwa onye ọrụ ugbo Blue Jeans Ball na Mahadum Katọlik.

Na 1981, ihe ụmụaka otu nde pound (kilogram 460,000) bụ ụlọ akụ nri Capital Area hazichara.  Ihe na- afọ 25 ka nke ahụ ọma, na 2005, ụlọ akụ na-ahụ nri nde paụnd iri nri abụọ (kilomita 9) nye ihe ụmụ mmadụ 275,000, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ nri kacha ukwuu na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/downloads/chronology.pdf|accessdate=2006-08-05|title=Chronology|publisher=Capital Area Food Bank|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826120821/http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/downloads/chronology.pdf|archivedate=2006-08-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;house&quot;/&gt;

Na 2007, Capital Area Food Bank kesara nde iri abụọ nri ma nye ihe dị ka mmadụ 383,000 na mpaghara metro Washington.

Na 2012, Capital Area Food Bank kwagara na Bedford Falls Foundation Distribution Center, na-enye ohere ka nzukọ ahụ dịkwuo oke nkesa nke nri dị mma ma gbasaa ohere agụmakwụkwọ ya.

N'afọ 2013, ogige ngosi obodo nke 8,000-square, ebe nri na-eto eto na ebe mmụta dị n'azụ ụlọ akụ nri, kwụsịrị oge mbụ ya.

Na 2014, Capital Area Food Bank mụbara iru 540,300 ndị nwere nri 42 nde pound. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ar-2015.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2015-09-15|archivedate=2015-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907132023/http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ar-2015.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ego mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ọhụrụ ewepụtara maka Greater Washington, bụ nke ụlọ akụ nri na-esi na-amịpụta mkpụrụ ọhụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo obodo, mechiri oge izizi izizi ya zuru oke site na nkwado sitere na J. Willard na Alice S. Marriott Foundation.

N'afọ 2016, ụlọ akụ nri tinyere amụma nnabata nri ọhụrụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/08/25/want-to-donate-junk-food-the-regions-largest-food-bank-will-reject-it/|title=Want to donate junk food? The region's largest food bank will reject it.|author=Stein|first=Perry|date=2016-08-25|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2018-04-13|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'ọnọdụ nke na-ebute ụzọ nri dị ala na shuga na nnu na nke dị elu na eriri. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-ere ahịa ya, onyinye nri junk dara 84% n'ime otu afọ.

N'afọ 2017, e mere ka ọtụtụ puku mmadụ nweta ozi gbasara isi nri dị ọnụ ala mgbe akwụkwọ nri ụlọ akụ nri - nke na-egosi ka esi akwadebe nri dị ụtọ na nke dị mma maka ezinụlọ mmadụ anọ maka $7 ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ya - n'akụkụ niile nke mpaghara ahụ. 93 nnukwu ụlọ ahịa.

== Mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
[[Usòrò:Bushcafb.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Onye isi ala US George W. Bush gara ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke isi akụ nri Capital Area na Washington na 2002.]]
[[Usòrò:Broccoli_bunches.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Barbara Bush nyere ihe dị ka tɔn broccoli iri na 1990]]
 
.N'ihi ebe etiti ya dị nso n'iche United States, Capital Area Food Bank abụrụla ebe ndị agha agha na-ewu ewu.  Ndị isi ala US anọ n'usoro - George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, na Barack Obama - eletala ụlọ akụ nri.

&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;/&gt;Na 1990, Oga oche George HW Bush machibido broccoli site na Air Force One, [1] na-ekwu, sị, &quot;Achọghị m broccoli. Ma ahụghị m ya akwụkwọ m bụ nwata na nne m mere ka m rie ya, m wee rie.  ya. 'm Onye isi ala United States na ime m eri broccoli ọzọ.  Food Bank.

&lt;ref name=&quot;house&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.house.gov/vanhollen/press2005/Food_Bank.html|publisher=The U.S. House of Representatives|title=Capital Area Food Bank to Receive Federal Funds|date=2005-11-18|accessdate=2006-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060731113141/http://www.house.gov/vanhollen/press2005/Food_Bank.html|archivedate=2006-07-31|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;N'ụbọchị nraranye, 1993, a na mkpu ihe puku iri atọ na ise, otu sitere na Tipper Gore, maka Capital Area Food Bank.  [1] Na 1999, Onye isi ala Bill Clinton gara ụlọ nri iji wepụta onwe ya na George W. Bush me ike omume ahụ na 2002. [2] N'otu aka ahụ, ihe na- ụmụaka izu abụọ tupu Super Bowl XXXVIII na  2004, Nwanyị Mbụ nke US Laura Bush gara na Capital Area Food Bank iji gbaa ndị America ume isonye na ọrụ ebere.  [1] [3] Ndị agha ndị uwe ojii egosila nkwado ha maka ụlọ nri site n'inye onyinye ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ kwalite ihe ụlọ akụ nri Capital Area.  Na 2005, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Maryland na Virginia Congressmen Chris Van Hollen, Steny Hoyer, Jim Moran, Frank Wolf, na Albert Wynn nwere ike ịga nke ọma na-ahụ US $ 1.3 nde na ego isi maka ụlọ nri nri.

=== Kansụl ndị ndu ndị ahịa na Bank Food ===
Ụlọ akụ nri mpaghara Capital (CAFB) bụ ihe ama ama maka ịsụ ụzọ iji ndị isi ndị isi ndị ahịa (CLC) na mbọ mmemme ha. Ndị CLC bụ kọmitii na-eduzi nke mejupụtara mmadụ iri na abụọ na-enweghị nchekwa nri na mpaghara DC ka ukwuu na-adabere na CAFB na netwọk mmekọrịta ha maka ịnweta nri ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ. N'ime ọnwa 9, a na-etinye ndị òtù CLC site na usoro ọzụzụ ọzụzụ nke e mere iji kụziere ha otú e si kọọ akụkọ ha, na-enye aka na mgbalị nkwado, interface na ndị nta akụkọ, na-emetụta CAFB na amụma gọọmentị na mmemme. &lt;ref name=&quot;client-leadership-council&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Client Leadership Council|url=https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/what-we-do/client-leadership-council/|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Capital Area Food Bank|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na ngwa ngwa na usoro njirimara ọnụ.  Onye ọ fẹ afụ 18 nke bi na mpaghara ọrụ ụlọ nri, na-eche ihu ihu, ma jiri ọrụ CAFB (ma ọ bụ nke nri ndị mmekọ nkesa ha) tozuru oke isonye.  CAFB na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-enyere aka na-manyi nchegbu iji ngwa sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị tozuru etozu.  [1] A na-agbaziri onye ọbála na-foolụ onye ọnụ iji hụ na ha tozuru oke, yana na otu ahụ na-anya anya ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ buru ibu.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elevating Voices, Ending Hunger: Amplifying Voices of Advocacy with Capital Area Food Bank and the Client Leadership Council on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/amplifying-voices-of-advocacy-with-capital-area-food/id1555888414?i=1000557380729|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Apple Podcasts|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;ụfọdụ CLC na-amalite na September wee na-agafe na Mee, yana ndị otu na-ekere òkè na-eji ụbọchị 3 kwa ọnwa.  N'oge n'ọnụ nke ọ lla, ndị na-ekere òkè na ogbako ụlọ ọrụ, nụ n'aka ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka nchekwa nri, ma na-emesị mee mmemme mmemme na nna nye ndị ọrụ CAFB na ndị ọrụ.  obodo.  , Na-Agaa si-aa bu eze aj u cafb na nres mar ur u ihe ọ bụla.  A na- ndị otu CLC niile na-arụ ọrụ maka oge itinye na mmemme mmemme, a na-akwadokwa njem ha na mmemme na ihe niile nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ ike ya.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mmemme CLC enweela ike dị ukwuu na ụzọ ndị CAFB na ndị omebe iwu obodo si alụso nri na mpaghara mpaghara.  Ha emetụtala atumatu dị ka iwu Virginia Dream Act wee nwere ego na fufu ego nke DC Mayoral site na dịka Fair Shot DC.  [1] Na mgbakwunye, ha agbasawanye ma nyere aka mee ka egwuụ nkesa CAFB dị mma, kwado iwebata ihe ọhụrụ iji kwado igbe nri kwa ụnwaanyị, ma nyere CAFB aka mkpa mkpa nri ka ha na-adịgasị iche site na awụ na ngwaahịa n'  ime ndị egwu.

== Hụkwa ==

* Na-eri nri America - netwọk akụ akụ nri nke mba nke gụnyere Capital Area Food Bank
* Ndepụta ụlọ akụ nri

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/ Isi ụlọ akụ Food Bank]
* [https://www.feedingamerica.org/find-your-local-foodbank/capital-area-food-bank Na-eri nri America - Chọta ụlọ akụ nri mpaghara gị]
* [https://www.upo.org/ United Planning Organisation]
* [https://ifcmw.org/ Interfaith Conference nke Metropolitan Washington]
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    <title>Ọrụ Calliope</title>
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      <text bytes="7928" sha1="33u5kmz0b5gxlyvkmxoju7e73y8ntap" xml:space="preserve">[[File:CooperProjectsEarhartGalvez.jpg|thumb|Ọrụ Calliope]]Ọrụ Calliope, nke a dị ka BW Cooper Public Housing Development, bụ agbata obi nke obodo New Orleans na otu n'ime ọrụ ụlọ nke New Orleans .  Ọrụ a nke New Orleans ihe aha ama maka oke m ime ike ya.  E mebiri ya n'afọ 2014 wee jiri ụlọ ndị ọhụrụ na-enweta ego na-enweta ego pụtara ya.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'ịbụ nke a na-akpọ ụlọ BW Cooper, Calliope Projects bụ otu n'ime Ndị Ozi Ndị Ozi nke New Orleans dị na Central City, New Orleans .  Enwere 1,546 na 56 acres (230,000 m nke ala (ma ọ bụ 24 obodo blocks.) Ewubere ọrụ a n'etiti 1939 na 1941. Oke mbụ bụ South Dorgenois, Erato, Calliope (ugbu a Earhart Boulevard) na South Prieur Street.  N'afọ 1941, ụlọ na-esi na $8.25 kwa ọnwa maka otu ụlọ ime ụlọ ruo $22.00 kwa ụma maka ọnụ ụlọ atọ Ruo mgbe a na-arụ ọrụ a, ụlọ ndị dị n'agbata obi bụ otu ụlọ elu nke nwe  egbe ma ọ bụ okpukpu  mpaghara ebe obibi ndị agbata obi.
[[Usòrò:B.W.Cooper_Projects_New_Orleans_2007_02.jpg|alt=&quot;File:B.W.Cooper Projects New Orleans 2007 02.jpg&quot; by Karen Apricot is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.|áká_èkpè|thumb|220x220px| Foto a na-egosi ụlọ BW Cooper mara dị ka Project Calliope. Foto a na-egosi otú ụlọ ahụ dị ka tupu Hurricane Katrina. Ụlọ a na-enwekarị ụlọ ime ụlọ 1 ruo 3.]]
N'oge ọhụrụ nke Calliope, a na-ewere ya dị ka ụzọ maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-ebi ndụ nke ọma, ebe ha na-echekwa ego iji ụlọ nke ha.  A na-ewere egwuregwu St. Monica na ụlọ akwụkwọ dịka arịlịka nke agbata obi, yana ụlọ akwụkwọ na eze dị ka Booker T. Washington High School.  Tinyere egwu egwu a ma ama na-aga n'ihu, agbataobi ahụ, ndị nkuzi, akwụkwọ onye akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Orleans Parish, na ndị agha askarta, ndị jere ozi obodo na steeti.  Enwere ụlọ 690 na mbụ mbụ.  Na 1949, Ozire ahụ na Broad na Calliope Streets.  Na 1954, mgbasawanye ngọngọ iri na abụọ gbakwunye nhọrọ 860 ọhụrụ.  Mgbasawanye ahụ mere ka azụ azụ nke Calliope azụ azụ ụzọ site na Erato Street ruo Melpomene Avenue (ugbu a Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard ).  Na Mee 1981, akpọkpọ Calliope aha BW Cooper Apartments.  Maazị Cooper ọrụ maka Housing Authority nke New Orleans afọ 33 wee jee ozi na ọtụtụ ndị obodo na ndị na-elekọta mmadụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1974.
[[Usòrò:The_Rose_Tavern_New_Orleans_01.jpg|alt=&quot;File:The Rose Tavern New Orleans 01.jpg&quot; by Karen Apricot is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.|áká_èkpè|thumb|220x220px| Rose Tavern ebe ndị okenye na-anọkarị na-ezu ike ma ha rụchaa ọrụ.]]
[[Usòrò:CooperProjectsRosewaldBuildingJune08D.jpg|alt=&quot;File:CooperProjectsRosewaldBuildingJune08D.jpg&quot; by Infrogmation of New Orleans is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Nke a bụ ebe ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-ezukọta. Ha nwere ihe ngosi nka, nkuzi igwu mmiri, nkuzi mgbata, wdg.]]

=== Ajụ ===
akwụkwọ ozi 1980s, mgbanaka ndị na-ere ọgwụ na-agba ọsọ na-arụ ọrụ na &amp; na mpaghara Calliope, na-ahụ mmanye iwu na New Orleans pịa &quot;usoro nke ime ihe ike na-achọpụta echebe.&quot;  Dị ka ndị uwe ojii New Orleans si kwuo, ime ihe ike na-emechi na njedebe 80s, na-arrị elu na 1990s.  Mgbe a gbagburu eze Sam &quot;Sculley&quot; Clay na Calliope na 1987, ahịpa ngwaọrụ n'agha n'ihi ọgwụ ọgwụ na mpaghara ahụ.  Site na 1993 ruo 2004, e gburu mmadụ 88 na Calliope Projects. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=The Times-Picayune|first=NOLA com|title=A battle without end|url=https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_6e5483e4-7f82-521e-af48-b1b19e1d47f4.html|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=NOLA.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bragg|first=Rick|date=1995-12-25|title=New Orleans's Hopes Rise As Crime Rate Decreases (Published 1995)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/25/us/new-orleans-s-hopes-rise-as-crime-rate-decreases.html|accessdate=2021-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkwatu ===
N'azụ nke Hurricane Katrina, ọtụtụ n'ime Calliope mechiri ma kwado maka ịkwatu. Na Jenụwarị 2007, e meghere ndị bi na obere akụkụ nke Calliope. Ebibiri mmepe ahụ kpamkpam na 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Times-Picayune|first=Katy Reckdahl, The|title=B.W. Cooper housing site's slow march to rebirth reaches finish line|url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_e10e5532-c533-594f-b19f-3d4e378754bd.html|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=NOLA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emeghere mmepe &quot;ọhụrụ&quot; BW Cooper na 2012, ma kpọgharịrị ya Marrero Commons. Nke a bụ mmekorita n'etiti HUD na onye bụbu onye rapper Master P. Na nkeji 175, aha ya bụ Yvonne Marrero, onye ndu obodo na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Cooper Resident Management Corporation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Advocate|first=The|title=Politics {{!}} News from The Advocate|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=The Advocate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
The Calliope Projects nọ na
[[Usòrò:CooperProjectsJune08DemoA.jpg|thumb| Mgbe mbibi ahụ gasịrị.]]

=== Oke ===
The New Orleans City Planning Commission na-akọwa ókè mpaghara BW Cooper dị ka: Pontchartrain Expressway, South Claiborne Avenue, Martin Luther King Boulevard na South Broad Street. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://gnocdc.org/orleans/4/60/index.html|title=B.W. Cooper Apartments Neighborhood|author=Greater New Orleans Community Data Center|accessdate=2008-06-21|archivedate=2008-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725054449/http://www.gnocdc.org/orleans/4/60/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ ==
{{As of|2000}}, there were 4,339 people, 1,421 households, and 1,139 families residing in the neighborhood.&lt;ref name=&quot;gnocdc.org&quot;/&gt;  The [[population density]] was 14,463 /mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (5,424 /km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).

{{As of|2010}}, there were 806 people, 318 households, and 181 families residing in the neighborhood.&lt;ref name=&quot;gnocdc.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=B.W. Cooper Apartments Neighborhood|url=http://gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/4/BWCooperApartments/index.html|publisher=Greater New Orleans Community Data Center|accessdate=5 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610051314/http://www.gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/4/BWCooperApartments/index.html|archivedate=2012-06-10|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. Greater New Orleans Community Data Center. Archived from [http://gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/4/BWCooperApartments/index.html the original] on 2012-06-10&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 January&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị ama ama ==

* C-Murder, onye na-egwu egwu na onye mpụ mara ikpe
* Lloyd Polite, Jr., onye egwu egwu
* Nna-ukwu P, onye egwu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Golianopoulos|first=Thomas|title=The Missed Shot That Was Master P's NBA Career|url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2015/08/master-p-nba-career-oral-history|work=Complex|accessdate=13 February 2018|date=6 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Henry Butler (1948-2018), onye egwu
* Silk The Shocker, onye egwu egwu
* Harold Sylvester, omee, onye edemede, onye na-emepụta ihe
* Willie Tee &lt;ref name=&quot;nytobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pareles|first=Jon|title=Willie Tee, New Orleans Musical Innovator, Dies at 63|url=https://nyti.ms/2sexc9w|accessdate=29 May 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 September 2007|authorlink=Jon Pareles}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụmụnna Neville, ezinụlọ ndị egwu egwu

== Hụkwa ==

* Mpaghara dị na New Orleans
* [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ nke New Orleans|Ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ nke New Orleans]]

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Media related to B.W. Cooper Projects at Wikimedia Commons</text>
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      <text bytes="10845" sha1="22chc65dpmqjkc8td892paqlnfmhiob" xml:space="preserve">'''International Women's Day''' ('''IWD''') is a holiday celebrated annually on March 8 as a focal point in the women's rights movement. IWD gives focus to issues such as gender equality, reproductive rights, and [[Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị|violence and abuse against women]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About International Women's Day|url=https://www.internationalwomensday.com/about|accessdate=March 8, 2021|work=International Women's Day|language=en|archivedate=June 3, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603171245/https://www.internationalwomensday.com/About}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Women's Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day|accessdate=March 8, 2021|work=United Nations|language=en|archivedate=March 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307203632/https://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spurred by the universal female suffrage movement, IWD originated from labor movements in North America and Europe during the early 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of International Women's Day|url=https://www.internationalwomensday.com/Activity/15586/The-history-of-IWD|accessdate=March 8, 2021|work=International Women's Day|language=en|archivedate=March 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307202122/https://www.internationalwomensday.com/Activity/15586/The-history-of-IWD}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nations&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nations|first=United|title=Background {{!}} International Women's Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day/background|accessdate=March 8, 2021|work=United Nations|language=en|archivedate=March 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308132802/https://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day/background}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stories of women's activism|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/suffrage125/three-waves-of-womens-activism|accessdate=February 18, 2022|work=nzhistory.govt.nz|language=en|archivedate=February 18, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218003206/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/suffrage125/three-waves-of-womens-activism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụdị mbụ a kọrọ maka ya bụ &quot;Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị&quot; nke ndi Socialist Party of America haziri na New York City na Febụwarị 28, 1909. Nke a kpaliri ndị nnọchiteanya ndi [[Jémanị|Germany]] na afo 1910 na International Socialist Women's Conference na Copenhagen ka ha tụọ aro ka a hazie &quot;Ụbọchị puru iche i cheta ụmụ nwanyị no nu uwa  niile &quot; kwa  afọ nke obula, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ụbọchị a kapịrị ọnụ; &lt;ref name=&quot;ICSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;International Socialist Congress, 1910; Second International Conference of Socialist Women|url=https://archive.org/details/InternationalSocialistCongress1910SecondInternationalConferenceOf/page/n21/mode/2up|accessdate=March 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'afọ sochirinụ, e mere ngagharị iwe na ncheta nke Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile na Europe. Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia gchara aga na 1917, e mere IWD ezumike mba niile na Machị 8;  e mechara mee mmeme ya n'ụbọchị ahụ site n'aka ndị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mba ndị Kọmunist.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pruitt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pruitt|first=Sarah|date=2023-09-13|title=The Surprising History of International Women's Day|url=https://www.history.com/news/the-surprising-history-of-international-womens-day|accessdate=2023-11-02|work=[[History (American TV network)|HISTORY]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezumike ahụ mba nille  ghọrọ ezumike zuru ụwa  niile ọnụ mgbe United Nations kwalitere ya mee ya ezigbo mme mme puru iche na ma me ka uwa niile kwanye ya ugwu  na afo 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day/background|title=International Women's Day, 8 March|work=United Nations|language=en|accessdate=March 7, 2020|archivedate=March 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308132802/http://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day/background}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị'''  bu ezumike mba niile na otutu obodo Nke ndi UN anaghi echefu echefu ha na e debe ezumike na njiko ya na okwu akpan kpan, mkposa, maobu isiokwu na iwu ikike umu nwanyi.

== History ==
In August 1910, an International Socialist Women's Conference was organized ahead of the general meeting of the Socialist Second International in Copenhagen, Denmark. Inspired in part by the American socialists, German delegates [[Clara Zetkin]], Käte Duncker, Paula Thiede, and others proposed the establishment of an annual &quot;Women's Day&quot;, although no date was specified.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICSW&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kaplan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Temma|author=Kaplan|title=On the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-1985_11_1/page/163|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=11|issue=1|year=1985|pages=163–171|doi=10.2307/3180144}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of International Women's Day|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/history.html|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=May 26, 2012|archivedate=July 3, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703185713/https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/history.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 100 delegates, representing 17 countries, agreed with the idea as a strategy to promote equal rights, including women's suffrage.&lt;ref name=&quot;iwd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.internationalwomensday.com/About|title=About International Women's Day|publisher=Internationalwomensday.com|date=March 8, 1917|accessdate=February 26, 2016|archivedate=September 16, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916195847/https://www.internationalwomensday.com/About}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The following year, on March 19, 1911, the first International Women's Day was marked by over a million people in Austria-Hungary, Denmark, Germany, and [[Switzerland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unevents&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=United Nations page on the background of the IWD|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day/background|accessdate=March 8, 2012|publisher=Un.org|archivedate=March 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308132802/https://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day/background}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Austria-Hungary alone, there were 300 demonstrations,&lt;ref name=&quot;kaplan&quot;/&gt; with women parading on the Ringstrasse in Vienna, carrying banners honoring the martyrs of the Paris Commune.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaplan&quot; /&gt; Across Europe, women demanded the right to vote and to hold public office, and protested against employment sex discrimination.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;/&gt;

IWD initially had no set date, though it was generally celebrated in late February or early March. Americans continued to observe &quot;National Women's Day&quot; on the last Sunday in February, while Russia observed International Women's Day for the first time in 1913, on the last Saturday in February (albeit based on the Julian calendar, as in the Gregorian calendar, the date was March 8).&lt;ref name=&quot;mmf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue|title=8th of March – International woman's day: in search of lost memory|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064904/http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue|archivedate=March 13, 2011|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1914, International Women's Day was held on March 8 for the first time in Germany, possibly because that date was a Sunday.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue|title=8th of March – International woman's day: in search of lost memory|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064904/http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue|archivedate=March 13, 2011|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064904/http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue &quot;8th of March – International woman's day: in search of lost memory&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere, Germany's observance was dedicated to women's right to vote, which German women did not win until 1918.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/suffrage.htm|title=Women's Suffrage|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union|accessdate=January 26, 2014|archivedate=August 7, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807104506/http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/suffrage.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Concurrently, there was a march in [[London]] in support of women's suffrage, during which Sylvia Pankhurst was arrested in front of Charing Cross station on her way to speak in Trafalgar Square.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Suffragist Disorders|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1914-03-09/5/1.html#start%3D1785-01-01%26end%3D1985-12-31%26terms%3D%22Sylvia%20Pankhurst%22%20arrested%26back%3D/tto/archive/find/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/4%26prev%3D/tto/archive/frame/goto/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/32%26next%3D/tto/archive/frame/goto/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/34|accessdate=May 9, 2014|work=The Times|date=March 9, 1914}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 8, 1917, in Petrograd (February 23, 1917, on the Julian calendar), women textile workers began a demonstration that eventually engulfed the whole city, demanding &quot;Bread and Peace&quot;—an end to World War I, to food shortages, and to Tsarism.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmf1&quot;/&gt; This marked the beginning of the February Revolution, which alongside the [[Mgbanwe Ọktoba|October Revolution]], made up the Russian Revolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/revolution_postup/20170306/1489217048.html|title=February Revolution|date=March 6, 2017|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|accessdate=March 7, 2017|archivedate=March 2, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302154812/https://ria.ru/20170306/1489217048.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky wrote, &quot;23 February (8th March) was International Woman's Day and meetings and actions were foreseen. But we did not imagine that this 'Women's Day' would inaugurate the revolution. Revolutionary actions were foreseen but without a date. But in the morning, despite the orders to the contrary, textile workers left their work in several factories and sent delegates to ask for the support of the strike… which led to mass strike... all went out into the streets.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mmf1&quot; /&gt; Seven days later, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote.&lt;ref name=&quot;unevents&quot;/&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox medical condition|name=Alcoholism|synonym=Alcohol dependence syndrome, alcohol use disorder (AUD)&lt;ref name=MESH2020 /&gt;|image=King Alcohol and his Prime Minister.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=&quot;King Alcohol and His Prime Minister&quot; {{circa|1820}}|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[toxicology]], [[addiction medicine]]|symptoms=Drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period, difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol taking up a lot of time, usage resulting in problems, [[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome|withdrawal]] occurring when stopping&lt;ref name=NIH2013 /&gt;|complications=[[Mental disorder|Mental illness]], [[Delirium tremens|delirium]], [[Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome]], [[Arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]], [[cirrhosis|cirrhosis of the liver]], [[cancer]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]], [[suicide]]&lt;ref name=FAS2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;&lt;ref name=NIHHx /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Borges |first1=G |last2=Bagge |first2=CL |last3=Cherpitel |first3=CJ |last4=Conner |first4=KR |last5=Orozco |first5=R |last6=Rossow |first6=I |title=A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt. |journal=Psychological Medicine |date=April 2017 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=949–957 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716002841 |pmid=27928972|pmc=5340592 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2013 /&gt;|types=|causes=Environmental and genetic factors&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;|risks=[[Stress (biology)|Stress]], anxiety, inexpensive, easy access&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moon2012&quot; /&gt;|diagnosis=Questionnaires, [[blood test]]s&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Alcohol detoxification]] typically with [[benzodiazepine]]s, counselling, [[acamprosate]], [[disulfiram]], [[naltrexone]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Morgan-Lopez-2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blondell-2005&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Test2014 /&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=208 million / 4.1% adults (2010)&lt;ref name=WHO2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Pew2015 /&gt;|deaths=3.3 million / 5.9%&lt;ref name=NIH2015Stats /&gt;}}'''Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè''', nke a makwaara dị ka  Aṅụrụma na '''Nsogbu Imeto  Mmanya na-aba n'anya''' ('''AUD'''), &lt;ref name=MESH2020&gt;{{cite web |title=Alcoholism MeSH Descriptor Data 2020 |url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437 |website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=9 May 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623014248/https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ, ịṅụ mmanya na-egbu egbu  maọbụ  mmanya  na -aba n'anya ọ bụla nke na-akpata nsogbu  isi  mgbaka ma ọ bụ nke [[Health|ahụike]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Jill|author=Littrell|title=Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-317-78314-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k57AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA55|quote=The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm|accessdate=9 May 2015|date=November 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080640/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm|archivedate=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5&gt;{{cite book|last1=Association|first1=American Psychiatric|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-89042-554-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490 490–97]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kewa bụrụ  nsogbu  ịṅụbiga mmanya  ókè ahụ n'ụdị abụọ: ịmetommanya  na - egbu  egbu  na Ị dabere  na mmanya  na -aba na- anya [3]&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hasin|first=Deborah|title=Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders|volume=27|issue=1|pages=5–17|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm|journal=Alcohol Research &amp; Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism|accessdate=28 February 2015|date=December 2003|pmid=15301396}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe gbasara ahụike, a na-ekwu na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè  bụ mgbe mmadụ  mere ihe abụọ  ma ọbụ  karịa n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a : mmadụ na-aṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya buru ibu  ogologo oge, na ọ kweghị  ya akwusizi  ọ na-esiri ya ike , iji ya eme ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịrụzu ọrụ, iji ya na-eme nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, iji ya mee ihe na-akpata nsogbu, ịhapụ ya na ọnọdụ ahụike, ịkwụsị ya na-ewere ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ.[3] ịṅụbiga mmanya  ókè na emetụta akụkụ  ahụ niile , mana ọ na-emetụta karị ụbụrụ, obi, imeju, pancreas na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.  [4]&lt;ref name=NIHHx&gt;{{cite web|title=Alcohol's Effects on the Body|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603230352/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body|archivedate=3 June 2015|date=14 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa uche, delirium tremens, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, ịkụ obi na-adịghị mma, mmeghachi omume na-adịghị ike, cirrhosis imeju na ohere cancer.  [4][6]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Romeo|first=Javier|date=October 2007|title=Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review|journal=The British Journal of Nutrition|volume=98 Suppl 1|pages=S111–115|doi=10.1017/S0007114507838049|issn=0007-1145|pmid=17922947}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịṅụ mmanya mgbe nwanyị  dị '[[Afọ ime|ime]]  nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nwammanya na-aba n'anya. &lt;ref name=FAS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Fetal Alcohol Exposure|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/fetal-alcohol-exposure|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404182156/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/fetal-alcohol-exposure|archivedate=4 April 2015|date=14 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ nke mmanya na-aba n'anya karịa ụmụ nwoke, makana n'ihi na ahụ  ha adịghị  arọ ka nke umu nwoke ikike dị ala nke ịmịkọrọ mmanya, na oke abụba dị elu.&lt;ref name=WHO2014&gt;{{cite book|title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-069276-3|pages=8, 51|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413011848/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ihe abụọ metụtara ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, na ihe dị ka ọkara ihe ize ndụ a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nke ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Onye  nne ma ọ bụ nna ma ọ bụ nwanne ya nwoke na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịghọ onye aṅụrụma okpukpu atọ karịa onye enweghị  onye anurima [1] Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọdịbendị na omume.&lt;ref name=&quot;Agarwal-Kozlowski-2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Agarwal-Kozlowski|first=K|title=[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]|journal=Ther Umsch|volume=57|issue=4|pages=179–84|date=April 2000|pmid=10804873|doi=10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnọdụ nrụgide dị elu na nchegbu, yana ọnụ ala mmanya na-aba n'anya na ịdị mfe ịnweta, na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụ dịkwuo elu. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;Moon2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Moonat|first1=S|last2=Pandey|first2=SC|title=Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism|journal=Alcohol Research : Current Reviews|date=2012|volume=34|issue=4|pages=495–505|pmid=23584115|pmc=3860391}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-aṅụ mmanya iji gbochie ma ọ bụ melite mgbaàmà nke ịkwụsị.[1] Mgbe mmadụ kwụsịrị ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya, ha nwere ike ịnwe ọkwa dị ala nke mmanya ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.[1] N'ihe gbasara ọgwụ, a na-ewere ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè dị ka ọrịa anụ ahụ na nke uche.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mersy|first=DJ|title=Recognition of alcohol and substance abuse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2003-04-01_67_7/page/1529|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 April 2003|volume=67|issue=7|pages=1529–32|pmid=12722853}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health and Ethics Policies of the AMA House of Delegates|url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ad-com/polfind/Hlth-Ethics.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2015|date=June 2008|quote=H-30.997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism: The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (Res. 22, I-79; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-89; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-90; Reaffirmed by CSA Rep. 14, A-97; Reaffirmed: CSAPH Rep. 3, A-07)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320143132/http://www.ama-assn.org/ad-com/polfind/Hlth-Ethics.pdf|archivedate=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ajụjụ na [[Nnyocha ọbara]] ụfọdụ nwere ike ịchọpụta ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.[1]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Higgins-Biddle|first=John C.|date=2018|title=A Review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for Screening in the United States: Past Issues and Future Directions|journal=The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse|volume=44|issue=6|pages=578–586|doi=10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545|issn=0095-2990|pmid=29723083}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-anakọta ozi ndị ọzọ iji kwado nchọpụta ahụ.[1] Ntuziaka anaghị agụnye ihe karịrị ihe ọṅụṅụ 2 kwa izu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New guidance on alcohol and health from the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction {{!}} This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/guidance-on-alcohol-and-health/|work=thischangedmypractice.com|accessdate=24 March 2024|archivedate=27 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014016/https://thischangedmypractice.com/guidance-on-alcohol-and-health/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ga - akwụsị  ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè site na ịchịkwa na igbochi ire mmanya na-aba n'anya, ịtụ ụtụ isi mmanya na-egbu egbu iji mee ka ọnụahịa ya dị elu, na inye ọgwụgwọ adịghị  ọnụ ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Alcohol|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/|accessdate=10 May 2015|date=January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523020339/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/|archivedate=23 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọgwụgwọ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịnwe ụdị dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blondell-2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last= Blondell |first=RD | title = Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-02-01_71_3/page/495 | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 495–502 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15712624 }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi nsogbu ahụike nke nwere ike ime n'oge ịpụ n'anya, a ga-eji nlezianya chịkwaa ọgwụ ọjọọ mmanya.[2] Otu usoro a na-e iji ọgwụ  ya bụ benzodiazepine, dị ka diazepam.[2] Enwere ike inye ndị a mgbe a nabatara ha n'ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe mmadụ nọgidere na obodo na nlekọta chiri anya.[2] Ọrịa uche ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ riri ahụ nwere ike ime ka ọgwụgwọ a ka osie ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=DeVido|first=JJ|title=Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient|journal=Current Psychiatry Reports|date=December 2012|volume=14|issue=6|pages=610–08|pmid=22907336|doi=10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ewepụchara nsị, a na-eji ọgwụgwọ otu ma ọ bụ ìgwè nkwado enyere aka igbochi mmadụ ịlaghachi ịṅụbiga mmanya oke.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Morgan-Lopez-2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morgan-Lopez |first1=AA |last2=Fals-Stewart |first2=W | title = Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions | journal = Exp Clin Psychopharmacol | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–73 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16756430 | doi = 10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265 | pmc = 4631029 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Albanese|first=AP|title=Management of alcohol abuse|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=November 2012|volume=16|issue=4|pages=737–62|pmid=23101980|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ndị otu na akwado  nke a bụ ụdị nkwado a  bụ Alcoholics Anonymous . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tusa|first=AL|title=Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012|journal=Journal of Addictions Nursing|date=2013|volume=24|issue=4|pages=237–46|pmid=24335771|doi=10.1097/jan.0000000000000003}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pụkwara iji ọgwụ acamprosate, disulfiram ma ọ bụ naltrexone mee ihe iji gbochie ịṅụ mmanya ọzọ.&lt;ref name=Test2014&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Testino|first1=G|last2=Leone|first2=S|last3=Borro|first3=P|title=Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption|journal=Minerva Medica|date=December 2014|volume=105|issue=6|pages=447–66|pmid=25392958}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa Kwuru na afọ 2010, na e nwere nde mmadụ 208 na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè n'ụwa niile (4.1% nke ndị mmadụ karịrị afọ iri na ise). &lt;ref name=WHO2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Pew2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950–2050|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|accessdate=10 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510001645/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|archivedate=10 May 2015|date=30 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Na afọ 2015 na United States, ihe dị ka nde 17 (7%) nke ndị okenye na nde 0.7 (2.8%) nke ndị dị afọ iri na abụọ ruo  iri na asaa na-emetụta.&lt;ref name=NIH2015Stats&gt;{{cite web|title=Alcohol Facts and Statistics|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081638/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|archivedate=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ndị  na-eto eto, ọ naghịkwa ahụkebe ya n'etiti  ndị  agadi.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Anaghị ahukari  ya na mba Afrịka  (1.1% nke ndị bi na ya) e nwere  ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'[[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe]] (11%). [4] Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè kpatara ọnwụ 139,000 na afọ 2013, site na ọnwụ 112,000 na 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na nde mmadụ 3.3 nwụrụ (5.9% nke ọnwụ niile) bụ n'ihi mmanya na-aba n'anya maọbụ  ịṅụbiga mmanya  ókè.3] &amp;nbsp;Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na-eji ihe dịka afọ iri ebelata ndụ mmadụ .&lt;ref name=&quot;Schu2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schuckit|first=MA|title=Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=27 November 2014|volume=371|issue=22|pages=2109–13|pmid=25427113|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1407298|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th|accessdate=26 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ọtụtụ okwu, ụfọdụ  bụ  okwu mkparị wee na akọwa maọbụ  na akpọ. ndị na anubiga  mmanya  ókè; okwu ndị ahụ gụnyere ''ọnyà'' na-ahapụ mmanya, onye na-egbu egbu, anurima,onye na'anya na onye na-adịghị ahụkebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chambers English Thesaurus|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-86062-04-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IamKT5uk5lMC&amp;pg=PA175|accessdate=26 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1979, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa kwụsịrị ịkpọ ndị anurima  ndị na &quot;aṅubiga   mmanya ókè&quot; maka na okwu ahụ ezie ezi kama ha ahọrọ &quot;ọrịa na-adabere na mmanya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;ladtpwho&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/|title=Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization|author=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205230313/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/|archivedate=5 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''''Nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị Africa.''''' '''''Maka ụkpụrụ omume mmekọrịta ọhụrụ''''' (na French: '''''Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle''''' ) bụ akụkọ sitere n'aka agụmakwụkwọ na onye edemede Senegalese Felwine Sarr na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka nke France bụ Bénédicte Savoy, bipụtara na ntanetị na Nọvemba 2018 na ụdị French mbụ na nke mbụ. ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee akwadoro. 

Onye isi ala France, Emmanuel Macron nyere ya ọrụ, ebumnuche nke akụkọ a bụ inyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnọdụ ugbu a nke mkpokọta French nwere ọha nke ihe osise ndị Africa sitere na nzụta ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ arụrịta ụka, yana nkwupụta na atụmatụ maka usoro ga-esote. nkwụghachi ụgwọ emechara . Kpọmkwem, akụkọ ahụ na-egosikwa aro maka ịkwado nkwụghachi ụgwọ, dị ka imekọ ihe ọnụ n'ọdịnala mba ụwa, nyocha nke ọma, usoro iwu, wee mechie na ndepụta nke ihe ọdịnala metụtara, yana ụzọ isi gosipụta ha n'ọdịnihu dị nso na Africa. ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.

Ọrụ nke akụkọ a bụ nke mbụ onye isi ala France kwupụtara nkwụghachi ihe arụrụ arụ n'Africa, ọ kpalitekwara ọtụtụ arụmụka na atụmatụ maka iwepụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'ọtụtụ mba.

Na 2020, akụkọ ha na nzaghachi ọhaneze nwetara Bénédicte Savoy na Felwine Sarr n'ọkwa nke atọ na ọkwa kwa afọ nke &quot;ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na ụwa nka ụwa&quot;, nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''ArtReview'' guzobere; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=ArtReview|title=Power 100|url=https://artreview.com/power-100/?year=2020|accessdate=2021-09-21|work=artreview.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na akwụkwọ akụkọ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJA&quot;&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; depụtara ha n'ime &quot;100 kacha nwee mmetụta nke 2021&quot;. 
[[Usòrò:Homme-requin_Dahomey.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi eze sitere na alaeze Dahomey akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-anọchite anya Eze Béhanzin nwere njiri mara shark]]

== ndabere ==
Akụkọ ahụ sochiri okwu Emmanuel Macron, onye isi ala France, na 28 November 2017 na Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, nke o kwuru okwu banyere amụma France na Sub-Saharan Africa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 November 2017|title=Emmanuel Macron's speech at the University of Ouagadougou|url=https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2017/11/28/emmanuel-macrons-speech-at-the-university-of-ouagadougou.en|accessdate=2019-07-26|work=elysee.fr|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ala France nyere ndị mmụta abụọ ọrụ ka ha nyochaa akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi nke mkpokọta steeti nwere na France, yana nkwupụta na ihe kpatara ya na usoro ndị ga-esochi maka nkwụghachi azụ . E gosipụtara mkpali ya maka nhazigharị isi nke ụkpụrụ omenala France gbasara Africa n'okwu ndị a: &quot;M si n'ọgbọ nke ndị France bụ ndị a na-apụghị ịrụ ụka maka mpụ nke ọchịchị Europe ma bụrụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Maka oge mbụ, onye isi ala France na gọọmentị ya ghọtara ikike omume nke nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa omenala, ihe ndị dị na ya bụ, dị ka iwu French si kwuo, a na-ewere dị ka ihe onwunwe na-enweghị atụ nke ala France. {{Cite web|author=Ellis|first=Adrian|date=5 April 2019|title=Museums in the changing world order: restitution to Africa reaches tipping point|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/comment/museums-in-the-changing-world-order-restitution-to-africa-reaches-tipping-point|accessdate=2019-07-27|work=theartnewspaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị bu ụzọ Macron akwadoghị nlọghachi nke arịa Africa na ihe ọdịnala ndị ọzọ na France; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Jacques Chirac kwadoro mkpokọta nka nke Africa ma kpọọ ya na aha gọọmentị nke Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac . &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Chirac was one of the effective supporters of the Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere a na-ahụta nkwupụta Macron dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'agbanyeghị ole nka a ga-emecha laghachi na mba Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Opoku|first=Kwame|date=10 December 2017|title=Macron promises to return African artefacts in French museums: a new era in African-European relationships or a mirage?|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/821779/macron-promises-to-return-african-artefacts-in-french-museum.html|journal=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E gosipụtara akụkọ ahụ n'ihu ọha na 23 Nọvemba 2018, ebe ọ bụ na mgbe ahụ akpatala ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume na mkparịta ụka French na mba ụwa banyere nkwupụta ya maka nkwụghachi [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|nka nke Africa site na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Europe ma ọ bụ America]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2018/11/23/submission-of-the-savoy-sarr-report-on-the-restitution-of-african-heritage.en|title=Submission of the Savoy/Sarr report on the restitution of African heritage|work=elysee.fr|language=fr|date=23 November 2018|accessdate=2019-07-20}} {{Cite web|first=Tristram|author=Hunt|date=27 November 2018|title=Restitution Report: museum directors respond|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị ọkwa Macron nke nkwụghachi n'oge, ihe iwu chọrọ maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ dị otú ahụ na-ebute nnukwu ihe mgbochi: na France, a na-ahụta akụ niile nke ọha na eze, gụnyere ọdịnaya nke mkpokọta ọha, dị ka ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ omenala ndị ọzọ, dị ka ihe onwunwe na-apụghị ịpụ apụ . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-31|title=The Sarr-Savoy report &amp; restituting colonial artifacts|url=https://itsartlaw.org/2019/01/31/the-sarr-savoy-report/|accessdate=2019-07-20|work=Center for Art Law|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị ode akwụkwọ na ebumnuche ha ==
[[Usòrò:Statuette_Mambia_Nigéria.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi si Nigeria na Musée du quai Branly, Paris, France]]
Onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Senegalese, onye na-egwu egwu na onye akụ na ụba Felwine Sarr bịara mara maka edemede ya ''Afrotopia'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_AFCO_257_0150--felwine-sarr-afrotopia.htm|title=Felwine Sarr. Afrotopia|author=Boukari-Yabara|first=Amzat|date=2016|work=Cairn|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ na-atụ aro echiche postcolonial maka nghọta ugbu a na ọdịnihu nke mba Africa. Ọ na-arụ ụka na n'ihu mmepe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche Africa ekwesịghị iweta site na ịmepụta ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ; kama Afrịka kwesiri imeghachi onwe ya site na nchikota nke omenala na nke ugbua nke nzuko ohaneze . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-30|title=Afrotopia or The Future is Open|url=https://schloss-post.com/afrotopia-or-the-future-is-open/|accessdate=2019-07-26|work=[[Akademie Schloss Solitude]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkuzi ya na nyocha agụmakwụkwọ na-elekwasị anya na postcolonial tiori, amụma akụ na ụba, mmepe, akụ na ụba, akụ na ụba, epistemology na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche okpukpe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Results for 'Felwine Sarr|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&amp;q=Felwine+Sarr|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=worldcat.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye bụbu onye prọfesọ nke akụnụba na Mahadum Gaston Berger (Senegal), ọ sonyeere Mahadum Duke na United States na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Forum for scholars and publics at Duke University|title=Felwine Sarr|url=https://fsp.duke.edu/speakers/felwine-sarr/|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=fsp.duke.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France bụ Bénédicte Savoy na-akụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na Mahadum nka nke Berlin na Germany ma bụrụkwa prọfesọ na Collège de France na Paris. Savoy ebipụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ na isiokwu dị ka nka ụwa na ahịa ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bénédicte Savoy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1039210631|title=Acquiring cultures: histories of world art on Western markets|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-054508-1|location=Berlin|oclc=1039210631}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ọnọdụ mba ụwa ma ọ bụ na inweta ihe nketa omenala na-akwadoghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/874163864|title=The museum is open: towards a transnational history of museums 1750-1940|date=2014|isbn=978-3-11-029882-6|location=Berlin|oclc=874163864|author=Andrea Meyer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe e bipụtara akụkọ ahụ, a makwara ya dị ka onye na-akwado nkwụghachi ihe nketa omenala Africa na mkpokọta German ma na-ekere òkè na nyocha na mkparịta ụka ọha na eze banyere okwu a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Technische Universität Berlin|date=2020-10-07|title=Restitution of knowledge|url=https://www.tu.berlin/en/about/profile/press-releases-news/2020/oktober/restitution-of-knowledge/|accessdate=2021-08-04|work=www.tu.berlin|language=en}} {{Cite web|title=Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says|first=Anny|author=Shaw|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/black-lives-matter-movement-is-speeding-up-repatriation-efforts|date=21 October 2020|accessdate=2021-08-04|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ozi nhọpụta ya, Macron gwara ndị odee abụọ ahụ ka ha soro ndị dị iche iche dị iche iche na-emekọ ihe n'Africa nakwa na France na-akparịta ụka na ọmụmụ ihe, gụnyere nyocha banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke colonial nke omenala Afrika. &lt;ref name=&quot;SaS2018&quot;&gt;Sarr and Savoy, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; : 115 Ọzọkwa, Macron rịọrọ atụmatụ ndị pụtara ìhè na usoro nhazi oge nwere ihe omume ndị a tụrụ aro maka nloghachi nke ihe ọdịnala. Site na nkwupụta ya doro anya, &quot;Mkparịta ụka na nsonye ga-esorịrị usoro niile nke ọrụ a&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Le dialogue et la participation devront accompagner toutes les étappes de ces travaux&quot;. Sarr and Savoy, 2018, p.104&lt;/ref&gt; : 104 Ọ bụghị nanị na Macron gosipụtara ụzọ a kapịrị ọnụ, kamakwa meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka arụmụka ọha na eze banyere iwu omenala ọhụrụ ya na akụkọ sitere na ya. Kemgbe ahụ, arụmụka ọha na eze a abawanyela ma n'Africa, {{Cite web|author=Opoku|first=Kwame|date=21 May 2019|title=Coordination of African Positions on Restitution Matters|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/933792/coordination-of-african-positions-on-restitution-matters.html|accessdate=2019-07-31|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Europe na US &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Scher|first=Robin|date=2019-06-11|title=Better Safe Than Sorry: American Museums Take Measures Mindful of Repatriation of African Art|url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/06/11/african-art-repatriation-american-museums/|accessdate=2019-07-26|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Tristram|author=Hunt|date=27 November 2018|title=Restitution Report: museum directors respond|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuntHartmut_DorgerlohNicholas_Thomas2018&quot;&gt;Hunt, Tristram; Hartmut Dorgerloh; Nicholas Thomas (27 November 2018). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond &quot;Restitution Report: museum directors respond&quot;]. ''www.theartnewspaper.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe dị n'ime akụkọ ahụ ==
[[Usòrò:Reine_porteuse_de_coupe,_Bamileke,_Cameroun,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi nwanyị nwere nnukwu efere, Bamileke, Cameroon, na Musée du Quai Branly]]
N'ime akụkọ a, ndị odee tụlere ihe kpatara ya wee tụọ usoro maka iweghachi ihe ọdịnala Africa sitere na mkpokọta ọha French nwe obodo ma ọ bụ obodo ha. Dị ka ọrụ Macron si kwuo, akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ metụtara kpọmkwem ndị ógbè ndị France na-achị na ndịda Sahara, na ihe nketa omenala e bugara France n'oge na mgbe oge ọchịchị. &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The report does not cover North African countries, whose cultures have been marked by indigenous populations such as the Berber ethnic groups and by Arab-Islamic influence.&lt;/ref&gt;

Isi mmalite mmalite, nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;Ogologo ogologo oge nke mfu&quot; na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|ihe nketa omenala Africa]] n'ihe gbasara ọchịchị ndị Europe. &lt;ref name=&quot;SaS2018&quot;&gt;Sarr and Savoy, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; : 7–26 Isiokwu etiti bụ ikenye ihe ọdịnala n'ike dị ka mpụ megide obodo ndị sitere. Ọzọkwa, mkpa nke ịnakọta, na-amụ ma na-egosipụta ihe nketa Africa, mbụ dị ka curios na mgbe e mesịrị dị ka ethnological ihe, site European ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egosi dị ka a Central akụkụ nke a &quot;akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime ihe ike&quot; na ọchịchị.  : 20 

N'izo aka n'ebumnobi yiri nke ahụ maka ndị e gosipụtara na akụkọ nke ha, Sarr na Savoy na-echeta na na 1978, Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, bụ onye na-eduzi UNESCO n'oge ahụ, rịọrọ ka e nwee ike imezigharị ihe nketa ọdịbendị zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti ndị ugwu na ndị ugwu. ndịda hemispheres. Ha na-ehota okwu M'Bow &quot;Arịrịọ maka nlọghachi nke ihe nketa omenala na-enweghị atụ nye ndị kere ya&quot;:

== Ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na geopolitical ==
Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ Sarr / Savoy na arụmụka ndị na-eso ya na-ezo aka na nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa omenala sitere na Africa, nkwupụta Macron na nleta mbụ ya na Africa dị ka onyeisi oche nke France na-eguzo na mbara ala nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ugbu a na ọdịnihu nke mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị France na Africa. . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ellis|first=Adrian|date=5 April 2019|title=Museums in the changing world order: restitution to Africa reaches tipping point|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/comment/museums-in-the-changing-world-order-restitution-to-africa-reaches-tipping-point|accessdate=2019-07-27|work=theartnewspaper.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEllis2019&quot;&gt;Ellis, Adrian (5 April 2019). [http://theartnewspaper.com/comment/museums-in-the-changing-world-order-restitution-to-africa-reaches-tipping-point &quot;Museums in the changing world order: restitution to Africa reaches tipping point&quot;]. ''theartnewspaper.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 July&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ntọhapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto eto nke ụfọdụ mba Africa site na France, yana mmetụta China na Africa, amụma mba ofesi France nwere mmasị ịnọgide na-enwe ma kwalite mmekọrịta ya na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa na ụwa Francophone sara mbara . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; N'ikpeazụ, mkparịta ụka na nkwenye ziri ezi nke nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ ihe atụ nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ọchịchị ndị Europe na Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says|first=Anny|author=Shaw|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/black-lives-matter-movement-is-speeding-up-repatriation-efforts|date=21 October 2020|accessdate=2021-08-04|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShaw2020&quot;&gt;Shaw, Anny (21 October 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/black-lives-matter-movement-is-speeding-up-repatriation-efforts &quot;Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says&quot;]. ''www.theartnewspaper.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi mba ọ bụla na-achị n'oge gara aga na nyocha ọha ugbu a maka oge gara aga, nyochagharị akụkọ ihe mere eme a ewerela ụzọ dị iche iche na France, Great Britain, Belgium ma ọ bụ Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Mmeghachi omume na nkwụghachi mbụ na-eso akụkọ ahụ ==
[[Usòrò:Royal_statues_of_Abomey_in_Quai_Branly_museum_May_2021.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi Royal nke Dahomey na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka quai Branly, tupu nkwụghachi ha na Benin na njedebe nke 2021]]
Ebe ọ bụ na e bipụtara akụkọ ahụ, nyocha ya na ndụmọdụ ya kpasuola ọtụtụ okwu nkatọ, nkwenye ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma, ma na France na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latribunedelart.com/emmanuel-macron-met-fin-a-l-inalienabilite-des-collections-publiques|title=Emmanuel Macron met fin à l'inaliénabilité des collections publiques|author=Rykner|first=Didier|date=2019-07-27|work=La Tribune de l'Art|language=fr|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na isi mmalite gọọmentị dị na Germany na Netherlands enyela ụkpụrụ nduzi ọhụrụ maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'ọdịnihu, nyocha ihe ngosi na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hickley|first=Catherine|date=14 March 2019|title=Culture ministers from 16 German states agree to repatriate artefacts looted in colonial era|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/culture-ministers-from-16-german-states-agree-to-repatriate-artefacts-looted-in-colonial-era|accessdate=2019-07-21|work=theartnewspaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyeghachila Namibia ego ọzọ site na Germany &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kößler|first=Reinhart|title=Hendrik Witbooi's Bible|url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/09/hendrik-witboois-bible-and-the-humboldt-forum/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=africasacountry.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Indonesia site na Netherlands. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hickley|first=Catherine|date=2020-10-08|title=The Netherlands: Museums confront the country's colonial past|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2020-4/netherlands-museums-confront-countrys-colonial-past|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'April 2021, Ethnological Museum na Berlin na Mahadum Aberdeen dị na Scotland kwupụtara nlọghachi nke Benin Bronzes site na 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-04-30|title=Benin Bronzes: Germany to return looted artefacts to Nigeria|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56949003|accessdate=2021-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume ọha na eze sitere n'aka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị nta akụkọ, bụ ndị kpalitere ọhụụ nke ihe ngosi nka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu, akụkọ ahụ adịghị akwado ịlaghachi azụ nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị Africa niile sitere na France. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Kate|date=2019-01-24|title='The idea is not to empty museums': authors of France's blockbuster restitution report say their work has been misrepresented|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/restitution-report-critics-1446934|accessdate=2021-08-06|work=Artnet News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kama, Sarr na Savoy na-atụ aro na a ga-eme ndokwa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba abụọ na gọọmentị Africa maka iweghachi ihe ndị dị mkpa na ndabere nke ndị ọkachamara Africa tụrụ aro. &lt;ref name=&quot;SaS2018&quot;&gt;Sarr and Savoy, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; : 70–81 Otú ọ dị, dị ka ndụmọdụ izugbe, ndị odee na-arịọ arịrịọ maka nkwụghachi azụ nke ihe omenala ndị enwetara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ha na-ajụ n'ụzọ doro anya iweghachi ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwa oge nke Macron kwuru na ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka na-akwado ya, dị ka Stéphane Martin, onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke quai Branly. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Commission de la culture, de l'education et de la communication|date=2020-02-19|title=Commission de la culture, de l'éducation et de la communication: compte rendu de la semaine du 17 février 2020|url=http://www.senat.fr/compte-rendu-commissions/20200217/cult.html#toc2|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.senat.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ogbako na June 2019, nke ihe dị ka ndị ọkachamara 200 na ndị nnọchiteanya nke Ministri Culture si Europe na Africa bịara, Minista Omenala France kwere nkwa na &quot;France ga-enyocha arịrịọ niile nke mba Africa na-enye&quot;, mana ọ gwara ha ka ha ghara &quot;ilekwasị anya na ya. naanị okwu nkwụghachi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/france-buries-restitution-report|title=France retreats from report recommending automatic restitutions of looted African artefacts|work=theartnewspaper.com|first=Vincent|author=Noce|date=5 July 2019|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 24 Disemba 2020, gọọmentị France weputara iwu ọhụrụ nke na-enye ohere maka nkwụghachi nke ọtụtụ ihe ọdịnala sitere na mkpokọta French na [[Senegal]] na [[Benin|Republic of Benin]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=LOI n° 2020-1673 du 24 décembre 2020 relative à la restitution de biens culturels à la République du Bénin et à la République du Sénégal (1)|date=24 December 2020|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000042738023?r=eJd1PJcASO|accessdate=2021-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbua na Nọvemba 2019, praịm minista France ewepụtala saber akụkọ ihe mere eme na Museum of Black Civilizations na Dakar, Senegal, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nke Omar Saïdou Tall, onye ndu ime mmụọ a ma ama na narị afọ nke 19 nke West Africa onye lụrụ ọgụ megide ndị ọchịchị France na afọ 1850. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=France takes first legal step towards restitutions to Benin and Senegal as cabinet examines new law|first=Catherine|author=Hickley|date=16 July 2020|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/french-cabinet-approves-law-allowing-restitutions-to-benin-and-senegal|accessdate=2020-07-17|work=www.theartnewspaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Simonis|first=Francis|date=2019-11-24|title=La première œuvre qui est &quot;restituée&quot; à l'Afrique est un objet européen|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/11/24/la-premiere-uvre-qui-est-restituee-a-l-afrique-est-un-objet-europeen_6020342_3212.html|accessdate=2020-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;As French historian Francis Simonis pointed out, the sabre of Hadj Omar Tall actually is not an African object, but a European weapon, made for the French Army in the 19th century, and was later taken back to France from Ségou in the modern state of Mali.&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe atụ a, yana ihe oyiyi 26 nke Africa ndị agha France kwakọọrọ n'oge a chụrụ n'obí eze nke Abomey na 1892 na nke onye isi ala France Alfred Dodds nyere onye bu ya ụzọ Musée du quai Branly na Paris, mejupụtara nkwụghachi ụgwọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide n'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac|title=Restitution of 26 works to the Republic of Benin|url=https://www.quaibranly.fr/en/collections/living-collections/news/restitution-of-26-works-to-the-republic-of-benin/|accessdate=2021-08-07|work=quaibranly.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gọọmenti Benin arịọlarị nkwụghachi a n'afọ 2016, mana gọọmentị France mbụ gọnahụrụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Vidjingninou|first=Fiacre|date=2020-02-27|title=Le Bénin attend toujours la restitution de son patrimoine promis par la France|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/899767/culture/le-benin-attend-toujours-la-restitution-de-son-patrimoine-promis-par-la-france/|accessdate=2021-09-21|work=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'April 28, 2025, ndị omebe iwu France mere ntuli aka na ụgwọ iji kwe ka ịlaghachi na Ivory Coast nke ihe ejidere na 1916, Djidji Ayokwe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Damien Glez|first=Damien|date=2025-04-28|title=Restitution des biens culturels africains : bientôt la fin de l’exil pour le « tambour parleur » ivoirien ?|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1683414/culture/restitution-des-biens-culturels-africains-bientot-la-fin-de-lexil-pour-le-tambour-parleur-ivoirien/|accessdate=2025-04-29|work=jeuneafrique.com|publisher=Jeune Afrique|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A nakweere ụgwọ ahụ n'otu ọnụ na ọgụgụ mbụ na Senate&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=AFP|first=France Culture|date=2025-04-29|title=Le Sénat enclenche la restitution d'un &quot;tambour parleur&quot; réclamé par la Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/patrimoine/le-senat-enclenche-la-restitution-d-un-tambour-parleur-reclame-par-la-cote-d-ivoire_7216404.html|accessdate=2025-04-29|work=jeuneafrique.com|publisher=Francetv Info|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Weebụsaịtị na njide nke mkpokọta French ===
Na Septemba 2021, ibe weebụ &quot; ''Le Monde en musée'' &quot;, nke Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (INHA) bipụtara. Ọ na-enye ohere ịnweta maapụ nkọwapụta nke ihe sitere na Africa na Oceania n'ihe karịrị mkpokọta ọha French 240. Emebere ya ka ọ bụrụ ngwa nyocha nke ọha na eze na njikọ dị n'etiti ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, n'agbanyeghị ebe ha nọ n'ụwa. Maka mkpokọta nke ọ bụla, a na-enye aha gọọmentị na nkọwa nke njide ya, yana ozi gbasara njirimara ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bosc-Tiessé|first=Claire|date=2021-09-28|title=Le monde en musée. Cartographie des collections d'objets d'Afrique et d'Océanie en France|url=https://monde-en-musee.inha.fr/|accessdate=2021-10-17|work=monde-en-musee.inha.fr|publisher=Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (INHA)|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017101350/https://monde-en-musee.inha.fr/|archive-date=2021-10-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2023 akụkọ ''ihe nketa ekekọrịtara: eluigwe na ala, nkwụghachi na mgbasa nke ọrụ nka'' ===
Na 27 Eprel 2023, Ministri nke Mba Ọzọ na Omenala nke France bipụtara akụkọ Jean-Luc Martinez, onye nnọchi anya mba ụwa na ngalaba nke Heritage na Onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Louvre, nke akpọrọ ihe ''nketa nketa: eluigwe na ala, nkwụghachi na mgbasa ozi. nke ọrụ nka'' . Akụkọ a na-enye echiche na ụzọ maka nyochaa na nhazi arịrịọ nkwụghachi. Dị ka etiti aro, ọ na-atụ aro a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu iwu na itoolu njirisi dị ka iwu ndabere nke n'ọdịnihu restitutions, guzobe nke bilateral Commission nke ndị ọkachamara na-eme nchọpụta si France na mba si malite, na nkịtị restitution atumatu na Germany, Belgium na Netherlands. N'ikpeazụ, a na-atụ anya ụdị pụrụ iche maka &quot;ihe nketa nketa&quot; maka &quot;ụfọdụ ọrụ ihe atụ nke na-emezughị ụkpụrụ niile&quot; ya mere kwesịrị ịnọ na nchịkọta French, n'agbanyeghị na ọkwa ọhụrụ nke nwekọrịta. Enyere akụkọ a ka ọ bụrụ ntuziaka maka ntụle ya na ndị omeiwu na ebumnuche nke ịkwadebe usoro iwu nke a ga-edobe n'aka ndị omeiwu France. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presentation of the report Shared heritage: universality, restitution and circulation of works of art by Jean-Luc Martinez|url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/en/Press/Press-releases2/Presentation-of-the-report-Shared-heritage-universality-restitution-and-circulation-of-works-of-art-by-Jean-Luc-Martinez|accessdate=2023-12-07|work=www.culture.gouv.fr|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka otu akụkọ nke ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Cambridge bipụtara, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nanị ntakịrị akụkụ nke ihe osise na mkpokọta French ga-emezu ọnọdụ maka nkwụghachi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fabry-Tehranchi|first=Irene|date=2023-11-27|title=France and the restitution of cultural property|url=https://languagecollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/2023/11/27/france-and-the-restitution-of-cultural-property/|accessdate=2023-12-07|work=Languages across Borders/Cambridge University Library|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmeghachi omume sitere na mba Africa ==
Dị ka ndị nkọwa si mba Africa dị ka Benin, Etiopia, Mali, Nigeria, ma ọ bụ Namibia, ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, rịọrọ maka nkwụghachi na France, Great Britain, Germany na mba ndị ọzọ, &lt;ref name=&quot;SaS2018&quot;&gt;Sarr and Savoy, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; : 23–26 Akụkọ nke Sarr na Savoy kpalitere okwu dị mma ma wepụta atụmanya dị elu: Kwame Opoku, onye odeakụkọ omenala Ghana na onye bụbu onye ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Vienna, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-04-09|title=Ombudsman appointed for UN in Vienna|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/org1378.doc.htm|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kọrọ na 2019 na International Council of African Museums (AFRICOM) enweela &quot;akwado nkwado&quot; maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ dịka akụkọ Sarr/Savoy tụrụ aro. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Opoku|first=Kwame|date=21 May 2019|title=Coordination of African Positions on Restitution Matters|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/933792/coordination-of-african-positions-on-restitution-matters.html|accessdate=2019-07-31|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpoku2019&quot;&gt;Opoku, Kwame (21 May 2019). [https://www.modernghana.com/news/933792/coordination-of-african-positions-on-restitution-matters.html &quot;Coordination of African Positions on Restitution Matters&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 July&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ n'Afrịka emeghachikwara nke ọma n'atụmatụ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere otu akụkụ gbasara nkwụghachi. Flower Manase, onye nlekọta na National Museum of Tanzania, kwuru na nke mbụ, ndị ọkachamara n'Africa ga-etinye aka dị ka ndị mmekọ nha anya, na-ekerịta akụkọ nke ha ma tinye obodo ndị sitere na ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Manase|first=Flower|date=May 2020|title=From the vision to the practice of restitution|url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/lat/en/spu/21871583.html|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.goethe.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ọdịbendị Africa, dị ka onye nta akụkọ Tanzania Charles Kayuka, arụtụla aka n'ụdị ihe ngosi ngosi nka nke ọdịda anyanwụ nke agbụrụ, nke na-akọwa ihe kpatara na ha anaghị enwe mmasị dị ukwuu na ndị ọbịa obodo na Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bloch|first=Werner|date=26 February 2019|title=Tansania und die Kolonialzeit - Der afrikanische Blick|url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/tansania-und-die-kolonialzeit-der-afrikanische-blick.979.de.html?dram:article_id=441958|accessdate=2019-07-27|work=Deutschlandfunk Kultur|language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arụmụka ọzọ nke ajụjụ ya mkpa ọ dị mkpa omenala ọdịnala maka ọha ndị Africa nke oge a, nke zuru ụwa ọnụ:
 
N'ime akụkọ ha, Sarr na Savoy, agbanyeghị, atụlewo ọdịiche dị otú ahụ site n'ịkpọ oku maka nkwado mba ụwa na itinye aka na obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;SaS2018&quot;&gt;Sarr and Savoy, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; : 85–86 Banyere ihe ga-esi na ya pụta maka amụma omenala obodo na steeti Africa, Felwine Sarr kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na otu akwụkwọ akụkọ German nwere: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/benedicte-savoy-und-felwine-sarr-europa-ist-auf-einem-auge-blind/23874606.html|title=Europa ist auf einem Auge blind|first=Bénédicte|author=Savoy|date=18 January 2019|work=www.tagesspiegel.de|language=de|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|Nkà Africa na mkpokọta Western]]
* Na-apụ apụ
* Decolonization nke ngosi ihe mgbe ochie
* Mmemme Inventories Mba Nile (ọrụ maka ihe nketa ọdịnala sitere na Kenya na mkpokọta Western)

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọrụ zoro aka na n'ihu ịgụ ==

*  
* {{Cite journal|author=Mark|first=Peter|title=Is There Such a Thing as African Art?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_record-of-the-art-museum-princeton-university_1999_58_1-2/page/7|journal=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University|volume=58|issue=1/2|year=1999|pages=7–15|issn=0032-843X|doi=10.2307/3774788}}
*  
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/arts/design/restitution-france-africa.html|title=France vowed to return looted treasures. But few are heading back|author=Nayeri, Farah|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2019-11-23|accessdate=2021-08-30}}
* {{Cite book|author=Silverman|first=Raymond|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1259323561|title=National museums in Africa. Identity, history and politics.|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|pages=284|isbn=978-1-000-42864-3|location=Milton|oclc=1259323561}}
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'''Curtiss Motorcycles''', nke mbụ '''Confederate Motors''', bụ onye America na-emepụta ọgba tum tum n'okporo ámá na Birmingham, Alabama . Ọ tọrọ ntọala na 1991 site n'aka ọka iwu ikpe H. Matthew Chambers, dị ka ụzọ na-achọ &quot;ichepụta ìhè site n'ike mmụọ nsọ America.&quot; Na 2017 ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwupụtara atụmatụ ịkpọgharịa onwe ya na Curtiss Motorcycles ma gbanwee gaa na ọgba tum tum eletrik na mmekorita ya na Zero Motorcycles .  &lt;ref name=&quot;new&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cycleworld.com/confederate-motors-partnership-zero-motorcycles-changes-to-curtiss-motorcycles//|author=Boulanger|first=Gaz|title=Who Was Glenn Curtiss And What Does He Have To Do With Zero Motorcycles?|accessdate=June 19, 2018|date=August 23, 2017|archivedate=February 3, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203043251/https://www.cycleworld.com/confederate-motors-partnership-zero-motorcycles-changes-to-curtiss-motorcycles}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Warhawk ga-abụ nke ikpeazụ na naanị mmanụ ụgbọala ọgba tum tum n'okpuru Curtiss ika. Ọ dabere na P-40 Warhawk Fighter ha, nwere obere obere igwe igwe 35. &lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newatlas.com/curtiss-warhawk-motorcycle/53499///|author=Hanlon|first=Mike|title=Curtiss Warhawk: Limited edition, 150-hp, V-twin industrial art|publisher=New Atlas|accessdate=June 19, 2018|date=February 21, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Machị 29, 2018, Combat Motors LLC zụtara ikike ikike ọgụgụ isi maka ụdị na atụmatụ Confederate wee gaa n'ihu na-eme ọgba tum tum mmanụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedrive.com/news/19943/confederate-motorcycles-lives-on-under-new-ownership|title=Confederate Motorcycles Lives on Under New Ownership|author=Brandt|first=Eric|work=The Drive|accessdate=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:Pre-production_1_Confederate_P120_Fighter_at_the_2009_Seattle_International_Motorcycle_Show_3.jpg|thumb| Mmepụta 1 bụ nke mbụ Confederate Fighter. Nkezi ọsọ agbagoro 155.8 mph (250.7 km/h) n'ebe a na-efe efe na Bonneville Speedway .]]
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ meghere na Baton Rouge, Louisiana na 1991, na mgbe obere oge kwaga San Francisco, California, n'afọ na-esote, kwagara na ụlọ ahịa ihe ngosi na New Orleans, Louisiana, na 1993. Igwe ọgba tum tum ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị n'ahịrị mmepụta ebe ahụ na Nọvemba 11, 1994. Ihe karịrị 500 ọgbọ mbụ Hellcat ka e wuru site na 1996 ruo 2001.  Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na 2001, Confederate gbakere na 2003 wee mepụta ọgbọ nke abụọ nke Hellcats, ihe dị ka mkpokọta 75. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carpenter2006&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title= Paparazzi magnet; Gawkers get whiplash when Confederate Motor's new Wraith rolls by. That alone may make it a worthy successor to the star-seducing Hellcat. |first= Susan |last= Carpenter |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date= December 20, 2006 |page= G.1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe mmebi ụlọ ọrụ siri ike n'August 2005 site na Hurricane Katrina kwụsịrị mmepụta,  Confederate bufere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na ọrụ mgbakọ n'otu ụlọ dị na ogbe ndịda Birmingham, Alabama. Mmepụta maliteghachiri mgbe nhazigharị ahụ wee kwaga na mmalite 2006, yana ọkwa na May nke atụmatụ mgbasawanye $ 5 ha maka imepụta nke atọ, ọnụ ala, ihe nlereanya.

== Ụgbọ ala ==
Confederate mepụtara G1 Hellcat site na 1999 - 2001. Emepụtara G2 Hellcat site na 2002 ruo 2007. Emepụtara Wraith ahụ bụ 2007 ruo 2009 yana ọgụ sitere na 2009 ruo 2011. Emepụtara G3 Hellcat ruo mgbe erere ya na nkeji nke anọ nke 2015.

Na 2007, $ 92,000 B120 Wraith na F131 Hellcat weere ọnọdụ mbụ na nke abụọ n'otu n'otu na AMD World Championship of Custom Bike Building show na Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, na ụdị mmepụta ihe. 

N'ọgwụgwụ 2015, banyere mmepụta nke G2 P51 Combat Fighter, a na-emepụta etiti ụdị a site na ngọngọ billet siri ike nke aluminom, na-emepụta etiti aluminom monocoque, nke a ga-eme ihe atụ 61, na-ere maka $ 119,500. Confederate nwere atụmatụ ịmalite G2 Wraith na G3 Hellcat.

=== Ụdị dị ugbu a ===

* Nke 1

* Harley-Davidson Confederate Edition - Ụdị ihe atụ nke Harley-Davidson nwetara nke nwetara esemokwu yiri nke ahụ maka ojiji nke foto Confederate.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

atụmatụ ịkpọgharịa onwe ya na Curtiss Motorcycles ma gbanwee gaa na ọgbaatụmatụ ịkpọgharịa onwe ya na Curtiss Motorcycles ma gbanwee gaa na ọgba

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category|Confederate Motor Company}}

* Official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520115345/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Confederate+Motor+Company%2c+Inc.+Announces+Relocation+to+Birmingham%2c...-a0139818881 Confederate Motor Company announces relocation...] Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 20070617
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070421230003/http://www.governorpress.alabama.gov/pr/pr-2006-05-15-01-motorcycles-photo.asp alabama.gov: Governor Riley Celebrates First Production Motorcycle Made in Alabama] Retrieved 20070617
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/automobiles/02CONFED.html Out of New Orleans, Confederate Rises] NYT Handlebars column
* Beeler, Jensen [https://web.archive.org/web/20240524032054/https://www.asphaltandrubber.com/news/pierre-terblanche-royal-enfield/ Pierre Terblanche Leaves Confederate for Royal Enfield] (November 14, 2014. ''Asphalt and Rubber''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amir Nour</title>
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'''Amir Nour''' ( Arabic ; 26 Eprel 1936 - 2021), bụ onye Sudan-American ọkpụkpụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Egosiputala ọrụ ya na United States na mba ụwa, gụnyere United Kingdom, Germany, France, Cuba na United Arab Emirates.

Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum London, [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], na Mahadum St. Andrews, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ma kụziere Fine Art na Chicago, ebe o biri ruo ọgwụgwụ nke ndụ ya na 2021.

== Biography na ọrụ nka ==
Na 1957 Nour gụsịrị akwụkwọ na School of Fine and Applied Art na Khartoum, mgbe ahụ ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi nka site na 1958 ruo 1959 na 1963 ruo 1965. N'iso nke a, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ọkpụkpụ na nka Africa na Slade School of Fine Art nke Mahadum London, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na Royal College of Art na [[London]] . N'afọ 1967, o nwetara nzere Rockefeller ka ọ gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ọkpụkpụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na Mahadum Yale dị na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], nke ọ gụchara nzere bachelọ na Master's na Fine Arts. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi nka na kọleji obodo Chicago . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transatlantic Dialogue|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/dialogue/nour.htm|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=africa.si.edu|archivedate=2024-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330224507/https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/dialogue/nour.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, ọ gara ezumike ezumike ma nweta Ph.D. na African Art History sitere na Mahadum St. Andrews na Scotland . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hayes|first=Hannah|date=2021-06-07|title=Amir Nour, patient sculptor of contemporary African art, dies at 84|url=https://www.hpherald.com/obituaries/amir-nour-patient-sculptor-of-contemporary-african-art-dies-at-84/article_830fccd0-c7b1-11eb-9459-d7d59a03a13e.html|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=Hyde Park Herald|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330223607/https://www.hpherald.com/obituaries/amir-nour-patient-sculptor-of-contemporary-african-art-dies-at-84/article_830fccd0-c7b1-11eb-9459-d7d59a03a13e.html|archive-date=2024-03-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nour na-ahọrọkarị ụdị geometric metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme, gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịnala Sudan, metụtara omenala Nubian na omenala Afro- islam nke obodo. Ihe oyiyi ya, nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ihe, fiberglass ma ọ bụ ígwè, bụ ihe nkịtị na minimalist, na-ezo aka na ụmụ anụmanụ, ọdịdị ala na ihe owuwu nke obodo a mụrụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amir I.M. Nour - Horned Gate|url=https://mfastpete.org/obj/horned-gate/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Museum of Fine Arts St Petersburg, Florida, US|language=en|archivedate=2024-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510125803/https://mfastpete.org/obj/horned-gate/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nour lụrụ Ann Morrison bụ́ onye Edinburgh, Scotland, bụ́ onye ọ zutere dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Lọndọn. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na Schwab Rehabilitation Institute, na site na 1980 gaa n'ihu, onye nduzi nke Rehab Medicine na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Osteopathic na Hyde Park, Chicago . Amir Nour nwụrụ na Chicago mgbe ọ dị afọ 84 na 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Isi ihe ngosi na mkpokọta ==

* ''Mmetụta okike/okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ - Ndị nka Africa anọ: [[Skunder Boghossian]], [[Rashid Diab]], Mohammed Omer Khalil, Amir Nour'', African Studies and Research Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1993.
* ''Ịta nri na Shendi,'' ihe ọkpụkpụ e ji ígwè 202 mee, Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, 1969. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transatlantic Dialogue|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/dialogue/nourI.htm|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=africa.si.edu|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114073504/https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/dialogue/nourI.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ọnụ ụzọ mpi Horned'', Museum of Fine Arts, St Petersburg, Florida, 1974. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Horned Gate|url=https://mfastpete.org/obj/horned-gate/|accessdate=2024-04-01|work=Museum of Fine Arts, St Petersburg|language=en|archivedate=2024-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510125803/https://mfastpete.org/obj/horned-gate/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Narị afọ dị mkpirikpi: nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe na Africa, 1945–1994.'' Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Modern Art, New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/72596|title=Amir Nour &amp;#124; MoMA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nri bụ mkpụrụ obi nke amamihe: A Retrospective (1965-ugbu a)'', Sharjah Art Foundation, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IN THE HEART OF ANOTHER COUNTRY - Sharjah Art Foundation|url=https://www.intheheartofanothercountry.com/en/artists/amir-nour/|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=www.intheheartofanothercountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422439. Condon, Robert.] [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422439. &quot;Amir Nour na Mohammad Omer Khalil: National Museum of African Art, Washington, DC. Nọvemba 16-February 26, 1995.&quot; ''Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art'' 2 (1995): 58-61.]

* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/683355 Hassan, Salah M. &quot;Brevity bụ mkpụrụ obi nke amamihe: Amir Nour n'etiti Minimalism na Africanism.&quot; ''Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art'' 41 (2017): 84-107.]

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.amirnour.com/ Ibe weebụ gọọmentị]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240401100313/https://www.imanshaggag.com/see/amir-nour-balance-patterns-rhythms Amir Nour: Balance, Patterns &amp; Rhythms] - blọọgụ gbasara ọrụ na ndụ nke Amir Nour, nwere ọtụtụ onyonyo nke ọrụ ya.</text>
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    <title>Adymus nke Beroea</title>
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      <text bytes="1038" sha1="s64rfpzmb94o4m0aahzkiag9z587myl" xml:space="preserve">Adymus, Adymos ma ọ bụ Hadymos, Hadymus ( Greek : Ἅδυμος&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ) nwa Evander (ike Evander nke Beria ) bụ onye na-ese ihe na mbụ adọ mbụ AD.  naanị ihe ọkpụkpụ ya chọrọ ka achọtara na Idomene (Paeonia) .&lt;ref&gt;[http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main?url=oi%3Fikey%3D152614%26bookid%3D172%26region%3D4%26subregion%3D11%26area%3DPaionia SEG 18:272]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Masedonia: Akụkọ gbasara ọdịdị ala na akụkọ ihe mere eme v. 1 nke NGL Hammond dere Peeji 170 
* Tataki, Argyro B. / Beroea oge ochie: Prosopography na Society
* Ndepụta nke ihe ọkpụkpụ na ihe ngosi nka nke Thessaloniki 73-76
* [[Cultural and Educational Technology Institute|Ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ omenala na agụmakwụkwọ]] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030848/http://www.ipet.gr/veroia/show_list.php?u2g=1&amp;per=*&amp;tbl=*&amp;keys1=&amp;plus2=OR&amp;keys2=%CE%86%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82&amp;items=10&amp;plus1=AND&amp;back=1 search Άδυμος]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yvonne Andersen</title>
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      <text bytes="7012" sha1="djdjeyrsnq9al3efmbxwe5h7f7ckhzt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Yvonne Andersen|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1932|09|07}}|birth_place=[[Long Beach, California]]|death_date=&lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} Death date then birth --&gt;|death_place=|other_names=|occupation=Filmmaker, teacher, author|years_active=|spouse=|partner=|website=&lt;!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} --&gt;}}

Yvonne Andersen (amuru ya na September 7, 1932) bu onye America na-eme ihe nkiri, odee na onye nkuzi.  A mara ya nke ọma maka imekọ ihe omumu ihe omumu odo ya na di ya, Dominic Falcone.  Ihe omumu ihe omumu nke odo odo bu ulo akwukwo ma umuaka ma ndi okenye ka ha muta maka ihe ngosi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Andersen na di ya ego fim ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ ha kere.  Na-esochi ọzụzụ edo edo, Andersen kuziri na Rhode Island School of Design. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.afana.org/andersenyvonne.htm|title=Yvonne Andersen|work=www.afana.org|accessdate=2018-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.12/AWNMag1.12.pdf|title=Children &amp; Animation|work=Animation World Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andersen bụ onye kwere ekwe siri ike na ikike ikike.  O kwuru na ụgbọ ga-ihe ihe ọhụrụ ubi ha, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ịgba ha ume na mmerụ ha.  [1] Amy Kravitz, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ Andersen, kwuru, sị: &quot;Mgbe m bụ nwata na klas ya, otu n'ime ihe kacha mkpa Yvonne mere bụ iji m hụ ihe. O ji anyị niile hụrụ ihe.&quot;

== Ọrụ ==
Andersen gbara ihe nkiri animated ya na ihe nkiri 16 mm wee jiri &quot;pixillation, cutouts, and puppet animation&quot; [1] na ha.  Achọpụtala ihe nkiri ya dị ka ndị nwere &quot;ihe ngosi ihe siri ike na nhazi uri.&quot;  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na Andersen n'onwe ya kere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, ọtụtụ ọrụ ya ndị ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara ihe nkiri, yana àmà na-egosi ihe nkiri ha.  [2] [3] Nyocha nke akwụkwọ ya ririwo ha dị ka ihe dị mma maka ndị ma nwee echiche na echiche bara uru na-eme ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali akpali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/museum_idea_78/ATZ_TheMuseumIdea_December1978.pdf|title=The Museum Idea|author=O'Toole|first=Dennis|date=December 1978|work=Smithsonian Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&amp;context=svc|title=Review Essay: Children's Filmmaking|author=Sutton-Smith|first=Brian|date=December 1, 1977|work=University of Pennsylvania – Penn Libraries|access-date=June 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522022042/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&amp;context=svc|archive-date=May 22, 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụlọ ihe nkiri Sun ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Emepụtara Sun Gallery na Provincetown, Massachusetts site n'aka Andersen na di ya na 1955 na-esote njikọ Andersen.  [1] Ihe ngosi a na-egosi n'oge akụ ma bụrụ ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-ese ihe na-egosi na-egosi ọrụ ha.  na-ese ihe na-egosi ọrụ ha na Sun Gallery ndị eze &quot; Red Grooms, Lester Johnson, Robert na Mary Frank, Vera Williams, Tony Vevers, na Alex Katz .&quot;  [2] Ndị dike ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na 1955 ruo 1959, n'oge a kwalitere ihe dị ka ndị na-ese ihe 100

=== Ụlọ ọrụ bọọlụ edo edo ===
Ihe omumu ihe omumu nke odo odo bu ebe kachasi umuaka (n'akpaghi naanabatara afo nile) imata maka usoro ime ihe onyonyo nke gunyere ihe eji ekiri ihe nkiri nke ha.  Iji mmetụta, ime mmetụta na ụzọ, na ime-iche echiche ndị ahụ so na nka a kuziri n'ibu ọrụ a.  [1] Andersen na-enwekarị ihe nka maka ụmụ ya iji mee ihe, ọ gbakwara ha ume ime ndị enyi ha ka ha jiri ha mee ihe.  Nke a mere ka mgbaàmà na-ahụ mgbe nile n'iche Andersen, mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe ụmụ ya na-ama ebe ahụ, iji ihe ndị a nka.  [2] Otu n'ime ihe ngosi ngosi n'imepụta ihe nkiri, nke mere ka ha mee ihe nkiri ahụ abụọ na-eji ihe ngosi ha nwere.  N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ mma, otu n'ime ahụ kere edemede nke ga-abụ nkiri ihe mbụ e nke nke Yellow Ball Workshop, The Amazing Colossal Man .  otu ahụ rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ ihe nkiri ahụ, nke a wee bụrụ bụrụ ihe ndabere maka ihe ndị na-abụ Yellow Ball bụ na 1963. [3] [4] N'agbata 1963 na 1980, ọrụ na-ahụ Maka ọnwụ Yellow Ball rụpụtara.  ihe nkiri ihe nkiri iri na abụọ.  [3] Ihe omume animation na Rhode Island School of Design ikike nss site na Mgbakọ ụgha Yellow Ball, na Andersen ga-aga n'ihu na-azụ n'akwụkwọ a.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrcK0qh_KJgC&amp;q=yvonne&amp;pg=PR3|title=Animation in the Home Digital Studio: Creation to Distribution|author=Subotnick|first=Steven|date=2003|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=9780240804743|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSubotnick2003&quot;&gt;Subotnick, Steven (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LrcK0qh_KJgC&amp;q=yvonne&amp;pg=PR3 ''Animation in the Home Digital Studio: Creation to Distribution'']. Taylor &amp; Francis. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780240804743|&lt;bdi&gt;9780240804743&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Rhode Island ===
Abịakwutere Andersen maka onye ọrụ na Rhode Island School of Design na 1979. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge maka afọ 5 tupu ya aghọọ onye nkuzi oge niile, ọ ihe ngosi &quot;ihe ngosi enweghị, ihe na-eme ihe nkiri iche.&quot;  [1] Mgbe e ịhụnanya, ọ mgbatị afọ 9 dị ka onye isi nke Ngalaba Ihe nkiri na Video.  Andersen ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ a maka afọ 23 tupu ọ laa ezumike nka na 2002   &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.12/articles/jacksonandersen1.12.html|title=Yvonne Anderson: Profile of a Pioneer|work=www.awn.com|accessdate=2018-02-12}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.12/articles/jacksonandersen1.12.html &quot;Yvonne Anderson: Profile of a Pioneer&quot;]. ''www.awn.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 12,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Afọ
! Aha
! Ọrụ
! Ihe ndetu
|-
| 1962
| ''Ụlọ akwa akwa''
| Onye nduzi
|
|-
| 1962
| ''Otu nkịta na-ekpo ọkụ na mọstad''
| Onye nduzi
|
|-
| 1963
| ''Spaghetti Nsogbu''
| Onye isi oche
| Onye isi oche Red Grooms
|-
| 1964
| ''Nwoke ahụ dị egwu''
| Onye nrụpụta
| Ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ Andersen mere
|-
| 1966
| ''Ụkwụ mara abụba''
| Onye na-ese ihe nkiri
| Red Grooms duziri ya
|-
| 1969
| ''Mew, Mew''
| Onye na-ese ihe nkiri
| Red Grooms duziri ya
|-
| 1970
| ''Ka anyị mee ihe nkiri''
| Onye nduzi
|
|-
| 1977
| ''Ahụrụ m ihu iwe ha''
| Onye nduzi
|
|-
| 1994
| ''Anyị Ga-adị Ndụ Ebighị Ebi''
| Onye nduzi
|
|}

== Akwụkwọ ==
''Ịkụzi ihe nkiri animation nye ụmụaka'' (1970), Van Nostrand Reinhold

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>djdjeyrsnq9al3efmbxwe5h7f7ckhzt</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Antone Smith</title>
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      <text bytes="11517" sha1="2tgytwbxe9a5ja3pcuvq9ozp5nav03c" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Antone Smith 2014.jpg|thumb|Antone Smith|426x426px]]
{{Infobox NFL biography|name=Antone Smith|image=Antone Smith 2014.jpg|caption=Smith with the Atlanta Falcons in 2014|current_team=|number=35, 36|position=[[Running back]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1985|9|17}}|birth_place=[[Pahokee, Florida]], U.S.|height_ft=5|height_in=9|weight_lbs=192|high_school=[[Pahokee High School|Pahokee]] ([[Pahokee, Florida]])|college=[[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]]|undraftedyear=2009|pastteams=* [[Detroit Lions]] ({{NFL Year|2009}})*
* [[Minnesota Vikings]] ({{NFL Year|2009}})*
* [[Houston Texans]] ({{NFL Year|2009}})*
* [[Atlanta Falcons]] ({{NFL Year|2009}}–{{NFL Year|2014}})
* [[Chicago Bears]] ({{NFL Year|2015}})
* [[New York Jets]] ({{NFL Year|2016}})*
* [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] ({{NFL Year|2016}})|status=|highlights=|statlabel1=[[Carry (American football)|Rushing attempts]]|statvalue1=40|statlabel2=[[Rushing yards]]|statvalue2=344|statlabel3=[[Touchdown|Rushing touchdowns]]|statvalue3=4|statlabel4=[[Reception (American football)|Receptions]]|statvalue4=21|statlabel5=[[Receiving yards]]|statvalue5=309|statlabel6=[[Touchdown|Receiving touchdowns]]|statvalue6=3}}'''Antone Smith''' (amụrụ na Septemba 17, 1985) bụ onye bọọlụ Amerịka na-agba nnọnaazụ. Ọ gbaara Pahokee bọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. A na-ewere Smith dị ka onye na-agba nnọnaazụ na All America nọ n'ógó kpakpando ise ma kpọọ ya Mr Florida. Ọ gara n'ihu gbaa bọọlụ kọleji na Florida State. Ndị Detroit Lions denyere aha Smith dị ka onye na-enweghị onye ọrụ n'efu n'afọ 2009. Ọ bụkwarị onye òtù Minnesota Vikings, Houston Texans, Atlanta Falcons, Chicago Bears, New York Jets, na Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

== Afọ ndị mbụ ya ==
N'afọ ikpeazụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Pahokee High School, Smith duuru Pahokee gaa n'asọmpi bọọlụ steeti wee gbaa ọsọ ruru yaadị narị abụọ na iri asaa na isii na touchdown atọ n'egwuregwu mmeri, jiri yaadị puku abụọ , narị asatọ na iri na anọ  na touchdown dị iri anọ na anọ na-emeri n'oge ahụ. N'ime afọ anọ ndị ahụ ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ chịkọtara ihe karịrị yaadị dị puku isii.

Rivals.com họpụtara Smith dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ nke iri abụọ na ise n'ozuzu. Ọ bụ onye Parade All-American, onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ nke Afọ nke Palm Beach County , onye egwuregwu Old Spice National nke Afọ. A họpụtara ya dị ka Mr. Football maka steeti Florida. A họpụtara Smith dị ka MVP nke Nike Camp ma mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, o dekọrọ oge ọsọ kacha dị mkpụmkpụ bụ kpọmkpọm 4.25 maka ọsọ yaadị iri anọ. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na CaliFlorida Bowl a ma kpọọ ya MVP.

Smith nọkwa n'òtù egwuregwu ndị ọsọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ebe ọ na-asọ mpi dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ. Na asọmpi 2003 FHSAA 2A Region 4 Championships, ọ meriri ma ọsọ dash nke otu narị mita na nke mita narị abụọ n'ime oge kachasị mma nke bụ kpọmkpọm 10.63 ya na kpọmkpọm 21.71.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FHSAA 2A Region 4 – Boys (Raw)|url=http://fl.milesplit.com/meets/4389/results/8126|access-date=2024-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908113905/http://fl.milesplit.com/meets/4389/results/8126|archive-date=2014-09-08|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọrọkwa otu akụkụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na òtù ọgbọsọ nke steeti Florida. O gbara onye nke ise na ọsọ dash dị mita iri isii n'asọmmpi 2006 ACC Championships, n'ime oge kachasị mma nke bụ kpọmkpọm 6.83.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ACC Championships – Complete Results|url=http://va.milesplit.com/meets/15545/results/311650|access-date=2024-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908112012/http://va.milesplit.com/meets/15545/results/311650|archive-date=2014-09-08|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smith bụ onye elekwasịrị anya na onye na-akọ akụkọ nke &quot;The Muck Bowl,&quot; ihe ngosi nke onwe ya.

== Ọrụ Ya na kọleji ==
N'oge afọ ndị mbụ ya na steeti Florida na 2005, Smith hụrụ ọrụ na egwuregwu itoolu, na-esote Lorenzo Booker na Leon Washington n'azụ. O buuru bọọlụ ugboro iri atọ na isii maka yaadị 188  (5.2 avg) na touchdown atọ, ma bụkwara onye nke atọ na òtù n'azụ Booker na Washington na carries, rushing yards, na yards kwa egwuregwu. Na mmeri 55-24 nke Florida State meriri Mahadum Duke, Smith gbara ọsọ ugboro asaa maka oge dị elu 76 yards na touchdowns abụọ, nke abụọ n'ime ha bịara na oge dị ogologo 45-yard ebe ọ gbapụrụ ọtụtụ ndị na-agbachitere Duke.

Dị ka onye okenye, Smith duziri ACC na touchdowns jiri 15, na yaadị 792 na-agba ọsọ n'elu 177 carries (maka nkezi 4.5 yd).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 3, 2018|title=Florida State Seminoles Official Athletic Site|url=http://www.seminoles.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=32900&amp;ATCLID=209587848|work=Florida State Seminoles}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Antone Smith College Stats - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/antone-smith-1.html|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smith mechiri ọrụ ya ka o nwetara 2,253 na-agba ọsọ na 26 touchdowns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Antone Smith|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/profile?playerId=173661|work=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Ya Dika ọkachamara ==

=== Tupu edere ya ===
{{nfl predraft|height ft=5|height in=8|weight=191|dash=4.33|ten split=1.48|twenty split=2.51|shuttle=4.32|cone drill=6.90|vertical=32|broad ft=10|broad in=2|bench=31|wonderlic=|arm span=|hand span=|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]}}

=== Detroit Lions ===
Mgbe ọ gachara na 2009 NFL Draft, Smith gara Detroit Lions minicamp na mbido Mee maka nnwale. Lions bịanyere aka ka o soro ha dị ka Onye na-enweghị ego na Mee 8, 2009, e wee hapụ ya na Julaị 27.

=== Minnesota Vikings ===
Ndị Minnesota Vikings bịanyere Smith aka ka o soro ha n'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2009, mgbe ndị òtù ahụ hapụrụ onye na-anabata Aundrae Allison ma ndị otu ahụ tọhapụrụ ya n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa itoolu.

=== Houston Texans ===
Ndị Houston Texans practice squad bịanyeere Smith aka isoro ha na Septemba 24.

=== Atlanta Falcons ===
Ndị òtù Atlanta Falcons' practice squad bịanyeere Smith aka isoro ha n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na otu nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2009, mgbe ndị òtù ahụ hapụchara onye mgbachitere D. J. Shockley. Mgbe nkwekọrịta ya gwụsịrị mgbe oge ahụ gasịrị, Falcons bịanyere Smith aka ọzọ na nkwekọrịta n'ọdịnihu na Jenụwarị 4, 2010. A maara Smith nke ọma dị ka onye egwuregwu pụrụ iche mgbe ọ nọ na Atlanta, mana o mere nke ọma na carries dị ole na ole. N'izu nke iri na abụọ n'afọ 2013, Smith gbara ọsọ maka mita dị iri asatọ na asatọ na otu touchdown megide Tampa Bay Buccaneers. O gosikwara onwe ya n'izu nke iri na atọ mgbe ọ gbara ọsọ maka ihe karịrị yaadị iri ise na otu touchdown megide Buffalo Bills.

N'ime izu mbụ nke oge 2014 megide New Orleans Saints, Smith nwere mmetụ atọ maka ngụkọta dị yaadị iri isii na otu, otu n'ime ha bụ nnabata touchdown dị yaadị iri ise na anọ sitere na QB Matt Ryan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Antone Smith|url=http://www.nfl.com/player/antonesmith/89798/profile|work=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'izu nke iri na otu megide Carolina Panthers, Smith gbajiri ụkwụ ya na-ekpuchi punt, nke ga-eme ka ọ ghara iso n'egwuregwu ndị ọzọ n'ime afọ ahụ fọdụrụnụ.

Na Machị 10, 2015, Smith bịanyegharịrị aka n'akwụkwọ ịgba na Falcons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McClure|first=Vaughn|date=March 10, 2015|title=Brooks Reed, Justin Durant to Atlanta|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/12457451/atlanta-falcons-agree-brooks-reed-justin-durant-mike-person-antone-smith|accessdate=March 10, 2015|work=ESPN.com|publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 5, 2015, ndị Falcons tọhapụrụ Smith na nkwekọrịta idu-ụlọ maka mmerụ ahụ o merụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|date=September 5, 2015|title=Falcons Reach 52-Man Roster|url=http://www.atlantafalcons.com/news/blog/article-1/Falcons-Reach-52-Man-Roster/7597ea7c-5788-4280-9657-a3b7aade9941|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914221123/http://www.atlantafalcons.com/news/blog/article-1/Falcons-Reach-52-Man-Roster/7597ea7c-5788-4280-9657-a3b7aade9941|archivedate=September 14, 2015|accessdate=September 12, 2015|work=AtlantaFalcons.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chicago Bears ===
N'October 12, 2015, Smith bịanyere aka ịgba na òtù Chicago Bears. Na Disemba 23, 2015, ndị Bears hapụrụ Smith ọ pụọ.

=== New York Jets ===
Ndị New York Jets bịanyere aka ka Smith soro ha n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Allen|first=Eric|date=August 16, 2016|title=Jets sign RB Antone Smith, Place Pierce on IR|url=http://www.newyorkjets.com/news/article-9/jets-sign-rb-antone-smith-place-pierce-on-ir/7f17dd0b-2c1c-44fb-bdd7-342fa223b9fb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817014922/http://www.newyorkjets.com/news/article-9/Jets-Sign-RB-Antone-Smith-Place-Pierce-on-IR/7f17dd0b-2c1c-44fb-bdd7-342fa223b9fb|archivedate=August 17, 2016|accessdate=August 16, 2016|work=NewYorkJets.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 3, 2016, ndị Jets tọhapụrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lange|first=Randy|date=September 3, 2016|title=Jets Release 18 Players Ahead of Deadline|url=http://www.newyorkjets.com/news/article-9/Jets-Release-18-Players-Ahead-of-Deadline/2b32bd16-527f-46b2-a342-6d342cfc9b60|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213543/http://www.newyorkjets.com/news/article-9/Jets-Release-18-Players-Ahead-of-Deadline/2b32bd16-527f-46b2-a342-6d342cfc9b60|archivedate=September 7, 2017|work=NewYorkJets.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tampa Bay Buccaneers ===
N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2016, ndị Buccaneers bịanyere aka ka Smith soro ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smith, Scott|date=October 17, 2016|title=Louis Murphy Returns to the Field|url=http://www.buccaneers.com/news/article-smith/Louis-Murphy-Returns-to-the-Field/7fc5f7c9-7f82-4e9e-a50b-3d951aedaa11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117075023/http://www.buccaneers.com/news/article-smith/Louis-Murphy-Returns-to-the-Field/7fc5f7c9-7f82-4e9e-a50b-3d951aedaa11|archivedate=November 17, 2017|work=Buccaneers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; E debere ya na ndị merụrụ ahụ na Nọvemba 7, 2016, na mmerụ ahụ n'ikpere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=November 7, 2016|title=Hansbrough Promoted as Two Go to IR|url=http://www.buccaneers.com/news/article-1/Hansbrough-Promoted-as-Two-Go-to-IR/9bcaab68-54a5-4c7d-b781-ed9137265891|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220073716/http://www.buccaneers.com/news/article-1/Hansbrough-Promoted-as-Two-Go-to-IR/9bcaab68-54a5-4c7d-b781-ed9137265891|archivedate=December 20, 2016|work=Buccaneers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174140/http://www.newyorkjets.com/team/roster/antone-smith/4ea15db6-92ad-4b29-9b60-fa8716a6333a/ New York Jets bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160410135937/http://www.atlantafalcons.com/team/roster/antone-smith/f6aa41eb-ab3d-4eea-aed1-a36eb1c7a685 Atlanta Falcons Biology]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anna Borghi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Anna M. Borghi''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta nwanyị n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nke a maara maka ọrụ ya na nghọta asụsụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=People {{!}} Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione|url=https://www.istc.cnr.it/en/people/anna-m-borghi|accessdate=2021-03-04|work=www.istc.cnr.it|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ okammụta ntà n'isi ọmụmụ Psychology na Mahadum Sapienza nke Rom na onye nchọpụta na Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technology, [1] Italian Research Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BallaB - MEMBERS|url=https://sites.google.com/view/annaborghilab/members|accessdate=2021-03-04|work=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Borghi na-eje ozi dị ka Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Frontiers in Psychology (mpaghara: Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Frontiers in Psychology|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology|accessdate=2021-03-20|work=www.frontiersin.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ Ya ==
Borghi natara Laurea ya na nkà ihe ọmụma n'afọ 1987 na nzere PhD ya na Experimental Psychology n'afọ 1997 site na Mahadum Bologna .{{Cite web|title=Anna Borghi - Home page|url=http://laral.istc.cnr.it/borghi/|accessdate=2021-03-09|work=laral.istc.cnr.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053032/http://laral.istc.cnr.it/borghi/|archive-date=2021-02-27|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede ya Struttura e__hau____hau____hau__ N'ime N'ime Conctualizzazione: il congel della percezione, del linguaggio e della conoscenza [Ụdị na ọrụ na nhazi: ọrụ nke nghọta, asụsụ na ihe ọmụma]. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị mbụ Borghi lekwasịrị anya n'otú e si hazie Ụdị echiche, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna|date=1996|title=Superordinate and basic level concepts in different contexts|journal=International Journal of Psychology|volume=31|issue=3–4|pages=1656}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Caramelli|first=Nicoletta|date=1997|title=The hierarchical structure of categories: perception vs cognition|journal=Ricerche di Psicologia|volume=21|pages=7–46}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọrụ ya ndị ikpeazụ lekwasịrị anya na nghọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna M.|date=February 2010|title=Embodied cognition and beyond: Acting and sensing the body|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0028393209004369|journal=Neuropsychologia|language=en|volume=48|issue=3|pages=763–773|doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.029|pmid=19913041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nwetachara nzere PhD ya, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ post doctorate fellowship ma soro Laurence Barsalou rụkọọ ọrụ na Mahadum Emory, ma mesịa soro [[Arthur Glenberg]] na Mahadim Wisconsin-Madison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anna Borghi - Home page|url=http://laral.istc.cnr.it/borghi/|accessdate=2021-03-09|work=laral.istc.cnr.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053032/http://laral.istc.cnr.it/borghi/|archive-date=2021-02-27|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://laral.istc.cnr.it/borghi/ &quot;Anna Borghi - Home page&quot;]. ''laral.istc.cnr.it''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-03-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Njikọ-aka ọrụ ya na Glenberg dugara na akwụkwọ a kpọtụrụ aha nke ọma &quot;Putting Words in Perspective&quot;, ebe ndị dere ya gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere njikọ dị n'etiti ihe ọmụma na omume.{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna M.|date=2004-09-01|title=Putting words in perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_memory-cognition_2004-09_32_6/page/863|journal=Memory &amp; Cognition|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=863–873|doi=10.3758/BF03196865|pmid=15673175|issn=1532-5946}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
Nnyocha Borghi na-enyocha etu asụsụ na echiche si dabere na ọnọdụ anụ ahụ na usoro mmegharị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/620112599|title=Grounding cognition : the role of perception and action in memory, language, and thinking|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Diane Pecher, Rolf A. Zwaan|isbn=978-0-521-16857-1|location=Cambridge|oclc=620112599}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụzọ doro anya, Borghi lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ nke nghọta nke affordance nwere na Nghọta asụsụ  na echiche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna M.|date=2009-02-09|title=Sentence comprehension and simulation of object temporary, canonical and stable affordances|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000689930802814X|journal=Brain Research|language=en|volume=1253|pages=117–128|doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.064|pmid=19073156|issn=0006-8993}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna M|date=2004-01-01|title=Object concepts and action: Extracting affordances from objects parts|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691803001094|journal=Acta Psychologica|language=en|volume=115|issue=1|pages=69–96|doi=10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.11.004|pmid=14734242|issn=0001-6918}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna M.|date=2004-09-01|title=Putting words in perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_memory-cognition_2004-09_32_6/page/863|journal=Memory &amp; Cognition|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=863–873|doi=10.3758/BF03196865|pmid=15673175|issn=1532-5946}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBorghiGlenbergKaschak2004&quot;&gt;Borghi, Anna M.; Glenberg, Arthur M.; Kaschak, Michael P. (2004-09-01). [[doi:10.3758/BF03196865|&quot;Putting words in perspective&quot;]]. ''Memory &amp; Cognition''. '''32''' (6): 863–873. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.3758/BF03196865|10.3758/BF03196865]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1532-5946|1532-5946]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15673175 15673175].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Borghi enyochaalaakwa etu usoro ọhụhụ-ụzọ anya mmadụ si edozi affordances n'ozuzu ya, ma gbaghakwaa na a ga-aghọta affordance dị ka ihe nnọchianya sensọ nke ihe mmadụ nwere ike ime.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna M.|date=2015|title=Stable and variable affordances are both automatic and flexible|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|language=English|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2015.00351|issn=1662-5161|pmid=26150778}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna M.|date=2012-10-01|title=One hand, two objects: Emergence of affordance in contexts|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278262612000693|journal=Brain and Cognition|language=en|volume=80|issue=1|pages=64–73|doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2012.04.007|pmid=22634033|issn=0278-2626}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Borghi na ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka echiche Words as Social Tools, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Borghi|first=Anna M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/873949348|title=Words as social tools : an embodied view applied to abstract concepts|date=2014|others=Ferdinand Binkofski|isbn=978-1-4614-9539-0|location=New York|oclc=873949348}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-azọrọ na asụsụ na-eje ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji zụlite echiche ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya. Echiche a na-ekwusi ọdịdị mmekọrịta nke echiche ike ma na-arụ ụka maka njikọ akwara ụfọdụ maka echiche ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya, dị ka mpaghara ndị metụtara nghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mpaghara mmegharị na-anọchite anya ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Borghi|first=Anna M.|date=2019-07-01|title=Words as social tools: Language, sociality and inner grounding in abstract concepts|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571064518301271|journal=Physics of Life Reviews|language=en|volume=29|pages=120–153|doi=10.1016/j.plrev.2018.12.001|pmid=30573377|issn=1571-0645}}&lt;/ref&gt; Echiche nke Words as Social Tools natara otuto site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta maka ịmata ọrụ asụsụ na cognition  na ọrụ mmekọrịta nke echiche ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe,  mana enwetala nkatọ maka ụfọdụ ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke echiche ahụ, dị ka ọrụ nke nnọchite anya ọnụ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dove|first=Guy|date=2019|title=Language influences social cognition|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S157106451930051X|journal=Physics of Life Reviews|language=en|volume=29|pages=169–171|doi=10.1016/j.plrev.2019.03.007|pmid=30905555}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iji usoro neuron enyo eme ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Falandays|first=J. Ben|date=2019-07-01|title=Abstract meanings may be more dynamic, due to their sociality: Comment on &quot;Words as social tools: Language, sociality and inner grounding in abstract concepts&quot; by Anna M. Borghi et al.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571064519300417|journal=Physics of Life Reviews|language=en|volume=29|pages=175–177|doi=10.1016/j.plrev.2019.02.011|pmid=30857866|issn=1571-0645}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Desai|first=Rutvik H.|date=2019-07-01|title=Access and content of abstract concepts: Comment on &quot;Words as social tools: Language, sociality, and inner grounding in abstract concepts&quot; by Anna M. Borghi et al.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571064519300569|journal=Physics of Life Reviews|language=en|volume=29|pages=166–168|doi=10.1016/j.plrev.2019.03.010|pmid=30905556|issn=1571-0645}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Glenberg|first=Arthur M.|date=2019-07-01|title=Turning social tools into tools for action: Comment on &quot;Words as social tools: Language, sociality and inner grounding in abstract concepts&quot; by Anna M. Borghi et al.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571064519300399|journal=Physics of Life Reviews|language=en|volume=29|pages=172–174|doi=10.1016/j.plrev.2019.02.009|pmid=30857867|issn=1571-0645}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ Ndị O Dere ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Okwu dị ka ngwá ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya: echiche a na-etinye n'ọrụ na echiche ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya.'' New York  .  [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 873949348.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Nnwere Onwe nke Okwu: Abstractness na Ike nke Asụsụ.'' Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781108913294.

== Akwụkwọ ndị nnọchiteanya ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Embodied cognition and beyond: Ime ihe na mmetụta nke ahụ&quot;. ''Ọrịa akwara''. '''48''' (3): 763–773.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Itinye okwu n'echiche&quot;. Ncheta &amp; Amamihe. '''32''' (6): 863–873.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Nghọta nke mmetụta na simulator nke ihe na-adịru nwa oge, canonical na stable affordances&quot;. ''Nnyocha Ụbụrụ''. '''1253''': 117–128.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.istc.cnr.it/en/people/anna-m-borghi Ebe obibi nke ngalaba]
* [https://sites.google.com/view/annaborghilab/home Body Action Language Lab]
* Anna Borghimbipụta ndị edepụtara site naOnye Ọkà mmụta Google
{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha</title>
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      <text bytes="12469" sha1="gohh4uqn39o5d2saz5qtkxhqfb88npr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''La Concha Motel''' bụ ụlọ nkwari akụ nke mepere na 1961 &lt;ref name=&quot;lvlaconcha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Las Vegas’s La Concha Motel Finds New Life as a Museum|url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/070118laconcha.asp|publisher=[[Architectural Record]]|date=2007-01-18|accessdate=2010-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;laconcha&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204081517/http://www.swankyvegas.com/savelaconcha/architecture.php Lotta Living: Save La Concha Motel Las Vegas]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LACONCHALASVEGAS&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABRGv7fsFdw La Concha, Las Vegas (Rip) - Youtube]&lt;/ref&gt; ma mechie na 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;LVRJ-2001&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Paul Williams &lt;ref name=&quot;flickrlaconcha&quot;&gt;[https://www.flickr.com/photos/54177448@N00/83218915/in/set-72157594183024357/ Help!! La Concha Motel, Las Vegas, Nevada | Flickr - Photo Sharing!]&lt;/ref&gt; bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|America]] mbụ a ma ama na United States ma bụrụkwa onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ onye chepụtara ụlọ isiokwu LAX mbụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;lvlaconcha&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;laconcha&quot; /&gt; Ọ dị na 2955 Las Vegas Blvd South, na Las Vegas Strip, na Winchester, Nevada, &lt;ref name=&quot;laconcha&quot; /&gt; ma weere ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe atụ kachasị mma echekwara nke 1950s Googie architecture. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schoenmann|first=Joe|title=In Las Vegas, It's Googie vs. Wrecking Ball|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/arts/design/02scho.html|work=New York Times|date=October 2, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekwenyere na a na-akpọ ya aha n'akụkụ osimiri La Concha dị na [[Spain]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;savelaconcha&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204233602/http://www.swankyvegas.com/savelaconcha/timeline.php Lotta Living: Save La Concha Motel Las Vegas]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
MK Doumani meghere La Concha. &lt;ref name=&quot;LVRJ-2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2003/Dec-12-Fri-2003/business/22783070.html|title=La Concha begins fade-out|author=Smith|first=Hubble|date=December 12, 2003|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040809204316/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2003/Dec-12-Fri-2003/business/22783070.html|archivedate=August 9, 2004|access-date=June 8, 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSmith2003&quot;&gt;Smith, Hubble (December 12, 2003). . ''Las Vegas Review-Journal''. Archived from [http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2003/Dec-12-Fri-2003/business/22783070.html the original] on August 9, 2004.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ meghere, La Concha bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ihe onwunwe na Las Vegas Strip. &lt;ref name=&quot;LVRJ-Mar6-2001&quot;/&gt; Ndị na-eme ememme dị iche iche anọwo na ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, gụnyere Ronald Reagan, Ann-Margret, Flip Wilson, [[Muhammad]] Ali, na [[The Carpenters|ndị ọkwá nkà]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;LVRJ-2001&quot; /&gt; E gosipụtara La Concha na ihe nkiri 1995 ''Casino'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/life/cinema-citylas-vegas-cinema-city|title=Las Vegas is Cinema City|date=November 8, 2009|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|accessdate=July 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ụmụ MK Doumani nwere ụlọ motel ahụ: Edward na Fred Doumani. &lt;ref name=&quot;LVRJ-2001&quot; /&gt; Ezinụlọ Doumani nwekwara mpaghara El [[Morocco]] dị n'akụkụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lvrj.com/lvrj_home/1998/May-13-Wed-1998/news/7487515.html|title=Jury clears brothers in casino fraud case|date=May 13, 1998|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991009092705/http://lvrj.com/lvrj_home/1998/May-13-Wed-1998/news/7487515.html|archivedate=October 9, 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na March 2001, Ed Doumani kwuru na ya na-atụle nhọrọ maka La Concha, na-ekwu, sị, &quot;Ụtụ isi ihe onwunwe dị ukwuu na ike dị oke ọnụ.&quot; Doumani mekwara mkpesa banyere ụgwọ dị iche iche dị ka ọrụ iwu mmanye mma nke Las Vegas Strip, nke ihe onwunwe ọ bụla ga-enyere aka kwado mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ nke nwere akwụkwọ na osisi: &quot;Ekwesịrị m ịkwụ ụgwọ $ 295,000 maka ihe ruru nkwụ ise. Nnukwu ibu. Ebe nwere ike ịnabata nke ahụ, anyị enweghị ike ịkụtu (La Concha) n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ a. N'oge ahụ, La Concha nọ na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu, n'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe eji enyere ndụ aka dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, cha cha, ọdọ mmiri, na ọrụ ime ụlọ. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, Doumani zubere iji dochie ya na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ boutique nke ga-agụnye condominium na ịzụ ahịa, nke o kwuru na ọ ga-aka mma iji ala ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;LVRJ-Mar6-2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj_home/2001/Mar-06-Tue-2001/living/15513160.html|title=The Strip: Limited Lodging|author=Padgett|first=Sonya|date=March 6, 2001|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030207222446/http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj_home/2001/Mar-06-Tue-2001/living/15513160.html|archivedate=February 7, 2003|access-date=June 8, 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPadgett2001&quot;&gt;Padgett, Sonya (March 6, 2001). . ''Las Vegas Review-Journal''. Archived from [http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj_home/2001/Mar-06-Tue-2001/living/15513160.html the original] on February 7, 2003.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe e mesịrị na 2001, a kwadoro ụlọ ahụ maka ụlọ elu ụlọ nkwari akụ nke dị mita 520, ụlọ elu condominium dị mita 645, na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;LVRJ-2001&quot; /&gt; N'ọgwụgwụ 2003, a mara ọkwa na a ga-emechi La Concha ma kwatuo iji wepụta ohere maka ọrụ ọhụrụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;savelaconcha&quot;/&gt; mechara kwupụta dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Majestic condominium/Conrad . &lt;ref name=&quot;Feb19&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Developer unveils plan for $250 million Strip resort|url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2004/feb/19/developer-unveils-plan-for-250-million-strip-resor/|accessdate=March 17, 2017|work=[[Las Vegas Sun]]|date=February 19, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Disemba 11, 2003, a kwaturu nku ụlọ 100 nke ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ. Tupu e kwatuo ya nke ọma, a na-atụ anya na La Concha ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ruo ọnwa isii ọzọ, yana ụlọ elu nwere okpukpu itoolu dị n'azụ ụlọ ahụ, yana ọnụ ụlọ 139 na mbụ El Morocco motel. &lt;ref name=&quot;LVRJ-2001&quot;/&gt; A na-atụ anya na a ga-ekpochapụ ụlọ ahụ na Julaị 4, 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;Feb19&quot; /&gt;

Oghere ọnụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ bụ ebe a na-akwakọba shei. &lt;ref name=&quot;savelaconcha&quot;/&gt; A kwaturu akụkụ motel nke La Concha Motel na mbụ El Morocco Motel na-esote ọnụ ụzọ na 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;savelaconcha&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule August 2005, ọ bụ naanị ọnụ ụlọ ọnụ ụlọ ka guzoro; ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ire ere maka ụlọ ndị Majestic. N'oge ahụ, Doumani enyela ọnụ ụlọ ebe a na-edebe ihe nkiri na Neon Museum nke obodo, nke na-atụ anya ịkwalite $ 600,000 iji kewaa ọnụ ụlọ ahụ ma chịkọta ya na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Aug-01-Mon-2005/news/26966040.html|title=Shell-shaped landmark worthy of saving from shards of local history|author=Morrison|first=Jane Ann|date=August 1, 2005|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119180138/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Aug-01-Mon-2005/news/26966040.html|archivedate=November 19, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Doumanis tụrụ anya na ha ga-ejikọta ọnụ ụlọ ahụ yiri shei n'ime ọrụ ebube dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ahịa ya ma ọ bụ ụlọ osisi. Agbanyeghị, enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ ọnụ ụlọ n'ime imewe ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Peterson|first=Kristen|title=Powerful Lobbyists: Groups determined to save the heart of La Concha hotel|url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2005/aug/18/powerful-lobbyists-groups-determined-to-save-the-h/|accessdate=March 17, 2017|work=Las Vegas Sun|date=August 18, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nọvemba 2005, Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority kwetara inye $300,000 maka mgbalị mbugharị ọnụ ụlọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Nov-11-Fri-2005/business/4230279.html|title=Historic Hangout? La Concha motel could hold key to planned neon museum|date=November 11, 2005|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125102317/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Nov-11-Fri-2005/business/4230279.html|archivedate=January 25, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọnwa ahụ gachara, e mere oriri na nkwari iji nyere aka nweta ego fọdụrụnụ dị mkpa maka ịkwaga n'ọnụ ụlọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Nov-29-Tue-2005/news/4514358.html|title=Viva La Concha|author=Clarke|first=Norm|date=November 29, 2005|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202032026/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Nov-29-Tue-2005/news/4514358.html|archivedate=December 2, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jenụwarị 2006, $600,000 zuru ezu nọ ebe ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lasvegassun.com/news/2006/jan/24/columnist-john-katsilometes-the-changes-in-las-veg/|title=The changes in Las Vegas' favorite Broadway-style production show, 'Mamma Mia!'|author=Katsilometes|first=John|date=January 24, 2006|work=Las Vegas Sun|accessdate=July 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bufere n'ọnụ ụlọ na njedebe nke afọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Willis|first=Stacy J.|title=La Concha’s moving parts|url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/dec/11/la-conchas-moving-parts/|accessdate=September 29, 2022|work=Las Vegas Sun|date=December 11, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eweghachi La Concha Motel ugbu a na Neon Museum. &lt;ref name=&quot;laconcha&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;flickrlaconcha&quot;/&gt; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka echekwara akụkụ nke akara ụlọ nkwari akụ nke Young Electric Sign Company haziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;laconcha&quot; /&gt;

Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ La Concha gbara agbata obi El Morocco Motel, Riviera Hotel na cha cha, na Silver City cha cha . Akara motel ahụ, tupu ewepụ ya, gụọ &quot;COLOR TV&quot; ma tinye mgbasa ozi. &lt;ref name=&quot;LACONCHALASVEGAS&quot;/&gt;

Emechara kagbuo ọrụ Majestic/Conrad. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Green|first=Steve|title=Businessman continuing battle with Hilton over failed construction project|url=https://vegasinc.lasvegassun.com/business/2011/oct/01/businessman-continuting-battle-hilton-over-failed-/|accessdate=July 26, 2019|work=VegasInc|date=October 1, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Triple Five Group zụtara ala ahụ na 2007, ma tinye ya maka ire ere na 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vegasinc.com/news/2014/sep/05/half-price-sale-vacant-land-north-strip-16m-acre/|title=Half-price sale: Vacant land on north Strip — $16M an acre|work=VegasInc|author=Segall|first=Eli|date=September 5, 2014|accessdate=September 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Segall|first=Eli|title=Developer asking $30M an acre for site on Strip|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/developer-asking-30m-an-acre-for-site-on-strip/|accessdate=September 29, 2022|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|date=September 25, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, e rere ya ndị Siegel Group maka nde $75. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ezube imecha wulite saịtị ahụ, ikekwe na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Katsilometes|first=John|title=The Siegel Group acquires ‘last great piece of land available on the north Strip’|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/entertainment-columns/kats/the-siegel-group-acquires-last-great-piece-of-land-available-on-the-north-strip-2556774/|accessdate=September 29, 2022|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|date=April 5, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Segall|first=Eli|title=Siegel has big plans for recently-acquired Strip land|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/business-columns/real-estate-insider/siegel-has-big-plans-for-recently-acquired-strip-land-2558839/|accessdate=September 29, 2022|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|date=April 11, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Ndepụta motels

== Ntụaka ==
onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ onye chepụtara ụlọ isiokwu LAX mbụ.   Ọ dị na 2955 Las Vegas Blvd South, na Las Vegas Strip, na Winchester, Nevada,  ma weerevmaka ịkwaga n'ọnụ ụlọ.  Na Jenụwarị 2006, $600,000 zuru ezu nọ ebe ahụ.  E bufere{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Adolphus Ealey</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Adolphus Ealey''' (1941 – 1992) bụ onye omenkà America, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye ọchụnta ego. Ọ bụ onye America-Amerika na onye ama ama na ikike nka ojii, ọ bụkwa onye nlekọta ogologo oge nke Barnett – Aden Collection of Black art. &lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Adolphus Ealey, Authority On Black Art, Dies At 51|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1992/11/16/adolphus-ealey-authority-on-black-art-dies-at-51/11e9adc9-c80a-4dfb-9dc2-d122d03d9880/|accessdate=2023-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jet&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8IDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA54|title=Jet (magazine)|date=1992-12-07|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|pages=54|language=en|chapter=Noted Black Art Authority Adolphus Ealey, 51, Dies}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1991-04-07|title=Inheriting a talent|pages=70|work=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-inheriting-a-talent/124997807/|accessdate=2023-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Adolphus Ealey mụrụ na February 22, 1941 na Atlanta, Georgia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crompton&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Etinde-Crompton|first=Charlotte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yazXDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA82|title=Alma Woodsey Thomas: Painter and Educator|date=2019-12-15|publisher=[[Enslow Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-9785-1469-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara Mahadum Howard ( BA ogo 1963) wee mụọ n'okpuru [[James V. Herring]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crompton&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot;/&gt; Ọ nwetara nzere nna ukwu (1964) na Académie de la Grande Chaumière na Paris, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUUOAQAAMAAJ|title=Who's Who Among Black Americans|date=1994|publisher=Who's Who Among Black Americans, Incorporated, Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8103-5461-6|pages=426|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Ph.D. na nkà sitere na Mahadum Wisconsin . &lt;ref name=&quot;Jet&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ealey bụ onye nlekọta ogologo oge nke Barnett–Aden Collection of Black art malite na 1969; A na-ejikọta nchịkọta ahụ na Barnett-Aden Gallery na mbụ ma nye ya Ealey site n'aka James V. Herring. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barnett Aden Gallery, African American Heritage Trail|url=https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/barnett-aden-gallery-african-american-heritage-trail|accessdate=2023-05-20|work=Cultural Tourism DC|archivedate=2023-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520015747/https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/barnett-aden-gallery-african-american-heritage-trail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Peterman|first=Peggy|date=1992-12-29|title=A bruising year of African-American adversity|pages=29|work=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-a-bruising-year-of-afric/124998773/|accessdate=2023-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe e mesịrị, nchịkọta ahụ dị na Museum of African American Art na Tampa, Florida (nke mechiri kemgbe). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bush|first=Teresia|date=2022|title=Barnett-Aden Gallery|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350924390.2327130|journal=Bloomsbury Art Markets|doi=10.5040/9781350924390.2327130}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Sandy|date=1991-04-28|title=Curator's dedication infuses museum's collection with vitality|pages=30|work=[[The Tampa Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-curators-dedication-i/124997906/|accessdate=2023-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; O weere usoro mmụta gbasara mmadụ na nchịkọta ihe, mesie omenala ike ma hazie ha gburugburu echiche obodo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Beurden|first=Sarah Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7POmCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT245|title=Authentically African: Arts and the Transnational Politics of Congolese Culture|date=2015-11-25|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-4545-7|pages=245|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ealey bụ prọfesọ na Washington Technical Institute (nke bụzi Mahadum District nke Columbia) site na 1969 ruo 1971. &lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot;/&gt; Ọ kụzikwara klaasị nka na Sharpe Health School dị na Washington, DC, ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ, site na 1972 ruo 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot; /&gt; Site na 1976 ruo 1978, Ealey bụ onye ntụzi mbụ nke Afro-American Cultural and Historical Museum of Philadelphia (ugbu a African American Museum na Philadelphia). &lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==

* 1972, ''Ntụgharị uche: Onye Afro-American Artist: Ihe Ngosipụta nke Eserese, Ọkpụkpụ, na Eserese'', ihe ngosi otu, Benton Convention Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ealey, Adolphus|url=http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=1649|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/4472/20210320052527/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=1649|archivedate=March 20, 2021|accessdate=2023-05-20|work=African American Visual Artists Database (AAVAD)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1973, ''ngosi 73'' (DC Art Association), ihe ngosi otu, Anacostia Museum, na Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1977, ''Black American Art sitere na mkpokọta Barnett Aden'', ihe ngosi otu, Frick Fine Arts Museum na Mahadum Pittsburgh &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* 1979, ''Ntụleghachi nke ihe nketa ndịda: Ndị nka ojii nke narị afọ nke 20 nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ'', ihe ngosi otu, Gibbes Art Gallery, Charlestown, South Carolina &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Mbipụta ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Ealey|first=Adolphus|date=Spring 1977|title=The Curator|url=https://online.hamptonu.edu/product/black-art-an-international-quarterly-vol-1-no-3-1977-2/|journal=Black Art: An International Quarterly|volume=1|issue=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709035426/https://online.hamptonu.edu/product/black-art-an-international-quarterly-vol-1-no-3-1977-2/|archive-date=2024-07-09|access-date=2024-06-15|url-status=dead}}

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Evangeline Montgomery]]
* Guy McElroy
* Carol D. Lee

== Ntụaka ==
n'okpuru James V. Herring .   Ọ nwetara nzere nna ukwu (1964) na Académie de la Grande Chaumière{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Aaron S. Coleman</title>
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{{Infobox person|website=https://aaroncolemanprintmaking.com/}}
'''Aaron S. Coleman''' (amụrụ 1985) bụ onye omenkà multidisciplinary America nke na-arụ ọrụ na mbipụta, ọkpụkpụ, na nrụnye . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aaron Coleman|url=https://www.printcenternewyork.org/aaron-coleman|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=Print Center New York|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-atụgharịgharị ihe onyonyo na ihe arịa dị iche iche iji mepụta nkwubi okwu dị egwu na nyocha ya gbasara ihe nketa nke ịgba ohu, sistemụ na-aga n'ihu nke ọchịchị ndị ọcha, na ahụmịhe Black nke oge a na United States. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Aaron Coleman Artist's Talk|url=https://portal.cca.edu/events-calendar/aaron-coleman-artists-talk/|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=California College of the Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=U of A professor's art explores stereotypes that devalue people of color|url=https://azpbs.org/artin48/2020/12/art-explores-stereotypes/|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=Arizona PBS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Coleman na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] ma mesịa kwaga Indianapolis na ezinụlọ ya. N'afọ ndị mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe [[Hip hop music|, hip hop]] na nkà n'okporo ámá na-emetụta ya, o mekwara graffiti na nnukwu ihe osise na àkwà mmiri, ụgbọ oloko, na bọọdụ mgbasa ozi na obodo abụọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-01|title=Artist Talk: Aaron S. Coleman Presents 'Pink and Purple' and 'True and Livin'|url=https://www.csusignal.com/art/article_2d6cb0d6-a862-11eb-8ee7-0b59fe7ff3e8.html|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=California State University, Stanislaus|language=en|archivedate=2024-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617153544/https://www.csusignal.com/art/article_2d6cb0d6-a862-11eb-8ee7-0b59fe7ff3e8.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Herron nke Art na Kere na Mahadum Indiana-Purdue University Indianapolis dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ ma nweta MFA site na Mahadum Northern Illinois na 2013. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Kenneth E. Tyler Endowed oche na Printmaking na IUPUI. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe osise ==
N'agbanyeghị usoro, Coleman na-ejikarị ihe onyonyo na ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya iji wuo nkwupụta mgbagwoju anya gbasara ebe nchekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro nchịkwa, gụnyere sayensị, okpukpe a haziri ahazi, nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na usoro ikpe mpụ. Mbipụta ya na ọrụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta na-ejikọta akwụkwọ akụkọ na-atọ ọchị, ihe onyonyo enyo nwere ntụpọ, ihe atụ akwụkwọ ụmụaka, na caricatures ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị ojii n'ụzọ dị egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Nrụnye ya na-emepụta akụkọ ọhụrụ site na nchikota nke ihe dị iche iche, dị ka fences picket, textiles, gymnasium flooring, hụrụ akara, omenala ephemera na-ewu ewu, na recontextualized racist memorbilia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=February 15, 2021|title=Meet Aaron Coleman: Artist and Professor|work=Shoutout Arizona|url=https://shoutoutarizona.com/meet-aaron-coleman-artist-and-professor/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617153541/https://shoutoutarizona.com/meet-aaron-coleman-artist-and-professor/|archive-date=June 17, 2024|access-date=June 17, 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-09|title=From Graffiti to Coloring Books, Assistant Professor Uses Art to Communicate About Race|url=https://news.arizona.edu/story/graffiti-coloring-books-assistant-professor-uses-art-communicate-about-race|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=University of Arizona News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ihe ngosi na onyinye ==
E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Phoenix Institute of Contemporary Art, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aaron Coleman|url=https://www.phica.org/aaron-coleman|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=phICA|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum [[Texas]] na San Antonio, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sanchez|first=Rudy|date=2019-01-30|title=Art activating a conversation|url=https://paisano-online.com/16997/arts-life/art-activating-a-conversation/|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=The Paisano|archivedate=2023-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002113553/https://paisano-online.com/16997/arts-life/art-activating-a-conversation/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mesa Arts Center, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=True and Livin’|url=http://www.mesaartscenter.com/index.php/museum/art/exhibits/aaron-coleman|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=Mesa Arts Center|language=en|archivedate=2023-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922191745/https://www.mesaartscenter.com/index.php/museum/art/exhibits/aaron-coleman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hilliard Art Museum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-15|title=Artist Talk with Aaron Coleman|url=https://countryroadsmagazine.com/api/content/44486b62-bf82-11e9-8ac4-12f1225286c6/|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=Country Roads Magazine|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Janet Turner Print Museum ( [[California]] State University, Chico ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2021-2022 Exhibitions – Janet Turner Print Museum|url=https://www.csuchico.edu/turner/past/2021-2022.shtml|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=www.csuchico.edu|language=en|archivedate=2023-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930171248/https://www.csuchico.edu/turner/past/2021-2022.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; na SOO Visual Arts Center, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aaron S Coleman|url=https://www.soovac.org/aaron-s-coleman|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=SOO Visual Arts Center|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Print Center New York, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Liscia|first=Valentina Di|date=2023-08-11|title=10 Art Shows to See in New York Right Now|url=http://hyperallergic.com/837196/10-art-shows-in-new-york-august-2023/|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na BUTTER Art Fair, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=See the best of BUTTER Fine Art Fair 2023 at the Stutz|url=https://www.indystar.com/picture-gallery/news/2023/09/05/highlights-from-the-butter-fine-art-fair-2023-at-the-stutz/70767844007/|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=The Indianapolis Star|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2023 Artists|url=https://butterartfair.com/2023-artists/|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=BUTTER 2023|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ndi [[Black Box Press Foundation]] nyere ya onyinye 2022 Art dị ka Activism Grant wee nata 2023 New Voices Fellowship site na Print Center New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fuentes|first=Jessica|date=2021-12-26|title=Black Box Press Foundation Announces 2022 Art as Activism Grant Awardees|work=Glasstire|url=https://glasstire.com/2021/12/26/black-box-press-foundation-announces-2022-art-as-activism-grant-awardees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nayyar|first=Rhea|date=2023-05-22|title=Supporting a New Generation of Printmakers in New York City|url=http://hyperallergic.com/823459/print-center-supporting-a-new-generation-of-printmakers-in-new-york-city/|accessdate=2023-09-11|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eme ọrụ ya na mkpokọta ọha na eze na nkeonwe, gụnyere nke Janet Turner Print Museum, Ino Paper Museum, Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts, National Library of [[France]], na Artist Printmaker / Photographer Research Archive na Texas Tech University . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coleman, Aaron S.}}
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    <title>Ịzụ fungus</title>
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Fungiculture bụ ihe ọkụkụ nke fungi dị ka olu. Ịzụlite fungi nwere ike inye nri (nke gụnyere ọtụtụ olu), ọgwụ, ihe owuwu na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ero na-etinye aka na azụmahịa nke na-eto eto fungi..

A na-ejikwa okwu a na-ezo aka na omume nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-akụ fungi dị ka ndanda, mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ambrosia beetles, na marsh periwinkles..

== Nchịkọta ==
Mushrooms bụ fungi na-achọ ọnọdụ dị iche iche karịa osisi maka uto kacha mma. Osisi na-etolite site na photosynthesis, usoro na-eme ka ikuku carbon dioxide ghọọ carbohydrates, karịsịa cellulose. Ọ bụ ezie na ìhè anyanwụ na-enye ihe ọkụkụ ike, mushrooms na-enweta ike ha niile na ihe ndị na-eto eto site na usoro uto ha, site na usoro nhazi nke biochemical. Nke a apụtaghị na ọkụ bụ ihe na-adịghị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ụfọdụ fungi na-eji ọkụ dị ka ihe mgbaàmà maka ịmị mkpụrụ.[1][2] Otú ọ dị, ihe niile maka uto ga-abụrịrịrịrịrịrị na usoro uto. Mushrooms na-eto nke ọma n'ogo iru mmiri dị ihe dịka 95-100%, yana iru mmiri dị 50 ruo 75%.&lt;ref name=&quot;r10&quot;&gt;
{{Cite book|author=Chang, Shu-Ting|title=Mushrooms, Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact|publisher=CRC Press|year=2004|pages=15,17,69,73,139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO4EGzpp1M0C|isbn=0-8493-1043-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kama mkpụrụ, mushrooms na-amụba site na spores. Spores nwere ike imerụ site na microorganisms ikuku, nke ga-egbochi uto mushroom ma gbochie ihe ọkụkụ dị mma.

A na-etinye Mycelium, ma ọ bụ na-eto eto nke na-eto n'elu ihe - na-abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-eme ka ha ghara ịmị mkpụrụ dịka rye ma ọ bụ millet - ma mee ka ha too n'ime mkpụrụ ndị ahụ. A na-akpọ nke a inoculation. A na-akpọ mkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ plọg) dị ka spawn. Spores bụ nhọrọ ọzọ nke inoculation, mana ha emebeghị karịa mycelium guzosiri ike. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-emetọkwa ha n'ụzọ dị mfe, a na-ejikwa ha eme ihe na ọnọdụ ụlọ nyocha na kọbọd na-agbapụta laminar.

== Usoro ==
Usoro niile na-eto eto ero chọrọ ngwakọta ziri ezi nke iru mmiri, okpomọkụ, mkpụrụ (ihe ọkụkụ) na inoculum (spawn ma ọ bụ omenala mmalite). Owuwe ihe ubi, inoculation log n'èzí na trays ime ụlọ na-enye ihe ndị a..

=== Osisi ndị dị n'èzí ===
[[Usòrò:Cultivo_tradicional_de_shiitake_en_Pradejón.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mushroom shiitake a kụrụ akụ]]
Enwere ike ịzụlite mushrooms n'elu osisi ndị a na-etinye n'èzí n'ime ụyọkọ ma ọ bụ ụyọkọ, dịka emerela ọtụtụ narị afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;r18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cultivating mushrooms in natural logs|publisher=Global Village Institute|year=2001|url=http://www.thefarm.org/etc/shiitake.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225055034/http://www.thefarm.org/etc/shiitake.html|archivedate=25 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A naghị eme sterilization na usoro a. Ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta na oge, a na-emepụta ihe na-erughị 5% nke mushrooms a na-ere n'ụzọ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;r19&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|author=Hill|first=Deborah B.|title=Introduction to Shiitake: The &quot;Forest&quot; Mushroom. Kentucky Shiitake Production Workbook.|url=http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/for/for78/FOR78.PDF}}
&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe a, a na-etinye osisi na spawn, wee hapụ ha ka ha too dịka ha ga-eme n'ọnọdụ ọhịa. Mgbanwe oge na-akpata mkpụrụ osisi, ma ọ bụ pinning, ma ọ bụghị site na itinye osisi na mmiri dị jụụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;r18&quot; /&gt; A na-emepụta mushrooms Shiitake na oyster site na iji usoro osisi n'èzí, ọ bụ ezie na a na-achịkwa usoro dị ka tray ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ osisi aka mere nke e ji ihe mkpuchi mee. &lt;ref name=&quot;r19&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;r20&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|author=Davis|first=Jeanine M.|title=Producing Shiitake Mushrooms: A Guide For Small-Scale Outdoor Cultivation on Logs.|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.|url=http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/herbs/crops/mushrooms/pdf/2011%20AG-478_Shiitake_Final.pdf}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r21&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|title=Shiitake and Oyster Mushrooms.|publisher=University of Kentucky College of Agriculture New Crop Opportunities Center|url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/NewCrops/introsheets/mushrooms.pdf}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ewere ero Shiitake nke a na-akụ n'okpuru osisi ọhịa na-abụghị osisi ọhịa.[1] N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ United States, a pụrụ ịkụ mkpụrụ osisi shiitake n'ụdị osisi siri ike gụnyere osisi oak, beech America, maple sugar na hophornbeam. E kwesịghị iji osisi Softwood na-azụlite ero shiitake n'ihi na resin nke osisi softwood na-egbochikarị uto nke ero shiitake na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè dị ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eto eto..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bruhn|first=J.N.|title=Forest farming of shiitake mushrooms: Aspects of forced fruiting|journal=Bioresource Technology|year=2009|volume=100|issue=23|pages=5973–5978|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.079|pmid=19608411}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iji mepụta mushrooms shiitake, 1 mita (3-foot) osisi siri ike nwere dayameta dị n'agbata 10-15 cm (4-6 in) na mycelium nke mushrooms Shiitake. A na-emechi inoculation site na igwu oghere n'ime osisi siri ike, na-ejupụta oghere ndị ahụ na shiitake mycelium ma ọ bụ inoculum, wee mechie oghere ndị jupụtara na wax ọkụ. Mgbe a gbasịrị ya ọgwụ mgbochi, a na-etinye osisi ndị ahụ n'okpuru okpokoro mechiri emechi nke osisi coniferous ma hapụ ha ka ha kụọ maka ọnwa 12 ruo 15. Ozugbo a na-ekpuchi osisi ahụ, a na-etinye osisi ndị ahụ na mmiri ruo awa 24. Ụbọchị 7 ruo 10 mgbe a gwụchara ya, mushrooms shiitake ga-amalite ịmị mkpụrụ ma nwee ike iwepụta ya ozugbo ọ kara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leatham|first=G.F.|title=Cultivation of shiitake, the japanese forest mushroom, on logs: A potential industry for the united states|journal=Forest Products Laboratory|year=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Trayị ndị dị n'ime ụlọ ===
A na-ebu ụzọ mepụta ubi mushroom n'ime ụlọ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ azụmahịa n'ọgba dị na France. Ọgba ndị ahụ nyere gburugburu ebe obibi kwụsiri ike (okpomọkụ, iru mmiri) n'afọ niile. E webatara teknụzụ maka ihe na-achịkwa uto na fungal spawn na UK na ngwụcha afọ 1800 n'ọgba ndị e mepụtara site na igwu ala dị nso n'ebe ndị dị ka Bath, Somerset . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bradford on Avon Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mushroom cultivation underground|url=https://www.bradfordonavonmuseum.co.uk/mushrooms|work=Bradford on Avon Museum|accessdate=31 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịzụlite n'ime ụlọ na-enye ikike ịchịkwa ìhè, okpomọkụ na iru mmiri ma ewepụ mmetọ na ụmụ ahụhụ. Nke a na-enye ohere mmepụta na-aga n'ihu, nke a na-achịkwa site na okirikiri spawning.&lt;ref name=&quot;r2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Crop Profile for Mushrooms in Pennsylvania|date=January 1999|url=http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/pamushrooms.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227150738/http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/pamushrooms.html|archivedate=27 December 2007|accessdate=31 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, a na-emekarị nke a na windo na-enweghị windo, ụlọ ndị e wuru maka nzube, maka mmepụta azụmahịa buru ibu. 

Uto nke tray n'ime ụlọ bụ usoro azụmahịa a na-ahụkarị, na-esote uto containerized. Usoro tray na-enye uru nke scalability na owuwe ihe ubi dị mfe.

E nwere usoro nke usoro n'ịkpa mushroom nke ụdị azụmahịa a na-ejikarị eme ihe ''Agaricus bisporus''. Ndị a bụ composting, fatịlaịza, spawning, casing, pinning, na cropping.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;r5&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|author=Daniel J. Royse|title=Six Steps to Mushroom Farming|url=http://mushroomspawn.cas.psu.edu/SixSteps.shtml}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Basic Procedures for Agaricus Mushroom Growing|publisher=College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension|url=http://www.americanmushroom.org/agaricus.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921154907/http://www.americanmushroom.org/agaricus.pdf|archivedate=21 September 2007|accessdate=31 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nzọụkwụ isii nke ịkọ mushroom ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Nzọụkwụ
!Ogologo oge
!Okpomọkụ
!Usoro (usoro) 
|-
!1. Nzọụkwụ nke Mbụ
|Ụbọchị 6-14 &lt;ref name=&quot;r5&quot;/&gt;
|
|Na-achịkwa mmiri na ihe NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; dị na ya site na ọrụ nje. 
Tinye fatịlaịza / ihe mgbakwunye
|-
!2. Nzọụkwụ nke Abụọ nke composting ma ọ bụ pasteurization
|Ụbọchị 7-18 site na usoro composting, ~ awa 2 maka pasteurization (okpomọkụ sterilization) &lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot;/&gt;
|
|Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ site na composting ọzọ, ma ọ bụ tinye okpomọkụ. 
Wepụ NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; a na-achọghị.
|-
!3. Ịmụ nwa na uto
|Ụbọchị 14-21 &lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot; /&gt;
|24 ruo 27  ; ga-adị n'elu 23  ; maka uto ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;r5&quot; /&gt; Ọ ga-abụrịrị n'okpuru 27 ruo 29 °C (80 ruo 85 °F) iji zere imebi mycelia [2]
Ọ ga-abụrịrị n'okpuru 27 ruo 29   iji zere imebi mycelia &lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot; /&gt;
|Tinye ọdịbendị mmalite. 
Mee ka mycelium too site na substrate ma mepụta otu. 

Ọ na-adabere na nha na ihe mejupụtara ya. 

Emechara mgbe mycelium gbasaa n'ime ihe niile dị n'okpuru
|-
!4. Ihe mkpuchi
|Ụbọchị 13-20
|
|Kwalite mmepụta nke primordia, ma ọ bụ eriri mushroom. 
Tinye mkpuchi elu ma ọ bụ uwe elu na ihe ndị a na-achị. 

Iji nitrogen eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma. 

Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ nwee nkwonkwo
|-
!5. Ịtinye
|Ụbọchị 18-21 &lt;ref name=&quot;r5&quot; /&gt;
|
|Ọdịdị mbụ nke mushrooms a na-ahụ anya site na mycelium. 
Ịgbanwe okpomọkụ, iru mmiri na CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ga-emetụtakwa ọnụ ọgụgụ pin, na nha mushroom
|-
!6. Ịkụchasị osisi
|Ugboro ugboro karịa ụbọchị 7 ruo 10 &lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot; /&gt;
|
|Ihe ubi
|}
A chọghị ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ ghara ịba ọcha n'oge composting. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a na-etinye nzọụkwụ pasteurization iji kwe ka ụfọdụ microorganisms bara uru nọrọ na substrate na-eto eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;r5&quot;/&gt;

Oge a kapịrị ọnụ na okpomọkụ achọrọ n'oge nzọụkwụ 3-6 ga-adịgasị iche dabere na ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche. Ihe mejupụtara ihe na geometry nke ihe na-eto eto ga-emetụtakwa oge na okpomọkụ dị mma.

Pinning bụ akụkụ kachasị aghụghọ maka onye na-akụ mushroom, ebe ọ bụ na njikọta nke 2&quot; href=&quot;./Carbon_dioxide&quot; id=&quot;mwrg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Carbon dioxide&quot;&gt;carbon dioxide (CO2), okpomọkụ, ìhè, na iru mmiri na-eme ka mushroom na-amị mkpụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;r10&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;r17&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|author=Bratkovich|first=Stephen M.|title=Shiitake Mushroom Production: Fruiting, Harvesting and Crop Storage|url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/for-fact/0042.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010320060209/http://ohioline.osu.edu/for-fact/0042.html|archivedate=20 March 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r5&quot;/&gt; Ruo mgbe rhizomorphs ma ọ bụ mushroom &quot;pins&quot; pụtara, mycelium bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe nke gbasaa n'ime ihe na-eto eto, nke a na-apụghị ịmata dị ka mushroom.

Carbon dioxide na-arị elu n'oge uto ahịhịa, mgbe a na-emechi mycelium na ihe mgbochi plastik na-eguzogide gas ma ọ bụ akpa nke na-ejide gas nke mycelium ahụ na-eto eto. Iji mee ka a na-agbanye ya, a na-emeghe ma ọ bụ mebie ihe mgbochi a. Ntinye nke CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; na-ebelata site na 0.08% ruo 0.04%, ọkwa ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;r5&quot;/&gt;

=== Ịkpa anụ n'ime ụlọ ===
[[Usòrò:Eco_Fair_2019_Mushrooms.jpg|thumb|Onye ahịa na-ere oyster mushrooms a na-akụ n'ime ụlọ.]]
Ịkpa mushroom na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa. A na-akụ mushroom oyster na ihe na-agụnye ọka wit, ahịhịa paddy na ọbụna ebe a na-eji kọfị eme ihe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zaailingen.com/handleiding-oesterzwammen-kweken-op-koffiedik/|title=Handleiding oesterzwammen kweken op koffiedik - Zaailingen|date=11 November 2018|access-date=23 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723124208/https://www.zaailingen.com/handleiding-oesterzwammen-kweken-op-koffiedik/|archive-date=23 July 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ na-achọghị ohere dị ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-emepụta ihe na uru ọ bụla a na-enweta dị elu karịa ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/indoor-oyster-mushroom-farming,-a-livelihood-diversification-option-for-flood-affected-families|title=Indoor Oyster Mushroom farming, a livelihood diversification option for flood affected families|work=answers.practicalaction.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=17 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pụkwara ịzụlite mushrooms oyster n'ime ụlọ site na kits, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụdị igbe nwere ihe na-eto eto na spores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-19|title=Kit and caboodle — Gardening kits make for great gifts as we huddle indoors|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/dec/19/kit-and-caboodle/|accessdate=2021-01-20|work=Arkansas Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-04-24|title=Oakland's Back to the Roots bets big on indoor gardening|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/food/article/Oakland-s-Back-to-the-Roots-bets-big-on-indoor-12858507.php|accessdate=2021-01-20|work=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en-US|author=Fritsche|first=By Sarah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị e ji eme ya ==
Mmepụta mushroom na-agbanwe ihe ndị sitere n'okike n'ime anụ ahụ mushroom, ọkachasị carbohydrate chitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;r10&quot;/&gt;

Ezigbo ihe ga-enwe nitrogen na carbohydrate zuru oke maka uto ngwa ngwa. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na-agụnye ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;r2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot;/&gt;

* Akpụkpọ osisi ma ọ bụ sawdust
* Ubi ahịhịa (ọka wit, kamakwa osikapa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&amp;id=20110803111437|title=Mushroom Cultivation Using Rice Straw As a Culture Media|accessdate=31 March 2019|archivedate=31 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331104120/http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&amp;id=20110803111437}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ahịhịhịa ndị ọzọ) 
* Nri ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ nsị ọkụkọ
* Mkpụrụ ọka
* Akwụkwọ mkpofu ma ọ bụ nke a rụgharịrị arụgharị &lt;ref name=&quot;r13&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|author=Ergün Baysal|title=Cultivation of oyster mushroom on waste paper with some added supplementary materials|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=89|issue=1|pages=95–97|date=10 March 2003|doi=10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00028-2|pmid=12676506}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mkpụrụ kọfị ma ọ bụ ala&lt;ref name=&quot;r14&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|title=Comparative culturing of Pleurotus spp. on coffee pulp and wheat straw: biomass production and substrate biodegradation|journal=Bioresour Technol|volume=96|issue=5|pages=537–44|date=March 2005|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.019|pmid=15501659|author=Salmones, D}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r15&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|author=Job D.|first=D.|title=Use of coffee grounds for production of Pleurotus ostreatus.|url=https://archive.org/details/revista-iberoamericana-de-micologia_2004-12_21_4/page/195|journal=Revista iberoamericana de micologia|volume=21|issue=4|pages=195–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15709800}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akị na mkpụrụ osisi
* Akpụkpọ ahụ
* Akpụkpọ ahụ Akị bekee
* Nri mkpụrụ osisi
* Nri soybean
* Mkpụrụ ọka nke onye na-eme mmanya
* Ammonium nitrate
* Urea

Mushrooms na-agbari carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya na substrate ha n'ime [[glucose]], nke a na-ebugharị site na mycelium dị ka ọ dị mkpa maka uto na ike. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka isi iyi ike, oke ya na ihe na-eto eto ekwesịghị ịgafe 2%. Maka ezigbo mkpụrụ osisi, ihe dị nso na 1% dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;r10&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrịa na ọrịa ==
Ụmụ ahụhụ parasitic, nje bacteria na fungus ndị ọzọ niile na-eweta ihe ize ndụ na mmepụta ime ụlọ. Sciarid ma ọ bụ phorid fly nwere ike itinye àkwá n'ime ihe na-eto eto, nke na-apụta n'ime igurube ma mebie mushrooms na-eto n'oge niile. Mmetụta nje bacteria nke ''Pseudomonas'' bacteria ma ọ bụ patches nke ''Trichoderma'' green mold kpatara na-ewetakwa ihe ize ndụ n'oge ọ na-amị mkpụrụ. A na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ dị ọcha iji gbochie ọrịa ndị a.&lt;ref name=&quot;r2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r24&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|title=The Mushroom Growers' Information Site|date=27 June 2007|url=http://www.ppath.cas.psu.edu/MushGrowInfo/home.htm}}
&lt;/ref&gt; A tụkwara aro njikwa ihe ndị dị ndụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ sciarid na phorid.&lt;ref name=&quot;r25&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|title=Biological control of sciarid and phorid pests of mushroom with predatory mites from the genus Hypoaspis|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-entomological-research_2004-04_94_2/page/159|journal=Bull Entomol Res|volume=94|issue=2|pages=159–67|date=April 2004|doi=10.1079/ber2003286|pmid=15153298|author=Jess|first=S}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

''Trichoderma'' green mold nwere ike imetụta mmepụta mushroom, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'etiti afọ 1990 na Pennsylvania na-eduga na nnukwu mfu ihe ọkụkụ. Fungi na-emetọ ya sitere na adịghị ọcha nke ndị ọrụ na ihe ndị na-eto eto nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;r4&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|author=Beyer|first=D.M.|title=Green mold of Mushrooms|url=https://extension.psu.edu/green-mold-of-mushrooms}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

A chọtawo ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị ''Histiostoma'' n'ugbo mushroom. ''Histiostoma gracilipes'' na-eri mushrooms kpọmkwem, ebe a na-enyo H. heinemanni enyo na ọ na-agbasa ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Compton|first=C. C.|date=1935-04-01|title=Factors Relating to the Control of the Mushroom Mite, Histiostoma Gracilipes Banks|url=http://academic.oup.com/jee/article/28/2/465/767242/Factors-Relating-to-the-Control-of-the-Mushroom|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=465–468|doi=10.1093/jee/28.2.465|issn=1938-291X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hill|first=A.|date=1978|title=Description And Life cycle Of A New Species Of Histiostoma (Acari Histiostomidae) Associated With Commercial Mushroom Production|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/57838|journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington|volume=80|pages=317–329|issn=0013-8797}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fungi a na-akụ maka azụmahịa ==
[[Usòrò:Shiitake_growing_s.jpg|thumb|''shiitake'' a zụlitere n'ụlọ na-etolite ihe karịrị awa 24.]]

* ''Agaricus bisporus'', nke a makwaara dị ka champignon na button mushroom. Ụdị a gụnyekwara portobello na crimini mushrooms.
* ''Auricularia cornea'' na ''Auricularia heimuer'' (Tree ear fungus), ụdị abụọ yiri ibe ha nke jelly fungi nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Nri ndị China.
* A na-akụ Clitocybe nuda, ma ọ bụ blewit, na Europe.
* ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= enokitake]''&quot; id=&quot;mwATA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Enokitake&quot;&gt;Flammulina velutipes, &quot;mkpụrụ osisi mushroom nke oge oyi&quot;, nke a makwaara dị ka enokitake na Japan
* ''Fusarium venenatum'' - isi iyi nke mycoprotein nke a na-eji na Quorn, Anụ yiri ya.
* ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= shimeji]''&quot; id=&quot;mwATo&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Shimeji&quot;&gt;Hypsizygus tessulatus (nke a na-akpọkwa ''Hypsizygus marmoreus''), nke a na-aṅụ shimeji na Japanese, ọ bụ ụdị mushroom dị iche iche dị n'ọtụtụ ahịa na Japan. A maara ya dị ka &quot;Beech mushroom&quot; na Europe.
* ''Lentinus edodes'', nke a makwaara dị ka shiitake, mushroom oak. A na-emepụta ''Lentinus edodes'' n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na [[Japan]], [[China]] na South Korea. ''Lentinus edodes'' na-akpata 10% nke mmepụta ụwa nke mushrooms a kụrụ akụ. A na-ahụkarị ya na Japan, China, Australia na North America.
* ''Phallus indusiatus'' - (mamboo mushroom), nke a na-anakọta n'ọhịa, a na-akụ ya na China kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970.
* Ụdị ''Pleurotus'' bụ nke abụọ kachasị mkpa na mmepụta n'ụwa, na-eme 25% nke mmepụta ụwa. A na-akụ mushrooms ''Pleurotus'' n'ụwa niile; China bụ isi na-emepụta. Enwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị na ihe carbonaceous dị ka ahịhịa ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ. N'ọhịa, a na-ahụkarị ha na-eto n'elu osisi. 
** ''Pleurotus citrinopileatus'' (mkpụrụ osisi oyster ọlaedo) 
** ''Pleurotus cornucopiae'' (mkpụrụ osisi oyster nwere alaka) 
** ''Pleurotus eryngii'' (eze opi) 
** ''Pleurotus ostreatus'' (mkpụrụ osisi oyster) 

[[Usòrò:Harvestingoystermushroomcultivatedinbaggedsawdustmixture.jpg|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi ''Pleurotus ostreatus'' a zụlitere site na iji spawns etinye na ngwakọta sawdust etinye na akpa plastik]]
[[Usòrò:Pleurotus_ostreatus_Eglinton.JPG|thumb|{{center|Details of the gill structure of the edible oyster mushroom [[Pleurotus ostreatus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips&quot;&gt;Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan, {{ISBN|0-330-44237-6}}. P. 266.&lt;/ref&gt;}}]]

* ''Rhizopus oligosporus'' - omenala mmalite fungal eji emepụta tempeh. Na tempeh a na-eri mycelia nke ''R. oligosporus''.
* ''Sparassis crispa'' - mmepe ndị na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka a zụlite nke a na [[California]]. A na-akụ ya n'ụzọ buru ibu na Korea na Japan.
* ''Tremella fuciformis'' (Snow fungus), ụdị ọzọ nke jelly fungus nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Nri ndị China.
* Ụdị Tuber, (truffle), Truffles so n'òtù ascomycete nke fungi. Mkpụrụ osisi truffle na-etolite n'okpuru ala na njikọ mycorrhizal na osisi ụfọdụ dịka oak, poplar, beech, na hazel. N'ịbụ ndị siri ike ịchọta, a na-ejikarị ezì ma ọ bụ nkịta a zụrụ azụ iji siere ha ume maka owuwe ihe ubi dị mfe. 
** Tuber aestivum (Summer ma ọ bụ St. Jean truffle) 
** ''Tuber magnatum'' (Piemont white truffle) 
** ''Tuber melanosporum'' (Périgord truffle) 
** ''T.melanosporum'' x ''T.magnatum'' (Khanaqa truffle) 
** ''Terfezia sp.''  (Truffle nke ọzara) 
* ''Ustilago maydis'' (ọka), ihe na-akpata ọrịa nke osisi ọka. A na-akpọkwa ya truffle nke Mexico, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ezigbo truffle.
* ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id=]Volvariella''_volvacea&quot; id=&quot;mwAZg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Volvariella volvacea&quot;&gt;Volvariella volvacea (&quot;mkpụrụ osisi straw mushroom&quot;.&quot;) Mkpụrụ osisi Volvariella na-eme 16% nke mmepụta niile nke mushrooms a kụrụ n'ụwa.

== Mpaghara mmepụta na North America ==
[[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] bụ steeti kachasị emepụta mushroom na United States, ma na-eme emume Septemba dị ka &quot;Mushroom Month&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;r6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=September is mushroom month in Pennsylvania|url=http://www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/cwp/view.asp?A=390&amp;Q=135999|accessdate=2024-08-09|archivedate=2008-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302070252/http://www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/cwp/view.asp?A=390&amp;Q=135999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo nke Kennett Square bụ onye ndú akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ugbu a na mmepụta mushroom. Ọ na-eduga ugbu a na mmepụta nke ụdị mushrooms Agaricus, &lt;ref name=&quot;r26&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shepphard|first=Tenopra M.|title=Mushroom Summary|url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Pennsylvania/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/2006_2007/Mushroom.pdf|access-date=2024-07-23|archive-date=2008-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911092746/http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Pennsylvania/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/2006_2007/Mushroom.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; California, Florida na Michigan sochiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;r27&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mushroom Industry Report (94003)|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1395|access-date=2024-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206200015/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1395|archive-date=2018-12-06|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Steeti ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mushroom: &lt;ref name=&quot;r28&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|title=Mushrooms|publisher=Agricultural Statistics Board. NASS, USDA|date=August 2007|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/Mush/Mush-08-23-2007_revision.pdf}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ọwụwa Anyanwụ: Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Maine, na Vermont
* Central: Illinois, Oklahoma, Texas, na Wisconsin
* Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ: California, Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Utah na Washington

Vancouver, British Columbia nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na  ihe dị ka 60 ka ọ na-erule 1998 - ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị na ndagwurugwu Fraser.&lt;ref name=&quot;r16&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|title=Mushroom Waste Management Project Liquid Waste Management|date=March 1998|url=http://www.rem.sfu.ca/FRAP/9747.pdf}}
&lt;/ref&gt;    

== Mmepụta na Europe ==
Ịkọ mkpụrụ osisi oyster amalitela na Europe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọchụnta ego n'oge a na-ahụ ya dị ka azụmahịa bara uru, mmalite nwere obere itinye ego na ezigbo uru. Ịtali nwere tọn 785,000 na Netherlands nwere tọn 307,000 nọ n'etiti mba iri kachasị emepụta mushroom n'ụwa. Nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mushroom spawn n'ụwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sylvaninc.com/|title=Sylvan Inc. – World's Largest Mushroom Spawn Producer – Spawn|work=www.sylvaninc.com|accessdate=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; dịkwa na France.

Dabere na nyocha e mere na mmepụta na ahịa nke Mushrooms: Global na National Scenario &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wakchaure|first=G C|date=1 February 2011|title=Production and Marketing of Mushrooms: Global and National Scenario|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235951347|journal=ResearchGate|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.5012.3682}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Poland]], [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Lithunia|Lithuania]] bụ mba ndị na-ebupụ mushrooms na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na mba ndị dị ka [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]], [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[France]], Russia ka a na-ewere dị ka mba ndị na'ebubata.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ ==
Ịkụ mkpụrụ oyster bụ azụmahịa na-adigide ebe enwere ike iji ihe dị iche iche sitere n'okike mee ihe dị ka mkpụrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmasị na ngalaba a na-abawanye ngwa ngwa. Ohere nke ịmepụta azụmahịa bara uru na gburugburu obodo site na iji kọfị kọfị na-amasị ọtụtụ ndị ọchụnta ego..   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ebe ọ bụ na ịkọ ero abụghị isiokwu dị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'obodo mepere emepe mụtara ya site n'ime ya. Oge iji mara ihe ọkụkụ nke ero na-ewe oge yana ọnụ ahịa ego efu efu. N'ihi nke a, e nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na Europe ọkachamara na-akụ ero na-enye ọzụzụ maka ndị ọchụnta ego na ịhazi ihe omume iji wuo obodo na ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma. Ha na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta dị mma nke azụmahịa a nwere na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rotterzwam.com/|title=RotterZwam|work=www.rotterzwam.com|accessdate=15 December 2016|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220160345/http://www.rotterzwam.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.permafungi.be/|title=PermaFungi {{!}} Eat – Grow – Learn|work=www.permafungi.be|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike ịga ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ịkọ mushroom n'ọtụtụ mba gburugburu Europe. Enwere agụmakwụkwọ maka ịzụlite mushrooms na ala kọfị, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.mushroom-cultivation.com/mushroom-master-program/|title=Mushroom Master Program – Mushroom-cultivation|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.growmushroomsoncoffee.com/|title=Grow Mushrooms on Coffee {{!}} Learn How To Grow Mushrooms on Coffee|work=www.growmushroomsoncoffee.com|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọzụzụ dị elu maka ọrụ ugbo buru ibu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekofungischool.com/|title=Ekofungi School – The smart start to your sustainable mushroom business|work=www.ekofungischool.com|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-emepụta mmepụta na ọrụ nyocha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mycelia.be/en/mycelia-school|title=Mycelia – Cleanroom technology training – Mycelia BVBA|work=www.mycelia.be|accessdate=15 December 2016|archivedate=21 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000816/http://www.mycelia.be/en/mycelia-school}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ụlọ ọrụ na-eto eto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hongosbiofactory.com/training|title=Cursos cultivo de hongos o setas. Capacitación en producción de sustratos para hongos y micelio.|author=www.netfinitiva.com|first=NETFINITIVA S.L.|work=www.hongosbiofactory.com|accessdate=15 December 2016|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215529/http://www.hongosbiofactory.com/training}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ahazi ihe omume n'oge dị iche iche. The Mushroom Learning Network na-ezukọta otu ugboro n'afọ na Europe. International Society for Mushroom Science na-ezukọta otu ugboro n'afọ ise ọ bụla n'ebe ụfọdụ n'ụwa.

== Ebem si dee ==
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Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ (nke a na-adị ka ọdịdị ihe efu ma ọ bụ egwu egwu egwu) bụ usoro ugbo maka mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ ebe ịta nri na-akpaghasị ala site na iwu ugbo. Ọrụ ugbo na-agwụ agwụ na-abụ oke ala nke mbuze na-akpata n'ime ala ụfọdụ, anyị n'ime aja na ala nkụ nkụ na ala mkpọda. Uru ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime igodo nke mmiri nke na-abanye n'ime ala, njigide ala nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na ịgba na-edozi ahụ. Ụzọ ndị nwere ike isi ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na ala. Ọ bụ ebe na ụzọ ndị na-achọ ala ala na-eji herbicides chịkwaa ahihia ụzọ, ihe omume na-eji usoro nchikota, dị ka adi ihe eji eme ka mulch iji jide..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-24|title=What is No-Till Farming?|url=https://regenerationinternational.org/2018/06/24/no-till-farming/|accessdate=2020-11-06|work=Regeneration International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ụzọ atọ bụ isi maka ịkọ ugbo. &quot;Sod seeding&quot; bụ mgbe a na-eji igwe na-akụ mkpụrụ akụ mkpụrụ n'ime sod a na-emepụta site n'itinye ahịhịa ahịhịa na ihe ọkụkụ (na-egbu ahịhịa ahụ). &quot;Mkpụrụ osisi ozugbo&quot; bụ mgbe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ site na ihe fọdụrụ na mbụ. &quot;Mkpụrụ osisi dị n'elu&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;mkpụrụ osisi kpọmkwem&quot; bụ mgbe a na-ahapụ mkpụrụ n'elu ala; na flatland, nke a achọghị igwe na obere ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume I|chapter=Soil Engineering and Technology|editor=Willy H. Verheye|date=2010|publisher=[[EOLSS]] Publishers|isbn=978-1-84826-367-3|url=https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/soils-plant-growth-crop-production.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Aufgelaufene Direktsaat auf Lehm.jpg|thumb|Enweghị ọrụ ugbo]]
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ruo mgbe ọ bara uru n'ụzọ ọrụ ugbo ma na-arụpụta ihe dị elu, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ imegharị usoro ahụ na-eche ọtụtụ nsogbu ihu. Ugbo ndị guzosiri ike nwere ike ihu usoro mmụta, zụta akụrụngwa ọhụrụ, ma na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ubi ọhụrụ.[3][4] Ikekwe nnukwu ihe mgbochi, ọkachasị maka ọka, bụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo enweghịzi ike ịdabere n'ọrụ pesti na njikwa ahihia nke na-eme mgbe a na-eli ihe fọdụrụ n'ihe ọkụkụ n'ime omimi dị omimi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị erube isi ga-adabere na kemịkalụ, njikwa ụmụ ahụhụ, ihe ọkụkụ, na nlekọta siri ike nke ubi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;v856&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Colbach|first=Nathalie|title=Are No-Till Herbicide-Free Systems Possible? A Simulation Study|journal=Frontiers in Agronomy|volume=4|date=2022-05-10|issn=2673-3218|doi=10.3389/fagro.2022.823069}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;o895&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ergot of Cereals and Grasses|work=Government of Saskatchewan|url=https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/agriculture-natural-resources-and-industry/agribusiness-farmers-and-ranchers/crops-and-irrigation/disease/ergot-of-cereals-and-grasses|accessdate=2024-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;a644&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Friedrich|first=Theodor|title=Does No-Till Farming Require More Herbicides?|journal=Outlooks on Pest Management|volume=16|issue=4|date=2005-08-01|doi=10.1564/16aug12|pages=188–191}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ịkụ osisi bụ ihe a ma ama n'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] taa, mana usoro na-enweghị ọrụ nwere ike ịga nke ọma n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, usoro ọrụ ugbo dị ala ma ọ bụ &quot;ụzọ dị ala&quot; jikọtara ruo na nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ugbo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụzọ ụfọdụ nwere ike iji Ịkụ ugbo na-adịghị omimi (ya bụ, iji eriri diski) mana enweghị ịkọ ugboịkọ ugbo iji eriri.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Ịkọ ugbo bụ nkwadebe nke ala site na mkpasu iwe, na-ewepụ ahịhịa ndị e hibere n'oge gara aga. Ịkụ osisi nwere ike ịmepụta akwa mkpụrụ osisi dị larịị ma ọ bụ nke mebere ebe, dị ka ahịrị ma ọ bụ akwa akwa, iji kwalite uto nke osisi a chọrọ. Ọ bụ usoro ochie nke nwere ihe akaebe doro anya maka ojiji ya kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 3000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bae.uky.edu/lwells/BAE513/Lectures/Chap1new2.pdf|title=History of Tillage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107165717/http://www.bae.uky.edu/lwells/BAE513/Lectures/Chap1new2.pdf|archivedate=2016-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ịrụ ọrụ ugbo anaghị ekwekọ na ịkọ ihe nchekwa ma ọ bụ ịhịa aka n'ahụ. Ịkọ ihe na-echekwa nchekwa bụ otu omume na-ebelata oke nke ịkụ ihe dị mkpa. Ịgba ugbo na-adịghị na nke warara bụ ụdị ọrụ nchekwa abụọ ahụ. Ọ dịghị-till bụ omume nke mgbe ọ bụla ịkọ ubi. A na-akpọ ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'afọ ọ bụla ọzọ rotational tillage.

Mmetụta nke ịkụ ihe nwere ike ịgụnye nchịkọta ala; ọnwụ nke organic okwu; mmebi nke mkpokọta ala; ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmebi nke microbes nke ala na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ gụnyere mycorrhizae, arthropods, na earthworms;[9] na mbuze ala ebe a na-asacha ma ọ bụ fesa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://attra.ncat.org/new_pubs/attra-pub/soilmgmt.html|title=Sustainable Soil Management|publisher=Attra.ncat.org|year=2004|author=Preston Sullivan|accessdate=2010-05-09|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070815143728/http://attra.ncat.org/new_pubs/attra-pub/soilmgmt.html|archivedate=2007-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ==
Omume nke ugbo ugbo bu nchikota echiche di iche iche nke emeputara ka oge na-aga, otutu usoro na ụkpụrụ eji eme ihe n'oge ugbo bu ihe na-aga n'ihu nke ugbo ahia omenala di na mpaghara di iche iche dika [[France]]. [10] Mmegide akwadoro maka ịkọ ihe malitere na 1940 na Edward H. Faulkner, onye ode akwụkwọ nke Plowman's Folly.[11] N'ime akwụkwọ ahụ, Otú ọ dị, Faulkner na-akatọ ihe ọkụkụ dị omimi na ihe ọ na-eme, ọ bụghị ịkọ ugbo. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe mmepe mgbe WWII nke ọgwụ herbicides siri ike dị ka paraquat ka ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche na ndị ọrụ ugbo malitere ịnwale echiche ahụ. Ndị nakweere nke mbụ nke enweghị oge gụnyere Klingman ([[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]]), Edward Faulkner, LA Porter (New Zealand), Harry na Lawrence Young (Herndon, Kentucky), na Instituto de Pesquisas Agropecuarias Meridional (1971 na Brazil) na Herbert Bartz.&lt;ref name=&quot;RolfHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Derpsch|first=Rolf|title=A Short History of No-till|url=http://www.rolf-derpsch.com/notill.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501043815/http://www.rolf-derpsch.com/notill.htm|archivedate=1 May 2011|work=NO- TILLAGE|accessdate=26 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkuchi n'ụwa niile ==
Ala n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo amụbaala n'ụwa niile. N'afọ 1999, ihe dị ka  anọ na ise (170,000 sq mi) nọ n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa niile, nke mụbara ruo  narị asaa na iri abụọ na abụọ (280,000 sq mi). &lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchGate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Derpsch|first=Rolf|date=January 2010|title=Current Status of Adoption of No-Till Farming in the World and some of its Main Benefits|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228692232|publisher=Research Gate|accessdate=23 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Australia ===
Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Agricultural Resource Management Survey, na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] pasentị nke ala ugbo n'okpuru usoro ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo bụ 26% na 2000-01, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ ruo 57% na 2007-08.&lt;ref name=&quot;NSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Scott|first=Fiona|title=Zero-till adoption soaring|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/archive/agriculture-today-stories/ag-today-archives/may-2010/zero-till-adoption-soaring|publisher=NSW Government|accessdate=24 October 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215516/https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/archive/agriculture-today-stories/ag-today-archives/may-2010/zero-till-adoption-soaring}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule 30 June 20, n'ime  hekta 20 (77,000 sq mi) nke ala a na-akọ ihe ọkụkụ 79% (ma ọ bụ  16) enwetaghị ọrụ ugbo. N'otu aka ahụ, 70% (ma ọ bụ nde hekta abụọ) nke nde hekta atọ nke ala ịta ahịhịa a na-akọghị enwetaghị ọrụ ugbo, ma e wezụga ịgha mkpụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/agriculture/land-management-and-farming-australia/latest-release|title=Land Management and Farming in Australia, 2016-17 financial year &amp;#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=26 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== South America ===
South America nwere nkwado kachasị elu nke ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa, nke na 2014 mejupụtara 47% nke mpaghara ụwa niile n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo.Mba ndị a nabatara nke ọma bụ [[Argentina]] (80%), Brazil (50%), Paraguay (90%), na [[Uruguay]] (82%).&lt;ref name=&quot;Croplife&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gianessi|first=Leonard P.|date=16 November 2014|title=Importance of herbicides for no-till agriculture in South America|url=https://croplife.org/case-study/importance-of-herbicides-for-no-till-agriculture-in-south-america/|publisher=Croplife International|accessdate=23 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'Argentina, ojiji a na-ejighị ihe na-egwupụta egwupụta mere ka e belata mmebi ala site na 80%, belata ọnụahịa site na ihe karịrị 50% ma mụbaa ego a na-enweta n'ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Croplife&quot;/&gt;

Na Brazil ojiji nke enweghị ọrụ ugbo mere ka mbelata nke mbuze ala site na 97%, mmepụta ugbo dị elu na mmụba ego site na 57% afọ ise mgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Croplife&quot;/&gt;

Na Paraguay, ego a na-enweta n'ugbo ji pasent 77% rịa elu mgbe a nabatara ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Croplife&quot;/&gt;

=== United States ===
A na-eji ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo eme ihe na United States na mpaghara a na-achịkwa n'ụzọ a na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto. A na-akwado uto a site na mbelata nke ọnụahịa. Nchịkwa na-enweghị ugbo na-ebute obere njem na ngwá ọrụ, na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụ na-egbochi mmiri ozuzo ma na-eme ka Mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/11/09/no-till-farming-is-on-the-rise-thats-actually-a-big-deal/|title=No-till farming is on the rise. That's actually a big deal.|first=Brad|author=Plumer|date=9 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, a na-eji ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo eme ihe n'ihe dị ka pasent 21 nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;USDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Creech|first=Elizabeth|date=30 November 2017|title=Saving Money, Time and Soil: The Economics of No-Till Farming|url=https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2017/11/30/saving-money-time-and-soil-economics-no-till-farming|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|accessdate=23 October 2020|archivedate=17 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017024729/https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2017/11/30/saving-money-time-and-soil-economics-no-till-farming}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, ala ugbo nwere ụkpụrụ siri ike na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo mejupụtara ihe dịka pasent 30 nke ala ugbo na US.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Edwards|first=Randy|title=Ohio State Professor Rattan Lal Aims to Eliminate Hunger While Helping the Environment|url=https://www.columbusmonthly.com/story/lifestyle/features/2023/11/28/ohio-state-university-professor-rattan-lal-research-to-produce-more-food-and-solve-climate-crisis/71729285007/|accessdate=2023-12-01|work=Columbus Monthly|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uru na nsogbu ==

=== Uru, akụ na ụba, mmepụta ===
Nnyocha ụfọdụ achọpụtala na ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru karịa n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;D.L. Beck, J.L. Miller, and M.P. Hagny [https://web.archive.org/web/20181123061811/http://www.dakotalakes.com/Publications/asa10_98.pdf &quot;Successful No-Till on the Central and Northern Plains&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.notill.org/KnowledgeBase/03_economics_derpsch.pdf|author=Derpsch, Rolf|title=Economics of No-till farming. Experiences from Latin America.|accessdate=2010-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131205/http://www.notill.org/KnowledgeBase/03_economics_derpsch.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike belata ọrụ, mmanụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ecat.sc.egov.usda.gov/Fuel.aspx|title=USDA-NRCS Energy Consumption Awareness Tool: Tillage|author=NRCS|work=ecat.sc.egov.usda.gov|accessdate=17 April 2009|archivedate=16 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616032848/https://ecat.sc.egov.usda.gov/Default.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; ịgba mmiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://cropwatch.unl.edu/how-tillage-and-crop-residue-affect-irrigation-requirements-unl-cropwatch-april-5-2013|title=How Tillage and Crop Residue Affect Irrigation Requirements - UNL CropWatch, April 5, 2013|author=Network|first=University of Nebraska-Lincoln {{!}} Web Developer|date=2015-09-17|work=CropWatch|accessdate=2018-01-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ụgwọ igwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolf&quot;/&gt; No-till nwere ike ịbawanye mmepụta n'ihi oke mmiri na ikike nchekwa, na obere erosion. Uru ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ na n'ihi mmiri dị elu, kama ịhapụ ubi na-enweghị isi ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yield &amp; Economic Comparisons: University Research Trials|url=http://www.agmanager.info/crops/prodecon/production/No-till%20handbook%20--%20Chapter%205.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519100055/http://www.agmanager.info/crops/prodecon/production/No-till%20handbook%20--%20Chapter%205.pdf|archivedate=19 May 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsogbu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị arụ ọrụ bụ na n'oge opupu ihe ubi, ala na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-akpọnwụ nke nta nke nta, nke nwere ike igbu oge ịkụ osisi. N'ihi ya, owuwe ihe ubi nwere ike ime n'azụ oge karịa n'ubi a na-akọ ugbo. Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke nta bụ n'ihi na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ na-acha ọkụ karịa ala nke a ga-ekpughe na ọrụ ugbo nkịtị, nke na-amịkọrọ obere ike anyanwụ. Mana ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere ike ijikwa nke a site na iji ihe nhicha ahịrị na onye na-akụ osisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://cropwatch.unl.edu/setting-planting-equipment-successful-no-till|title=Setting Planting Equipment for Successful No-till|author=Network|first=University of Nebraska-Lincoln {{!}} Web Developer|date=2015-09-17|work=CropWatch|accessdate=2018-01-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsogbu na ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo bụ na ọ bụrụ na mmepụta na-emetụta n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma site na usoro a na-etinye n'ọrụ mgbe ahụ uru nke omume ahụ nwekwara ike belata n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ahịa gas na ọnụ ahịa ọrụ dị elu. Ka ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọala na ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe bara uru maka ugbo na mmepụta ugbo iji gbanwee gaa n'ọrụ na-enweghị ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Osei|first=E|date=2012|title=Farm-level economic impact of no-till farming in the Fort Cobb Reservoir Watershed|journal=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation|volume=67|issue=2|pages=75–86|doi=10.2489/jswc.67.2.75}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge opupu ihe ubi, ala ụrọ na-adịghị mma nwere ike inwe mmepụta dị ala n'ihi afọ oyi na mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lal|first=R.|date=March 2007|title=Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-till farming|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.11.004|journal=Soil and Tillage Research|volume=93|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.11.004|issn=0167-1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uru akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi nke itinye n'ọrụ omume na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịchọ afọ iri na isii ruo iri na itoolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cusser|first=Sarah|date=2020|title=Long-term research avoids spurious and misleading trends in sustainability attributes of no-till|journal=Global Change Biology|volume=26|issue=6|pages=3715–3725|doi=10.1111/gcb.15080|pmid=32175629}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afọ iri mbụ nke mmejuputa na-enweghị ike igosi ihe na-eme ka ego belata. Oge mmejuputa ihe karịrị afọ iri na-egosipụtakarị uru, kama mbelata uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọnụ ego na njikwa ===
Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo chọrọ nkà dị iche iche site na nke ọrụ ugbo nkịtị. A ga-eji ngwakọta nke usoro, ngwá ọrụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ, ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ, fatịlaịza, na ịgba mmiri maka ọnọdụ mpaghara.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==== Ngwá Ọrụ ====
N'ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ, dị ka ọka na-aga n'ihu na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ọkpụrụkpụ nke ihe fọdụrụ n'elu ubi ahụ nwere ike ịghọ nsogbu na-enweghị nkwadebe na / ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo chọrọ ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche, dị ka oghere mkpụrụ osisi dị arọ iji banye n'ime ihe fọdụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://msucares.com/pubs/infosheets/is1129.htm|title=Mississippi State University Extension Service -|work=msucares.com|accessdate=2024-08-10|archivedate=2010-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201074010/http://msucares.com/pubs/infosheets/is1129.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkọ ugbo chọrọ traktọ ndị dị ike karị, yabụ traktọ nwere ike ịdị obere na enweghị ọrụ. Enwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ site na ire ugbo na traktọ, mana ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ejikarị ngwá ọrụ ochie ha mgbe ha na-anwa ọrụ ugbo. Nke a na-ebute itinye ego dị elu na ngwá ọrụ.

==== Mmụba ojiji nke herbicide ====
Otu n'ime ebumnuche nke ịkọ ugbo bụ iwepụ ahịhịa. Site n'ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo, [[Ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ|ihe fọdụrụnụ]] n'ihe ọkụkụ nke afọ gara aga dị n'elu ubi ahụ, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa dị iche iche, nke ka ukwuu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahịhịa ugboro ugboro  ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ ugbo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://extension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/crops/g04080.htm|title=No-Till Planting Systems|author=Daryl D. Buchholz|publisher=University of Missouri Extension|date=October 1993|accessdate=2010-05-09|archivedate=2 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302015447/http://extension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/crops/g04080.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://topcropmanager.annexweb.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=914&amp;Itemid=182|title=Tillage has less effect on crop diseases than other factors|publisher=Top Crop Manager|accessdate=2011-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007095553/https://topcropmanager.annexweb.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=914&amp;Itemid=182|archivedate=2011-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ibelata ahịhịa na-eto ngwa ngwa site na mmụba asọmpi na uto nke osisi, obere osisi na osisi. A na-ejikarị ọgwụ herbicides dị ka glyphosate eme ihe n'ọnọdụ ịkọ ugbo maka nkwadebe nke Mkpụrụ osisi, nke na-eduga n'iji herbicide eme ihe karịa ịkọ ugbo nkịtị. Nhọrọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ihe ọkụ na-ekpuchi oge oyi, sollarization ma ọ bụ ọkụ.

Ojiji nke herbicides adịghị mkpa, dị ka egosiri na ọrụ ugbo, permaculture, na omume ndị ọzọ metụtara Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.

Ojiji nke [[Ihe ọkụkụ dị n'elu|ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi]] iji nyere aka ịchịkwa ahịhịa na-amụba ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ala (na ihe oriri, mgbe ị na-eji legumes). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hall|first=M. H.|title=Cover Crops: Tips for No-till Planting into Cover Crops|url=http://agguide.agronomy.psu.edu/cm/sec10/sec104.cfm|work=Penn State|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University|accessdate=14 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620064815/http://agguide.agronomy.psu.edu/cm/sec10/sec104.cfm|archivedate=June 20, 2010|date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ, a ga-egbu ihe ọkụkụ ndị a kụrụ ọhụrụ ka ha wee nwee ike inweta ìhè zuru ezu, mmiri, ihe oriri, wdg.&lt;ref name=&quot;rodaleinstitute.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/no-till_revolution|title=No-Till Revolution|publisher=Rodale Institute|accessdate=2010-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/organicmatters/conservationtillage.html|title=Pursuing Conservation Tillage Systems for Organic Crop Production|author=George Kuepper|publisher=Attra.ncat.org|date=June 2001|accessdate=2010-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612043744/http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/organicmatters/conservationtillage.html|archivedate=June 12, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ime nke a site na rollers, crimpers, choppers na ụzọ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/nvswcd/newsletter/crimping.htm|title=Crimping Cover Crops|work=Conservation Currents|publisher=Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation District|accessdate=26 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rodaleinstitute.org/organic-no-till/|title=Organic No-Till {{!}} Rodale Institute|work=rodaleinstitute.org|accessdate=2017-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akụzi ihe ahụ fọdụrụnụ, ma hapụ ya dị ka mulch. A ghaghị imebi ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi mgbe ha banyere n'oge okooko osisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_018551.pdf|title=INTRODUCTION TO COVER CROP ROLLING &amp; THE VAUSDA CRIMPER ROLLER DEMONSTRATION PROJECT|accessdate=16 January 2017|archivedate=11 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611141402/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_018551.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri ====
Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ bụ [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|nitrogen]] na-ejikọta na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụ, nke nwere ike iwe ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ iji mebie, dabere na C na N nke ihe ọkụkụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. A ghaghị itinye fatịlaịza n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hartman|first=Murray|title=Direct Seeding: Estimating the Value of Crop Residues|url=http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex2512|publisher=Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development|accessdate=22 March 2011|archivedate=11 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311002441/http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex2512}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ maka nsogbu a bụ ijikọta anụ ụlọ n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji nyere aka na ire ure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tallman|first=Susan|title=No-Till Case Study, Richter Farm: Cover Crop Cocktails in a Forage-Based System|url=https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=417|work=National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service|publisher=NCAT-ATTRA|accessdate=8 April 2013|archivedate=5 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805000656/https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=417}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe oge mgbanwe (4-5 afọ maka Kansas, USA) ala nwere ike ịba ụba na ihe ndị dị ndụ. A na-emecha wepụta ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ n'ime ala.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Iwu Gburugburu Ebe Obibi ===
A tụwo aro iwu, H.R.2508 nke 117th Congress,  nke a makwaara dị ka iwu NO EMITS, iji gbanwee Iwu Nchebe Nri nke 1985, nke Onye nnọchi anya Rodney Davis nke Illinois webatara na 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2508/text|title=H.R.2508 - Naturally Offsetting Emissions by Managing and Implementing Tillage Strategies Act of 2021|date=14 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Davis bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Rodney|url=https://rodneydavis.house.gov/about-rodney|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Congressman Rodney Davis|language=en|archivedate=19 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119181350/https://rodneydavis.house.gov/about-rodney}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwu a na-atụ aro maka iwepụ ikuku na-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ya site na itinye usoro ọhụrụ dịka obere ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ enweghị ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Davis|first=Rodney|date=2021-04-14|title=Text - H.R.2508 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Naturally Offsetting Emissions by Managing and Implementing Tillage Strategies Act of 2021|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2508/text|accessdate=2021-11-03|work=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; H.R.2508 nọ ugbu a n'okpuru nkọwa site na Kọmitii Ọrụ Ugbo. H.R.2508 nwekwara ndị nnọchiteanya abụọ ndị ọzọ sitere na steeti ọrụ ugbo dị elu, Rep. Eric A. Crawford nke Arkansas na Rep. Don Bacon nke Nebraska.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; H.R.2508 na-atụ aro ịtọlite mmemme nkwalite iji nye ndị ọrụ ugbo na ogige ọrụ ugbo enyemaka ego na nke na-agbanwe usoro mmepụta ha, yana inye kọntaktị iji belata ihe ize ndụ maka ndị na-emepụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://republicans-agriculture.house.gov/uploadedfiles/04.14.2021_noemitsactdavissummary.pdf|title=Republican Leader Glenn 'GT&quot; Thompson NO EMITS Act Naturally Offsetting Emissions by Managing and Implementing Tillage Strategies Sponsored by Rodney Davis (IL-13)|year=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụkwara aro ego maka Conservation Innovation Trails.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A na-agba ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na US ume site na enyemaka na mmemme ndị ọzọ gọọmentị nyere iji zute ọkwa a kapịrị ọnụ nke nchekwa ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huggins|first=David R.|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/arsuserfiles/20902500/davidhuggins/notill.pdf|title=No-Till: the Quiet Revolution|journal=Scientific American|year=2008|volume=299|issue=1|pages=70–77|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0708-70|pmid=18623967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwado na mmemme ndị dị otú ahụ nke gọọmentị US nyere gụnyere: Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) na Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incentive Programs and Assistance of Producers|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/climatechange/resources/?cid=stelprdb1043608|work=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=2024-08-10|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105182915/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/climatechange/resources/?cid=stelprdb1043608|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; EQIP bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke na-anwa inyere ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọzọ sonyere aka site na nchekwa ma ọ bụghị na-ata ahụhụ ego site na ime ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009|title=Environmental Quality Incentives Program|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs/financial/eqip/|work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eme mgbalị iji nyere aka belata oke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ugbo yana ịbawanye ahụike nke ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; CSP na-anwa inyere ndị na-achọ itinye mgbalị nchedo n'ime omume ha aka site n'inye aro banyere ihe a ga-eme maka ọnọdụ na mkpa ha nyere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009|title=Conservation Stewardship Program|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs/financial/csp/|work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gburugburu ebe obibi ===
[[Usòrò:APES_Wikipedia_Figure_Project_(2).png|thumb|305x305px|Ịkụ ala mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe na-eduga na mbuze ala, mfu nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na mmụba nke ikuku carbon dioxide.]]

==== Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ====
A na-azọrọ na ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo ga-amụba ihe ndị dị n'ala, wee si otú a mee ka carbon dịkwuo ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.023|doi=10.1016/j.still.2005.02.023|title=Carbon sequestration in two Brazilian Cerrado soils under no-till|year=2006|author=Bayer|first=C.|journal=Soil and Tillage Research|volume=86|issue=2|pages=237–245}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nnyocha na-akọ na carbon nke ala na-abawanye na usoro ndị a na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị ahụ na usoro niile, dabere na ihe, dị ka ihu igwe na carbon dị n'elu ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/25259/chapter/5|title=Read &quot;Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda&quot; at NAP.edu|year=2019|doi=10.17226/25259|isbn=978-0-309-48452-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha nke afọ 2020 gosipụtara na njikọta nke enweghị-akọ ugbo na mkpuchi nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ịchekwa carbon karịa omume ọ bụla naanị, na-atụ aro na omume abụọ ahụ nwere mmetụta jikọrọ aka na njide carbon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Yawen|title=Assessing synergistic effects of no-tillage and cover crops on soil carbon dynamics in a long-term maize cropping system under climate change|journal=Agricultural and Forest Meteorology|date=15 September 2020|volume=291|issue=108090|doi=10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108090|language=en|issn=0168-1923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere arụmụka banyere ma mmụba a na-achọpụta mgbe ụfọdụ na-eme n'ezie, ma ọ bụ n'ihi usoro nyocha na-ezighị ezi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;Baker et al. (2007) Tillage and soil carbon sequestration—What do we really know?. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment. Volume 118, Issues 1–4&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2014 kwuru na ụfọdụ usoro ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịchụpụ carbon dị ala karịa usoro ndị a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, na-ekwu na &quot;ọkwa ndị na-arụghị ọrụ n'okpuru ala na-efunahụkarị ihe ndị dị n'ime ala karịa ka a na-enweta n'elu ala&quot;. Nnyocha ahụ gosikwara mkpa ọ dị maka otu nkọwa nke nchụpụ carbon n'etiti ndị na-eme nchọpụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140418161344.htm|title=No-till soil organic carbon sequestration rates published|work=Science Daily|accessdate=2012-04-21}} April 18, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ahụ kwubiri, &quot;A chọrọ itinye ego na nyocha carbon organic (SOC) iji ghọtakwuo usoro nchịkwa ọrụ ugbo nke nwere ike ijide SOC ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ijigide ọtụtụ ngwaahịa SOC&quot;. 

No-till farming reduces nitrous oxide (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) emissions by 40-70%, depending on rotation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Omonode|first=R. A.|title=Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Corn following Three Decades of Tillage and Rotation Treatments|doi=10.2136/sssaj2009.0147|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal|volume=75|issue=1|pages=152|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas, 300 times stronger than {{CO2}}, and stays in the atmosphere for 120 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wallheimer|first=Brian|title=No-till, rotation can limit greenhouse gas emissions from farm fields|url=http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-no-till-rotation-limit-greenhouse-gas.html|publisher=physorg.com|accessdate=26 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo na'imeziwanye ihe ndị a gbakọtara ma belata mbuze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/components/7399_02.html|title=Soil Management - The Soil Scientist|publisher=Extension.umn.edu|accessdate=2010-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322205856/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/components/7399_02.html|archivedate=2010-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.monsanto.com/biotech-gmo/asp/topic.asp?id=ConservationTillage|title=Conservation Tillage|publisher=Monsanto.com|accessdate=2010-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620032531/http://www.monsanto.com/biotech-gmo/asp/topic.asp?id=ConservationTillage|archivedate=June 20, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ibelata mbuze ala ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụego mmepụta ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Montgomery|first=David R.|title=Is agriculture eroding civilization's foundation?|journal=GSA Today|volume=17|issue=10|pages=4|doi=10.1130/gsat01710a.1|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha sitere n'ihe karịrị afọ iri na itoolu nke ọmụmụ ọrụ ugbo na United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service chọpụtara na ọrụ ugbo a na-akọghị na-eme ka ala ghara imebi karịa ala a kụrụ n'ebe ndị dị na Great Plains. Insa mbụ nke ala a na-akọghị ihe nwere ọtụtụ ihe ma bụrụ okpukpu abụọ ruo asaa karịa nke ala a kụrụ akụ. A na-eche na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ala a na-enyere aka ijide ụmụ irighiri ala ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blanco-Canqui|first=H.|doi=10.2136/sssaj2008.0401|title=Regional Study of No-Till Impacts on Near-Surface Aggregate Properties that Influence Soil Erodibility|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal|volume=73|issue=4|pages=1361|year=2009|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&amp;context=panhandleresext}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) nke United Nations si kwuo, ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịkwụsị ọzara site n'ịnọgide na-enwe ihe ndị dị n'ala ma belata ikuku na mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 November 2002|title=Hold back the desert with Conservation Agriculture|url=http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/10502-en.html|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=11 October 2020|archivedate=22 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122210617/http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/10502-en.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enweghị ịkọ ugbo pụtakwara obere uzuzu ikuku.

==== Mmiri ====
Ịkọ ọrụ ugbo na-eme ka mmiri dịkwuo mma: [[ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ]] na-enyere mmiri si na mmiri ozuzo na ịgba mmiri aka ịbanye n'ala. Ihe mkpofu na-egbochi mmiri ịpụ apụ, na-echekwa mmiri. Mmiri si n'ịkụ ugbo na-eme ka mmiri dịkwuo elu site na 1/3 ruo 3/4 sentimita (0.85 ruo 1.9 cm) kwa ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO-Water&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=A Peiretti|first=Roberto|title=No Till Improves Soil Functioning and Water Economy|url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/images/iclsd/documents/wk1_c2_Peiretti.pdf|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=23 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ọdịdị nke Gully nwere ike ịkpata mbuze ala na ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ dị ka soybeans na-enweghị ugbo, ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ubi na-egosi obere mbuze karịa ugbo nkịtị. Ụzọ mmiri ahịhịa nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngwọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://deltafarmpress.com/news/water-management-0801/|title=Tilling ephemeral gullies can cost you soil|publisher=Deltafarmpress.com|date=Aug 1, 2008|author=Elton Robinson|accessdate=2010-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805235548/http://deltafarmpress.com/news/water-management-0801/|archivedate=2008-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọwara ọ bụla na-apụta n'ọhịa ndị a na-akọghị na-adịwanye omimi kwa afọ kama ịbụ nke a na-eme ka ọ dị nro site n'ịkọ ugbo mgbe niile.

Nsogbu n'ọhịa ụfọdụ bụ mmiri jupụtara n'ala. Ịgbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịbawanye mmiri n'ihi na ala n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo anaghị aga n'ihu na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kindig&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kindig|first=Wendy|title=No till/Cover Crops Articles|url=http://www.yorkccd.org/agricultural-programs/no-tillcover-crops-articles/|publisher=York County Conservation District|accessdate=2 April 2011|archivedate=8 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108003113/http://www.yorkccd.org/agricultural-programs/no-tillcover-crops-articles/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Biota na anụ ọhịa ====
Ubi ndị a na-akọghị na-enwekarị annelids, anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na anụ ọhịa dịka òké mgbada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Chan|first=K.Y|title=An overview of some tillage impacts on earthworm population abundance and diversity — implications for functioning in soils|journal=Soil and Tillage Research|volume=57|issue=4|pages=179–191|doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00173-2|year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=D. B. Warburton and W. D. Klimstra|url=http://www.jswconline.org/content/39/5/327.abstract|title=Wildlife use of no-till and conventionally tilled corn fields|journal=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation|volume=39|issue=5|date=1984-09-01|pages=327–330|accessdate=2010-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118202718/http://www.jswconline.org/content/39/5/327.abstract|archive-date=2018-11-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Albedo ====
Ogwe osisi na-ebelata albedo nke ala a na-akọ ihe ubi. Ikike maka ịjụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi mmụba nke albedo n'ala a na-akọghị ihe ubi yiri n'ibu na usoro ndị ọzọ nke carbon sequestration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=D. B. Lobell, G. Bala and P. B. Duffy|url=http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/gbala/pdf_files/Lobell_etal_2006_GRL.pdf|title=Biogeophysical impacts of cropland management changes on climate|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=6|pages=L06708|date=2006-03-23|accessdate=2012-07-02|doi=10.1029/2005GL025492}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Broadfork , ngwá ọrụ iji mee ka ala nwee ikuku n'enweghị ịtụgharị
* Carbon farming - Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo na-ejide carbon
* Conservation agriculture - Usoro ọrụ ugbo iji chekwaa ma melite ikike ala
* Conventional tillage
* Masanobu Fukuoka - onye ọrụ ugbo na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma nke Japan (1913-2008), otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke ịkọ mkpụrụ na-enweghị ike ịkọ ugbo
* Natural farming - Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* No-dig gardening - Ụdị permaculturePeeji na-egosi nkọwa wikidata dị ka ọdịda azụ
* Permaculture - Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo na njikwa ala
* Ọrụ ugbo na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ọhụrụ
* Strip-till - Nchebe ala
* Mgbukpọ nke ala

== Ebem si dee ==

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      <text bytes="33107" sha1="96pbdgugxoc1fqleuewpax1yxqmdnrf" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Farm Security Administration nke ezinụlọ na-egbutu ahịhịa site na ogho na nso White Plains, na Georgia, US (1941) ]]
 
Sharecropping bụ usoro iwu kwadoro nke onye nwe ala na-ekwe ka onye nwe ụlọ (sharecropper) jiri ala ahụ nweta òkè nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-emepụta n'ala ahụ. A gaghị ejikọta oke ihe ọkụkụ na ọrụ ugbo nke onye nwe ụlọ, na-enye onye nwe ụlọ ọkwa akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị elu.

Sharecropping nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na enwere ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche na ụdị nkwekọrịta ejirila ụdị usoro ahụ. Ụfọdụ na-achị site n'ọdịnala, ndị ọzọ bụ iwu. Metayage French, Catalan masoveria, Castilian mediero, Slavic połownictwo na izdolshchina, Italian mezzadria, na usoro Islam nke muzara'a (المزارعة), bụ ihe atụ nke usoro iwu kwadoro ịkekọrịta ihe.

== Nchịkọta ==
N'okpuru usoro nkekọrịta ihe, ndị nwe ala na-enye òkè nke ala nke onye na-eketa ihe ga-arụ ọrụ, ma na-enyekarị ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa dị ka ụlọ, ngwá ọrụ, mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ anụmanụ na-arụ ọrụ.[1] Ndị ahịa mpaghara na-enyekarị onye na-eketa nri na ihe ndị ọzọ na kredit. N'ịgbanwe ala na akụrụngwa, onye na-akụ mkpụrụ ga-akwụ onye nwe ya òkè nke ihe ubi na njedebe nke oge, dịka ọkara ma ọ bụ ụzọ atọ. Onye na-akụ mkpụrụ ji òkè ya kwụọ onye ahịa ahụ ụgwọ ha ji.[2] Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ego fọdụrụnụ, onye na-akụ mkpụrụ na-edebe ya—ma ọ bụrụ na òkè ha eruteghị ihe ha ji, ha nọgidere n’ụgwọ.

Usoro kredit ọhụrụ, ụgwọ ihe ubi, nwere njikọ chiri anya na ịkekọrịta ihe. N'okpuru usoro a, onye na-akụ ihe ma ọ bụ onye na-ere ahịa gbatịpụrụ ahịrị kredit nye onye na-eketa ihe mgbe ọ na-ewere ihe ubi nke afọ dị ka ihe nkwekọrịta. Onye na-eketa ihe nwere ike ise ihe oriri na ihe oriri n'afọ niile. Mgbe e gbutere ihe ubi, onye na-akụ ihe ma ọ bụ ndị na-ere ahịa na-ere ihe were were were kwụọ onye na-eke òkè ihe ubi ma kwụọ ụgwọ ya.

Ọkachamara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Jeffery M. Paige mere ka ọ dị iche n'etiti ịkekọrịta ihe n'etiti etiti a na-ahụ n'ugbo owu na ikesa ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ enweghị isi. Ihe e ji mara nke mbụ bụ ogologo oge na-adịte aka. A na-ejikọta ndị nwe ụlọ na onye nwe ụlọ site na ụlọ ahịa ihe ọkụkụ. Ụdị oge a na-achọ ka ụgwọ ọnwa akwụ ụgwọ dochie ya ka ahịa na-abanye. Ịkekọrịta ihe na-enweghị isi na-agụnye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ọ bụla maka onye nwe ụlọ: ala na-agbasasị agbasa, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ejikwa ọrụ nke aka ha ma ndị nwe ala anaghị arụpụta ihe ọkụkụ. Ụdị oge a na-emekarị mgbe ahịa na-abanye.&lt;ref&gt;Jeffery Paige, ''Agrarian Revolution'', page 373&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akpọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ndị na-akọ ala nke ndị ọzọ mana nwere inyinya mule na ịkọ ubi nke ha bụ ndị a na-akpọ ndị ọrụ ubi; ha ji onye nwe ala ụgwọ dị nta nke ihe ubi ha, n'ihi na onye nwe ala na-enyeghị ha ihe dị ukwuu n'ụzọ ihe oriri.

== Ntinye site na mpaghara ==
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ikere òkè mere nke ukwuu na Scotland, Ireland na Africa colonial. A chọpụtakwara na iji usoro ihe nkesa ihe na England (dị ka omume nke &quot;ọrụ ugbo ruo ọkara&quot;).[4] A na-eji ya eme ihe na ndịda United States n'oge oge nrụgharị (1865-1877) nke sochiri agha obodo America, bụ nke na-emebi akụ na ụba na steeti ndịda.[5]. A ka na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ogbenye ime obodo nke ụwa taa, ọkachasị na Pakistan, India, na Bangladesh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sanval|first=Nasim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbOPCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sharecropping+pakistan&amp;pg=PA4|title=Optimal groundwater management in Pakistan's Indus Water Basin|date=2016-01-15|publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Chaudhuri|first=Ananish|date=2000-01-01|title=Sharecropping contracts in rural India: A note|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330080000071|journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–107|doi=10.1080/00472330080000071|issn=0047-2336}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Byres|first=T. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulGQAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sharecropping+bangladesh&amp;pg=PA67|title=Sharecropping and Sharecroppers|date=2005-08-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-78003-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrịka ===
N'ebe ndị bi n'Africa na-achị, ịkekọrịta ihe bụ akụkụ nke ndụ ọrụ ugbo. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-acha ọcha, bụ ndị nwere ọtụtụ ala ahụ, anaghị enwekarị ike ịrụ ọrụ ugbo ha niile n'ihi enweghị ego. Ya mere, ha nwere ndị ọrụ ugbo Afrịka ka ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu na usoro ịgha mkpụrụ.

Na South Africa, Iwu Ala nke 1913 machibidoro ndị Afrịka nwe ala n'ebe ndị a họpụtara maka ndị ọcha ma belata ọnọdụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ekere òkè na ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/native-land-act-passed|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=The Native Land Act is passed &amp;#124; South African History Online|archivedate=14 October 2010|work=Sahistory.org.za|accessdate=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ndị 1960, enyemaka dị ukwuu nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha pụtara na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugpo nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ugbo ha niile, na ịkekọrịta ọrụ.

Ndokwa ahụ apụtala ọzọ na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka n'oge a, gụnyere [[Ghana]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyambara&quot;/&gt;

Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụ na ụba bụ Pius S. Nyambara kwuru na ngwaọrụ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme Ebe Eurocentric dị ka &quot;feudalism&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;ohu&quot; nke a na-ejikarị prefixes dị ike dịka &quot;semi-&quot; ma ọ bụ&quot; &quot;quasi-&quot; eme ihe anaghị enyere aka n'ịghọta mmalite na ọrụ nke sharecropping na Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyambara&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rural Landlords, Rural Tenants, and the Sharecropping Complex in Gokwe, Northwestern Zimbabwe, 1980s–2002|url=http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/live/zimbabwe/sym1b.pdf|author=Pius S. Nyambara|year=2003|accessdate=2006-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326145652/http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/live/zimbabwe/sym1b.pdf|archivedate=2006-03-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPius_S._Nyambara2003&quot;&gt;Pius S. Nyambara (2003).  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Archived from [http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/live/zimbabwe/sym1b.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2006-03-26&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2006-05-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe and Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, March 2003 (200Kb PDF)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== United States ===
[[Usòrò:Arkansas_tenant_farmers_evicted_January_1936.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ụzọ mgbe a chụpụrụ ha maka ịbụ ndị otu Southern Tenant Farmers Union (Jenụwarị 1936) ]]
 
Tupu Agha Obodo, a maara na sharecropping dị na [[Mississippi]] ma kwenyere na ọ dị na [[Tennessee]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;TennesseeEncyclopedia.net&quot;&gt;Robert Tracy McKenzie, &quot;[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1193 Sharecropping]&quot;, ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture''.&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọgba aghara akụ na ụba nke [[Agha Obodo America]] kpatara na njedebe nke ịgba ohu n'oge na mgbe Reconstruction gasịrị ka ọ gbasara na South.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Sharon Monteith|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the American South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPMAXuWaArgC&amp;pg=PA94|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge U.P.|isbn=9781107036789}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Joseph D. Reid, &quot;Sharecropping as an understandable market response: The postbellum South.&quot; ''Journal of Economic History'' (1973) 33#1 pp. 106–130. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117145 in JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na nkesa na United States malitere na Natchez District, nke dị na Adams County, Mississippi na oche ya, Natchez.&lt;ref&gt;Ronald L. F. Davis &quot;The U. S. Army and the Origins of Sharecropping in the Natchez District—A Case Study&quot; ''The Journal of Negro History'', Vol. 62, No.1 (January, 1977), pp. 60–80 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717191 in JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị etiti weghaara ubi na ala ndị ọzọ dị na South. Na Jenụwarị 1865, General William T. Sherman wepụtara Special Field Orders No. 15, nke mara ọkwa na ọ ga-enye ezinụlọ ndị a tọhapụrụ ọhụrụ 40 acres nke ala a weghaara n'àgwàetiti na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]]. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na a ga-agbatị iwu a na ndị niile bụbu ndị ohu na ezinụlọ ha dị ka ụgwọ maka mmeso ha na njedebe nke agha. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1865, Onye isi ala Andrew Johnson, dị ka otu n'ime omume mbụ nke Reconstruction, kama nyere iwu ka e weghachite ala niile dị n'okpuru nchịkwa gọọmentị etiti nye ndị nwe ya bụ ndị e weghaara ya.
[[Usòrò:Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_05_(early_20th_century_Texas_sharecropper's_home_diorama).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise ụlọ nke onye na-ere ahịa na [[Texas]] na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 na Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum, na Greenville, Texas 2015]]
Ndị nwe ala ndịda ahụ si otú a hụ onwe ha nwere nnukwu ala mana enweghị akụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọrụ. Ha nọgidekwara na-enwe &quot;nkwenye na òtù ndị omempụ na-enye ụzọ kachasị mma nke nhazi ọrụ&quot;, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile bụbu ndị ohu guzogidere. N'ịhọrọ &quot;ịhazi onwe ha n'ime ìgwè ndị ikwu&quot;, yana &quot;ibelata ohere maka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ojii site n'iwepụ ndị ikwu nwanyị ha n'ebe ọrụ ndị ọcha na-elekọta nke ọma&quot;, ndị ojii ndịda &quot;kpebisiri ike iguzogide ụzọ ohu ochie&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Jaqueline. ''[[iarchive:laboroflovelabor0000jone|Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present]]''. Basic Books, 1985.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụghị n'ọnọdụ, ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị ohu, ndị a na-akpọ ugbu a ndị nweere onwe ha, enweghị ala ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ nke ha, chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ha. Usoro nkwekọrịta nke dabeere na ogho, nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ ego, mepụtara n'ihi ya. E kewara nnukwu ubi n'ime ala ndị ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ. Na mbido, ndị na-ekere òkè na South America bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile bụ ndị ohu ojii, mana n'ikpeazụ, a na-etinye ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha na-enweghị ego n'ime usoro ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Ronald L. F. Davis &quot;The U. S. Army and the Origins of Sharecropping in the Natchez District—A Case Study&quot; ''The Journal of Negro History'', Vol. 62, No.1 (January 1977), pp. 60–80 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717191 in JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva O 2007&quot;&gt;Eva O'Donovan, ''Becoming Free in the Cotton South'' (2007); Gavin Wright, ''Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War'' (1986); Roger L. Ransom and David Beckham, ''One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation'' (2nd ed. 2008)&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge Reconstruction, Federal Freedmen's Bureau nyere iwu ndokwa maka ndị a tọhapụrụ ma dee ma mee ka nkwekọrịta ha dị irè.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Ndị America na-arụ ọrụ n'otu akụkụ nke ubi ahụ n'onwe ha, na-akụkarị ogho, ụtaba, [[Oskàpà|osikapa]], [[Ńnú odẹne|shuga]], na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, ma nata ọkara nke mmepụta nke ngwugwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Woodman, Harold D.|title=New South – New Law: The legal foundations of credit and labor relations in the Postbellum agricultural South|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-8071-1941-5|url=https://archive.org/details/newsouthnewlawle0000wood}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na-enwetakarị ngwá ọrụ ugbo ha na ngwongwo ndị ọzọ niile site n'aka onye nwe ala ha nwere nkwekọrịta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mandle, Jay R. Not Slave, Not Free: The African American Economic Experience Since the Civil War. Duke University Press, 1992, 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị nwe ala na-ekwu mkpebi ndị metụtara ngwakọta ihe ọkụkụ, ndị na-ekere òkè na-enwekarị nkwekọrịta iji ree òkè ha nke ihe ọkụkụ nye onye nwe ala, si otú a na-etinye ha n'okpuru ọnụahịa a na-achịkwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Temple University Press&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye na nke a, ndị nwe ala, na-eyi egwu na ha agaghị emezigharị nkwekọrịta ahụ na njedebe nke oge uto, nwere ike itinye nrụgide na ndị bi na ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Temple University Press&quot; /&gt; Sharecropping na-egosipụtakarị nsogbu akụ na ụba, ebe ndị nwe ala nwere ikike akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;Ransom, Roger L., and Richard Sutch. ''One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation''. 2nd edition. Cambridge England ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 149.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Frank_Tengle,_Bud_Fields,_and_Floyd_Burroughs,_cotton_sharecroppers,_Hale_County,_Alabama.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-ekere òkè n'ogwe, Hale County, [[Alabama]], 1936]]
N'oge Reconstruction Era, sharecropping bụ otu n'ime nhọrọ ole na ole maka ndị nweere onwe ha na-enweghị ego iji kwado onwe ha na ezinụlọ ha. Ihe ngwọta ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[usoro njikọ ihe ọkụkụ]] (ebe onye ọrụ ugbo na-agbatị ụgwọ maka mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ site n'aka onye ahịa), usoro ọrụ ịgbazite (ebe onye ugbo na na-akwụ ụgwọ ala ma na-edebe ihe ọkụkụ ha niile), na usoro ịkwụ ụgwọ (onye ọrụ na-enweta ụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ mana ọ dịghị nke ihe ọkụkụ ya). A na-ewere ọrụ nkesa dị ka nke a na-eme n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na South America ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-arụpụta ihe karịa usoro osisi ndị òtù na-eji ndị ọrụ ohu, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị arụpụta ihe karịa teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gregorie, Anne King|title=History of Sumter County, South Carolina, p. 274|publisher=Library Board of Sumter County|year=1954}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGregorie,_Anne_King1954&quot;&gt;Gregorie, Anne King (1954). ''History of Sumter County, South Carolina, p. 274''. Library Board of Sumter County.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Larry J. Griffin|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780820317298|title=The South As an American Problem|publisher=U. of Georgia Press|year=1995|isbn=9780820317526}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Sharecropper's_cabin,_Lake_Providence,_LA_IMG_7385.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụlọ Sharecropper gosipụtara na [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]] State Cotton Museum na Lake Providence, Louisiana (foto nke 2013) ]]
Sharecropping nọgidere na-abụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ steeti ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1930, e nwere nde ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha 5.5, ndị na-ekere òkè, na ndị ọrụ ugodi / ndị ọrụ na United States; na nde ndị isi ojii 3.&lt;ref&gt;The Rockabilly Legends; They Called It Rockabilly Long Before they Called It Rock and Roll by Jerry Naylor and Steve Halliday DVD&lt;/ref&gt; Na Tennessee, ndị na-ekere òkè na-arụ ọrụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo niile dị na steeti ahụ n'afọ ndị 1930, na ndị ọcha mejupụtara ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ anọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke ndị na-ere òkè.&lt;ref name=&quot;TennesseeEncyclopedia.net&quot;/&gt; Na Mississippi, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, 36% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha niile bụ ndị bi na ya ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekere òkè, ebe 85% nke ndị ọrụ ubi ojii bụ. Na Georgia, ihe na-erughị ugbo 16,000 bụ ndị nwe ala ojii na 1910, ebe, n'otu oge ahụ, ndị Africa-America na-elekọta ugbo 106,738 dị ka ndị bi na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/sharecropping|title=Sharecropping|author=Geisen|first=James C.|date=January 26, 2007|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=April 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge a, ndị na-ekere òkè malitere ịmepụta òtù ọrụ na-eme ngagharị iwe megide mmeso ọjọọ, malite na Tallapoosa County, Alabama na 1931 na Arkansas na 1934. Ndị otu Southern Tenant Farmers Union gụnyere ma ndị isi ojii ma ndị ọcha dara ogbenye, ndị jiri nzukọ, ngagharị iwe, na Ọgbaghara ọrụ mee ihe iji kwalite ọgwụgwọ ka mma. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke omume ndị a tụrụ ndị nwe ụlọ egwu ma were iwe, bụ ndị jiri usoro ime ihe ike zaghachi. A katọrọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ala na-alụ ọgụ megide usoro òkè, na-enye ha nsogbu site na iwu na iwu na-akwadoghị, ma na-awakpo ha site n'aka ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, ndị ọrụ ndị nwe ala, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ndị iwe ji. Ọgbaghara nke ndị Sharecroppers na Arkansas na Missouri Bootheel, ọgbaghara nke 1939 Missouri Sharecropers, edere na akụkọ Oh Freedom After While.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsreel.org/main.asp|title=California Newsreel - Film and Video for Social Change Since 1968|work=Newsreel.org|accessdate=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere nsogbu nke onye na-ere ahịa na abụ Sharecropper's Blues, nke Charlie Barnet na ndị egwú ya dere na 1944.

Usoro nkwekọrịta na US mụbara n'oge Great Depression site na ịmepụta ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akwụ ụgwọ na-esote ọdịda nke ọtụtụ obere ugbo n'ime Dustbowl. Nchịkọta ọdịnala dara mgbe igwe nke ọrụ ugbo ghọrọ mmalite akụ na ụba na ngwụcha afọ 1930 na mmalite afọ 1940. &lt;ref name=&quot;TennesseeEncyclopedia.net&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gordon Marshall, &quot;[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-sharecro.html Sharecropping],&quot; ''Encyclopedia.com'', 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, a manyere ọtụtụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, wee kwaga n'obodo ukwu iji rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ma ọ bụ ghọọ ndị ọrụ na-akwaga na Western United States n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1960, òkè na-apụ n'anya na United States.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Akụrụngwa na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ===
Ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị na-ekere òkè bụ ndị ọcha, ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ojii. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ndị kasị daa ogbenye n'ime ndị ogbenye, haziri maka ọnọdụ ka mma. Ndị Southern Tenant Farmers Union jikọtara agbụrụ mere ka ndị na-ekere òkè nweta uru n'afọ ndị 1930. Sharecropping belatara na 1940s n'ihi Great Depression, ugbo machineration, na ihe ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharecropping|url=https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/|work=[[Slavery by Another Name#Film adaptation|Slavery by Another Name]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=7 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ==
[[Usòrò:Sharecropper's_commissary_in_Lake_Providence,_LA_IMG_7383.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ahịa ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị na-ekere òkè na Lake Providence, Louisiana, dị ka ọ pụtara na narị afọ nke 19]]
Sharecropping nwere ike imerụ ndị bi na ya ahụ, na ọtụtụ ikpe nke ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa dị elu, owuwe ihe ubi a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta, na ndị nwe ala na ndị ahịa na-enweghị ụkpụrụ na-emekarị ka ezinụlọ ndị bi na ugbo nwee nnukwu ụgwọ. Ụgwọ ahụ na-agbakwunye kwa afọ na-ahapụ onye ọrụ ugbo n'ihe ize ndụ maka egwu na mmebi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharecropping {{!}} Slavery By Another Name Bento {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/|work=Sharecropping {{!}} Slavery By Another Name Bento {{!}} PBS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka o sina dị, o yiri ka ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere, na-enweghị ihe ọzọ dị njọ ọ gwụla ma ndị ọrụ ugbo hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rufus B. Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6wfDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA130|title=At Ease in Zion: Social History of Southern Baptists, 1865-1900|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1967|isbn=9780817350383}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Johnny E. Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_F2iBzFKjMC&amp;pg=PA73|title=African American Religion and the Civil Rights Movement in Arkansas|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|year=2008|isbn=9781604731866}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị nwe ala na-ahọrọ ịkekọrịta iji zere ụgwọ nchịkwa na izere nke na-eme na ubi na haciendas. A na-ahọrọ ya karịa ịgbazite ego n'ihi na ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ na-ewere ihe ize ndụ niile, na ọdịda ọ bụla nke owuwe ihe ubi ga-emerụ ha ahụ ọ bụghị onye nwe ụlọ ahụ. Ya mere, ha na-achọkarị ụgwọ dị ala karịa ndị na-ekere òkè.&lt;ref name=&quot;tjbyres&quot;&gt;Sharecropping and Sharecroppers, T J Byres&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ekwuola na ịkekọrịta ihe abụghị iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi dị ka a na-ahụkarị ya. John Heath na Hans P. Binswanger dere na &quot;ihe akaebe sitere gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ịkekọrịta ihe na-abụkarị ụzọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere onyinye dị iche iche iji jikọta ihe onwunwe maka uru ibe ha, imeri ihe mgbochi ụgwọ ma nyere aka ijikwa ihe ize ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book|author=Heath|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/agricultureenvir0000unse/page/32|title=Agriculture and the Environment: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development|date=October 1998|publisher=[[The World Bank]]|isbn=0-8213-4249-5|editor=Lutz|location=[[Washington, DC]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/agricultureenvir0000unse/page/32 32]|chapter=Chapter 3: Policy-Induced Effects of Natural Resource Degradation: The Case of Colombia|accessdate=2011-04-01|chapterurl=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/07/24/000094946_99030406232959/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf#page=32}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịgbazite ala site n'aka onye nwe ya maka ego ụfọdụ ma debe ihe ọkụkụ niile.
# Ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ala ma na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ site n'aka onye nwe ala mana ha na-edebe ụfọdụ ihe ọkụkụ.
# Ọ dịghị ego na-agbanwe aka mana onye ọrụ na onye nwe ala na-ejide òkè nke ihe ọkụkụ.

Dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Edward Royce si kwuo, &quot;ndị na-agbaso usoro Neoclassical&quot; kwuru na ịkekọrịta ihe na-akpali ndị ọrụ site n'inye ha mmasị na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. Ubi osisi ndị America na-akpachara anya maka ọdịmma a, n'ihi na ha chere na nke ahụ ga-eduga na ndị Africa America na-achọ ikike nke mmekọrịta. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ojii gọnahụrụ ikike otu onye nke ndị nwe ala nwere olileanya inweta, na-eme ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị nwe ala na ndị na-ekere òkè sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Temple University Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Royce|first=Edward|title=The Origins of Southern Sharecropping|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofsouther0000royc|date=1993|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=9781566390699|editor=Royce|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsofsouther0000royc/page/181 181]–222|chapter=The Rise of Southern Sharecropping}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRoyce1993&quot;&gt;Royce, Edward (1993). &quot;The Rise of Southern Sharecropping&quot;. In Royce, Edward (ed.). ''The Origins of Southern Sharecropping''. Temple University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;181–222. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781566390699|&lt;bdi&gt;9781566390699&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14bt3nz.9 j.ctt14bt3nz.9].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Sharecropping nwere ike ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịnweta [[ala a na-akọ ugbo]], ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị dị ka ndị nwe ya, n'ebe a na-enye naanị ụmụ nwoke ikike nwe ya.

== Echiche akụ na ụba nke òkè ==
[[Usòrò:Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children,_Walker_County,_Alabama,_8b35778.jpg|thumb|Ezinụlọ na-ekere òkè na Walker County, Alabama (ihe dị ka 1937) ]]
Echiche nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta bụ nke Alfred Marshall na-ewu ewu n'okpuru akwụkwọ nke isii, Isi nke X.14 nke Ụkpụrụ ebe o gosipụtara adịghị arụ ọrụ nke nkwekọ ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Alfred Marshall|title=Principles of Economics|url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/marP.html|year=1920|edition=8th|publisher=London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Steven N.S. Cheung (1969), mara echiche a aka, na-egosi na na asọmpi zuru oke na enweghị ụgwọ azụmahịa, nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ga-aha ka ahịa ọrụ asọmpi ma ya mere rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/466658|title=Transaction Costs, Risk Aversion, and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements|journal=Journal of Law &amp; Economics|year=1969|first=Steven N S|author=Cheung|volume=12|issue=1|pages=23–42|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals/jlecono12&amp;div=6&amp;id=&amp;page=|accessdate=2009-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Formalized in {{Cite journal|title=Sharecropping, Production Externalities and the Theory of Contracts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-agricultural-economics_1979-11_61_4/page/640|journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics|year=1979|first=James|author=Roumasset|volume=61|issue=4|pages=640–647|doi=10.2307/1239911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O gosikwara na n'ihu ụgwọ azụmahịa, enwere ike ịhọrọ nkwekọrịta òkè karịa nkwekọrịta ụgwọ ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta ịgbazite - n'ihi mbelata nke ọrụ na inye nkwekọrịta ịkekọrịta ihe ize ndụ. Joseph Stiglitz (1974,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Incentives and Risk Sharing in Sharecropping|journal=The Review of Economic Studies|year=1974|first=Joseph|author=Stiglitz|authorlink=Joseph Stiglitz|volume=41|issue=2|pages=219–255 j|doi=10.2307/2296714|url=http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d03/d0353.pdf|accessdate=2019-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1988),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Principal And Agent|journal=Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School – Discussion Paper|year=1988|first=Joseph|author=Stiglitz|authorlink=Joseph Stiglitz|issue=12|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/fth/priwdp/12.html|accessdate=2009-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; tụrụ aro na ọ bụrụ na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta bụ naanị nkwekọrịta ọrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ naanị nkwenye abụọ na mgbanwe ala ga-eme ka arụmọrụ ọha na eze dị mma site n'iwepụ mkpa maka nkwekọrịta ndị ọrụ na mbụ.

Reid (1973), Murrel (1983), Roumasset (1995) na Allen na Lueck (2004) nyere echiche ọnụahịa azụmahịa nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, ebe ịgbazite bụ mmekọrịta karịa nkwekọrịta ọrụ na ma onye nwe ụlọ na onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-enye ọtụtụ ntinye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0022050700076476|title=Sharecropping As An Understandable Market Response: The Post-Bellum South|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1973-03_33_1/page/106|journal=[[The Journal of Economic History]]|date=March 1973|first=Joseph D. Jr.|author=Reid|authorlink=Joseph D. Reid|volume=33|issue=1|pages=106–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Economics of Sharing: A Transactions Cost Analysis of Contractual Choice in Farming|journal=[[The Bell Journal of Economics]]|date=Spring 1983|first=Peter|author=Murrell|volume=14|issue=1|pages=283–293|doi=10.2307/3003555}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The nature of the agricultural firm|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-behavior-organization_1995-03_26_2/page/161|journal=[[Journal of Economic Behavior &amp; Organization]]|date=March 1995|first=James|author=Roumasset|volume=26|issue=2|pages=161–177|doi=10.1016/0167-2681(94)00007-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Allen|first=Douglas W.|title=The Nature of the Farm: Contracts, Risk, and Organization in Agriculture|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=2004|pages=258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2-BwHyuU3QC&amp;q=nature+of+the+farm|isbn=9780262511858}}&lt;/ref&gt; A rụkwara ụka na enwere ike ịkọwa ụlọ ọrụ na-ekere òkè site na ihe ndị dị ka enweghị nkwekọrịta ihe ọmụma (Hallagan, 1978; Allen, 1982; Muthoo, 1998), Ihe ize ndụ omume (Reid, 1976; Eswaran na Kotwal, 1985; Ghatak na Pandey, 2000), mgbanwe ọnụahịa (Sen, 2011) ma ọ bụ obere ibu ọrụ (Shetty, 1988; Basu, 2001; Bupta ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/3003586|title=Self-selection by contractual choice and the theory of sharecropping|journal=Bell Journal of Economics|year=1978|first=William|author=Hallagan|volume=9|issue=2|pages=344–354}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/3003473|title=On share contracts and screening|journal=Bell Journal of Economics|year=1982|first=Franklin|author=Allen|volume=13|issue=2|pages=541–547}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00050-9|title=Renegotiation-proof tenurial contracts as screening mechanisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_1998-06_56_1/page/n6|journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]]|year=1998|first=Abhinay|author=Muthoo|authorlink=Abhinay Muthoo|volume=56|pages=1–26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/450897|title=Sharecropping and agricultural uncertainty|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-development-and-cultural-change_1976-04_24_3/page/549|journal=[[Economic Development and Cultural Change]]|year=1976|first=Joseph D. Jr.|author=Reid|volume=24|issue=3|pages=549–576}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A theory of contractual structure in agriculture|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-economic-review_1985-06_75_3/page/352|journal=American Economic Review|year=1985|first=Mukesh|author=Eswaran|volume=75|issue=3|pages=352–367}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00116-4|title=Contract choice in agriculture with joint moral hazard in effort and risk|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_2000-12_63_2/page/303|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=2000|first=Maitreesh|author=Ghatak|authorlink=Maitreesh Ghatak|volume=63|issue=2|pages=303–326}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00144-9|title=Intertemporal discounting and tenurial contracts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_2001-04_64_2/page/417|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=2001|first=Jaideep|author=Roy|volume=64|issue=2|pages=417–436}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sen|first=Debapriya|year=2011|title=A theory of sharecropping: the role of price behavior and imperfect competition|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14898/1/MPRA_paper_14898.pdf|journal=[[Journal of Economic Behavior &amp; Organization]]|volume=80|issue=1|pages=181–199|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2011.03.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0304-3878(88)90068-5|title=Limited liability, wealth differences, and the tenancy ladder in agrarian economies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_1988-07_29_1/page/n6|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=1988|first=Sudhir|author=Shetty|volume=29|pages=1–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0304-3878(92)90026-6|title=Limited liability and the existence of share tenancy|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=1992|first=Kaushik|author=Basu|authorlink=Kaushik Basu|volume=38|pages=203–220|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/295593/files/WP61.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(96)00444-0|title=Limited liability, moral hazard and share tenancy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_1997-04_52_2/page/393|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=1997|first=Kunal|author=Sengupta|volume=52|issue=2|pages=393–407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00163-8|title=Limited liability, contractual choice and the tenancy ladder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_2001-10_66_1/page/289|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=2001|first=Tridip|author=Ray|volume=66|pages=289–303}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

== Ebem si dee ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ịchụpụ ihe</title>
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Sprigging bụ ịkụ osisi sprigs, akụkụ osisi ndị e bepụrụ site na rhizomes ma ọ bụ stolons nke gụnyere okpueze na mgbọrọgwụ, n'oge dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ime oghere ma ọ bụ oghere. Dabere na gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike ime nke a site na aka ma ọ bụ jiri igwe na-akụ ahihia.[1][2] Sprigging anaghị eji ala na osisi ahụ eme ihe, ọ bụkwa ihe ọzọ na-akụ mkpụrụ (ịkụ mkpụrụ ozugbo), nkwụnye (ịkụnye plọg nwere ala na mgbọrọgwụ na-adịghị emebi emebi), na sodding (ịtinye mpempe akwụkwọ nke sod). &lt;ref name=&quot;Brede2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brede|first=Doug|title=Turfgrass Maintenance Reduction Handbook: Sports, Lawns, and Golf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJgaza9GmHEC&amp;pg=PA159|date=15 March 2000|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1-57504-106-3|pages=155–160|accessdate=1 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stolonizing bụ n'ezie na-agbasa sprigging, na-eji ịkpụ stolons na rhizomes gbasa otu n'otu n'otu n'otu ebe ma ọ bụ n'aka, kpuchie ya na ala ma ọ bụ tinye n'ime ihe ọkụkụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brede2000&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tva&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tennessee Valley Authority|title=Natural Resource Plan: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia: Final Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1|url=http://www.tva.com/environment/reports/nrp/pdf/finals/nrp_feis_volume1.pdf|year=2011|accessdate=22 December 2013|archive-date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403031022/http://www.tva.com/environment/reports/nrp/pdf/finals/nrp_feis_volume1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hydrosprigging, nke yiri hydroseeding, bụ iji ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhịhịa na rhizomes na-egbu egbu na nsị nke fatịlaịza, mulch, na ihe na-ejikọta, nke a na-eji hose na-agbanye n'elu ebe a chọrọ. Nke a nwere ike ịdị irè n'ebe ndị na-emetụta nsogbu ala, dị ka ebe ndị na-agbada n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ugwu ma ọ bụ ndagwurugwu ndị ọzọ dịgasị iche iche, ma ọ bụ na ọwa ntụgharị.&lt;ref name=&quot;tva&quot;/&gt; Enwere ike ịwụsa slurry n'elu 1,000 feet (300  site na 1.5 in (3.8  hose.&lt;ref name=&quot;utextension&quot;&gt;{{cite report | title=Turfgrass Establishment: Sprigging | year=2007 | publisher=The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture | author=University of Tennessee Extension | url=https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W160-D.pdf | work=UT Extension Publications | accessdate=22 December 2013 | archive-date=4 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904073236/https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W160-D.pdf | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Anthony da Silva</title>
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      <text bytes="6919" sha1="dbg7c2bfns1ci8lj58hgdfag7o50zq3" xml:space="preserve"> [[File:Anthony da Silva.jpg|thumb|Anthony da Silva]]

'''Anthony da Silva''' (amụrụ 20 Disemba 1980), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Tony''', bụ onye Portuguese bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ onye gbara bọọlụ aka nri, onye njikwa ugbu a nke ọgbakọ Liga I Politehnica Iaşi

== Ọrụ egwuregwu ==
Nwa nwoke nke di na nwunye Portuguese, Tony mụrụ na Le Creusot, Saône-et-Loire . Mgbe ọ nọrọ afọ iri na ụlọ akwụkwọ ntorobịa nke Paris Saint-Germain FC, ọ laghachiri n'obodo nne na nna ya bụ Chaves n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, na-eme mpụta mbụ ya na football ọkachamara mgbe ọ dị afọ 20 na GD Chaves na Segunda Liga na afọ anọ fọdụrụ. ya na klọb na ọkwa ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sportm.ro/exclusiv-profil-tony-da-silva-legionarul/|title=Exclusiv – Profil Tony da Silva / &quot;Legionarul&quot;|publisher=Sport Magazin|language=ro|date=12 June 2009|accessdate=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129214016/https://sportm.ro/exclusiv-profil-tony-da-silva-legionarul/|archive-date=29 November 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://jornaldechaves.pt/noticia?id=6354|title=De jogador a treinador o virar a página de Tony 'careca' no futebol|work=Jornal de Chaves|first=Sara|author=Esteves|language=pt|date=4 April 2024|accessdate=14 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Silva mere Primeira Liga mpụta mbụ ya na oge 2005–06, na-efu naanị egwuregwu abụọ ka CF Estrela da Amadora jigidere ọkwa ọgbakọ ha ngwa ngwa. Na Jenụwarị 2007 ọ kwagara mba ọzọ, bịanyere aka na CFR Cluj na Romania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/tony-si-fredy-la-cfr-cluj-80819/|title=Tony si Fredy, la CFR Cluj|work=[[România liberă]]|first=Bogdan|author=Costea|language=ro|date=20 December 2006|accessdate=3 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge okwu ya na Cluj, Silva ngwa ngwa ghọrọ onye na-akwado mmasị maka ụkpụrụ ọrụ siri ike na nraranye ya, mechaa nweta onyeisi ndị otu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/mesaj-de-adio-cfr-cluj-a-oficializat-despartirea-de-tony-da-silva-7925745|title=Mesaj de adio!** CFR Cluj a oficializat despărțirea de Tony da Silva|work=[[ProSport]]|first=Cristian|author=Aszalos|language=ro|date=27 January 2011|accessdate=3 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge oge ya, ọ meriri isi isi isii, gụnyere asọmpi I Liga abụọ, na-enye ngụkọta nke ngosi 50 na otu ihe mgbaru ọsọ na mmeri ndị ahụ (32 egwuregwu na 2007-08 ). N'ime mgbasa ozi na-esote, ọ nwere mmerụ ahụ nke ikpere ikpere nke mere ka ọ nọrọ ruo ọtụtụ izu, ma ọ ka gbakere n'oge iji nyere ọgbakọ ahụ aka inweta iko ụlọ nke ugboro abụọ na akụkọ ntolite ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr1907.ro/ro/stiri/779/cupa-romaniei-ramane-la-cluj-napoca/|title=Cupa României ramâne la Cluj-Napoca!|publisher=CFR Cluj|language=ro|date=13 June 2009|accessdate=14 June 2009|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20090616202549/http://www.cfr1907.ro/ro/stiri/779/cupa-romaniei-ramane-la-cluj-napoca/|archivedate=16 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ nkuzi ==
Mgbe ọ ghọchara onye njikwa, Silva rụrụ ọrụ na obere egwuregwu ma ọ bụ football amateur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/campeonato-de-portugal/detalhe/tony-e-o-novo-treinador-do-braganca|title=Tony é o novo treinador do Bragança|work=Record|first=João|author=Baptista Seixas|language=pt|date=4 July 2017|accessdate=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/coluna-distrital/detalhe/tony-e-o-novo-treinador-do-vilar-de-perdizes|title=Tony é o novo treinador do Vilar de Perdizes|work=Record|first=André|author=Gonçalves|language=pt|date=7 December 2017|accessdate=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ewezuga nke a bụ mbubreyo n'ime oge 2015-16, mgbe ọ si n'aka onye inyeaka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/segunda-liga/artigos/ricardo-cheu-renova-com-o-academico-de-viseu|title=Ricardo Chéu renova com o Académico de Viseu|publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]]|language=pt|date=17 June 2015|accessdate=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; gaa n'oge na Académico de Viseu FC mgbe ọgbakọ nke abụọ chụrụ Ricardo Chéu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/2--liga/detalhe/ac-viseu-benfica-b-2-2-igualdade-conseguida-debaixo-de-chuva|title=Ac. Viseu-Benfica B, 2–2: Golo de Saponjic foi insuficiente|work=Record|language=pt|date=13 February 2016|accessdate=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Silva na CDC Montalegre na ọkwa nke anọ na 23 June 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.avozdetrasosmontes.pt/tony-e-o-novo-treinador-do-montalegre/|title=Tony é o novo treinador do Montalegre|work=A Voz de Trás-os-Montes|first=Márcia|author=Fernandes|language=pt|date=23 June 2023|accessdate=14 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Maachị na-esote, mgbe ọ nwesịrị mmeri 3–0 na FC Tirsense nke hapụrụ ha n'ọnọdụ nke asaa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ojogo.pt/7676931046/tony-deixa-o-comando-do-montalegre-e-irrevogavel-e-irreversivel/|title=Tony deixa o comando do Montalegre: &quot;É irrevogável e irreversível&quot;|work=O Jogo|first=Pedro|author=Cadima|language=pt|date=3 March 2024|accessdate=14 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Silva laghachiri Romania na ụgbọ elu ya kacha elu na 31 Maachị 2024, bịanyere aka na FC Politehnica Iași ndị ga-ekere òkè na egwuregwu egwuregwu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/romenia/liga-romena/romenia-tony-da-silva-assume-missao-de-salvar-poli-iasi|title=Roménia: Tony da Silva assume missão de «salvar» Poli Iasi|publisher=Mais Futebol|language=pt|date=31 March 2024|accessdate=14 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/cum-arata-cariera-de-antrenor-a-lui-lui-tony-da-silva-noul-antrenor-al-lui-poli-iasi-736697.html|title=Un „Pitbull” pentru vestiar » Cum arată cariera de antrenor a lui Tony da Silva, noul „principal” din Superliga|work=[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]|first=George|author=Nistor|language=ro|date=31 March 2024|accessdate=14 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwanye ugwu ==
'''Ụlọ ọrụ CFR'''

* Njikọ I : 2007–08, 2009–10
* Cupa României : 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
* Supercupa României : 2009, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.gandul.info/sport-miscare/cfr-cluj-castigat-supercupa-romaniei-4697249/|title=CFR Cluj câştigat Supercupa României|work=[[Gândul]]|language=ro|date=27 July 2009|accessdate=27 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2010

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Tony Silva at ForaDeJogo (archived) 
* Tony Silva manager stats at ForaDeJogo (archived)
* Tony Silva at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian)
* Tony Silva – UEFA competition record (archive)
* Tony Silva at Soccerway
* Tony Silva at FootballDatabase.eu
{{Liga I managers}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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Ụdị aṅụ 20,000 (Spanish: 20.000 especies de abejas) bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Spanish nke 2023 nke Estibaliz Urresola Solaguren dere ma duzie ya na njiri mpụta mbụ ya. Ọ bụ Sofía Otero, Patricia López Arnaiz, Ane Gabarain, na Itziar Lazkano. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-akọ akụkọ banyere Lucía, nwa agbọghọ dị afọ asatọ transgender, onye na-achọ njirimara. N'oge ọkọchị n'otu ụlọ ime obodo jikọtara ya na ịkpa aṅụ, ọ na-enyocha ọnọdụ nwanyị ya na ụmụ nwanyị ezinụlọ ya, ndị n'otu oge ahụ na-atụgharị uche n'onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;prod:cent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/film/437783/|title=20,000 Species of Bees|first=Estibaliz Urresola|author=Solaguren|date=10 February 2023|accessdate=10 February 2023|work=Cineuropa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ asọmpi maka Golden Bear na 73rd Berlin International Film Festival, ebe ọ nwere mmalite ụwa ya na 22 February 2023.[1] Sofía Otero dị afọ itoolu meriri agba agba ọla ọcha maka ịrụ ọrụ kachasị mma maka ọrụ Lucía.[2] Ahọpụtakwara ihe nkiri a maka ihe nrite Teddy kacha mma.[3] Estibaliz Urresola Solaguren, onye ntụzịaka njirimara mbụ bụ onye a họpụtara maka onyinye onyinye izizi kacha mma GWFF na mmemme ahụ.[4] Na Machị 2023, ihe nkiri ahụ meriri Golden Biznaga maka ihe nkiri Spanish kacha mma na mmemme ihe nkiri Malaga nke iri abụọ na isii.[5] E wepụtara ya na sinima na Spain na 21 Eprel 2023.[6] Edepụtara ihe nkiri a maka ntinye aka na 96th Academy Awards dị ka ntinye Spanish maka ihe nkiri kacha mma nke mba ụwa na Septemba 2023.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-09-07/20000-especies-de-abejas-cerrar-los-ojos-y-la-sociedad-de-la-nieve-preseleccionadas-por-espana-para-el-oscar-a-mejor-pelicula-internacional.html|title='20.000 especies de abejas', 'Cerrar los ojos' y 'La sociedad de la nieve', preseleccionadas por España para el Oscar a mejor película internacional|first=Gregorio|author=Belinchón|date=7 September 2023|accessdate=11 September 2023|work=[[El País]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cineconn.es/peliculas-espanolas-preseleccionadas-oscar-2024/|title=Películas españolas preseleccionadas para los Óscar 2024: '20.000 especies de abejas', 'La sociedad de la nieve' y 'Cerrar los ojos'|date=7 September 2023|accessdate=11 September 2023|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe nkiri ahụ na-akọ akụkọ banyere Nwa agbọghọ transgender na mmetụta njirimara ya nwere n'ezinụlọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramón 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ramón|first=Esteban|date=2023-02-22|title='20.000 especies de abejas': la infancia trans en Berlín|url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20230222/20000-especies-abejas-berlin-estibaliz-urresola/2426941.shtml|accessdate=2023-06-24|work=RTVE.es|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Europa Press 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-02-26|title=Sofía Otero, Oso de Plata en la Berlinale por su interpretación de una niña trans en '20.000 especies de abejas'|url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/cultura/sofia-otero-oso-plata-berlinale-interpretacion-nina-trans-20000-especies-abejas_2023022663fa94b2af4bff00016b065d.html|accessdate=2023-06-24|work=LaSexta|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iji nyere aka hụ na ngosipụta ziri ezi, onye nduzi ahụ sooro Naizen [eu; es], otu mpaghara maka ezinụlọ nke ndị na-eto eto transgender, ha nyekwara nduzi maka Otero.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivas 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rivas|first=Idoia|date=2023-03-13|title=Naizen, asociación de familias de menores trans que asesoró a Sofía, ganadora en la Berlinale: &quot;Es una gran actriz que ha sabido mostrar la realidad de nuestros hijos&quot;|url=https://www.niusdiario.es/espana/euskadi/20230305/naizen-asociacion-familias-menores-transexuales-asesora-nina-sofia-otero-ganadora-oso-plata-berlinale_18_08860409.html|accessdate=2023-06-20|work=Nius Diario|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, ezinụlọ ahụ gafere ókèala, gụnyere nke kewara Bayonne, France na Laudio / Llodio na Spanish Basque Country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Belategui 2023b&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Belategui|first=Oskar|date=2023-02-22|title='20.000 especies de abejas': el espíritu diverso de la colmena|url=https://www.elcomercio.es/pantallas/cine/20000-especies-abejas-espiritu-diverso-colmena-20230222155533-ntrc.html|accessdate=2023-06-24|work=El Comercio: Diario de Asturias|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==
[[Usòrò:Film_Crew_of_20.000_especies_de_abejas,_Berlinale_2023-1.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Berlinale]]

* Sofía Otero dị ka Lucía
* Patricia López Arnaiz dị ka Ane
* Ane Gabarain dị ka Lourdes
* Itziar Lazkano dị ka Lita[es]
* Sara Cozar  dị ka onye na-agụ
* Martxelo Rubio dị ka Gorka[es]
* Miguel Garcés
* Unax Hayden [eu]
* Andere Garabieta

== Mmepụta ==
[[Usòrò:Sofia_Otero_and_Film_Crew_of20.000_especies_de_abejas,_2023.jpg|thumb|Sofía Otero na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri]]
N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, a họpụtara Estibaliz Urresola Solaguren na Mediterranean Film Institute (MFI), MFI Script 2 Film Workshops, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ọhịa ọzụzụ, ọkachamara na edemede na mmepe ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/406700/|title=The MFI Script 2 Film Workshops announce their selected projects|first=Vassilis|author=Economou|date=1 July 2021|accessdate=10 February 2023|work=Cineuropa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sonyekwara na Berlinale Co-Production Market, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na 2022. Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ọrụ iri na itoolu ahọpụtara maka ahịa mmepụta Berlinale nke afọ 2022. Inicia Films na Gariza Films weghaara mmepụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/420309/|title=The Berlinale Co-Production Market announces its selection for 2022|first=Vassilis|author=Economou|date=14 January 2022|accessdate=10 February 2023|work=Cineuropa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/de/2022/news-pressemitteilungen/119880.html|title=Anschub für 34 attraktive Spielfilmprojekte: Berlinale Co-Production Market vermittelt internationale Partner*innen und Finanziers für zukünftige Erfolgsfilme|work=Berlinale|date=14 January 2022|accessdate=10 February 2023|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A rụchara ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka: Sofía Otero dị ka Lucía, Patricia López Arnaiz dị ka Ane, Ane Gabarain dị ka Lourdes, Itziar Lazkano dị ka Lita, Sara Cózar dị ka Leire Martxelo Rubio dị ka Gorka tinyere Miguel Garcés, Unax Hayden na Andere Garabieta.&lt;ref name=&quot;rd:foto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/a42618217/20000-especies-abejas-festival-berlin-estreno/|title='20.000 especies de abejas', formará parte de la sección oficial del Festival de Berlín|work=[[Fotogramas]]|first=Ricardo|author=Rosado|date=23 January 2023|accessdate=10 February 2023|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe a na-agba égbè gụnyere Laudio na Hendaye . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/427528/|work=[[Cineuropa]]|title=Estibaliz Urresola makes her feature debut with 20.000 especies de abejas|date=7 July 2022|first=Alfonso|author=Rivera}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ten:crew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.crew-united.com/fr/20000-especies-de-abejas__312245.html|title=''20 000 especies de abejas''|work=Crew United|date=10 February 2023|accessdate=10 February 2023|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọhapụ ==
20,000 Species of Bees nwere mmalite ụwa ya na 22 Febụwarị 2023 dị ka akụkụ nke 73rd Berlin International Film Festival, na asọmpi. O mekwara ka ọ banye na 26th Málaga Film Festival's main competition slate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccma.cat/premsa/9-produccions-amb-participacio-de-tv3-al-festival-de-malaga/nota-de-premsa/3214185/|work=[[Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals]]|date=23 February 2023|title=9 produccions amb participació de TV3, al Festival de Màlaga|language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel, ọ sonyere na 47th Hong Kong International Film Festival, ebe ọ meriri onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma maka ndị inyom ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;hkff:variety&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/hong-kong-film-festival-local-titles-1235549148/|title=Hong Kong Film Festival Sets Trio of Local Films as Opening and Closing Titles|author=Frazer|first=Patrick|date=10 March 2023|accessdate=10 April 2023|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tọhapụrụ ya na Spain na 21 Eprel 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;rd:foto&quot;/&gt;

A kọrọ na 14 Jenụwarị 2023 na Luxbox nke dị na Paris enwetala ikike ire ahịa mba ụwa nke ihe nkiri ahụ, ebe BTeam Pictures ga-ewepụta ihe nkiri ahụ na Spain.&lt;ref name=&quot;lux:variety&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/luxbox-estibaliz-urresola-20000-species-of-bees-1235487123/|title=Luxbox Swoops on Anticipated Spanish Debut '20,000 Species of Bees' (EXCLUSIVE)|author=Hopewell|first=John|date=14 January 2023|accessdate=10 February 2023|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Film Movement nwetara ikike nkesa North-American maka Ihe nkiri ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=Film Movement Nabs North American Rights to '20,000 Species of Bees,' About a Young Girl Who Begins Gender Transition (Exclusive)|date=4 May 2023|first=Nick|author=Vivarelli|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/film-movement-north-america-20000-species-of-bees-1235603390/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2023 e gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 70th Sydney Film Festival. A kpọkwara ya na 27th Lima Film Festival na ngalaba Acclaimed, ebe a gosipụtara ya na 10 August 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://festivaldelima.com/2023/pelicula/20-000-especies-de-abejas/|title=20,000 Especies de Abejas|work=27 Festival de Cine de Lima|accessdate=26 July 2023|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri ahụ sonyere na 2023 Calgary International Film Festival na 'International Narrative Competition' maka onyinye Narrative Feature kacha mma nke mba ụwa ma gosipụta ya na Septemba 23. &lt;ref name=&quot;Calgary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ciff2023.eventive.org/films/64daba378311c200a9e3042a|title=CIFF: 20,000 Species of Bees|work=Calgary International Film Festival|accessdate=September 9, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ meriri International Narrative Feature, Special Jury Citation n'ebe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;award:lw&quot;&gt; {{Cite web|url=https://livewirecalgary.com/2023/09/25/winners-of-2023-ciff-competitions-unveiled/|title=Winners of 2023 CIFF competitions unveiled|author=Aryn Toombs|work=LiveWire Calgary|date=September 25, 2023|accessdate=1 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ya na 71st San Sebastián International Film Festival na ngalaba 'Zinemira' na 22 Septemba wee merie Sebastiane Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;award:dh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/2023-san-sebastian-film-festival-complete-winners-list-1235560863/|title=San Sebastian Film Festival Winners: Jaione Camborda's 'The Rye Horn' Takes Golden Shell For Best Film|author=Armando Tinoco|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=September 30, 2023|accessdate=1 October 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E gosipụtakwara ya na 2023 BFI London Film Festival na ngalaba 'Strand' n'okpuru isiokwu 'Love' na 10 Ọktoba 2023, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/08/london-film-festival-bfi-the-book-of-clarence-1235531461/|title=BFI London Film Festival Full Lineup: 'The Book Of Clarence' World Premiere; Scorsese, Miyazaki, Lanthimos &amp; Fincher Among Headline Galas|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|first=Zac|author=Ntim|date=31 August 2023|accessdate=1 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee mee ya na Special Spotlight: Basque Cinema nke 36th Tokyo International Film Festival, ebe gosipụtara ya na 23 Ọktobe 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/tokyo-film-festival-lineup-2023-1235601720/|title=Tokyo Film Festival Aims to Boost Global Relevance With Bumper 2023 Edition|first=Patrick|author=Brzeski|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=27 September 2023|accessdate=6 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://2023.tiff-jp.net/en/lineup/list.html|title=36th Tokyo International Film Festival: Lineup|date=27 September 2023|accessdate=8 October 2023|work=Tokyo International Film Festival|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010042928/https://2023.tiff-jp.net/en/lineup/list.html|archive-date=10 October 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ na ngalaba 'Focus Country: Spain' na 29th Kolkata International Film Festival ma gosipụta ya na 8 Disemba 2023 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kiff.in/archive/2023/official-selection/focus-country-spain|title=Focus Country: Spain|work=Kolkata International Film Festival|date=1 December 2023|accessdate=30 November 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 24 Machị 2024, a ga-egosi ya na Sofia International Film Festival na ngalaba LUX Prize nke European Parliament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://siff.bg/en/movies/europian-parliament-lux-prize/20-000-spices-of-bees|title=20,000 Species of Bees|work=Sofia International Film Festival|date=29 February 2024|accessdate=29 February 2024|language=en|archivedate=29 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229025855/https://siff.bg/en/movies/europian-parliament-lux-prize/20-000-spices-of-bees}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnakwere ==

=== Nzaghachi nkatọ ===
On the nchịkọta nyochaebe nrụọrụ weebụTomato rere ure, 93% nke nyocha 43 nke ndị nkatọ dị mma, na nkezi nke 7.6/10. Nkwekọrịta nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na-agụ, sị: &quot;N'ịbụ onye Sofia Otero na-eto eto na-eduzi,Ụdị Aṅụ 20,000na-enyocha ọtụtụ isiokwu dị arọ na obiọma. &quot;[34]Metacritic, nke na-ejinkezi dị arọ, nyere ihe nkiri ahụ akara 80 n'ime 100, dabere na ndị nkatọ 9, na-egosi &quot;n'ozuzu dị mma&quot;.[35]

Alfonso Rivera, na-enyocha ihe nkiri ahụ maka Cineuropa, toro Estibaliz Urresola Solaguren na-ede, &quot;onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-ekwu maka ọtụtụ, nchọpụta na mgbanwe na mmetụta stratospheric. &quot; Rivera na-eto arụmọrụ nke Patricia López Arnaiz, Ane Gabarain na Sofía Otero dere, &quot;ọrụ magburu onwe ya site n'aka ndị na-eme ya, mana enweghị adjectives zuru ezu iji jaa Sofía Otero mma (na-ele ya anya, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịghara ikwenye na talent ya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/439060/|title=Review: 20,000 Species of Bees|first=Alfonso|author=Rivera|date=22 February 2023|accessdate=23 February 2023|work=Cineuropa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nicholas Bell na IonCinema.com nyere ihe nkiri ahụ akara atọ n'ime ise, na-ede, &quot;N'inwe mmetụta na-enweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu, Solaguren na-eji ụdị dị iche iche nke aṅụ na-atụ aro ka ezigbo ọrụ anyị niile na-ekere òkè dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-agafe ịlanarị na ịba ụba n'ezie&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ioncinema.com/reviews/estibaliz-urresola-solaguren-20000-species-of-bees-review|title=The Secret Life of Bees: Solaguren's Warm Debut Explores the Communal Dictation of Gender Identity|first=Nicholas|author=Bell|date=22 February 2023|accessdate=23 February 2023|work=IonCinema.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Hollywood Reporter's Jordan Mintzer kpọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;A compassionate coming-of-ager&quot; ma too arụmọrụ Otero na Arnaiz, na-akpọ onye mbụ &quot;n'ụzọ doro anya ihe nkiri ahụ&quot;. Mintzer kwubiri, sị: &quot;20,000 Species of Bees laghachiri n'ịhụnanya nke Ane [Arnaiz] - nke kachasị echeta na njedebe nke ihe nkiri ahụ mgbe ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-eguzo n'ụzọ siri ike na mkpebi obi ike nke nwa ya nke nta, kamakwa o yiri ka ọ na-enye ya ike. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/20000-species-of-bees-review-1235330606/|title='20,000 Species of Bees' Review: A Tender and Assured Feature Debut About Gender and the Generational Divide|first=Jordan|author=Mintzer|date=22 February 2023|accessdate=23 February 2023|work=Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara na nchịkọta 'ihe nkiri 15 nke pụtara na Berlin 2023' nke ''ScreenDaily''. &lt;ref name=&quot;list:sd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/15-films-that-stood-out-at-berlin-2023/5179821.article|title=15 films that stood out at Berlin 2023|first=Fionnuala|author=Halligan|date=2 March 2023|accessdate=3 March 2023|work=[[ScreenDaily]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lee Marshall nke Screen International toro arụmọrụ Otero, na-ede, &quot;Sofía Otero abụghị ihe na-adọrọ mmasị, ihu ya bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke na-aghọ ihe na-eme ka ndị na-ege ntị nwee ike&quot;. Na paragraf mmechi ya, o jiri usoro ihe nkiri nke ndị mmadụ na-achọ nwa agbọghọ furu efu tụnyere usoro yiri nke ahụ na ihe nkiri 1973 The Spirit of the Beehive (nke n'aka nke ya jere ozi dị ka nsọpụrụ nye ''Frankenstein''): &quot;Ọ bụ mmetụ aka na ihe nkiri na-adọrọ mmasị, nke ziri ezi, nke na-akpali akpali banyere ụzọ ọha mmadụ si anọgide na-ahụ anụ ọhịa ebe ọ dịghị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/20000-species-of-bees-berlin-review/5179537.article|title=20,000 Species Of Bees': Berlin Review|first=Lee|author=Marshall|date=22 February 2023|accessdate=3 March 2023|work=[[ScreenDaily]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndepụta iri kachasị elu ===
Ihe nkiri ahụ pụtara na ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ kachasị elu iri nke ihe nkiri Spanish kachasị mma nke 2023:

* '''Nke abụọ''' - ''Mondosonoro'' (nkwekọrịta) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=[[Mondosonoro]]|url=https://www.mondosonoro.com/blog-musica/mejores-peliculas-2023-nacionales/|title=Las mejores películas nacionales de 2023|date=26 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Nke atọ''' - El Confidencial (nkwekọrịta) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/cultura/cine/2023-12-21/mejores-peliculas-espanolas-2023_3793386/|work=[[El Confidencial]]|first=Marta|author=Medina|title=Las 10 mejores películas españolas de 2023: niños robados, sexualidad femenina y monjas, muchas monjas|date=21 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Nke anọ''' - El Español (Series &amp; Más nkwekọrịta) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=Series &amp; Más|url=https://www.elespanol.com/series/20231224/mejores-peliculas-espanolas/818168610_0.html|title=Las 10 mejores películas españolas de 2023|date=24 December 2023|first=Belén|author=Prieto}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 8th - El Cultural (ndị nkatọ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=[[El Cultural]]|url=https://www.elespanol.com/el-cultural/cine/20231221/mejores-peliculas-espanolas-ano-cerrar-ojos/817418398_0.html|title=Las 10 mejores películas españolas de 2023, el año de 'Cerrar los ojos'|date=21 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Nke 9''' - El Mundo (Luis Martínez) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/cine/2023/12/21/6584271dfdddffa8138b4595.html|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|first=Luis|author=Martínez|date=21 December 2023|title=Las 10 mejores películas españolas de 2023, de 'Zinzindurrunkarratz' a 'La mesita del comedor'}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị a nabatara ===
A họpụtara 20,000 Species of Bees maka European Discovery - Prix FIPRESCI na 36th European Film Awards na 7 Nọvemba. &lt;ref name=&quot;efa:dl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/fallen-leaves-the-zone-of-interest-top-european-film-award-nominations-1235594763/|title='Fallen Leaves' &amp; 'The Zone Of Interest' Top European Film Award Nominations In Main Categories|author=Goodfellow|first=Melanie|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 7, 2023|accessdate=November 8, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emume mmeri ahụ mere na 9 Disemba na Berlin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/450601/|title=The European Film Awards announce 21 further feature films to be added to the their selection|date=27 September 2023|accessdate=October 10, 2023|work=[[Cineuropa]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Sofia_Otero_with_Silver_Bear_Berlinale_2023.jpg|thumb|Sofía Otero, na Silver Bear maka Best Leading Performance maka 20,000 Species of Bees''Ụdị Aṅụ 20,000'']]
[[Usòrò:Goyas_2024_-_Ane_Gabarain.jpg|thumb|Ane Gabarain, na Goya Award maka Best Supporting Actress maka 20,000 Species of Bees''Ụdị Aṅụ 20,000'']]

=== Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Onye bipụtara ya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe e debere ya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | 
|-
|Ihe nkiri mba ụwa
|2023
|Ihe nkiri iri na ise pụtara na Berlin 2023
|Nke Mbụ
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;list:sd&quot;/&gt;
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ihe nkiri Spanish nke 2023

== Ihe odide ==

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    <title>2012 Jurong West killing</title>
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Na 30 Maachị 2012, n'ime ụlọ mgbazinye ya na Jurong West, Singapore, onye ọlụlụ ya dị afọ 37 bụ Gabriel Lee Haw Ling gburu Elsie Lie Lek Chee (赖莲慈 Lài Liáncí) dị afọ 24. , bụ́ onye nwara kpụpụ ya isi ma wepụtakwa anya ya. E jidere Lee ma bo ya ebubo igbu ọchụ nke Lie, onye ọnwụ ya kparịrị mba ahụ n'ihi obi ọjọọ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=MAN CHARGED WITH JURONG MURDER|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/today20120402-1.2.21.2|work=TODAY|date=2 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E kpughere na Lee, bụ́ onye a zụlitere n’ezinụlọ ndị Katọlik siri ike, nwere obere nsogbu uche nke mere ka o kweta na Lie nwere, o wee si otú a gbuo ya ná mgbalị ịchụpụ ya. Ya mere, etinyere Lee ikpe maka ebubo dị nta nke igbu mmadụ, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ iri ka ọ kwusịrị ikpe na February 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20170224-728370|title=&quot;大战恶魔&quot;误杀未婚妻 精神失常男子判监10年|language=zh|work=Lianhe Zaobao|date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha igbu ọchụ ==
Na 31 Machị 2012, a hụrụ Elsie Lie Lek Chee, onye ọrụ nchịkwa dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ ka e gburu ya n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ n'ime ụlọ ya a gbazitere na Jurong West.

N'ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, ndị uwe ojii zaghachiri akụkọ nke dugara ha n'ụlọ Jurong West, ebe ha hụrụ ozu nwa agbọghọ, tinyere nwoke, enyi nwanyị ahụ, onye e jidere n'ebe ahụ. Onye ahụ e gburu, Elsie Lie Lek Chee dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ, bụ onye ndị ọrụ ahụike kwuru na ọ nwụọla n'ebe ahụ. Ndị uwe ojii mechiri ebe ahụ maka nyocha ma chọọ ihe akaebe. Akụkụ kachasị akpata oyi n'ahụ nke ikpe a bụ, enyi ya nwoke na-eji ike gwupụta anya Lie, a chọpụtakwara anya ndị a na ahịhịa dị n'okpuru ụlọ ahụ. Ndị uwe ojii gbara ndị akaebe, gụnyere di na nwunye Bangladesh na nwoke Bangladesh nke atọ gbazitere ụlọ n'ụlọ Lie gbazitere, ajụjụ ọnụ. Ọtụtụ kwuru na ha nụrụ ụda ụfọdụ na-ada ụda na-abịa site na ụlọ ahụ, ikekwe arụmụka nke were ọtụtụ awa tupu ọnwụ Lie. Otu onye agbata obi kwukwara na n'ụbọchị gara aga, Lie gwara ya na ọ ga-alụ di na enyi ya nwoke arịọla ya. Ezinụlọ Lie na ndị enyi ya, yana ndị agbata obi na ndị ọrụ ibe ya, kọwara Lie dị ka nwanyị dị jụụ ma nwee omume enyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=GRISLY FIND AFTER ROW|work=The New Paper|date=1 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=HORROR in her search for love|work=The New Paper|date=2 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ndị ọchịchị mechara nyocha ha mgbe ha nwụsịrị, e weghachiri ozu Lie n'ezinụlọ ya. Onye na-eli ozu aha ya bụ Roland Tay kwetara inyere ezinụlọ Lie aka iduzi olili ozu ahụ, ọ tinyekwara anya aka n'ahụ Lie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sinchew.com.my/20120402/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%83%85%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%8E%E7%94%B7%E5%8F%8B%E6%9C%AA%E5%8A%9E%E5%A6%A5%E7%A6%BB%E5%A9%9A%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%86%8D%E5%A9%9A%EF%BC%8E%E6%AD%BB/|title=新加坡挖眼情杀案．男友未办妥离婚无法再婚．死者疑悔婚被杀|language=zh|work=Sin Chew Daily|date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103121/https://www.sinchew.com.my/20120402/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%83%85%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%8E%E7%94%B7%E5%8F%8B%E6%9C%AA%E5%8A%9E%E5%A6%A5%E7%A6%BB%E5%A9%9A%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%86%8D%E5%A9%9A%EF%BC%8E%E6%AD%BB/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Lie nwụrụ anwụ kwuru na ha nwere olileanya na Lie nwere ike ịlọ ụwa ma bie ndụ ọhụrụ na anya ọhụrụ maka ya iji kpebie àgwà ndị mmadụ gbara ya gburugburu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.enanyang.my/%E6%97%B6%E4%BA%8B/%E5%A5%B3%E5%84%BF%E9%81%AD%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E5%BD%93%E7%A5%AD%E5%93%81%E6%8A%9B%E4%B8%8B%E6%A5%BC-%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D%E7%9B%BC%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%96%E2%80%9C%E5%B8%A6%E7%9C%BC%E2%80%9D%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%BA|title=女儿遭挖眼当祭品抛下楼 父母盼来世&quot;带眼&quot;识人|language=zh|work=eNanyang|date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095945/https://www.enanyang.my/%E6%97%B6%E4%BA%8B/%E5%A5%B3%E5%84%BF%E9%81%AD%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E5%BD%93%E7%A5%AD%E5%93%81%E6%8A%9B%E4%B8%8B%E6%A5%BC-%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D%E7%9B%BC%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%96%E2%80%9C%E5%B8%A6%E7%9C%BC%E2%80%9D%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%BA|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna Lie, onye ọkwá nkà, kwupụtara mwute maka inye nwa ya nwanyị nnwere onwe dị ukwuu mgbe o kwuru na ọ chọrọ ịpụ, mana ezinụlọ ahụ amaghị na o nwere enyi nwoke ma ọ bụ na ọ na-agba akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;FREEDOM&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sinchew.com.my/20120404/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%83%85%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%8E%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%85%E7%88%B6%E4%BA%B2%E6%80%A8%E5%A5%B3%E5%84%BF%E6%B2%A1%E5%B8%A6%E7%9C%BC%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%8E/|title=新加坡挖眼情杀案．死者父亲怨女儿没带眼识人．&quot;给她太自由害了她&quot;|language=zh|work=Sin Chew Daily|date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095418/https://www.sinchew.com.my/20120404/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%83%85%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%8E%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%85%E7%88%B6%E4%BA%B2%E6%80%A8%E5%A5%B3%E5%84%BF%E6%B2%A1%E5%B8%A6%E7%9C%BC%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%8E/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne Lie gwara ndị nta akụkọ na ọ dụrụ nwa ya nwanyị ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịnabata arịrịọ ahụ ebe ọ bụ na enyi ya nwoke ka nọ n'etiti ịgba nwunye ya alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guangming.com.my/%E7%BE%8E%E5%A5%B3%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E8%A2%AB%E6%AE%BA%E6%A1%88%E2%80%A7%E7%94%B7%E5%8F%8B%E6%9C%AA%E8%BE%A6%E5%A6%A5%E9%9B%A2%E5%A9%9A%E6%89%8B%E7%BA%8C%E2%80%A7%E7%96%91%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%85%E6%82%94|title=美女挖眼被殺案‧男友未辦妥離婚手續‧疑死者悔婚惹殺機|language=zh|work=Guangming Daily|date=3 April 2012|archive-date=13 July 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713003823/https://guangming.com.my/%e7%be%8e%e5%a5%b3%e6%8c%96%e7%9c%bc%e8%a2%ab%e6%ae%ba%e6%a1%88%e2%80%a7%e7%94%b7%e5%8f%8b%e6%9c%aa%e8%be%a6%e5%a6%a5%e9%9b%a2%e5%a9%9a%e6%89%8b%e7%ba%8c%e2%80%a7%e7%96%91%e6%ad%bb%e8%80%85%e6%82%94|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2012, e boro onye a na-enyo enyo, onye a maara dị ka Gabriel Lee Haw Ling dị afọ iri atọ na asaa, ebubo igbu ọchụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man charged with gruesome murder in Jurong West|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/woman-found-dead-in-flat--boyfriend-to-be-charged-for-murder.html|work=Yahoo News|date=2 April 2012|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095552/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/woman-found-dead-in-flat--boyfriend-to-be-charged-for-murder.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Boyfriend charged with woman's murder|work=The Straits Times|date=2 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị, n'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2012, ụlọ ikpe distrikti nyere iwu ka a kpọchie Lee maka nyocha uche ruo izu atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Suspect remanded for three more weeks|work=The Straits Times|date=6 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, a gbatịkwuru iwu ahụ izu abụọ ọzọ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Murder suspect remanded for two more weeks|work=The Straits Times|date=27 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jurong West murder accused's prison hospital stay extended|work=The New Paper|date=27 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na Lee dara ọrịa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, e mere ikpe ikpe iji gbasaa iwu nchụso uche ya na njikọ vidiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sinchew.com.my/20120426/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%EF%BC%8E%E6%B6%89%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%83%85%E6%9D%80%EF%BC%8E%E5%85%B3%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%8E%E5%AB%8C%E5%87%B6%E8%A7%86%E5%83%8F/|title=新加坡．涉挖眼情杀．关监狱医疗中心．嫌凶视像会议过堂|language=zh|work=Sin Chew Daily|date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095418/https://www.sinchew.com.my/20120426/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%EF%BC%8E%E6%B6%89%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%83%85%E6%9D%80%EF%BC%8E%E5%85%B3%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%8E%E5%AB%8C%E5%87%B6%E8%A7%86%E5%83%8F/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Amụrụ na Singapore na 1988, Elsie Lie Lek Chee bụ naanị nwa nwanyị Lie Yong Song na Chen Yoke Mooi, ma nwee ụmụnne abụọ ndị tọrọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Fuhua Secondary School tupu o debanye aha na Jurong Junior College, mana ọ kwụsịrị n'afọ nke abụọ ya. Ọ gara ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ nchịkwa na Jurong Town Council, ma mesịa debanye aha na nkuzi nkwukọrịta na polytechnic dị na mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;FREEDOM&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=THE FREEDOM WE GAVE HARMED HER|work=The New Paper|date=4 April 2012}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&quot;THE FREEDOM WE GAVE HARMED HER&quot;. ''The New Paper''. 4 April 2012.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A mụrụ Gabriel Lee Haw Ling na Singapore n'afọ 1975. Ọ lụrụ onye Malaysia, onye bụ onye ọka iwu, ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. A kọrọ na nwunye mbụ Lee kọwara ya dị ka di na-enweghị ọrụ na nna n'ezinụlọ ya ma kwuo ya dị ka ihe kpatara ịgba alụkwaghịm ha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guangming.com.my/%E5%A6%BB%E6%8C%87%E4%B8%8D%E8%B2%A0%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E2%80%A7%E5%AD%A9%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%88%B6%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA|title=妻指不負責任‧孩子不知父殺人|language=zh|work=Guangming Daily|date=7 April 2012|archive-date=20 July 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720160540/https://guangming.com.my/%e5%a6%bb%e6%8c%87%e4%b8%8d%e8%b2%a0%e8%b2%ac%e4%bb%bb%e2%80%a7%e5%ad%a9%e5%ad%90%e4%b8%8d%e7%9f%a5%e7%88%b6%e6%ae%ba%e4%ba%ba|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na isi iyi ọzọ kpughere na Lee ghọrọ di na-anọ n'ụlọ iji lekọta ụmụaka ahụ n'ihi na nwunye mbụ ya nwere ego ka ukwuu dị ka onye ọka iwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20170223/%E6%82%A3%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A1%E7%9B%A310%E5%B9%B4-7%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%AE%BA%E6%9C%AA%E5%A9%9A%E5%A6%BB%E5%86%8D%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC/|title=患精神障礙保安員監10年 7武器殺未婚妻再挖眼|language=zh|work=Johor China Press|date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095419/https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20170223/%E6%82%A3%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A1%E7%9B%A310%E5%B9%B4-7%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%AE%BA%E6%9C%AA%E5%A9%9A%E5%A6%BB%E5%86%8D%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011, mgbe Lee na-agba alụkwaghịm, ya na Lie mere enyi mbụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ka ha na-adịkwu nso, Lee na Lie malitere ibi n'otu ụlọ a gbazitere na Jurong West, nke ha na ndị ọrụ mba ọzọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ si Bangladesh kerịtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=精神病男残杀未婚妻 挖眼珠拋下楼|url=https://news.seehua.com/post/252823|work=Seehua News|language=zh|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbido, dị ka enyi nwoke Lie si kwuo, mgbe Lie zutere Lee na mbụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, iwe were ya na Lee ghaara ya ụgha banyere afọ ya na ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye ya mana o mechara gaa n'ihu na mmekọrịta ahụ ka ya na Lee hụrụ ibe ha n'anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=She cried to ex about boyfriend|work=The New Paper|date=3 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lee, onye bụụrụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n’obi, kwenyesiri ike na ihe onwunwe nke mmụọ na mmụọ. Dika onye dibia bekee siri kwuo, n'ihi onodi uche nke nwayo nke ntakiri mana nputaputa, malite na Disemba 2011, Lee malitere ikwenye na ulo a gbaziri agbaziri nke ya na Lie na-eketa bu ihe egwu, ma ozokwa, o kwenyere na Lie nwere, ya mere Lie. buru Baịbụl n’ebe ọ bụla ọ gara, Lee kpọgakwara ya chọọchị Katọlik, na-achụpụ ya n’otu oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jailed: Man who killed fiancee and threw her eyeballs out the window because he believed she was the devil|url=https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/man-killed-fiancee-devil/|work=Coconuts|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ na ebumnuche ==
Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụdị gọọmentị nke ogbugbu Elsie Lie Lek Chee, dabere na nkwupụta nke Gabriel Lee Haw Ling na eziokwu ndị ọzọ nke nyocha ekpughere.

Na 30 Maachị 2012, otu ụbọchị mgbe Gabriel Lee tụchara Elsie Lie n'oge ezumike na Genting Highlands, ha nọrọ abalị ọnụ n'ọnụ ụlọ ha gbaziri agbaziri na Jurong West. Lie nwere mmiri ịsa ahụ n'ime ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ nke kichin na Lee nọ n'ime iji nyere ya aka, ma di na nwunye ahụ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ ruo ogologo oge, na site n'ọnụ ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya, otu n'ime ndị otu di na nwunye ahụ nụrụ ka Lee na-asụ ude na mkparịta ụka dị egwu n'etiti ha. N'otu oge, otu odibo bi nso na flat ahụ nụrụ ka Lee na-eti mkpu, &quot;Laghachi azụ! Laghachi na mbara igwe!&quot; Ndị otu di na nwunye ahụ mechara hụ na Lee ka ọ na-enyere Lie aka n'ime ime ụlọ ịwụ ahụ, na Lie pụtara ìhè na adịghị ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lelaki dijel 10 tahun kerana bunuh tunang yang dia percayai dirasuk roh|url=https://www.beritaharian.sg/setempat/lelaki-dijel-10-tahun-kerana-bunuh-tunang-yang-dia-percayai-dirasuk-roh|work=Berita Harian|language=Malay|date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/international/2017/02/23/185842|title=精神病男残杀未婚妻 挖眼珠抛下楼|language=zh|work=Oriental Daily|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụda mkpu ahụ gara n'ihu site n'ọnụ ụlọ di na nwunye ahụ, otu n'ime ndị bi n'ụlọ ahụ, Muhammad Shahin Talukder, kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii, na-akọ na enwere esemokwu. Ndị uwe ojii abụọ, otu n'ime ha bụ Sergeant Muhammad Suffian Suaini, rutere n'ụlọ ahụ, ebe Lee gwara ndị uwe ojii na ya na Lie na-arụrịta ụka, bụ ndị a hụrụ ka ha dina n'àkwà ma yie ndị na-adịghị ike, kwuru na ọ ka wepụrụ afọ ime. Mgbe ọ gwachara di na nwunye ahụ ka ha debe udo, Sergeant Suffian na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ hapụrụ ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man, 42, jailed 10 years for 2012 macabre killing of fiancee, 24|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-42-jailed-10-years-for-macabre-killing-of-fiancee-24-in-2012|work=The Straits Times|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, ihe gbanwere ka ọ ka njọ ka ọ bụghị naanị na ụda ahụ na-ebelata, ọ na-akawanye njọ. N'ihe dị ka elekere 6:30 nke ụtụtụ echi ya, otu n'ime ndị bi n'ụlọ di na nwunye ahụ hụrụ ọbara n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ di na nwunye, Shahin, onye a gwara banyere nchọpụta a, kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii ozugbo. Dị ka ọ bịara, Lee, onye a sịrị na ọ na-arịa ọrịa uche n'ihi nsogbu uche n'oge a, kwenyere na onye ọ na-achọ ịlụ nwere mmụọ ọjọọ ma ya mere, o gburu Elsie Lie dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ. Mgbe o gbusịrị Lie, Lee gbalịrị igbupụ isi ya site na iji ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ - gụnyere hama gbajiri agbaji, ihe na-emeghe ite, ihe abụọ na-akpụ akpụ na abụọ nke mma - mana o nweghị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/singapore/story20170223-728299|title=患精神病男挖眼杀女友 被判监禁10年|language=zh|work=Lianhe Zaobao|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ndị ọrụ ahụike, nke Staff Sergeant Low Lye Leng du, rutere n'ụlọ ahụ, a hụrụ Lee ka ọ dina n'okpuru ozu Lie, onye ọbara jupụtara. Ka ndị ọrụ ahụike na-echere ka ndị uwe ojii rute, Lee na-anwa igbupụ ụkwụ aka nri Lie ma wepụkwa anya Lie tupu ọ tụpụ ha na windo, na-ekwere na enwere ike ịgbaghara ya ma ọ bụrụ na o nye anya dị ka àjà.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20170223/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BC%A27%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%AE%BA%E6%9C%AA%E5%A9%9A%E5%A6%BB-%E5%86%8D%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E7%8F%A0/|title=神經漢7武器殺未婚妻 再挖眼珠|language=zh|work=China Press|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ewezuga nke ahụ, o jikwa obe odo, na-eti mkpu ma na-eti abụ ka ọ na-egbu ikpere n'ala n'elu ozu Lie ma na-eleghara ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ ahụike anya. E mechara jide Lee n'ebe mpụ ahụ maka igbu Lie. Nnyocha ozu chọpụtara ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ n'isi, olu na aka na ụkwụ Lie, gụnyere ọnyá ghere oghe nke dị sentimita 12 nke gafere n'olu ya ma bepụkwa ọkpụkpụ azụ ya. &amp;nbsp;A chọtara spoons abụọ gbagọrọ agbagọ n'akụkụ ntutu isi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man jailed 10 years over grisly killing of fiancee|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/man-jailed-10-years-over-grisly-homicide-081734024.html|work=Yahoo News|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/singapore/story20170223-728318|title=裕廊西命案开审 保安员杀女友 挖眼珠驱魔当祭品|language=zh|work=Lianhe Zaobao|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikpe nke Gabriel Lee Haw Ling ==
Na 23 February 2017, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ ise ka e gbusịrị Elsie Lie Lek Chee, a kpọbatara onye ọlụlụ ya bụ Gabriel Lee Haw Ling ikpe maka igbu ya azụ na 2012. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, ebubo igbu ọchụ Lee belatara na igbu ọchụ nke na-abụghị igbu ọchụ. , makwaara dị ka igbu mmadụ n'usoro iwu Singapore. Nnwale nnwale gbasara mgbaka tupu a nwalee na Lee na-arịa ọrịa mmụọ dị nkenke, yana dịka Dr Tejpal Singh, onye dibia bekee nyochara Lee n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ siri kwuo, nsogbu ahụ siri ike nke ukwuu iji mebie ọrụ uche Lee n'oge ogbugbu ahụ. , ọ bụ ezie na onye eboro ebubo ka nwere ike ịmata ihe ọma na ihe ọjọọ. Nke a kpalitere mbelata ebubo igbu ọchụ Lee maka igbu mmadụ n'ihi oke ọrụ dị ntakịrị. Mkpebi ikpe ekwuru maka igbu mmadụ bụ mkpọrọ ndụ ma ọ bụ ruo afọ iri abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man jailed 10 years for grisly killing of fiancee in 2012|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-jailed-10-years-grisly-killing-fiancee-2012|work=The New Paper|date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lee kwetara na ikpe mara ya maka ebubo e belatara n'ụbọchị mbụ nke ikpe ya n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ma bụrụ onye a mara ikpe. E mere mkparịta ụka ikpe Lee n'otu ụbọchị ahụ n'ihu Kọmishọna Ikpe [[Pang Khang Chau]] nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. Deputy Public Prosecutor (DPP) Hay Hung Chun na onye ọrụ ibe ya Kystle Chiang chọrọ ka a tụọ ya mkpọrọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri na abụọ, na-ekwu na Lee &quot;gburu ndụ onye ọ chọrọ ịlụ n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ na n'oge&quot; ndụ onye ọ nwụrụ anwụ, na ime ihe ike a na-eme ka onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ dị egwu ikwu na Lee nwara igbupụ isi na nkwonkwo ụkwụ nke Lie, Lee gbukwara anya Lie, nke &quot;na-emebighị ya ùgwù ọ bụla n'ọnwụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chelvan|first=Vanessa Paige|title=Security guard jailed 10 years for killing fiancee by trying to behead her|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/security-guard-jailed-10-years-for-killing-fiancee-by-trying-to/3544006.html|accessdate=12 July 2024|date=23 February 2017|archive-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223204839/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/security-guard-jailed-10-years-for-killing-fiancee-by-trying-to/3544006.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man jailed 10 years for killing fiancee, thinking she was the 'devil'|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/man-jailed-10-years-killing-fiancee-thinking-she-was-devil|work=TODAY|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọka iwu Sunil Sudheesan na Diana Ngiam, ndị nọchitere anya Lee, rụrụ ụka maka afọ itoolu ruo afọ iri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-eme ka iwu ghara &quot;ime ihe atụ nke ndị a na-ebo ebubo na-eme mpụ n'ihi ọnọdụ uche ha&quot; na Lee na-akwa ụta maka igbu nwanyị ahụ ọ hụrụ n'anya na ihe mgbu nke ime omume dị otú ahụ bụ n'ezie, ntaramahụhụ ebighi ebi maka ya. Sudheesan kọwara onye ahịa ya dị ka &quot;nwoke obi gbawara agbawa nke kwesịrị otu ohere&quot;, na ọnọdụ uche ya nọ na-ebelata, ma gbakwunye na a zụlitere Lee n'ezinụlọ nwere &quot;akụkọ Katọlik siri ike&quot; ma kwenyere na mmụọ na ihe ime mmụọ kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Nwanne Lee nke okenye, onye bụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ, nyekwara akwụkwọ nkwupụta ma kwe nkwa ilekọta nwanne ya nwoke mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Akụkọ ndị ọzọ gosiri na Lee nọ n'ọnọdụ nkwụsịtụ kemgbe Disemba 2014, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbe niile iji gbochie ọnọdụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man jailed 10 years for gruesome killing of fiancee|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-jailed-10-years-for-gruesome-killing-of-fiancee|work=The Straits Times|date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.enanyang.my/%E6%97%B6%E4%BA%8B/%E7%94%B7%E5%AD%90%E7%A7%B0%E5%A5%B3%E5%8F%8B%E8%A2%AB%E6%81%B6%E9%AD%94%E9%99%84%E8%BA%AB-%E6%B1%82%E5%A9%9A%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E9%9A%94%E5%A4%A9%E6%9D%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E7%8F%A0|title=男子称女友被恶魔附身 求婚成功隔天杀人挖眼珠|language=zh|work=eNanyang|date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102016/https://www.enanyang.my/%E6%97%B6%E4%BA%8B/%E7%94%B7%E5%AD%90%E7%A7%B0%E5%A5%B3%E5%8F%8B%E8%A2%AB%E6%81%B6%E9%AD%94%E9%99%84%E8%BA%AB-%E6%B1%82%E5%A9%9A%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E9%9A%94%E5%A4%A9%E6%9D%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E7%8F%A0|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ natasịrị akwụkwọ ahụ, n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, Kọmishọna Ikpe Pang mara Gabriel Lee Haw Ling dị afọ iri anọ na abụọ ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri, nke bụ ikpe ndị na-agbachitere ya. Enweghị ihe kpatara ikpe ahụ, nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ ụbọchị a tụrụ Lee mkpọrọ na 1 Eprel 2012. Ebe ọ bụ na Lee nọgidere na-akpa àgwà dị mma mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, o yikarịrị ka a ga-atọhapụ ya na mbido 2019 mgbe ọ gbasịrị ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ikpe ya (nke ya na afọ isii na ọnwa asatọ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1984924|title=神經漢7武器殺未婚妻 再挖眼珠|language=zh|work=Liberty Times|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe si na ya pụta ==
Onye edemede obodo aha ya bụ [[Yeo Suan Futt]] dere akwụkwọ akpọrọ Murder Most Foul: Strangled, Poisoned and Dismembered in Singapore na 2013. E dekọrọ ikpe nke ogbugbu Elsie Lie na isi nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Suan Futt|first=Yeo|year=2013|title=Murder Most Foul: Strangled, Poisoned and Dismembered in Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSeJAAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=elsie+lie+lek+chee&amp;pg=PA29|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia|isbn=9789814398428}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSuan_Futt2013&quot;&gt;Suan Futt, Yeo (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VSeJAAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=elsie+lie+lek+chee&amp;pg=PA29 ''Murder Most Foul: Strangled, Poisoned and Dismembered in Singapore'']. Marshall Cavendish International Asia. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789814398428|&lt;bdi&gt;9789814398428&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a mara Gabriel Lee ikpe na 2017, nne Elsie Lie bụ Chen Yoke Mooi kwuru okwu na mgbasa ozi, na-ekwu na enweghị afọ ojuju na ikpe ahụ, na-achọpụta na oge mkpọrọ afọ iri ezughị maka njedebe obi ọjọọ nwa ya nwanyị zutere ma lie nwa ya nwanyị bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị mwute nye ya dị ka nne na nna. Chen kwukwara na mgbe ọ chọpụtara mmekọrịta nwa ya nwanyị na Gabriel Lee, ọ jụrụ mmekọrịta ha ozugbo n'ihi ọnọdụ nke otu ha si zute ma jikọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Killer fiance: Mum didn't approve of relationship|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/killer-fiance-mum-didnt-approve-of-relationship|work=The Straits Times|date=5 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/singapore/story20170224-728755|title=遭挖眼女死者假眼入殓 母：盼她来世带眼识人|language=zh|work=Lianhe Zaobao|date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chen kwuru na ikpe ụlọ ikpe nke Lee na Febụwarị 2017 bụ oge mbụ ọ tụgharịrị anya na onye gburu nwa ya nwanyị ma họrọ ka ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ogologo oge n'ihi egwu na ọ nwere ike ịbịa n'azụ ezinụlọ ya, ọ kwukwara na ọ chọrọ ikpe ziri ezi maka Lie, ọkachasị ebe ọ bụ na ọ rọrọ nrọ banyere Lie ugboro abụọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ebe Lie chọrọ ịchọ ikpe ziri ezi n'ihi ọnwụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man jailed for gruesome killing of fiancee: Mum had never met daughter's killer|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/mum-had-never-met-her-daughters-killer|work=The Straits Times|date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sinchew.com.my/20170225/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%8940%E5%88%80%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E5%8F%8B%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%8E%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%85%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%B2%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%8C%E5%BA%A6%E6%89%98%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%8E%E5%A5%B3/|title=保安40刀杀女友挖眼案．死者母亲：二度托梦．女儿要我讨公道|language=zh|work=Sin Chew Daily|date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095418/https://www.sinchew.com.my/20170225/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%8940%E5%88%80%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E5%8F%8B%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%8E%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%85%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%B2%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%8C%E5%BA%A6%E6%89%98%E6%A2%A6%EF%BC%8E%E5%A5%B3/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'otu aka ahụ, otu n'ime ụmụnne Lie bụ Jinn Chyau, onye ọchụnta ego n'oge ahụ, kwupụtara na nwanne ya nwanyị nwụrụ ọnwụ na-ezighị ezi ma hụ ntaramahụhụ nke afọ iri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị mfe maka Lee. O kwuru na mgbe mbụ ọ nụrụ banyere ogbugbu ahụ na Jurong West na redio laa azụ na 2012, ọ ghọtaghị na onye ahụ e gburu bụ nwanne ya nwanyị ruo mgbe ndị uwe ojii rutere, nke bụ nnukwu ihe otiti nye ya. Nwanne Lie kwukwara mgbe ọ bịara n'ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya iji mee emume okpukpe ụfọdụ iji cheta mmụọ nwanne ya nwanyị, ọhụụ dị egwu nke ọbara n'ebe niile a na-egbu egbu wụrụ ya akpata oyi n'ahụ ma ọ pụghị ichefu nke ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.kwongwah.com.my/20170224/%E7%A6%BB%E5%A9%9A%E6%B1%89%E6%82%A3%E7%9F%AD%E6%9A%82%E6%80%A7%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%94%99%E4%B9%B1%E7%97%87-40%E5%88%80%E6%AE%8B%E6%9D%80%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E6%9C%AA%E5%A9%9A%E5%A6%BB/|title=离婚汉40刀残杀未婚妻挖眼 家人装假眼球入殓盼来世带眼识人|language=zh|work=Kwong Wah|date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20170224/%E2%97%A4%E6%AE%BA%E6%9C%AA%E5%A9%9A%E5%A6%BB%E9%A9%85%E9%AD%94%E5%86%8D%E6%8C%96%E7%9C%BC%E2%97%A2-%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E8%AE%93%E5%A5%B9%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%8D%E5%85%A5%E6%AE%AE-%E8%A3%9D%E5%81%87%E7%9C%BC/|title=◤殺未婚妻驅魔再挖眼◢ 家人讓她全屍入殮 裝假眼球 來世帶眼識人|language=zh|work=China Press|date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere, o guzobere mkpesa n'ịntanetị na Ụlọikpe Attorney-General, na-enwe olileanya na nke a nwere ike ịkpali mkpesa maka ikpe dị elu ebe ọ kwetara na ọ dị n'aka ụlọ ikpe ikpe ikpe ikpebi. Enweghị mkpesa e tinyere megide ikpe ahụ n'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Family petitions for killer to be jailed longer, says 10-year jail term inadequate|url=https://mothership.sg/2017/02/family-petitions-for-killer-to-be-jailed-longer-says-10-year-jail-term-inadequate/|work=Mothership|date=27 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eche na Lee anọghị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ kemgbe 2019.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke mpụ ndị dị mkpa na Singapore

== Ebem si dee ==

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      <text bytes="25771" sha1="3874lbystxprpjnnv5biokk3s6xt1wj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=|caption=Ong Guat Leng, who was killed in 2014|birth_name=Ong Guat Leng|birth_date=|birth_place=Colony of Singapore|death_date=|death_place=Tampines, Singapore|death_cause=Death by stabbing|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=Singaporeans||other_names=|known_for=Murder victim|education=|employer=|occupation=Housewife|title=|height=|spouse=Char Yeng Kong|children=Two daughters and one son|signature=|website=|footnotes=}}

Na 21 Ọgọst 2014, n'ụlọ ya dị na Tampines, Ong Guat Leng dị afọ 54 (王月玲 Wáng Yuèlíng) ka nna di ya dị afọ 80 bụ Char Chin Fah (谢振发 Xiè Zhènfā), bụ onye ji mma gbuo ya. e jidere ma bo ya ebubo igbu ọchụ.[1] E gosipụtara site na nyocha na usoro ikpe ụlọikpe na Char enweghị ezigbo mmekọrịta na Ong, akụkụ n'ihi na Char na-esiri ya ike ibi ndụ na Ong baara Char mba ma na-arụrịta ụka na Char maka nke a ma kwuo na ọ na-asọpụrụ ya. N'ikpeazụ, otu n'ime arụmụka ndị a ụbọchị tupu igbu ọchụ chụpụrụ Char na nsọtụ ya mere o ji jide mma n'echi ya, makpuo isi Ong na-ehi ụra na mgbidi tupu ọ gbuo ya. Emechara mara Char ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ asatọ ka ọ kwusịrị ikpe mbelata nke igbu mmadụ na Eprel 2016.[2] Afọ iri ka ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, Char, bụ onye kwuchara ikpe ya, nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 90 na February 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 March 2024|title=当年狠杀媳妇的家翁已过世 儿女放下仇恨送最后一程|work=Sin Chew Daily|url=https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20240325/johor/5486115|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611162456/https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20240325/johor/5486115|archive-date=11 June 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịma mma na-egbu egbu ==
N'ụtụ nke 21 August 2014, a ahụ mụrụ Singapore dị afọ 54 nwụrụ anwụ n'otu ụlọ dị na Tampines, na n'otu ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, nwoke Singapore dị afọ 80, kọrọ na nna nyere nke onye tara tara. ikpe. e jidere maka ahụ ahụ, nke e debere dị ka igbu ọchụ,[1] na a iya anya na a ga-ebo onye ahụ a na-enyo ebubo igbu ọchụ n'echi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 August 2014|title=80-year-old father-in-law arrested for Tampines woman’s death|work=Coconuts|url=https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/80-year-old-father-law-arrested-tampines-womans-death/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 August 2014|title=Woman murdered in Tampines flat, 80-year-old man arrested: police|work=Yahoo News|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/singaporean-woman-in-her-50s-found-dead-in-tampines-flat--reports-091848120.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye a tara ahụhụ bụ Ong Guat Leng dị afọ 54, onye nwere ụmụnne 12 ma lụọla nwanyị abụọ na otu nwa nwoke (ndị niile dị afọ 20) n'oge ogbugbu ahụ, ụmụ ya alụọlarị di. Ong, onye nwere mma n'obi ya, kwuru na otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwanyị hụrụ ka ọ tọgbọrọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri, wee kpọọ onye uwe ojii.[1] Ndị uwe ojii gbachiri ebe ahụ wee mee nyocha n'ime ụlọ na ọbụna ebe mkpofu iji nweta ihe akaebe; ndị uwe ojii wetara otu T-shirt nwere ọbara na akwa akwa n'ime ụlọ ahụ, na n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe, ha nwetara obere mkpirisi isi awọ ọbara nwere obere mkpirisi na mkpanaka ojii nwere ogologo ya ruru otu mita n'ogologo.[2]. Ọtụtụ ndị agbata obi gwara ndị uwe ojii na ha nụrụ ka otu nwanyị na-eti mkpu n'ụtụtụ ahụ n'onwe ya, obere oge tupu a chọpụta na e gburu Ong. A kọkwara na n'oge nwa ya nwanyị hụrụ ozu nne ya, onye a na-enyo enyo rutere Bedok North Neighborhood Police Center iji nyefee onwe ya maka mpụ ahụ, nke mere mgbe di, nwa nwoke na nwanne Ong - ndị niile bi na otu flat nakwa - nọ n'ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 August 2014|title=杀媳妇　老翁控谋杀|work=Oriental Daily|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2014/08/22/49193|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ihe omume a pụtara na mbụ, ikpe a tụrụ ọtụtụ ndị Singapore akpata oyi n’otu n’otu n’ihi na a na-ebo otu nwoke dị afọ 80 ebubo igbu nwunye nwa ya, a kwenyere na onye a na-enyo enyo so na ya bụ otu n’ime ha. ndị kasị ochie ejidere wee nyochaa maka igbu ọchụ ruo ugbu a. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na agbataobi Ong dị na Tampines wụkwara akpata oyi n'ahụ maka ọnwụ Ong, onye ha kọwara dị ka nwanyị na-enwe mmasị ịmụmụ ọnụ ọchị ma na-eme enyi, na-enwe mmasị n'ịgba karaoke. Ndị bi ebe ahụ kọwakwara nna nwunye Ong dị ka nwoke nwere enyi na-adị ogologo na nke anụ ahụ́ ma na-akwanyere ndị ọzọ ùgwù, na ezinaụlọ ahụ na-abụkarị ndị enyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 August 2014|title=Man, 80, arrested over murder of daughter-in-law|work=TODAY|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/man-80-arrested-over-murder-daughter-law}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 August 2014|title=住家傳婦女慘叫聲‧家翁涉嫌殺媳婦被捕|work=Guangming Daily|url=https://guangming.com.my/%E4%BD%8F%E5%AE%B6%E5%82%B3%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E6%85%98%E5%8F%AB%E8%81%B2%E2%80%A7%E5%AE%B6%E7%BF%81%E6%B6%89%E5%AB%8C%E6%AE%BA%E5%AA%B3%E5%A9%A6%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95|language=zh|archive-date=27 November 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127214751/https://guangming.com.my/%E4%BD%8F%E5%AE%B6%E5%82%B3%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E6%85%98%E5%8F%AB%E8%81%B2%E2%80%A7%E5%AE%B6%E7%BF%81%E6%B6%89%E5%AB%8C%E6%AE%BA%E5%AA%B3%E5%A9%A6%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, ndị obodo ahụ chọpụtara na agadi nwoke ahụ na nwunye nwa ya adịghị enwe mmekọrịta dị mma n'ihi na a kọrọ na ha na-esekarị okwu n'etiti onwe ha ihe dị ka otu afọ mgbe onye a na-enyo enyo kwapụrụ n'ime afọ ole na ole tupu mgbe ahụ. igbu ọchụ. Otu onye n’otu ụlọ ahịa kọfị dị nso kwuru na ya hụrụ onye a na-enyo enyo nke na-abịa n’ụlọ ahịa kọfị kwa ụbọchị n’elekere isii nke ụtụtụ ikiri ihe onyonyo tupu ya apụọ n’ihe dị ka elekere atọ nke uhuruchi ma ọ bụ elekere anọ, na ihe kpatara ya bụ na ọ chọghị ịhụ nwunye nwa ya. , onye ọ na-enweghị ike ịhụ anya na anya na Ong na ihe ụfọdụ. A na-eche na ogbugbu a nwere ike ime n'ihi mmekọrịta dị egwu dị n'etiti Ong na nna di ya..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 August 2014|title=Man, 80, arrested for murder of daughter-in-law|work=The New Paper|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/man-80-arrested-murder-daughter-law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebubo igbu ọchụ na nchụpụ ==
N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2014, e boro onye a na-enyo enyo, Char Chin Fah dị afọ iri asatọ, ebubo igbu ọchụ n'ụlọ ikpe distrikti maka igbu Ong Guat n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=22 August 2014|title=Man, 80, charged with murder of daughter-in-law|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-80-charged-with-murder-of-daughter-in-law}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leng&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 August 2014|title=Warga tua didakwa bunuh menantu|work=Berita Harian|url=https://www.beritaharian.sg/setempat/warga-tua-didakwa-bunuh-menantu|language=Malay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka mmebi iwu nke igbu ọchụ na-ebu ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na Singapore, a ga-ama Char ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya ma ọ bụrụ na a mara ya ikpe. E nyere ndị uwe ojii iwu ụlọ ikpe ka ha tinye Char n'aka ndị uwe ojii na Central Police Division iji nye ya ohere inyere ha aka na nyocha ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 August 2014|title=80-year-old charged with murder of daughter-in-law|work=TODAY|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/80-year-old-charged-murder-daughter-law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2014, a kpọchiri Char Chin Fah maka nyocha uche n'ụlọ ọgwụ nke Changi Prison. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 August 2014|title=Tampines murder case: 80-year-old accused remanded for psychiatric evaluation|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/tampines-murder-case-80-year-old-accused-remanded-for-psychiatric-evaluation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 August 2014|title=80-year-old murder suspect to be remanded for psychiatric assessment|work=Malay Mail|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/world/2014/08/28/80-year-old-murder-suspect-to-be-remanded-for-psychiatric-assessment/734981}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ezinụlọ Char kpọrọ onye ọka iwu omempụ Ramesh Tiwary ka ọ nọchite anya Char na ikpe igbu ọchụ ya na-abịanụ, ọ pụtakwara n'ụlọ ikpe n'ụbọchị ahụ iji rụọ ọrụ maka Char. A kọrọ na ụfọdụ ndị ezinụlọ Char nọ n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ. E mere ndokwa ka Char laghachi n'ụlọ ikpe maka ikpe mbụ na 17 Septemba 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 August 2014|title=80-year-old murder suspect remanded for psychiatric assessment|work=TODAY|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/80-year-old-murder-suspect-remanded-psychiatric-assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=28 August 2014|title=80-year-old murder suspect to be remanded for psychiatric assessment|work=TODAY|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/80-year-old-murder-suspect-be-remanded-psychiatric-assessment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwupụta Char Chin Fah ==
 
Char Chin Fah, onye lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ nwoke abụọ na otu nwa nwanyị, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwa ákwà, onye ọkwọ ụgbọala bọs na onye na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa kọfị n'oge ọ dị obere tupu ọ laa ezumike nká, ọ malitekwara ibi na nwa ya nwoke nke okenye Char Yeng Kong (nke a na-akpọ David Char), onye bụ onye ọrụ nke Ndị agha Singapore (SAF). Char na mmadụ ise bi n'otu ụlọ - nwa ya nwoke nke okenye, nwunye nwa ya nwoke Ong Guat Leng, nwa nwa di na nwunye ahụ na enyi nwanyị nwa nwa ahụ, na nwanne Ong nke obere - na Tampines ma ọ na-ehi ụra n'àkwà na-enweghị isi n'ime ụlọ, ebe nwunye Char na ụmụ abụọ bi ebe ọzọ na Singapore. N'oge Char na nwa ya nwoke nke okenye bi, Char na Ong nwere mmekọrịta siri ike ma ha na-ese okwu mgbe niile. Dabere na ihe akaebe e nyere, a kọrọ na Char &quot;na-esiri ike ibi&quot;, n'ihi na ọ na-egosipụtakarị omume na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dịka ịhapụkarị sọks ya ruru unyi na tebụl iri nri ma hapụ ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ mposi ghere oghe mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-eme nsị. Omume a were Ong iwe, onye na-aṅụ ọgwụ maka nsogbu nchegbu, ọ na-akatọkarị Char maka ihe o mere; ọnọdụ uche ya na-emekarị ka Ong nag ma na-ekwughachi onwe ya mgbe ọ na-ewe iwe. Char enweghị mmasị n'otú Ong si akpọkarị ya aha ya zuru oke ma baara ya mba, ma chee na Ong enweghị nkwanye ùgwù, ya mere ọ na-emekarị mkpesa nye nwa ya nwoke na nwa ya nwanyị nke obere banyere Ong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 April 2016|title=Man, 82, jailed 8 years for killing daughter-in-law|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-82-jailed-8-years-for-killing-daughter-in-law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'uhuruchi tupu ogbugbu ahụ, Char na di na nwunye ahụ rụrịtara ụka ọzọ, ndị na-enweghị obi ụtọ na ya maka ịghara ịsa ákwà mgbochi. Char were iwe nke ukwuu ma ghọgbuo ya, ebe ọ bụ na nwa ya nwoke nke okenye ekwughi okwu maka ya ma kwado Ong. N'ihi nke a, Char chepụtara atụmatụ igbu Ong, ya mere, n'ụtụtụ echi ya, n'elekere 5:30 nke ụtụtụ, Char gara n'èzí maka mmega ahụ ụtụtụ ya ma rie nri ụtụtụ ya na ụlọ ahịa kọfị dị nso. N'ụlọ ahịa kọfị, Char dere akwụkwọ ozi igbu onwe ya, nke e degaara nwa ya nwanyị, na-agwa ya na o mere ihe dị njọ ma nye nwa ya nwanyị iwu ka ọ dozie okwu nke onwe ya. Char ṅụrụ otu karama nke siri ike &quot;iji nwetakwuo obi ike&quot; tupu ya agaa gbuo Ong. Char chere ruo mgbe ndị ọzọ niile bi n'ụlọ ahụ hapụrụ maka ọrụ, nke ga-ahapụ Ong naanị ya n'ụlọ na-ehi ụra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 April 2016|title=趁熟睡抓頭撞床捅4刀 對我不敬 老翁殺媳婦|work=Guangming Daily|url=https://guangming.com.my/%E8%B6%81%E7%86%9F%E7%9D%A1%E6%8A%93%E9%A0%AD%E6%92%9E%E5%BA%8A%E6%8D%854%E5%88%80-%E5%B0%8D%E6%88%91%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%AC-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E6%AE%BA%E5%AA%B3%E5%A9%A6|language=zh|archive-date=11 June 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611162456/https://guangming.com.my/%E8%B6%81%E7%86%9F%E7%9D%A1%E6%8A%93%E9%A0%AD%E6%92%9E%E5%BA%8A%E6%8D%854%E5%88%80-%E5%B0%8D%E6%88%91%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%AC-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E6%AE%BA%E5%AA%B3%E5%A9%A6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Char laghachiri n'ụlọ mgbe Ong ka na-ehi ụra, ọ banyere na kichin iji họrọ ngwá agha ndị nwere ike tupu ya ejiri mma kichin kachasị nkọ, nke dị sentimita 20 n'ogologo. Char ji mma gaa n'ime ụlọ ihi ụra, ọ gakwuuru Ong, jide ntutu isi ya ma kụọ isi ya na mgbidi ugboro ugboro. Ong jisiri ike tọhapụ onwe ya wee gbalaga n'ọnụ ụlọ ọzọ mana Char jidere ya. Ọ bụ ezie na Ong rịọrọ Char ka ọ gbaghara ya, Char ekweghị ma ọ gara n'ihu na-awakpo ya. Mgbe ha abụọ lụchara ọgụ, Char chụrụ Ong, onye gbapụrụ wee gbalaga n'ime ụlọ ihi ụra, mana tupu Ong emechie ọnụ ụzọ, Char jidere ya wee si n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ihi ụra. N'ime ụlọ ihi ụra, Char meriri Ong ma maa Ong mma ugboro anọ; a na-enye ya ọnyá ikpeazụ n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke obi Ong wee banye n'obi ya. A kọrọ na Char gwara ndị uwe ojii na ọ maara site na ihe nkiri na obi ahụ dị n'ebe ahụ ebe a mara ya mma ikpeazụ. Nnyocha nke ozu chọpụtara ọnyá anọ n'obi ya (abụọ n'ime ha batara n'obi na akpa ume aka ekpe), ọkpụkpụ na okpokoro isi ya, yana mmerụ ahụ, abrasions na ọzịza n'ihu ya na ahụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 April 2016|title=媳妇直呼全名　八旬家翁猛捅她4刀死|work=Seehua News|url=https://news.seehua.com/post/163881|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611162458/https://news.seehua.com/post/163881|archive-date=11 June 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 April 2016|title=媳妇直呼全名　八旬家翁猛捅她4刀死|work=Oriental Daily|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/international/2016/04/26/138020|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe o gbusịrị Ong, Char sachara ma gbanwee uwe ya tupu ọ kpọọ ụmụ ya ka ọ gwa ha banyere ogbugbu ahụ, ọ gbagara n'ụlọ nwa ya nwanyị Jenny Char. Char chọrọ inyefe nwa ya nwanyị ihe onwunwe ya ma gbuo onwe ya, mana a gwara ya ka ọ nọrọ ma chere nwa ya nwoke nke obere Char Yeng Keang, onye bịarutere n'oge na-adịghị anya. Mgbe ọ bịarutere izute nna ya, nwa Char nke nta mere ka nna ya kwenye inye onwe ya ma gwa ya ka ọ ghara igbu onwe ya. Char mechara kweta ma nwa ya nwoke kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii dị na Bedok iji nyefee onwe ya, ozugbo a chọpụtara ọnwụ Ong n'otu oge ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 April 2016|title=82-year-old man jailed eight years for killing daughter-in-law at Tampines flat|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/82-year-old-man-jailed-eight-years-for-killing-daughter-in-law-at-tampines}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 April 2016|title=家翁捅死媳妇案 被告判坐牢8年|work=Lianhe Zaobao|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/singapore/story20160425-609427|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikpe na amamikpe ==
N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2016, a kpere Char Chin Fah dị afọ iri asatọ na abụọ ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu maka ogbugbu nwunye nwa ya dị afọ iri ise na anọ bụ Ong Guat Leng. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, ebubo igbu ọchụ e belatara ka ọ bụrụ obere ebubo igbu egbu nke na-abụghị igbu ọchukwu, ma ọ bụ igbu ọchaya. Dabere na akụkọ ndị isi mgbaka nke Dr Stephen Phang nke Institute of Mental Health, Char na-arịa ọrịa àgwà na mmeghachi omume paranoid siri ike n'oge ogbugbu ahụ, ọ na-emebi ọrụ uche ya n'oge mmejọ ahụ. Ya mere, e belatara ebubo igbu ọchụ ahụ n'ihi mbelata ibu ọrụ, nke mere ka Char gbanahụ ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ maka igbu Ong. ntaramahụhụ a ga-enye Char bụ ma ọ bụ Mkpọrọ ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe ruru afọ iri abụọ, na mgbakwunye na ịkwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ ịpịa ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 April 2016|title=Man jailed eight years for killing daughter-in-law in Tampines flat|work=The New Paper|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-jailed-eight-years-killing-daughter-law-tampines-flat}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 April 2016|title=Man jailed eight years for killing daughter-in-law|work=Yahoo News|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/man-jailed-eight-years-for-killing-daughter-in-law-101127852.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Char kwupụtara na ikpe mara ya maka ebubo ahụ dị ala ma kpọọ ikpe ikpe n'otu ụbọchị ahụ n'ihu onye ọka ikpe ikpe Woo Bih Li nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. Ndị ọkàiwu, nke onye osote onye ọkàiwu ọha na eze (DPP) Mohamed Faizal Mohamed Abdul Kadir duziri, chọrọ ka a maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri. DPP Mohamed Faizal kwuru na ọ bụ igbu ọchụ e mere tupu oge eruo na ọtụtụ atụmatụ na nhọrọ nke ngwá agha kwesịrị ekwesị na oge n'akụkụ Char, ọ bụkwa mwakpo a kpachaara anya na obi ọjọọ a malitere na nwunye nwa ya. Ndị na-ebo ya ebubo dọtakwara uche n'ọnọdụ uche Char, na-ekwu na Char enweghị nghọta banyere ọnọdụ ya ma kwuo maka akụkọ Dr Phang, nke Dr Phang kwuru na ọ bụ ezie na &quot;e wepụrụ ajọ omume&quot; Char, ọ ka ga-enwe ike ịmepụta mmeghachi omume yiri nke ahụ n'ebe ndị ezinụlọ ya dị ndụ nọ n'ọdịnihu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ laghachiri ibi na ha. N'okwu nke ya, DPP Mohamed Faizal hotara esemokwu a, &quot;Ndị na-amaghị nke ọma n'etiti ọha na eze na ndị ezinụlọ ya fọdụrụnụ kwesịrị ka e chebe ha kpamkpam pụọ n'ihe omume yiri nke ime ihe ike na-enweghị uche site n'aka onye mebiri ya. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;New Paper&quot; /&gt; {{Cite news|date=25 April 2016|title=82-year-old man jailed 8 years for killing daughter-in-law|work=TODAY|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/82-year-old-man-jailed-8-years-killing-daughter-law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'aka nke ọzọ, onye ọka iwu Char bụ Ramesh Tiwary gbara ụlọ ikpe ume ka ha maa Char ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ ise. Ọ gbara ụlọ ikpe ume ka ha tụlee na Char ji aka ya nyefee onwe ya n'aka ndị uwe ojii ma soro ndị nyocha rụkọọ ọrụ, Char &quot;nwere mmetụta nke ịbụ onye Ong kparịrị ma na-eleda anya&quot; ma na-eche na nwa ya nwoke nke okenye agbachiteghị ya ma soro nwunye ya kwado. Tiwary kwukwara na a ga-emekwa ka ọ dị nro n'ihi agadi Char na ahụike na-adịghị mma. N'ezie, n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ahụike Char kara njọ ma a wara ya ahụ ugboro abụọ - otu maka nsogbu nke ụzọ nsị na nke ọzọ iji wepụ akpụ n'otu ntị ya - kemgbe e jidere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Paper&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 April 2016|title=Man, 82, gets 8 years for killing daughter-in-law|work=The New Paper|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-82-gets-8-years-killing-daughter-law|archive-date=9 June 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609165511/https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-82-gets-8-years-killing-daughter-law|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''The New Paper''. 26 April 2016.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 April 2016|title=82-year-old jailed eight years for killing daughter-in-law in Singapore|work=Malay Mail|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/world/2016/04/25/82-year-old-jailed-8-years-for-killing-daughter-in-law-in-singapore/1106945}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, Justice Woo Bih Li nyere mkpebi ya, na-ama Char ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ asatọ maka igbu ọchụ nke nwunye nwa ya; Char enwetaghị mkpara n'ihi na ọ karịrị afọ 50 n'oge a mara ya ikpe. N'okwu ikpe ya, Justice Woo kwuru na nke a bụ mmejọ siri ike ebe ọ ga-adọta ntaramahụhụ siri ike na mbụ, mana ọ jụrụ itinye ogologo oge n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'okwu Char, na-ekwu na ọ na-eche ụfọdụ &quot;na-ala azụ&quot; ihu n'ihi agadi Char ma o chere na ọ dị mkpa na oge mkpọrọ ahụ ekwesịghị ịghọ ikpe ndụ maka Char. N'ihi nke a, Justice Woo họọrọ ikpe afọ asatọ maka Char Chin Fah dị afọ 82, onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'oge e jidere ya. A kọrọ na nwa nwanyị Char mere ndokwa ka nna ya na ya biri ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere ka na-eleta nna ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe niile, ọ bụ ezie na ha na nwanne ha nwoke tọrọ ha, onye nwunye ya Char gburu afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Paper&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chelvan|first=Vanessa Paige|title=82-year-old man who killed daughter-in-law jailed 8 years|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/82-year-old-man-who/2728574.html|accessdate=11 June 2024|date=25 April 2016|archive-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004073954/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/82-year-old-man-who/2728574.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 April 2016|title=Lelaki 82 tahun dipenjara kerana bunuh menantu perempuan|work=Berita Harian|url=https://www.beritaharian.sg/setempat/lelaki-82-tahun-dipenjara-kerana-bunuh-menantu-perempuan|language=Malay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A tọhapụrụ Char na ọnwụ ya ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị afọ asatọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a tọhapụrụ Char Chin Fah kemgbe 2022, ọ bụ ezie na a maghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị a tọhapụsịrị ya, ọ laghachiri ka ya na nwa ya nwanyị biri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 March 2024|title=狠心捅死媳妇男子已逝世　孙子无法原谅拒送终|work=Seehua News|url=https://news.seehua.com/post/1138111|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 March 2024|title=狠心捅死媳妇老翁已逝世　两孙无法原谅祖父拒送终|work=Oriental Daily|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/international/2024/03/25/640042|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka ụfọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Chinese si kwuo, Char ekwughị ọnwụ nwunye nwa ya nwụrụ anwụ ọzọ iji zere iweghachi ncheta mwute. Ezinụlọ Char kwukwara okwu banyere ikpe ahụ ọzọ iji zere icheta ihe mwute gara aga wee gaa n'ihu. Dị ka onye ikwu Char si kwuo, ụmụ Char agbagharala ya maka ihe merenụ, gụnyere nwa ya nwoke nke okenye, onye na-eleta nna ya mgbe niile n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma nọgide na-eletela Char n'ụlọ nwanne ya nwanyị. Otú ọ dị, ụmụ Ong Guat Leng kpọrọ nna ha asị ma ghara ịgbaghara ya maka igbu nne ha. N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, a chọpụtara na Char nwere isi mgbaka, ọ tụfuru ọtụtụ ihe ncheta ya n'oge gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 March 2024|title=狮城焦点 - 狠杀媳妇家翁过世 2孙子拒送终|work=Johor China Press|url=https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20240325/%E7%8B%AE%E5%9F%8E%E7%84%A6%E7%82%B9%EF%BD%9C%E7%8B%A0%E6%9D%80%E5%AA%B3%E5%A6%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%BF%81%E8%BF%87%E4%B8%96-2%E5%AD%99%E5%AD%90%E6%8B%92%E9%80%81%E7%BB%88/|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103126/https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20240325/%E7%8B%AE%E5%9F%8E%E7%84%A6%E7%82%B9%EF%BD%9C%E7%8B%A0%E6%9D%80%E5%AA%B3%E5%A6%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%BF%81%E8%BF%87%E4%B8%96-2%E5%AD%99%E5%AD%90%E6%8B%92%E9%80%81%E7%BB%88/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 March 2024|title=老翁9年前杀死大媳妇 两孙无法原谅拒送终|work=Kwong Wah|url=https://www.kwongwah.com.my/20240325/%E8%80%81%E7%BF%819%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E6%9D%80%E6%AD%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AA%B3%E5%A6%87-%E4%B8%A4%E5%AD%99%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%8E%9F%E8%B0%85%E6%8B%92%E9%80%81%E7%BB%88/|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 25 Febụwarị 2024, ihe dị ka afọ iri mgbe ogbugbu Ong Guat Leng gasịrị, Char Chin Fah dị afọ 90 nwụrụ n'ụlọ nwa ya nwanyị. E mere emume olili ozu ya ruo ụbọchị ise ma kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ. N'oge olili ozu ahụ, ụmụ Ong anaghị akwanyere nna ha ùgwù ma ọ dịghị mgbe ha pụtara n'ememe olili oju ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ atọ Char na ụmụ ụmụ ndị ọzọ na ndị ikwu nọ na olili ofu ahụ. Otu onye ezinụlọ, onye họọrọ ịnọgide na-amaghị aha ya, gwara ndị nta akụkọ na Char nwụrụ n'udo n'ihi ịka nká ma bie ndụ dị jụụ na nke na-enweghị nsogbu kemgbe ihe ahụ merenụ, ma kọwaa ya dị ka &quot;ezi nna&quot; n'agbanyeghị ihe o mere. Onye ezinụlọ ahụ jụrụ ikwu okwu banyere ikpe ahụ na ihe si na ya pụta, na-ekwu na ezinụlọ ahụ achọghị icheta ihe merenụ ọzọ ma nwee olileanya ịchọta mmechi na ọnwụ Char.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 March 2024|title=当年狠杀媳妇的家翁已过世 儿女放下仇恨送最后一程|work=8World News|url=https://www.8world.com/singapore/char-chin-fah-passed-away-2409181|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 March 2024|title=狠杀媳妇家翁过世 2孙子拒送终|work=China Press|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20240325/%E7%8B%A0%E6%9D%80%E5%AA%B3%E5%A6%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%BF%81%E8%BF%87%E4%B8%96-2%E5%AD%99%E5%AD%90%E6%8B%92%E9%80%81%E7%BB%88/|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* 2019 Toa Payoh helicopter mwakpo
* Ndepụta nke mpụ ndị dị mkpa na Singapore

== Ihe odide ==

=== Ihe edeturu ===

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Na 19 Septemba 2019, n'ụlọ ya na Jalan Tasik Tambahan, Ampang na steeti Malaysian nke Selangor, Wong Chooi dị afọ 85 (黄翠 Huáng Cuì; 1934 - 19 Septemba 2019) nwa ya nwoke hụrụ nwụrụ anwụ, na mgbe ọ gasịrị. Nnyocha ndị nwụrụ anwụ gosiri na a dinara Wong n'ike ma mebie ya tupu e gbuo ya. E mechara mara onye ogbu mmadụ ahụ dị ka K. Sathiaraj (Sathiaraj a/l Kundaiah; a mụrụ 19 Septemba 1992), onye na-enweghị ebe obibi na onye bụbu onye na-eje ozi ụgbọ ala nke a tụrụ mkpọrọ na mbụ maka ọgwụ ọjọọ na ihe onwunwe, na e jidere ya ma bo ya ebubo idina mmadụ n'ike, ịkwa iko na ịkwa iko. na-egbu Wong otu ọnwa ka mpụ ahụ gasịrị.[1] Sathiaraj, onye dị afọ 27 n'oge mpụ ahụ, a mara ikpe igbu ọchụ ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ n'August 2022, na mgbakwunye na mkpọrọ afọ 13 na strok ise nke okpete maka ebubo nke abụọ nke idina mmadụ.[2] Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị kagburu mkpegharị Sathiaraj na February 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/02/27/court-of-appeal-upholds-death-sentence-for-man-convicted-of-rape-sodomy-murder-of-85-year-old-woman|title=Court of Appeal upholds death sentence for man convicted of rape, sodomy, murder of 85-year-old woman|work=The Star|date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesun.my/local-news/court-of-appeal-upholds-death-sentence-of-former-lorry-attendant-charged-with-murder-cum-rape-of-85-year-old-woman-BG12145721|title=Court of Appeal upholds death sentence of former lorry attendant charged with ,murder-cum rape of 85-year-old woman|work=The Sun|date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ Wong Chooi ==
Na 19 Septemba 2019, na steeti Malaysia nke Selangor, a hụrụ nwanyị dị afọ 85 nwụrụ anwụ n'ime ụlọ ya na Jalan Tasik T red, Ampang . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.seehua.com/post/482564|title=8旬老妇疑遭劫杀　毙命住家卧室|work=Seehua News|language=zh|date=19 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wong Chooi, onye dị afọ 85, onye ya na otu n'ime ụmụ ya ndị nwoke na-alụbeghị di, biri. Nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Wong dị afọ 61 (na nwa nke anọ) lọtara n'ụlọ ọrụ wee chọpụta ozu nne ya n'ime ime ụlọ ya, mgbe ahụrụ ahụ ya ọkara gba ọtọ, a na-ekekọta aka Wong ọnụ ebe isi ya kpuchiri otu akwa. , e jikwa ákwà kụchie ọnụ ya n'ọnụ, a na-akwatukwa uwe ogologo ọkpa ya.[1] Akụkọ gbasara onwụnwa gosiri na e nwere akara semen n’ahụ onye ahụ, na-egosi na ọ ga-abụ na Wong wakporo ya tupu ya anwụọ, n’agbanyeghị na ndị uwe ojii ekwubighị na e dinara ya n’ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enanyang.my/%E6%97%B6%E4%BA%8B/%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B985%E5%B2%81%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87%E8%A2%AB%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88-%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%85%E6%B2%A1%E8%A2%AB%E5%BC%BA%E5%A5%B8|title=时事 警方:85岁老妇被杀案 死者没被强奸|work=eNanyang|language=zh|date=8 October 2019|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102018/https://www.enanyang.my/%E6%97%B6%E4%BA%8B/%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B985%E5%B2%81%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87%E8%A2%AB%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88-%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%85%E6%B2%A1%E8%A2%AB%E5%BC%BA%E5%A5%B8|archive-date=7 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20191007/%E2%97%A4%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7%E9%81%AD%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88%E2%97%A2-%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%EF%BC%81-85%E5%B2%81%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%81%E5%AE%9E%E6%9C%89/|title=◤阿嬷遭谋杀案◢ 最新发现！ 85岁阿嬷体外证实有精液|work=China Press|language=zh|date=7 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dịka akụkụ nke nyocha izizi, Wong's 61 nwa nwoke nke abụọ. Njide nke nwa Wong wetara ezinụlọ ahụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, na dịka nwa nwoke nke atọ Wong (onye ikpeazụ hụrụ nne ya n'afọ ọhụrụ Chinese n'otu afọ ahụ), ọ jụrụ ikwere na nwanne ya nwoke bụ onye gburu n'ihi na nwanne ya nwoke bụ onye obiọma. Onye ikwu ọzọ kwukwara na nwa nwoke nke ikpeazụ Wong bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na nwa nwoke nke na-enwe mmekọrịta chiri anya na nne ya, na-elekọtakwa nne ya mkpa kwa ụbọchị, ọ dịghịkwa esemokwu na-eme n'etiti Wong na nwa ya nwoke, bụ nanị otu onye. n'ime ụmụnne ya ndị nọgidere na-alụbeghị di. N'oge ọnwụ ya, Wong, bụ onye akwadoro na ọ nwụrụ site na ntachi n'ihi ịta ahụhụ, hapụrụ ụmụ nwoke atọ na otu nwa nwanyị. Di Wong nwụrụ ihe karịrị afọ iri tupu e gbuo ya, ma ọkpara di na nwunye ahụ nwụkwara n'oge e gburu nne ha.[1] E kpughere Wong na ọ nwere mgbaka dị nro, mana ọ ka nwere ike ilekọta onwe ya, a makwaara ya na ọ bụ onye Buddha ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe na onye na-enwekarị nkwanye ùgwù na onye nwere obi ụtọ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2019/09/19/307150|title=8旬老妇疑遭劫杀　毙命住家卧室|work=Oriental Daily|language=zh|date=19 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe e jidere nwa Wong, e jidere ya n'aka ndị uwe ojii iji nyere aka na nyocha, mana a tọhapụrụ ya nwa oge na 22 Septemba iji kwanyere nne ya ùgwù ikpeazụ ya n'ememe olili ozu Wong, nke emere n'ụlọ olili oolu nke Kwong Tong Cemetery. E mechara kpọọ ozu Wong ọkụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2019/09/22/307450|title=8旬华裔老妇遭杀害案　儿子获警方通融抵达灵堂|work=Oriental Daily|language=zh|date=22 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịmata onye gburu ya na njide ==
Mgbe nyocha ọzọ gasịrị, na mbido Ọktọba 2019, ndị uwe ojii tọhapụrụ nwa Wong mgbe ha kwenyesiri ike na o tinyeghị aka na ndina n'ike na ogbugbu nne ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na 9 Ọktoba 2019, ndị uwe ojii jisiri ike jikọta akara mkpịsị aka na DNA hapụrụ n'ebe ahụ na otu onye a na-enyo enyo, onye a chọpụtara na a mara ya ikpe na mbụ maka iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na imebi ụlọ ugboro atọ. Onye a na-enyo enyo, onye dị afọ iri abụọ na asaa bụbu onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ ala aha ya bụ K. Sathiaraj (Sathiaraj a / l Kundaiah), nke a na-akpọ Eno, etinyela ya na ndepụta ndị uwe ojii na-achọ ma wepụta ihe ngosi ndị a chọrọ, na arịrịọ ọha na eze maka ebe ọ nọ iji jide ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20191009/%E2%97%A4%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7%E9%81%AD%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88%E2%97%A2%E6%B6%89%E5%A5%B8%E6%9D%8085%E5%B2%81%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7-%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%96%EF%BC%81/|title=◤阿嬷遭谋杀案◢图奸杀85岁阿嬷 就是他！|work=China Press|language=zh|date=9 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kwongwah.com.my/20191009/%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87%E9%BB%84%E7%BF%A0%E5%8D%A7%E5%B0%B8%E7%9D%A1%E6%88%BF%E6%A1%88%E5%AB%8C%E7%8A%AF%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89-%E7%9C%8B%E5%88%B0%E4%BB%96%E5%8D%B3%E5%88%BB%E6%8A%A5%E8%AD%A6/|title=&quot;老妇黄翠卧尸睡房&quot;案嫌犯曝光 看到他即刻报警|work=Kwong Wah|language=zh|date=9 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2019/10/09/309790|title=涉杀害85岁老妇　警公布嫌犯照片|work=Oriental Daily|language=zh|date=9 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị uwe ojii weputara nkwupụta ihu ọha, na-akọwa ihe mere ha ji jide nwa Wong, ka ha na-anata ozi site n'aka ndị agbata obi na arụmụka a na-ekwu na ọ sitere n'ụlọ Wong na nwa Wong nke abụọ n'ezie nwere ikpe 16 maka mmebi iwu a na-akọghị akọwa tupu ogbugbu ahụ, nke mere ka ha jide nwa Wong iji chọpụta ma ikpe mara ya ma ọ bụ aka ya dị ọcha na mpụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2019/10/07/309456|title=85岁老妇遭杀害　不排除曾被性侵|work=Oriental Daily|language=zh|date=7 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2019, otu ụbọchị mgbe ndị uwe ojii kwupụtara ikike maka ijide ya, e jidere Sathiaraj na Bandar Puchong Jaya mgbe ọ gwara ndị uwe ojii. A nwalere Sathiaraj na ọ nwere [[methamphetamine]], ndị uwe ojii nyochachara ezinụlọ Wong, ọ dịghị onye n'ime ha maara Sathiaraj tupu ogbugbu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2019/10/10/309828|title=涉杀害8旬老妇　嫌犯落网|work=Oriental Daily|language=zh|date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20191010/%E2%97%A4%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7%E9%81%AD%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88%E2%97%A2-%E5%9B%BE%E5%A5%B8%E6%9D%8085%E5%B2%81%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7-%E5%AB%8C%E7%8A%AF%E8%90%BD%E7%BD%91%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81/|title=◤阿嬷遭谋杀案◢ 图奸杀85岁阿嬷 嫌犯落网了！|work=China Press|language=zh|date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sathiaraj, onye na-enweghị ebe obibi n'oge mmebi iwu ahụ, e jidere ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu izu iji nyere aka na nyocha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2019/10/10/309859|title=涉杀害8旬老妇　嫌犯延扣7天|work=Oriental Daily|language=zh|date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinchew.com.my/20191010/%E6%B6%89%E6%9D%80%E5%AE%B385%E5%B2%81%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%B0%E8%A3%94%E5%AB%8C%E5%87%B6%E5%BB%B6%E6%89%A37%E5%A4%A9/|title=涉杀害85岁老妇·印裔嫌凶延扣7天|work=Sin Chew Daily|language=zh|date=10 October 2019|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095749/https://www.sinchew.com.my/20191010/%E6%B6%89%E6%9D%80%E5%AE%B385%E5%B2%81%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%B0%E8%A3%94%E5%AB%8C%E5%87%B6%E5%BB%B6%E6%89%A37%E5%A4%A9/|archive-date=7 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E gosipụtara ụbọchị iri na otu ka e mesịrị na a ga-ebo Sathiaraj ebubo sodomy, ndina n'ike na igbu Wong Chooi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/10/21/cops-suspect-in-murder-rape-of-octogenarian-in-ampang-to-be-charged-tomorro/1802411|title=Cops: Suspect in murder, rape of octogenarian in Ampang to be charged tomorrow|work=Malay Mail|date=21 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2019/10/21/311488|title=涉杀害85岁老妇　嫌犯明日控三罪|work=Oriental Daily|language=zh|date=21 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị uwe ojii na-eme nchọpụta kwadoro ya n'oge a na Sathiaraj kwuru na ọ bụ Wong gburu ya mgbe o dinara ya n'ike ma sodomized ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20191021/85%E5%B2%81%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7-%E8%AF%81%E5%AE%9E%E6%83%A8%E9%81%AD%E5%BC%BA%E5%A5%B8%E5%8F%8A%E9%9D%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%80%A7%E4%BE%B5/|title=◤阿嬷遭谋杀案◢ 85岁阿嬷 证实惨遭强奸及非自然性侵|work=China Press|language=zh|date=21 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kwongwah.com.my/20191021/%E5%8D%8E%E5%A6%87%E8%AF%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%81%AD%E5%85%88%E5%A5%B8%E5%90%8E%E6%9D%80-%E5%AB%8C%E7%8A%AF%E6%98%8E%E8%A2%AB%E6%8E%A7/|title=华妇证实遭先奸后杀 嫌犯明被控|work=Kwong Wah|language=zh|date=21 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2019, e boro K. Sathiaraj dị afọ iri abụọ na asaa ebubo igbu ọchụ, otu ebubo mmekọahụ anụ ahụ na otu ebubo ndina n'ike n'ụlọ ikpe majie dị na Ampang. Ọ bụrụ na a mara Sathiaraj ikpe maka ogbugbu Wong Chooi n'okpuru Akụkụ 302 nke Iwu Mpụ, a ga-ama ya ikpe ọnwụ. Ma Akụkụ 376 (1) na Akụkụ 377C nke Iwu Mpụ na-enye maka ikpe na-erughị afọ ise ma ọ bụghị ihe karịrị afọ 20 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na mgbakwunye na ịgba égbè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/man-charged-rape-murder-85-year-old-woman-kuala-lumpur|title=Man charged with rape, murder of 85-year-old woman in Kuala Lumpur|work=TODAY|date=23 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesun.my/local-news/man-in-court-for-raping-and-murdering-senior-citizen-GA1516109|title=Man in court for raping and murdering senior citizen|work=The Sun|date=22 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kweghị ka Sathiaraj gbapụta ya, ya mere e tinyere ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ka ọ na-echere ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kwongwah.com.my/20191022/%E5%A5%B8%E6%9D%80%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87%E9%BB%84%E7%BF%A0%E5%AB%8C%E7%8A%AF-%E9%9D%A2%E6%8E%A7%E5%A4%9A%E9%A1%B9%E7%BD%AA%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%8D%E8%8E%B7%E4%BF%9D%E9%87%8A/|title=奸杀老妇黄翠嫌犯 面控多项罪名不获保释|work=Kwong Wah|language=zh|date=22 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kọrọ na ọ kwetaghị ebubo ahụ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enanyang.my/%E6%97%B6%E4%BA%8B/%E6%B6%89%E5%AB%8C%E6%9D%80%E5%AE%B385%E5%B2%81%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87-%E5%8D%B0%E8%A3%94%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%8E%A73%E7%BD%AA|title=涉嫌杀害85岁老妇 印裔青年控3罪|work=eNanyang|language=zh|date=22 October 2019|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103302/https://www.enanyang.my/%E6%97%B6%E4%BA%8B/%E6%B6%89%E5%AB%8C%E6%9D%80%E5%AE%B385%E5%B2%81%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87-%E5%8D%B0%E8%A3%94%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%8E%A73%E7%BD%AA|archive-date=7 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2019/10/22/311533|title=涉杀害85岁老妇　印裔被告否认有罪|work=Oriental Daily|language=zh|date=22 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikpe nke K. Sathiaraj ==
Na 2 Disemba 2021, K. Sathiaraj guzoro ikpe na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Shah Alam maka ndina n'ike na igbu Wong Chooi dị afọ 85. Sathiaraj kwetara na ikpe mara ya maka ebubo sodomy na ndina n'ike, mana ọ kwetara na aka ya dị ọcha ma kwuo na ikpe maka ebubo ikpeazụ nke igbu ọchụ. N'ihi ya, a mara Sathiaraj ikpe ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 13 na ịpịa ya mkpara ise site n'aka Justice Datuk Ab Karim Ab Rahman, otu onye ọka ikpe nke duziri ikpe igbu ọchụ ya, nke lekọtara ndị akaebe 19 na otu onye akaebe na-agbachitere ya kpọrọ n'ụlọ ikpe ịgba akaebe. Onye ọka iwu na-agbachitere Saladin Mohd Yasin nọchitere anya Sathiraj mgbe onye osote onye ọkàiwu Heikal Ismail duziri ikpe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesun.my/home-news/man-sent-to-gallows-for-rape-murder-of-85-year-old-woman-XA9727462|title=Man sent to gallows for rape, murder of 85-year-old woman|work=The Sun|date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2022/08/825897/unemployed-man-sent-gallows-rape-murder-85-year-old-woman|title=Unemployed man sent to gallows for rape, murder of 85-year-old woman|work=The New Straits Times|date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gwara ụlọ ikpe ikpe na n'ụbọchị ogbugbu ahụ, Sathiaraj abanyela n'ụlọ Wong iji zuo ohi, na iji kwalite atụmatụ izu ohi ahụ, Satharaj gbochiri Wong site na ịkwụ aka ya elu ma tinye ya n'ọnụ ya ma tinye ákwà n'ime ọnụ ya iji gbochie ya iti mkpu. Akụkọ na-ekwu na Sathiaraj dinaa Wong n'ike ma nwee mmekọahụ na Wong, onye nwere nkụchi ma mesịa nwụọ n'ihi ya. Sathiaraj zuru agbụ ígwè ọla edo mgbe o dinara nwanyị ahụ n'ike ma dinaa ya iko, mgbe o mechara mpụ ahụ, Sathiaraj zutere enyi ya ebe ọ bụ na o nweghị kaadị njirimara, Sathiaraja nyere enyi ya aka inyere ya aka ịgbazinye agbụ ígwè ahụ. A kpọrọ Sathiaraj ka ọ banye n'etiti ikpe ya, ọ nwara ikwu na ọ nọ n'okpuru mmetụta nke ọgwụ ọjọọ n'oge ogbugbu ahụ, nke mere ka ọ na-ata ahụhụ site na ibu ọrụ dị ala, ọ na-azọrọ na ọ maghị ihe ọ na-eme mgbe mpụ ahụ mere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20220826/%E5%A5%B8%E6%9D%80%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87%E7%BD%AA%E6%88%90-%E5%8D%B0%E7%94%B7%E8%A2%AB%E5%88%A4%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91/|title=奸杀老妇罪成 印男被判死刑|work=China Press|language=zh|date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/08/26/unemployed-man-to-hang-for-rape-murder-of-senior-citizen/|title=Unemployed man to hang for rape, murder of senior citizen|work=Free Malaysia Today|date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, onye ọka ikpe Datuk Ab Karim Ab Rahman kwupụtara mkpebi ikpe ya. Na ikpe ya, Justice Ab Karim kwuru na Sathiaraj bu n'obi imerụ Wong ahụ ma mebie ogbugbu ahụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ uche. O kwuru na Sathiaraj enweghị nsogbu icheta na ịkọ ihe merenụ, ma ghọta ebumnuche nke ya ịbanye n'ụlọ Wong iji zuo ya ohi ma kee ya aka, na mkpebi Sathiaraj izuru agbụ ọla edo mgbe o dinara Wong n'ike ma sodomizing kwadoro nghọta ya zuru oke banyere mpụ ahụ. Justice Ab Karim kwukwara na mkpebi ya na Sathiaraj kwetara na ikpe mara ya maka ndina n'ike na sodomy ka ọ na-achọpụta na ibu ọrụ uche Sathiaraj emeghị ka ọ ghara ịdị mma n'oge ogbugbu ahụ, nke bilitere n'ihi omume Sathiaraj nke iji teepu na ákwà mechie ọnụ Wong, nke dugara n'ọnwụ Wong site na iku ume. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/08/26/in-shah-alam-unemployed-man-sent-to-gallows-for-rape-murder-of-85-year-old-woman/24918|title=In Shah Alam, unemployed man sent to gallows for rape, murder of 85-year-old woman|work=Malay Mail|date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/world/85-year-old-found-dead-her-son-malaysia-was-tied-robbed-and-sodomised-unemployed-man|title=85-year-old found dead by her son in Malaysia was tied up, robbed and sodomised by unemployed man|work=The New Paper|date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mere, a mara K. Sathiaraj dị afọ 30 ikpe maka igbu ọchụ, ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enanyang.my/%E8%A6%81%E9%97%BB/%E5%A5%B8%E6%9D%8085%E5%B2%81%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87-%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E6%B1%89%E5%88%A4%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91|title=奸杀85岁老妇 流浪汉判死刑|work=eNanyang|language=zh|date=26 August 2022|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103224/https://www.enanyang.my/%E8%A6%81%E9%97%BB/%E5%A5%B8%E6%9D%8085%E5%B2%81%E8%80%81%E5%A6%87-%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E6%B1%89%E5%88%A4%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91|archive-date=7 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=2114707|title=Penganggur bunuh nenek umur 85 tahun dihukum mati|work=Bernama|language=Malay|date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro mkpegharị ikpe ==
N'ọnwa Eprel 2023, ọnwa asatọ mgbe a mara Sathiaraj ikpe ịkwụgbu ya, Gọọmentị Malaysia wepụrụ ma Mkpọrọ ndụ na ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ. N'okpuru iwu ndị e degharịrị, onye ọ bụla a mara ikpe igbu ọchụ ga-eche ma ọ bụ ikpe ọnwụ ma ọ bụ ogologo oge mkpọrọ dị n'agbata afọ 30 na 40. N'oge e wepụrụ ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ, mkpesa Sathiaraj na-echere n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-scraps-mandatory-death-penalty-natural-life-prison-terms|work=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinchew.com.my/news/20240228/nation/5424741|title=奸杀85岁老妇 上诉庭维持印裔青年死刑|work=Sin Chew Daily|language=zh|date=28 February 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007100829/https://www.sinchew.com.my/news/20240228/nation/5424741|archive-date=7 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2024, e nwere ikpe n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe, n'oge nnọkọ ikpe ahụ, ndị ọka iwu Sathiaraj bụ Hasshahari Johari Mawi na Muhamad Hafizan Shafuan Kamarulzaman kwuru na a ga-agbagha ikpe Sathiaraj maka igbu Wong n'ihi isi mgbaka. N'ọnọdụ ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na a kwado ikpe igbu ọchụ, ndị ọka iwu Sathiaraj chọrọ ka a gbanwee ikpe ọnwụ Sathiaraj ka ọ bụrụ ikpe mkpọrọ maka igbu ọchukwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/02/27/court-of-appeal-upholds-death-sentence-of-former-lorry-attendant-charged-with-murder-cum-rape-of-85-year-old-woman/120248|title=Court of Appeal upholds death sentence of former lorry attendant charged with murder-cum rape of 85-year-old woman|work=Malay Mail|date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2024/02/1018523/court-upholds-death-sentence-man-who-raped-sodomised-and-murdered|title=Court upholds death sentence for man who raped, sodomised and murdered 85-year-old woman|work=The New Straits Times|date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye osote onye ọkàiwu ọha na eze bụ Mohd Fairuz Johari, na nzaghachi, kwuru na ndị ndụmọdụ Sathiaraj emeghị ka ndị isi mgbaka gbachitere ya n'oge ikpe ya na ndị isi mgbakasị kwadoro na nyocha ha tupu ikpe na Sathiaraj ruru eru ịrịọ arịrịọ ma kpee ikpe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2024/02/27/ex-lorry-attendant-who-raped-sodomised-murdered-elderly-woman-to-hang/|title=Ex-lorry attendant who raped, sodomised, murdered elderly woman to hang|work=Free Malaysia Today|date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, ndị ọkàikpe atọ nke ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe - Justice Datuk Hadhariah Syed Ismail, Justice Datuk Azman Abdullah na Justice Datuk SM Komathy Suppiah - ji otu olu jụ mkpesa Sathiaraj mgbe ha chọpụtara na ikpe ya dị mma na ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ kwesịrị ekwesị n'okwu ya. Sathiaraj emeghị mkpesa megide ikpe ya na ikpe nke afọ 13 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ịpịa ya maka ma sodomy na ndina n'ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20240227/%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7%E9%81%AD%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E6%A1%88%EF%BD%9C%E5%85%88%E5%A5%B8%E5%90%8E%E6%9D%8085%E5%B2%81%E9%98%BF%E5%AC%B7-%E5%8D%B0%E7%94%B7%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E4%B8%8A%E8%AF%89%E5%A4%B1/|title=阿嬷遭谋杀案 - 先奸后杀85岁阿嬷 印男死刑上诉失败|work=China Press|language=zh|date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guangming.com.my/%E5%A7%A6%E6%AE%BA85%E6%AD%B2%E8%80%81%E5%A9%A6%E4%B8%8A%E8%A8%B4-%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%8C%81%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91|title=姦殺85歲老婦上訴 青年維持死刑|work=Guangming Daily|language=zh|date=28 February 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730185750/https://guangming.com.my/%E5%A7%A6%E6%AE%BA85%E6%AD%B2%E8%80%81%E5%A9%A6%E4%B8%8A%E8%A8%B4-%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%8C%81%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụzọ ikpeazụ nke mkpegharị ikpe hapụrụ na ikpe Sathiaraj bụ ịrịọ arịrịọ n'ụlọ ikpe etiti nke Malaysia, ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu nke mba ahụ.

Ka ọ na-erule 2024, Sathiaraj ka nọ n'ọnụ Ọnwụ na-echere ogbugbu ya.

== Hụkwa ==

* ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na Malaysia

== Ebem si dee ==

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Na 1 Septemba 2019, n'otu ọnụ ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ anọ dị na Toa Payoh, Pak Kian Huat (白建发 Bái Jiànfā) dị afọ 82, nke a na-akpọ Pek Kiah Huat, wepụrụ onye na-akụ osisi wee wakpoo onye ya na ya na-ebikọbu Lim Soi Moy (林细妹) Lín Xìmèi), ma merụọ ngụkọta nke 54 na Lim dị afọ 79, onye nwụrụ n'ihi ya. Dị ka isi mmalite si kwuo, Pak, bụ onye mbụ zutere Lim na 1950 wee mụọ ụmụ anọ n'agbanyeghị na ha alụghị di, enweghị obi ụtọ na Lim jụrụ ikwe ka ọ banye n'ime ụlọ buru ibu na nke a mere ka ọ were iwe wee si otú a jiri ya mee ihe. chopper na Lim. Pak, onye eboro ebubo igbu ọchụ mgbe ejidechara ya, mechara mara ya ikpe maka igbu mmadụ mgbe o nwetasịrị nkwekọrịta arịrịọ, na Mee 2023, a tụrụ Pak mkpọrọ afọ 15 maka igbu “obi ọjọọ na obi ọjọọ” nke Lim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=54刀砍死老伴 八旬老翁认误杀罪监15年|url=https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20230522/johor/4696278|date=22 May 2023|publisher=Sin Chew Daily|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103850/https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20230522/johor/4696278|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha igbu ọchụ ==
N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2019, e jidere otu nwoke dị afọ iri asatọ na abụọ n'otu ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ anọ dị na Toa Payoh maka ebubo igbu nwanyị ya dị afọ iri asaa na itoolu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Woman, 79, found dead in Toa Payoh in suspected murder|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/woman-79-found-dead-toa-payoh-suspected-murder|date=2 September 2019|publisher=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dabere na akụkọ mgbasa ozi nke aka ya, a dọrọ ndị uwe ojii aka ná ntị banyere ikpe igbu ọchụ nke mere n'ụlọ Toa Payoh n'ihe dị ka elekere 3.40 nke ụtụtụ wee si otú a rute n'ụlọ ahụ, ebe ha jidere nwoke ahụ dị ka onye a na-enyo enyo. Onye ahụ e gburu, nke a na-akpọ Lim Soi Moy (nke a na-asụkwa Lim Soy Moi), kwuru na ọ biri n'ụlọ ahụ ruo ihe dị ka afọ 20 na onye a na-enyo enyo bụ onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge, ọ bụ ezie na di na nwunye ahụ edebanyeghị alụmdi na nwunye ha. Onye agbata obi Lim dị afọ 86 bụ Goh Leng Sim gwara ndị nta akụkọ na ọ na-ezute onye ahụ mgbe ọ na-eme ihe omume ụtụtụ, mana ọ hụghị ha abụọ ọnụ, ọ makwaara na ha nwere ụmụ anọ, ndị ha niile na ha anaghị ebi. Onye agbata obi ọzọ kwukwara na a na-anụkarị ha abụọ na-ese okwu mana ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=82-year-old man arrested in connection with murder of 79-year-old woman in Toa Payoh|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/82-year-old-man-arrested-in-connection-to-murder-of-79-year-old-woman-in-toa|date=1 September 2019|publisher=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man, 82, arrested after woman, 79, found murdered|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-82-arrested-after-woman-79-found-murdered|date=2 September 2019|publisher=The New Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ndị agbata obi nwekwara ihe ijuanya ịnụ na ogbugbu ime ihe ike mere na ogige ha, otu n'ime ha kwuru na ọtụtụ ụda si n'ụlọ ahụ kpọtere ya ma o juru ya anya ịhụ ka ndị uwe ojii na-abata ma na-ejide ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=狮城组屋闹命案 竟是丈夫持刀刺死老伴|url=https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20190901/%E7%8B%AE%E5%9F%8E%E7%BB%84%E5%B1%8B%E9%97%B9%E5%91%BD%E6%A1%88-%E7%AB%9F%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%88%E5%A4%AB%E6%8C%81%E5%88%80%E5%88%BA%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4/|date=1 September 2019|publisher=Johor China Press|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102217/https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20190901/%E7%8B%AE%E5%9F%8E%E7%BB%84%E5%B1%8B%E9%97%B9%E5%91%BD%E6%A1%88-%E7%AB%9F%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%88%E5%A4%AB%E6%8C%81%E5%88%80%E5%88%BA%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ nyocha ozu mechara gosi na Lim nwere mmerụ ahụ iri ise na anọ, gụnyere iri atọ na otu n'ihu ya, a na-ejikwa ike dị ukwuu mee ihe ndị a site na iji chopper, a chọpụtakwara mmerụ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ n'ahụ ya niile. Lim nwụrụ n'ihi nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba site na ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ o nwere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=54刀砍死老伴 老翁认误杀罪 判监15年|url=https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20230522/54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%AF%E6%9D%80%E7%BD%AA-%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%9115%E5%B9%B4/|date=22 May 2023|publisher=Johor China Press|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103224/https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20230522/54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%AF%E6%9D%80%E7%BD%AA-%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%9115%E5%B9%B4/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2 Septemba 2019, onye a na-enyo enyo, nke akpọrọ Pak Kian Huat, onye dị afọ 82, boro ebubo igbu ọchụ nke Lim Soi Moy n'ụlọ ikpe mpaghara. Onye ọka ikpe mpaghara Christopher Goh nyere iwu ka ụlọikpe kpọchie Pak n'ụlọnga ndị uwe ojii na Central Police Division wee degharịa ebe mpụ ahụ iji nyere aka na nyocha igbu ọchụ,[1] [2] na Pak na-ahazikwa na 9 Septemba 2019. ime nyocha nke uche mgbe emechara nyocha. Enweghị ike ịnye Pak mgbapụta n'ihi na enweghị ike ịgbapụta ndị ebubo ebubo ebubo igbu ọchụ ma ọ bụ mpụ isi obodo ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na a mara ya ikpe igbu ọchụ, a ga-ama Pak ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=涉杀害同居老妇　老翁接受精神评估|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/international/2019/09/02/304787|date=2 September 2019|publisher=Oriental Daily|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite nke Lim na Pak ==
Lim Soi Moy, nke a makwaara dị ka Lim Kim Luan, mụrụ na 1939 na Singapore, mgbe Pak Kian Huat, nke a na-akpọ Pek Kiah Huat, mụrụ na 1937 na Singapore, na ha abụọ zutere na mbụ na 1950s mgbe ha na-eto eto; Pak bụ onye ọrụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mgbe Lim bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ. Mgbe afọ iri nke ịmara onwe ha, Lim na Pak malitere inwe mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, ma nne Lim anabataghị mmekọrịta ha, ọ bụkwa nanị mgbe Pak na Lim mụrụ nwa mbụ ha na 1963, mgbe nne Lim mesịrị kweta na mmekọrịta ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ha abụọ alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye, Pak na Lim gara n'ihu mụọ ụmụ anọ, ụmụ nwoke abụọ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, otu n'ime ha bi ná mba ọzọ na United States, na n'oge Lim na Pak dị afọ 79 na 82. n'otu n'otu, ha nwere ụmụ ụmụ toro eto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=In rowdy court session, 85-year-old man who killed partner with chopper argues for less than 5 years’ jail|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/rowdy-court-man-killed-partner-chopper-2001241|date=23 September 2022|publisher=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=15 years' jail for elderly man who hacked partner to death in Toa Payoh flat|url=https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/15-years-jail-elderly-man-who-hacked-partner-death-toa-payoh-flat|date=22 May 2023|publisher=AsiaOne}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=老翁控谋杀 老伴逾2刀伤 邻居爆 老来伴常摩擦|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20190902/%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E6%8E%A7%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80-%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4%E9%80%BE2%E5%88%80%E4%BC%A4-%E9%82%BB%E5%B1%85%E7%88%86-%E8%80%81%E6%9D%A5%E4%BC%B4%E5%B8%B8%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6/|date=2 September 2019|publisher=China Press|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka ndị agbata obi na ndị enyi si kwuo, Lim bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke nwere àgwà ọma. O nwere oge ọ na-ere noodles n'ụlọ ahịa, ọbụnakwa n'otu oge, ọ gara n'ebe a na-agbanwere bọs na Toa Payoh iji ree nri iji kwado ezinụlọ ya. Kemgbe afọ 2013, Lim rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere kichin aka na Safra Toa Payoh McDonald's, ọ lara ezumike nká naanị na 2019, ọnwa ole na ole tupu e gbuo ya. A na-ekwu na Lim bu ibu ọrụ bụ isi nke ịzụlite ụmụ ha n'onwe ya, ọbụnakwa zigara ụmụ ya ka ha gụọ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi. A na-ekwukwa na Lim na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma nwee ahụike n'agbanyeghị afọ ndụ ya, na-aga igwu mmiri n'ụlọ igwu mmiri dị nso ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ụlọ ahịa McDonald ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ. Ndị bi na ndị agbata obi kwukwara na ụmụaka ahụ bụ ụmụ ma na-akpachi anya nne ha, onye ha na ya na-agakarị njem ọnụ, mana a chọpụtara na Lim na Pak anaghị aga n'èzí ọnụ ma Lim ekwughị ọtụtụ ihe banyere onye mmekọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a maara na Lim na Pakistan na-enwekarị esemokwu n'agbanyeghị omimi na ogologo mmekọrịta ha. Ndị ọrụ ibe Lim n'oge ahụ na McDonald's kpọrọ Lim &quot;Ah Ma&quot; ma hụ ya n'anya nke ukwuu, ha wee hụ ya dị ka onye okenye nwere obiọma nke na-emeso ndị ọrụ na-eto eto dị ka ụmụ ụmụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man, 82, charged with killing elderly female flatmate in Toa Payoh|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-82-charged-with-killing-elderly-flatmate|date=2 September 2019|publisher=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=大巴窑组屋命案：死者79岁仍在快餐店打工|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/singapore/story20190902-985859|date=2 September 2019|publisher=Lianhe Zaobao|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=老翁控谋杀 老伴逾2刀伤 邻居爆 老来伴常摩擦|url=https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20190902/%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E6%8E%A7%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80-%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4%E9%80%BE2%E5%88%80%E4%BC%A4-%E9%82%BB%E5%B1%85%E7%88%86-%E8%80%81%E6%9D%A5%E4%BC%B4%E5%B8%B8%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6/|date=2 September 2019|publisher=Johor China Press|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007100220/https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20190902/%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E6%8E%A7%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80-%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4%E9%80%BE2%E5%88%80%E4%BC%A4-%E9%82%BB%E5%B1%85%E7%88%86-%E8%80%81%E6%9D%A5%E4%BC%B4%E5%B8%B8%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ha bi ọnụ, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Lim na Pak ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-esiwanye ike ka Pak na-emegbu Lim na ụmụ ha. N'ikpeazụ, Lim na nwa ya nwanyị nke okenye si n'ụlọ Pak pụọ ibi n'ebe ọzọ na 1980, site na agbamume nke ụmụaka ahụ. Nwa nwanyị nke ọzọ na ụmụ nwoke abụọ (ndị dị afọ iri na abụọ, iri na otu na itoolu n'oge ahụ) nọgidere na-anọnyere Pak, mgbe ha tolitere ma nwee ezinụlọ nke ha, ụmụ atọ ndị ọzọ kwagara, na-ahapụ Pak ka ọ nọrọ naanị ya n'ụlọ ya na Whampoa. Afọ iri abụọ mgbe ha kewara, Pak na Lim jikọtara ọzọ na 2004 site na ụmụ ha, Lim kwetara arịrịọ Pak ka ya na ya biri, ebe ọ na-achọghị ibi naanị ya. Mgbe ọ kwagara n'ụlọ Lim, Pak gbazitere ụlọ Whampoa ya ma soro Lim biri, na-akwụ ya S $ 400 ruo S $ 500 kwa ọnwa, ọ gara n'ihu soro Lim biri afọ 15 tupu ogbugbu Lim na 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=&quot;你要我死我不可让你活&quot; 八旬老汉54刀砍死伴侣判监15年|url=https://www.8world.com/singapore/86-year-old-man-murders-partner-2138976|date=22 May 2023|publisher=8World News|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ Pak banyere ogbugbu ahụ ==
Ihe na-esonụ bụ akụkọ gọọmentị banyere ogbugbu Lim Soi Moy, dabere na nkwupụta Pak nyere na ihe akaebe ndị ọchịchị jikọtara ọnụ.

Dị ka Pak si kwuo, mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara n'ụlọ obibi anọ nke Lim bụ Toa Payoh, ọ gara ihi ụra n'ime obere ụlọ ihi ụra nke ụlọ ihi ụra ahụ ka Lim n'onwe ya ga-ehi ụra n'ụlọ ihi ụra dị iche, ụlọ ihi ụra ya nke atọ, nke buru ibu karịa ụlọ ihi ụra Pak, na-echekarị maka ụmụ ha mgbe ọ bụla ha bịara ileta ma nọrọ n'abalị n'ụlọ nne na nna ha. Ndokwa ndụ a gara n'ihu ruo afọ iri na ise n'enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla, mana na 26 Ọgọstụ 2019, Pak nwere olileanya ịgbanwe gaa n'ụlọ ihi ụra efu maka ụmụ ha. Ọ gwara nwa ya nwoke nke obere na o nwere ahụ ọkụ na ụkwara ọjọọ, ọ chekwara na uzuzu dị n'ime obere ụlọ ihi ụra ya na-eme ka ụkwara na ahụ ọkụ ka njọ, ọ mekwara mkpesa na Lim ekwenyeghị ka o jiri nnukwu ụlọ ahụ tọgbọrọ n'efu. Site na ntinye aka ụmụaka ahụ, Pak na Lim kwetara na Pak ga-anọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ tọgbọrọ n'efu, mana ọ ga-alaghachi n'ime ọnụ ụlọ mbụ ya mgbe ọ bụla n'ime ụmụ ha nọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man, 85, allegedly killed long-time partner after she refused to let him stay in bigger room|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-85-allegedly-killed-long-time-partner-after-she-refused-let-him-stay-bigger-room|date=23 September 2022|publisher=The New Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man, 85, allegedly hacked partner to death after she refused to give him bigger room|url=https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/man-85-allegedly-hacked-partner-death-after-she-refused-give-him-bigger-room|date=23 September 2022|publisher=AsiaOne}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tupu 1 Septemba 2019, Pak laghachiri n'ime ụlọ ihi ụra ochie ya ebe ọ bụ na nwa ya nwoke nke okenye ga-alaghachi iji nọrọ n'abalị n'ụlọ ahụ. Pak, n'ịmara eziokwu a, rịọrọ Lim na 31 Ọgọstụ 2019 ka ọ hapụ ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ, mana Lim ekwenyeghị na arịrịọ ya. N'ihi ya, Pak were iwe maka ịjụ a, iwe ya wee dịgide ma mee ka ọ ka njọ n'abalị ahụ dum. Dabere na nkwupụta nke eziokwu, na 3:30 nke ụtụtụ na 1 Septemba 2019, Pak banyere na kichin iji jide chopper wee banye n'ime ụlọ ihi ụra Lim. A kpọtere Lim n'ụra ya ma a kọrọ na ọ jụrụ Pak ihe ọ chọrọ. Pak kwuru na Hokkien, &quot;li ai wa si, wa buay sai hor li wa&quot;, nke pụtara &quot;ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ka m nwụọ, mgbe ahụ agaghị m ekwe ka ị dịrị ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man hacked ex-partner to death for not giving him bigger room|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-hacked-ex-partner-death-not-giving-him-bigger-room|date=22 May 2023|publisher=The New Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=&quot;你要我死，我不能让你活&quot; 54刀砍死老伴 老翁被控误杀|url=https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20220923/%E4%BD%A0%E8%A6%81%E6%88%91%E6%AD%BB%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E8%AE%A9%E4%BD%A0%E6%B4%BB-54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E8%A2%AB/|date=23 September 2022|publisher=Johor China Press|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103105/https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20220923/%E4%BD%A0%E8%A6%81%E6%88%91%E6%AD%BB%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E8%AE%A9%E4%BD%A0%E6%B4%BB-54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E8%A2%AB/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Pak kụrụ chopper ahụ na Lim ma hacking ya ugboro 54 ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị iti mkpu. Mgbe ọ gbusịrị Lim, Pak gara n'ihu na-eyi sọks na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya mgbe ọ hụrụ ala ya na-amị amị na ọbara, ọ kpọkwara otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwoke, na-agwa ya na ọ gburu nne ya ma chọọ ka ọ kpọọ ndị uwe ojii, nke nwa ahụ mere. Ya mere, e jidere Pak maka igbu Lim Soi Moy dị afọ 79, onye ọ gwara ndị uwe ojii na ha chọrọ ka ọ nwụọ ma kwuo na ya na ndị ikom ndị ọzọ mụrụ ụmụ ahụ tupu ndị uwe ojii ewere ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=不满被拒换卧房 八旬翁54刀砍死老伴监15年|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20230522-1397198|date=22 May 2023|publisher=Lianhe Zaobao|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arịrịọ arịrịọ na oge ikpe mbụ ==
Tupu e kpee ikpe Pak Kian Huat maka igbu ọchụ, onye ọka iwu nchekwa ya, nke Jonathan Wong duziri, kparịtara ndị gbara akwụkwọ ka ha nweta nkwekọrịta mkpesa, na mgbe mkparịta ụka ụfọdụ sitere n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ, ndị gbara akwụkwọ, nke osote onye ọka iwu ọha na-edu ( DPP) Yang Ziliang, kwetara ibelata ebubo igbu ọchụ na otu n'ime igbu ọchụ nke na-abụghị igbu ọchụ, nke ya na igbu mmadụ na iwu nke Singapore, e kwenyekwara n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ na Pak ga-ekpe ikpe. Ndị gbara akwụkwọ na-eme atụmatụ ịchọ Pak mkpọrọ afọ 15 ruo 18 mgbe ndị nchekwa na-atụ aro maka mkpọrọ afọ asaa. Ebubo igbu mmadụ n'okpuru iwu Singapore gaara akwado mkpọrọ ndụ dịka ntaramahụhụ kacha elu ma ọ bụrụ na a mara ya ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man, 85, allegedly killed long-time partner over room dispute|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/man-85-allegedly-killed-long-time-partner-room-dispute-155447641.html|date=23 September 2022|publisher=Yahoo News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2022, a kpọrọ ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu n'ihu onye ọka ikpe Aedit Abdullah, Pak Kian Huat dị afọ iri asatọ na ise ga-ekwupụta na ikpe mara ya n'onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ikpe ahụ, Pak kwụsịrị ikpe ahụ ugboro ugboro ka a na-agụ ya nkwupụta eziokwu niile site na onye ntụgharị Mandarin, ma mee ka ọtụtụ mmegide megide akụkụ nke nkwupụta o mere. Otu n'ime ha gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ kpọmkwem nke mmerụ ahụ Lim nwetara site na mwakpo ahụ; Pak kwuru na o merụghị mmerụ ahụ 54 na onye ọka ikpe (onye a kọrọ na ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya) kwuru na ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike sitere na Health Sciences Authority gụrụ ya ma jụọ Pak otu o si mara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ugboro ọ merụrụ Lim ahụ n'oge mwakpo ahụ abụghị 54. Ọzọkwa, Pak gọnahụkwara na ọ gwara ndị uwe ojii na ọ nwere obi ụtọ igbu nwunye ya, nke edere n'ụzọ doro anya na nkwupụta nke eziokwu. N'oge ọzọ mgbe Pak kwụsịrị ma rụrịta ụka na nkwupụta ya ọzọ, Justice Abdullah nwere ihe zuru ezu ma baara Pak mba, na-agwa ya ka ọ na-akpa àgwà n'ụlọ ikpe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị ma kwuo na nke a abụghị ụlọ ahịa kọfị kama ọ bụ ụlọ ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man, 85, allegedly killed long-time partner after she refused to let him stay in bigger room|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-85-allegedly-killed-longtime-partner-after-she-refused-to-let-him-stay-in-bigger-room|date=23 September 2022|work=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tụkwasị na nke a, Pak megidere aro ndị ọka iwu ya maka ya ịnọ afọ asaa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, o kwukwara na ọ ga-anabata ihe na-erughị afọ ise n'ụlọ ikpe. Pak kwukwara na ọ chọrọ ka a nye ya ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na ihe emeghị ya. Justice Abdullah dọrọ ya aka na ntị na ọ bụrụ na Pak nọgide na-agbagha nkwupụta nke eziokwu, a gaghị anabata arịrịọ ikpe ya ma ya mere, ọ ga-azọrọ ikpe maka ebubo mbụ nke igbu ọchụ ma eleghị anya kwụgbuo ya maka mpụ ahụ. Akụkọ na-ekwu na Pak kwuru na nzaghachi, &quot;N'ikpeazụ, ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=S'pore man, 85, accused of killing partner with chopper, derails court proceedings by arguing with judge|url=https://mothership.sg/2022/09/court-proceedings-derailed-murder-of-partner/|date=23 September 2022|publisher=Mothership}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lelaki dituduh bunuh 'pasangan' 79 tahun ingin dihukum mati, namun pertikaikan fakta di mahkamah|url=https://berita.mediacorp.sg/singapura/lelaki-dituduh-bunuh-pasangan-79-tahun-ingin-dihukum-mati-namun-pertikaikan-fakta-di-mahkamah-693231|date=23 September 2022|publisher=Berita Mediacorp|language=Malay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi nkwụsịtụ a nke usoro ihe omume, arịrịọ ikpe mara Pak agafeghị, na Justice Abdullah nyere iwu ka ụlọ ikpe nye ndị ọkàiwu kpebie ma ha ga-aga n'ihu na-ekpe Pak ikpe maka ebubo mbụ nke igbu ọchụ, nke ga-eme ka ohere nke ikpe ọnwụ maka Pak, ma ọ bụ gaa n'ihu n'ebelata ebubo igbu ọchukwu ma mee ka Newton nụ eziokwu ndị uwe ojii Pak. Onye ọka iwu mbụ nke Pak tinyere akwụkwọ ka ha wepụ onwe ha n'ịbụ ndị na-anọchite anya ya, ụlọ ikpe kwadoro arịrịọ ha. Pak mechara laghachi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ebe a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ kemgbe e jidere ya. A kọrọ na ụmụ Pak, ndị niile nọ n'ụlọ ikpe, achọghị ịgwa ya okwu mgbe onye ọka ikpe jụrụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man accused of killing 79-year-old partner says he wants death sentence but disputes facts|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/pak-kian-huat-man-accused-killing-79-year-old-partner-chopper-wants-death-sentence-disputes-facts-2960251|date=23 September 2022|publisher=CNA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=八旬男子被控误杀老伴 庭上否认部分案情 案件展期|url=https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20220923/johor/4110731|date=23 September 2022|publisher=Sin Chew Daily|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103105/https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20220923/johor/4110731|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikpe a mara Pak Kian Huat ==
Na 22 Mee 2023, ọnwa asatọ ka agbatịchara usoro ikpe ụlọ ikpe, Pak Kian Huat dị afọ 86 pụtara ọzọ n'ụlọ ikpe, oge a n'ihu Justice Lee Kee Oon, onye nọchiri Aedit Abdullah dị ka onye ọka ikpe nke ikpe ahụ. N'oge a, a ka na-ebo ebubo igbu ọchụ megide Pak n'ikpe ya. Na-enweghị mgbagha ọ bụla na nkwupụta nke eziokwu dị ka ọ na-eme na mbụ, Pak kwetara na ọ bụ obere ebubo ahụ, ya mere a mara ya ikpe, na ikpe ikpe ikpe ya ka e mere n'otu ụbọchị ahụ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lelaki 86 tahun dipenjara 15 tahun; bunuh pasangan dalam serangan 'sangat kejam'|url=https://berita.mediacorp.sg/singapura/lelaki-86-tahun-dipenjara-15-tahun-bunuh-pasangan-dalam-serangan-sangat-kejam-757276|date=22 May 2023|publisher=Berita Mediacorp|language=Malay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị gbara akwụkwọ gbara akwụkwọ chọrọ ka a mara ya mkpọrọ afọ iri na ise ruo afọ iri na asatọ. Onye osote onye ọka iwu ọha (DPP) Dillon Kok rụrụ ụka na mwakpo Pak gburu Lim bụ “ụdị ime ihe ike n'ụlọ kacha njọ” na nsonaazụ ọjọọ a sitere na obiọma Lim gosipụtara Pak iji mee ka ya na ya na-ebikọ ọnụ iji belata owu ọmụma ya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, wee nye ya. ọdịdị nke ọbara oyi na ime ihe ike nke igbu egbu na Pak n'onwe ya nọgidere na-awakpo Lim ọbụna mgbe ọ dịlarị ala, o gosiri na Pak nwere nkwanye ùgwù siri ike maka ndụ mmadụ ma jiri obi ọjọọ na-erite uru na-ekwesịghị ekwesị karịa onye ọ merụrụ ahụ. DPP Kok kwuru na n'agbanyeghị na Pak merela agadi, Pak nwere ike imerụ Lim ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ ma kpatara ọnwụ ya, na oke mmerụ ahụ kwuru banyere ike Pak ji mee ihe n'oge mwakpo ahụ, na maka nke a. ndị gbara akwụkwọ ahụ rịọrọ ka e kwesịghị iburu Pak ime agadi n'uche n'ibelata ikpe ahụ, na ntaramahụhụ siri ike dị mkpa maka mpụ &quot;kpọmkwem nke jọgburu onwe ya&quot; e mere n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, ọ bụrụgodị na ọ pụtara na Pak ga-anwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na. n'etiti oge nga ya. Wezụga nke a, n'okwu ndị gbara akwụkwọ, omume Pak mgbe e gbuchara ya, onye obi jụrụ oyi na-etinye sọks na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya ka ọ ghara ịdaba, gosipụtara na ọ naghị echegharị, enweghị mgbagha, ịchọ ọdịmma onwe onye naanị na enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla maka onye ọ merụrụ n'agbanyeghị ogologo oge ha nwere. - mmekọrịta oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=54刀砍死老伴 老翁认误杀罪 判监15年|url=https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20230522/54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%AF%E6%9D%80%E7%BD%AA-%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%9115%E5%B9%B4/|date=22 May 2023|publisher=Johor China Press|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103224/https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20230522/54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%AF%E6%9D%80%E7%BD%AA-%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%9115%E5%B9%B4/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Singapore sentences 86-year-old man to 15 years’ jail for hacking partner to death with chopper|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3221413/singapore-sentences-86-year-old-man-15-years-jail-hacking-partner-death-chopper|date=22 May 2023|publisher=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'aka nke ọzọ, onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka mpụ Eugene Thuraisingam, onye weghaara ikpe Pak, gbara ụlọ ikpe ume ka ha tụlee arịrịọ ikpe mara Pak na nchegharị ya, Pak n'onwe ya bụ onye mbụ mebiri iwu, ọ na-ekwu na Pak chere na a jụrụ ya ma merụọ ya ahụ mgbe a na-anaghị ekwe ka o jiri nnukwu ụlọ ahụ mee ihe, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ tụgharịrị na obere ụlọ ahụ na-eme ka ụkwara ya ka njọ. Thuraisingam kwuru na Pak nwere mmetụta uche ma na-ewe iwe n'ihi na ọ maghị otu esi edozi nsogbu a, ọ &quot;mere ihe na-enweghị isi, na nzaghachi na-enweghị ezi uche na nke a na-ezighị ezi&quot;. N'ịgbagha ya, ndị na-ebo ya ebubo kọwara arịrịọ Pak dị ka ohere ọ ga-eme ka mkpesa ya megide Lim, ọ rịọghịkwa mgbaghara ọ bụla nye ụmụ ya, nke gaara abụ ihe kacha nta onye nwere ezigbo ịkwa ụta kwesịrị ime. Ha kwukwara banyere mmetọ Pak mere n'oge gara aga megide Lim, nke gosipụtara otu o si gbalịa ise onwe ya dị ka nwoke na-agbaghara Lim mgbe niile ma ọ bụ naanị ihe akaebe maka &quot;chauvinism&quot; Pak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=86-year-old man jailed for killing partner in 'unspeakably vicious' attack|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/86-year-old-man-chopper-kill-partner-bedroom-3505716|date=22 May 2023|publisher=CNA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, Justice See Kee Oon nyere mkpebi ikpe ya. N'ikpe ya, Justice See kọwara mwakpo chopper dị ka &quot; mwakpo na-enweghị isi na onye na-enweghị nchebe&quot; dị ka Lim, nke sitere na mkpesa a na-ahụkarị. Justice See dọrọ Pak aka ná ntị maka enweghị nchegharị ya n'ihi obi ọjọọ ya n'oge mwakpo na omume ya n'afọ ahụ ọ nọ n'okpuru njide. O kwukwara na Pak merụrụ mmadụ ahụ dị egwu dịka 54 n'ahụ onye ahụ e ji chopper mee, ọ gosikwara ọdịdị obi ọjọọ na ọbara ọjọọ nke mwakpo ahụ na ike ya, ọ bụ naanị na a ga-ekwu na site na mkpesa a na-eche na ọ nwere n'ebe Lim nọ, Pak chepụtara ebumnuche igbu mmadụ na ebumnuche a naanị gosipụtara etu àgwà ya dị njọ. Ọzọkwa, &quot;ọnụnọ doro anya nke uche&quot; nke Pak ịbanye na kichin ma nọrọ na chopper (mgbe ọ chọtara mma ndị ọzọ pere mpe) mekwara ka ihe akaebe nke ebumnuche ya kpatara ọnwụ Lim sie ike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='Vicious, horrifying': 15 years' jail for 86-year-old man who hacked partner to death with chopper|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/vicious-brutal-man-86-jail-15-years-chopper-death-partner-2176391|date=22 May 2023|publisher=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=54刀砍死老伴　狮城八旬翁监15年|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/international/2023/05/22/567838|date=22 May 2023|publisher=Oriental Daily|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=S'porean man, 86, jailed for killing 60-year female partner, 79, with chopper over room squabble|url=https://mothership.sg/2023/05/old-man-kill-partner-over-bedroom/|date=22 May 2023|publisher=Mothership}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wezụga nke a, Justice See kwuru na n'oge ogbugbu ahụ, Pak enweghị nsogbu uche ọ bụla, na emetụtaghị ọrụ uche ya n'oge mpụ ahụ. Ọ leghaara Pak afọ 86 anya dị ka ihe na-ebelata, n'ihi ịdị njọ nke mmejọ a na-ebo ya na ọdịdị jọgburu onwe ya, nke gaara akwado ikpe kachasị nke mkpọrọ ndụ. N'ikwubi na ogbugbu nke Lim Soi Moy bụ &quot;nke kpachaara anya na nke a na-apụghị ịkọwa akọwa nke jọgburu onwe ya na obi ọjọọ&quot;, Justice See chọpụtara na ikpe siri ike bụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na mkpa ọ dị ịkwado ụkpụrụ mgbochi na nkwụghachi ụgwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=15 years’ jail for man, 86, who hacked ex-partner to death for not giving him bigger room|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/15-years-jail-for-man-86-who-hacked-partner-to-death-for-refusing-to-let-him-stay-in-bigger-room|date=22 May 2023|publisher=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=54刀砍死妻 八旬翁认误杀罪监15年|url=https://www.enanyang.my/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85/54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E5%A6%BB-%E5%85%AB%E6%97%AC%E7%BF%81%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%AF%E6%9D%80%E7%BD%AA%E7%9B%9115%E5%B9%B4|date=22 May 2023|publisher=eNanyang|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103809/https://www.enanyang.my/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85/54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E5%A6%BB-%E5%85%AB%E6%97%AC%E7%BF%81%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%AF%E6%9D%80%E7%BD%AA%E7%9B%9115%E5%B9%B4|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe gbasara puru omume, Justice See chere na ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ịma Pak Kian Huat dị afọ 86 mkpọrọ afọ 15, ma weghachite ya na ụbọchị ejidere Pak na 1 Septemba 2019. Ọ bụ ezie na a pụkwara ịmanye mkpọ n'elu. N'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka igbu mmadụ, Pak enweghị mkpọ n'ihi na ọ karịrị afọ 50 n'oge ikpe. Kemgbe njedebe nke ikpe ya, Pak na-eje ozi afọ 15 ugbu a n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Changi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=54刀砍死老伴 老翁认误杀罪 判监15年|url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20230522/54%E5%88%80%E7%A0%8D%E6%AD%BB%E8%80%81%E4%BC%B4-%E8%80%81%E7%BF%81%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%AF%E6%9D%80%E7%BD%AA-%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%9115%E5%B9%B4/|date=22 May 2023|publisher=China Press|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=துணையைக் கொலை செய்த 86 வயது ஆடவருக்கு 15 ஆண்டுகள் சிறை|url=https://seithi.mediacorp.sg/singapore/86-year-old-man-jailed-killing-partner-668211|date=22 May 2023|publisher=Seithi Mediacorp|language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke mpụ ndị dị mkpa na Singapore

== Ebem si dee ==
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Site na Machị ruo Nọvemba 2020, nna nkuchi ya Mohamad Fazli Selamat na nne ya Roslinda Jamil mekpọrọ nwa agbọghọ dị afọ 11 onye Singapore, onye akpọchiri aha ya n'ihi iwu gag. Nwatakịrị nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ na 10 Nọvemba 2020, ụbọchị anọ ka Fazli jiri ihe mgbatị ahụ tie ya ọtụtụ ugboro n'isi, na Roslinda emeghị ihe ọ bụla. E jidere Fazli, onye uwe ojii inyeaka na Roslinda ma bo ya ebubo igbu ọchụ mgbe nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwụsịrị. N'ikpeazụ, e wedara ebubo igbu ọchụ e boro di na nwunye ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ogbugbu mmadụ na ọtụtụ ebubo ọzọ nke mmetọ ụmụaka; Roslinda ghọrọ onye mbụ ebubo ebubo ikwe ka nwa ya nwanyị nwụọ n'otu ụlọ, dabere na iwu ọhụrụ e mere iji gbochie mmetọ ụmụaka kemgbe 2020. Mgbe ha kwuchara ebubo ha, a mara di na nwunye ahụ ikpe na February 2024 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na February 2024. Usoro sitere na afọ asaa ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 16, ebe Fazli nyekwara mkịrị 12 nke okpete maka ogbugbu nke nwa nkuchi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2024|title=Couple jailed for abusing 11-year-old girl who died of head injuries; court allows offenders to be named|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/couple-jailed-abusing-11-year-old-girl-who-died-head-injuries-court-allows-offenders-be-named-2363696|work=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
A mụrụ nwa agbọghọ ahụ na Singapore na 2009 mgbe nne ya, Roslinda Jamil, dị nanị afọ 16. Roslinda mụrụ nwa ahụ na enyi ya nwoke mgbe ahụ, onye a na-amaghị onye ọ bụ. Nwatakịrị nwanyị ahụ tolitere n'okpuru nlekọta nne ya, Roslinda na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ ego, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye na-ebuga nri na onye nkuzi inyeaka nwata iji kwado onwe ya na nwa ya nwanyị. Roslinda lụrụ di mbụ ya n’afọ 2013, ma mụtakwa ụmụ nwoke abụọ ọzọ, ma a kọrọ na di mbụ ahụ kpagburu ya. Roslinda mesịrị gbaa akwụkwọ maka ịgba alụkwaghịm na ya ma jikọta ụmụ ya ndị ikom. Roslinda mechara zute onye uwe ojii inyeaka aha ya bụ Mohamad Fazli Selamat, wee malite mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ha na Mee 2019 tupu ha ebikọta ọnụ na Ọktoba 2019. Fazli na Roslinda lụrụ n'April 2020, Roslinda mụrụ nwa mbụ Fazli na naanị ya - nwa. Nwa nwoke - n'August 2020. Nwa nwanyị Roslinda, yana ụmụ nwoke abụọ Roslinda sitere na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya, gara ka ya na nne ha na nna nna ha biri n'otu ụlọ dị na Jurong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2024|title=Jail for man who fatally abused stepdaughter, 11|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/jail-man-who-fatally-abused-stepdaughter-11|work=The New Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na Machị ruo Nọvemba 2020, nna nkuchi na nne ya kparịrị nwa agbọghọ ahụ. Dị ka akwụkwọ ụlọikpe na okwu di na nwunye ahụ si kwuo, Fazli enweghị obi ụtọ na nwa nwunye ya na-eri nri nwayọọ nwayọọ ma kwenye na nwa agbọghọ ahụ kpara àgwà ọjọọ ma zuo ihe n'ụlọ ha. N'otu ụbọchị na Machị 2020, Fazli tara nwa agbọghọ ahụ ahụhụ site n'inye ya iwu ka o guzoro na tebụl ma jide karama mmiri dị lita 1.5 n'ogo ubu, mgbe ọ na-eme nke a, Fazli jiri eriri na okpete tie ya ihe ruru afọ 20 ruo 30. nkeji, na-eme ka ọ kwado ọtụtụ ọnya n'ogwe aka ya, ukwu, apata ụkwụ na ụkwụ ya. Ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, ndị ezi na ụlọ Fazli chọpụtara ọnya ahụ wee baara Fazli mba maka imegbu nwa agbọghọ ahụ na Roslinda maka akwụsịghị ya, mana mmegbu ahụ gara n'ihu. Dị ka akụkụ nke mmeso ọjọọ ahụ, Fazli mere ka nwa agbọghọ ahụ mee mgbatị ahụ dịka ntaramahụhụ. Fazli na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị ka osisi na-akpụ azụ azụ, ebe a na-emega ahụ na okpete na-akụ ya mgbe ọ bụla o mejọrọ, dị ka ihi ụra kama ịmụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ na-emehie ihe mgbe ọ na-eme ihe omume ụlọ ya. Fazli na Roslinda ga-amanye onye a na-ata ahụhụ rie chilli padi ruo mgbe ọ gbọpụtara iji taa ya ahụhụ. N'otu oge, Roslinda nyekwara nwa ya nwanyị mmiri ọkụ, na-akpata ọnya n'akpụkpọ ahụ nwatakịrị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 July 2023|title=Mum found guilty of allowing death of 11-year-old at hands of abusive stepfather|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/mum-found-guilty-allowing-death-11-year-old-hands-abusive-stepfather|work=The New Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 February 2023|title=逼吃小辣椒 铁棒乱打 11岁女童遭母亲和继父虐死|url=https://www.kwongwah.com.my/20230227/%E9%80%BC%E5%90%83%E5%B0%8F%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92-%E9%93%81%E6%A3%92%E4%B9%B1%E6%89%93-11%E5%B2%81%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E9%81%AD%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%A7%E7%88%B6%E8%99%90%E6%AD%BB/|language=zh|work=Kwong Wah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ na abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwarị afọ 2020, nwatakịrị ahụ agaghị ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi na Fazli na Roslinda tụrụ egwu na ndị nkuzi ga-achọpụta mmetọ ahụ, nke nwere ike iduga n'ịbọ ọbọ site n'aka ndị ọchịchị. Ndị nnọchi anya ụlọ akwụkwọ abụọ rutere na 26 Septemba 2020 ileta nwa agbọghọ ahụ ma lelee ya, mana di na nwunye ahụ ekweghị ka ha banye, si otú a na-ezere nchọpụta nke mmetọ ahụ. N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2020, otu onye ọrụ ahụike ụmụ akwụkwọ si n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ mere ka ndị nne na nna nwa agbọghọ ahụ kweta ka ha na nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwee oku vidiyo, otu onye ọrụ si n'aka Child Protective Service (CPS) sonyeere onye ọrụ ahụ na oku ahụ, nke nwa agbọghọ ahụ mere n'ime ụlọ ya nwere ọkụ na-adịghị mma. N'oge oku ahụ, onye ọrụ CPS ahụghị ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla nke mmetọ site n'aka onye ahụ, onye na-eyi uwe ogologo na-enwu ọkụ n'ime ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 February 2023|title=Mother, stepfather admit abusing 11-year-old daughter, who died from head injuries|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/auxiliary-police-officer-stepfather-mother-11-year-old-girl-abused-death-exercise-bar-court-culpable-homicide-3308631|work=CNA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2024|title=Budak perempuan 11 tahun mati setelah didera: Bapa tiri dipenjara 15 tahun|url=https://www.beritaharian.sg/singapura/budak-perempuan-11-tahun-mati-setelah-didera-bapa-tiri-dipenjara-15-tahun|language=zh|work=Berita Harian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ nke onye ahụ e gburu ==
N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2020, Fazli chọpụtara na nwa ya nwanyị ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eri nri ya ọzọ, na-ewe iwe mgbe ọ hụrụ nke a, Fazli jiri ogwe aka ahụ kụọ nwa agbọghọ ahụ n'isi ruo mgbe ọ tụbọrọ. Roslinda hụrụ mwakpo ahụ mana o tinyeghị aka. Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, Fazli gbalịrị ịkpọte ya site na ịwụsa mmiri n'ihu ya, na-ekpe ekpere ma na-akpọ ya ugboro ugboro, na nkeji abụọ ka e mesịrị, nwa agbọghọ ahụ zaghachiri ma teta. Fazli chọpụtara na nwa ya nwanyị na-agba ọbara site na ntị aka nri ya na isi ya buo ibu, nke a mere ka ọ tụọ egwu ma ghọta na ọ chọrọ nlekọta ahụike. Ọ bụ ezie na Fazli na nwunye ya kwurịtara ma ha ga-akpọrọ nwa agbọghọ ahụ gaa ụlọ ọgwụ, ha kpebiri na ha agaghị eme ya, ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ike ịpụta ihe ngọpụ iji kọwaa mmerụ ahụ o merụrụ ahụ. Mgbe Fazli na-aga ọrụ, nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwere isi ọwụwa ma gbasaa na matarasị ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 February 2023|title=不满吃饭慢乱棍打　母亲与继父认虐死女童|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/international/2023/02/27/549574|language=zh|work=Oriental Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'isi ụtụtụ nke 7 Nọvemba 2020, Roslinda chọpụtara na nwa ya nwanyị nwere ọbara na ntị ya, wee gwa di ya banyere ya, mana Fazli gwara ya na ọ bụghị ihe ọ bụla. Ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ, mgbe Fazli laghachiri n'ụlọ, ya na nwunye ya chọpụtara mmerụ ahụ n'aka na azụ onye ahụ. Fazli gwara nwa ya nwanyị ka ọ kụchie ma wepụ aka ya ugboro ugboro, ọ bụ ezie na nwatakịrị ahụ rubere isi, ọ zere iji aka nri ya. Fazli were iwe na nke a n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ka nwa ya nwanyị jiri aka nri ya &quot;na-agbake ngwa ngwa site na nrugharị ọbara ka mma&quot;, ma chọọ ka nwa agbọghọ ahụ banye n'ọnọdụ nrụgide iji dọọ ya aka ná ntị, mana onye ahụ a na-emegbu enweghị ike ime otú ahụ ma nọgide na-ada. Nke a kpaliri Fazli ijide ogwe mmega ahụ ma jiri ya tie ya ihe n'azụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2024|title=Pasangan dipenjara kerana seksa anak 11 tahun sampai mati; mahkamah benarkan identiti pesalah didedahkan|url=https://berita.mediacorp.sg/singapura/pasangan-dipenjara-kerana-seksa-anak-11-tahun-sampai-mati-mahkamah-benarkan-identiti-pesalah-didedahkan-824886|language=zh|work=Berita Mediacorp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 9 Nọvemba 2020, nwa agbọghọ ahụ tiri mkpu n'ihe mgbu mgbe nne ya na-ahịhịa aka ya, na Roslinda kọrọ na ọ tara ya ugboro atọ iji kwụsị ya ịkwa ákwá.[1] Achọpụtara onye a tara ahụhụ nọ na ọnọdụ ọjọọ na adịghị ike mgbe Fazli si ọrụ lọta, ma Fazli rịọrọ ya mgbaghara maka mwakpo ahụ. Ọnọdụ nwa agbọghọ ahụ kara njọ n'echi ya, ọ gwakwara nne ya na ọ na-egbu ya mgbu na ahụ na-agbakwa ya. N'ihe dị ka elekere 10.20 nke ụtụtụ ahụ n'onwe ya, nwa agbọghọ ahụ gbalịrị ibili mana ọ daghị ya wee daa n'ala, na-anabataghị ya. Roslinda gbalịrị ịkpọte nwa ya nwanyị, ọbụna mara ya ụra, ma nwa agbọghọ ahụ azaghị ya. Roslinda chọrọ enyemaka nke onye agbata obi ya, bụ onye chọpụtara na ada Roslinda egosighị ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla nke ndụ mgbe ọ na-elele ụbụrụ ya.[2] Emechara kpọtụụrụ ụgbọ ihe mberede ma ndị ọrụ ahụike gbagara nwa agbọghọ ahụ n'ụlọọgwụ General Ng Teng Fong. N'agbanyeghị mbọ a gbara ime ka nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị afọ 11 nwụọ n'elekere 12:40 nke abalị.[3] N'oge ọnwụ ya, onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ dị ihe dị ka 1.34m n'ogologo ma dị ihe dị ka 20 kg, na akụkọ nyocha nke nwa agbọghọ ahụ gosipụtara na enwere ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ n'ahụ nwa agbọghọ ahụ, nke gụnyere ọkpụkpụ okpokoro isi na ọgịrịga mgbaji, akara ntanye, ọnya n'ahụ ya niile. na mmerụ ahụ siri ike n'isi ya, ihu, obi, úkwù na akụkụ aka ya. Ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ mmerụ ahụ nwa agbọghọ ahụ merụrụ n'isi n'ihi mwakpo ụlọ ọrụ mgbatị ahụ nke nna nkuchi ya wakporo ya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 February 2024|title=Girl, 11, died after stepdad struck her head with exercise bar for eating rice 'too slowly'|url=https://mothership.sg/2024/02/stepdad-kill-daughter-hit-bar/|work=Mothership}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 February 2023|title=不满吃饭慢乱棍打 母继父认虐死女童|url=https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20230227/johor/4501176|language=zh|work=Sin Chew Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007100829/https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20230227/johor/4501176|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebubo igbu ọchụ ==
N’oge na-adịghị anya ka nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwụsịrị n’ụlọọgwụ General Ng Teng Fong, ndị uwe ojii mara ọnwụ nke na-ekwekọghị n’okike, ma nwụchiri ma Roslinda Jamil na Mohamad Fazli Selamat maka ebubo ebubo na ha kpatara ọnwụ nke onye ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na Fazli na Roslinda ghaara ndị isi ụlọ ọgwụ ụgha na mbụ, na-ekwu na nwa agbọghọ ahụ dara n'elu steepụ ka ọ nọ na-agba ụgbọ mmiri ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya, ha abụọ mechara kwupụta mgbe ndị uwe ojii gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na ọ bụ ha kpatara igbu nwa agbọghọ ahụ. Na 11 Nọvemba 2020, ndị uwe ojii wepụtara nkwupụta mgbasa ozi gbasara ogbugbu nwa agbọghọ ahụ, ma kwupụta na a ga-ebo di na nwunye ahụ ebubo n'ụlọ ikpe n'echi ya maka igbu ọchụ.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 November 2020|title=Couple to be charged with murder of 11-year-old girl|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/couple-to-be-charged-with-murder-of-11-year-old-girl|work=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 November 2020|title=Couple in Singapore to be charged with murder of 11-year-old daughter|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2020/11/12/couple-in-singapore-to-be-charged-with-murder-of-11-year-old-daughter/1921857|work=Malay Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 November 2020|title=Couple, both 26, to be charged with murder of 11-year-old daughter|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/couple-both-26-be-charged-murder-11-year-old-daughter|work=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2020, e boro Mohamad Fazli Selamat na Roslinda Jamil, ndị dị afọ iri abụọ na isii, ebubo igbu nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị afọ iri na otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 November 2020|title=Mother, stepfather charged with murder of 11-year-old girl in Jurong flat|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/mother-stepfather-charged-with-murder-of-11-year-old-girl|work=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ebubo igbu ọchụ nke di na nwunye ahụ chere ihu bụ nke nwere ebumnuche otu, nke dị n'okpuru Nkebi nke 302 (1) na-agụ na Nkebi nke 34 nke Iwu Mpụ, ọ bụrụ na a mara ha ikpe, a ga-ama Roslinda na Fazli ikpe ọnwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 November 2020|title=Couple to be charged with murdering 11-year-old daughter|url=https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2020/11/11/couple-to-be-charged-with-murdering-11-year-old-daughter/|work=The Online Citizen|archive-date=14 May 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514172658/https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2020/11/11/couple-to-be-charged-with-murdering-11-year-old-daughter/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere iwu ụlọ ikpe iji machibido ndị mgbasa ozi ịkpọ aha onye ahụ n'ihu ọha, yana Roslinda na Fazli, iji chebe njirimara nke ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ. N'ụlọ ikpe, mgbe e nyechara ha akwụkwọ ebubo ahụ, a kọrọ na Roslinda na Fazli rịọrọ maka mgbapụta ma chọọ ịhụ ụmụ ha, Roslinda kwuru na nwa ya nwoke nke okenye na-achọ ịmalite Primary One n'afọ na-esote ma ọ dị ya mkpa mezue akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa iji mee ka ọ dịrị ya mfe. Ọ bụ ezie na a jụrụ arịrịọ a n'ihi iwu machibidoro ndị a na-enyo enyo igbu ọchụ ka a gbapụta ha na Singapore, Onye ọka ikpe distrikti Tan Jen Tse gwara di na nwunye ahụ na a ga-edozi arịrịọ ha ma nye ndị ọrụ nyocha enyemaka dị mkpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 November 2020|title=Woman charged with murdering 11-year-old daughter with victim's stepfather as accomplice|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/murder-11-year-old-daughter-mother-stepfather-678411|work=CNA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=13 November 2020|title=11-year-old girl’s mum and stepdad charged with her murder|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/11-year-old-girls-mum-and-stepdad-charged-her-murder|work=The New Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ebubo ha gasịrị, e jidere Fazli na Roslinda n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'enweghị mgbapụta ka ha na-echere ikpe maka igbu ọchụ ahụ. A kpọghachiri di na nwunye ahụ n'aka ndị uwe ojii maka otu izu mgbe ebubo ha gasịrị iji nyere aka na nyocha, ndị uwe ojii ga-eleta ebe mpụ ahụ ma weghachite ihe akaebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 November 2020|title=Mother and stepfather charged with murder of 11-year-old girl|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/mother-stepfather-charged-murder-11-yearold-girl-023121408.html|work=Yahoo News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, e debere ụmụ nwoke abụọ sitere na alụmdi na nwunye Roslinda gara aga n'okpuru nlekọta nke di ya mbụ, ebe a haziri nwa nwoke di na nwunye ahụ maka nlekọta nkuchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2024|title=目睹女儿遭继父暴打 见死不救 生母判入狱7年|url=https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20240215/%E7%8B%AE%E5%9F%8E%E7%84%A6%E7%82%B9-%E7%9B%AE%E7%9D%B9%E5%A5%B3%E5%84%BF%E9%81%AD%E7%BB%A7%E7%88%B6%E6%9A%B4%E6%89%93-%E8%A7%81%E6%AD%BB%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%91-%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%8D%E5%88%A4%E5%85%A5/|language=zh|work=Johor China Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103943/https://johor.chinapress.com.my/20240215/%E7%8B%AE%E5%9F%8E%E7%84%A6%E7%82%B9-%E7%9B%AE%E7%9D%B9%E5%A5%B3%E5%84%BF%E9%81%AD%E7%BB%A7%E7%88%B6%E6%9A%B4%E6%89%93-%E8%A7%81%E6%AD%BB%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%91-%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%8D%E5%88%A4%E5%85%A5/|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2024|title=见丈夫打死11岁女儿却不救 生母判坐牢7年|url=https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20240216/johor/5395058?pk_vid=8b99d385a626edca1715665231773396|language=zh|work=Sin Chew Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095753/https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20240216/johor/5395058?pk_vid=8b99d385a626edca1715665231773396|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikpe na amamikpe ==
N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ma Mohamad Fazli Selamat dị afọ iri abụọ na asatọ na Roslinda Jamil dị afọ iri itoolu guzoro ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu maka igbu nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị afọ iri na otu, onye ọka ikpe Pang Khang Chau duziri ikpe ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, ebubo igbu ọchụ megide Roslinda na Fazli belatara ka ọ bụrụ mmejọ dị ala metụtara mmetọ na ọnwụ nke nwa agbọghọ ahụ, nke nyere ha ohere izere ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ maka igbu nwa agbọghọ ahụ. Fazli kwetara na ikpe mara ya maka ebubo ise nke mmetọ ụmụaka na otu ebubo igbu ọchụ, ma kweta ka ebubo iri na otu fọdụrụnụ tụlee n'oge ikpe, ebe Roslinda kwetara na ya nwere ebubo abụọ nke mmetụ ụmụaka na otu ikpe nke ikwe ka nwa ya nwanyị nwụọ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'otu ezinụlọ ahụ. Roslinda bụ onye mbụ a mara ikpe kemgbe afọ 2020 maka ikwe ka ọnwụ nke nwatakịrị n'otu ezinụlọ ahụ, dịka iwu ọhụrụ e mere n'okpuru Iwu Ụmụaka na Ndị Ntorobịa (CYPA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 February 2023|title=Man admits causing death of stepdaughter he hit with exercise bar; wife did not intervene|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-admits-causing-death-of-stepdaughter-he-hit-with-exercise-bar-wife-did-not-intervene|work=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 February 2023|title=不满吃饭慢乱棍打 母继父认虐死女童|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/singapore/story20230227-1367371|language=zh|work=Lianhe Zaobao}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 February 2023|title=11岁女孩被继父虐待致死 继父和生母双双认罪|url=https://www.8world.com/singapore/11-year-old-girl-abused-death-exercise-bar-court-culpable-homicide-2065676|language=zh|work=8World News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2023, ndị na-agbachitere ya na ndị na-ekpe ya ikpe malitere itinye akwụkwọ maka ikpe. Ndị ọkàiwu, nke onye osote onye ọkàiwu ọha na eze (DPP) Ng Jun Chong, Jonathan Lee na Kumaresan Gohulabalan duziri, rịọrọ ka a maa Roslinda ikpe afọ asatọ ruo afọ iri na abụọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ihi na emeghị ihe ọ bụla bụ otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ nwa ya nwanyị, ọ bụrụ na o tinye aka, a gaara egbochi ọnwụ nwa ya nwaanyị. Maka Fazli, ndị na-ebo ebubo na-achọ mkpọrọ afọ 14 ruo 17 na ọ dịkarịa ala mkpara iri na abụọ, na-akọwa mwakpo ahụ na-egbu egbu na onye ahụ a na-emegbu dị ka mwakpo &quot;na-enweghị isi, na-aga n'ihu na nke na-enweghị isi&quot; nke na-abụghị ihe ezi uche dị na ya na ihe dị mfe na nke na ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 July 2023|title=Prosecution seeks 8 to 12 years’ jail for mum whose inaction led to girl’s death|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/prosecution-seeks-8-to-12-years-jail-for-mum-whose-inaction-led-to-girl-s-death|work=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 July 2023|title=见丈夫打死11岁女儿却不救 控方求判妇女坐牢8至12年|url=https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20230706/johor/4806419|language=zh|work=Sin Chew Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101555/https://johor.sinchew.com.my/news/20230706/johor/4806419|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime mbelata, ndị na-agbachitere ya gwara ụlọ ikpe ka ha gosi di na nwunye ahụ ebere n'ihi na ha bụ ndị mmegbu gara aga. Mohamed Muzammil Mohamed, onye ọka iwu omempụ nke nọchitere anya Roslinda, kwuru na nne ya metọrọ onye ahịa ya, onye na-ejikarị ya emechi n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, Roslinda n'onwe ya bụ onye a na-emegbu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge ọ dị obere, ọ ghaghịkwa ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise mgbe ọ nọ na sekọndrị atọ, ọbụnakwa gbalịa igbu onwe ya otu ugboro. Mohamed kwukwara mgbe enyi ya nwoke n'oge ahụ tụụrụ ime ya ma ghọọ nne naanị ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, Roslinda ga-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche iji kwado onwe ya na nwa ya nke okenye, onye a na-emegbu n'okwu a, nakwa na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya enweghị obi ụtọ n'ihi na di mbụ ya na-emenye ya nsogbu n'ụzọ mmetụta uche na nke anụ ahụ. Mohamed rịọrọ ụlọ ikpe ka ọ meere Roslinda ebere ka onye ahịa ya wee nwee ike ịgakwuru ụmụ ya mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Mohamed kwukwara na Roslinda enweghị ikpe mara karịa Fazli, ebe ọ bụ na Fazli bụ onye kpatara ọtụtụ mmetọ ahụ; na ihe ka ukwuu, Roslinda dọrọ nwa ya nwanyị aka ná ntị maka ịgha ụgha, izu ohi na omume ọjọọ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe di ya na-emetọ nwa ya nwanyị, Roslinda nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-elekọta ụmụ ndị ọzọ, Mohamed kwukwara na Fazli na-ahọrọ naanị nwa agbọghọ ahụ n'agbanyeghị na ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ nwere otu nsogbu nke iri nri nwayọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 July 2023|title=Defence shares 'traumatic', 'difficult' backgrounds of couple in fatal abuse case of 11-year-old girl|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/stepfather-11-girl-fatal-abuse-exercise-bar-defence-3607086|work=CNA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Banyere Fazli, onye ọka iwu ya bụ Ahmad Nizam Abbas kwetara na ọ nweghị ihe ngọpụ maka omume onye ahịa ya mana ọ rịọrọ ụlọ ikpe ka ọ tụlee ihe ndabere nke onye ahịa ya, onye a na-emegbu n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Ahmad Nizam gosipụtara akụkọ onye isi mgbaka, nke chọpụtara na Fazli, onye bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ezinụlọ dara ogbenye nke ụmụ itoolu na onye na-anakọta ihe mkpofu na onye na'ụlọ, enweela mmetọ mgbe niile mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, n'ihi ya, Fazli nwere ike ịbụ onye mmetọ n'onwe ya n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme ya dị ka onye mmetọrọ ụmụaka. Nkọwa ndị ọzọ gbasara nzụlite Fazli pụtakwara: ọ dị afọ itoolu mgbe ndị mụrụ ya furu efu ruo ogologo oge ma hapụ ụmụ ahụ ka ha lekọta onwe ha; n'ihi mmetọ ahụ, Fazli kewara na ụmụnne ya, ọ na-ebikarịkwa n'okpuru nlekọta nkuzi. Ahmad Nizam kwukwara na n'enweghị obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ahụmịhe n'alụmdi na nwunye na ịzụlite nne na nna, alụmdi na nwunye Fazli na nwanyị nwere ụmụ atọ dị ka Roslinda n'onwe ya pụtara na ọ ga-esi n'otu nwoke gaa n'otu di na nne na nna ozugbo, nke mere ka ọ na-atụ egwu. Ọ chọrọ ịbụ ezigbo nna nye ụmụ atọ ya iji lekọta ha, mana ọchịchọ a gbochiri ma gbagọọ agbagọ site na ahụmịhe ya nke mmetọ ụmụaka na nkuchi. Iji chịkọta mbelata ya, Ahmad Nizam kwuru na Fazli na-akwa ụta maka igbu nwa ya nwanyị ma ọ nabatara n'enweghị mgbagha ọdịdị ọjọọ nke omume ya na ibu ọrụ ya n'azụ ogbugbu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 July 2023|title=Couple who abused 11-year-old daughter to death and punished her with chilli padi claim to be abuse victims too|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/couple-who-abused-11-year-old-daughter-death-and-punished-her-chilli-padi-claim-be-abuse-victims-too-2204656|work=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 15 Febụwarị 2024, Justice Pang Khang Chau nyere mkpebi ikpe ya na ikpe. O kpebiri na a ga-atụ Roslinda Jamil, onye dị afọ iri atọ n'oge ahụ, mkpọrọ afọ asaa, ọnwa asatọ na izu atọ. Banyere Mohamed Fazli Selamat dị afọ iri abụọ na itoolu, Justice Pang mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na ise na ọnwa iri na otu, yana ịpịa ya mkpara iri na abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 February 2023|title=继父挥铁杆暴打11岁继女致死 生母见死不救两人被判监|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20240215-1468300|language=zh|work=Lianhe Zaobao}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2024|title=Couple jailed for abusing 11-year-old girl who died of head injuries; court allows offenders to be named|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/couple-abused-11-year-old-girl-exercise-bar-jailed-gag-order-lifted-4125606|work=CNA}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ikpe ikpe ahụ, ndị na-ebo ebubo tinyere akwụkwọ ka e wepụ iwu mkpuchi maka njirimara nke di na nwunye ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ikpe ikpe ahụ agwụla ma ọ dịghị mkpa iji gbochie nkọwa nke di na nwanyị ahụ. Ndị na-ebo ebubo kọwara na e nyere iwu ka a ghara ịma aka na mbụ iji chebe ụmụnne onye ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a kpọrọ ha ka ha kpee ha ikpe dị ka ndị akaebe, dịka Iwu Ụmụaka na Ndị Ntorobịa (CYPA) si dị, nke a anaghịzi arụ ọrụ n'ihi na akpọghị ụmụ di na nwunye ahụ dị ndụ ka ha gbaa akaebe n'ụlọ ikpe. N'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka ndị na-agbachitere ya, Justice Pang kwetara na ndị gbara ya akwụkwọ nyere ikike ka a kpọọ aha ndị omempụ ahụ n'ihu ọha, ọ bụ ezie na ekpugheghị onye nwa agbọghọ ahụ bụ n'ihi nchebara echiche maka nzuzo nke ụmụnne ya atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=16 February 2024|title=辅警暴打头部虐死继女 生母见死不救 与夫齐判监|url=https://www.enanyang.my/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85/%E8%BE%85%E8%AD%A6%E6%9A%B4%E6%89%93%E5%A4%B4%E9%83%A8%E8%99%90%E6%AD%BB%E7%BB%A7%E5%A5%B3-%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%8D%E8%A7%81%E6%AD%BB%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%91-%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%AB%E9%BD%90%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%91|language=zh|work=eNanyang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103811/https://www.enanyang.my/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85/%E8%BE%85%E8%AD%A6%E6%9A%B4%E6%89%93%E5%A4%B4%E9%83%A8%E8%99%90%E6%AD%BB%E7%BB%A7%E5%A5%B3-%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%8D%E8%A7%81%E6%AD%BB%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%91-%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%AB%E9%BD%90%E5%88%A4%E7%9B%91|archive-date=7 October 2024|access-date=6 October 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2024|title=Death of 11-year-old girl: Jail for stepfather who beat her, and for mum who failed to stop abuse|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/jail-for-stepfather-who-fatally-abused-11-year-old-girl-in-2020-and-mother-who-allowed-her-death|work=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ==
Ogbugbu ụmụaka Jurong nke afọ 2020 bụ nke atọ e boro ebubo igbu nwa agbọghọ n'aka ndị mụrụ ya mere na Singapore n'ime otu afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 November 2020|title=Mother, stepfather of 11-year-old girl charged with murdering her in Jurong flat|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/mother-stepfather-11-year-old-girl-charged-murder-ing-her-jurong-flat|work=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu ikpe a, na Septemba 2019, a chọtara ozu ọkụ nke nwa agbọghọ dị ọnwa 30 aha ya bụ Umaisyah n'ime ite dị na Chin Swee Road nke nne na nna ya, a tụkwara nne na nna ahụ abụọ, bụ ndị e boro ebubo igbu ọchụ na mbụ, n'agbata afọ 14 na 21.5 site n'ịgburu nna ya maka ebubo mmetọ ụmụaka na igbu ọchukwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/timeline-killing-2-year-old-girl-went-undiscovered-years-her-remains-left-pot-2260971|title=Timeline: Killing of 2-year-old girl that went undiscovered for years, her remains left in a pot|work=TODAY|date=21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnọdụ nke abụọ mere na Febụwarị 2020, mgbe e kwuru na nne ya na enyi nwoke nne ya gburu Megan Khung Yu Wai dị afọ anọ, ha abụọ ji enyemaka enyi ya gbaa ozu ya ọkụ ọnwa atọ mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị. E jidere di na nwunye ahụ na otu enyi ahụ na Julaị 2020 ma boo ha ebubo igbu ọchụ, ma na-echere ikpe maka ọnwụ iwu na-akwadoghị nke Khung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-and-woman-to-be-charged-with-murder-of-womans-4-year-old-daughter|title=Man and woman to be charged with murder of woman's 4-year-old daughter|work=The Straits Times|date=24 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogbugbu ụmụaka nke Jurong nke afọ 2020, tinyere ọtụtụ ikpe ndị ọzọ a ma ama nke ụmụaka e metọrọ ruo ọnwụ, gụnyere ọnwụ ụmụaka nke Chin Swee Road nke afọ 2014, ikpe mmetọ ụmụaka nke Toa Payoh nke afọ 2016 na Ikpe mmetọ ụmụaka nke Ayeesha nke afọ 2017, wetara nlebara anya zuru oke na ihe omume mmetọ nwata na Singapore, ọ kpaliri gọọmentị itinye usoro siri ike iji hụ na nchekwa nke ọdịmma ụmụaka na igbochi mmetọ nwatakịrị. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2023, ọnwa ise tupu amamikpe nke ndị na-emetọ ụmụaka Jurong, onye nta akụkọ CNA bụ Alison Jenner dere otu isiokwu pụrụ iche iji metụ aka n'okwu mmetọ ụmụaka ma kwuo okwu ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu dịka ihe atụ. Ọ kọrọ na o siri ike maka ndị mmadụ ịchọpụta ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị nke mmetọ ụmụaka (nke bụ nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile ma na-emekarị n'azụ ụlọ) na ihe ịma aka nke ndị otu ọdịmma iji kpughee ikpe ndị a, n'agbanyeghị ma ndị ahụ nwụrụ ma ọ bụ lanarịrị. Jenner kwukwara na ọ bụ ọrụ nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'obodo iji mee ka egwu ma chọpụta ikpe ndị a ma chebe ọdịmma ụmụaka. Jenner wetakwara data ọnụ ọgụgụ site na Child Protective Service (CPS), nke nyochara ikpe mmetọ 2,141 na 2021, mmụba nke pasent 63 site na ikpe 1,313 na 2020. Jenner mechiri ederede ya banyere isiokwu ahụ site n'ikwu na ikpe mmetọ ụmụaka kwesịrị ime ka mkpa ọ dị maka obodo na-elezi anya ma na-echetara ndị mmadụ mkpa ọ dị ichebe ụmụaka pụọ na mmetọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 September 2023|title=Commentary: Killed by her father - remember Umaisyah's name as we learn lessons from her tragic death|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/umaisyah-father-kill-two-year-old-girl-burn-remains-metal-pot-3790616|work=CNA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọnwa ise mgbe a mara Fazli na Roslinda ikpe, a kpọtụrụ igbu ụmụaka Jurong nke 2020 aha ọzọ na July 2024 mgbe mmejọ nke ikwe ka ọnwụ nwatakịrị site na mmegbu ghọkwara isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka ọha na eze. Ndị ọkachamara n'iwu kwuru na ebubo maka mmebi iwu dị otú ahụ nwere ike iji megide onye a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-emetọ ụmụaka mgbe ọ bụla ihe karịrị otu onye metụtara ma na-ejikwa ejighị n'aka nke onye ọ bụla ka ikpe mara, iji gbochie ikpe mmetọ ụmụaka ma na-ata ndị nne na nna nwere ike igbochi mmetọ nwa ha ma ọ bụ ụmụ ha mana ha họọrọ ịghara ime otú ahụ. A na-ekwukarị na n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, nne ma ọ bụ nna na-etinye aka mgbe ọ bụla abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-eche ebubo maka mmetọ ụmụaka nke kpatara ọnwụ ihu. Ugboro ugboro, nne na nna kwere ka ọnwụ ahụ bụrụ nwanyị. Ndị ọkachamara na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ala azụ itinye aka mgbe ọ bụla mmetọ ndị a mere, ebe ụmụ nwanyị ga na-atụ egwu mmegwara ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike ọzọ nwere ike ịdaba n'ahụ onwe ha ma ọ bụ ụmụ ha ma na-atụkwa egwu na a ga-ewepụ ụmụ ha n'ụlọ ma ọ bụrụ na etinye akụkọ banyere mmetọ ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule Julaị 2024, Roslinda bụ onye mbụ na naanị onye a mara ikpe maka mpụ ahụ, e nwekwara ikpe abụọ ọzọ, otu a kọrọ na 2022 na nke ọzọ na 2023 n'otu n'otu; ikpe abụọ a na-echere ugbu a n'ihu ụlọ ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/criminalising-passive-parent-fatal-child-abuse-section-304c-4457016|title=When a child dies: Why a parent may not stop the abuse|work=CNA|date=14 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ịkụ ụtarị na Singapore
* Ogbugbu ụmụaka Yishun
* Ọnwụ Megan Khung
* Ikpe mmetọ ụmụaka nke Ayeesha
* Ọnwụ nwa n'okporo ụzọ Chin Swee
* 2016 Toa Payoh ikpe mmetọ ụmụaka
* Ndepụta nke mpụ ndị dị mkpa na Singapore

== Ihe odide ==

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Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụmụ nwanyị 500 bụ otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka ime ka sayensị mepere emepe, yana nsonye yana nweta ya.[1][2] Iji nweta ọrụ a, ha na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite mmụta sayensị site na ntinye aka ọha, na-akwado maka sayensị na nha nhata, na inye ụmụ nwanyị na-achọpụta onwe ha ngwá ọrụ na nkwado ha chọrọ iji nweta ikike ha zuru oke.[3][4] Nzukọ a malitere site na akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na Nọvemba 2016 wee bụrụ onye amara ọkwa dịka 501 (c) 3 na Mee 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/displayAll.do?dispatchMethod=displayAllInfo&amp;Id=2022985&amp;ein=821435767&amp;zipCode=&amp;country=US&amp;deductibility=all&amp;dispatchMethod=searchAll&amp;isDescending=false&amp;city=&amp;ein1=&amp;postDateFrom=&amp;exemptTypeCode=al&amp;submitName=Search&amp;sortColumn=orgName&amp;totalResults=1&amp;names=500+Women+Scientists&amp;resultsPerPage=25&amp;indexOfFirstRow=0&amp;postDateTo=&amp;searchChoice=&amp;state=All+States|title=Details about|work=apps.irs.gov|accessdate=2018-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụmụ nwanyị 500 jiri akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe nke ụmụ nwanyị sayensị 500 bịanyere aka na ntuli aka onye isi ala United States 2016.[1][2][3][4] Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwere nkwa ikwu okwu ọ bụghị nanị megide atumatu ndị megidere ihe akaebe sayensị, kamakwa megide ahaghị nhata, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ịkpọasị, na ụdị ịkpa oke ndị ọzọ megide obodo ndị a na-akpapụ iche. N'ime ọnwa abụọ, nkwa ahụ natara ihe karịrị puku iri na ise mbinye aka n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị mmekọ na mba 109.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bagri 2018&quot; /&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na March Women's 2017, ụmụ nwanyị ndị sayensị sayensị na ndị nkwado bịanyere aka na nkwa ahụ haziri onwe ha n'ìgwè iji mee njem ọnụ.[1][2][3] Ngagharị ime obod ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka ịmepụta isiakwụkwọ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ &quot;Pods&quot;, ebe ndị sayensị nwanyị obodo na-ezukọ mgbe niile. Pods na-arụ ọrụ ma dị ka usoro nkwado yana dịka ụgbọ iji lekwasị anya na ịhazi gburugburu okwu ndị na-adabara na obodo nke ha, n'ikwekọ na isi ọrụ na ụkpụrụ 500 Women Scientists..&lt;ref name=&quot;Bagri 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/898442/trumps-anti-women-and-anti-science-policies-are-catalyzing-a-global-movement-for-equality-in-the-sciences/|title=Trump's anti-women and anti-science policies are pushing female scientists to action|author=Bagri|first=Neha Thirani|work=Quartz|accessdate=2018-06-18|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://capeandislands.org/post/local-women-scientists-getting-organized-0|title=Local Women Scientists Getting Organized|author=Goldstone|first=Heather|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://grist.org/article/women-scientists-were-not-backing-down-and-were-not-going-away/|title=Women scientists: &quot;We're not backing down, and we're not going away&quot;|date=2017-01-29|work=Grist|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hjnews.com/allaccess/women-scientists-meet-local-chapter-of-int-l-group-aims/article_0f6de339-71de-5938-adbe-081d21afc046.html|title=Women scientists meet: Local chapter of int'l group aims to promote science, diversity, community|first=Steve|author=Kent|work=The Herald Journal|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://tucson.com/thisistucson/tucsonlife/this-group-of-rad-stem-ladies-is-trying-to-make/article_b32f1f7a-c3ea-11e7-bc6b-e32894127177.html|title=This group of rad STEM ladies is trying to make change happen|author=Tucson|first=Angela Pittenger {{!}} This Is|work=Arizona Daily Star|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203506/https://tucson.com/thisistucson/tucsonlife/this-group-of-rad-stem-ladies-is-trying-to-make/article_b32f1f7a-c3ea-11e7-bc6b-e32894127177.html|archive-date=2018-06-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/st-louis-women-contribute-500-women-scientists-global-effort-promotes-women-science#stream/0|title=St. Louis women contribute to 500 Women Scientists, a global effort that promotes women in science|author=Hamdan|first=Lara|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume na atụmatụ ==

=== Arịrịọ Nwaanyị Sayensị ===
Iji mụbaa nnọchiteanya nke ụmụ nwanyị na ogige nzukọ na akụkọ akụkọ akụkọ sayensị dị elu, ụmụ nwanyị sayensị 500 malitere nchekwa data Request a Woman Scientist maka ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa onwe ha nwere nka na STEMM (sayensị, teknụzụ, injinia, mgbakọ na mwepụ, na ọgwụ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/02/i-spent-two-years-trying-to-fix-the-gender-imbalance-in-my-stories/552404/|title=I Spent Two Years Trying to Fix the Gender Imbalance in My Stories|author=Yong|first=Ed|date=2018-02-06|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/how-to-find-a-woman-scientist/|title=How to Find a Woman Scientist|author=Nowak|first=Katarzyna|work=Scientific American Blog Network|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://earther.com/there-s-no-excuse-for-not-getting-a-woman-scientists-in-1822203656|title=There's No Excuse For Not Getting a Woman Scientist's Input Anymore|author=Kahn|first=Brian|work=Earther|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://newlearningtimes.com/cms/article/5324/request-a-woman-scientist-through-500-women|title=Request a Woman Scientist Through 500 Women Scientists|work=[[New Learning Times]]|accessdate=2018-06-18|language=en-us|archive-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203815/https://newlearningtimes.com/cms/article/5324/request-a-woman-scientist-through-500-women|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nchekwa data ugbu a nwere ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 6,000 na mba 104. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://500womenscientists.org/request-a-scientist|title=Request a Scientist|work=500 Women Scientists|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sci Mom njem ===
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụmụ nwanyị 500 malitere mkpọsa Sci Mom Journey iji kesaa njem nke ndị nne na nna na sayensị, ọkachasị ndị nne, ndị na-eche ihe ịma aka ụlọ ọrụ ihu mgbe ọ bịara n'ihe ndị dị ka ụlọ ara na ezumike nne na nna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://500womenscientists.org/share-your-story|title=Share Your Story|work=500 Women Scientists|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Njikọ Maka Ọdịnihu ===
N'afọ 2019, ụmụ nwanyị sayensị 500 malitere mmemme Fellowship for the Future iji mata ma kwado ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara bụ ndị na-eduga na atụmatụ na obodo STEM nke na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi, njikọta, na nnweta na STEM n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ebumnuche nzukọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ess.uci.edu/node/12476|title=500 Women Scientists' Fellowship for the Future {{!}} www.ess.uci.edu|work=www.ess.uci.edu|accessdate=2020-03-11|archivedate=2021-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428005048/https://www.ess.uci.edu/node/12476}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmekọrịta ọha na eze ===
Ndị ọkà mmụta ''Sayensị'' ụmụ nwanyị 500 na-ejikarị edemede sayensị eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi gwa ọha na eze nka na ụkpụrụ ha, na mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Science, Scientific American, na The [[Seattle]] Times. Ndị otu ndị ndu ụwa edeela ọtụtụ echiche na isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka ịkpọ oku maka iwu dabeere na ihe akaebe na Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na-atụ aro mgbanwe iwu iji lụso nsogbu mmekọahụ ọgụ na agụmakwụkwọ, ma na-agba ndị nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ume ka ha jiri nlezianya chee echiche banyere ịkwalite ikpe ziri ezi na itinye aka na ibe ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/500-women-scientists/|title=Stories by 500 Women Scientists|work=Scientific American|accessdate=2018-06-16|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zaringhalam|first=Maryam|date=2018-04-13|title=Journal editors should not divide scientists|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-04-13_360_6385/page/163|journal=Science|language=en|volume=360|issue=6385|pages=163–164|doi=10.1126/science.aat6288|issn=0036-8075|pmid=29650666}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/as-epa-head-scott-pruitt-must-act-on-climate-change/|title=As EPA head, Scott Pruitt must act on climate change|date=2017-02-20|work=The Seattle Times|accessdate=2018-06-18|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pods mpaghara edewokwa banyere nsogbu ndị obodo ha na-eche ihu, site na mmetụta nke Mgbidi ókèala nke Onye isi ala Trump na anụ ọhịa [[California]] ruo mkpa ọ dị ịkwụsị ọkụ coal Ụda Puget Sound.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://massivesci.com/articles/border-wall-mexico-environment-california/|title=Trump's wall would harm unique and fragile wildlife on the California border|author=Trexler|first=Christa|work=Massive|accessdate=2018-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2018/02/06/25786491/guest-editorial-puget-sound-energy-needs-to-stop-burning-coal-in-montana|title=Guest Editorial: Puget Sound Energy Needs to Stop Burning Coal in Montana|work=The Stranger|accessdate=2018-06-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme ihe ike 500
* ''Ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga''
* Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị
* Ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba STEM

== Ebem si dee ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Úrsula Pueyo</title>
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{{Databox}} 

'''Úrsula Pueyo Marimon''' (amụrụ 21 Disemba 1983 na Palma de Mallorca ) &lt;ref name=&quot;Sochi2014.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/athlete-ursula-pueyo-marimon|title=Ursula PUEYO MARIMON|work=Sochi2014.com|publisher=Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi|accessdate=18 April 2014|archivedate=19 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319230042/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/athlete-ursula-pueyo-marimon}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Paralimpicos.es&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2014SOCPI/participantes/datosbiografia.asp?idatleta=43150787G|title=URSULA PUEYO MARIMON|language=Spanish|work=Paralimpicos.es|publisher=Comité Paralímpico Español - Juegos Paralímpicos Sochi 2014|accessdate=18 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419094443/http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2014SOCPI/participantes/datosbiografia.asp?idatleta=43150787G|archivedate=19 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ LW2 nkewapụrụ skier para-alpine na Spain nke na-efunahụ ụkwụ. Ọ gbara aka na IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup na ihe omume European Cup. Ọ gbakwara asọmpi n'asọmpi IPC Alpine Skiing World Championship, asọmpi mkpọnwụ oyi nke afọ 2010, na egwuregwu oyi nke Paralympic Sochi 2014 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sochi2014.com&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Paralimpicos.es&quot; /&gt;

== Nkeonwe ==
Site na Majorca, &lt;ref name=&quot;frommallorda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Diario de Mallorca|url=http://www.diariodemallorca.es/deportes/2010/03/02/ursula-pueyo-aspira-top-ten-gigante-o-eslalon/549707.html|title=Ursula Pueyo aspira al 'top ten' en gigante o eslalon – Diario de Mallorca|publisher=Diariodemallorca.es|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;biscarey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=(Aragón) DEPORTES,ESQUI|url=http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=335737|title=Santacana y Cohí vencen en gigante del Campeonato de España Adaptado – ABC.es – Noticias Agencias|work=ABC|date=21 January 2013|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228064532/http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=335737|archivedate=28 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pueyo nwere nkwarụ anụ ahụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;eurochamps&quot;/&gt; ụkwụ na-efu efu, &lt;ref name=&quot;missingleg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.as.com/mas-deporte/articulo/juegos-olimpicos-invierno-competiciones-deportivas/20100302dasdaimas_4/Tes|title=Lissavetzky admite que España &quot;no evoluciona&quot; – Vancouver 2010 &amp;#124; Juegos Olímpicos de invierno|publisher=AS.com|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ihe kpatara ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;motorcycle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2010/03/01/mas_deportes/otros_deportes/1267456254.html|title=Jon Santacana lidera el equipo paralímpico español que competirá en Vancouver|work=Marca|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;born1987&quot;/&gt;

== Ịgba ski ==
Pueyo bụ skier LW2 . &lt;ref name=&quot;born1987&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Olalla Cernuda|url=http://www.rtve.es/deportes/20100310/deportistas-paralimpicos-espanoles-instalados-villa-olimpica/323186.shtml|title=Los deportistas paralímpicos españoles, instalados en la Villa Olímpica|publisher=RTVE.es|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOlalla_Cernuda&quot;&gt;Olalla Cernuda. [http://www.rtve.es/deportes/20100310/deportistas-paralimpicos-espanoles-instalados-villa-olimpica/323186.shtml &quot;Los deportistas paralímpicos españoles, instalados en la Villa Olímpica&quot;] (in Spanish). Spain: RTVE.es&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 January&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-asọ mpi n'otu ọkwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;didntfinish&quot;/&gt; Andrés Gómez na-azụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;arrivedgames&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2010/03/09/mas_deportes/jjoo_invierno/jjpp_invierno/1268169740.html|title=El equipo paralímpico español ya se encuentra en Whistler|work=Marca|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agba nke ikpeazụ nke European Cup na March 2008, ihe omume emere na La Molina, Spain, Pueyo bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-adịghị ahụ anya Spanish skiers na-asọmpi na mmemme ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;oneofseveral&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/4816/Final-del-campeonato-de-Europa-en-La-Molina/|title=Final del campeonato de Europa en La Molina – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=27 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụchara oge 2007/2008 European Cup n'ọkwa nke iri. &lt;ref name=&quot;europeanseason&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/5011/Jon-Santacana-Subcampeon-de-Europa/|title=Jon Santacana Subcampeón de Europa – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụchara oge 2007/2008 European Cup n'ọkwa nke iri. &lt;ref name=&quot;171points&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/03/31/solidaridad/1206960349.html|title=El español Jon Santacana, subcampeón de la Copa de Europa de Esquí para Discapacitados|publisher=el mundo|date=31 March 2008|accessdate=4 February 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mmemme IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup izizi na oge ski 2008/2009, ọ kwụsịrị otu n'ime agbụrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;firstracecup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/interstitial/volver/acierto/sociedad/noticias/972880/01/09/Deportes-jon-santacana-y-anna-cohi-lideran-la-copa-del-mundo-de-esqui-alpino-para-discapacitados.html|title=Deportes. jon santacana y anna cohí lideran la copa del mundo de esquí alpino para discapacitados – EcoDiario.es|work=El Economista|date=15 January 2009|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mmemme iko mba ụwa nke Paralympic nke February 2009, ọ nwetara nrite ọla ọcha atọ na ọla kọpa. &lt;ref name=&quot;moredetails&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cocemfe.es/noticias/vernoticia.php?id=5333|title=Éxito de los esquiadores españoles en la I Copa Paralímpica del Mundo de Invierno|publisher=Cocemfe.es|accessdate=18 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707135824/http://www.cocemfe.es/noticias/vernoticia.php?id=5333#|archivedate=7 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;winterowrldcup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/6160/Exito-espanol-en-la-1-copa-paralimpica-del-mundo-de-invierno/|title=Exito español en la 1ª copa paralímpica del mundo de invierno – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|accessdate=18 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na March 2009, ọ gbara asọmpi na European Cup ski alpine maka ndị nwere nkwarụ. Ọ gbachara ọsọ ya mana o meghị ihe nrite, jiri isi 458 mechaa nke anọ n'ozuzu ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;eurochamps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=5138|title=Solidaridad Digital – Anna Cohí, campeona de Slalom y Gigante en la Copa de Europa de Esquí|publisher=Solidaridaddigital.es|date=30 March 2009|accessdate=18 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322052507/http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=5138|archivedate=22 March 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt; (in Spanish). Spain: Solidaridaddigital.es. 30 March 2009. Archived from [http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=5138 the original] on 22 March 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 January&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịsọ mpi na asọmpi IPC Alpine Skiing World nke 2009 na South Korea, a chụpụrụ ya na ọsọ mbụ ya n'otu mmemme. N'ọsọ ọzọ, ọ gbara nke iri abụọ na asatọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;didntfinish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/6213/Comienzo-poco-brillante-del-equipo-espanol-en-Corea/|title=Comienzo poco brillante del equipo español en Corea – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/6213/Comienzo-poco-brillante-del-equipo-espanol-en-Corea/ &quot;Comienzo poco brillante del equipo español en Corea – Esquí Adaptado&quot;] (in Spanish). Spain: Nevasport.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 January&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;finishedseixth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/02/23/solidaridad/1235395750.html|title=Santacana gana su primer oro en la supercombinada &amp;#124; Solidaridad|work=El Mundo|date=23 February 2009|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ asọmpi mba ụwa nke mbụ ọ meriri na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;firstworlds&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/6199/Once-espanoles-en-el-mundial-de-esqui-alpino-para-discapacitados/|title=Once espanoles en el mundial de esquí alpino para discapacitados – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nọvemba 2009, ọ gara mmemme na Madrid nke Programa de Alto Rendimiento Paralímpico (Programa ARPA) haziri dịka akụkụ nke nkwadebe maka Egwuregwu Vancouver. &lt;ref name=&quot;inadvancevancouver&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=6932|title=Solidaridad Digital – Los esquiadores paralímpicos se concentran en Madrid con la mirada puesta en Vancouver 2010|publisher=Solidaridaddigital.es|date=10 November 2009|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216012222/http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=6932|archivedate=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na-eso nke a, ọ sonyere na ọzụzụ otu ndị ọzọ na Centro de Deportes de Invierno del Valle de Arán (Lérida). &lt;ref name=&quot;inadvancevancouver&quot; /&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;fiveregions&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/7162/Campeonato-de-Cataluna-Open-de-Esqui-Alpino-Adaptado-en-La-Molina/|title=Campeonato de Cataluña Open de Esquí Alpino Adaptado en La Molina – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|date=27 January 2010|accessdate=27 January 2013|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụchara nke anọ na ihe omume slalom na ihe omume European Cup nke atọ emere na La Molina na ngwụcha Jenụwarị 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;wongoldmolina&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=7676|title=Solidaridad Digital – El equipo español acaba con doce medallas en la Copa de Europa de Esquí Alpino de La Molina|publisher=Solidaridaddigital.es|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216012256/http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=7676|archivedate=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Aramón Cerler na Eprel 2010, asọmpi ikpeazụ nke oge nke Campeonato de España de Esquí Alpino adaptado haziri mere. Ọ gụchara mbụ na mmemme ịnọ ọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Super G. &lt;ref name=&quot;supergiantstanding&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.skiamosmagazine.com/noticias/ultima-prueba-de-esqui-adaptado-celebrada-en-cerler-aramon/|title=Última prueba de esquí adaptado celebrada en Cerler Aramón|publisher=Ski Amos Magazine|language=es|date=7 April 2010|accessdate=28 January 2013|archivedate=10 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180425/http://www.skiamosmagazine.com/noticias/ultima-prueba-de-esqui-adaptado-celebrada-en-cerler-aramon/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
 gbara aka na IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup na ihe omume European Cup. Ọ Galicia, Catalonia, Madrid na mba Basque. Ọ nọchitere{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Abortion in Belgium</title>
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      <text bytes="15829" sha1="8mu8011ud11j9p1kphslkt6ooj31cub" xml:space="preserve">E kwadoro ite ime na Belgium nke ọma na 4 Eprel 1990, na-esochi arụkwaghịm nke Eze Baudouin nwa oge n'ihi akọ na uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;baudouin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/05/world/belgian-king-unable-to-sign-abortion-law-takes-day-off.html|title=Belgian King, Unable to Sign Abortion Law, Takes Day Off|first=Paul L.|author=Montgomery|work=The New York Times|date=5 April 1990|accessdate=31 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usoro a bụ nke iwu kwadoro ruo izu iri na abụọ ka a tụchara ime (izu iri na anọ ka nwanyị dị ime gwụchara oge ịhụ nsọ).[1][2] Nwanyị dị ime kwesịrị ịnata ndụmọdụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị isii tupu ite ime ahụ na ịgakwuru dọkịta ya ka ọ nyochaa ahụike ya n'ime izu ole na ole ka usoro ahụ gasịrị.[2]. A na-anabata ite ime ma ọ bụrụ na enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike nwanyị ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ihe ize ndụ nke ịmụ nwa n'ime nwa e bu n'afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;belgium&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.angloinfo.com/brussels/how-to/page/brussels-healthcare-pregnancy-birth-termination-abortion|title=Termination of Pregnancy/Abortion in Belgium|work=Angloinfo Brussels|publisher=[[Angloinfo]]|accessdate=2016-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701223511/https://www.angloinfo.com/brussels/how-to/page/brussels-healthcare-pregnancy-birth-termination-abortion|archivedate=2016-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
[[Usòrò:Hongerstaking_in_Gent_(Belgie)_i.v.m._arrestatie_dr._Pee_die_abortussen_heeft_ge,_Bestanddeelnr_926-1702.jpg|thumb|Hunger strike in Ghent in January 1973 by members of the Dolle Mina group for the right to abortion and against the arrest of Dr. Willy Peers.]]
Ebu ụzọ machibido ite ime na Belgium na-enweghị isi site na edemede 348 ruo 353 nke Usoro Mpụ Belgian nke 1867. A kọwaziri ite ime dị ka otu n'ime mpụ &quot;megide usoro ezinụlọ na megide omume ọha.&quot; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nanị ole na ole ikpe banyere ite ime weere ọnọdụ ruo 1923, bụ́ mgbe ndị omeiwu Belgian wepụrụ iwu nke Henry Carton de Wiart sitere na Pati Katọlik webatara na 1913 (ma a naghị arụrịta ụka n'ụzọ nkịtị ruo mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị). maka mkpali ime ime yana mgbasa ozi na nkwalite mgbochi ime.[1] 'Eme ime ọgwụgwọ' weere ọnọdụ na 1940 n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụfọdụ, ebe ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ atụmatụ ezinụlọ mere na 1960 ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ndị na-asụ French na Belgium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://perso.helmo.be/jamin/euxaussi/famille/avortbel.html|title=L'Évolution de la législation sur l'IVG en Belgique et dans quelques pays d'Europe|access-date=2024-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404180438/https://perso.helmo.be/jamin/euxaussi/famille/avortbel.html|archive-date=2023-04-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1970, dọkịta na-ahụ maka ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị Dr. Willy Peers &lt;small&gt; ([[:fr:Willy Peers|fr]]; nl) &lt;/small&gt; guzobere Belgian Society for the Legalisation of Abortion (SBLA). N'otu afọ ahụ, National Council of Belgian Women haziri arụmụka banyere ite ime na netwọk na-eguzobe iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị kwụsị ime ha. Ìgwè Marie Mineur dị na Wallonia jikọtara ụmụ nwanyị na ndị dọkịta na-ewepụ afọ ime, ebe ìgwè Dolle Mina dị na Flanders kpọọrọ ụmụ nwanyị gaa Netherlands ịchọ ite ime. N'afọ 1971, e tinyere ''Iwu Callewaert'' na mgbalị iji mee ka ite ime bụrụ ihe iwu na Belgium na nke mbụ ya, mana enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gacehpa.be/index.php/histoire|title=Histoire|publisher=Archive.wikiwix.com|date=|accessdate=2022-09-28|archivedate=2 January 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20210102083755/http://www.gacehpa.be/index.php/histoire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 18 January 1973, Dr. Peers was arrested for performing more than 300 abortions in the Namur region. He spent 34 days in prison; demonstrations for his release and in favour of a revision of the law were attended by several hundred thousand people. The mobilisation gave rise to a 'judicial truce' by which prosecutors agreed not to prosecute doctors for performing abortions.

N'agbata afọ 1974 na afọ 1978, e nwere nkwụsịtụ na arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị banyere ite ime. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-ekwe ka ụfọdụ ite ime na-abụghị nke gọọmentị kwadoro (ma kwụọ ụgwọ site na ụfọdụ mutualities) ma ọ bụrụhaala na edebanyere aha ha dị ka 'curettage'. E mere atụmatụ na a na-ewepụ afọ ime 20,000 kwa afọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ite ime nzuzo e mere n'otu oge ahụ ka e mere atụmatụ na ọ dị elu dị ka 74,000-150,000 (ma e jiri ya tụnyere 100,000 ọmụmụ kwa afọ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Belien&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Belien|first=Paul|title=A Throne in Brussels: Britain, the Saxe-Coburgs and the Belgianisation of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/throneinbrussels0000beli|publisher=Imprint Academic|location=Devon|year=2005|isbn=1-84540-033-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/throneinbrussels0000beli/page/292 292]–293}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mepụtara òtù nkwado ọhụrụ maka iwu nke ite ime, dị ka Kọmitii maka Decriminalisation of Abortion na 1976, Kọmitii Maka Ịkwụsị Usoro Iwu na 1978, na Action Group of Out-of-Hospital Abortion Centres (GACEHPA) n'otu afọ ahụ.N'ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọkàiwu kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ahụ na 1978. E kpere ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ikpe na Brussels n'afọ 1983.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== 1990 esemokwu iwu ==
[[Usòrò:Baudouin_I_of_Belgium_bust,_Brussels_2.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Eze Baudouin n'èzí Katidral nke St. Michael na St. Gudula, Brussels.]]
N'ihi mmetụta nke Chọọchị Katọlik, na okwukwe onwe onye nke Eze Baudouin, Belgium nọgidere bụrụ otu n'ime obere mba Europe ebe ite ime bụ iwu na-akwadoghị mgbe mgbanwe dị iche iche na iwu na ikike ndị ọzọ na 1960s na 1970s. Mgbe e tiri iwu na-eme ka ite ime tọhapụ, ọ bụ ihe arụmụka nye ọtụtụ ndị Belgium.&lt;ref name=&quot;belgians&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/30/world/belgium-eases-its-abortion-law.html|title=Belgium Eases Its Abortion Law|first=Paul L.|author=Montgomery|work=The New York Times|date=30 March 1990|accessdate=31 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Senate Lucienne Herman-Michielsens na Roger Lallemand bu ụzọ tinye iwu iji mee ka ite ime tọhapụ na mbido afọ 1990, n'agbanyeghị mmegide nke Christian People's Party na-achị, a kwadoro iwu ahụ na nkwado nke njikọ aka ekpe nke Socialistische Partij na Parti Socialiste, na ndị otu nnwere onwe na Chamber of Representatives.

Nzukọ Episcopal nke Belgium, na-anọchite anya ndị bishọp Katọlik nke mba ahụ, rịọrọ ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ha na nkwupụta ihu ọha nke kọwara mmegide Roman Katọlik megide iwu ahụ, na nkwenkwe na ọzụzụ atụrụ. N'oge ahụ, 75% nke ndị bi na Belgium bụ ndị Katọlik site na baptizim ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-abịa Mas dị ihe dị ka 18% .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://soc.kuleuven.be/pol/docs/0606-EP-Hooghe.pdf|title=Kerkpraktijk In Vlaanderen Table 1 page 115 PDF document in Dutch|publisher=Soc.kuleuven.be|accessdate=2014-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206065632/http://soc.kuleuven.be/pol/docs/0606-EP-Hooghe.pdf|archivedate=2012-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị bishọp ahụ dọrọ ndị Katọlik Beljọm aka na ntị na onye ọ bụla na-arụkọ ọrụ &quot;n'ụzọ dị irè na n'onwe ya&quot; n'inweta ite ime bụ &quot;na-ewepụ onwe ya n'etiti ndị ụkọchukwu&quot;. N'ihi nguzo siri ike nke ndị bishọp Beljọm, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ya na nwunye ya Queen Fabiola enweghị ike ịmụ ụmụ ọ bụla n'onwe ha, Eze Baudouin gwara Praịm Minista, Wilfried Martens, na 30 Machị 1990 na ọ pụghị ịbịanye aka na iwu ahụ n'enweghị ike ịbịanye aha ya n'enweghị imebi akọ na uche ya dị ka onye Katọlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;HubertGreen2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hubert|first=Vivian|title=New History of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-N8lNI02R0C&amp;pg=PA389|accessdate=7 January 2012|date=1 March 2000|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-1227-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe ọ bụ na iwu ahụ agaghị enwe ike iwu na-enweghị mbinye aka eze (Nkwado eze), ọjụjụ ya ịbịanye aka mepụtara ikike maka Nsogbu iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barker2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Barker|first=Eileen|title=The Centrality of Religion in Social Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU_RzKTjttsC&amp;pg=PA76|accessdate=7 January 2012|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-0343-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, e doziri nsogbu ahụ site na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Eze na Praịm Minista Martens, nke Gọọmentị Belgium jiri usoro iwu nke kwupụtara na Eze enweghị ike ịchị, were ikike ya wee mee iwu &quot;n'aha ndị Belgium&quot;, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị omeiwu vootu iji weghachite Eze n'ụbọchị na-esote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Belien&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalleaders00wils|first=David|author=Wilsford|title=Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-313-28623-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicstodaycom00robe|first=Geoffrey K.|author=Roberts|title=West European Politics|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7190-5421-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?|first=Els|author=Witte|title=Political History of Belgium|publisher=VUB University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-90-5487-517-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C&amp;pg=PA92|title=Encyclopedia of World Constitutions|publisher=Facts on File|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8160-6078-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/206336bdc4.html?eng=y|title=Obama's Pick for Vice President Is Catholic. But the Bishops Deny Him Communion|work=chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it|accessdate=31 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Holy See kọwara omume eze ahụ dị ka &quot;nhọrọ dị mma na nke obi ike&quot; nke &quot;akọ na uche dị ike&quot; na-achịkwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;vatican&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/462489/POPE-PRAYS-AT-TOMB-OF-ABORTION-FOE.html|title=Pope Prays at Tomb of Abortion Foe|date=4 June 1995|archive-date=15 April 2023|access-date=10 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415084413/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/462489/POPE-PRAYS-AT-TOMB-OF-ABORTION-FOE.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akatọ Eze Baudouin na-atụ aro na omume ya bụ &quot;ihe karịrị mmegharị ahụ&quot; ka e weghachiri ya dị ka eze naanị awa 44 mgbe ewepụrụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;HubertGreen2000&quot; /&gt; A na-egosipụta akwụkwọ ozi Eze banyere okwu ahụ, nye Praịm Minista Martens, na BELvue Museum na Brussels.

== Iwu dị ugbu a ==
[[Usòrò:Manifestante_FPS_sous_un_parapluie.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpesa maka ikike ite ime na Brussels, 2012.]]
Iwu ite ime nke Belgium dị ugbu a malitere na 15 Ọktoba 2018, mgbe Gọọmentị mbụ nke Praịm Minista Charles Michel wepụrụ ''abortus provocatus'' na Iwu Mpụ ma tinye ya n'ime iwu dị iche.&lt;ref&gt;Act of 15 October 2018 on voluntary termination of pregnancy, repealing Articles 350 and 351 of the Criminal Code, amending Articles 352 and 383 of the same Code and amending various legal provisions, [[Belgian official journal|Belgian Official Decree]] of 29 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Na mmezigharị a, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mmachibido iwu ga-anọgide na-adị, echiche nke 'mgbe mberede' ga-apụ n'anya. Banyere 'oge oyi', enwere ike ịgbakwunye ụbọchị isii na izu iri na abụọ, ọ ga-agbakwunye ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ihe mberede. Ọzọkwa, a ga-achọ ka dọkịta jụrụ ite ime zigara onye ọrịa ahụ dọkịta ọzọ.

E tinyere iwu a na iwu maka ịnakwere ime ọpụpụ maka Ọnọdụ obodo, nke e bu n'uche inyere ndị nne na nna aka na nhụjuanya nke ime ọpụkpụ kpatara.

Ndị otu mmegide tinyere akwụkwọ iwu iji mee ka ite ime bụrụ ihe iwu na itinye ite ime n'iwu gbasara ikike ndị ọrịa. N'ime atụmatụ ndị ahụ, a ga-amụba oge iwu ruo izu 18 ma belata oge ntụgharị uche ruo awa 48, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụbọchị isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Belgium moves to relax abortion law|date=19 April 2023|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/belgium-moves-to-relax-abortion-law/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ite ime mgbe izu iri na abụọ gachara agaala mba ndị agbata obi ebe a na-etinye oge dị ogologo dịka France (izu iri na anọ) ma ọ bụ Netherlands (izu iri abụọ na anọ). Otú ọ dị, njedebe izu iri na abụọ, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ ikike Europe na-enye ohere ite ime.&lt;ref&gt;See comprehensive listing of countries and policies in the [[Abortion in Europe#Abortion laws by jurisdiction|Abortion in Europe]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ==
N'afọ 2009, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ewepụ afọ ime na Belgium bụ 9.2 maka otu puku ụmụ nwanyị dị afọ 15-44. &lt;ref name=&quot;un2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Abortion Policies 2013|publisher=United Nations|year=2013|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/policy/world-abortion-policies-2013.shtml|accessdate=3 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ewepụ afọ ime na Belgium bụ 7.77 maka otu puku ụmụ nwanyị dị afọ 15-44. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 1, 2020 – December 31, 2021|title=Verlsag nationale evaluatie zwangerschapsafbreking|url=https://abortus.be/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Verslag-nationale-evaluatiecommissie-zwangerschapsafbreking-2020-2021.pdf|accessdate=June 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, e wepụrụ afọ ime 16,701, na 2020 ọ bụ 16,585. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abortus en ongeplande zwangerschap in België: cijfers|url=https://www.sensoa.be/abortus-en-ongeplande-zwangerschap-belgie-feiten-en-cijfers|accessdate=2024-06-09|work=www.sensoa.be|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, nkezi afọ nke onye tụfuru afọ ime bụ afọ 29.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Belgium nwere otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ala nke ite ime na afọ ime ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Usòrò:Mailbox_with_anti-abortion_messages_Antwerpen.JPG|thumb|Igbe ozi nwere ozi mgbochi ite ime na Antwerp, 2010.]]
N'ime nnyocha nke otu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara okpukpe Centre d'action laïque mere n'afọ 2018, 75.4% nke ndị zaghachirinụ kwuru na ite ime ekwesịghị ịbụ mpụ, 16.6% ekwenyeghị, na 5.7% kwuru na ha anaghị akwado ma ọ bụ megide, na 2.3% enweghị ike ma ọ bụ achọghị inye azịza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=laïque|first=Centre d'action|date=2018|title=Les Belges, l'IVG et la loi|url=https://www.laicite.be/magazine-article/les-belges-livg-et-la-loi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925153004/https://www.laicite.be/magazine-article/les-belges-livg-et-la-loi/|archivedate=25 September 2021|accessdate=12 September 2021|work=laicite.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eme March for Life kwa afọ na Brussels. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The MARCH FOR LIFE will take place on April 2, 2023 at Place Poelaert|url=http://www.marchforlife.be|publisher=CLARA Life|accessdate=25 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahaha</title>
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      <text bytes="2831" sha1="6vdw23yc2tdu6xxtx6xdpdiedqma50r" xml:space="preserve">Ahaha (fl. ihe dị ka 1870 BC), bụ nwanyị Assyria oge ochie onye ọchụnta ego nke obodo Assur bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego ama ama nke ọma na akụkọ ntolite. A maara ya maka ịchụso mkpebi ahụ okwu nke wayo ego e mere megide ya.&lt;ref&gt;Hardach, S. (2019, January 31) [https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210111-the-secret-letters-of-historys-first-businesswomen The secret letters of history’s first-known businesswomen (BBC)]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ahaha biri ndụ n'oge ochie Asiria ma nwee ụmụnne abụọ, Buzazu na Assur-mutappil. N'oge ọ bụ omenala ndị Asiria, ọ bụ omenala ụmụ nwanyị isi ezinụlọ mgbe di ha na-anọghị ya, na-azụ ahịa na ijikwa ego..&lt;ref&gt;Michel, C. (2020). [https://www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de/news/2022-06-20-thus-speaks-taram-kubi.html Women of Assur and Kanesh: texts from the archives of Assyrian merchants (Vol. 42). SBL Press.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |url=https://images.cnrs.fr/en/video/7315 |title=Thus speaks Tarām-Kūbi, Assyrian Correspondence Documentary. (2020). Video |access-date=2024-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915144738/https://images.cnrs.fr/en/video/7315 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’ime oge a, ndị Asiria na-azụta ngwá ahịa n’aka ndị ahịa ala ọzọ dị ka ndị Babilọn. A na-ebukwa ngwongwo ndị a zụrụ n'ụgbọala, bufee ya na Kanesh na mpaghara mpaghara ndị ọzọ, ma mesịa ree ya ọla edo na ọlaọcha.

Ụmụ nwanyị Asiria nyere aka n'ahịa n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ha na-etinye aka na mmepụta akwa, ịgbazinye ego, ụlọ na itinye ego. Ha ga-enyocha ejiji mba ọzọ na ahịa ahịa.&lt;ref&gt;Hamburg, U. (2022, June 20). [https://www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de/news/2022-06-20-thus-speaks-taram-kubi.html Thus Speaks Tarām-Kūbi University of Hamburg]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ozi nnaghachi aghụghọ ==
Mbadamba nkume Cuneiform e gwupụtara na Kanesh na-ekpughe na Ahaha, mgbe ọ matara na a na-aghọ aghụghọ megide ya, degaara nwanne ya nwoke, Assur-mutappil, akwụkwọ ozi, na-ekwu:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Enweghị m ihe ọzọ ma e wezụga ego ndị a... Kpachara anya ime ihe ka m ghara imebi ihe!... Ka akwụkwọ ozi zuru ezu si n'aka gị si n'ụgbọ njem ọzọ bịakwute m, na-ekwu ma ọ bụrụ na ha akwụ ụgwọ ọlaọcha... Ugbu a oge eruola ime m amara ma zọpụta m na nsogbu ego!&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ gosipụtara ịdị ngwa nke iweghachite ọlaọcha o zuru ohi na arịrịọ ya maka ọkwa mgbe ọ nwetaghachiri.&lt;ref&gt;Hardach, S. (2019, January 31) [https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210111-the-secret-letters-of-historys-first-businesswomen The secret letters of history’s first-known businesswomen (BBC)]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ama-e

== Ebem si dee ==</text>
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Alice bụ album studio nke iri na anọ nke Tom Waits, ewepụtara na 2002 na Epitaph Records (n'okpuru akara mgbochi mgbochi). Ọ nwere egwu ndị Waits na Kathleen Brennan dere maka opera Alice afọ iri gara aga. Opera bụ mmekorita ya na Robert Wilson, onye ya na Waits rụburu ọrụ na Black Rider. Chere na Wilson jikọrọ aka ọzọ na Woyzeck; E dekọrọ egwu ndị dị na ya ma wepụta ya na ego ọbara n'otu oge Alice.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Ndekọ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ egwu e dere maka Alice, nke Wilson duziri na Thalia Theatre na Hamburg na 1992. Alice bụ maka uche Lewis Carroll na Alice Liddell, ihe mkpali maka Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) na Site na-enyo enyo (. 1871). Emere egwuregwu a na ụlọ ihe nkiri dị iche iche na gburugburu ụwa. E wepụtala egwu ndị a dị ka bootleg n'ụdị dị iche iche akpọrọ The Alice Demos ọtụtụ afọ tupu ahapụ ya. Ekwenyere na isi iyi a bụ ihe ndekọ ụlọ ọrụ ewepụtara mgbe agbajiri ụgbọ ala Waits na ngwụcha 1992 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Interview: Tom Waits|author=Keith Phipps|url=https://www.avclub.com/articles/tom-waits,13768/|publisher=avclub.com|date=2002-05-29|accessdate=2009-10-25|archive-date=2009-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214171145/http://www.avclub.com/articles/tom-waits%2C13768/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2002, Alice ji ego ọbara wepụta ya, album nwere egwu Waits dere maka egwu egwu Wilson Woyzeck (2000). A jụrụ ya ihe mere o jiri hapụ Alice na Blood Money ọnụ, Waits kọwara: &quot;anyị kwenyere n'egwú ... ọ bụrụ na ị ga-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ, ọ dịghị uru ịme naanị otu pancake, nri?&quot; Waits kọwara egwu ndị dị na Alice dị ka &quot;abụ ndị okenye maka ụmụaka, ma ọ bụ egwu ụmụaka maka ndị okenye. Ọ bụ nrọ maelstrom ma ọ bụ ahụ ọkụ, uri ụda, na egwu ọkụ na waltze ... odyssey na nrọ nrọ na ihe efu. &quot;[15]

Abụ ndị ahụ na-adọta mmasị Waits na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri; &quot;Poor Edward&quot; bụ maka Edward Mordake na &quot;Table Top Joe&quot; bụ maka Johnny Eck. Okwu ya na-ezo aka n'akwụkwọ ''Alice''; &quot;We're All Mad Here&quot; bụ ahịrị Cheshire Cat gwara Alice. Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime abọm Waits kemgbe ''Swordfishtrombones'', ''Alice'' nwere usoro nhazi nke ọma. N'ebe a, ọ na-eji Violin Stroh, violin nwere mpi ejikọtara na àkwà mmiri ahụ. Banyere Stroh, Waits na-ekwu, sị: &quot;ha abụghịzi ndị a ma ama dị ka ha dị, mana ha dị mkpa ma eleghị anya enwere ọgụ aka n'ime olulu ndị egwú n'ihu Stroh. Ihe mere ugbu a ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ewere 'ha bụ ihe mgbe ochie mana hey, mgbe m hụrụ okwu ahụ bụ ihe mgbefe, ana m abanye n'ahịrị&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kingsmill|first=Richard|date=May 12, 2002|title=Interview with Tom Waits|url=http://tomwaitslibrary.info/biography/interviews/interview-with-tom-waits-1/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130112919/http://tomwaitslibrary.info/biography/interviews/interview-with-tom-waits-1/|archive-date=November 30, 2024|access-date=October 20, 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwú &quot;Altar Boy&quot; pụtara na Wilson's ''Alice'' mana ọ bụghị na ''Alice''; e mechara wepụta ya na Waits's Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers &amp; Bastards (2006).

== Nnakwere ==
Maddy Costa na-ede, sị: &quot;ihe ''''Alice''''' na Blood Money na-egosipụtakwa bụ ịdị n'otu nke ederede egwu Waits, na ókè Kathleen Brennan, nwunye ya na onye na-ede egwu ọ bụla ebe a, na-ekerịta ọhụụ ya. N'ime nnwale niile nke malitere na ''Swordfishtrombones'' nke afọ 1983, Waits anọgidewo na-enwe olu egwu pụrụ iche, ụzọ dị iche nke ijikọ ụda olu dị egwu nke Alice na ụda olu dị n'otu.

''Alice'' nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ na Metacritic's Top 30 albums of 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Best of 2002|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/bests/2002.shtml|publisher=metacritic.com|year=2002|accessdate=2009-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, e nyere ya asambodo diamond site na Independent Music Companies Association,  nke gosipụtara ahịa nke ọ dịkarịa ala 250,000 na Europe dum.&lt;ref name=&quot;impala&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.impalamusic.org/docum/04-press/awardsPR0905.pdf|title=Impala European Music Sales award successes|accessdate=2017-08-10|archivedate=2017-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805060134/http://www.impalamusic.org/docum/04-press/awardsPR0905.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2003, ''Alice'' ereela 140,000 na US, dị ka Nielsen Soundscan si kwuo.

== Ndepụta egwu ==
Egwú niile Tom Waits na [[Kathleen Brennan]] dere.

# &quot;Alice&quot; - 4:28&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Ihe niile ị nwere ike iche echiche&quot; - 3:10&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Ili nke Flowers&quot; - 3:28&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Ọ dịghị Onye Maara na Anọla m&quot; - 1:42&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Kommienezuspadt&quot; - 3:10&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Onye ogbenye Edward&quot; - 3:42&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Table Top Joe&quot; - 4:14&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Ọnụ n'Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri&quot; - 3:45&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Anyị niile na-ewe iwe ebe a&quot; - 2:31&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Lee ka ọ pụọ&quot; - 2:33&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Reeperbahn&quot; - 4:02&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;M ka nọ ebe a&quot; - 1:49&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Fish &amp; Bird&quot; - 3:59&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Oké ụgbọ mmiri&quot; - 3:59&amp;nbsp;
# &quot;Fawn&quot; - 1:43 (Ngwa) &amp;nbsp;

== Ndị ọrụ ==
E si na ihe edeturu n'ime abọm ahụ nweta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tom Waits - Alice|url=https://www.discogs.com/Tom-Waits-Alice/release/1036377|work=Discogs|accessdate=May 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Ndị na-eti egwu

* Tim Allen - onye na-asacha ihe (5) 
* Ara Anderson - opi (1, 13), mpi (11, 13) 
* Myles Boisen - banjo (11) 
* Andrew Borger - drum mmanụ (5), drum (5), percussion (5) 
* Matt Brubeck - cello (2-6, 8, 10, 12, 13), bass (14) 
* Bent Clausen - mgbịrịgba aka Switzerland (2), piano (7), piano solo (14) 
* Stewart Copeland - ihe ọnyà (7) 
* Joe Gore - ụbọ eletrik (7) 
* Dawn Harms - violin (3, 4, 10, 12-14), Violin Stroh (4, 6, 8, 13) 
* Carla Kihlstedt - violin (8, 9, 11, 15) 
* Eric Perney - bass (1) 
* Nik Phelps - Olu French (2), opi (2) 
* Bebe Risenfors - violin Stroh (2), viola (3, 4, 6), clarinet (3, 5, 13), Baby Bass (5, 7), marimba (5), percussion (5), fiddle (8) 
* Gino Robair - ịgbà (1), ịgbà (9, 11), marimba (15) 
* Matthew Sperry - bass (9, 11, 14, 15) 
* Colin Stetson - Saxofone (1, 5, 14), clarinet (9, 11, 12, 15) 
* Larry Taylor - bass (2-8, 13), guitar eletrik (2), acoustic guitar (5, 7), percussion (5) 
* Tom Waits - olu, piano (1, 3, 6, 9, 11-15), Mellotron (2), Chamberlin vibraphone (2, 14), pod shaker (2, 5), pump organ (3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13), stomp (5), circular violin (9), Chamberlin (11), toy glockenspiel (13), cymbal (14) 

== Chaatị ==

=== Chaatị kwa izu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|+Ọrụ chaatị kwa izu maka ''Alice''
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Chart (2002) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe kachasị elu&lt;br /&gt;
|-{{album chart|Australia|26|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Austria|3|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Flanders|7|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Denmark|3|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Netherlands|16|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|New Zealand|48|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Finland|27|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|France|27|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Germany4|10|id=4072|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Italy|5|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Norway|3|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Sweden|13|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Switzerland|24|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|UK|20|artist=Tom Waits|album=Alice|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|-{{album chart|Billboard200|33|artist=Tom Waits|rowheader=true|accessdate=18 May 2013}}
|}
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications for ''Alice''}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Netherlands|artist=Tom Waits|title=Alice|award=Gold|certyear=2012|relyear=2002|access-date=November 11, 2023}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United States|artist=Tom Waits|title=Alice|nocert=true|salesamount=140,000|salesref=&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard&quot;/&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Summary}}
{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=Europe|artist=Tom Waits|title=Alice|nocert=true|salesamount=250,000|salesref=&lt;ref name=&quot;impala&quot;/&gt;}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true}}

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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    <title>Alicia Cañas Zañartu</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Alicia Cañas Zañartu&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Alicia_Cañas_Zañartu_en_afiche_Campaña_1935.JPG|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Alicia Cañas Zañartu na 1935&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |A mụrụ ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1901&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Paris]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nwụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |March 27, 2002&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(2002-03-27)&lt;/span&gt; (afọ 100) &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;deathplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Santiago]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mba
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |Onye Chile
|}
Alicia Cañas Zañartu (Paris, France, Ọgọst 1901 – Santiago, Chile, Maachị 27, 2002) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chile. N'afọ 1935, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara n'ọkwa ọchịchị site na ntuli aka ọha na mba ahụ. Site na votu a, ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ onye isi obodo na Providencia, nwanyị mbụ onye isi obodo na akụkọ ntolite Chile.[1] Ọ bụ nwunye nwa Juan Luis Sanfuentes, Onye isi ala Chile.

== Ndụ ==
Zañartu bụ nwa nwanyị nke Rafael Cañas Ariztia na Amelia Zañartu Iñiguez. A mụrụ ya na Paris n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1901,&lt;ref name=&quot;dia&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.diarioelheraldo.cl/noticia/alicia-canas-zanartu-la-primera-alcaldesa-democratica-de-chile|title=Alicia Cañas Zañartu; la primera alcaldesa democrática de Chile|author=Diseño|first=Hazlo Web|work=Alicia Cañas Zañartu; la primera alcaldesa democrática de Chile|language=es|accessdate=2019-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117172103/http://www.diarioelheraldo.cl/noticia/alicia-canas-zanartu-la-primera-alcaldesa-democratica-de-chile|archive-date=2019-11-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe o biri ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa.

Ọ lụrụ di mbụ ya, Arturo Sanfuentes, onye bụ nwa nwoke nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Juan Luis Sanfuentes ma ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Soledad. Dhee nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ n'afọ 1925;&lt;ref name=&quot;dia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.diarioelheraldo.cl/noticia/alicia-canas-zanartu-la-primera-alcaldesa-democratica-de-chile|title=Alicia Cañas Zañartu; la primera alcaldesa democrática de Chile|author=Diseño|first=Hazlo Web|work=Alicia Cañas Zañartu; la primera alcaldesa democrática de Chile|language=es|accessdate=2019-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117172103/http://www.diarioelheraldo.cl/noticia/alicia-canas-zanartu-la-primera-alcaldesa-democratica-de-chile|archive-date=2019-11-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDiseño&quot;&gt;Diseño, Hazlo Web. [http://www.diarioelheraldo.cl/noticia/alicia-canas-zanartu-la-primera-alcaldesa-democratica-de-chile &quot;Alicia Cañas Zañartu; la primera alcaldesa democrática de Chile&quot;]. ''Alicia Cañas Zañartu; la primera alcaldesa democrática de Chile'' (in Spanish)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-11-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi nke a, ọ laghachiri Paris, mana ọ laghachikwara Chile na arịrịọ nna ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mujerimpacta.cl/alicia-canas/|title=Copia archivada|accessdate=18 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193507/http://www.mujerimpacta.cl/alicia-canas/|archivedate=18 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Chile, ọ lụrụ onye ọka iwu Augusto Errázuriz ma mụọ ụmụ anọ. Ọ bịarutere Chile na aha ọma maka ịbụ nwanyị kwụụrụ onwe ya. Ọ kwọla ụgbọ ala nke ya na Paris na nke ahụ abụghị ihe ọhụrụ maka oge ahụ. Ọ bụ nnukwu akụkụ ndụ ndụ nke Paris metụrụ ya aka; nke ọ ga-emecha megharịa na Providencia. Ọ bụ nwanyị a ma ama maka ọrụ ebere ya ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 50 ọ duru &quot;Home of the Blind in Santa Lucia&quot;. Ọ bụ nraranye ya na mbọ ya mere ka ọrụ ntọala ahụ sie ike.

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Ally Energy bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepe na-arụ ọrụ n'ịntanetị maka ndị ọkachamara na ụlọ ọrụ ike gburugburu ụwa. E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2014 na Houston, Texas, na mbụ n'okpuru aha Pink Petro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=The WNET Group|title=The WNET Group Examines the Future of American Cities with American Cities Rebuilding 2021 Virtual Conversation Series October 18–22|url=https://www.wfmz.com/news/pr_newswire/pr_newswire_entertainment/the-wnet-group-examines-the-future-of-american-cities-with-american-cities-rebuilding-2021-virtual/article_eb3f2ef1-0b36-581d-9615-9d31116753d8.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=WFMZ.com|date=11 October 2021|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121175659/https://www.wfmz.com/news/pr_newswire/pr_newswire_entertainment/the-wnet-group-examines-the-future-of-american-cities-with-american-cities-rebuilding-2021-virtual/article_eb3f2ef1-0b36-581d-9615-9d31116753d8.html|archive-date=2021-11-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ohere ọrụ na netwọk site na ndepụta nke ọrụ na ihe omume metụtara ike. Ọ na-enyekwa ihe onwunwe ụlọ ọrụ, nghọta na mmepe nkà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mathews|first=Chris|title=Ally Energy expands energy careers platform with Clean Energy Social acquisition|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/houston/inno/stories/news/2021/07/20/ally-energy-clean-energy-social-deal-jobs-careers.html|work=Business Journals|date=July 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ọ bụ Katie Mehnert, onye isi ike na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ellevate|title=The Energy Gender Gap: Still a Long Road Ahead|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellevate/2016/12/07/the-energy-gender-gap-still-a-long-road-ahead/|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana Ngalaba Ike nke United States na atụmatụ ya Equity na Energy, guzobere Ally Energy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Department of Energy Announces Equity in Energy Ambassadors and Champions|url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/department-energy-announces-equity-energy-ambassadors-and-champions|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Energy.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwetara echiche maka Pink Petro na 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/womens-voices-project-katie-mehnert/|title=Katie Mehnert: Foster Industry Communities to Promote Women|date=2018-05-09|work=Texas Monthly|accessdate=2018-10-21|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na nkwado sitere n'aka Cindy Patman, onye isi nchịkwa nke ihe dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ na Halliburton na nkwado sitere na Royal Dutch Shell, ọ malitere ikpo okwu n'ịntanetị dabere na teknụzụ mmekọrịta igwe ojii site na Jive Software. Mgbe ahụ, onye isi oche nke Jive, Elisa Steele mepụtara mmekọrịta iji malite obodo ahụ. Onye bụbu onye isi obodo Houston, Annise Parker kwupụtara Pink Petro Day na Mee 2, 2015, iji mee emume na ihe karịrị ndị isi 300 na ndị ọkachamara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fuelfix.com/blog/2015/05/06/mayor-annise-parker-joins-the-launch-of-pink-petro/|title=Mayor Annise Parker joins the launch of Pink Petro|author=Sewing|first=Joy|date=May 6, 2015|work=|publisher=|accessdate=October 23, 2024|archivedate=April 9, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409045005/https://fuelfix.com/blog/2015/05/06/mayor-annise-parker-joins-the-launch-of-pink-petro/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nkwado nke Shell, Halliburton, Jive Software na KPMG.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bertie Melinda|date=March 10, 2015|title=Pink Petro Network to Grow, Empower Women in Energy|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/137584/Pink_Petro_Network_to_Grow_Empower_Women_in_Energy|work=|publisher=Rigzone}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=March 26, 2015|title=How social technology connects women in the energy industry|url=http://bakken.com/news/id/235691/how-social-technology-connects-women-in-the-energy-industry/|work=|publisher=Bakken.com|accessdate=October 23, 2024|archivedate=October 21, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021111522/http://bakken.com/news/id/235691/how-social-technology-connects-women-in-the-energy-industry/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=August 4, 2015|title=This industry has even fewer women than tech|url=http://fortune.com/2015/08/04/women-energy-industry/|work=|publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=June 9, 2016|title=Energy boards lacking diversity trigger climate worry|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/blog/energy-boards-lacking-diversity-trigger-climate-worry/|work=|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Angela Shah|date=October 22, 2014|title=Social Site Pink Petro Aims to Raise the Energy Industry's XX-Factor|url=http://www.xconomy.com/texas/2014/10/22/social-site-pink-petro-aims-to-raise-the-energy-industrys-xx-factor/|work=|publisher=Xconomy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Machị 2016, Pink Petro haziri HERWorld Energy Forum, nzukọ ụbọchị niile gbasara ihe ọhụrụ, teknụzụ, iwu na ndị ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/142979/Pink_Petro_Launches_HERWorld_a_Global_Energy_Forum|title=Pink Petro Launches HERWorld, a Global Energy Forum|author=|first=|date=February 10, 2016|work=|publisher=Rigzone}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2016/03/woman-to-watch-pink-petro-founder-hosts-global.html|title=Woman to watch: Pink Petro founder hosts global forum for women in energy|author=Johnson|first=Mary|date=March 1, 2016|work=|publisher=Biz Women – The Business Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rionegro.com.ar/energia/una-red-social-para-cerrar-la-brecha-LRRN_7754059|title=Una red social para cerrar la brecha en el petróleo|author=Aringoli|first=Frederico|date=July 4, 2015|work=|publisher=[[Río Negro (newspaper)|Río Negro]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, a malitere ebe ọrụ mbụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ike, Experience Energy, na ikpo okwu na-anabata ihe dịka ọrụ 500. N'afọ 2020, e jikọtara Pink Petro na Experience Energy ma gbanwee aha ha iji mepụta Ally Energy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pink Petro and Experience Energy Get a Makeover|url=https://www.allyenergy.com/blog/pink-petro-and-experience-energy-gets-a-makeover|work=www.allyenergy.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2021, Ally Energy nwetara Clean Energy Social na-agbasawanye nha nha nha na nsonye ya iji tinye nyocha nke nwere ike inye aka na-ewe ndị njikwa.[1] Dịka nke 2022, Ally Energy nwere kansụl atọ, ALLY, ERG na ESG. ALLY bụ maka ndị isi CHROs na ndị isi na-agwa ndị ọrụ ike ike, ERG bụ maka otu akụrụngwa akụrụngwa iji lebara ọdịbendị anya, yana ESG bụ maka ndị isi na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na nkwado..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Abrahams|first=Tom|title=State of Texas cuts ties with Environmental and Social Governance companies|url=https://abc13.com/texas-news-laws-oil-and-gas-esg/12316401/|work=ABC13 Houston|date=12 October 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Markman|first=Joseph|title=Energy ESG: Money Left on the Table|url=https://www.hartenergy.com/exclusives/energy-esg-money-left-table-201962|work=Hart Energy|date=September 7, 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Alpha Pi Omega</title>
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Alfa Pi Omega Sorority, Inc. (ΑΠΩ) bụ obodo sorority ụmụ amaala kacha ochie na United States.[1][2] Ọ bụ ọgbakọ mkpụrụedemede Greek kacha ukwuu, [3] nwere isiakwụkwọ iri abụọ na anọ gafere steeti itoolu na District nke Columbia.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xi Chapter of Alpha Pi Omega Sorority, Incorporated|url=https://wsu.presence.io/organization/xi-chapter-of-alpha-pi-omega-sorority-incorporated|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Coug Presence Pullman {{!}} Washington State University - Pullman|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alpha Pi Omega Sorority|url=https://www.alphapiomega.org/#:~:text=Alpha%20Pi%20Omega%20Sorority%20Inc,nationwide%20and%2024%20chartered%20chapters.|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=www.alphapiomega.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Alpha Pi Omega Sorority tọrọ ntọala na Septemba 1, 1994, na Mahadum North Carolina-Chapel Hill site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị anọ.[1][2] Ndị guzobere, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ifufe anọ, bụ Shannon Brayboy (Lumbee), Jamie Goins (Lumbee), Amy Locklear (Lumbee na Coharie), na Christie Strickland (Lumbee).[3] [2] Tupu ha hiwe otu ahụ, ha chọrọ ma nweta nkwado nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị okenye sitere na ebo dị iche iche nke North Carolina.{{Cite news|author=Landry|first=Alysa|date=September 13, 2018|title=Native Sorority Empowers Women and Promotes Culture|url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/native-sorority-empowers-women-and-promotes-culture|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Ict News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụkpụrụ ntọala nke sorority bụ ọdịnala, ime mmụọ, agụmakwụkwọ, na nsogbu nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Belec|first=Hannah Moulton|date=October 24, 2019|title=Alpha Pi Omega, the first sorority for native women|url=https://studentlife.asu.edu/content/alpha-pi-omega-first-sorority-native-women|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Arizona State University Student Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akpọ klas nkwa mbụ ya Fifteen Warrior Women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Landry|first=Alysa|date=September 13, 2018|title=Native Sorority Empowers Women and Promotes Culture|url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/native-sorority-empowers-women-and-promotes-culture|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Ict News|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLandry2018&quot;&gt;Landry, Alysa (September 13, 2018). [https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/native-sorority-empowers-women-and-promotes-culture &quot;Native Sorority Empowers Women and Promotes Culture&quot;]. ''Ict News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E debanyere aha sorority na steeti North Carolina na 1995 ma gbasaa na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ.{{Cite web|date=2013-06-06|title=Alpha Pi Omega Sorority, Inc.|url=https://studentlife.oregonstate.edu/chapter-profile/alpha-pi-omega-sorority-inc|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Office of the Dean of Students, Oregon State University|language=en|archivedate=2023-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102093144/https://studentlife.oregonstate.edu/chapter-profile/alpha-pi-omega-sorority-inc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'inwe ihe karịrị agbụrụ 130 nke ndị otu ya na-anọchite anya ya, ndị otu ahụ nwere ihe karịrị ụmụnne nwanyị 900 na mba niile. Na mba, ndị otu iri na atọ a maara dị ka Grand Keepers of the Circle na-achịkwa òtù ahụ. A na-ahọpụta ndị Grand Keepers maka afọ abụọ ma na-ezukọ kwa ọnwa.

== Ihe nnọchianya ==
Agba nke sorority bụ ọkụ uhie, ahịhịa ọhụrụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na ọka odo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-06-06|title=Alpha Pi Omega Sorority, Inc.|url=https://studentlife.oregonstate.edu/chapter-profile/alpha-pi-omega-sorority-inc|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Office of the Dean of Students, Oregon State University|language=en|archivedate=2023-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102093144/https://studentlife.oregonstate.edu/chapter-profile/alpha-pi-omega-sorority-inc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241013031917/https://studentlife.oregonstate.edu/chapter-profile/alpha-pi-omega-sorority-inc &quot;Alpha Pi Omega Sorority, Inc&quot;]. ''Office of the Dean of Students, Oregon State University''. 2013-06-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkwanye ugwu ya bụ Queen Bee, ebe ọla ya bụ amethyst.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Osisi ya bụ osisi cedar na okooko ya bụ dogwood.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ụkpụrụ nduzi Alpha Pi Omega bụ &quot;Nwanne m nwanyị dị ka onwe m&quot;.{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.alphapiomega.org/About.html#History|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Alpha Pi Omega}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume ==
Alpha Pi Omega na-echekwa ọdịnala ndị American Indian site na ime ememe na ime ihe nketa ọdịbendị na nke ime mmụọ, dị ka ịnabata Egwuregwu stickball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=July 20, 2017|title=OSU Native American sorority nabs national honors|url=https://www.stwnewspress.com/news/osu-native-american-sorority-nabs-national-honors/article_ee114742-6cf8-11e7-a8a9-2340f16a4661.html|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Stillwater News Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-akwado netwọk maka ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na ndị ọkachamara na ọha mmadụ nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; A na-akpọ mgbakọ mba nke sorority kwa afọ Grand Gathering . {{Cite web|author=Jackson|first=Tesina|date=September 19, 2011|title=Native American sorority named chapter of the year|url=https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/education/native-american-sorority-named-chapter-of-the-year/article_a872e4d6-4b36-51cd-b657-74d9afffa0cd.html|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Cherokee Phoenix|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102093141/https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/education/native-american-sorority-named-chapter-of-the-year/article_a872e4d6-4b36-51cd-b657-74d9afffa0cd.html|archive-date=2023-01-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ enyemaka mba ya na-adịgide adịgide bụ National Indian Education Association, dị ka nke afọ 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.alphapiomega.org/About.html#History|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Alpha Pi Omega}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.alphapiomega.org/About.html#History &quot;History&quot;]. ''Alpha Pi Omega''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Isiakwụkwọ ndị ọ bụla na-esokwa na mmemme nchịkọta ego dị ka Walk a Mile in Her Shoes ma ọ bụ Remember the 10 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jackson|first=Tesina|date=September 19, 2011|title=Native American sorority named chapter of the year|url=https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/education/native-american-sorority-named-chapter-of-the-year/article_a872e4d6-4b36-51cd-b657-74d9afffa0cd.html|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Cherokee Phoenix|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102093141/https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/education/native-american-sorority-named-chapter-of-the-year/article_a872e4d6-4b36-51cd-b657-74d9afffa0cd.html|archive-date=2023-01-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJackson2011&quot;&gt;Jackson, Tesina (September 19, 2011). [https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/education/native-american-sorority-named-chapter-of-the-year/article_a872e4d6-4b36-51cd-b657-74d9afffa0cd.html &quot;Native American sorority named chapter of the year&quot;]. ''Cherokee Phoenix''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=July 20, 2017|title=OSU Native American sorority nabs national honors|url=https://www.stwnewspress.com/news/osu-native-american-sorority-nabs-national-honors/article_ee114742-6cf8-11e7-a8a9-2340f16a4661.html|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Stillwater News Press|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.stwnewspress.com/news/osu-native-american-sorority-nabs-national-honors/article_ee114742-6cf8-11e7-a8a9-2340f16a4661.html &quot;OSU Native American sorority nabs national honors&quot;]. ''Stillwater News Press''. July 20, 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ''Isi nke Mahadum Washington State'' nwere klas mmata banyere mwakpo mmekọahụ na ọzụzụ LGBTQ +, ebe isi nke Mahaduma Oregon State nwere nchịkọta ego maka Humane Society.  {{Cite web|author=Negron|first=Loren|date=July 23, 2020|title=WSU Greek chapter chartered by first Native American sorority in country|url=https://dailyevergreen.com/83404/news/wsu-greek-chapter-chartered-by-first-native-american-sorority-in-country/|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=The Daily Evergreen}}

== Ndị otu ==
Ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwere ike isonye na ọkwa undergraduate ma ọ bụ post-undergraduate. Ụmụ nwanyị kọleji ga-agwụcha ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu oge agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke, nwee GPA 2.8 ma ọ bụ karịa, ma enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na ndị otu mmekọrịta ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmasị ịbanye na ngalaba ọkachamara ga-abụrịrị na ha agwụla nzere bachelọ ma ọ bụ karịa ma ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na ndị otu mmekọrịta ọ bụla.

== Isiokwu ==
A na-akwụ ụgwọ isi na Grand Gathering nke sorority kwa afọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Negron|first=Loren|date=July 23, 2020|title=WSU Greek chapter chartered by first Native American sorority in country|url=https://dailyevergreen.com/83404/news/wsu-greek-chapter-chartered-by-first-native-american-sorority-in-country/|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=The Daily Evergreen}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNegron2020&quot;&gt;Negron, Loren (July 23, 2020). [https://dailyevergreen.com/83404/news/wsu-greek-chapter-chartered-by-first-native-american-sorority-in-country/ &quot;WSU Greek chapter chartered by first Native American sorority in country&quot;]. ''The Daily Evergreen''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isiakwụkwọ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ ===
APO na-amalite isi ma ọ bụ ógbè dị ka isi ma ọ bụrụ ite mmanụ aṅụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Mgbe otu afọ gasịrị, isi mmụba ahụ na-aghọ isi nwa oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke Alpha Pi Omega collegiate chapters.{{Cite web|title=Our Chapters|url=https://www.alphapiomega.org/Chapters.html|accessdate=2024-05-23|work=Alpha Pi Omega Sorority}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-egosi isiakwụkwọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na bold. A na-egosi isiakwụkwọ ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na ''italiki''.
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=== Isiakwụkwọ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ ===
Isiakwụkwọ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ bụ maka ụmụ nwanyị natara akara ugo mmụta ha.{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.alphapiomega.org/About.html#History|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Alpha Pi Omega}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.alphapiomega.org/About.html#History &quot;History&quot;]. ''Alpha Pi Omega''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị sorority na-akpọ mpaghara ya ndị na-agbasawanye. Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke isiakwụkwọ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Chapters|url=https://www.alphapiomega.org/Chapters.html|accessdate=2024-05-23|work=Alpha Pi Omega Sorority}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.alphapiomega.org/Chapters.html &quot;Our Chapters&quot;]. ''Alpha Pi Omega Sorority''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-05-23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A na-egosi isiakwụkwọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na bold. A na-egosi isiakwụkwọ ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na ''italiki''.

== Hụkwa ==

* Òtù ndị nwere mmasị ọdịbendị
* Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị
* Phi Sigma Ụmụnna anyị

== Ihe odide ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alpha Sigma Rho</title>
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      <text bytes="5583" sha1="spy1k4elaf16yrvg1acoa285w7j2k7o" xml:space="preserve">Alfa Sigma Rho (ΑΣΡ), nke a makwaara dị ka Alpha Sigs, ASR, na Lovely Ladies in Red, bụ sorority maka ọrụ ọrụ a na-eduzi na obodo Asia-American. E hiwere sorority na 1998 na Mahadum Georgia. Alfa Sigma Rho bụ sorority mmasị Asia nke izizi hibere na steeti Georgia.{{Cite web|title=History &amp; Establishment|url=http://www.alphasigmarho.org/about|work=Alpha Sigma Rho Sorority, Inc.|accessdate=20 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere Alpha Sigma Rho dị ka ihe gbasara mmasị Asia na 1998 site na ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ na Mahadum Georgia.[1] N'ozuzu, a na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a dị ka &quot;ndị nne tọrọ ntọala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.alphasigmarho.org/about|accessdate=2024-09-08|work=Alpha Sigma Rho|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

=== Ihe nnọchianya ===
Ndị nne guzobere ya nabatara akara maka sorority.{{Cite web|title=Our Values|url=https://www.alphasigmarho.org/general-information|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Alpha Sigma Rho|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko ya bụ calla lily na ihe nkwanye ùgwù ya bụ swan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Agba nke sorority bụ ọbara ọbara, ọlaọcha, na ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nkume ya dị oké ọnụ ahịa bụ opal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ihe nnọchianya ya bụ Nu, ihe nnọchianya ndị China maka nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ụkpụrụ iwu nke sorority bụ &quot;ike n'ịdị n'otu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Values|url=https://www.alphasigmarho.org/general-information|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Alpha Sigma Rho|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.alphasigmarho.org/general-information &quot;Our Values&quot;]. ''Alpha Sigma Rho''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-01-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke ịdị mma agụmakwụkwọ, uto mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mmepe omume, na ike n'ịdị n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe omume ==
Na mba, a na-ekwe nkwa ịkwado [[National Ovarian Cancer Coalition]].&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History &amp; Establishment|url=http://www.alphasigmarho.org/about|work=Alpha Sigma Rho Sorority, Inc.|accessdate=20 August 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.alphasigmarho.org/about &quot;History &amp; Establishment&quot;]. ''Alpha Sigma Rho Sorority, Inc''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 August&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Isiakwụkwọ dị iche iche nke sorority na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ha na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ndị Eshia iji nyere ha aka ịnakọta ego na mgbasa ozi. Ndị a gụnyere China Care, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Torres|first=Maria|date=April 5, 2012|title=Alpha Sigma Rho raises money for Chinese orphans|url=http://www.redandblack.com/news/alpha-sigma-rho-raises-money-for-chinese-orphans/article_6fa27eeb-386d-5190-9fb2-7f0aa808d93f.html|accessdate=January 2, 2023|work=The Red &amp; Black|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308105345/https://www.redandblack.com/news/alpha-sigma-rho-raises-money-for-chinese-orphans/article_6fa27eeb-386d-5190-9fb2-7f0aa808d93f.html|archive-date=March 8, 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austin Children's Services, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.austinchildrenshelter.org/site/DocServer/Annual_Report_2009.pdf?docID=5001|title=Austin Children's Shelter Annual Report 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063544/http://www.austinchildrenshelter.org/site/DocServer/Annual_Report_2009.pdf?docID=5001|archivedate=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Circle of Sisterhood &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://temple.collegiatelink.net/organization/Alpha_Sigma_Rho/calendar/details/392395|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150414183859/https://temple.collegiatelink.net/organization/Alpha_Sigma_Rho/calendar/details/392395|archivedate=2015-04-14|title=Circle of Sisterhood Gala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị otu ==
Ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ nwere ike ịchọ ịbụ ndị otu dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji ma ọ bụ dị ka ụmụ amaala gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ndị otu na-emeghe maka ndị na-emezu ihe achọrọ, n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ, mba, okpukpe, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt;

== Isiokwu ==
Alpha Sigma Rho has twelve active chapters and two inactive chapters as of 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chapters|url=https://www.alphasigmarho.org/chapters|accessdate=2024-09-08|work=Alpha Sigma Rho|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baird's Manual Online&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities (Baird's Manual Online Archive), section showing Alpha Sigma Rho chapters|url=https://uofi.app.box.com/v/womens-pdf-folder/file/459803154069|accessdate=31 December 2021|work=Student Life and Culture Archives|publisher=University of Illinois Archives|language=English}} The main archive URL is [https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/welcome/fraternity-sorority-almanac/ The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage].&lt;/ref&gt; Active and associate chapters are indicated in '''bold'''. Inactive chapters are indicated in ''italics''.

== Ndị a ma ama ==

* Tipa &quot;Mol&quot; Nawawattanasub, CEO, YLG Bullion &amp; Futures, nnukwu onye na-ere ọlaedo na Thailand &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asia's Power Businesswomen, 2014: 12 to Watch|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2014/02/26/asias-power-businesswomen-2014-12-to-watch/#675f2f0f4284|work=Forbes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke Asian American fraternities na sororities
* Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị
* Òtù ndị nwere mmasị ọdịbendị

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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    <title>Amalasuintha</title>
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      <text bytes="10958" sha1="chosm0bt9bp652xa5ads7g1nr5l8811" xml:space="preserve">Amalasuintha[1] (495 - 30 Eprel 535) bụ onye ọchịchị nke Alaeze Ostrogothic site na 526 ruo 535. Na mbụ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ọchịchị maka nwa ya nwoke Athalaric, ọ ghọrọ eze nwanyị mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.[2]. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu, ma Cassiodorus na Procopius toro Amalasuintha maka amamihe ya na ikike ya ịsụ asụsụ atọ (Greek, Gothic, na Latịn).[3] Ọkwa ya dị ka eze nwanyị nweere onwe ya, na mmekọrịta doro anya maka ọdịbendị Rome, kpatara enweghị afọ ojuju n'etiti ndị isi Gothic n'obí ya, a chụpụrụ ya wee gbuo ya mgbe ọnwa isii nke ọchịchị gachara. Eze Ukwu Rom nke dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Justinian nke Mbụ ji ọnwụ ya dị ka ihe mgbawa na-awakpo [[Italy|Ịtali]], na-amalite Agha Gothic.

== Ezinụlọ ==
O yikarịrị ka a mụrụ Amalasuintha na Ravenna na 495, naanị nwa Theodoric na nwunye ya Audofleda, nwanne nwanyị Clovis, Eze nke ndị Frank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jansen|first=Sharon L.|title=Amalasuintha of Italy, &quot;An Ill-Fated Gothic Queen&quot;|url=https://www.monstrousregimentofwomen.com/2022/04/amalasuintha-of-italy-ill-fated-gothic.html|accessdate=2022-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Njikọ nke nne na nna Amalasuintha bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dị ka ọtụtụ alụmdi na nwunye eze dị n'oge ahụ. Theodoric lụrụ Audofleda n'ihe dị ka afọ 493, mgbe o merisịrị alaeze Gothic dị iche iche ma chọọ njikọ aka na ndị Frank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; A mụrụ Amalasuintha n'Ọchịchị Amali n'akụkụ nna ya, nke usoro ndị eze mejupụtara ndị Goth nke ndị [[Jémanị|Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History &amp; Genealogy|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/amal-amali/about|accessdate=2022-12-18|work=www.familytreedna.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nna ya, Amalasuintha lụrụ Eutharic, nwa eze Amali, n'ihi ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, iji hụ na ọ bụ onye nketa kwesịrị ekwesị n'ocheeze.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vitiello|first=Massimiliano|title=Theohadad: A Platonic King at the Collapse of Ostrogothic Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/theodahadplatoni0000viti|publisher=Toronto: University of Toronto Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4426-4783-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/theodahadplatoni0000viti/page/34 34]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Athalaric na Matasuntha. Eutharic nwụrụ na 522, na-akpata egwu Theodoric, ebe alaeze ya enweghị onye nketa nwoke toro eto iji keta ocheeze ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Dị ka nwa Amalasuintha Athalaric dị naanị afọ 10 n'oge ọnwụ Theodoric, Amalasuinta weghaara alaeze ahụ n'akụkụ nwa ya dị ka onye na-achị achị, ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ Cassiodorus na Procopius na-ezo aka na Athalaric dịka Eze, ọ chịrị n'ụzọ dị irè n'aha ya.

== Iwu ==
[[Usòrò:Diptych_Rufus_Gennadius_Probus_Orestes_VandA_139-1866.jpg|thumb|Consular diptych nke Rufius Gennadius Probus Orestes, Victoria na Albert museum. Foto Amalasuintha na nwa ya nwoke Athalaric dị n'elu ihe odide ahụ, n'akụkụ obe ahụ.]]

=== Onye na-achị achị ===
Dị ka Procopius si kwuo, ndị isi Goth chọrọ ka a zụlite Athalaric n'ụzọ Gothic, mana Amalasuintha chọrọ ka ọ dị ka ndị isi Rom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vitiello|first=Massimiliano|title=&quot;Nourished at the Breast of Rome&quot;: The Queens of Ostrogothic Italy and the Education of the Roman Elite|date=2006|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41234687|journal=Rheinisches Museum für Philologie|volume=149|issue=3/4|pages=402|issn=0035-449X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amalasuintha nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na Eze Ukwu Byzantium Justinian I, nke gaara eme ka ọ gbasoo mmụta na omenala ndị Rom karịsịa na ndị Goth ibe ya. Ọchịchị ahụ dịgidere ruo 534, mgbe Athalaric nwụrụ site na ihe nwere ike ịbụ njikọta nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè (akụkụ nke ọdịbendị Gothic) na ọrịa, ma eleghị anya ọrịa shuga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frye|first=David|title=Athalaric's Health and the Ostrogothic Character|date=1995|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44172211|journal=Byzantion|volume=65|issue=1|pages=249–251|issn=0378-2506}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji chekwaa ike na aha Amali, Amalasuintha mepụtara consortium regni nke nyere ya ohere ịga n'ihu na-achị dị ka eze nwanyị ka ọ ka na-egosi ihu ọha nke na-asọpụrụ ọdịnala Gothic. Mgbe ahụ, ọ họpụtara nwa nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye bụ Theodahad ka ọ chịa dị ka onye na-achị achị, ebe Amalasuintha ga-eme ka nwoke na Theodahad ga-eme nwanyị, dị ka ndị eze nwoke na nwanyị na-ekerịta ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vitiello|first=Massimiliano|title=Amalasuintha|url=https://archive.org/details/amalasuinthatran0000viti|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2017|isbn=9780812249477|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/amalasuinthatran0000viti/page/23 23]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwoke bụ isi ihe e ji mara Amalasuintha site na Procopius na Cassiodorus, n'ihi na o nwere mkpebi siri ike na obi ọjọọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta dị ukwuu ya n'ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye na-achị achị na diptych nke Rufius Gennadius Probus Orestes nke ọ pụtara n'akụkụ nwa ya nwoke, Athalaric, na 530.{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-0199|title=Amalasuntha|date=January 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518792-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye juputara na ọdịbendị Rom ochie, o nyere agụmakwụkwọ nwa ya nwoke ka mma na akwụkwọ karịa ka ọ dabara na ndị Goth ya. N'ịmara na ọ bụghị onye a ma ama, ọ chụpụrụ - ma mesịa gbuo - ndị isi Gothic atọ ọ na-enyo enyo na ha na-agba izu megide ọchịchị ya. N'otu oge ahụ, ya na Justinian malitere mkparịta ụka, na-ele anya iwepụ onwe ya na akụ Gothic na Constantinople.

=== Eze Nwanyị Na-achị ===
Mgbe Athalaric nwụsịrị, Amalasuintha ghọrọ eze nwanyị ma chịa naanị ya obere oge tupu ya emee nwa nwanne ya nwoke Theodahad ka ọ bụrụ onye na-achị ya na ebumnuche nke ime ka ọnọdụ ya sie ike. Theodahad bụ onye ndú a ma ama nke ndị agha Gothic nke na-emegide nguzo ya na-akwado ndị Rom, Amalasuintha kwenyere na duumvirate a nwere ike ime ka ndị na-akwado ya site na ndị nkatọ ya kachasị njọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-0199|title=Amalasuntha|date=January 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518792-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kama nke ahụ, Theodahad mere ka ndị Goth ghara inwe obi ụtọ, ma ọ bụ site na iwu ya ma ọ bụ ikike ya, a tụrụ Amalasuintha mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti Martana na Lake Bolsena, ebe e gburu ya na 30 Eprel 535 n'oge ịsa ahụ ya.

== Ọnwụ ==
Ọnwụ nke Amalasuintha nyere Justinian I ihe mere ọ ga-eji gaa agha na ndị Ostrogoths ma gbalịa iweghara Ịtali. Dị ka onye Rom na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Eastern Procopius si kwuo, Amalasuintha nọ na-eche echiche inyefe Italy n'aka Justinian n'oge ọ nwụrụ.[1] [peeji nke dị oke sara mbara] N’oge na-adịghị anya ka Amalasuintha gbuchara, Witigis, ọgọ nwoke Amalasuintha nọchiri anya Theodahad. Site ná nkwado ndị mmadụ, Witigis mere ka e gbuo Theodahad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Grierson|first=P.|date=1941|title=Election and Inheritance in Early Germanic Kingship|journal=The Cambridge Historical Journal|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.1017/S1474691300003425}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==
Akwụkwọ ozi nke Cassiodorus, onye isi ndị ozi na onye ndụmọdụ edemede nke Amalasuintha, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Procopius na Jordanes, na-enye anyị ozi bụ isi gbasara omume Amalasuintha. Cassiodorus bụ akụkụ nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Rom ka ukwuu nke chọrọ ime ka ọchịchị Ostrogothic omenala Romanize, ihe akaebe ọzọ nke ndị Rom na-akwado ndị Amalasuintha gbara onwe ya gburugburu..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foote|first=David|date=2009|title=Reviewed Work: Il principe, il filosofo, il guerriero: Lineamenti di pensiero politico nell'Italia ostrogota by Massimiliano Vitiell|journal=Mediaevistik|volume=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
[[Usòrò:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_143r_3.jpg|thumb|''Amalasiuntha regina'' - ihe osise sitere na Nuremberg Chronicle (1493) ]]
E mere ndụ Amalasuintha isiokwu nke ọdachi, egwuregwu mbụ nke nwa okorobịa Carlo Goldoni dere ma gosipụta ya na Milan na 1733.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vitiello|first=Massimiliano|title=Amalasuintha The Transformation of Queenship in the Post-Roman World|date=2017|isbn=9780812249477|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|url=https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/toc/15727_toc.html|accessdate=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001255/https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/toc/15727_toc.html|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye Romanian na-ede uri George Coșbuc dere uri akpọrọ Regina Ostrogotilor (Nwanyị nke Ostrogoths) nke Amalasuintha (dị ka Amalasunda) gwara Theodahad (nke a kpọtụrụ aha dị ka Teodat na uri ahụ) obere oge tupu ya egbuo ya.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;self-published source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Honor Blackman gosipụtara Amalasuintha na ihe nkiri 1968 Kampf um Rom . A na-egbu ya n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ a kpọchiri akpọchi.'' ''  ''&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;unreliable source?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;''

=== Aha nna ===
A na-akpọ Asteroid 650 Amalasuntha iji sọpụrụ ya. ''Ranunculus amalasuinthae'' bụ microspecies nke ''Ranunculus auricomus'' a maara na Pomerania, n'etiti ndị ọzọ site na ebe dị nso na ili nke ndị Goth dị nso na Grzybnica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Halamski|first=Adam T.|date=2024|title=Contribution à l’étude des renoncules tête d’or (Ranunculus auricomus aggr.) de la Poméranie polonaise. Trois espèces nouvelles des environs de Darłowo et Sławno|journal=Bulletin de la Societe linnéenne de Lyon|volume=93|issue=7–8|pages=169–205|issn=2554-5280}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranunculus amalasuinthae {{!}} International Plant Names Index|url=https://beta.ipni.org/n/77347918-1|accessdate=2024-10-23|work=beta.ipni.org|archivedate=2024-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920155155/https://beta.ipni.org/n/77347918-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Amelia Lambrick</title>
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Amelia Lambrick (23 Maachị 1864 – 27 Septemba 1956) bụ onye ọrụ ọhaneze Australia, onye udo, na onye na-eme mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha.[1] Ọ bụụrụ onye isi otu International Women's International League for Peace and FreedomAmelia Lambrick (23 Maachị 1864 – 27 Septemba 1956) bụ onye ọrụ ọhaneze Australia, onye udo, na onye na-eme mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha.[1] Ọ bụụrụ onye isi otu International Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Amelia Lambrick mụrụ na 23 Maachị 1864 na North Melbourne, Australia, ọkpara n'ime ụmụ ise Erasmus Pascoe Lambrick na Amelia (née Bertram).[1] A mụrụ nne na nna ya na Cornwall na Norfolk, England, na-akwaga Australia n'ime 1830s.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/uploads/obituaries/13038/whos_who_world_078.pdf|title=Who's Who of the World of Women|publisher=Reference Press Association|year=1934|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709130110/https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/uploads/obituaries/13038/whos_who_world_078.pdf|archive-date=2024-07-09|access-date=2024-10-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lambrick malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka ọrụ ọha na eze nke Victoria na 1886 ma, na-agbaso ọkwa dị iche iche na Ngalaba Postmaster General, rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Customs ruo afọ 37.

Lambrick bụ onye otu Theosophical Society (onye ọ kụziiri), &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography - Amelia Lambrick - People Australia|url=https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/lambrick-amelia-13038|accessdate=2023-04-30|work=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430191135/https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/lambrick-amelia-13038|archive-date=2023-04-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/lambrick-amelia-13038 &quot;Biography - Amelia Lambrick - People Australia&quot;]. ''National Centre of Biography, Australian National University''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Women's Christian Temperance Union, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (nke ọ bụ onye isi oche nke alaka Victoria 1932-36), na Victorian Citizens' Movement.  Ọ kụziri maka mkpọsa ntuli aka nke Vida Goldstein na 1910, ma nye aka na Socialist site na iji aha 'Hypatia'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

N'ime afọ 1920 na 1930, Lambrick gara ọtụtụ ebe ma kụzie ihe nke ukwuu, gụnyere na France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, na British Isles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1926, ọ nọchitere anya Australia na nnọkọ nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom na Dublin, Ireland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Onye na-akwado udo ogologo oge, ọ kụzikwaara ndị isi na-adịghị eme ihe ike, dị ka Mahatma Gandhi na Toyohiko Kagawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Verdery Young|first=Amanda|date=2017-07-17|title=Amelia Lambrick|url=https://www.womeninpeace.org/l-names/2017/7/7/amelia-lambrick|accessdate=2023-04-30|work=Women In Peace|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lambrick nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Malvern East na 27 Septemba 1956, a kpọrọ ya ọkụ.

== Nkà ihe ọmụma ==
Lambrick dọtara mmasị na nkà mmụta okpukpe, ma kwenyesie ike n'echiche nke ọbụbụenyi zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke kwadoro ọrụ ya. O kwuru, sị: &quot;Udo na-anọchite anya eziokwu, ikpe ziri ezi, ọbụbụenyi, ndị a bụkwa ntọala nke ezi mmepeanya niile&quot;.

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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    <title>Yima Sen</title>
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'''John Yima Sen''' (12 Febuwari 1951 – 6 Oktoba 2020) bụ onye Tiv Naijiria nwere ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O tinyere aka na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ọchịchị aka ike ndị agha Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-content/uploads/yima-sen-lecture.pdf|title=Challenges and Prospects of Nigeria's Development at 50|date=2010|access-date=2024-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203013348/https://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-content/uploads/yima-sen-lecture.pdf|archive-date=2024-12-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Mgbasa Ozi maka Democracy (CD) na onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Democratic Alternative  nke ahụ manyere General Babangida ịpụ n'ọchịchị mgbe ọ kagburu na-enweghị mmasị na ntuli aka onye isi ala Naijiria nke 12 June 1993.  Ọ bụkwa onye otu Olusola Saraki duuru Northern Union na onye so na mgbasa ozi Bring Back Our Girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1372529-northern-elders-forum-official-yima-sen-dies-69.html|title=Northern Elders Forum official Yima Sen dies at 69|work=legit.ng|date=2020|accessdate=9 November 2020|archivedate=29 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029070558/https://www.legit.ng/1372529-northern-elders-forum-official-yima-sen-dies-69.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/418947-northern-elders-forum-dg-yima-sen-is-dead.html|title=Leading Intellectual, Activist, Yima Sen is Dead|work=thisdaylive.com|date=2020|accessdate=9 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge Naijiria nke abụọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye enyemaka nzikọrịta ozi nye onyeisi ụlọomeiwu Sineti Chuba Okadigbo. O mechara bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ pụrụiche nye onyeisi ala Shehu Shagari ma bụrụkwa onye isi mgbasa ozi na ọchịchị Aper Aku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/418947-northern-elders-forum-dg-yima-sen-is-dead.html|title=Northern Elders' Forum DG, Yima Sen, is dead|work=premiumtimesng.com|date=2020|accessdate=9 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mba Naijiria nke anọ,ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na nyocha, amụma na akwụkwọ nye osote onyeisiala, Atiku Abubakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dailytrust.com/tribute-to-yima-sen/|title=Tribute to Yima Sen|work=dailytrust.com|date=12 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Middle Belt Forum ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Northern Elders Forum . Ọ bụ onye ama ama na mkpasu iwe maka ikike pere mpe bụ onye na-achọ ọganihu nke obodo ndị dị na Middle Belt Region ma tinye aka n'ọtụtụ òtù na-achọ mkpebi nke okwu iji kpalite na ịkwalite ịdị n'udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/yima-sen-was-an-intellectual-colossus-mbf/|title=Yima Sen was an intellectual colossus – MBF|work=blueprint.ng|date=2020|accessdate=9 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbanyeghị, ka ọ na-emeghachi omume na okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na 2018,  dịka ezumike ahụike onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari ugboro ugboro, ndị ụlọ omebe iwu na-eche ihu na ọgụ ike na steeti ya bụ Benue, a na-ekwu na o kwuru, sị, &quot;a na-ada ụda na Naijiria enweghị ike ime ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọpụpụ mgbanwe. Obodo a enwetala ogo ire ere na ire ere nke enweghị ike ijikwa ma ọ bụrụ na ọpụpụ mgbanwe adighi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://intervention.ng/12806/|title=Nigeria Cannot Make It Without Revolutionary Exit Now – Dr Yima Sen|work=intervention.ng|date=2018|accessdate=9 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụrụ Mass Communication na Mahadum Lagos, University of California, Los Angeles, USA  na Mahadum Amsterdam na Netherlands. N'omume ya nke nzikọrịta ozi,   ọ bụbu onye na-enye ndụmọdụ na United Nations Development Programme na Nairobi,  Kenya ma bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ nhazi na International Foundation for Education and Self Help. Ọ bụ onye isi agụmakwụkwọ Mass Communications na mahadum Baze dị n'Abuja .&lt;ref name=&quot;NEF&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==

# &quot;Ihe ịma aka na atụmanya nke Naijiria na 50{{Reflist}}(PDF). 2010.
# &quot;Onye isi ọgbakọ ndị okenye ugwu Yima sen anwụọ na 69&quot;. legit.ng. 2020. eweputara 9 Novemba 2020.
# &quot;Onye isi ọgụgụ isi, onye nkwado, Yima sen anwụọla&quot;. thisdaylive.com. 2020. eweputara 9 Novemba 2020.
# &quot;Nzuko ndị okenye ugwu DG, Yima Sen anwụọla&quot;. premiumt 2020. eweputara 9 Novemba 2020.
# &quot;Ụtụ nye Yima Sen&quot;. dailytrust. 12 oktoba 2020.
# &quot;Yima Sen bụ Colossus nwere ọgụgụ isi  MBF&quot;. blueprint.  2020. Eweputara 9 Novemba  2020.
# &quot;Naijiria enweghị ike ime ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọpụpụ mgbanwe ugbu a Dr Yima Sen&quot;. intervention.ng. 2018 eweputara 9 Novemba 2020.</text>
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    <title>Ọnwụ Caroline Mwatha</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Caroline_Mwatha_Ochieng.jpg|thumb|Caroline Mwatha]]
Na 6 February 2019, Caroline Mwatha Ochieng' dị afọ 37, onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Kenya na onye nchoputa nke Dandora Community Center (nke na-enyocha ma na-edekọ okwu gbasara ogbugbu ndị uwe ojii na Dandora), furu efu.[1] Achọtara ozu ya n'ụlọ ozu obodo Nairobi na 12 Febrụwarị ebe edebanyere aha ya n'aha dị iche. Akụkọ ndị uwe ojii gosipụtara na ọ nwụrụ na 7 February.[2][3] Nnyocha e mere mgbe a nwụsịrị chọpụtara na ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ịgbapụ ya. Ihe kpatara ọbara ọgbụgba ahụ bụ mgbawa n'azụ akpanwa ya, nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ n'ihi ite ime na-adịghị mma. Ozu nwa ebu n'afọ ka dị n'afọ, ewezuga otu aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;nati_This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mutanu|first=Bernardine|date=15 February 2019|title=This is what killed Caroline Mwatha — pathologist|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-post-mortem-report-out/1056-4982332-y9y689/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519040908/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-post-mortem-report-out/1056-4982332-y9y689/index.html|archivedate=19 May 2020|accessdate=22 February 2019|work=Daily Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Nna ya na di ya gwara ndị nta akụkọ na ha ekwenyeghị na akụkọ ndị uwe ojii, ebe ọ bụ na ha amaghị na ọ dị ime.[1] Patrick Gathara nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Washington Post kwuru na ekwesịrị inwe obi abụọ ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii na-etinye aka na ikpuchi ogbugbu nke ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ n'oge gara aga.[2] Nke abụọ, nyocha nke onwe ya gosipụtara ihe kpatara ọnwụ.[3] Amnesty International Kenya kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọ bụrụ na ogbugbu steeti egbughị Mwatha, usoro na-enye ohere ụlọ ọgwụ na-ete ime ka ọ dị adị n'ihi enweghị ike ịnye ọrụ ite ime na nchekwa. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nati_Caro2&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe si na ọnwụ ya pụta ==
E mere emume ncheta na 21 Febụwarị na Uhuru Park's Freedom Corner. Ndị bịara ha bụ Chief Justice Willy Mutunga, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Martha Karua]] na Nairobi Women Representative Esther Passaris.&lt;ref name=&quot;nati_Caro2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kahongeh|first=James|date=23 February 2019|title=Caroline Mwatha to be buried today|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-buried-today/1056-4995460-asbiabz/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822134521/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-buried-today/1056-4995460-asbiabz/|archivedate=22 August 2019|accessdate=24 February 2019|work=Daily Nation|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKahongeh2019&quot;&gt;Kahongeh, James (23 February 2019). . ''Daily Nation''. Archived from [https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-buried-today/1056-4995460-asbiabz/ the original] on 22 August 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Chọọchị Katọlik jụrụ Mas Requiem n'ihi mmegide ya megide [[Iwepu afọ ime|ite ime]].&lt;ref name=&quot;the-_Anti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nyawira|first=Lyndsay|date=22 February 2019|title=Anti-abortion: Catholic Church declines to hold requiem Mass for Caroline Mwatha|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/22/anti-abortion-catholic-church-declines-to-hold-requiem-mass-for_c1898757|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223132732/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/22/anti-abortion-catholic-church-declines-to-hold-requiem-mass-for_c1898757|archivedate=23 February 2019|accessdate=26 February 2019|work=The Star, Kenya|quote=hold requiem Mass}}&lt;/ref&gt; E liri ya na 23 Febụwarị na Asembo Bay, Siaya County nso n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;nair_Caro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Caroline Mwatha tribute concert happening in Dandora|author=|work=Nairobi News|date=17 February 2019|accessdate=26 February 2019|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/featured/caroline-mwatha-tribute-concert|archivedate=26 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226234208/https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/featured/caroline-mwatha-tribute-concert}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ ya abụọ na di ya hapụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;nati_Caro2&quot; /&gt;

E jidere mmadụ asatọ n'ihi ebubo na ha na-etinye aka na ite ime, nke iwu na-akwadoghị na Kenya ọ gwụla ma ndụ nne ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;dw.c_Auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oneko|first=Sella|date=13 February 2019|title=Autopsy finds Kenyan activist died during abortion attempt|url=https://www.dw.com/en/autopsy-finds-kenyan-activist-died-during-abortion-attempt/a-47505053|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403162331/https://www.dw.com/en/autopsy-finds-kenyan-activist-died-during-abortion-attempt/a-47505053|archivedate=3 April 2019|accessdate=22 March 2019|work=Deutsche Welle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọgwụ ebe a na-eme usoro ahụ enweghị ikike ịrụ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;nati_Mwat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Githae|first=Wanjohi|date=13 February 2019|title=Mwatha's death: Clinic not registered|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Fresh-details-emerge-on-clinic-linked-to-Caroline-Mwatha-s-death/1056-4979560-2h5qj8z/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220105625/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Fresh-details-emerge-on-clinic-linked-to-Caroline-Mwatha-s-death/1056-4979560-2h5qj8z/index.html|archivedate=20 February 2020|accessdate=22 February 2019|work=Daily Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ikpe ndị furu efu

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Ọkụ Ọlaedo</title>
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      <text bytes="18653" sha1="gm24t5uv5urr7k67jnctjufc6xv5vly" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Goldenboughstudy01fraz 0011.jpg|thumb|Ọkụ Ọlaedo]]
The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (nke egosi The Golden Bigh: A Study on Magic and Religion na akara ya nke abụọ) bụ ọkụ sara mbara, nke ikpe ifo na Okpukpe, nke onye na- achọpụta mmadụ nke Scotland bụ Sir James George Frazer dere.  E àgwà Golden Bough na so abụọ na 1890;  na mpeka atɔ na 1900;  na akara iri na nke akara atọ, nke e ndidi na 1906-1915.  E bipụtakwala ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta iche iche nke otu ụdị.  Ụbọchị ahụ bụ maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntĩlị akwụkwọ na dị ka a kọrọ na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Thomas Bulfinch's The Age of Fable, ma ọ bụ Stories of Gods and Heroes (1855).  egwu nke The Golden Bough na akwụkwọ na echiche nke oge a na Europe abụwo ihe dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Karbiener, K.|title=Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7pVTz46T3cC&amp;pg=PA189|pages=188–190|isbn=9781438116891}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
Frazer na-akpa ihe ndị a na-ekerịta nke nsogbu na-eche echiche, na- ndị na-eme ememe, ụmụaka n'àjà, chi na-anwụ anwụ, onye a na-egbu egbu, na ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekiri ndị na-alụ ọgụ na-ejedebe afọ nke 20.[1]  Thesis ya bụ na ndị agha ndị kasị ochie bụ ofufe nke na-agba ofufe na àjà oge nke eze dị nsso dịka usoro nke oge si dị.  Frazer faịlụ aro na ụmụ mmadụ, ụwa okike na-aga n'ihu site na ebe saịtị na mkpa gaa n'iche echiche.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Hamel, Frazer|title=The Golden Bough|location=London|publisher=Wordsworth|date=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Frazer, Sir James|title=The Golden Bough|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.goldenboughstudy0000fraz_p6y1|location=London|publisher=Wordsworth|date=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; E edemede Frazer n'ihe gbasara ihe mere na Virgil's Aeneid, ebe Aeneas na Sibyl nyere onye na-elekọta ọnụ ụzọ ámá Hades ela edo e si n'aka dị nsso were iji ike.  Ihe omume ahụ site na ihe osise J. M. W. Turner nke 1834 The Golden Bough .  Frazer kwuru n'ụzọ na-ụlọ ezi na ihe osise ahụ na-egosi ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ na Nri, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ Lake Avernus n'ezie.[1]  Ɔdɔ mmirika Nemi, nke a dị ka &quot;Diana's Mirror&quot;, bụ ebe a na-eme emume agha na &quot;mmezu nke nkwa&quot; nke ndị ozi na ndị eze.

Frazer fa na thesis ya na onye-eze Rex Nemorensis, onye ụkọcha Diana na Lake Nemi, onye onyechiri ya gburugburu.  Eze ahụ bụ anụ ahụ nke chi na-anwụ anwụ ma na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ, chi ndị nke ọmụmụ di na ọkụ dị omimi na chi nchọpụta nke ụwa, ọnwụ n'oge owuwe ihe ubi wee nwetaghachi onwe ya n'oge opupu ihe ubi.  Frazer na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ ifo a nke ọkpara ọzọ bụ isi ihe nke nta ka ọ na-eme ifo niile nke ụwa..

Frazer dere n'okwu nke akara nke atọ nke The Golden Bough na ọ bụ ebe na ọ gụghị Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, enyi ya James Ward, na onye ọkà ihe J. M. E.Taggart, tụụrụ ya aro na Hegel echiche echiche ya &quot;okike na ihe mere eme nke emu nke na-enye ihe&quot;.  Frazer ụgbọ ahụ dị ka na &quot;ịhụ na n'ime ike nke uche nke ihe a ngosi oge ngosi bu oge nke usoro, nakwa na ndu n'etiti TV na ụmụ bụ na, ebe mgbasa ozi okike n'onwe ya, arịa LED ya n'ụzọ na-enweghị ìhè site n'aka onye dị ike ụmụaka nke mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyere aka na enyemaka&quot;.  Frazer asị ihe sitere na Hegel' akwụkwọ Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1832). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Frazer, James George|title=The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion. Part 1: The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings. Vol. 1|publisher=The Macmillan Press|location=London|year=1976|pages=ix, 423|isbn=0-333-01282-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmeghachi omume ==
The Golden Bough wụrụ nsogbu na eze Britain akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe mbụ e edi ya, ebe ọ na-eme ndị nchọpụta ndị nchọpụta mbilite n'àmà na ọkụ ya.  Ndị nkatọ chere na otu a ma ama ka a Nwa-nkiri nke Chineke dị ka ihe nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ.  Maka akara nke atọ, Frazer achọpụta nsogbu ya mgbada Crucifixion na ihe mgbakwunye na-akọ nkwu, ebe ewepụrụ okpukpe ụka Iso ụzọ na-ahụta e ọkpụkpọ nke otu otu esi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Leach&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leach, Edmund R.|title=Kingship and divinity: The unpublished Frazer Lecture|journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory|volume=1|issue=1|date=2011|pages=279–298|doi=10.14318/hau1.1.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Smith, Jonathan Z.|title=When the bough breaks|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-religions_1973-05_12_4/page/342|journal=History of Religions|volume=12|issue=4|date=1973|pages=342–371|doi=10.1086/462686}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Frazer n'onwe ya kwetara na echiche ya bụ ịkọ nkọ nakwa na njikọ ndị o mere bụ ihe na-enweghị isi ma na-adabere naanị na myirịta. O dere, sị: &quot;Akwụkwọ dị ka nke m, naanị ịkọ nkọ, ga-anọchi anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị (n'oge na'oge ka mma maka eziokwu) site na ntinye aka ka mma dabere na ihe ọmụma zuru oke. &quot;  N'afọ 1922, na mwepụta nke Frazer Lectureship na Anthropology, o kwuru, sị: 'Ọ bụ ọchịchọ m siri ike na a ga-eji nkuzi mee ihe naanị maka ịchụso eziokwu na-enweghị mmasị, ọ bụghị maka mgbasa na mgbasa nke echiche ọ bụla ma ọ bụ echiche nke onwe ya, ọ bụ ọbụna n'oge ndụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta Frazer nwere mmetụta nke onwe ya karịa nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ọ bụla, ọ bụla, &quot;Goldenzer nwere ike karịa&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lienhardt&quot;&gt;{{Citation|issn=0044-8370|volume=24|issue=1|year=1993|first=Godfrey|last=Lienhardt|title=Frazer's anthropology: science and sensibility|pages=1–12|journal=[[Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Robert Ackerman dere na, maka ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ na ibe ya na Britain, Frazer ka bụ &quot;ihe ihere&quot; maka ịbụ &quot;onye a ma ama n'ime ha niile&quot; nsụgharị na ngalaba ahụ ụmụaka ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya ugbu a.  Ọ bụ ebe na The Golden Bough &quot;ọkpụkpọ òkù&quot; dị ukwuu ma nwee ike &quot;na-ama atụ&quot; &quot;n'ọtụtụ [nke ike apụta nke abụọ] ndị edemede okike&quot;, echiche Frazer &quot;maka dị nta&quot; n'ihe mere eme nke nkà ndị mmadụ na ibe ya.  Lienhardt n'onwe ya ụmụaka Frazer ndị na-oge ochie dị ka &quot;ihe ụmụaka ihe ezi uche dị na ya nke [Frazer] n'onwe ha&quot;, ebe Ludwig Wittgenstein, na Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough (nke e fim na 1967), dere, sị: &quot;Frazer bụ onye obi ọtụtụ ndịeme n'ime 'ndị na-eme obi eme ihe na-eme ka [ebe na-eme obi eme ihe na ya]  Kọl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collingwood|first=R.G.|title=The Principles of Art|date=1911|publisher=Clarendon Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ịdị, mpe akwụkwọ ahụ na nkuzi na-akọwa na Anthropology zuru ebe niile.  Onye [[Poland]] na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Bronisław Malinowski kwuru amụma nnukwu ọrụ a, m mikpuru onwe m na ya Otú ma mee ya ohu. Achọpụtara m mgbe ahụ na anthropology, dị ka Sir James Frazer, bụ nnukwu ihe, nke ihe dị ka onye ya mkpa na ọkụ ihe ọrụ ezi ma agbụ m na onye ọrụ nke anthropology.  echiche Frazerlarị ịbụ nke oge gara aga&quot;: dị ka Godfrey Lienhardt si kwuo:
 
Edmund Leach, &quot;otu n'ime ndị na- ndidi na-akatọ Frazer na akwụkwọ ya maka dị egwu&quot;, katọrọ ihe ọ pụtara dị ka ikike nka nke Frazer akwụkwọ na The Golden Bough: &quot;Frazer jiri ihe ethnographic ya, nke o si ebe a, n'ebe ahụ oyi na ebe niile, iji kpatara ndị na-abịarutere tupu oge eruo site na ihe na-akpata ọrụ,ahụ, na ihe na-akpata oge eruo site mana, na ihe na-akpata nke oge eruo site mana.  mgbe ọ akụkọ [1]ghị!&quot;

René Girard, onye [[France]] na-akọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akọrọ akwụkwọ, na onye ọkà ihe nke ndị enyemaka ndị na ibe ya, &quot;n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya&quot; toro Frazer maka ihe àjà eze dị ka &quot;ememe mbụ dị mkpa&quot;, mana ọ hardware ya nke ememe ahụ dị ka &quot;nnukwu ikpe na- ike ezi na ethnology&quot;.  [1] Nkatọ nke Girard ebubo The Golden Bough dị ọtụtụ, ndị maka ịchọ Frazer bụ naanị nna nke ozi ifo mbụ-ememe na-ememe ka ihe ndị nke Gosphalite&quot; nke Gosphaters &quot;ihe&quot; nke chi dị mkpa&quot; nke Gospel nke Gosphetor&quot; bụ &quot;ihe nke chi dị ka ndụ&quot; nke Gornals na-eme&quot; nke Ginger..&lt;ref name=&quot;Girard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Scapegoat|first=René|author=Girard|authorlink=René Girard|year=1986|isbn=978-0-801-83315-1|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/thingshiddensinc0000gira_x8t8|first=René|author=Girard|authorlink=René Girard|year=1978|isbn=978-0-804-72215-5|publisher=Athlone Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta e dere n'akwụkwọ ==
N'agbanyeghị nke ọrụ ahụ, na-egosi ya n'etiti ndị ọkà njide ndị ọzọ, The Golden Bough kaadị ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ okike nke oge ahụ.  Onye na-ede uri Robert Graves echiche echiche Frazer eze na-anwụ anwụ nke a chụrụ n'àjà maka ụdị nke ahụ na echiche nke ikike nke onye na-ede abụ maka Muse-Goddess ya, dị ka egosiri n' akwụkwọ ya gbasara uri, emee, na-eme ifo, The White Goddess (1948).  William Butler Yeats na-ezo aka na thesis Frazer na uri ya &quot;Sailing to Byzantium&quot;.  Ụlọ Golden ahụ, [1] na Lovecraft kwuru akwụkwọ ahụ na obere faịlụ ya &quot;The Call of Cthulhu&quot;.  [2] T. S. Eliot akwụkwọ na o ji Frazer nke n'akwụkwọ ozi mbụ ya na uri ya The Waste Land.  William Carlos Williams na-ezo aka na The Golden Bough na Book Two, nke abụọ, nke Paterson.[3]  Frazer ọkụ na ndị edemede James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, William Gaddis na D. H. Lawrence. &lt;ref name=&quot;Paglia Salon&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paglia Salon&quot; /&gt;

Onye na-akọ asụsụ ifo bụ Joseph Campbell enwe The Golden Bough na The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), ebe ọ nabatara echiche Frazer na-eme ifo bụ mbụ iji ngwaọrụ ụwa nke okike, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-enwe ya naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ziri ezi nke mere.[1]  Campbell mechara ọrụ Frazer dị ka &quot;ihe ngosi&quot;.[2]  Onye na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Weston La Barre kaadị Frazer dị ka &quot;onye ikpeazụ n'ime ndị na-akpọ oku&quot; na The Human Animal (1955).  [3] A chị achị achị nke onye ọkà ihe ndị Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Golden Bough dị ka Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough, nke Rush Rhees dezi rarraba, nke e na 1967 (mbipụta Bekee sochiri na 1979).  [4] Robert Ackerman, na The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists (1991), na-etinye Frazer n'ozi sara mbara nke ihe mere eme nke echiche.  Ozi ifo na ụlọ akwụkwọ emee ndị ọrụ Ozi Jane Harrison, Gilbert Murray, F. M. Cornford, na A.B.  Cook, ndị na- nkwado ọhụrụ nke add ifo na anthropology na akwụkwọ akụkọ na njedebe nke ọnwụ nke 19, na-emetụta akwụkwọ Modernist.    The Golden Bough ọrụ Sigmund Freud Totem na Taboo (1913), yana ọrụ nwa akwụkwọ Freud bụ Carl Jung. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Clark, Ronald W.|title=Freud: The Man and the Cause|publisher=Jonathan Cape and Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson|year=1980|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paglia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Paglia, Camille|title=Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/sexartamericancu0000pagl|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|year=1993|isbn=0-14-017209-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

.Onye nkatọ Camille Paglia akaraala The Golden Bough dị ka otu n'ime izi mkpa n' akwụkwọ ya Sexual Personae (1990).  [1] Na Sexual Personae, Paglia akwụkwọ &quot;izizi mma&quot; Frazer na The Golden Bough dị ka &quot;ihe yiri njikọ na chi ndị na-anwụ anwụ&quot;, ọ bụ ebe na o kwuru na ọ &quot;bụ nke na-eme ka ọ mba nna&quot;.[2]  Na Salon, ọ ndị ọrụ ahụ dị ka &quot;ihe ihe nke ọma na-echeta nke ncheta ya na echiche efu.&quot;  Paglia ihe na &quot;ọtụtụ dị na Frazer agbaghaala ma ọ bụ mkpa anya ya&quot;, mana o kwenyesiri ike na ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Frazer nke Cambridge nke anthropology oge ochie &quot;ga- osisi na- . . . maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ịgbanahụ ọnọdụ na- ike isi nke taa&quot;.  Paglia ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, na mkpirisi nke The Golden Bough bụ &quot;dị nro&quot; kwesịrị &quot;na&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2009/11/11/pelosi_7/|date=10 November 2009|title=Pelosi's victory for women|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=22 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501171608/http://www.salon.com/2009/11/11/pelosi_7/|archivedate=1 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paglia Salon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|date=10 March 1999|title=In defense of &quot;The Golden Bough&quot;|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=28 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|archivedate=12 May 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPaglia1999&quot;&gt;Paglia, Camille (10 March 1999). . ''[[Salon.com]]''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 April&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ mbipụta ==

=== Mbipụta ===

* '''Mbipụta mbụ''', 2 mpịakọta., 1890.  ([[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01fraz|M]] nke Mbụ, [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy02fraz|Nke Abụọ]]) 
* '''Mbipụta nke Abụọ''', mpịakọta atọ., 1900.  ([[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01frazuoft|M]] nke Mbụ, [[iarchive:goldenboughstud02frazuoft|Nke Abụọ]], [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy03frazuoft|Nke Atọ]]) 
* '''Mbipụta nke Atọ''', 12 mpịakọta., 1906–15. 
** [[iarchive:TheGoldenBough-Part1-TheMagicArtAndTheEvolutionOfKingsVol.1|Mpịakọta 1 (1911)]] : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi 1) 
** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy02frazuoft|Mpịakọta nke 2 (1911)]] : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi nke 2) 
** [[iarchive:goldenboughstud03fraz|Mpịakọta nke 3 (1911)]] : Taboo na Ihe ize ndụ nke Mkpụrụ Obi''Taboo na Ihe Iche nke Mkpụrụ Obi''
** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy04fraz|Mpịakọta nke 4 (1911)]] : The Dying God''Chineke Na-anwụ Anwụ''
** Mpịakọta 5 (1914): ''Adonis, Attis, Osiris'' (Nkebi 1) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907
** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy06frazuoft|Mpịakọta nke 6 (1914)]] : ''Adonis, Attis, Osiris'' (Nkebi nke 2) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907
** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy07fraz|Mpịakọta nke 7 (1912)]] : ''Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa'' (Nkebi nke 1) 
** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy08fraz|Mpịakọta nke 8 (1912)]] : ''Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa'' (Nkebi nke 2) 
** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy09fraz|Mpịakọta nke 9 (1913)]] : The Scapegoat''Onye Scapegoat''
** Mpịakọta 10 (1913): ''Balder the Beautiful'' (Nkebi 1) 
** Mpịakọta 11 (1913): ''Balder the Beautiful'' (Nkebi nke 2) 
** Mpịakọta 12 (1915): ''Bibliography na General Index''

=== Mgbakwunye ===

* [[iarchive:aftermathasupple025677mbp|1936]]: ''Ihe si na ya pụta: Mgbakwunye na Golden Bough''

=== Ihe ndị e bipụtaghachiri ===

* Mbipụta nke atọ dum, gụnyere Aftermath, ka Macmillan Press bipụtara na mpịakọta 13 na 1951, 1955, 1963, 1966, 1976 na 1980.  

=== Mbipụta ndị dị mkpirikpi ===

* Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, 1 mpịakọta., 1922. Mbipụta a ewepụghị ihe Frazer zoro aka na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. 
** 1995 Touchstone mbipụta,   
** 2002 Dover re-ebipụta nke mbipụta 1922,   
* Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi. 1925 bipụtara. Ụlọ ọrụ Macmillan. [[iarchive:cu31924021569128/page/n5/mode/2up|Enwere ya n'efu.]]
* Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Theodor H. Gaster dezigharịrị, 1959, nke akpọrọ ''The New Golden Bough: A New Abridgment of the Classic Work.''
* Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Mary Douglas dezigharịrị na Sabine MacCormack belatara, 1978, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-385-14515-2|0-385-14515-2]]
* Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, nke Robert Fraser dezigharịrị maka Oxford University Press, 1994. Ọ na-eweghachi ihe gbasara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst e kpochapụrụ na mkpirisi mbụ.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-282934-3|0-19-282934-3]]
* Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Robert K. G. Temple chịkọtara maka Simon &amp; Schuster, 1996, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough; A Study in Magic and Religion. Ihe osise ọzọ e sere n'akwụkwọ.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-684-81850-7|0-684-81850-7]]

=== Ihe odide n'efu n'ịntanetị ===

* Mbipụta 1922 nke The Golden Bough na Internet Sacred Text ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie Dị Nsọ n'Intanet
* Nsụgharị 1894 na Internet Archive[[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01fraz/page/n9/mode/2up|Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet]]
* Nkọwa 1925 (nke e belatara) na Internet Archive[[iarchive:cu31924021569128/page/n5/mode/2up|Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet]]

== Hụkwa ==

* Nkatọ edemede
* The Golden Bough (akụkọ ifo) 
* Mas nke Saint-Sécaire
* Ọkụ Ọkụ
* Rex Nemorensis
* Ịchụpụ ụmụ agbọghọ n'oge uto

== Ihe odide ==

=== Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ ===
{{Reflist|2}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer na Cambridge Ritualists'' (Theorists of Myth) 2002.  {{ISBN|0-415-93963-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-415-93963-1|0-415-93963-1]].&amp;nbsp;
* Bitting, Mary Margaret. ''The Golden Bough: Nhazi nke Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Boux in Play Form'' (Vantage Press, 1987).  {{ISBN|0-533-07040-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-533-07040-6|0-533-07040-6]]
* Csapo, Eric Theories of Mythology (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), peeji nke 36-43, 44-67.  {{ISBN|978-0-631-23248-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23248-3|978-0-631-23248-3]].&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument (Macmillan, 1990; e wepụtara Palgrave 2001).
* Smith, Jonathan Z. &quot;When the Bough Breaks,&quot; na ''Map abụghị ókèala'', peeji nke 208-239 (The University of Chicago Press, 1978).

== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Kanoê</title>
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      <text bytes="15042" sha1="84g5cj7mt6x5tj856nfnc1qjdvehbsu" xml:space="preserve">'''Kanoê''' ma ọ bụ '''Kapishana''' bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na Rondônia, [[Brazil]] . Ndị Kapishana na-asụ Portuguese ma ọ bụ asụsụ ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ site n'alụmdi na nwunye.

A na-asụgharịkwa aha asụsụ ahụ ''Kapixana, Kapixanã,'' na ''Canoé'', bụ́ nke ikpeazụ ha na Awa-Canoeiro kesara .

Ndị Kanoê, ọ bụ ezie na ha gbasasịrị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke steeti Rondônia, na-ebikarị n'akụkụ Osimiri Guaporé. Asụsụ a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ laa n'iyi, na-enwe naanị ndị na-asụ asụsụ ise n'ihe dị ka ndị Kanoê narị atọ na iri na itoolu. &lt;ref name=&quot;2pib&quot; /&gt;

== Nhazi ==
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere Kanoê dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, enweela atụmatụ dị iche iche jikọtara ya na asụsụ ndị ọzọ na ezinụlọ asụsụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell-SAmerica&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Campbell|first=Lyle|authorlink=Lyle Campbell|editor=Grondona|date=2012|title=The Indigenous Languages of South America|url=https://archive.org/details/indigenouslangua0000unse|chapter=Classification of the indigenous languages of South America|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indigenouslangua0000unse/page/59 59]–166|isbn=978-3-11-025513-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Van der Voort (2005) na-achọpụta myirịta dị n'etiti Kanoê, Kwaza, na [[Asụsụ Aikanã|Aikanã]], ma kwenyere na ihe akaebe adịghị ike nke ọma iji jikọta asụsụ atọ ahụ ọnụ dịka akụkụ nke otu ezinụlọ asụsụ. 

Ọnụahịa (1978) na-atụ aro ka mmekọrịta ya na asụsụ Nambikwaran,  mgbe Kaufman (1994, 2007) na-atụ aro na Kunza nwere njikọ.  

== Mmekọrịta asụsụ ==
Jolkesky (2016) kwuru na enwere myirịta lexical na Kwaza, [[Asụsụ Aikanã|Aikanã]], na asụsụ Nambikwaran n'ihi kọntaktị. 

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Mmekọrịta mbụ nke ndị Kanoê na ndị mba ọzọ butere ọtụtụ ọnwụ site na ọrịa. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ihi [[Patusis|ọkpa]], [[Akpata|measles]], na nsogbu afọ. E nwekwara ọnwụ n'ihi esemokwu na ndị ọrụ ugbo bi na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;2pib&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/povo/kanoe|title=Povo|author=Laércio Nora Bacelar|work=Povos Indígenas No Brasil|publisher=Instituto Socioambiental}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLaércio_Nora_Bacelar&quot;&gt;Laércio Nora Bacelar. [https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/povo/kanoe &quot;Povo&quot;]. ''Povos Indígenas No Brasil''. Instituto Socioambiental.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike ịhụ ndị Kanoê n'akụkụ abụọ bụ isi, akụkụ mmiri nke Osimiri Guaporé na Osimiri Omerê . Mpaghara ọdịnala ha, ọkachasị Rio Omeré Indigenous Territory, dị na obodo Corumbiara na Chupinguaia nke steeti Rondônia . &lt;ref name=&quot;Amazonian isolates 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Epps|title=Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|date=2023|isbn=978-3-11-043273-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 659 Ndị isi obodo, ndị bi n'akụkụ Osimiri Guaporé, na-ekerịta ala ahụ na ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ ma nwee ogologo oge nke ibikọ ọnụ na &quot;onye ọcha&quot;. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha abanyela n'ọha obodo Brazil ma lụọla ndị si n'otu obodo ndị ọzọ. Naanị atọ n'ime ha ka na-asụ asụsụ Kanoê taa.

N'akụkụ Osimiri Omerê, enwere ike ịchọta otu ezinụlọ nke Kanoê, na-enwechaghị mmetụta sitere na obodo Brazil. N'ịbụ ndị gbagara n'ime ebe nchekwa ọhịa, a na-ewere otu a dị ka ụmụ amaala dịpụrụ adịpụ, na-ahapụ naanị kọntaktị na mpụga na 1995 ka ọtụtụ afọ nke Ethno Environmental Protection Front gbalịsiri ike. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2003, ọ bụ nanị mmadụ anọ fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ Kanoê a, ebe abụọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-asụ Kanoê otu asụsụ. A kwenyere na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Omerê bụ ókèala mbụ nke ndị Kanoê site na Victor Dequech (1942) na Etta Becker-Donner (1955).

== Ọkwa dị ugbu a ==
N'ihi na ogologo oge Kanoê bụ nke ọma emezighituri gbara akaebe na nkewa. Amụma dị iche iche ka e kwalitere na obere ihe akaebe; Ọnụahịa (1978) dịka ọmụmaatụ chere na Kanoê nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime asụsụ Nambikwaran . Mgbe e mechara kọwaa ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu, site na Bacelar (2004), ọ bịara bụrụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ asụsụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;1prodoclin&quot; /&gt;

Ọmụmụ asụsụ mbụ e dere ede nke asụsụ Kanoê dị taa, laghachiri na 1943 mgbe Stanislav Zach bipụtara otu okwu nke agbụrụ Kanoê, &lt;ref name=&quot;3Zach&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Stanislav|first=Zach|year=1943|title=Vocabulário das tribos Massacá, Salamãi, Coiá e Canoê.|location=Rio de Janeiro|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ nke emelitere na 1963 site n'aka Cestmír Loukotka .

Laércio Bacelar bipụtara akụkọ mmalite nke njirimara phonological nke asụsụ Kanoê na 1992, &lt;ref name=&quot;bacelar-fono&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bacelar|first=Laércio|year=1992|title=Fonologia preliminar da língua Kanoê.|location=Brasília|publisher=Universidade de Brasília|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwere akụkọ nke abụọ na nyocha nke phonology e bipụtara na 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bacelar|first=Laércio|title=Fonologia segmental da língua Kanoê: uma análise preliminar|journal=Signótica: Revista do Mestrado em Letras e Linguística|date=1994|issue=6|pages=59–72|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bacelar na Cleiton Pereira dere akwụkwọ na morphosyntax nke asụsụ na 1996. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bacelar|first=Laércio|title=Aspectos Morfossintáticos da Língua Kanoê.|journal=Signótica: Revista do Mestrado em Letras e Linguística|date=1996|issue=8|pages=45–55|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1998, Bacelar na Augusto Silva Júnior bipụtara akwụkwọ banyere mkparị na litotes nke asụsụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bacelar|first=Laércio|title=A negação e a litotes na língua Kanoê|journal=Signótica: Revista do Mestrado em Letras e Linguística|date=1998|issue=9|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, Laércio Bacelar bụ onye isi asụsụ na-enyocha asụsụ ahụ ma soro ndị Kanoê na-arụkọ ọrụ. Na 2004 o bipụtara nkọwa zuru ezu nke phonology, ụtọ asụsụ na syntax ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;4bacelar&quot; /&gt;

Ọrụ akpọrọ [https://web.archive.org/web/20250217115205/http://prodoclin.museudoindio.gov.br/index.php/etnias/kanoe/projeto ''Etnografia e Documentação da Lingua Kanoé''] na-aga n'ihu site n'usoro ọkọwa okwu na usoro agbụrụ iji dekọ data ọdịyo na ederede nke asụsụ Kanoê. Ọ bụ Laércio Nora Bacelar, onye na-asụ asụsụ Brazil na-ahazi ọrụ a ugbu a, nke FUNAI - Museu do Índio na UNESCO kwadoro ya. Ọrụ a nwekwara nkwado nke obodo Kanoê niile sitere na osimiri Guaropé na nke Omọra.

== fonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! Bilabial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Kwụsị
| p
| t
|
| k
|-
! Mmekọrịta
|
| t͡s
|
|
|-
!Nke na-ese okwu
| β
|
|
| x
|-
! Ihu imi
| m
| n
| ɲ
|
|-
! Odika
|
|
| j
| w
|-
! Mpịakọta
|
| ɾ
|
|
|}
{{IPA|/x/}} is limited to a few verb forms, where it occurs before {{IPA|/ĩ/}}. {{IPA|/ts/}} is highly variable, {{IPA|[ts tʃ s ʃ]}}, with the affricates being the more common, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} rare, and {{IPA|[tʃ ʃ]}} most common before {{IPA|/i u/}}. {{IPA|/r/}} is {{IPA|[ɾ]}} between vowels, {{IPA|[d]}} after {{IPA|[n]}} and occasionally initially. {{IPA|/ɲ/}} varies as {{IPA|[ȷ̃]}}. {{IPA|/n/}} is {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before {{IPA|/k/}}, a pattern which occurs during metathesis. {{IPA|/p/}} is very rarely realized as {{IPA|[ɓ]}}. {{IPA|/w/ /j/}} are nasalized after nasal vowels.

=== Udaume ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |N'ihu
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Central
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Azu
|-
! &lt;small&gt;larịị&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mw_A&quot;&gt;nas.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;larịị&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwAQE&quot;&gt;nas.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;larịị&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwAQY&quot;&gt;nas.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! Mechie
| i
| ĩ
| ɨ
| ɨ̃
| u
| ũ
|-
! N'etiti
| e
| Ɛ
| ọ
| ə̃
| o
| õ
|-
! Mepee
| æ
| æ̃
| a
| ʌ̃
|
|
|}
Ụdaume bụ {{IPA|/i e æ ɨ ə a u o/}}, niile ọnụ na imi; Udaume imi nwere dịtụ iche ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe: {{IPA|[ĩ], [ɛ̃]~[ẽ], [æ̃], [ɨ̃], [ã]~[ʌ̃], [ɔ̃]~[õ], [ũ]}} .

A na-adụnye ụdaume ọnụ n'ọha n'akụkụ nkwụsị imi, yana mgbanwe nke ụdaume imi n'ụdị ụda. {{IPA|/e/}} dị iche dị ka {{IPA|[ɛ]~[e]}} mgbe {{IPA|/ts/}} na nso nso nso. {{IPA|/ɨ/}} iche dị ka {{IPA|[ɨ]~[ə]}} mgbe consonants na-enweghị olu. {{IPA|/o/}} dị iche dị ka {{IPA|[ɔ]~[o]}} mgbe {{IPA|/p, m/}} . Udaume nwere ike inwe onye na-apụ apụ na-enweghị olu (nke ọma {{IPA|[h]}} ) mgbe ụda olu anaghị eso ya.

Udaume na-adị ogologo mgbe ha mejupụtara morpheme nke ha. Nchegbu dị na mkpụrụokwu ikpeazụ nke otu okwu. Mkpụrụokwu dị mgbagwoju anya bụ CGVG, ebe G bụ glide {{IPA|/j w/}}, ma ọ bụ, n'ihi epenthesis na ụfọdụ ọnọdụ morphological ma ọ bụ n'ihi nhụpụ, nkwenye ikpeazụ nwere ike ịbụ {{IPA|/m n/}} . Otu n'ime okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya karịa bụ {{IPA|/kwivejkaw/}} 'ịkpụ isi'. Usoro ụdaume na-eme, dị ka ọ dị na {{IPA|/eaere/}} 'onyeisi'.

== Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ==
Kanoê bụ asụsụ polysynthetic, ebe okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya bụ ngwaa (Payne 1997). Ọ bụkwa isi okwu agglutinative, ọtụtụ okwu na-etolite site na mgbọrọgwụ dị mfe, juxtaposition na suffixation. &lt;ref name=&quot;1prodoclin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://prodoclin.museudoindio.gov.br/index.php/etnias/kanoe|title=Kanoê|work=Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas|publisher=Museu do Indio|access-date=2025-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324071138/http://prodoclin.museudoindio.gov.br/index.php/etnias/kanoe|archive-date=2025-03-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://prodoclin.museudoindio.gov.br/index.php/etnias/kanoe &quot;Kanoê&quot;]. ''Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas''. Museu do Indio.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịkọwa nwoke na nwanyị site na suffixation ma ọ bụ site na hyperonym, na ebe Kanoê adịghị eme ka ọnụọgụgụ dị iche iche, ọ na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti aha ndị a na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ na ndị a na-agụta ọnụ, ebe a na-agbakwunye suffix {-te} &lt;ref name=&quot;4bacelar&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://webdoc.ubn.kun.nl/mono/b/bacelar_l/gramdalik.pdf|title=Gramática da língua Kanoê|author=Bacelar|first=Laércio Nora|publisher=Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen|year=2004|location=Nijmegen|language=pt|isbn=9789090179582|accessdate=2011-04-19|archive-date=2014-07-28|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140728032518/http://webdoc.ubn.kun.nl/mono/b/bacelar_l/gramdalik.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBacelar2004&quot;&gt;Bacelar, Laércio Nora (2004).  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in Portuguese). Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2066/19429|2066/19429]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789090179582|&lt;bdi&gt;9789090179582&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. Archived from  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2014-07-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2011-04-19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]&lt;/ref&gt; . Usoro syntax nke Kanoê na-eso SOV = isiokwu + ihe + ngwaa. &lt;ref name=&quot;1prodoclin&quot; /&gt;

N'asụsụ Kanoê, a na-eji usoro mmụgharị morphological emepụta ngwaa na-emekarị . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, manamana 'igwakorita', ma ọ bụ mañumañu 'ịta'. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ aha na-egosi reduplication, ọ nwere ike inwe onomatopoeic mkpali kama a morphologic otu - ọtụtụ aha na reduplication bụ aha maka anụmanụ na nnụnụ, na nke phonetic usoro nke reduplication yiri ka eṅomi ụda àgwà nke anụmanụ kwuru, ihe atụ kurakura 'ọkụkọ' ma ọ bụ tsõjtsõj' hummingbird '. &lt;ref name=&quot;4bacelar&quot;/&gt;

=== Nkpọaha ===

==== Nkpọaha nkeonwe ====
Nnọchiaha onwe onye n'asụsụ Kanoê na-eso ụdị n'efu monomorphic n'otu n'otu na bimorphic n'ọtụtụ. Nnọchiaha ndị a nwere ike ime na isiokwu ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ihe. Nhazi nke nnọchiaha ọtụtụ mmadụ na-eso usoro PRO. PL → PRO. SG + COL, ebe PRO bụ otu ụdị aha na -COL bụ ọtụtụ morpheme ''{-te}'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;4bacelar&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Aha aha nkeonwe
!
! Otu
! Ọtụtụ
|-
! Onye mbụ
| ''ai''
| ''ebee''
|-
! Onye nke abụọ
| ''mi''
| ''àjà''
|-
! Onye nke atọ
| ''oj''
| ''ojte''
|}
Ọmụmaatụ:
   

==== Nnochiaha nwere ====
Ụdị maka nnọchiaha nke nwere bụ monomorphic na POSS.1SG ''ña'' na POSS.2SG ''pjs'' mana bimorphic maka POSS.3SG ''oho'' nke 3SG ''oj'' gbakwunyere nwere ''{-o}'' . A na-etolite ụdị ọtụtụ maka nnọchiaha ndị nwe ya site n'ịgbakwunye suffix ''{-to}'' nke n'onwe ya bụ ihe si na suffixes ''{-te}'' plus ''{-o}'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;4bacelar&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Nnochiaha nwere
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Otu
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ọtụtụ
|-
! Onye mbụ
| ''nka''
| nkem
| ''jato''
| nke anyi
|-
! Onye nke abụọ
| ''pja''
| nke gi
| ''pjato''
| nke gi
|-
! Onye nke atọ
| ''ojo''
| nke ya
| ''ojoro''
| nke ha
|}
Ọmụmaatụ:
  

==== Ngosipụta nnọchiaha ====
S aEnwere naanị okwu ngosipụta abụọ n'asụsụ Kanoê, ''jũ'', &quot;nke a&quot; maka ihe dị nso na ''ũko'', &quot;nke ahụ&quot; maka ihe dị anya. Nnọchiaha ngosipụta anaghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụọgụ ma ọ bụ okike.
  

=== Quantifier ===
Ụzọ a na-ejikarị akọwa ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ Kanoê bụ nkwubi okwu nke quantifier ''arakere'' &quot;ọtụtụ&quot;. A na-eche na a na-emepụta quantifier arakere site na usoro litotes na nhazi ime ya na-eso ''{ara-}'' &quot;ole na ole&quot; + ''{-k}'' 'NEG' + ''{-e}'' 'DECL' + ''{-re}'' 'AUX'. &lt;ref name=&quot;4bacelar&quot;/&gt;
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
|
| ''kani''
|
| ''arakere kani''
|-
|
| nwa
|
| ọtụtụ ụmụaka
|}
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
|
| ''mapi''
|
| ''arakere mapi''
|-
|
| akụ
|
| ọtụtụ akụ
|}
  
Enwere ike iji quantifier arakere yana ọnụọgụ iji gbanwee ihe ọ pụtara na &quot;ole na ole&quot;:
  
Asụsụ Kanoê nwekwara ajụjụ quantifier ''nẽtoe'' “ole” nke e ji na mmalite nke ahịrịokwu:
  

== Hụkwa ==
  

* Asụsụ Macro-Paesan

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>84g5cj7mt6x5tj856nfnc1qjdvehbsu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Fox</title>
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'''Fox''' (nke aha dị iche iche mara, gụnyere '''Mesquakie''' (Meskwaki), '''Mesquakie-Sauk''', '''Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo''', '''Sauk-Fox''', na '''Sac na Fox''' ) bụ asụsụ Algonquian, nke otu puku Meskwaki, Sauk na Kickapoo na-asụ n'ebe dị iche iche na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Mexico na United States .

== Olumba ==
Olumba atọ dị iche iche bụ:

* Fox ma ọ bụ {{Lang|sac|Meskwakiatoweni}} (Asụsụ Meskwaki) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://msswarriors.org/administration/about/mission-vision/|title=Meskwaki Settlement School - Meskwakiatoweni (Meskwaki language)|accessdate=2019-07-23|archivedate=2019-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723224617/http://msswarriors.org/administration/about/mission-vision/}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a na-akpọkwa Mesquakie, Meskwaki)
* Sauk ma ọ bụ {{Lang|sac|Thâkiwâtowêweni}} (asụsụ Thâkîwaki) (a sụgharịkwara Sac), na
* Kickapoo ma ọ bụ ''Kiikaapoa'' (a sụgharịkwara {{Lang|kic|Kikapú}} ; ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere dị ka asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya ma dị iche  ).

Ọ bụrụ na a na-agụ Kickapoo dị ka asụsụ dị iche karịa asụsụ Fox, ọ bụ naanị n'etiti ndị na-asụ Fox 200 na 300 ka fọdụrụ. Mascouten kpochapụrụ nwere ike bụrụ olumba ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-esiri ike ịgba akaebe.

== Ntughari ==
Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu bụ ndị agadi ma ọ bụ ndị agadi, na-eme ka ọ dị ize ndụ nke ukwuu . Ụlọ akwụkwọ ebo dị na Meskwaki Settlement na Iowa na-agụnye agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụaka. &lt;ref&gt;Meskwaki Settlement School Website, {{Cite web|url=http://www.meskwaki.bia.edu/|title=Meskwaki Settlement School Website|accessdate=2009-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216050308/http://www.meskwaki.bia.edu/|archivedate=2009-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meskwaki Education Network Initiative (MENWI)|work=American Indian Studies Research Institute at Indiana University|accessdate=2012-07-19|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~aisri/projects/menwi/|archivedate=2004-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103071056/http://www.indiana.edu/~aisri/projects/menwi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, e mepụtara ọrụ ịkwa akwa Meskwaki, iji mee ka ndị nne na ụmụ agbọghọ jikọta &quot;na ndị inyom ndị okenye nọ na Meskwaki Senior Center na-akwa akwa omenala na ịmụta asụsụ Meskwaki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Scandale|first=Maria|title=Meskwaki Tribe Receives Grant for Sewing and Language Project - ICTMN.com|work=Indian Country Today Media Network, ICTMN.com|accessdate=2012-07-19|date=2011-02-21|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/02/25/meskwaki-tribe-receives-grant-for-sewing-and-language-project-19645}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkà mmụta a ma ama na-eme nyocha gbasara asụsụ gụnyere Ives Goddard &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nelson|first=John|title=Talking the talk|work=WCFCourier.com|accessdate=2012-07-19|date=2008-07-27|url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_90c8d30e-0501-596a-a914-e5501687f1a8.html|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806162610/https://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_90c8d30e-0501-596a-a914-e5501687f1a8.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Lucy Thomason]] nke Smithsonian Institution na [[Amy Dahlstrom]] nke Mahadum Chicago.

== fonology ==
Enyere ekwentị consonant nke Fox na tebụl dị n'okpuru. Ụdaume asatọ bụ: mkpụmkpụ {{IPA|/a, e, i, o/}} na ogologo {{IPA|/aː, eː, iː, oː/}} .
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ma ọ bụ palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | imi
| m
| n 
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Plosive
! &lt;small&gt;larịị&lt;/small&gt;
| p
| t
| tʃ
| k
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;preaspirated&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|ʰp}}
| {{IPA|ʰt}}
| {{IPA|ʰtʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʰk}}
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
|
| s
| ʃ
|
| h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Odika
|
|
| j
| w
|
|}
Ndị ọzọ karịa ndị metụtara consonant plus {{IPA|/j/}} ma ọ bụ {{IPA|/w/}}, naanị ụyọkọ consonant enwere ike bụ {{IPA|/ʃk/}} .

Ruo mmalite 1900s, Fox bụ a phonologically nnọọ conservative asụsụ na-echebekwa ọtụtụ atụmatụ nke Proto-Algonquian ; ihe ndekọ sitere na iri afọ ozugbo na-esochi 1900 bara uru karịsịa nye ndị Algonquianists maka nke a. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1960, otu ọ dị, ọganihu dị ukwuu nke mgbanwe ụda olu ewerela ọnọdụ, butere mfu nke ọkara ụdaume intervocalic na ụfọdụ atụmatụ ndị ọzọ. 

== Ụtọ asụsụ ==
 

== Okwu okwu ==
Ọnụọgụ Mesquakie bụ ndị a: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|{{Lang|sac|nekoti}}
|one
|-
|{{Lang|sac|nîshwi}}
|two
|-
|{{Lang|sac|nethwi}}
|three
|-
|{{Lang|sac|nyêwi}}
|four
|-
|{{Lang|sac|nyânanwi}}
|five
|-
|{{Lang|sac|nekotwâshika}}
|six
|-
|{{Lang|sac|nôhika}}
|seven
|-
|{{Lang|sac|neshwâshika}}
|eight
|-
|{{Lang|sac|shâka}}
|nine
|-
|{{Lang|sac|metâthwi}}
|ten
|}

== Usoro edemede ==
[[Faịlụ:Bis_carta_en_lengua_kikapu.pdf|thumb| Akwụkwọ ozi n'asụsụ Kickapoo nke edere na Coahuila, Mexico na 1950s]]
E wezụga edemede Latịn, Fox ka edere ya n'ihe odide ụmụ amaala abụọ. 

=== Fox I ===
[[Faịlụ:Great_Lakes_Algonquian_Syllabics,_Second_Style.png|thumb| Ederede Fox I. ]]
&quot; Fox I &quot; bụ abugida dabere na mkpụrụedemede French cursive (lee Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics ). Consonants nke onwe ha dere na-aghọta na ha bụ nkeji okwu nwere ụdaume {{IPA|/a/}} . Ha bụ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Usoro okwu
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;ℓ&lt;/span&gt; [ a ]
| {{IPA|/pa/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/ta/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/sa/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/ʃa/}} [ b ]
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/tʃa/}} [ c ]
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;ŋ&lt;/span&gt; [ d ]
| {{IPA|/ya/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/wa/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/ma/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/na/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;K&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/ka/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt; [ e ]
| {{IPA|/kwa/}} [ f ]
|}
A na-ede ụdaume site na ịgbakwunye ntụpọ na consonant:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;ℓ&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/pa/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;ℓ&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/pe/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;ℓ·&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/pi/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;ℓ&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/po/}}
|}

=== Fox II ===
&quot;Fox II&quot; bụ mkpụrụedemede ụdaume. Dị ka Coulmas si kwuo, {{IPA|/p/}} edeghị ya (dị ka {{IPA|/a/}} edeghị ya na Fox I). Udaume (ma ọ bụ {{IPA|/p/}} gbakwunyere ụdaume) ka edere dị ka akara ngụkọ agafeela.
[[Faịlụ:Great_Lakes_Algonquian_Syllabary,_Third_Style.png|thumb| Ederede &quot;Fox II&quot;. ]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Consonants (ihe dị ka)
| +
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|-
| C
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| Q
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;ı&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:script,cursive;&quot;&gt;ñ&lt;/span&gt;
| {{IPA|/v/}} [ a ]
|-
| ═
| {{IPA|/y/}}
|-
| Ƨ
| {{IPA|/w/}}
|-
|&lt;small&gt;田&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|-
| #
| {{IPA|/n/}}
|-
| C'
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| Ṅaa C
| {{IPA|/kw/}}
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Udaume (ihe dị ka)
| ×
| {{IPA|/a/}}
|-
| &lt;s&gt;II&lt;/s&gt;
| {{IPA|/e/}} [ b ]
|-
| &lt;s&gt;III&lt;/s&gt;
| {{IPA|/i/}} [ c ]
|-
| &lt;s&gt;IIII&lt;/s&gt;
| {{IPA|/o/}} [ d ]
|}

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Sac na Fox mba
* Asụsụ Sauk
* Asụsụ Kickapoo
* Kickapoo furu efu

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite journal|author=Bloomfield|first=Leonard|year=1925|title=Notes on the Fox Language|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=3|issue=2/4|pages=219–232|doi=10.1086/463756}}

* {{Cite book|author=Coulmas|first=Florian|year=1999|chapter=|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}
* {{Cite web|author=Dahlstrom|first=Amy|title=Meskwaki Syntax (Manuscript)|url=https://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/adahlstrom/publications-2/selected-manuscripts/meskwaki-syntax-book|work=Lucian|publisher=University of Chicago|access-date=2024-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601132131/https://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/adahlstrom/publications-2/selected-manuscripts/meskwaki-syntax-book/|archive-date=2020-06-01|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Goddard|first=Ives|year=1991|title=Observations Regarding Fox (Mesquakie) Phonology|url=https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/1053|journal=Papers of the Twenty-Second Algonquian Conference|volume=22|pages=157–181}}
* {{Cite book|author=Jones|first=William|year=1906|chapter=An Algonquian syllabary|editor=Lanfer|title=Boas anniversary volume: Anthropological papers written in honor of Franz Boas|pages=88–93|location=New York|publisher=G.E. Stechert|chapterurl=https://www.loc.gov/item/17001466/}}
* {{Cite book|author=Voorhis|first=Paul H.|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoki0013voor|title=Introduction to the Kickapoo Language|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1974|isbn=978-0-87750-177-0|location=Bloomington}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.native-languages.org/meskwaki-sauk.htm#language Asụsụ ala nna nke America: Mesquakie-Sauk]
* [[iarchive:acr7424.0001.001.umich.edu|Ederede Fox (1907), ed.]] [[iarchive:acr7424.0001.001.umich.edu|William Jones]]
* [[iarchive:owlsacredpackfo00michgoog|Ihe ngwugwu dị nsọ nke ikwiikwii nke Fox India (1921), ed.]] [[iarchive:owlsacredpackfo00michgoog|Truman Michelson]]
* [[iarchive:cbarchive_109046_theautobiographyofafoxindianwo1895|Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Fox Indian nwanyị (1895), ed.]] [[iarchive:cbarchive_109046_theautobiographyofafoxindianwo1895|Truman Michelson]]
* 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121213040255/http://www.msswarriors.org/history/MeskinteractiveCD1/Pages/Culture/Language/MeskwakiAlphabet.htm Asụsụ Meskwaki - mkpụrụedemede]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/sac Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Meskwaki]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/kic Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Kickapoo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201029140621/http://sacandfoxnation-nsn.gov/sites/sfnation/uploads/documents/Departments/language/Concise_Dictionary.pdf Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị nkenke nke asụsụ Sauk] Archived  , 2005, Gordon Whittaker, Sac &amp; Fox National Public Library, Stroud, Oklahoma
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Engan</title>
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      <text bytes="5039" sha1="52o03dxmlayu8zhmbp88ghxf7aaqf44" xml:space="preserve">Asụsụ '''Engan''', ma ọ bụ karịa '''Enga–Kewa–Huli''' ma ọ bụ '''Enga – Southern Highland''', bụ obere ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Papuan nke ugwu Papua New Guinea. Alaka abụọ nke ezi na ụlọ nwere njikọ tere aka, mana Franklin na Voorhoeve (1973) jikọtara ya. 

== Aha ==
A na-amachikarị aha &quot;Engan&quot; na mpaghara ugwu nke ezinụlọ, na asụsụ ndị ahụ nwere njikọ na Enga, ma mgbe ụfọdụ na ezinụlọ n'ozuzu ya.

== Asụsụ ==
Asụsụ ndị a dabara na ngalaba atọ dị iche iche: Engan kwesịrị ekwesị, Huli na Southern Highlands:

* North Engan (Engan kwesịrị ekwesị): Enga – Kyaka – Lembena, Ipili, [[Asụsụ Nete|Bisorio]] (Nete, Iniai)
* South Engan (Kewa-Huli)
** Huli
** Ebe ndịda ugwu: Angal (Mendi), [[Asụsụ Kewa|Kewa]] ; Samberigi (Sau)

== Nhazi ==
Ezinụlọ Engan bụ ngalaba nke asụsụ Trans–New Guinea na nhazi nke Wurm na nke Malcolm Ross, mana ihe akaebe maka nke a adịghị ike.

Usher jikọtara asụsụ Engan na Chimbu na ezinụlọ ''Central New Guinea Highlands'' . 

Enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke myirịta na Wiru . Akwụsịghị ịgbazinye ego dịka ihe kpatara nke a, n'agbanyeghị na nnọchiaha aha ya bụ otu ihe ahụ.

== Asụsụ proto ==

=== Ekwentị ===
Usher (2020) na-ewughachi ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dịka ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;ngw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/central-new-guinea-highlands/enga-southern-highlands/start|work=New Guinea World|title=Enga &amp;ndash; Southern Highlands|accessdate=2024-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721004445/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/central-new-guinea-highlands/enga-southern-highlands/start|archive-date=2024-07-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/central-new-guinea-highlands/enga-southern-highlands/start &quot;Enga &amp;#x2013; Southern Highlands&quot;]. ''New Guinea World''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-07-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkpọaha ===
Mkpọaha dị mfe iji wughachi maka ngalaba ugwu na ndịda, mana ọ na-esiri Engan n'ozuzu ya ike. Ross (2005) nwere ihe ndị a maka otu, agbakwunyere Wiru maka ntụnyere:

Usher (2020) ebipụtabeghị nwughari nke Engan n'ozuzu ya, mana o meela Engan nke ọma: 

=== Okwu okwu ===
Ụfọdụ nrụgharị akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Proto-Trans Enga (Proto-Engan) nke Usher (2020) bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;ngw&quot;/&gt;

== Ntugharị ọhụụ nke oge a ==
Enga-Kewa-Huli reflexes nke proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma, ọ bụrụ na asụsụ Engan bụ n'ezie ndị otu ezinụlọ Trans-New Guinea, bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Pawley-TNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pawley|first=Andrew|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The Trans New Guinea family|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=21–196|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enga :

* ''mona'' 'obi' &lt; *mundun
* ''yaka'' 'bird' &lt;* yaka(i)
* ''lyaŋa'' 'ashes' &lt; * la(ŋ,k)a
* ''ŋaŋa'' 'baby &lt; *ŋaŋ(a)
* (m)ama 'nne' &lt;* am(a,i)
* ''kuri'' 'ọkpụkpụ' &lt; *kondaC
* ''kare'' 'ear' &lt;* kand(e,i)k(V]
* ''ne-'' 'iri' &lt; *na
* apa(ne) 'nna' &lt; *apa
* ''iti'' 'ntutu' &lt;* iti[C]
* ''endo'' 'ọkụ' &lt; * kend(o,u)p
* ''lema'' 'Louse' &lt; *niman
* ''kana'' 'moon' &lt;* takVn[V]
* ''mana'' 'ntuziaka' &lt; *mana
* ''kitama'' 'ututu' &lt; * k(i,u)tuma
* ''kumi-'' 'die' &lt; *kumV-
* ''kwugharịa'' ' &lt; *nde-
* ''maa'' 'taro' &lt; *mV
* ''ita'' 'osisi' &lt;*inda

* ''ega'' 'bird' &lt;* yaka(i)
* ''na-'' 'na-eri' &lt; *na-
* ''aba'' 'nna' &lt; *apa
* ''iri'' 'hair' &lt; * iti[C]
* ''ira'' 'osisi' &lt;*inda
* ''ma'' 'tara' &lt; *mV

[[Asụsụ Kewa|Nkewa]] :

* ''ama'' 'nne' &lt; * am(a,i)
* ''ibi'' 'name' &lt; *imbi
* ''iri'' 'hair' &lt; * iti[C]
* ''uni'' 'bone' &lt; *kwanjaC
* ''apu'' 'ọdụ' &lt;* a(mb,m)u
* ''lema'' 'Louse' &lt; * niman
* ''oma'' 'die' &lt; *kumV-
* ''reka-'' 'guzo' &lt;* t(a,e)kV-
* ''la-'' 'okwu' &lt; *nde-
* ''maa'' 'taro' &lt; *mV
* ''yaa'' 'bird' &lt;* yaka(i)

Mendi :

* ''abum'' 'nne' &lt;* am(a,i)
* ''ap'' 'Nna' &lt; *apa
* ''mbi'' 'aha' &lt; *imbi
* ''ome-'' ' die' &lt; *kumV-

== Okwu ndị bụ isi ==
Okwu ndị bụ isi nke Enga na [[Asụsụ Kewa|Kewa]] sitere na William A. Foley (1986). Abụọ ụzọ abụọ nke okwu bụchaghị ejikọta. 

== Ntụaka ==
Guinea. Alaka abụọ nke ezi na ụlọ nwere njikọ tere: /a, e, i, o, u/ . Udaume niile nwere ụdị dị iche iche{{Reflist}}

* Ross, Malcolm . 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-engan Proto-Engan] . ''TransNewGuinea.org'' .

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160413080316/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/enga-southern-highlands Enga – Southern Highlands] Archived  
** (ibid) [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/enga-southern-highlands/trans-enga Trans-Enga]

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Abinomn</title>
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      <text bytes="3804" sha1="42g26vbs8rbkcbly2ami8gn4b4ca3un" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Abinomn|nativename=''Baso''|region=[[:id:Mamberamo Hulu, Mamberamo Raya|Mamberamo Hulu District]], [[Mamberamo Raya Regency]], [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]]|states=[[Indonesia]]|speakers=300|date=2002|familycolor=Papuan|family=[[Language isolate]]|iso3=bsa}}

'''Asụsụ Abinomn''' (Avinomen, Foya{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFoley2018&quot;&gt;Foley, William A. (2018). &quot;The languages of Northwest New Guinea&quot;. In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&amp;nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;433–&lt;/span&gt;568. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-11-028642-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ) nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Mark Donohue si na mpaghara Papua, Indonesia kọrọ na mbụ. A makwaara ya dị ka Avinomen, Baso (deprecated), na Foia. Enwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 300. 

== Nhazi ==
Abinomn na-asụ asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ na-akpachi anya, a makwaghị ndị ikwu ya. A na-ewerekarị ya dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ. 

== Asụsụ ndị agbata obi ==
Agbanyeghi na asụsụ Lakes Plain gbara ya gburugburu, Abinomn dị nnọọ iche na Ọdọ Plain. {{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'adịghị ka asụsụ Lakes Plain dị nso, Abinomn bụ asụsụ na-abụghị ụda . &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot; /&gt; : 513 Asụsụ ndị dị n'akụkụ Abinomn bụ:

* Papasena (ọdịda anyanwụ)
* Diebroud (ndịda; n'ofe Osimiri Taritatu)
* Foau (ọwụwa anyanwụ)
* [[Asụsụ Berik|Berik]] (n'ebe ugwu)

== fonology ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Udaume: &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFoley2018&quot;&gt;Foley, William A. (2018). &quot;The languages of Northwest New Guinea&quot;. In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&amp;nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;433–&lt;/span&gt;568. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-11-028642-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
!
!N'ihu
! Azu
|-
! Elu
| i
| u
|-
! N'etiti
| e
| o
|-
! Dị ala
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | a
|}

== Nkpọaha ==
Mkpọaha Abinomn bụ:

== Ntinye nọmba ==
Mgbanwe ọnụọgụgụ maka aha Abinomn ahọpụtara na-egosi ụdị mgbakwunye, dịka edepụtara na Foley (2018): &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
A makwaara ya dị ka Avinomen, Baso (deprecated), na Foia.{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://web.archive.org/web/20260608171850/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/abinomn Abinomn]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/bsa Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Abinomn]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Hmaric</title>
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'''Asụsụ Hmaric''' ( ''Hmar ṭawnghai'' ) ma ọ bụ '''Hmar''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.7 - Hmaric|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hmar1240|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=glottolog.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ngalaba ngalaba Kukish-Mizo nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Sino-Tibetan nke nwere Hmar kwesịrị ekwesị (Khawsak Țawng/Trawng) Țhiek/Thriek, [[Asụsụ Saihriem|Saihriem]] (Faihriem (Faihriem) nke Durihl,Leiri, Faihriem) na ndị ọzọ.  A na-ewerekarị asụsụ Hmar dị ka olumba nke otu asụsụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ekwu na ndịiche dị n'etiti ha dị obere.  A na-akpọkwa ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ Hmar .

Na Manipur, Hmar na-egosipụta nhụta anya n'otu n'otu na olumba Kukish ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara gụnyere Thadou, Paite, [[Asụsụ Vaiphei|Vaiphei]], [[Asụsụ Simte|Simte]], Kom na asụsụ Gangte . &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|accessdate=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085546/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}{{Naga languages}}</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Hmar</title>
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'''Asụsụ Hmar''' ( '''Khawsak Țawng''' ) bụ nke ngalaba asụsụ Mizo nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Sino-Tibet . Ndị na-asụ asụsụ a na-eji asụsụ Mizo dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ ha (L2). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Did you know Hmar is vulnerable?|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5638|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=[[Endangered Languages Project|Endangered Languages]]|language=en|quote=... Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam. Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language....|archivedate=2023-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731120746/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5638}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&amp;dq=meitei+language+spoken+hmar&amp;pg=PA561|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2011|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|pages=561|language=en|quote=... They speak Hmar language and converse well in Manipuri (Meiteilon) ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hmar bụ asụsụ a ma ama na usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Assam, Manipur na Mizoram, ma bụrụkwa nke a ghọtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka otu n'ime Asụsụ Indian Modern (MIL) na Mahadum Manipur . Board of Secondary Education, Assam gụnyekwara Hmar dị ka MIL na syllabus mgbakọ na mwepụ ya site na 2005. Ma Mahadum Manipur na Mahadum Assam, Silchar ekwela ka a mụọ asụsụ Khawsak Hmar dị ka Asụsụ Indian ọgbara ọhụrụ na ọkwa ngụsị akwụkwọ. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hawrawp (Mkpụrụedemede) ==
Mkpụrụedemede Hmar, nke a maara dị ka ''Hmar Hawrawp'' nwere mkpụrụedemede 25: ụdaume 6 na consonants 19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pangamte|first=L. Ruoivel|title=New Hmar Grammar And Composition|date=2019|publisher=Hmar Literature Society Manipur}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ụdị edemede Rome gbanwegharịrị nwere akara uda olu iji nyere aka ịkpọ olumba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Hmar Hawrawp
| A
| Ee
| B
| Ch
| D
| E
| F
| G
| Ng
| H
|-
| I
| J
| K
| L
| M
| N
| O
| P
| R
| S
|-
| T
| 
| U
| V
| Z
|}

=== Ịkpọ okwu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!mkpụrụedemede &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bapui|first=VL Tluonga|title=Hmar Tawng Inchukna (A Lexical Study of the Hmar Language &amp; Usages)|date=2012|publisher=The Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBapui2012&quot;&gt;Bapui, VL Tluonga (2012). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
! Dị ka In
|-
| a
| &quot;aa&quot; nna
|-
| aho
| &quot;aww&quot; nke ihe nile ma ọ bụ ihe egwu
|-
| b
| anu
|-
| ch
| chawa
|-
| d
| dee
|-
| e
| ee
|-
| f
| ff
|-
| g
| &quot;ek&quot; nke nkwenye
|-
| ng
| &quot;ang&quot; nke iwe
|-
| h
| ihe
|-
| i
| anya
|-
| j
| jay
|-
| k
| kay
|-
| l
| el ma ọ bụ el
|-
| m
| em
|-
| n
| &quot;en&quot; nke njedebe
|-
| o
| &quot;unu&quot; nke ouch
|-
| p
| pee
|-
| r
| bụ
|-
| s
| ess
|-
| t
| tii
|-
| ṭ
| osisi
|-
| u
| ooh
|-
| v
| vee
|-
| z
| zet
|}

== Nkesa ala ==
A na-asụ olumba Khawsak nke Hmar n'ebe ndị a

* Assam : Dima Hasao district, Karbi Anglong district, Hailakandi district, Karimganj district na Cachar district
* Manipur : mpaghara Pherzawl, mpaghara Churachandpur, mpaghara Jiribam na Moreh
* Mizoram : Aizawl district, Champai district na Kolasib district
* Tripura : N'ime na gburugburu Darchawi na Jampui Hills
* Meghalaya : Shillong na obodo Khaddum
* Myanmar : Tamu
* Bangladesh : Bawm

Ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-ekwu okwu Hmar gbasasịa n'akụkụ buru ibu na Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Chittagong Hill traktị na mpaghara Cachar nke steeti Assam na Myanmar, ọ dị ka enwere ntakịrị ọdịiche dị n'asụsụ. Na Manipur, Hmar na-egosipụta nhụta anya n'otu n'otu na olumba Kukish ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara gụnyere Thadou, Paite, Aimol, [[Asụsụ Vaiphei|Vaiphei]], [[Asụsụ Simte|Simte]], Kom na asụsụ Gangte . &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|doi=10.32655/LTBA.18.1.09|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|accessdate=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085546/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ṭawngkasuok ==
''Ṭawngkasuok'' (Trong-ka-sook) bụ ilu ma ọ bụ okwu ochie nke ndị Hmar na-eji ma sụgharịa n'ụzọ nkịtị ka ọ bụrụ &quot;asụsụ ndị a na-ekwu n'ọnụ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vanlalawmpuia|first=C|title=Ṭawngkasuok: Traditional Sayings of the Hmar People|journal=Mizoram University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|pages=235–242|volume=10|issue=1|url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v10n1/vanlalawmpuia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Hmar kwuru
! Ntụgharị asụsụ Contextal
! Nkọwa
|-
| A chângin hmar thing a pâr a, a chângin sim thing a pâr
| &quot;Mgbe ụfọdụ osisi ugwu na-ama ifuru, mgbe ụfọdụ osisi ndịda na-ama ifuru.&quot;
| Ihe niile nwere oge ya; ndidi bụ isi.
|-
| Ṭawng inbuo le tui inbuo rût i an nawh
| &quot;Okwu na mmiri, ozugbo wụfuru, enweghị ike iweghachite.&quot;
| Kwuo okwu nke ọma; okwu na-enwe nsonaazụ na-adịgide adịgide.
|-
| Lal ngai lo lal a kha
| &quot;Eze na-aghọbeghị eze na-achị obi ilu.&quot;
| Nke a bụ okwu na-adịghị mma ejiri kọwaa onye nọ n'ọchịchị, na-egosi na ha erughị eru ma ọ bụ rụrụ arụ n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ikike. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ada ụda n'ọdịnala, ọdabara ya sara mbara nwere ike ịdị iche.
|-
| Pân loveh tho a fu ngai nawh
| &quot;Otu ijiji agaghị ada n'ihe ọzọ karịa ọnya mepere emepe.&quot;
| Nke a na-egosi na ihe ndabara ma ọ bụ nsogbu na-adọtakarị ụta ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, na-atụ aro na ọ na-enwekarị ihe kpatara ya kama ọ na-eji okwu ebubo.
|-
| Kwụpin lû a khêl i nawh
| &quot;ikpere enweghị ike ibili n'elu isi&quot;
| Nke a bụ nkwutọ na-adịghị mma na-egosi na e nwere njedebe dị n'ime ndụ, na-atụ aro na n'agbanyeghị otú mmadụ siri gbalịsie ike, ha agaghị agafe ebe kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụ akara aka ha. Ọ na-egosipụta echiche na-egbu egbu, ebe ọchịchọ na mgbalị na-egbochi site na oke na-enweghị ike ịgbanwe.
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Gangte</title>
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'''Gangte''' bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke ngalaba asụsụ Kuki-Chin nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India . Ndị na-ekwu okwu ya bi na Manipur na mpaghara ndị dị nso nke Meghalaya na Assam . Asụsụ ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ otu n'enweghị mgbanwe olumba ama ama ma gosipụta ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nghọta nke ibe ya na asụsụ Chin-Kuki-Mizo ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara ahụ gụnyere Thadou, [[Asụsụ Hmar|Hmar]], [[Asụsụ Vaiphei|Vaiphei]], [[Asụsụ Simte|Simte]], Kom na asụsụ Paite . &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|accessdate=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085546/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-asụ asụsụ a na-eji asụsụ Meitei dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ ha (L2) dịka Ethnologue si kwuo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/|accessdate=2023-05-03|work=[[Ethnologue]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkesa ala ==
A na-asụ Gangte n'ime obodo iri atọ na asaa nke mpaghara Churachandpur, [[kuki land]] ( ''Ethnologue'' ). A na-asụkwa ya na Meghalaya na Assam . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
Asụsụ ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ otu n'enweghị mgbanwe olumba ama ama ma gosipụta ma ọ dịkarịa ala{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Laha</title>
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      <text bytes="6008" sha1="3n47sk11fg46fo2pvlmdi4pzr50vmm2" xml:space="preserve">'''Laha''' ( Chinese    ) bụ asụsụ Kra na-asụ ihe dịka mmadụ 1,400 n'ime mkpokọta mmadụ 5,686 Laha . A na-asụ ya na mpaghara Lào Cai na Sơn La, Vietnam. Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Rọshịa dekọrọ olumba Laha n'afọ 1986 nakwa na 1996 site n'aka ọkà mmụta asụsụ America bụ Jerold A. Edmondson . Ọtụtụ Laha nwekwara ike ịkparịta ụka n'asụsụ Khmu, ebe ndị na-asụ Laha nwekwara nnukwu Black Thai ( Tai Dam ), Kháng, Ksongmul ( Ksingmul, Xinh-mun), na ndị Hmong .

Ostapirat (2000) na-atụle olumba Laha ka ha guzobe otu obere nke ha (Southern Kra) n'ime alaka Kra. 

== Nkesa ala ==
Gregerson &amp; Edmondson (1997) na Wardlaw (2000) na-akọ ebe ndị na-esonụ nke olumba Laha abụọ, ya bụ Wet Laha na Dry Laha olumba.

'''Wet Laha''' ( '''Laha Ung''', ''{{IPA|la33 ha21 ʔuŋ31}}'' ) nke Lào Cai na Lai Châu

* Tà Mít Commune, Tân Uyên, Lai Châu, Vietnam (nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Ojii ) &amp;#x2014; nke a maara dị ka &quot;Wet Laha&quot;. Onye ozi Edmondson sitere na Bản Muot Village, Tà Mít Commune (Edmondson &amp; Gregerson 1997). Enwere obodo 8 Laha nke na-erughị 1,000 mmadụ na Than Uyên District, Lai Châu, Vietnam .
* Pha Mu and Nặm Cần Communes, Tân Uyên, Lai Châu

'''Dry Laha''' ( '''Laha Phlao''' ) nke Sơn La &amp;#x2014; gburugburu Sông Đà na [[Nậm Mu]] Rivers

* Noong Lay na Nặm Ét Communes, Thuận Châu, Sơn La, Vietnam (nke dị n'ebe ndịda nke Black River ; na Bản Muot, wdg) &amp;#x2014; nke a maara dị ka &quot;Dry Laha&quot;
* Chiền Xòm, Liềp Tè, Noong Giông, na Nặm Ét na Sơn La
* Nặm Giôn, Chiền Xàng, Chiền Dong, Pi Toong, na Mường Bú nke Mường La District, Sơn La Province . Laha nke Nà Tạy, Pi Toong commune ka edebere na Hsiu (2017). 
* Thuận Châu, Mường La, Quỳnh Nhai district nke Sơn La Province
* Bản Bung na Phù Yên dị nso na Sơn La Province n'akụkụ ugwu nke Osimiri Ojii

== fonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Tà Mit Laha consonants
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palato-&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwZg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; alveolar
! ( Alveolo -) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwag&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Kwụsị /&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Mmekọrịta
! &lt;small&gt;enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
|
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! &lt;small&gt;achọsi ike&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;kwuputara&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|d}} 
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|s}}
|
| {{IPA|ʑ}}
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ihu imi
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Odika
| {{IPA|w}}
| {{IPA|l}} 
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Consonants Noong Lay Laha
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palato-&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw4Q&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; alveolar
! ( Alveolo -) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mw5Q&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Kwụsị /&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Mmekọrịta
! &lt;small&gt;enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
|
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! &lt;small&gt;achọsi ike&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;kwuputara&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}} 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
|
| {{IPA|s}}
|
| {{IPA|ʑ}}
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ihu imi
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Odika
| {{IPA|w}}
| {{IPA|l}} 
|
|
|
|
|}

* Na olumba abụọ, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} enwere ike ịnụ dị ka {{IPA|[tɕ]}} mgbe eme n'ihu ụdaume n'ihu.

==== Consonants ikpeazụ ====
Ha abụọ nwere otu consonants ikpeazụ, ewezuga {{IPA|/l/}} dị naanị n'olumba Noong Lay.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Nke ikpeazụ consonants
!
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Kwụsị
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! Ihu imi
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Noong Lay consonants ikpeazụ
!
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Kwụsị
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! Ihu imi
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! Odika
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|}

== Ntụaka ==
mmụta asụsụ Rọshịa dekọrọ olumba Laha n'afọ 1986 nakwa na 1996 site n'aka ọkà mmụta asụsụ America bụ Jerold A. {{Reflist}}

* Benedict, Paul K. 1992. &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20150616043106/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/benedict1992laha.pdf Laha nyochagharịrị] .&quot; Na ''Linguistics nke Mpaghara Tibeto-Burman'', 15, mba. 2: 207–218 .
* Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, na Yongxian Luo ed. ''Asụsụ Tai-Kadai'' . Usoro Ezinụlọ Asụsụ Routledge. Psychology Press, 2008.
* Gregerson, Kenneth na Jerold A. Edmondson. 1997. &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100349/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/gregerson1997outlying.pdf Kam-Tai na-apụ apụ: ndetu na Ta Mit Laha] .&quot; Na ''Ọmụmụ Mon-Khmer'', 27: 257–269.
* Ostapira, Weera. 1995. &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084518/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera1995notes.pdf ndetu na Laha final -l] &quot;. Na ''linguistics nke mpaghara Tibeto-Burman'', vol. 18, mba. 1, nkp.&amp;nbsp;173–181.
* Wardlaw, Terrance Randall. ''Ntụnyere ụda olu dị n'etiti ụdị abụọ nke Laha: syllable constituents na ụda na Ta Mit na Noong Lay Laha'' . MA Thesis, Mahadum Texas na Arlington, 2000.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=701 ABVD: Laha (Ta Mit) ndepụta okwu]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230717/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&amp;op=details&amp;mid=512</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Kom (India)</title>
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'''Kom''' bụ asụsụ ebo Kom nke [[Ndia|India]] . A na-ewerekarị Kohlreng dị ka olumba Kom, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Kom bi na ugwu ugwu nke Manipur na Northeast steeti India. &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|accessdate=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085546/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkesa ala ==
A na-ahụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kom na steeti ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ India nke Manipur Nagaland, Assam na Tripura. (2011:81),  obodo 25 ndị a ka edepụtara dị ka Teraphai, Nungkot Kom, Moirang Mantak, Laikot, Sinam Kom, Thayong Kom, Laikot Kom, Ichum Kom, Kom Keirap, Khoirentak, Sagang, Luikhumbi, Lallumbung, Mankhasok, Tuiring, Tuirme Bungsalane, Lananphai, Ngairong, Mungrushi, Sambangyan, Tonsen tampak, na Khulen.

== fonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plosive
! &lt;small&gt;enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;
| p
| t
| c
| k
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;achọsi ike&lt;/small&gt;
| pʰ
| tʰ
|
| kʰ
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;kwuputara&lt;/small&gt;
| b
| d 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | imi
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
| v
| s
|
|
| h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Trill
|
| r 
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Odika
! &lt;small&gt;n'akụkụ&lt;/small&gt;
|
| l 
|
|
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;etiti&lt;/small&gt;
| w
|
| j
|
|
|}

=== Udaume ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!
! N'ihu
! Central
! Azu
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Mechie
| i
|
| u
|-
! N'etiti
| e
| ə
| o
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Mepee
| a
|
|
|}

== Ntụaka ==
Kohlreng dị ka olumba Kom, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche. Ndị na-ekwu{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* [http://globalrecordings.net/research/dialect/12161/ Kom (India): Kolhreng (ụdị okwu #12161)]

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250122155404/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4416 Profaịlụ Kom na Ọrụ Asụsụ Ndị Na-emebi Ihe]
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5CxxM4tvn8</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Khaling</title>
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'''Khaling''' (kʰɛ̂l brâː ख्या:ल् ब्रा:) bụ asụsụ Kiranti a na-asụ na mpaghara Solukhumbu, Nepal na Sikkim, Darjeeling, na Kalimpong na India. Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Kiranti ole na ole nwere ọdịiche ụda olu, nke sitere na nke abụọ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jacques|first=Guillaume|editor=Palancar|chapter=Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling|pages=41–66|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=wka7CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA41|title=Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives|date=2016|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp; Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-045275-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Khaling nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ 15,000, yabụ a na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ enweghị ike. Khaling nwere usoro mgbagwoju anya nke mgbanwe ntụgharị: ihe dị ka 10 dị iche iche ị ga-etinye maka okwu (Jacques et al. 2012). Khaling bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'inwe ngosi ngosi (lee Jacques and Lahaussois 2014). A na-akpọ Khaling dị ka Rai, Khalinge Rai, Khael Bra, na Khael Baat. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4408|title=Did you know Khaling is vulnerable?|work=Endangered Languages|accessdate=2016-05-01|archivedate=2016-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610131624/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4408}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* A na-egosipụta asụsụ Khaling na-ebili-ada site na iji / ः/ mgbe ị na-eji edemede Devanagari.
* /ʌ/ na /oɔ/ enweghị ụda ụdaume ogologo.
* A na-egosipụta ụdaume ogologo site na iji /ऽ/.

=== Consonants ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Khaling consonant phonemes
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
!Bilabial
!Dental
!alveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Nasal
|{{IPAlink|m}} {{angbr|म}}
|
|{{IPAlink|n}} {{angbr|न}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{angbr|ङ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Affricate
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|प}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪}} {{angbr|त}}
|{{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|च}}
|{{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|क}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|अ्}}
|-
!&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{angbr|फ}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}} {{angbr|थ}}
|{{IPAlink|tsʰ}} {{angbr|छ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}} {{angbr|ख}}
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPAlink|b}} {{angbr|ब}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪}} {{angbr|द}}
|{{IPAlink|dz}} {{angbr|ज}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{angbr|ग}}
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}} {{angbr|भ}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪ʱ}} {{angbr|ध}}
|{{IPAlink|dzʱ}} {{angbr|झ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}} {{angbr|घ}}
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Fricative
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}  {{angbr|स}}
|
|{{IPAlink|h}} {{IPAlink|x}} {{angbr|ह}}
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Trill
|
|{{IPAlink|r}} {{angbr|र}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lateral
|
|{{IPAlink|l}} {{angbr|ल}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Frictionless continuant
|{{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|व}}
|
|{{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|य}}
|
|
|}

* Glotta stop [ ʔ ] bụ otu n'ime consonants nke asụsụ Koyu/Koyee(Koi) nke na-anọchi anya site na iji ⟨ अ् ⟩ .
* Iji dee asụsụ Khaling Devanagari lipi ma ọ bụ Kirat Sirijungga lipi ka eji.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndị Rai

== Ntụaka ==
ugwu ugwu nke Manipur na Northeast steetibi na ugwu ugwu nke Manipur na Northeas{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Hale, Austin, editor. 1973. Collected papers on Khaling, Kulung, Darai, Newari, Chitwan Tharu. Nepal Studies in Linguistics, 1. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute for Nepal and Asian Studies. vii, 87 p.
* {{Cite journal|author=Jacques|first=Guillaume|title=An Overview of Khaling Verbal Morphology|journal=Language and Linguistics|date=2012|volume=13|issue=6|pages=1095–1170|id={{ProQuest|1525426362}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
* {{Cite journal|author=Jacques|first=Guillaume|title=The auditory demonstrative in Khaling|journal=Studies in Language|date=22 August 2014|volume=38|issue=2|pages=393–404|doi=10.1075/sl.38.2.05jac|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01244878/file/tikim.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Jacques|first=Guillaume|title=Derivational verbal morphology in Khaling|journal=Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics|date=2015|volume=8|issue=1|pages=78–85|doi=10.1163/2405478X-00801005}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Jacques|first=Guillaume|title=Reflexive paradigms in Khaling|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=8 July 2016|volume=39|issue=1|pages=33–48|doi=10.1075/ltba.39.1.02jac|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356782/file/Reflexive_paradigms_in_Khaling_Lahaussois.pdf}}
* Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Dhan Bahadur Rai &amp; Yadav Kumar. 2015. Khaling-Nepali-English Dictionary, version 1.0. Paris: Projet HimalCo. https://web.archive.org/web/20250612123004/http://himalco.huma-num.fr/.
* Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1972. Khaling phonemic summary. Tibeto-Burman Phonemic Summaries, 12. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal Studies, Tribhuvan University. 73 p.
* Toba, Ingrid. 1973. &quot;The Khaling verb.&quot; Nepal Studies in Linguistics 1: 1-14.
* Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1975. A Khaling-English, English-Khaling glossary. Kathmandu: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies. xiii, 86 p.
* {{Cite journal|author=Toba|first=Ingrid|title=Folk Art and Culture Change as Observed in a Khaling Village|journal=Kailash|volume=5|issue=1|date=1977|pages=13–27|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/227132}}
* Toba, Sueyoshi. 1981. Khaling texts. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 97 p.
* Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. Khaling Texts. YAK 7. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
* Toba, Sueyoshi. 1984. Khaling. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
* {{Cite journal|author=Ross|first=Caughley|title=Review of: The structure of Kiranti languages: comparative grammar and texts, by Karen Ebert {{!}} SIL Nepal|journal=Journal of Nepalese Studies|date=1996|volume=1|issue=2|pages=243–246}}
* Hansson, G. (1991). ''The Rai of Eastern Nepal, Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping: Findings of the Linguistic Survey of Nepal''. Linguistic Survey of Nepal and Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University.
* {{Cite journal|author=Hodson|first=T. C.|title=Note on the Numeral Systems of the Tibeto-Burman Dialects|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|date=1913|volume=45|issue=2|pages=315–336|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00044592}}
* {{Cite book|author=Matisoff|first=James A.|title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-09843-5|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Michailovsky|first=Boyd|title=Notes on the Hayu Language|journal=Kailash|volume=1|date=1973|pages=135–152|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/227137}}
* {{Cite journal|author=van Driem|first=George|title=The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme /r/ in Eastern Kiranti: Sound Change in Tibeto-Burman|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|date=1990|volume=53|issue=1|pages=83–86|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00021273}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KJIvfHOWbk Khaling Rai Song ; स्याल थन्न्य मो अो स्यो]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Abom</title>
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Abom bụ nsogbu nke nta ka ọ mba na Western Province nke Papua New Guinea.  Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2002 si kwuo, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ iri na ise ka na-asụ a.  Ndị niile na-ekwu okwu bụ ndị okenye.  Ndị na-eto eto n'agbata afọ iri na ụma nwere okwukwe ụfọdụ ya, mana ọ na-ewepụ na-ekwu ma ọ bụ na-ahụ Abom.

A na-asụ Abom na Lewada ( 142°46′50′′E / 8.335225°S 142.780449°E / -8.3352-25; 142.770449 (Lewada)), Mutam (8°25′30′′S 142′′55′′ 49°9°4°9°9°9°9°°  143.930364°E / 82.424996; 142.9303646 (M)), na Tewara (8°22′27′27′′S 143844) (M2.43) / 144.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN-PNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup|title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup|author=United Nations in Papua New Guinea|work=Humanitarian Data Exchange|date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
Abom bụghị nso na ndị ọzọ.  Pawley na Hammarström (2018) kewara Abom dị ka Asụsụ Tirio dị iche iche dabere na ihe ọmụmụ ndị;  Abom nwere otu usoro ablaut nwoke na dị ka ahia ndị ọzọ nke Tirio.[1]  Evans (2018), Otú ọ dị, depụtara Abom dị ka alaka dị iche nke Trans-New Guinea.[2]  Suter &amp; Usher pịa na ọ bụghị Asụsụ Anim ( mgbanwe Trans-New Guinea nke iwu aha Tirio), mana o yiri ka ọ bụ Trans-New Guine dị iche.[3]  nsogbu nke ahụ dị n'ezi ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ okwu Abom edere ede bụ ndị sitere na iwu Inland Gulf, na-achọ ihe dị mkpa maka ntụnyere.

== Aha nnọchiaha ==
Jore na Alemán (2002: 48) na-enye nnọchiaha maka Abom dị ka ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;ngw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/abom|title=Abom - newguineaworld|access-date=2025-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209021607/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/abom|archive-date=2025-02-09|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| {{table}}
!
!sg.
!pl.
|-
!1
|nɛ:
|gɛ:
|-
!2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |gɛ:
|-
!3
|ete
|dzi
|}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Akwụkwọ ==

* &quot;Nnyocha asụsụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Tirio&quot;, Tim Jore na Laura Aleman. Akwụkwọ mpịakọta a na-ebipụtaghị.
* {{Cite web|title=Endangered languages listing: ABOM [aob]|accessdate=2014-05-06|url=http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/endangered/Abom.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724014439/http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/endangered/Abom.pdf|archivedate=2015-07-24}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250209021607/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/abom Abom]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/aob Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Abom]
* Nchịkọta ELAR: Akwụkwọ na nkọwa nke Bitur na nyocha mbụ nke asụsụ Abom na-anwụ anwụ nke Phillip Rogers debere</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Biao Min</title>
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      <text bytes="5799" sha1="p7ni92s5pihvhe9r5n2c1i7tfxowxv4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Biao Min|nativename=Biao-Jiao Mien|states=[[China]]|region=|speakers=43,000|date=1995|familycolor=Hmong-Mien|fam2=[[Mienic languages|Mienic]]|iso3=bje}}

'''Biao Min''', ma ọ bụ '''Biao-Jiao Mien''', bụ asụsụ Hmong–Mien nke China. Ụdị abụọ a, Biao Min na Jiaogong Mian, bụ ihe doro anya na ha aghọtachaghị nke ọma.

== Nkesa ==
Ethnologue na-akọ na a ga-asụ asụsụ Biao Min na mpaghara ndị a na China.

* North Eastern Guangxi : Quanzhou County, Guanyang County, na Gongcheng County
* Ndịda Hunan : Shuangpai County na Dao County

== Olumba ==
Olumba nke Biao Min dị ka ndị a, dịka Mao Zongwu (2004) siri kwuo. Naanị ụdị Biao Min nke Dongshan Yao Ethnic Township, Quanzhou County (全州县东山瑶族乡) na Sanjiang Township, Gongcheng County (恭城县三江乡) ka akọwara n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

* Olumba '''Dongshan 东山''': Ndị na-ekwu okwu 35,000 na Shuanglong, obodo Huanglong, obodo Dongshan, County Quanzhou (全州县东山乡黄龙村双龙屯); Aha njirimara: ''{{IPA|bjau31 min31}}'' .
* Olumba '''Shikou 石口''': Ndị na-ekwu okwu 8,000 na obodo Shikou, obodo Sanjiang, Gongcheng County (恭城县三江乡石口村); aha njirimara: ''{{IPA|mɔu31 jɔu55}}'' . A makwaara dị ka '''Chao Kong Meng''' ( Chinese ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chao Kong Meng|url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/ChaoKongMeng.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512221842/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/ChaoKongMeng.htm|archivedate=2011-05-12|accessdate=2012-09-26|work=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ '''Moruo''' ( Chinese ) (Mao 2004:306).
* '''Niuweizhai 牛尾寨'''olumba: Ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,000 na obodo Niuwei, obodo Sanjiang, Gongcheng County (恭城县三江乡牛尾村); aha njirimara: ''{{IPA|mɔ433 ɕi53}}'' . A makwaara dị ka '''Moxi''' ( Chinese ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Moxi|url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Moxi.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512221905/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Moxi.htm|archivedate=2011-05-12|accessdate=2012-09-26|work=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yoshihisa Taguchi (2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;Taguchi2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Taguchi|first=Yoshihisa 田口善久|date=2005|title=Sānjiāng Shĭmén Miănyŭ de yīnyùn tèdiăn|url=http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_mzyw200502002.aspx|journal=Mínzú yǔwén|volume=2005|issue=2|pages=7–14|archive-date=2017-12-25|access-date=2025-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225145917/http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_mzyw200502002.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-enye autonym ''mo2 xi2 mũ2'', ma rụtụ aka mmekọrịta kọntaktị dị n'etiti ya na Jiaogong Mien 交公勉 (Shikou). Taguchi (2005) na-akọ na n'ime obodo Sanjiang 三江乡, a na-asụ ya n'ime obodo Dalitian 大栗田村, Xiaolitian 小栗田村, na Niuwei 牛尾村. &lt;ref name=&quot;Taguchi2005&quot; /&gt;

Strecker (1987) na-eji &quot;Chao Kong Meng&quot; maka Shikou, na &quot;Moxi&quot; maka Niuweizhai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Strecker&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Strecker|first=David|date=1987|title=The Hmong-Mien Languages|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/strecker1987hmong.pdf|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=1–11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616080132/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/strecker1987hmong.pdf|archive-date=2015-06-16|access-date=2025-03-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike ịchọta ndepụta okwu maka olumba Biao Min na Mao Zongwu (2004).

=== Obodo Quanzhou ===
Biao Min nke Quanzhou County, Guangxi nwere mpaghara olumba ise ndị a ( ''Quanzhou County Gazetteer''全州县志). &lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetteer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dì sān jié tǔyǔ|url=http://www.gxdqw.com/bin/mse.exe?seachword=&amp;K=c&amp;A=45&amp;rec=643&amp;run=13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085541/http://www.gxdqw.com/bin/mse.exe?seachword=&amp;K=c&amp;A=45&amp;rec=643&amp;run=13|archivedate=2016-03-04|accessdate=2012-11-23|work=gxdqw.com|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quán zhōu zhì &gt; dì èrshíjiǔ juǎn yáozú|url=http://www.qz0773.com/qzz/29/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010927/http://www.qz0773.com/qzz/29/|archivedate=2019-01-29|work=qz0773.com|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Mpaghara olumba 1''
** Obodo Hongqi 红旗乡: Wenhua 文化, Xiufeng 秀凤, Shangwang 上王, Helong 鹤龙
** Obodo Xinyu 新圩乡: Hongshuiqing 洪水箐, Guiyang 贵阳
** Obodo Shuiche 水车乡: Shangpao 上泡, Xiapao 下泡, Dongliu 东流, Hecheng 合成, Sanhuang 三皇, Xiumu 修睦
* ''Mpaghara olumba 2''
** Jiangtang, Shuiche 水车乡江塘; Baizhuping, Wenshi 文市镇白竹坪

Edere olumba Jiangtang na Baizhuping nke Biao Min na Hsiu (2017). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hsiu|first=Andrew|date=2017|title=Biao Min (Baizhuping) Audio Word List|url=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1123261|work=Zenodo|doi=10.5281/zenodo.1123261}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hsiu|first=Andrew|date=2017|title=Biao Min (Jiangtang) Audio Word List|url=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1123263|work=Zenodo|doi=10.5281/zenodo.1123263}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biao Min (Guanyang)|url=https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/hmong-mien/biao-min-guanyang|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009124553/https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/hmong-mien/biao-min-guanyang|archivedate=2020-10-09|accessdate=2017-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[wiktionary:Appendix:Biao Min (Shikou) word list|Ndepụta okwu Biao Min (Shikou)]] (Wiktionary)

== Ihe ndetu ==
Bai nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-ekwu okwu, mana Longjia na Luren nwere ike ikpochapụ, ebe Caijia nọ n'ihe egwu nke ukwuu yana ihe dị ka 1,000 ọkà okwu. Ndị Qixingmin nke Weining  a.{{Reflist}}

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Asụsụ Bunan</title>
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'''Bunan''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Gahri''', '''Ghara''', '''Lahuli nke Bunan''', '''Boonan''', '''Punan''', '''Poonan''', '''Erankad ma ọ bụ''' '''Keylong Boli''', bụ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman pere mpe, nke a na-asụkarị na Keylong ngọngọ nke Lahaul na mpaghara Spiti, na mpaghara ugwu Himachal Pradesh, India. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ dị naanị ihe dị ka puku anọ na India. Ezinụlọ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman nwere asụsụ iri na anọ a na-asụ na Himachal Pradesh na Uttarakhand, na e kenyere Bunan na ngalaba West Himalayish . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sharma|first=Suhnu Ram|date=2006|title=The Status of Bunan in the Tibeto-Burman Family|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931455|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=66/67|pages=305–314|issn=0045-9801}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ==
Asụsụ Asụsụ Na-emebi emebi na-ekewa ya dị ka asụsụ 'egwu' n'ihi mgbanwe ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke mpaghara Lahaul na mbugharị nke ndị na-asụ Bunan na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ, karịsịa ọgbọ na-eto eto na-akwaga maka agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Asụsụ ahụ nwere ụtọasụsụ nke ya, dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị iche iche si dee ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Widmer|first=Manuel|date=2017|title=A grammar of Bunan|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/146718/|journal=Mouton grammar library|volume=71|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319150643/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/146718/|archive-date=2025-03-19|access-date=2025-03-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Widmer|first=Manuel|title=A Grammar of Bunan|date=2017|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-3-11-047525-8|series=Mouton Grammar Library [MGL]|location=Berlin Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu atụmatụ maka nchekwa na nchekwa nke asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ rụrụ ọrụ nke ukwuu na akwụkwọ nke asụsụ Bunan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SPPEL - Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages|url=https://www.sppel.org/gahridoc.aspx|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=www.sppel.org|archivedate=2025-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319150648/https://www.sppel.org/gahridoc.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-asụkarị nke obodo Bunan bụ Hindi, Tibet, Manchad na Bekee. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Did you know Gahri is threatened?|url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1612|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=Endangered Languages|language=en|archivedate=2025-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120083800/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1612}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asụsụ a nwere myirịta lexical 37% na asụsụ Lahauli Tinan, myirịta lexical na asụsụ Lhasa Tibet 24%, yana myirịta lexical 34% na asụsụ [[Ebe etiti Tibet|Central Tibet]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tripathi|first=Shishir|date=2024-12-12|title=Analysis of Lexical Similarity methods on Hindi Language|url=https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.173398001.13857128/v1|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=doi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkesa ala ==
Dị ka ''Ethnologue'' si kwuo, a na-asụ Bunan na ndagwurugwu Gahr n'akụkụ osimiri Bhaga site na njikọ ya na Osimiri Chandra na n'elu ihe dịka 25 km (16 mi) .

== Ntụaka ==
Manchati, Manchad kad, Patani, Mellog kad, Chamba Lahuli, Swangla, Songloboli ma ọ bụ Changsapa{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1472" sha1="6xxrgd7ja9sb0h6nd9a2mx750bjv9zu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Gangari/Gangadi|nativename=गंगाड़ी|states=[[India]]|region=[[Uttarakhand]]|familycolor=Indo-European|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]|fam4=[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]|fam5=[[Central Pahari]]|fam6=[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]|iso3=|image=}}

'''Gangari''', ma ọ bụ '''Gangadi''', ( {{Lang|gbm|गंगाड़ी}} gaṅgāṛī ), bụ olumba Garhwali &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gangari dialect of Garhwali|url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5632|publisher=endangeredlanguages.com|accessdate=2025-03-20|archivedate=2024-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225195717/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5632}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Garhwali: Gangari language|url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/20030|publisher=globalrecordings.net|access-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205191038/https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/20030|archive-date=2024-12-05|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; a na-asụkarị na mpaghara Uttarkashi na steeti Uttarakhand, ugwu India.

Enwere okike atọ (nwoke, nwanyị na neuter) na ọnụọgụ abụọ (otu na ọtụtụ). Ọgwụgwụ ndị dị iche iche maka aha bụ: 

* otu nwoke: -o
* otutu mmadu: -a
* otu nwanyị: -e
* otutu nwanyi: -ae
* neuter otu: -a
* neuter plural: -a:

== Ntụaka ==
mpaghara mpaghara Northern Berber . A na-asụ ha na{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Jru'</title>
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      <text bytes="7340" sha1="dgzowifyf187ppzmgzv4t6g8zhb0jvm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Jru'|nativename=Jruʔ, ຈຼ໌ຣູະ|states=[[Laos]]|speakers={{sigfig|28100|2}}|date=2007|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]|fam3=[[West Bahnaric languages|West]]|fam4=[[Laven language|Laven]]|script=[[Lao script]], [[Khom script (Ong Kommadam)|Khom script]]|iso3=lbo}}

'''Jru'''' ({{IPA|lbo|ɟruʔ|IPA}} ) bụ asụsụ Mon–Khmer nke ngalaba Bahnaric a na-asụ na ndịda Laos. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot; /&gt; A makwaara ya dị ka &quot;Ịhụnanya&quot;, &quot;Laven&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Boloven&quot; sitere na Laotian exonym ''Laven'' ma ọ bụ ''Loven'', nke sitere na aha Khmer maka Boloven Plateau . Ndị Jru's na-ekere òkè na kọfị kọfị na cardamom, yana ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ.

== Nhazi ==
Jru' bụ ụdị Laven dị iche iche bụ nke ngalaba ọdịda anyanwụ nke asụsụ Bahnaric nke gụnyekwara asụsụ ndị dị ka Brao .

== Nkesa ala ==
Jru' bụ asụsụ obodo nke ndị Jru's, ebo ugwu sitere na ugwu ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na Champasak, Sekong na Attapeu Provinces nke dị na etiti mpaghara ndịda Laos. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jacq|first=Pascale|year=2004|title=The Development of a Lao-based orthography for Jrù|journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]|volume=34|pages=97–112|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jacq2004development.pdf|accessdate=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202516/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jacq2004development.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJacq2004&quot;&gt;Jacq, Pascale (2004).  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]''. '''34''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;97–&lt;/span&gt;112&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 June&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị dị iche iche a kọwara ebe a bụ ụdị dị iche iche a na-amụ nke a na-asụ na Paksong District, Champasak na obodo Paksong, [[Houeikong]], [[Tateng]], na obodo dị iche iche dị nso.

== fonology ==
Ụda na usoro mkpụrụokwu nke Jru' bụ ụdị asụsụ West Bahnaric n'ozuzu ya. Okwu na-abụkarị monosyllabic ọ bụ ezie na okwu ole na ole nwere obere mkpụrụ okwu tupu, na-ejigide usoro Mon-Khmer sesquisyllabic kpochapụwo. Ahụbeghị ọdịiche ndekọ aha a hụrụ n'asụsụ Mon-Khmer ndị ọzọ na Jru' na, n'adịghị ka asụsụ ugwu gbara ya gburugburu, Lao, Jru' emepụtabeghị ụda ụda olu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot;/&gt;

=== Consonants ===
Dị ka asụsụ Mon-Khmer ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ahụ, Jru' na-amata ọdịiche dị n'ebe ise nke okwu n'ime ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ya na nkwụsị ya nwere ike ịkpọpụta, kpọpụta ma ọ bụ (ịkpọpụta). Enyere consonants ndị a n'okpuru na IPA dị ka Jacq debere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Bilabial
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plosive
! &lt;small&gt;Achọsiri ike&lt;/small&gt;
| pʰ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | tʰ
|
| kʰ
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;
| p
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | t
| c
| k
| ʔ
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Ekwupụtara ya&lt;/small&gt;
| b
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | d
| ɟ
| ɡ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ihu imi
| m
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | n
| ɲ
| ŋ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | s
|
|
| h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Odika
| w
| l
| r
| j
|
|
|}

=== Udaume ===
Udaume nke Jru' ketara site na Proto-Mon-Khmer na-egosi ogo ụdaume atọ na ọnọdụ asụsụ atọ, ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ &quot;azụ&quot;. Ihe ọhụrụ nke Jru' mepụtara ọdịiche gbara gburugburu na ụdaume azụ mepere emepe, na-ebute ọnọdụ ụdaume iri. Iri niile na-egosikwa ọdịiche dị ogologo, na-enye ngụkọta nke monophthong 20. N'adịghị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ na Southeast Asia sprachbund, ogologo ọdịiche abụghị n'etiti mkpụmkpụ na ogologo, ma n'etiti &quot;mgbe niile&quot; na &quot;mkpịsị mkpụmkpụ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |N'ihu
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Central
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Azu
|- class=&quot;small&quot;
! amara mkpirisi
! mgbe niile
! amara mkpirisi
! mgbe niile
! amara mkpirisi
! mgbe niile
|-
! Mechie
| i
| iː
| ɨ
| ɨː
| u
| uː
|-
! N'etiti etiti
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|-
! Oghere-etiti
| ɛ
| ɛː
| ə
| əː
| ʌ, ɔ
| ʌː, ɔː
|-
! Mepee
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
Jru' nwekwara diphthong atọ {{IPA|/ia/}}, {{IPA|/ɨə/}}, na {{IPA|/ua/}} . Ihe diphthongs {{IPA|/ie/}} na {{IPA|/uo/}} A na-ahụkwa na mpaghara ụfọdụ dị ka allophones nke {{IPA|/i/}} na {{IPA|/u/}}, n'otu n'otu. 

=== Nhazi mkpụrụedemede ===
A na-anọchi anya monosyllable kachasị dị ka (C &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; )C &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (R)V(C &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ) ebe C &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; bụ consonant ọ bụla na-enweghị olu, C &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; bụ consonant ọ bụla ma e wezụga otu yiri C &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (ma ọ bụ R ma ọ dị), R bụ {{IPA|/r/}} ma ọ bụ {{IPA|/l/}}, V bụ ụdaume ma ọ bụ diphthong ọ bụla yana C &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; bụ nkwenye ọ bụla ma e wezụga nkwusi okwu ma ọ bụ nke a na-achọsi ike. Akụkụ ndị dị na mbikọ anọghị n'okwu niile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot;/&gt; 

Nhazi okwu sesquisyllabic kacha bụ C &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; əC &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (R)V(C &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ) ebe C &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; bụ {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} ma ọ bụ {{IPA|/t/}}, C &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; bụ {{IPA|/h/}}, {{IPA|/r/}} ma ọ bụ {{IPA|/l/}}, V bụ ụdaume ma ọ bụ diphthong ọ bụla yana C &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; bụ nkwenye ọ bụla ma e wezụga nkwusi okwu ma ọ bụ nke a na-achọsi ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot;/&gt; 

== Usoro edemede ==
Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Mon-Khmer, Jru' enweghị usoro odide ụmụ amaala. Otú ọ dị, n'ebe dị iche iche na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụdị edemede dị iche iche dị gụnyere Quốc ngữ na Lao ejirila ma ọ bụ gbanwee iji degharịa ụda asụsụ maka ọmụmụ ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot;/&gt; N'oge nnupụisi Ong Keo nke mmalite 1900s, bụ nke agbụrụ Mon-Khmer ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ jikọtara ọnụ iji guzogide ọchịchị French na Lao, Ong Kommandam, onye na-asụ asụsụ Alak nwere njikọ chiri anya, chepụtara edemede mgbagwoju anya nke a na-akpọ ''Khom'' nke ejiri oge dee Jru'. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot; /&gt;  

N’oge na-adịbeghị anya, onye na-asụ asụsụ Pascale Jacq, site n’enyemaka nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala, ewepụtala akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere n’edemede Lao iji mee ka ndị na-asụ Jru’s nwee usoro ahaziri ahazi nke ha ga-eji dee asụsụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jacq2004&quot;/&gt; A na-eji akwụkwọ edemede Jacq ugbu a iji chịkọta ọkọwa okwu Jru'-Lao-English-French.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Sidwell, Paul (2003). ''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Bahnaric ntụnyere, Vol.'' ''1: West Bahnaric'' . Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Ụlọ akwụkwọ nyocha nke Pacific na Asia Studies, Australian National University.
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Ebe nchekwa na ebe ọrụ maka ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha)
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-9043-C@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-9043-C@view]] Jru' na RWAAI Digital Archive
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10106/9168 Ọzụzụ Ntị Consonant]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Kosare</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;&quot; |Kosadle
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;&quot; | Kosare
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; | Mpaghara
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; | [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]] : ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Nawa River]] na [[Idenburg River]] confluence
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;&quot;&gt; Ndị na-asụ obodo&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; | (250 e dere na 1993) &lt;ref name=&quot;e18&quot;&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kiq/ Kosadle] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )&quot;&gt;(subscription required)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|- href=&quot;./Kosare_language#cite_note-e18-1&quot; style=&quot;counter-reset: mw-Ref 1;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt; [[Kaure–Kosare languages|Kaure-Kosare]]
* '''Kosadle'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color: #fd79da;&quot; | Koodu asụsụ
|- style=&quot;line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; | &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; | &lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:kiq|kiq]]&lt;/code&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; | ''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; | &lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kosa1251 kosa1251]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; | [[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20250315212032/https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4393 Kosadle]
|}
'''Kosadle''' (Kosare) bụ asụsụ Papuan nke West Papua .

== Ntụaka ==
Asụsụ{{Reflist}}

* Wambaliau, Theresia. 2006. ''Akụkọ nyocha gbasara asụsụ Kosare na Papua, Indonesia'' . Edemede edebeghị. Jayapura: SIL Indonesia. (na Indonesian)

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250207054909/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/nawa-river/kosare Kosare] . Ụwa New Guinea.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Federal Alex Ekwueme</title>
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Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Federal Alex Ekwueme bụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze Naijiria nke a maara dị ka Federal Teaching hospital Abakaliki . Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na-amụ naỤlọ ọgwụ Mahadum Federal Alex Ekwueme Ndufu Alike  . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 2019, gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria nyere Mahadum Federal Alex Ekwueme nkwado iji gbanwee Ụlọ Ọgwụ Federal Abakaliki ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi iji zụọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na-amụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=III|first=Admin|date=2019-04-04|title=FG renames FETHA Abakiliki after Ekwueme|url=https://blueprint.ng/fg-renames-fetha-abakiliki-after-ekwueme/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIII2019&quot;&gt;III, Admin (2019-04-04). [https://blueprint.ng/fg-renames-fetha-abakiliki-after-ekwueme/ &quot;FG renames FETHA Abakiliki after Ekwueme&quot;]. ''Blueprint Newspapers Limited''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=vanguard|date=2019-04-04|title=FG approves renaming of FETHA to Alex Ekwueme University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/fg-approves-renaming-of-fetha-to-alex-ekwueme-university-teaching-hospital-abakaliki/amp/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital bụ iji sọpụrụ osote onye isi ala nke Naịjirịa bụ Ekwueme onye chịrị n'agbata afọ 1979 na 1983, wee nwụọ na 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian govt renames university teaching hospital after Ekwueme|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/323866-nigerian-govt-renames-university-teaching-hospital-after-ekwueme.html|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Premiumtimesng}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iji guzobe ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission nyere 150 nde naira iji kwado nguzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ nkuzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Egbo|first=Grace|date=2022-03-28|title=ICPC donates N150m hospital equipment to AE-FUNAI|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/icpc-donates-n150m-hospital-equipment-to-ae-funai/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkwa ==
N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara Emeka Onwe-Ogah ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi maka afọ anọ n'ọkwa.  Nke a bụ tupu a gbanwee ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi nke ọ ka nọgidere dị ka CMD mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ gbanwere site na Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi Federal Abakaliki gaa na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Federal Alex Ekwueme .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Odunsi|first=Wale|date=2019-04-08|title=FG reappoints CMD Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/04/08/fg-reappoints-cmd-federal-teaching-hospital-abakaliki/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOdunsi2019&quot;&gt;Odunsi, Wale (2019-04-08). [https://dailypost.ng/2019/04/08/fg-reappoints-cmd-federal-teaching-hospital-abakaliki/ &quot;FG reappoints CMD Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki&quot;]. ''Daily Post Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ machibidoro ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị iji nweta ego karịsịa Atụmatụ ponzi ma nye ndị ọrụ e jidere na-etinye aka n'omume dị otú ahụ na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wande|first=S.-Davies|date=2019-09-16|title=Federal teaching hospital Abakaliki bans staff’s participation in ponzi schemes|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/federal-teaching-hospital-abakaliki-bans-staffs-participation-in-ponzi-schemes/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Federal Alex Ekwueme bụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze Naijiria nke a maara dị ka Federal Teaching hospital Abakaliki . Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na-amụ naỤlọ ọgwụ Mahadum Federal Alex Ekwueme Ndufu Alike  . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 2019, gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria nyere Mahadum Federal Alex Ekwueme nkwado iji gbanwee Ụlọ Ọgwụ Federal Abakaliki ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi iji zụọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na-amụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=III|first=Admin|date=2019-04-04|title=FG renames FETHA Abakiliki after Ekwueme|url=https://blueprint.ng/fg-renames-fetha-abakiliki-after-ekwueme/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIII2019&quot;&gt;III, Admin (2019-04-04). [https://blueprint.ng/fg-renames-fetha-abakiliki-after-ekwueme/ &quot;FG renames FETHA Abakiliki after Ekwueme&quot;]. ''Blueprint Newspapers Limited''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=vanguard|date=2019-04-04|title=FG approves renaming of FETHA to Alex Ekwueme University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/fg-approves-renaming-of-fetha-to-alex-ekwueme-university-teaching-hospital-abakaliki/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital bụ iji sọpụrụ osote onye isi ala nke Naịjirịa bụ Ekwueme onye chịrị n'agbata afọ 1979 na 1983, wee nwụọ na 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian govt renames university teaching hospital after Ekwueme|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/323866-nigerian-govt-renames-university-teaching-hospital-after-ekwueme.html|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Premiumtimesng}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iji guzobe ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission nyere 150 nde naira iji kwado nguzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ nkuzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Egbo|first=Grace|date=2022-03-28|title=ICPC donates N150m hospital equipment to AE-FUNAI|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/icpc-donates-n150m-hospital-equipment-to-ae-funai/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkwa ==
N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara Emeka Onwe-Ogah ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi maka afọ anọ n'ọkwa.  Nke a bụ tupu a gbanwee ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi nke ọ ka nọgidere dị ka CMD mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ gbanwere site na Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi Federal Abakaliki gaa na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Federal Alex Ekwueme .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Odunsi|first=Wale|date=2019-04-08|title=FG reappoints CMD Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/04/08/fg-reappoints-cmd-federal-teaching-hospital-abakaliki/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOdunsi2019&quot;&gt;Odunsi, Wale (2019-04-08). [https://dailypost.ng/2019/04/08/fg-reappoints-cmd-federal-teaching-hospital-abakaliki/ &quot;FG reappoints CMD Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki&quot;]. ''Daily Post Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ machibidoro ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị iji nweta ego karịsịa Atụmatụ ponzi ma nye ndị ọrụ e jidere na-etinye aka n'omume dị otú ahụ na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wande|first=S.-Davies|date=2019-09-16|title=Federal teaching hospital Abakaliki bans staff’s participation in ponzi schemes|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/federal-teaching-hospital-abakaliki-bans-staffs-participation-in-ponzi-schemes/|accessdate=2025-01-28|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Afe Babalola</title>
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      <text bytes="2856" sha1="oxcdxrawj1nnpxftqufzr98rnioc1ms" xml:space="preserve">Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Afe Babalola bụ ụlọ ọgwụ onwe onye dị na Ekiti State, Nigeria. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na-amụ na Mahadum Afe Babalola . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Yemi Osinbajo|Yemi Osinbajo,]] onye bụbu osote onye isi ala Naịjirịa, nyere ya ọrụ na 2017 dị ka ụlọ 400. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-10-20|title=Encomiums As Osinbajo Commissions New Afe Babalola Teaching Hospital – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/encomiums-osinbajo-commissions-new-afe-babalola-teaching-hospital/|accessdate=2025-01-20|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ dekọrọ ịwa ahụ obi mbụ ya, nke Tayo Adeleke na Paul Davies, onye dọkịta na-ahụ maka ọrịa obi na US mere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-06-02|title=Afe Babalola University Breaks Record With 1st Open Heart Surgery – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/afe-babalola-university-breaks-record-with-1st-open-heart-surgery/|accessdate=2025-01-20|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi ahụ mere transplantation nke mbụ ya, usoro nke were awa ise ka emere nwoke dị afọ 46 nwere ọbara mgbali elu na nkụchi akụrụ na 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2021-10-27|title=ABUAD Hospital successfully performs first kidney transplant|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/abuad-hospital-successfully-performs-first-kidney-transplant/amp/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imekọ ihe ọnụ ==
N'afọ 2018, ABUAD Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nghọta na Aster Group of Hospitals, Dubai, nke kwalitere nlekọta ahụike yana nkwalite teknụzụ.  Na 2023, onye guzobere mahadum, Afe Babalola, chọrọ mmekorita ya na Mahadum Ekiti State iji kwalite teknụzụ ahụike na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ayeleso|first='Yomi|date=2023-07-24|title=Afe Babalola seeks partnership with Ekiti hospital|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/afe-babalola-seeks-partnership-with-ekiti-hospital/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAyeleso2023&quot;&gt;Ayeleso, 'Yomi (2023-07-24). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/afe-babalola-seeks-partnership-with-ekiti-hospital/ &quot;Afe Babalola seeks partnership with Ekiti hospital&quot;]. ''Tribune Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ogundele|first=Kamarudeen|date=2018-01-17|title=ABUAD partners Dubai hospital|url=https://punchng.com/abuad-partners-dubai-hospital/?amp|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Mahadum Federal Wukari</title>
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Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Mahadum Federal Wukari bụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze dị na Taraba Steeti. Ọ nwere njikọ na Mahadum Federal, Wukari. Onye isi nchịkwa ahụike nke ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi bụ Daniel Zanyu Egah . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Na Septemba 26, 2022, gọọmentị etiti Naijiria wepụtara ndetu iji mebe ntọala FUTHW ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọzụzụ maka ahụike na nkuzi ndị ọzọ jikọrọ aka na Mahadum Federal, Wukari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ozozoyin|first=Great|date=2022-09-29|title=FG approves establishment of teaching hospital in Taraba|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/09/29/fg-approves-establishment-of-teaching-hospital-in-taraba/|accessdate=2025-01-27|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkwa ==
A họpụtara Madachi Dauda Ayuba dị ka Chief Medical Director nke ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi na 2024 nke kpaliri echiche na mmeghachi omume dị iche iche site n'aka ndị ntorobịa nke Taraba State. N'ọnọdụ ya, a họpụtara Daniel Zanyu Egah dị ka onye isi nchịkwa ahụike nke ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi ruo mgbe a ga-edozi nsogbu ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ozozoyin|first=Great|date=2024-05-07|title=Wukari University Teaching Hospital begs Nigerian govt for takeoff grant|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/07/wukari-university-teaching-hospital-begs-nigerian-govt-for-takeoff-grant/|accessdate=2025-01-27|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOzozoyin2024&quot;&gt;Ozozoyin, Great (2024-05-07). [https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/07/wukari-university-teaching-hospital-begs-nigerian-govt-for-takeoff-grant/ &quot;Wukari University Teaching Hospital begs Nigerian govt for takeoff grant&quot;]. ''Daily Post Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
Ụfọdụ ìgwè ndị ntorobịa nọ na steeti Taraba katọrọ nhọpụta nke Madachi Dauda Ayuba dị ka Onye isi nchịkwa ahụike n'ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi dị ka ihe na-abaghị uru na-elekwasị anya na favouritism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ekanem|first=Ima|title=Taraba Youths Allege Nepotism in Appointment of CMD FUWTH|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/11/11/taraba-youths-allege-nepotism-in-appointment-of-cmd-fuwth/?amp|work=Thisdaylive}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEkanem&quot;&gt;Ekanem, Ima. [https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/11/11/taraba-youths-allege-nepotism-in-appointment-of-cmd-fuwth/?amp &quot;Taraba Youths Allege Nepotism in Appointment of CMD FUWTH&quot;]. ''Thisdaylive''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ndị otu ntorobịa Taraba nke ndịda megidere ndị mmegide ma kwado nhọpụta nke CMD na arụmụka ha lekwasịrị anya na nraranye nke Ayuba na nlekọta ahụike na steeti ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Opanuga|first=Jimisayo|date=2024-11-07|title=Taraba youths rally support for CMD’s appointment at FUWTH|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/taraba-youths-rally-support-for-cmds-appointment-at-fuwth/|accessdate=2025-01-27|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOpanuga2024&quot;&gt;Opanuga, Jimisayo (2024-11-07). [https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/taraba-youths-rally-support-for-cmds-appointment-at-fuwth/ &quot;Taraba youths rally support for CMD's appointment at FUWTH&quot;]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Aghu''', ma ọ bụ '''Central Awyu''', bụ asụsụ Papuan nke South Papua, Indonesia . O nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ abụọ n'ezie, dabere n'ụkpụrụ mmadụ maka 'asụsụ'. Ụdị abụọ ahụ bụ: Osimiri Mappi Awyu (Aghu) na [[Pasue River]] Awyu (Nohon, Mitak). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Awyu|url=https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/central-west-new-guinea/digul-river-ok/digul-river/central-digul-river/awyu/central-awyu|work=newguineaworld|accessdate=2024-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321130329/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/central-west-new-guinea/digul-river-ok/digul-river/central-digul-river/awyu/central-awyu|archive-date=2025-03-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== fonology ==
Ụda olu nke asụsụ Agụ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=van den Heuvel|first=Wilco|title=Aghu: Annotated Texts With Grammatical Introduction and Vocabulary Lists|date=2016|publisher=Australian National University|isbn=9781922185358|series=A-PL 33|location=Canberra}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Consonants
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ihu imi
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Plosive
! &lt;small&gt;enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;
| p
| t
|
| k
|-
! &lt;small&gt;kwuputara&lt;/small&gt;
| b
| d ~ ɾ
|
| ɡ
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
| f
| s ~ ʃ
|
| x
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Odika
| w
|
| j
|
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Udaume
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | N'ihu
! Central
! Azu
|-
! Mechie
| i iː
| y yː
|
| u uː
|-
! N'etiti
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ɛɛː
|
| ɔ ɔː
|-
! Mepee
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| a aː
|
|}
Udaume gbara okirikiri n'ihu /y/ bụ ihe ọhụrụ n'etiti asụsụ obodo na Indonesia. Na ngwụcha okwu, ụdaume nwere ike ịpụta ma ogologo na imi imi. Nke a na-eme n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ebe enwere imi /m/ ma ọ bụ /n/ ikpeazụ. N'ime okwu, kama ụdaume imi enwere usoro nke ụdaume gbakwunyere consonant imi nke dabara na nkwuputa nke consonant na-esonụ. Ya mere enwere ike nyochaa ụdaume imi dị ka /Vn/ ma ọ bụ /VN/.

== Ntụaka ==
mmadụ maka 'asụsụ'. Ụdị ab u areogologo na imi imi. Nke a{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Drabbe|first=P.|title=Spraakkunst van het Aghu-dialect van de Awju-taal|publisher=M. Nijhoff|year=1957|location=Den Haag|language=nl|authorlink=Piet Drabbe}}
* {{Cite book|author=Voorhoeve|first=C. L.|url=http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/B31/_toc.html|title=Languages of Irian Jaya, Checklist: Preliminary Classification, Language Maps, Wordlists|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=1980|series=Series B - No. 31|location=Canberra|pages=28, 98|authorlink=C. L. Voorhoeve|origyear=1975}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www2.let.vu.nl/oz/awyu-ndumut/aghu.php Aghu na otu nyocha Awyu–Ndumut na Mahadum VU Amsterdam]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/ahh Ngwa OLAC n'ime yana gbasara asụsụ Agu]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/awu Ngwa OLAC n'ime yana gbasara asụsụ Awyu Central]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/awv Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Jair Awyu]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/yir Ngwa OLAC n'ime na gbasara asụsụ North Awyu]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Massep</title>
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'''Massep''' (Masep, Potafa, Wotaf) bụ asụsụ Papuan edekọghị nke ọma nke ihe na-erughị mmadụ 50 na-asụ n'otu obodo Masep na [[:id:Pantai Barat, Sarmi|West Pantai District]], Sarmi Regency, Papua . Agbanyeghị, n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị nta, iji asụsụ eme ihe na-agbasi ike. Asụsụ Kwerba Airoran na Samarokena gbara ya gburugburu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot; /&gt;

== Nhazi ==
Clouse, Donohue, and Ma (2002) ahụghị njikọ na ezinụlọ asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Clouse-2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2002/SILESR2002-078.pdf|title=Survey Report of the North Coast of Irian Jaya|author=Clouse|first=Duane|year=2002|accessdate=2018-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ethnologue'', ''Glottolog'', and Foley (2018) &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot; /&gt; depụta ya dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2020|title=Massep|work=[[Glottolog]] 4.3|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mass1263}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usher na-ekewa ya dị ka Greater Kwerbic.  Nnọchiaha aha abụghị ihe dị iche na nke asụsụ Trans–New Guinea, mana Massep dị anya na ezinụlọ ahụ.

== fonology ==
Consonants: &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot; /&gt;

Ụfọdụ ihe nwere ike ime mgbanwe ụda na-ada ụda na-agbanwe agbanwe site na tupu Massep nke Foley (2018) tụpụtara:

* *p &gt; ɸ
* *b &gt; β
* *d &gt; r
* *k &gt; ɣ (ikekwe akụkụ)

== Nkpọaha ==
Aha aha bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot; /&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ==
Suffixes case Massep dị ka Foley (2018) hotara site na Clouse (2002): &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Clouse-2002&quot; /&gt;

== Ahịrịokwu ==
Ahịrịokwu Massep dị ka Foley (2018) hotara site na Clouse (2002): &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-NWNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFoley2018&quot;&gt;Foley, William A. (2018). &quot;The languages of Northwest New Guinea&quot;. In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&amp;nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;433–&lt;/span&gt;568. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-11-028642-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
   
Usoro okwu bụ SOV.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Timothy Usher &amp; Mark Donohue, [https://web.archive.org/web/20241013174707/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/northwest-new-guinea/foja-range/west-foja-range/masep Masep], ''New Guinea World''</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Aleut</title>
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      <text bytes="33048" sha1="9sp6yib7h93c8nynpkzknm8tmrgpenu" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcyan;&quot; |Aleut
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightcyan;&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Aleut-language text&quot;&gt;''Unangam Tunuu''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Aleut-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ale-Cyrl&quot;&gt;Уна́ӈам тунуу́&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span title=&quot;Aleut-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ale-Cyrl&quot;&gt;унаӈан умсуу&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Pronunciation
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;span lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; class=&quot;IPA nowrap&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot;&gt;[uˈnaŋam&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;tuˈnuː]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Native&amp;nbsp;to
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Alaska]] ([[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian]], [[Pribilof Islands]], [[Alaskan Peninsula]] west of [[Stepovak Bay]]), [[Kamchatka Krai]] ([[Commander Islands]])
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ethnicity
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |7,234 [[Aleut people|Aleut]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Native speakers&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;80 in Alaska&amp;nbsp;(2022)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;1480&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165656/https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dcra/AKNativeLanguagePreservationAdvisoryCouncil/Languages.aspx &quot;How Many Speakers are There of Each Alaska Native Language?&quot;].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;extinct in Russia 2021
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Eskaleut languages|Eskaleut]]
*'''Aleut'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Early form&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Proto-Eskaleut language|Proto-Eskimo–Aleut]]

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Writing system]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Latin script|Latin]] (Alaska)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Cyrillic]] (Alaska, Russia)
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color: lightcyan;&quot; |Official status
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Official language&amp;nbsp;in&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Alaska.svg|link=|alt=|border|21x21px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Alaska]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[http://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/28?Hsid=HB0216Z &quot;Alaska State Legislature&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color: lightcyan;&quot; |Language codes
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-2]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=15 ale]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:ale|ale]]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aleu1260 aleu1260]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[https://web.archive.org/web/20250217192309/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/671 Aleut]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Aleut_map.svg|frameless]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;Aleut is spoken on the Aleutian Islands&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg|frameless]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt;Aleut is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint selfref&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;&quot; |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|rendering support]], you may see [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]].
|}
'''Aleut''' / / æli uːt / AL AL ee-oot ) ma ọ bụ {{Lang|ale|'''Unangam Tunuu'''}}  bụ asụsụ Aleut bi na Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, na Alaska Peninsula (na Aleut {{Lang|ale|Alaxsxa}} na-asụ., mmalite nke aha steeti Alaska).  Aleut bụ naanị asụsụ na ngalaba Aleut nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Eskimo–Aleut . Asụsụ Aleut nwere olumba atọ, gụnyere '''{{Lang|ale|Unalaska}}''' (East Aleut), '''{{Lang|ale|Atka}} / {{Lang|ale|Atkan}}''' (Atka Aleut), na '''{{Lang|ale|Attu}} / {{Lang|ale|Attuan}}''' (Western Aleut, ugbu a kpochapuru). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{harvnb|Bergsland|1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Museum_of_the_Aleutians_-_Permanent_Exhibit_-_Unangan_language.jpg|thumb| Ihe ngosi na asụsụ Aleut na Museum nke Aleutians]]
Ebe dị iche iche na-eche na ọ dị ihe na-erughị 100 ruo 150 ndị na-ekwu okwu Aleut na-arụ ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.apiai.com/cultural_heritage.asp?page%3Dculturalheritage|title=Unangam Tunuu (The Aleut Language) Preservation|publisher=Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association|accessdate=March 16, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224064849/http://www.apiai.com/cultural_heritage.asp?page=culturalheritage|archivedate=February 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/al/|title=Aleut|publisher=Alaska Native Language Center|accessdate=2013-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123190725/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/al/|archivedate=2018-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/stats/|title=Alaska Native Languages: Population and Speaker Statistics|publisher=Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks|accessdate=23 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730210753/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/stats/|archivedate=30 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi nke a, a na-ekewa Eastern na Atkan Aleut dị ka &quot;dị oke egwu na ikpochapụ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nwee ọkwa Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) nke 7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ale|title=Aleut|work=[[Ethnologue]]|accessdate=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A hapụla ọrụ ime ka Aleut dị ọhụrụ n'aka ndị ọchịchị ime obodo na ndị otu obodo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na mpaghara ndị na-asụ Aleut n'akụkọ ihe mere eme enweghị ọmụmụ asụsụ/ọdịnala ọ bụla na usoro ọmụmụ ha, na ndị na-adịghị emepụta ndị ọkà okwu nke ọma ma ọ bụ ọbụna ndị maara nke ọma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=27&amp;docid=9330|title=Sealaska Heritage Institute: Alaska Native Language Programs, January 2012|publisher=The Alaska State Legislature|accessdate=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ihe akaebe na-egosi omenala jikọtara ya na ndị na-ekwu okwu Aleut na Eastern Aleutian Islands dị ka afọ 4,000 gara aga, na-esote mgbasawanye nke nta nke nta n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime afọ 1,500 na-esote na Agwaetiti Dị nso . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The people at the end of the world: The Western Aleutians project and the archaeology of Shemya Island|author=Corbett, D., West, D., and Lefèvre, C.|publisher=Aurora|year=2010|location=Anchorage}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbasawanye ọdịda anyanwụ ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị ka 1,000 afọ gara aga, nke nwere ike ịkọwa enweghị mgbanwe doro anya n'etiti olumba Aleut, yana njirimara Eastern Aleut agbasawo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Woodbury|first=A.C.|date=1984|title=Eskimo and Aleut languages|journal=Handbook of North American Indians|volume=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akọwa mgbasawanye ọdịda anyanwụ nke abụọ a dị ka oge mmekọ omenala na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Alaska na Pacific Northwest Coast, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dumond|first=D.|date=2001|title=Archaeology in the Aleut zone of Alaska, some recent research|journal=Archaeology in the Aleut Zone of Alaska, Some Recent Research}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke nwere ike ịkọwa njirimara asụsụ nke Aleut na-ekerịta asụsụ ndị agbata obi na-abụghị Eskimo, dị ka iwu nke nhazi ọtụtụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leer|first=J.|date=1991|title=Evidence for a Northwest Coast language area: Promiscuous number marking and periphrastic possessive constructions in Haida, Eyak, and Aleut|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=57|doi=10.1086/ijal.57.2.3519765}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Berge|first=Anna|date=2010|title=Origins of linguistic diversity in the Aleutian Islands|journal=Human Biology|volume=82|issue=5–6|pages=5–6|pmid=21417884|doi=10.3378/027.082.0505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi ịchịisi nke ndị na-achị Russia na ndị ahịa na narị afọ nke 18 na 19, Aleut nwere akụkụ buru ibu nke okwu mgbazinye Russia. Otú ọ dị, ha adịghị emetụta okwu ndị bụ́ isi, ya mere ha adịghị atụ aro mmetụta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị n'asụsụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Observations on the distribution patterns of Eskimo cognates and non-cognates in the basic Aleut (Unangam Tunuu) lexicon [poster]|author=Berge|first=Anna|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Okwu mbinye Russian na Bering Aleut &lt;ref name=&quot;Golovko1994&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Головко|first=Е. В.|year=1994|title=Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект)|publisher=Отд-ние изд-ва &quot;Просвещение&quot;|isbn=978-5-09-002312-2}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFГоловко1994&quot;&gt;Головко, Е. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : p. 5 
!Ọkụ Aleut
! Russian
! Ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|пруса̄йил}} ( prusaajil )
| прощаться ( proŝatʹsâ )
| were ezumike; kwuo nke ọma
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|сулкуӽ}} ( sulkux̂ )
| шёлк ( šëlk )
| silk
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|на̄нкал}} ( naankal )
| нянчить ( nânčitʹ )
| ka nọọsụ
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|на̄нкаӽ}} ( naankax̂ )
| нянька ( nânʹka )
| onye nọọsụ
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|ра̄ниӽ}} ( raanix̂ )
| рана ( rana )
| ọnya, mmerụ ahụ
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|рисувал}} ( risuval )
| рисовать ( risovatʹ )
| ise
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|саса̄тхиӽ}} ( sasaatxix̂ )
| засада ( zasada )
| ambuscade
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|миса̄йал}} ( misaajal )
| мешать ( mešatʹ )
| itinye aka
|-
| {{Lang|ale-cyrl|зӣткал}} ( ziitkal )
| жидкий ( židkij )
| mmiri mmiri, mmiri mmiri
|}
A na -ebu ụzọ akwadoro ihe dị nso na-enweghị olu na imi . Okwu mmalite nke ihe dị ka ihe na-akpata obere esemokwu ma nwee ike ịkpọ karịa ka olu ume ume. Ihe nrịbama nke imi na-apụ apụ na-amalite site n'ikuku ikuku na-enweghị olu site na imi ma nwee ike ịkwụsị n'ihu ụdaume. A na-eji ⟨ h ⟩ na-aga n'ihu ụda e nyere n'ihu na-anọchi anya njirimara amụma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-ede imi labial nke a na-adịghị agwụ agwụ ⟨ hm ⟩ . 

Ihe dị ka ụda olu na imi nwere ike ịpụpụ n'otu akụkụ na kọntaktị na consonant enweghị olu yana na njedebe nke okwu.

Glottal na-enweghị olu ihe dị ka /h / na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọchịchọ mbụ n'ihu ụdaume. Na Atkan na Attuan, prevocalic /h / ọchịchọ dị iche na nke a na-anụ ma ọ bụghị ederede glottal nkwụsị mmalite nke ụdaume. Tulee {{Lang|ale-latn|halal}} ('ịtụgharị isi') na {{Lang|ale-latn|alal}} ('mkpa'). Ọdịiche a efuola na Eastern Aleut. 

Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Aleut nke oge a nwere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dị mfe karịa n'ihi na olu dị iche n'etiti imi, sibilants na ihe dị ka furu efu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Taff|first=Alice|date=2001|title=Phonetic Structures of Aleut|journal=Journal of Phonetics|volume=29|issue=3|pages=231–271|doi=10.1006/jpho.2001.0142}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTaff2001&quot;&gt;Taff, Alice; et&amp;nbsp;al. (2001). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Consonants e depụtara na kọlụm eze nwere ebe dị iche iche a na-ekwu okwu. Nkwụsị ahụ, imi, na eze n'akụkụ na-enwekarị ọnụ okwu laminal. A na-akpọ fracative eze ekwuputara n'otu ọnụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Mkpọpụta nke sibilant {{IPA|/s/}} na-adịgasị iche site na nkwuwa okwu alveolar gaa na nkwuwa okwu eweghachitere dị ka consonant palato-alveolar. Enweghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti /s / na /ʃ / na Aleut. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Aleut na-enweta ihe isi ike na ọdịiche a mgbe ha na-amụ Bekee. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Ọtụtụ nrụpụta nwere otu azuokokoosisi nke na-apụtakwa na-enweghị suffixes a na-ajụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekekọta ụfọdụ ị ga, na-eme naanị ya na ụfọdụ suffix mwepu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, tulee {{Lang|ale-latn|iĝa-t-}} 'ịtụ egwu, tụọ egwu' {{Lang|ale-latn|iĝa-x̂ta-}} 'ịtụ egwu, tụọ egwu' {{Lang|ale-latn|iĝa-na-}} 'iji dị egwu, na-atụ egwu'.

== Syntax ==

=== Nchịkọta ===
Ọtụtụ okwu Aleut nwere ike nkewa dị ka aha ma ọ bụ ngwaa . A na-egosipụtakarị echiche ndị a na-asụ n'asụsụ Bekee site na adjectives na adverbs n'asụsụ Aleut site na iji ngwaa ma ọ bụ postbases ( derivational suffixes ).

Usoro usoro okwu nke Aleut bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa (SOV).

A na-edobe aha aha maka nọmba grammatical (otu, dual, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ) na maka ikpe zuru oke ma ọ bụ [[Relative case|ikpe ikwu]] (ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta, karịsịa Anna Berge, na-arụrịta ụka ma njirimara nke njirimara a dị ka &quot;ikpe&quot; na aha ''zuru oke'' na ''ikwu'' . Nke a na-abịa na Aleut nouns si Eskimo linguistics, ma okwu ndị a nwere ike iduhie). Ụdị nke zuru oke bụ ụdị ndabara, ebe ụdị ikwu na-akọwa mmekọrịta (dị ka nwe ma ọ bụ iche) n'etiti aha na onye ọzọ so n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ikekwe nke ewepụrụ. Ihe zuru oke na onye ikwu bụ otu n'ọtụtụ nchikota mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ .

N'ime ihe eji arụ ọrụ, Aleut na-aka ma onye nwe ya na ihe onwunwe, ya na onye nwe ya na-ebute ụzọ ihe onwunwe ahụ:
   
Ngosipụta okwu ọnụ nke ahịrịokwu dị mfe nke nkebi ikpeazụ nke ahịrịokwu dị mgbagwoju anya na-ebu akara oge na usoro n'ihe metụtara omume okwu. Akara ngwaa nke nke na-abụghị nke ikpeazụ n'ihe metụtara nkebiokwu a. Ahịrịokwu dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ike ịnwe ọnụọgụ nkebiokwu na-akparaghị ókè.

Ahịrịokwu dị mfe nwere ike ịgụnye isiokwu ma ọ bụ enweghị isiokwu. Ihe nrịba ama nwere ike ịbụ ngwaa na-enweghị mmeju, aha predicate nwere copula, ma ọ bụ ngwaa nwere ihe bu ụzọ na-aga n'ihu n'okwu ikpe ziri ezi na/ma ọ bụ okwu mkparị ma ọ bụ mmeju mpaghara.

Enwere ike ịbawanye ma ọ bụ belata ọnụ ọgụgụ arụmụka site na suffixes nke okwu. Enwere ike ịkọwa arụmụka nke nkebiokwu n'ụzọ doro anya ma ọ bụ anaphoric.

Ngwaa nke ahịrịokwu dị mfe ma ọ bụ nkebi ikpeazụ nwere ike ịnwe isiokwu akpọrọ aha n'okwu ikpe zuru oke ma ọ bụ akara isiokwu nke mbụ// nke abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na ahapụrụ isiokwu aha aha, dị ka amara site na gburugburu, ngwaa ahụ na-egosi ntụaka anaphoric na isiokwu ahụ:
 
Aha ọnọdụ bụ aha aha pụrụ iche, mechiri emechi nke nwere ike buru okwu ikpe ebe ma ọ bụ nke ablative ; N'ọnọdụ ndị a, ha na-akpa àgwà dị ka postposition . Morphosyntactically, nkebiokwu ọnọdụ ọnọdụ fọrọ nke nta ka ha yitere nkebiokwu nwere:
 
A na-emegharị ngwaa maka ọnọdụ yana, ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere oke, maka mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ. Nkwụsị onye/ọnụọgụgụ kwenyere n'isiokwu nke ngwaa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị niile sonyere n'ahịrịokwu gafechara:
 
Ọ bụrụ na ewepụrụ onye nke atọ ma ọ bụ nke dị n'okpuru akụkụ ya, dị ka a maara site na gburugburu ya, enwere nrụtụ aka nke anaphoric na ngwaa ikpeazụ na isiokwu aha ya dị n'okwu ikpe:
 
Mgbe ewepụrụ ihe karịrị otu mpempe ozi, ngwaa ahụ na-ekwenye na mmewere nke ọnụọgụ ụtọ asụsụ ya kacha ukwuu. Nke a nwere ike ibute enweghị isi :
 

=== Tụnyere ụtọasụsụ Eskimo ===
Ọ bụ ezie na Aleut na-enweta site n'otu asụsụ nne na nna dị ka asụsụ Eskimo, otu asụsụ abụọ ahụ (Aleut na Eskimo) ewepụtala n'ụzọ dị iche iche, na-ebute ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụdị . A na-ebelata morphology inflectional nke Aleut site na sistemu nke ga-abụrịrị na ọ dị na Proto-Eskimo–Aleut, na ebe asụsụ Eskimo na-akara arụmụka ngwaa n'ụzọ morphologically, Aleut na-adabere n'ụzọ siri ike na nhazi okwu.

N'adịghị ka asụsụ Eskimo, Aleut abụghị asụsụ na-enweghị isi . A naghị edenye isiokwu na ihe dị na Aleut akara dị iche iche dabere na ntụgharị ngwaa (ya bụ ma ngwaa ahụ ọ bụ transitive ma ọ bụ intransitive ); na ndabara, ha abụọ nwere ihe a na-akpọ aha njedebe. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ihe mmeju ghọtara (nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe nkwado nke ngwaa ma ọ bụ nke ihe ọzọ dị na ahịrịokwu ahụ) adịghị, ngwaa ahụ na-ewere akara &quot;anaphoric&quot; na aha isiokwu na-ewe njedebe &quot;ikwu&quot; .

Otu njiri mara nke Aleut na Eskimo na-ekekọrịta bụ morphology derivational polysynthetic, nke nwere ike iduga n'okwu ụfọdụ dị ogologo karịa:
 

== Akụkọ nyocha ==
Njikọ mbụ nke ndị si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa nwere asụsụ Aleut mere na 1741, ka njem Vitus Bering nwetara aha ebe na aha ndị Aleut ha zutere. Ndekọ mbụ nke asụsụ Aleut n'ụdị lexicon pụtara na ndepụta okwu nke olumba Unalaskan nke Captain James King chịkọtara na njem Cook na 1778. N'oge ahụ Imperial Academy of Sciences na Saint Petersburg nwere mmasị na asụsụ Aleut mgbe ha nụrụ banyere njem ndị Russia maka ịzụ ahịa.

N'ọrụ Catherine the Great iji chịkọta nnukwu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'asụsụ niile a na-asụ n'ihe gbasara alaeze ukwu Rọshịa n'oge ahụ, ọ goro Peter Simon Pallas ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ubi nke ga-anakọta ozi asụsụ na Aleut. N'oge njem site na 1791 ruo 1792, Carl Heinrich Merck na Michael Rohbeck chịkọtara ọtụtụ ndepụta okwu wee mee ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nwoke gụnyere aha Aleut prebaptism. Explorer Yuriy Feodorovich Lisyansky chịkọtara ọtụtụ ndepụta okwu. na 1804 na 1805, onye isi ala eze, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov chịkọtara ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. Johann Christoph Adelung na Johann Severin Vater bipụtara {{Lang|de|Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachkunde 1806–1817}}, nke gụnyere Aleut n'ime asụsụ ndị ọ depụtara, dị ka ọrụ ọkọwa okwu Catherine the Great.

Ọ bụ na 1819 ka onye ọkachamara ọkachamara mbụ, bụ Dane Rasmus Rask, gụrụ Aleut. Ọ chịkọtara okwu na paradaịs n'aka ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ nke Eastern Aleut bi na Saint Petersburg. Na 1824, nwoke ahụ ga-agbanwe Aleut dị ka asụsụ edemede bịara. Ioann Veniaminov, onye ụkọchukwu Ọtọdọks nke Russia nke ga-emesị ghọọ onye senti, rutere Unalaska na-amụ Unalaskan Aleut. O kere ihe odide maka asụsụ a (iji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Cyrillic eme ihe; mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Rome ga-abịa ma emesịa), sụgharịa Oziọma ahụ dị ka St. Matthew si kwuo na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ okpukpe ndị ọzọ na Aleut, ma bipụta ụtọ asụsụ nke Eastern Aleut na 1846.

Ndị enyi Veniaminov bụ Ivan Pan'kov (onyeisi Tigalda) na Iakov Netsvetov (onye ụkọchukwu Atka), bụ́ ndị abụọ bụ́ ndị na-asụ Aleut, bụ́ ndị e ji sụgharịa akwụkwọ okpukpe a sụgharịrị ya. Netsvetov dekwara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Atkan Aleut. Mgbe e bipụtasịrị akwụkwọ ndị Veniaminov, ọtụtụ ndị okpukpe nwere mmasị n’ịmụ na idekọ Aleut, bụ́ nke ga-enyere ndị ụkọchukwu Ọtọdọks a nke Rọshịa aka n’ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ ha. Fada Innocent Shayashnikov rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ n'olumba Eastern Fox-Island na-asụgharị Catechism, Oziọma anọ na Ọrụ Ndịozi sitere na Agba Ọhụrụ, na ihe odide mbụ na Aleut nke isiokwu ya bụ: “Obere Ọchịchị maka Ndụ Pious”.

E bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a na 1902, ọ bụ ezie na e dere ya afọ ole na ole gara aga na 1860 na 1870. Fada Lavrentii Salamatov weputara Catechism, na ntụgharị asụsụ atọ n'ime Oziọma anọ (St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John) n'olumba Western-Atkan. N'ime ọrụ Fada Lavrentii, e bipụtara Oziọma St. Mark n'akwụkwọ edegharịrị edegharị (1959), na n'ụdị mbụ ya, Russian-Aleut format (2007), yana Catechism ya maka ndị ntorobịa nke Atka Island (2007). E bipụtakwara Oziọma nke St. Jọn nke Atkan-olumba (2008), yana Oziọma nke St. Ntụgharị asụsụ Lavrentii nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ.

Onye France mbụ dekọtara Aleut bụ Alphonse Pinart, na 1871, obere oge ka [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] zụtara [[Àláskà|Alaska]] . Victor Henry mekwara grammar French-Aleut, aha ya bụ {{Lang|fr|Esquisse d'une grammaire raisonnee de la langue aleoute d'apres la grammaire et le vocabulaire de Ivan Veniaminov}} (Paris, 1879). Na 1878, American Lucien M. Turner malitere ọrụ na ịnakọta okwu maka ndepụta okwu. Benedykt Dybowski, Pole, malitere iwere ndepụta okwu site na olumba nke Commander Islands na 1881, ebe Nikolai Vasilyevich Slyunin, bụ dọkịta Russia, mere otu ihe ahụ na 1892.

Site na 1909 ruo 1910, ọkà mmụta ethnologist Waldemar Jochelson gara obodo Aleut nke Unalaska, Atka, Attu na Nikolski. Ọ nọrọ ọnwa iri na itoolu n'ebe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ubi. Jochelson chịkọtara ọrụ ethnographic ya site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-asụ Unalaskan abụọ, Aleksey Yachmenev na Leontiy Sivtsov . O dekọrọ ọtụtụ akụkọ Aleut, akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ifo, ma mee ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha dee ọ bụghị nanị na e dekọkwara ya na ọdịyo. Jochelson chọtara ọtụtụ okwu na ụtọ asụsụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, na-agbakwụnye na nkà mmụta sayensị nke asụsụ Aleut.

N'afọ ndị 1930, ndị Aleuts abụọ dere ọrụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ọganihu n'iji Aleut dị ka asụsụ edemede. Afinogen K. Ermeloff dere akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ụgbọ mmiri kpuru n'asụsụ obodo ya, ebe Ardelion G. Ermeloff debere akwụkwọ akụkọ na Aleut n'ime afọ iri. N'otu oge ahụ, ọkà mmụta asụsụ Melville Jacobs welitere ọtụtụ ederede ọhụrụ site na Sergey Golley, ọkà okwu Atkan nke nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge ahụ.

John P. Harrington gara n'ihu nyocha n'asụsụ Pribilof Island na St. Paul Island na 1941, na-achịkọta ụfọdụ okwu ọhụrụ n'ụzọ. Na 1944, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ime Obodo United States bipụtara ''The Aleut Language'' dị ka akụkụ nke agha ahụ, na-ekwe ka ndị agha Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ghọta asụsụ Aleuts. Ọrụ nke asụsụ bekee dabere na ọrụ Veniaminov.

N'afọ 1950, Knut Bergsland malitere nyocha nke Aleut nke ukwuu, ikekwe nke kachasị sie ike ruo taa, na-ejedebe na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Aleut zuru ezu na 1994 na nkọwa nkọwa na 1997. Ọrụ Bergsland agaraghị enwe ike ma ọ bụrụ na ndị isi Aleut na-arụkọ ọrụ, karịsịa onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Atkan [[Moses Dirks]] .

Michael Krauss, [[Jeff Leer]], Michael Fortescue, na Jerrold Sadock ebipụtala akụkọ banyere Aleut.

[[Alice Taff]] arụ ọrụ na Aleut kemgbe 1970s. Ọrụ ya bụ ihe ndekọ kachasị nke Aleut phonetics na phonology dị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Anna Berge]] na-eme nchọpụta banyere Aleut. Ọrụ Berge gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nke usoro okwu Aleut na morphosyntax, yana ihe ọmụmụ maka Aleut, gụnyere ụtọasụsụ mkparịta ụka nke olumba Atkan, nke ya na Moses Dirks dere.

Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Soviet na Rọshịa amụwo nke ọma n'asụsụ Bering Island na [[asụsụ Mednyj Aleut]] : Georgy Menovshchikov [ ru ], Yevgeny Golovko [ ru ], Nikolay Vakhtin [ ru ] . Ebipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu &lt;ref name=&quot;Golovko1994&quot;/&gt; na ụtọ asụsụ zuru oke &lt;ref name=&quot;Golovko2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Головко|first=Е. В.|date=2009|title=Язык командорских алеутов: диалект острова Беринга|language=Russian|location=Санкт-Петербург|publisher=Наука|isbn=978-5-02-025542-5|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Na 2005, parish nke All Saints nke North America Ọtọdọks Church malitere ibipụtaghachi ederede asụsụ Aleut akụkọ ihe mere eme site na 1840–1940. Archpriest Paul Merculief (nke sitere na Pribilofs) nke Dayọsis Ọtọdọks nke Russia na Alaska State Library Historical Collection nyere aka nkà mmụta asụsụ ha n'ụba na mbọ mweghachi ahụ. Ederede Aleut akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Aleut nke parish. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.asna.ca/alaska|title=Alaskan Orthodox texts (Aleut, Alutiiq, Tlingit, Yup'ik)|accessdate=2005-07-07|archivedate=2015-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508014050/http://www.asna.ca/alaska}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntughari ==
Mgbalị mweghachi bụ mmepe na nso nso a maka asụsụ Aleut ma na-abụkarị n'aka ndị Aleut n'onwe ha. Ihe àmà mbụ nke ichekwa asụsụ ahụ bịara n’ụdị akwụkwọ e dere n’aka ndị ozi ala ọzọ Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ndị mere, Aleut na-ada na ihu ọma emewo ka ọ dị mkpa ime ihe ma ọ bụrụ na asụsụ ahụ ga-adị ogologo ogologo oge. Ndị ọkachamara n'asụsụ na-agakwuru ndị obodo Aleut na mbọ ịdekọ na idekọ asụsụ ahụ n'aka ndị ọkà okwu fọdụrụnụ. Mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ ruru &quot;100 awa mkparịta ụka, yana nsụgharị na ntụgharị na Aleut, nke a ga-ebufe na diski kọmpat ma ọ bụ DVD&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/2003/06/24/saving-aleut-linguist-begins-new-effort-to-preserve-native-alaskan-language/|title=Saving Aleut: Linguist begins new effort to preserve native Alaskan language}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na Aleut ga-apụ n'anya, ihe ndekọ ndị a ga-eme ka ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ụmụ ndị Aleutian nyefe ọtụtụ ihe ọmụma nke asụsụ dị ka ha nwere ike. Mgbalị ndị dị otú a iji chekwaa asụsụ bụ ndị mahadum na ndị otu mmasị obodo na-akwado, dị ka Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association Task Force for Revitalization Language, ebe mmekọrịta gọọmentị na ndị Aleut nwere oke oke. N'otu aka ahụ n'asụsụ obodo California, gọọmentị United States enyebeghị asụsụ obodo nke Alaska obere nlebara anya. Ka ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-arụ ọrụ idekọ na idekọ asụsụ ahụ, ndị otu obodo Aleutian na-agba mbọ ichekwa asụsụ na omenala ha site n'inyere ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ aka na ime ka a mata ndị Aleut. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alaskool.org/resources/anc/anc01.htm|title=Alaska Natives Loss of Social &amp; Cultural Integrity|access-date=2025-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717184635/http://www.alaskool.org/resources/anc/anc01.htm|archive-date=2024-07-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere nkuzi Aleut aha ya bụ ''Unangam Qilinĝingin'' na Memrise . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Llanes-Ortiz|first=Genner|date=2023|title=Digital initiatives for indigenous languages|pages=101–102|chapter=Memrise for Ume Sámi and Kristang|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387186|accessdate=29 March 2024|quote=The success of the Kristang Memrise inspired the start of similar projects among speakers of other Indigenous languages, like Unangam Qilinĝingin in Alaska.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
 {{Reflist}}

&lt;section begin=&quot;list-of-glossing-abbreviations&quot; /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;
REL: ikwu okwu POSSM:possessum ANA: anaphoric
&lt;/div&gt;

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Berge|first=Anna|year=2009|title=Niiĝuĝis Mataliin Tunuxtazangis: How the Atkans Talk (A Conversational Grammar)|publisher=Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska|location=Fairbanks, AK}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bergsland|first=Knut|authorlink=Knut Bergsland|year=1994|title=Aleut Dictionary = Unangam Tunudgusii: an unabridged lexicon of the Aleutian, Pribilof, and Commander Islands Aleut language|url=https://archive.org/details/aleutdictionaryu0000berg|publisher=Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska|location=Fairbanks, AK|isbn=978-1-55500-047-9}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bergsland|first=Knut|authorlink=Knut Bergsland|year=1997|title=Aleut Grammar = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix&amp;#x0302;|publisher=Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska|location=Fairbanks, AK|isbn=978-1-55500-064-6}}
*  
* {{Cite journal|title=The Aleutian Language Compared with Greenlandic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1921-1923_2_1-2/page/40|first=Rasmus|author=Rask|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=2|year=1921|pages=40–57|doi=10.1086/463733}}
*  
* {{Cite journal|author=Taff|first=Alice|year=2001|title=Phonetic structures of Aleut|journal=Journal of Phonetics|volume=29|issue=3|pages=231–271|issn=0095-4470|doi=10.1006/jpho.2001.0142}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* [http://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/aleut/list/ Mahadum ANLA nke Alaska Fairbanks, Ndepụta mkpokọta Unangan]
* [http://www.alaskanativelanguages.org/#!unangax/b2jdo Asụsụ ala ala Alaska: Unangam Tunuu]
* [http://eddersko.com/aleut/ Ngwa Asụsụ Unangam Tunuu]
* (in Russian) Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501095642/http://beringisland.ru/aleuts/aleuts_lang2.shtm Asụsụ Aleut]  
* [https://www.asna.ca/alaskan-texts Ihe odide Ọtọdọks na Aleut], 1826–1967 (cf. [http://www.archdiocese.ca/articles/alaskan-orthodox-texts-project-celebrates-its-10th-anniversary The Alaska Ortodoks Texts Project na-eme ememe ncheta afọ 10 ya], Mee 2015)
* [http://community-courses.memrise.com/user/unangam-qiligingin/courses/teaching/ Mụta ma mee Unangam Tunuu na Memrise]
* [http://tanamawaa.com/unangam-tunuu/ Unangam Tunuu Tools and Resources], obere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, akpaokwu, akụkọ dị n'asụsụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nwere ndekọ ọdịyo.
* [https://library.alaska.gov/hist/hist_docs/docs/anlm/02057447.pdf Asụsụ Aleut], Richard Henry Geoghegan, 1944; ụtọ asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu (ochie odide)
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>9sp6yib7h93c8nynpkzknm8tmrgpenu</sha1>
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    <title>Asụsụ Maklew</title>
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      <text bytes="3354" sha1="15oom2gj4bxn29nif8r3bw3rzead85e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Maklew|nativename=''Makleunga''|region=[[South Papua]]|speakers=120|date=no date|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Bulaka River languages|Bulaka River]]|iso3=mgf}}

'''Maklew''' (aha ndị ọzọ gụnyere Maklèw, Makleu, na Makaleo) bụ asụsụ ezinụlọ Trans-Fly – Bulaka River chọrọ na South Papua, Indonesia. A maara na a na-asụ ya na obodo Welbuti, Merauke Regency . &lt;ref name=&quot;Evans-Southern&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Evans|first=Nicholas|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Southern New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=641–774|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na ya na asụsụ Yelmek nwere njikọ chiri anya . 

A na-eche na a na-asụ asụsụ Maklew na obodo Woboyo (Woboyu) na Dodalim, mana nke a ekwenyebeghị. Ụfọdụ ndị obodo Welbuti na-asụ Maklew na-azọrọ na a na-asụkwa asụsụ ahụ kpọmkwem n’otu olu n’obodo ndị dị na Bibikem na Wanam, n’agbanyeghị na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ́ ndị mụọworo asụsụ abụọ ahụ depụtara aha obodo ndị a nke ọma dị ka ndị na-asụ Yelmek. Dị ka ndị nchọpụta si kwuo, ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole ka na-asụ asụsụ Maklew. Ndị okenye nọ n’obodo Welbuti na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na ụmụaka ka nwere ike ịghọta Maklew, ha na-asụ Indonesian ma na-akwa ndị toro eto emo Maklew. Nke a akpatala nchegbu n'etiti ndị okenye obodo bụ́ ndị na-eche na asụsụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya. Asụsụ ahụ na-echekwa ihe iyi egwu dị n'èzí ihu dị ka mmetụta siri ike sitere na [[Asụsụ Marind]], dị ka Yelmek . Ọzọ, nke a na-ewute ndị okenye nke ukwuu, ndị a kọrọ na ha nwere mmasị ịchụso echiche nke ichekwa asụsụ ha, n'agbanyeghị na amabeghị ma enwere ike ịchọta ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ zuru oke ga-enyere aka ịmalite mmemme asụsụ. 

== fonology ==
Drabbe (1950:549) na-enye consonants iri na ise na ụdaume 8 maka Maklèw dịka ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-08-15|title=Maklew - newguineaworld|url=https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/bulaka-river/maklew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701133825/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/bulaka-river/maklew|archive-date=2024-07-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Consonants
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | imi
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Plosive
! &lt;small&gt;enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;
| p
| t
|
| k
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;prenasalized&lt;/small&gt;
| ᵐb
| ⁿd
|
| ᵑɡ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
| f
| s
|
|
| h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Odika
| w
| l
| j
|
|
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Udaume
!
! N'ihu
! Central
! Azu
|-
! Mechie
| i
| y *
| u
|-
! nso-etiti
| e
|
| o
|-
! Mepee-Mid
| ɛ
| ə **
|
|-
! Mepee
|
| a
|
|}
⠀* O doghị anya ma &quot;y&quot; na chaatị a bụ ihu n'ihu / y /, etiti / ʉ /, ma ọ bụ ọbụna nso-mid / ø /.

A na-eji ⠀**/ə/ mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbaji ụyọkọ consonant.

== Ntụaka ==
ole na ole ka na-asụ asụsụ Maklew. Ndị okenye nọ n’obodo Welbuti na-ekwu na ọ bụ{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asia Agcaoili</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Asia_Agcaoli,_2006_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Eshia Agcaoili]]
'''Junelyn Alexis''' &quot; '''Asia''' &quot; '''Unana Agcaoili''' &lt;ref name=&quot;Single&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Meet the Single Girls|url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/173707/meet-single-girls|accessdate=January 28, 2021|work=Pilipino Star Ngayon|publisher=PhilStar|date=August 27, 2002|language=tl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Registered document: Cloud Innovations Limited|url=http://app.companiesoffice.govt.nz/companies/app/ui/pages/companies/4188539/30064744/entityFilingRequirement|work=New Zealand Companies Office|publisher=New Zealand Government|accessdate=January 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129043438/http://app.companiesoffice.govt.nz/companies/app/ui/pages/companies/4188539/30064744/entityFilingRequirement|archivedate=January 29, 2021|date=September 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{IPA|tl|aɡkɐˈwilɪ}} ; amụrụ Septemba 20, 1977  ) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn Filipina na redio, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ese ihe na-edekọ, onye na-agba egwu, ihe nlereanya, na onye bụbu onye na-ede akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye otu nwa agbọghọ Viva Hot Babes . Agcaoili gosipụtara ihe ngosi eziokwu ''Pinoy Big Brother'' na Studio 23 (2005-07), ihe ngosi basketball ''iPBA'' (2006-07) na ABC, na asọmpi ịbụ abụ ''IKON Philippines'' (2007) na RPN . Dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, o gosipụtara Roxanne na usoro ihe nkiri ABS-CBN ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Til Death Do Us Part'' (2007).

Agcaoili ka akpọrọ ya dị ka onye guru mmekọahụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;Holland_comeback&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Buenafe|first=Danny|title=Sex guru Asia Agcaoili ready to make a comeback|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/05/10/sex-guru-asia-agcaoili-ready-make-comeback|accessdate=January 29, 2021|work=ABS-CBN News|date=October 7, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Xander&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Llanes|first=Rommel R.|title=Former FHM Philippines sex guru Asia Agcaoili is now a mom!|url=https://www.pep.ph/lifestyle/18947/former-fhm-philippines-sex-guru-asia-agcaoili-is-now-a-mom|accessdate=January 29, 2021|work=Philippine Entertainment Portal (PEP)|publisher=Summit Media and GMA Network|date=May 4, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-atụle gbasara mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ na kọlụm ''FHM'' ''Philippines'' ya, mwepụta vidiyo na-aga n'ihu, na nyiwe ndị ọzọ.

== Ọrụ ntụrụndụ ==
Agcaoili aburula ihe nlere anya mgbe o sonyeere ihe ngosi eziokwu ABC ''SINGLE'' na 2002. N'ime nkeji anọ, o nyere ndị asọmpi abụọ ndị ọzọ ka ha bụrụ &quot;Nwanyị Na-alụbeghị Nwaanyị&quot;. Ihe ngosi ahụ mechara gosi ya maka nkeji iri na atọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Single&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=May Single Girl na!|url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/2002/10/01/178176/may-single-girl-na|accessdate=January 29, 2021|work=Pilipino Star Ngayon|publisher=PhilStar|date=October 1, 2002|language=tl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2003, o sonyeere nke abụọ nke Viva Hot Babes, otu ụmụ agbọghọ mara maka egwu egwu abụọ, ihe omume anụ ahụ, yana ngosi na magazin ndị nwoke na ihe nkiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cequina|first=Jeans|title=Boom-tiyaya-boom: Are the Viva Hot Babes back?|url=https://pop.inquirer.net/101686/boom-tiyaya-boom-are-the-viva-hot-babes-back|accessdate=January 29, 2021|work=INQPOP!|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=October 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu ahụ wepụtara EP atọ tupu ha agbasa na 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Laurena|first=Kobe Adam Joshua S.|title=The Viva Hot Babes: Where are they now?|url=https://lifestyle.abs-cbn.com/starstudio/stories/2019/01/read/the-viva-hot-babes-where-are-they-now|accessdate=January 29, 2021|work=StarStudio|publisher=ABS-CBN|date=January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na ụmụ ọhụrụ na-ekpo ọkụ ibe ya, Agcaoili pụtara na ihe nkiri ''mbụ'' (2003) wee mee ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ihe nkiri ''mmekọahụ Guru'' (2004) na ''Erotica: Lessons of the Flesh'' (2005). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bynd_sexy&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Calderon|first=Ricky L.|title=Dominic Ochoa: No Time for Marriage|url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-entertainment/2005/09/05/295214/dominic-ochoa-no-time-marriage|accessdate=January 29, 2021|work=The Philippine Star|date=September 5, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na March 2004, Agcaoili kwụsịrị maka ụbọchị 20 site na ABS-CBN mgbe ekpughere ara aka ekpe ya n'oge egwu egwu Viva Hot Babes maka ihe ngosi dị iche iche nke ndụ ''MTB'' . Ọ kọwara na ihe a mere n'amaghị ama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bynd_sexy&quot; /&gt; Na Julaị afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na mkpuchi ''FHM Philippines'' wee bụrụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mmekọahụ na magazin, na-ede kwa ọnwa ruo 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bynd_sexy&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mendoza|first=Ruel J.|title=Asia Agcaoili gets offer to pose for international magazine|url=https://www.pep.ph/lifestyle/13268/asia-agcaoili-gets-offer-to-pose-for-international-magazine|accessdate=February 1, 2021|work=Philippine Entertainment Portal|date=July 26, 2007|language=tl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Llanes|first=Rommel R.|title=FHM sex guru Paloma is single but never without a sex partner|url=https://www.pep.ph/news/22474/fhm-sex-guru-paloma-is-single-but-never-without-a-sex-partner|accessdate=February 1, 2021|work=Philippine Entertainment Portal|date=July 15, 2009|language=tl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ pụtakwara ọtụtụ ugboro na ndepụta 100 Sexiest Women nke magazin ahụ, ebe ọkwa ya kachasị elu bụ ebe 13th na 2005 na 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Profile: Asia Agcaoili|url=http://www.fhm.com.ph/fhm-babes/profile/25/asia%20agcaoili|work=FHM Philippines|publisher=Summit Media|accessdate=February 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728124307/http://www.fhm.com.ph/fhm-babes/profile/25/asia%20agcaoili|archivedate=July 28, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ABS-CBN, Agcaoili pụtara na ''teleseryes'' ''Basta't Kasama Kita'' (2003–04) na ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Til Death Do us Part'' (2005). Dị ka onye na-egosi telivishọn, ọ kwadoro mgbasa ozi ''Pinoy Big Brother'' na Studio 23 ( ''Pinoy Big Brother: Si Kuya, KaBarkada Mo'' ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Salterio|first=Leah C.|title=One last look at PBB|url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2005/12/23/313383/one-last-look-pbb|accessdate=February 1, 2021|work=The Philippine Star|date=December 23, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ABC, ọ kwadoro ''iPBA'' (2006-07), ihe nlegharị anya na nyocha nke Association Basketball Philippine (PBA). O wee kwado asọmpi ịbụ abụ ''IKON Philippines'' (2007) na RPN .

Na redio, ọ bụ jockey diski na ụlọ ọrụ redio Magic 89.9 ruo Jenụwarị 14, 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fhm.com.ph|title=fhm.com.ph|publisher=fhm.com.ph|date=November 18, 2011|accessdate=February 1, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815220419/https://www.fhm.com.ph/|archivedate=August 15, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fhm.com.ph/incoming/asias-sex-confidential|title=12 deeds of Christmas|publisher=FHM.com.ph|accessdate=February 1, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201105905/http://www.fhm.com.ph/incoming/asias-sex-confidential|archivedate=February 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngosipụta telivishọn mbụ ya na New Zealand bụ na ọkwa ọrụ ọha na eze 2020 COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gabinete|first=Jojo|title=Former Viva Hot Babes member Asia Agcaoili, kasama sa TV ad campaign ng New Zealand kontra COVID|url=https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/cabinet-files/156536/asia-agcaoili-tv-ad-new-zealand-a734-20210205|accessdate=February 24, 2021|work=Philippine Entertainment Portal (PEP)|publisher=Summit Media|date=February 5, 2021|language=tl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Make summer unstoppable|url=https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/videos/m/make-summer-unstoppable/|work=Health Navigator New Zealand|publisher=Health Navigator Charitable Trust|accessdate=February 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222225111/https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/videos/m/make-summer-unstoppable/|archivedate=February 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Agcaoili gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Philippines Diliman na nzere bachelọ na teknụzụ uwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Single&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bynd_sexy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Beyond sexiness, the Viva Hot Babes|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2004/09/12/weekly/beyond-sexiness-the-viva-hot-babes/691401/|accessdate=January 28, 2021|work=The Manila Times|date=September 12, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ kwagara Amsterdam, Netherlands na 2007 iji sonyere enyi ya nwoke, onye mmemme kọmputa Dutch Bram van der Kolk. &lt;ref name=&quot;Holland_comeback&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Amsterdam&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Eclarinal|first=Rose|title=Asia Agcoaili living, loving life in Amsterdam|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/pinoy-migration/01/12/10/asia-agcoaili-living-loving-life-amsterdam|accessdate=January 29, 2021|publisher=ABS-CBN|date=January 13, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ mụrụ nwa ha nwoke, Xander, na April 2009. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na Septemba 9 n'afọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Xander&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Amsterdam&quot; /&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Netherlands, ọ nwetara nkuzi ntinye akwụkwọ Dutch na Mahadum Amsterdam . &lt;ref name=&quot;Xander&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Amsterdam&quot; /&gt; Ọ zutekwara onye ndu ndị Kọmunist a dọọrọ n'agha onwe ya bụ Jose Maria Sison . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pressia A. Cabo, Asia Agcaoili and Joma taking about philosophical and political matters.|url=https://josemariasison.org/11210462_10206241113857435_3354387825090357212_n/|work=josemariasison.org|publisher=Jose Maria Sison|accessdate=January 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210129061953/https://josemariasison.org/11210462_10206241113857435_3354387825090357212_n/|archivedate=January 29, 2021|date=September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agcaoili, ya na di ya na nwa ya nwoke, mesịrị kwaga Auckland, New Zealand. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fisher|first=David|title=Dotcom TV star|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/dotcom-tv-star/77EIONOD6Z2ZZVHKN7UWMRP5TY/|accessdate=February 1, 2021|work=The New Zealand Herald|date=February 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, Van der Kolk rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi mmemme nke Megaupload . E boro ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya ebubo mmebi iwu nwebisiinka, ịzụ ahịa, na ịkwanye ego mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị na 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Barton|first=Chris|title=Billy Big Steps: at home with Kim Dotcom|url=https://www.metromag.co.nz/society/society-people/billy-big-steps-at-home-with-kim-dotcom|accessdate=February 1, 2021|work=Metro|date=October 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201174136/https://www.metromag.co.nz/society/society-people/billy-big-steps-at-home-with-kim-dotcom|archive-date=February 1, 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe eweghachiri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka Mega na 2013, Van der Kolk ka edobere dị ka onye isi mmemme ebe Agcaoili ghọrọ onye na-eketa òkè. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mega raises $7.5m as new shareholders take majority control|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/mega-raises-75m-as-new-shareholders-take-majority-control/ORS7TVBNFDNUGRXZZMZ3PUMETM/|accessdate=February 1, 2021|work=The New Zealand Herald|date=August 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''Afọ'''
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''Aha'''
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''Ọrụ'''
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''Ihe ndetu'''
|-
| 2003
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Oge mbụ''
| Tina
|
|-
| 2004
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Mmekọahụ Guru''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Onwe ya
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Direct-na-video
|-
| 2005
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Erotica: nkuzi nke anụ ahụ''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2007
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Akụkọ oge ụra''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Casa''
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Borromeo|first=Eric|title=Indie film &quot;Casa&quot; to be screened in select theaters starting August 1|url=https://www.pep.ph/news/local/941/indie-film-casa-to-be-screened-in-select-theaters-starting-august-1?s=k9tcdj3naf0fiu3rp62pgebn5f|accessdate=December 31, 2024|work=Philippine Entertainment Portal (PEP)|date=August 1, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== Igwe onyonyo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aha
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ọrụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Netwọk
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ihe ndetu
|-
| 2002
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''NA-ANỤGHỊ''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Onwe ya (onye na-agba ọsọ)
| ABC
|
|-
| 2003
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ihe ịma aka ọzọ''
| GMA
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 
|-
| 2003-2004
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Basta't Kasama Kita''
| Rhowena Aroanah/Macaraeg
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ABS-CBN
| Ihe nkedo gbatịrị agbatị
|-
| 2004
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''MTB Ang Saya''
| Onwe ya
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|-
| 2005
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ruonụ Ọnwụ Ime Anyị Part''
| Roxanne
|-
| 2005-2007
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Pinoy Big Nwanna''
| Onwe ya (onye ọbịa)
| Ụlọ ihe nkiri 23
|-
| 2006
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Magpakailanman''
| Onwe ya
| GMA
| Ihe omume: &quot;Nang Minsang Magtanong ang Puso&quot; (Akụkọ Asia Agcaoili) 
|-
| 2006-2007
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''iPBA''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Onwe ya (onye ọbịa)
| ABC
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2007
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''IKON Philippines''
| RPN
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Pilipinas, Game Ka Na Ba?''
| Onwe ya (onye na-agba ọsọ)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ABS-CBN
| Ihe omume 1
|-
| 2008
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ụmụaka Kung Fu''
| Sheila
| Ihe nkedo na-akwado
|-
|}
 

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
* {{IMDb name|1462171}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120201105905/http://www.fhm.com.ph/incoming/asias-sex-confidential Asia Agcaoili's Sex Confidential on FHM.com.ph]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618015025/http://www.fhm.com.ph/fhm-babes/profile/25/asia-agcaoili Asia Agcaoili on FHM.com.ph]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061029125816/http://www.gopilipinas.com/v2/celebs/celebgallery.htm Asia Agcaoíli on GoPilipinas.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agcaoili, Asia}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>lpreugxo5owayx37467dujr0pp3mklv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Abụ Solomọn</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Gustave_Moreau_-_Song_of_Songs_(Cantique_des_Cantiques)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Abụ nke Abụ (Cantique des Cantiques) nke Gustave Moreau, 1893]]
'''Abụ nke Abụ''' (Bible Hebrew:&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Script/styles_hebrew.css&quot; /&gt;שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים , &lt;small&gt;Romanized:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt; Chir hašŠīrīm), nke a na-akpọkwa Canticle of Canticles ma ọ bụ '''Abụ Solomọn''', bụ uri Bible, otu n'ime megillot ise (&quot;akwụkwọ mpịakọta&quot;) na Ketuvim ('ihe odide'), ngalaba ikpeazụ nke Tanakh. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ dị na Bible Hibru, ọ naghị elekwasị anya na iwu, ọgbụgba ndụ, ma ọ bụ ofufe Chineke, kama ọ bụ uri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, nke ndị na-ahụ n'anya na-ekwupụta ọchịchọ siri ike, na-agbanwerịta otuto, ma na-akpọ ibe ha ka ha nwee obi ụtọ.[1]
[[Category:Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text]]
Ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a na-ekwukarị na ndị na-ahụ n'anya na Song alụghị di, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Strong As Death Is Love: The Song of Songs, Ruth, Esther, Jonah, and Daniel, A Translation with Commentary|author=Alter|first=Robert|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company|year=2015|isbn=978-0-393-24305-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAF-BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT23}}&lt;/ref&gt; [2] nke kwekọrọ na ihe dị nso n'oge ochie nke Near East. Ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem na-eme ka ndị na-ahụ n'anya bụrụ abụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na - ndị na-ege ntị na-ekere òkè na ndị na-agụ ya na-eme ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ.[5]

Marvin H. Pope kọwara Abụ ahụ dị ka emume ịhụnanya mmekọahụ, nke emume ọmụmụ oge ochie metụtara, nke jikọtara ya na ọnwụ na nnwere onwe, na &quot;ihe atụ nke oriri na ọṅụṅụ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pope 2007 p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pope|first=Marvin H.|authorlink=Marvin H. Pope|title=Song of Songs|pages=24–25, 222|year=1995|isbn=978-0-300-13949-5|publisher=Yale University Press|series=The [[Anchor Bible Series]] 7C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye dere ya, ụbọchị, na mmalite ya ka ejighị n'aka, na ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụrịta ụka maka ịdị n'otu ya, nhazi ya, na mmetụta nwere ike isi na uri ịhụnanya nke Mesopotemia, Ijipt, na [[Greece|Grik]].

N'[[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] nke oge a, a na-agụ abụ ahụ na Ụbọchị Izu Ike n'oge Ememe Ngabiga, nke na-egosi mmalite nke owuwe ihe ubi na ncheta nke Ọpụpụ si [[Egypt|Ijipt]].[7] Omenala ndị Juu na-akọwa ya dị ka ihe atụ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Chineke na Izrel. Na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ]] Kraịst, a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe atụ nke Kraịst na nwunye ya, Chọọchị.[7][8]

== Ọdịdị ya ==
E nwere nkwekọrịta zuru ebe nile na, ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ enweghị atụmatụ, ọ nwere ihe a ga-akpọ usoro, nke njikọ dị n'etiti mmalite na njedebe ya na-egosi.[9] E wezụga nke a, Otú ọ dị, o yiri ka e nwere obere nkwekọrịta: mgbalị ịchọta usoro chiastic enwetabeghị nnabata, na nyocha nke kewara akwụkwọ ahụ n'ime nkeji ejirila ụzọ dị iche iche, na-eweta nkwubi okwu dị iche iche.[10]

Ihe ngosi na-esonụ sitere na Kugler na Hartin's Okwu mmalite nke Baịbụl [11]

* Okwu Mmalite (1:1-6) 
* Mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị na-ahụ n'anya (1:7-2:7) 
* Nwanyị ahụ chetara nleta nke onye ọ hụrụ n'anya (2:8-17) 
* Nwanyị ahụ na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị nke Zaịọn okwu (3:1-5) 
* Ịhụ ngagharị agbamakwụkwọ eze (3:6-11) 
* Nwoke ahụ kọwara ịma mma nke onye ọ hụrụ n'anya (4:1-5:1) 
* Nwanyị ahụ na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem okwu (5:2-6:4) 
* Nwoke ahụ kọwara onye ọ hụrụ n'anya, onye gara leta ya (6:5-12) 
* Ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ na-akọwa ịma mma nwanyị ahụ (6:13-8:4) 
* Ihe mgbakwunye (8:5-14) 

== Aha ya ==
Okwu mmeghe ahụ na-akpọ uri ahụ &quot;abụ nke abụ&quot;,  ahịrịokwu nke na-agbaso usoro idiomatic a na-ahụkarị na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ihe ahụ dị ka nke kachasị mma na nke kachasị mma nke klas ya (dị ka Holy of Holies). [12][13] A na-akpọkwa ọrụ ahụ &quot;Abụ Solomọn&quot;, nke pụtara abụ 'nke', 'site', 'maka', ma ọ bụ '[a raara nye] Solomọn.

== Nchịkọta ==
Abụ ahụ n'onwe ya na-amalite site na ngosipụta nke nwanyị ahụ maka onye ọ hụrụ n'anya na nkọwa onwe ya nye &quot;ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem&quot;: ọ na-ekwusi ike na ọchịchịrị ya sitere n'anyanwụ, na-eji ya tụnyere &quot;ụlọikwuu Kedar&quot; (ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị) na &quot;ihe mgbochi nke Solomọn&quot;. Mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị na-ahụ n'anya na-esote: nwanyị ahụ rịọrọ nwoke ahụ ka ọ zute; ọ na-azaghachi ya n'olu na-atọ ọchị. Ha abụọ na-asọ mpi n'inye otuto dị mma (&quot;onye m hụrụ n'anya bụ nye m dị ka ụyọkọ okooko osisi [[lily]]&quot; data-linkid=&quot;590&quot; href=&quot;./Henna&quot; id=&quot;mwfw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Henna&quot;&gt;henna n'ubi vaịn nke En Gedi&quot;, &quot;[[Apple|Osisi apụl]] n'etiti osisi nke osisi&quot;, &quot;olili n'etiti brambles&quot;, ebe àkwà ha na-ekerịta dị ka okpokoro ọhịa). Akụkụ ahụ mechiri na nwanyị ahụ na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem ka ha ghara ịkpali ịhụnanya dị ka nke ya ruo mgbe ọ dị njikere.[15]

Nwanyị ahụ chetara nleta nke onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'oge opupu ihe ubi. Ọ na-eji ihe oyiyi sitere na ndụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ, ọ na-ekwukwa banyere onye ọ hụrụ n'anya na &quot;ọ na-azụ atụrụ ya n'etiti lilies&quot;.[15]

Nwanyị ahụ na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem okwu ọzọ, na-akọwa ọchụchọ ya siri ike na nke gara nke ọma maka onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'okporo ámá abalị nke obodo ahụ. Mgbe ọ chọtara ya, ọ kpọọrọ ya n'ime ụlọ ebe a tụụrụ ime ya.[a] Ọ na-ekpughe na nke a bụ nrọ, nke a hụrụ n'elu &quot;àkwà ya n'abalị&quot;, ma mechie site n'ịdọ ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem aka ná ntị ọzọ &quot;ka ha ghara ịkpali ịhụnanya ruo mgbe ọ dị njikere&quot;.[15]

Akụkụ na-esote na-akọ ngagharị agbamakwụkwọ eze. A kpọtụrụ Solomọn aha, a na-akpọkwa ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem ka ha pụta hụ ihe nkiri ahụ.[15]
[[Faịlụ:Song_of_songs_Rothschild_mahzor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise maka amaokwu mbụ, onye na-eti egwu na-akpọ egwu n'ihu Solomọn (narị afọ nke iri na ise Rothschild Mahzor) ]]
Nwoke ahụ kọwara onye ọ hụrụ n'anya: Anya ya dị ka nduru, ntutu ya dị ka ìgwè ewu, ezé ya dị ka atụrụ a pịrị apị, na ihe ndị ọzọ site na ihu ruo ara. Aha ebe dị iche iche dị oke egwu: olu ya dị ka Ụlọ Elu Devid, ísì ya dị ka ísì [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]]. Ọ na-eme ngwa ngwa ịkpọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya, na-ekwu na ọbụna otu anya na-atọ ya ụtọ. Akụkụ ahụ na-aghọ &quot;abụ ubi&quot;, ebe ọ na-akọwa ya dị ka &quot;ogige a kpọchiri akpọchi&quot; (nke a na-ewere na ọ pụtara na ọ dị ọcha). Nwanyị ahụ kpọrọ nwoke ahụ ka ọ banye n'ubi ahụ ma nụ mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Nwoke ahụ nabatara ọkpụkpọ òkù ahụ, onye nke atọ gwakwara ha ka ha rie nri, ṅụọ, &quot;ma jiri ịhụnanya ṅụbiga mmanya ókè&quot;.[15]

Nwanyị ahụ gwara ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem banyere nrọ ọzọ. Ọ nọ n'ime ụlọ ya mgbe onye ọ hụrụ n'anya kụrụ aka. Ọ na-egbu oge imeghe, mgbe o mere, ọ hapụrụ. Ọ choro n'okporo ámá ọzọ, mana n'oge a ọ chọtaghị ya na ndị nche, bụ ndị nyeere ya aka n'oge gara aga, na-eti ya ihe ugbu a. Ọ rịọrọ ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem ka ha nyere ya aka ịchọta ya, ma kọwaa ọdịdị ya dị mma. N'ikpeazụ, ọ kwetara na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya nọ n'ogige ya, na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ, ma na-etinye onwe ya n'ebe ọ nọ.[15]

Nwoke ahụ na-akọwa onye ọ hụrụ n'anya; nwanyị ahụ na-ekwu maka nnọkọ ha zutere.  (Akụkụ ikpeazụ edoghị anya ma eleghị anya merụrụ ahụ.) [15]

Ndị mmadụ na-eto ịma mma nwanyị ahụ. Ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ e ji mee ihe n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'abụ ahụ, mana na-eji aha ebe eme ihe n'ụzọ dị egwu, dịka, ọdọ mmiri Hebron, ọnụ ụzọ ámá Bath-rabbim, ụlọ elu Damaskọs, wdg. Nwoke ahụ kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịnụ ụtọ mkpụrụ nke ubi nwanyị ahụ. Nwanyị ahụ kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa hụ ya n'ọhịa. Ọ dọrọ ụmụ nwanyị Jerusalem aka na ntị ọzọ megide ịhụnanya na-eteta ruo mgbe ọ dị njikere.

Nwanyị ahụ jiri ịhụnanya tụnyere ọnwụ na Sheol: ịhụnanya bụ ihe na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ekworo dị ka ndị a abụọ, a pụghịkwa iji ike ọ bụla kpochapụ ya. Ọ na-akpọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya, na-eji asụsụ e ji mee ihe na mbụ: ọ ga-abịa &quot;dị ka gazelle ma ọ bụ nwa mgbada n'elu ugwu nke ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ&quot;.[15]

== Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya ==
Abụ ahụ yiri ka ọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na mmemme, a tụkwara aro njikọ ya na &quot;alụmdi na nwunye dị nsọ&quot; nke Ishtar na Tammuz.[16] Ọ naghị enye onye dere ya ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ụbọchị, ebe, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nke ihe mejupụtara ya.[17] Ihe odide ahụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ &quot;Solomon&quot;, mana ọbụlagodi na nke a bụ iji mata onye dere ya, a pụghị ịgụ ya dịka nkwupụta nke oge a yiri ya.[18] Ihe akaebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ụbọchị ya bụ asụsụ ya: Aramaic ji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie Hibru mgbe njedebe nke ndị Babilọn chụgara na ngwụcha narị afọ nke isii BCE, na ihe akaebe nke okwu, ọdịdị, okwu na nhazi okwu na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ bụ oge ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ narị afọ mgbe Eze Solomọn gasịrị onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya. [19] O nwere ihe yiri nke Mesopotamian na Egyptian love poetry site na ọkara mbụ nke 1st puku afọ, yana arụsị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Theocritus, onye Gris na-ede uri nke dere na ọkara nke mbụ nke narị afọ nke 3 BCE;    n'ihi ihe ịrịba ama ndị a na-emegiderịta onwe ha, ịkọ nkọ sitere na narị afọ nke 10 ruo nke 2 BCE,  na asụsụ na-akwado ụbọchị gburugburu narị afọ nke 3.[20][5][21][17][22] Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-enwe obi abụọ banyere echiche ahụ na asụsụ ahụ chọrọ ụbọchị a chụpụrụ n'ala ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Goochem in Mokum, Wisdom in Amsterdam: Papers on Biblical and Related Wisdom Read at the Fifteenth Joint Meeting of the Society for Old Testament Study and the Oudtestamentisch Werkgezelschap, Amsterdam July 2012|author=Exum|first=J. Cheryl|publisher=BRILL|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-31477-1|pages=57|editor=Brooke|chapter=Unity, Date, Authorship and the 'Wisdom' of the Song of Songs|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7otDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA57}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Arụmụka na-aga n'ihu banyere ịdị n'otu ma ọ bụ nkewa nke akwụkwọ ahụ. Ndị na-ahụ ya dị ka akụkọ ma ọ bụ nchịkọta na-ezo aka na mgbanwe mberede nke ihe nkiri, ọkà okwu, isiokwu na ọnọdụ, na enweghị usoro doro anya ma ọ bụ akụkọ. Ndị na-ewere ya dị ka otu uri na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihe ịrịba ama dị n'ime nke mmalite, ma na-ele ugboro ugboro na myirịta n'etiti akụkụ ya anya dị ka ihe akaebe nke ịdị n'otu. Ụfọdụ na-azọrọ na ha na-achọta ihe osise mara mma nke na-eme ka ọ dị n'okpuru ya, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti ha banyere ihe nke a nwere ike ịbụ. Ya mere, ajụjụ ahụ ka na-edozighị.[24]

== Ụdị ==
Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta Bible nke oge a bụ na Abụ nke Abụ bụ uri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, ọ bụghị ihe atụ zuru oke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Barton|first=John|title=How the Bible Came to be|publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corporation|year=1998|isbn=978-0-664-25785-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfU4_9M4N2YC&amp;pg=PA54|accessdate=3 October 2023|quote=For example, most scholars think that the Song of Songs originated as a set of erotic poems of very high quality, which were only later treated as scriptural: this was achieved by regarding the lovers in the poems as representative, allegorically, of God and Israel (Jesus and the Church, in the Christian version of the allegory).}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hamilton|first=Adam|title=Making Sense of the Bible: Rediscovering the Power of Scripture Today|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-06-223497-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p28pAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT20|accessdate=3 October 2023|quote=most scholars see it as a bit of erotic poetry to remind us that God invented sexual desire, and it is a good gift.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fant|first=Clyde E.|title=Lost Treasures of the Bible: Understanding the Bible Through Archaeological Artifacts in World Museums|publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8028-2881-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj6zVQJz7zYC&amp;pg=PA250|accessdate=3 October 2023|quote=The view of most scholars today is that the Song of Songs should be taken at face value as erotic love poetry celebrating human love and sexuality, rather than as a divine allegory.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kling|first=David W.|title=The Bible in History: How the Texts Have Shaped the Times|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-531021-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fZQEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA115|accessdate=5 October 2023|quote=The reigning consensus among contemporary scholars is that the Song is a collection of poems about human love.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na nkọwa ya maka Anchor Bible Series, Marvin H. Pope hotara ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na Abụ ahụ kọwara liturgy nke ofufe ọmụmụ, gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ofufe ọmụmụ nke ọdịbendị oge ochie nke Near Eastern nke Mesopotemia na Kenan, yana ememe alụmdi na nwunye ha dị nsọ na ememe olili ozu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pope 2007 p.&quot;/&gt;

J. Cheryl Exum dere, sị: &quot;Ọchịchọ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke ndị na-eme ya, n'ebe niile doro anya na Abụ ahụ, na-eduga m, na nkwubi okwu, na onyinye pụrụ iche nke Abụ ahụ na echiche nke ịhụnanya na Bible: ọhụụ ịhụnanya ya nke ịhụnanya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Where Is the Way to the Dwelling of Light?: Studies in Genesis, Job and Linguistics in Honor of Ellen van Wolde|author=Exum|first=J. Cheryl|publisher=Brill|year=2022|isbn=978-90-04-53629-6|editor=Van Hecke|chapter=Conceptualizing Love in the Song of Songs|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=no2cEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA319}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye rabaị Shaye J. D. Cohen chịkọtara:  

Abụ abụ bụ nchịkọta uri ịhụnanya nke ya na ya bụrụ mgbe Sọlọmọn dere onye dere ya n’amaokwu mbụ ya na ndị omenala ọdịnala, (agụmakwụkwọ Bible ọgbara ọhụrụ) rụrụ ụka.Na ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ike inwe ihe odide oge ochie, ọ dịghị ihe àmà ọ bụla na-egosi na Solomọn dere ya.  

Gịnị bụ nchịkọta uri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-eme na Bible Hibru? N’ezie, ụfọdụ ndị rabaị oge ochie ahụ́ erughị ala banyere ntinye akwụkwọ ahụ na Canon. {{Song of Songs}}


Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na, n'akụkụ ọnọdụ ya dị ka uri ịhụnanya, Abụ nke Abụ na-enwekwa ọtụtụ ihe na Akwụkwọ amamihe.[31] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Jennifer L. Andruska na-ekwu na Abụ ahụ na-eji ọtụtụ mgbakọ edemede nke akwụkwọ nkuzi a na ọ na-ejikọta akụkụ nke abụ ịhụnanya oge ochie nke Near Eastern na ụdị amamihe iji mepụta akwụkwọ amamihe banyere ịhụnanya ịhụnanya, na-agwa ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ịchụso ihe ọ kọwara dị ka otu ụdị mmekọrịta 'ịhụnanya amamihe', nke ndị hụrụ uri ahụ n'anya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Wise and Foolish Love in the Song of Songs|url=https://archive.org/details/wisefoolishlovei0000andr|author=Andruska|first=Jennifer L.|publisher=Brill|year=2019|isbn=978-90-04-33100-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wisefoolishlovei0000andr/page/11 11]–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;[32] N'otu aka ahụ, Katharine J. Dell na-ekwu ọtụtụ ihe amamihe dị na Abụ ahụ dịka ihe yiri n'etiti ndị na-ahụ n'anya na ndụmọdụ na omume nke Amamihe nwanyị na Nwanyi Amamihe, n'etiti Ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Solomonic Corpus of 'Wisdom' and Its Influence|author=Dell|first=Katharine J.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-19-886156-0|pages=52–58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyX3DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA52}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa na nkọwa ==
[[Faịlụ:Rashi_megillot.jpg|thumb|Peeji nke nkọwa Rashi banyere megillot, National Library of Israel]]
NA nabatara Abụ ahụ n'ime akwụkwọ nsọ ndị Juu ma ghọta ya dị ka &quot;ihe atụ maka ịhụnanya dị n'etiti Chineke na Izrel&quot;, echiche &quot;na-achịkwa otu puku afọ na karịa&quot;. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ụkọchukwu Katọlik Fr. Andrew Greeley, Song of Songs bụ &quot;abụ ịhụnanya ụwa, nchịkọta abụ ịhụnanya gbakọtara gburugburu otu isiokwu&quot; na agụmakwụkwọ &quot;gafere nkọwa ihe atụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Scolnic|first=Benjamin Edidin|date=1996|title=Why Do We Sing the Song of Songs on Passover?|url=http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/jewish-law/holidays/pesah/why-do-we-sing-the-song-of-songs-on-passover.pdf|journal=Conservative Judaism|volume=48|pages=53–54}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na &quot;e nwere omenala na a na-ewere ọbụna akwụkwọ a dị ka nke a ga-ewepu&quot;, dịka e kwuru na Aboth d'Rabbi Nathan A1, ọrụ 700-900 OA, ọ bụghị naanị na a gụnyere Abụ nke Abụ kamakwa a na-ele ya anya dị ka &quot;nke bara uru&quot;. Solomon Freehof, onye Juu Reformed, na-ekwu na mmadụ ga-eche &quot;ọ bụrụ na akwụkwọ ahụ dị oke njọ ... n'adịghị ka akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ niile nke ọdịnala Bible ... gịnị mere ịnakwere ya ma ọlị?&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Freehof|first=Solomon B|date=1949|title=The Song of Songs: A General Suggestion|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1453261|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=39|issue=4|pages=399|doi=10.2307/1453261}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikọta canonicity na nkwupụta ya na Solomọn, ma dabere na ọgụgụ ihe atụ ebe a na-ewere isiokwu ahụ ka ọ bụghị ọchịchọ mmekọahụ kama ịhụnanya Chineke maka Israel.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Japhet|first=Sara|date=2007|title=Rashi's Commentary on the Song of Songs: The Revolution of Prashat and Its Aftermath|url=http://www.lineas.cchs.csic.es/inteleg/sites/lineas.cchs.csic.es.inteleg/files/Japhet-Rashi's%20Commentary.pdf|journal=Rashi: The Man and His Work|pages=199|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113191150/http://www.lineas.cchs.csic.es/inteleg/sites/lineas.cchs.csic.es.inteleg/files/Japhet-Rashi%27s%20Commentary.pdf|archive-date=2026-01-13|access-date=2025-04-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;[38] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye a ma ama na narị afọ mbụ na nke abụọ bụ Rabbi Akiva machibidoro iji Abụ nke Abụ mee ihe n'ememe ndị a ma ama. A kọrọ na o kwuru, &quot;Onye na-abụ abụ nke abụ n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mmanya, na-emeso ya dị ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ abụ rụrụ arụ, na-ahapụ òkè ya n'ụwa na-abịa&quot;.[40] Otú ọ dị, Rabbi Akiva bụ onye a ma ama na-agbachitere ịdị mma nke Abụ nke Abụ, a kọrọ na mgbe ajụjụ ahụ bilitere ma a ga-ewere ya dị ka ọrụ na-emebi emebi, &quot;Chineke machibidoro! [...] N'ihi na ebighi ebi niile n'ozuzu ya erughị eru dị ka ụbọchị e nyere Abụ nke Abụ na Israel, n'ihi na Ihe odide niile dị nsọ, mana Abụ nke Abụ bụ Nsọ nke Eziokwu. &quot;[41]&amp;nbsp;

,Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị rabaị ndị ọzọ jiri nkọwa ihe atụ kọwaa ihe Abụ nke Abụ pụtara bụ Tobiah ben Eliezer, onye dere ''Lekach Tov'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jacobs|first=Jonathan|year=2015|title=The Allegorical Exegesis of Song of Songs by R. Tuviah ben 'Eli'ezer—&quot;Lekaḥ Tov&quot;, and Its Relation to Rashi's Commentary|journal=Association for Jewish Studies (AJS) Review|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=75–92|doi=10.1017/S0364009414000658}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Zechariah ha-Rofé, onye dere ''Midrash ha-Hefez''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Qafiḥ|first=Yosef|title=The Five Scrolls (Ḥamesh Megillot)|publisher=ha-Agudah le-hatsalat ginze Teman|year=1962|location=Jerusalem|pages=13–ff|language=he|oclc=927095961|authorlink=Yosef Qafih}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye rabaị French Rashi ekwenyeghị na Abụ nke Abụ bụ uri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ.[44]

Abụ nke Abụ bụ otu n'ime ihe odide Bible doro anya maka Kabbalah, nke nyere nkọwa dị omimi na Bible Hibru niile. N'ịgbaso mgbasa nke Zohar na narị afọ nke iri na atọ, ihe omimi ndị Juu weere ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke anthropomorphic, na Song of Songs bụ ihe atụ nke a. Na Zoharic Kabbalah, a na-anọchite anya Chineke site na usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ iri, nke ọ bụla na-anọchi anya àgwà dị iche iche nke Chineke, nke gụnyere nwoke na nwanyị. A na-ejikọta Shechina (ọnụnọ nke Chineke) na Sephira nwanyị Malchut, arịa nke Eze. Nke a na-anọchi anya ndị Juu, na n'ahụ, ọdịdị nwanyị, nke a na-ejikọta ya na nwany na Egwu egwu . A na-ejikọta onye ọ hụrụ n'anya na nwoke Sephira Tiferet, &quot;Onye Nsọ a gọziri agọzi&quot;, ụkpụrụ dị mkpa na mmetụta dị mma nke Chineke. N'ime ahụ, nke a na-anọchite anya ahụ nwoke, na-ejikọta site na sephira Yesod nke akara nwoke nke akụkụ ọgbụgba ndụ nke ịmụ nwa.

⁰Site n'omume ọma na Ememe ndị Juu, ndị Juu na-eweghachi nkwekọrịta eluigwe na ala n'ime ala nsọ, na-agwọ ndị Shechina na ịdị elu nke Chineke, na-ekpughe ịdị n'otu dị mkpa nke Chineke. A na-eme ka elu ụwa a dị elu site n'elu na Ụbọchị Izu Ike, ihe ngosi nke ebumnuche mgbapụta nke Okike. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ederede ahụ ghọrọ nkọwa, dabere na akụkụ, nke okike nke ụwa, ịgafe nke ''Shabbat'', ọgbụgba ndụ ya na Israel, na ọbịbịa nke oge Mesaịa. &quot;Lecha Dodi&quot;, abụ liturgical nke narị afọ nke iri na isii nke nwere ihe nnọchianya Kabbalistic siri ike, nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ, gụnyere okwu mmalite ya abụọ, nke e si na Egwu egwu weta kpọmkwem.

N'okpukpe ndị Juu nke oge a, a na-agụ amaokwu ụfọdụ sitere na Abụ ahụ na Shabbat Eve ma ọ bụ na Ista, nke na-egosi mmalite nke owuwe ihe ubi ọka yana ncheta Ọpụpụ si Ijipt, iji gosipụta ịhụnanya dị n'etiti ndị Juu na Chineke ha. Omenala ndị Juu na-agụ ya dị ka ihe atụ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Chineke na Izrel.[7] A na-agụ abụ abụ niile n'asụsụ Hibru mbụ ya n'ụlọ nzukọ n'oge ụbọchị ndị dị n'etiti ememe Ngabiga. A na-agụkarị ya site na akwụkwọ mpịakọta yiri Akwụkwọ mpịakọta Torah. Ụfọdụ na-agụkwa ya n'ozuzu ya na njedebe nke Seder nke Ememe Ngabiga ma na-ebipụtakarị ya n'ọtụtụ Hagadah. Ụfọdụ ndị Juu nwere omenala ịgụghachi akwụkwọ ahụ dum tupu mmalite nke Ụbọchị Izu Ike ndị Juu.

=== Iso Ụzọ Kraịst ===
[[Faịlụ:Albert_Joseph_Moore_-_The_Shulamite_1864.jpg|thumb|Shulamite nke Albert Joseph Moore dere (1864) ]]
Isiokwu nkịtị nke Abụ nke Abụ bụ ịhụnanya na agụụ mmekọahụ n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, ọ nweghịkwa ihe (ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla) ikwu banyere mmekọrịta Chineke na nwoke; iji chọta ihe dị otú ahụ ọ dị mkpa ịlaghachi n'ihe atụ, na-emeso ịhụnanya nke Abụ ahụ na-eme dị ka ihe atụ maka ịhụnanya dị n'etiti Chineke na Chọọchị. [8] Nkọwa nke Chọọchị Ndị Kraịst nke Abụ ahụ dị ka ihe akaebe nke ịhụnanya Chineke nwere maka ndị ya, ma n'ozuzu ma n'otu n'otu, malitere na Origen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjxy0Fl7VMsC|title=The Song of Songs: Commentary and Homilies|author=R. O. Lawson|series=[[Ancient Christian Writers]]|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|year=1957|isbn=978-0-809-10261-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saint Gregory nke Nyssa dere iri na ise Homilies na egwu egwu , nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe kachasị elu nke Nkọwa Bible ya. N'ime ha, ọ na-eji nwanyị ahụ a na-alụ ọhụrụ tụnyere mkpụrụ obi na nwoke ahụ a na'adịghị ahụ anya tụnyere Chineke: mkpụrụ obi ahụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ na-agbadata n'ihu na-agwụ agwụ ma na-anọgide na-enwe nkụda mmụọ na ndụ a n'ihi enweghị ike inweta Njikọ obi ụtọ na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya, ọhụụ nke na-adọrọ mmasị ma nwee ike inweta ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na zuru oke naanị na ndụ mgbe ọnwụ gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/spirit/documents/spirit_20020920_gregorio-nissa_it.html|title=Homilies on the Song of Songs|work=Holy See}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.clerus.org/clerus/dati/2000-11/29-999999/Nissa.PDF|title=Homilies on the Song of Songs|author=Gregory of Nyssa|language=it|accessdate=2024-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, na-agbaso nkọwa ihe atụ nke Ambrose nke Milan, Saint [[Augustine nke Hippo]] kwuru na Abụ nke Abụ na-anọchite anya agbamakwụkwọ dị n'etiti Jizọs Kraịst na Chọọchị Katọlik, dị ọcha na nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke, n'ime ọnọdụ ịta ahụhụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Asiedu|first=F. B. A.|year=2001|title=The Song of Songs and the Ascent of the Soul: Ambrose, Augustine, and the Language of Mysticism|url=https://archive.org/details/vigiliae-christianae_2001_55_3/page/299|journal=Vigiliae Christianae|volume=55|issue=3|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, na-emegide echiche a na-ahụkarị, Theodore nke Mopsuestia, nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Antiọk metụtara, kọwara Abụ nke Abụ n'ụzọ nkịtị, na-aghọta ya dị ka uri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke Solomọn dere nye nwa nwanyị Fero. Mana, ebe ọ bụ na echiche ihe atụ ahụ bụ ihe a ma ama, a katọrọ nkọwa ya na Kansụl nke Abụọ nke Constantinople. N'ihi ya, ihe odide ya n'akwụkwọ a furu efu, ọ bụkwa naanị ọnọdụ ya ka a maara, nke ga-emesị (site na narị afọ nke 18 gaa n'ihu) bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta Bible.  

Kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, nkwenye nke nkọwa gbanwere, nke mbụ ịgụ Abụ ahụ dị ka ngosipụta nke ịhụnanya dị n'etiti Kraịst na Chọọchị, narị afọ nke iri na otu na-agbakwunye ihe omume ọma, na nghọta nke narị afọ nke abụọ nke Nwunye ahụ dị ka Nwa Agbọghọ Na-amaghị Nwoke Mary, na ọgụgụ ọhụrụ ọ bụla na-amịkọrọ kama iji dochie ndị mbụ, nke mere na nkọwa ahụ bịara dị mgbagwoju anya.[52] A naghị ahụ isiokwu nkà mmụta okpukpe ndị a n'ụzọ doro anya na uri ahụ, mana ha sitere na ọgụgụ nkà mmụta okpukpe. Ka o sina dị, ihe dị ịrịba ama banyere usoro a bụ ụzọ o si eduga na nkwubi okwu ndị a na-adịghị ahụ n'akwụkwọ nkà mmụta okpukpe nke [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]].[53] Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na-ekpughe enweghị nkwekọ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Chineke na mmadụ, site na obere ruo nnukwu; mana ịgụ Abụ dị ka ihe atụ nkà mmụta okpukpe na-emepụta nsonaazụ dị iche, nke ndị mmekọ abụọ ahụ hà nhata, ejikọta na mmekọrịta.[53]

N'oge a, uri ahụ dọtara uche ndị nkatọ Bible nke ụmụ nwanyị, na ntọala Phyllis Trible &quot;Depatriarchalizing in Biblical Interpretation&quot; na-emeso ya dị ka ederede kwesịrị nṅomi, na onye ibe nwanyị na usoro Bible nke Athalya Brenner na Carole Fontaine dezigharịrị na-etinye mpịakọta abụọ na ya.[54][55]

Chọọchị Jizọs Kraịst nke Ndị Nsọ nke Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ jụrụ Abụ Solomọn kpọmkwem dị ka akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ.

=== Alakụba ===
Ọtụtụ ndị nkwado okwukwe nke Islam na-ekwu na okwu mahmaddim N'abụ abụ 5:16 kwuru banyere [[Muhammad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HessWenham1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hess|first=Richard S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2IaCV-fon4C&amp;pg=PA139|title=Make the Old Testament Live: From Curriculum to Classroom|date=1998|publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-8028-4427-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị nsụgharị ga-asụgharị  mbụ nke amaokwu ahụ n'okwu ndị dị ka &quot;ọnụ ya kachasị ụtọ, ọ  (''mahamaddim'').&quot; N'akwụkwọ ya Demystifying Islam, onye nkwado okwukwe ndị Alakụba bụ Harris Zafar na-ekwu na okwu ikpeazụ (Hibru: מַחֲּמַדִּים 化‬,   Hebrew, lit. 'n'), na ọtụtụ nsonaazụ &quot;- Muhammad&quot; (nke a na-eji eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji gosi ike nke a, ya, ya, a na adje nke a na adịrị ya na adịrị nke a na-aghọta ya na adịlọkarị &quot;Mohest&quot; (M) &quot;m) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gesenius|first=Wilhelm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4pgbwL1Y3sC&amp;pg=PA418|title=Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar|date=1898|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=417–418|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Delitzsch|first=Franz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dndKAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=124|title=Commentary on the Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes|year=1891|publisher=T. &amp; T. Clark|pages=124}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ginsburg|first=Christian David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNhUAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=171|title=The Song of Songs: Translated from the Original Hebrew with a Commentary, Historical and Critical. By Christian D. Ginsburg|date=1857|publisher=Longman}}&lt;/ref&gt;[44][b] Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị nkwado okwukwe nke Ndị Kraịst, agbaghawo nkwupụta a.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Muhammad's name in Song of Songs 5:16?|url=https://www.answering-islam.org/BibleCom/songs5-16.html|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=www.answering-islam.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Is Muhammad Prophesied in the Song of Solomon? Pt. 1|url=https://www.answering-islam.org/authors/shamoun/mhd_solomon1.html|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=www.answering-islam.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Is Muhammad Prophesied in the Song of Solomon? Pt. 2|url=https://www.answering-islam.org/authors/shamoun/mhd_solomon2.html|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=www.answering-islam.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọala egwu ==
{{Books of the Bible}}Ihe ndị si n'akwụkwọ ahụ emeela ka ndị na-ede egwú dee egwú na egwú, gụnyere:

* {{Lang|it|&quot;Chi e costei&quot;}}, a setting of &quot;Song of Songs&quot; 6:10 in {{Lang|it|Il Primo libro delle musiche a 1–2 voci e basso continuo}} (1618) by [[Francesca Caccini|Francesca Caccin]]
* {{Lang|la|Symphoniae sacrae I}} (1629) Site naSite na [[Heinrich Schütz]]
* ''A'l Mishkavi Baleylot'' for soprano Na  harp (1992)  Na  ''Spring Calls'' for soprano and ensemble (2006)  Site na  Lior Navok
* Alex Weiser's Mgbe ''Shir Hashirim'' (2017)Na-adọta mkpali ya site na ederede na cantillation nke abụ nke abụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cantata Profana Performs Gustav Mahler's Das Lied Von Der Erde – Concert Program|url=https://yivo.org/cimages/11-30-17_program.pdf|accessdate=12 May 2018|work=YIVO Institute for Jewish Research|publisher=YIVO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Andrew Rose Gregory  Nke The Gregory Brothers weputara album egwu egwu, nke nwere okwu na egwu dabere na ederede Akwụkwọ Nsọ, nke nwere agba Red Band na 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Song of Songs, by Andrew Rose Gregory|url=https://andrewrosegregory.bandcamp.com/album/the-song-of-songs|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Andrew Rose Gregory|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị otu German popol vuh kpọrọ album ha 1975 Das Hohelied salomos ka ederede a gachara.
* Anụmanụ dị ka onye ndu 2009 nke onwe-tilled album gụnyere egwu akpọrọ &quot;abụ Solomon &quot;.
* Asma Asmaton Site na 1986 album ''Rapsodies'' Site na Vangelis Na  Irene Papas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A musical journey|url=http://www.nemostudios.co.uk/nemo/main/vangelis/v08.htm|accessdate=2023-08-21|work=www.nemostudios.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Lang|el|Κραταία ως θάνατος αγάπη}} N'ime album ''Magnus Eroticus'' ({{Lang|el|Μεγάλος Ερωτικός}}) Site na [[Manos Hadjidakis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Miralis|first=Yiannis|date=2004|title=Manos Hadjidakis: The Story of an Anarchic Youth and a &quot;Magnus Eroticus&quot;|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327219|journal=Philosophy of Music Education Review|volume=12|issue=1|pages=43–54|issn=1063-5734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Lang|fr|C'est un jardin secret...}} Maka  solo viola (1976)  Site na [[Tristan Murail]]
* {{Lang|la|[[Canticum Canticorum (Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina)|Canticum Canticorum]]}} Site na [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]:29 ise - akụkụ otu cappella na olu nke anọ nke motets . (1584)
* David Lang's &quot;Just (After Song of Songs)&quot;  ''Emere ya na 2014 Trio mediaeval na Garth knox saltarello Trio.A na-egosipụta akụkụ ahụ na fim ahụ Youth''  Site naPaolo Sorrentino.
* Dieterich Buxtehude's {{Lang|la|[[Membra Jesu Nostri]]: Cantata VI, Vulnerasti Cor Meum.}} (1680)
* Eliza Gilkyson&lt;nowiki&gt;'s &quot;Rose of Sharon&quot; o Na album ya 2007 Town Tonight dabeere na ọ gụrụ ''abụ abụ'' n'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ọnụ ụlọ nkwari akụ Gideon Bible, dị ka akọwara na mmalite ya na abụ ahụ. .
* Flos Campi by Ralph Vaughan Williams, otu ụlọ maka solo viola obere chorus na obere egwu egwu (1925), mmegharị nke ọ bụla nke otu amaokwu si n'akwụkwọ ahụ na-eduzi. 
* [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J. S. Bach]]'s {{Lang|de|[[Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140]]}}, Ọ bụ ezie na Mainly dabeere na ilu nke iri na-amaghị nwoke na-ejikwa okwu na ihe oyiyi si  &quot;Abụ nke abụ &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Herz|first=Gerhard|title=Bach: Cantata No. 140|publisher=W. W. Norton}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* John Zorn's &quot;Shir Ha-Shirim&quot; Ebutere na  February 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Allan|first=J.|date=February 22, 2008|title=Live – John Zorn Abron Arts Centre|url=http://www.amplifiermagazine.com/reviews/live/john_zorns_shir_hashirim_live.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112215159/http://amplifiermagazine.com/reviews/live/john_zorns_shir_hashirim_live.php|archivedate=November 12, 2011|accessdate=December 29, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpempe akwụkwọ a sitere na &quot;abụ nke egwu&quot; na id mere site na amplifier quintet nke ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú nwere ndị nwanyị na ndị nwoke na-akọ akụkọ.  &quot;Abụ nke Solomon&quot;. Ihe omume na Guggenheim museum na Nọvemba 2008 gosipụtara choreography maka ndị na-agba egwu jikọtara ọnụ sitere na Khmer Arts Gbakọta site na  Sophiline Cheam Shapiro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=S|date=November 27, 2008|title=An Unlikely Pairing on Common Ground|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/arts/music/27work.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2013, ụdị ọhụrụ na-egosi ndị na-abụ abụ ise na-enweghị ndị na-akọ akụkọ abụọ ahụ Ebube na NYC na Alice Tully Hall na na Jerusalem egwu egwu ememme na ewepụtara na album''Shir Hashirim''.
* Kate Bush's &quot;Abụ Sọlọmọn si na album ya ''The Red Shoes'' (1993) Na-agụnye egwu ndị na-ehota na nrụtụ aka n'abụ nke egwu .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Song Of Solomon (the)|url=https://www.katebushencyclopedia.com/song-of-solomon-the|accessdate=2021-04-04|work=Kate Bush Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Lang|fr|[[Le Cantique des Cantiques]]}} (1952) Site na [[Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur]]
* Lyudov Streicher (1888–1958) Haziri ntọala egwu maka egwu egwu .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Weisser|first=Albert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yw4LAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Lyubov+Streicher|title=The Modern Renaissance of Jewish Music, Events and Figures, Eastern Europe and America|year=1954|publisher=Bloch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nightstone'' (1979) Maka olu na piano Site na  Arnold Rosner
* Rami Bar-Niv's Uri Tsafon (''Song of Songs 4, 16: Awake, North Wind'') (1972)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uri Tsafon|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9o1sUzHSI4c|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202025612/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9o1sUzHSI4c|archivedate=2024-12-02|work=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=2025-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abụ nke Solomon (1989) nke Steve kilbey dere
* .Isiokwu nke abụ m kpọrọ Heaven asị nke ndị bi, bụ́ nke e nọ na album 1998 ha sitere na Bible Album wormwood  
* Egwu nke Stephen Duffy '1985 song' kiss me 'wad dabere na ntụnyere mmanya ịhụ n'anya na abụ nke abụ.
* Egwu mmeghe 'Glass' off of Bat for lashes's 2009Album Anyanwụ abụọ na-amalite site na ahịrị sitere na egwu egwu   
* Abụ nke Solomon 2017 agbamakwụkwọ agbamakwụkwọ oge ochie maka ndị egwu egwu, akụkụ na olu abụọ nke Chris m Allport.
* &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bat for Lashes - Glass Lyrics on Genius|url=https://genius.com/Bat-for-lashes-glass-lyrics|accessdate=2022-12-23|work=Genius.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== N'omenala a ma ama ==

=== Ihe osiseYes ===
[[Faịlụ:Egon_Tschirch-_Hohelied_Nr._11_(high_resolution).jpg|thumb|Egon Tschirch: &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAqY&quot;&gt;Abụ nke Abụ, Nke 11&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (ihe osise 1923) ]]

* Catherine L. Morris ' 2009 mkpokọta Egwu egwu :  Abụ ịhụnanya Illustrated Egosiputara  gosipụtara usoro ihe osise na-ahụ akwụkwọ ahụ anya. 
* Egon Tschirch's (de) Abụ Sọlọmọn , a 1923 onye nkwuputa okwu iri na itoolu usoro, e chọtara ya na 2015.
* Marc Chagall's  Abụ nke abụ , ihe osise ise e sere n'etiti 1957 na 1966, dị na Marc Chagill Museum na Nice.

=== Ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ===

* Egwuregwu S. Ansky nke 1916 The ''Dybbuk'' nwere ịgụgharị nke &quot;Abụ nke abụ &quot; nke nna Khanan dere mgbe ọ bụ nwata nwoke yeshiva. Nke a na-aghọ isi ihe dị n'egwuregwu ahụ n'ihi na ọ na-enye ohere ka ndị na-ahụ n'anya abụọ ahụ mata nkwa alụmdi na nwunye nke ndị nna ha mere dị ka ụmụ klas tupu ha apụọ.
* Egwuregwu Lillian Hellman nke 1939 The Little Foxes (na ihe nkiri nke 1941) nwetara aha ya site na Song 2:15: &quot;Were anyị nkịta ọhịa, obere nkịta ọhịa ahụ, nke na-emebi osisi vaịn: n'ihi na osisi vaịn anyị nwere mkpụrụ vaịn dị nro&quot;.
* Na Carl Theodor Dreyer's Day of Wrath, ihe nkiri 1943 banyere mmegide mmekọahụ n'ezinụlọ Protestant puritan, nwa nwanyị Anne gụrụ amaokwu ole na ole mbụ nke &quot;&quot; isi nke 2, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nna ya machibidoro ya ịga n'ihu. Amaokwu nke isi ahụ na-akọwa njem ịhụnanya na ọchịchọ nke Anne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bordwell|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5kn5cdCAT0C&amp;pg=PA136|title=The Films of Carl Theodor Dreyer|date=July 1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04450-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na The Woman in the Window (1944), onye Edward G. Robinson na-eme na-agụ &quot;The Song of Songs&quot; tupu ya na Joan Bennett nwee mmekọrịta ịhụnanya.
* Ọtụtụ ọrụ ewerela aha ha site na ahịrịokwu &quot;olu mbe&quot;, nke a chọtara na 2:10-13.
* Ihe nkiri Malayalam nke 1986 ''Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal'' na-eji ọtụtụ amaokwu sitere na &quot;Abụ nke Abụ&quot; nke mejupụtara otu n'ime isi ihe ya.
* Ihe nkiri 2014 Nke Abụ dabeere na &quot; Abụ nke abụ.&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=THE SONG Movie – The Story – Coming Soon to Digital HD + DVD|url=http://thesongmovie.com/story|accessdate=20 January 2018|work=Thesongmovie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* Rose nke Sharon (otu aha dị na Abụ) bụ onye isi na akwụkwọ akụkọ John Steinbeck nke 1939 The Grapes of Wrath .
* N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Elizabeth Smart dere n'afọ 1945 nke abụ uri By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-ekwu ọtụtụ ahịrị nke abụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-Ajụjụ ndị uwe ojii ajụjụ banyere mmekọrịta ya na enyi ya, onye na'ede uri George Barker.
* Ọrụ nka Leon Garfield nke 1976 The Pleasure Garden ji ịgụ isi atọ mbụ nke Abụ ahụ mechie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Garfield|first=Leon|url=http://archive.org/details/pleasuregarden00garf|title=The pleasure garden|year=1976|location=New York|publisher=Viking|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-670-56012-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A kpọtụrụ abụ ahụ aha ugboro ugboro na Sholem Aleichem's Jewish Ụmụaka 
* Akwụkwọ akụkọ Toni Morrison dere n'afọ 1977 bụ Song of Solomon .

== Hụkwa ==

* Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ [[4Q108]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAwM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;4Q106&quot;&gt;4Q106, 4Q107, 6Q6, iberibe gụnyere akụkụ nke &quot;Abụ nke Abụ&quot;.
* ''Hortus mechiri''
* Ụlọ elu ọdụ́

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Solomon}}{{Authority control}}

== Edensibia ==

* {{Cite book|author=Alter|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JmlGTZkHVwC|title=The Art of Biblical Poetry|publisher=Basic Books|year=2011|isbn=978-0-465-02819-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Wisdom Literature|author=Andruska|first=Jennifer L.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2022|isbn=978-1-108-66581-0|editor=Dell|chapter=The Song of Songs|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNx0EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA200}}
* {{Cite book|author=Assis|first=Elie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoWsTqUCVjEC|title=Flashes of Fire: A Literary Analysis of the Song of Songs|publisher=T &amp; T Clark|year=2009|isbn=978-0-567-02764-1}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bloch|first=Ariel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_sUl5TN1oIC|title=The Song of Songs: A New Translation, With an Introduction and Commentary|publisher=Random House|year=1995|isbn=978-0-520-21330-2}}
* {{Cite book|author=Brenner|first=Athalya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRYnssnEYf4C|title=A Feminist Companion to Song of Songs|publisher=A&amp;C Black|year=2000|isbn=978-1-84127-052-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Exum|first=J. Cheryl|title=Women's Bible Commentary|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-664-23707-3|editor=Newsom|chapter=Song of Songs|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uUMZ_g2_NoC&amp;pg=PA247}}
* {{Cite book|author=Garrett|first=Duane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p88xjLZQXP8C|title=Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs|publisher=B&amp;H|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8054-0114-1}}
* {{Cite book|author=Schiffman|first=Lawrence H.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/461915171|title=Texts and traditions : a source reader for the study of Second Temple and rabbinic Judaism|date=1998|publisher=KTAV Pub. House|isbn=0-88125-434-7}}
* {{Cite book|author=Hunt|first=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSoNG7LM4NUC|title=Poetry in the Song of Songs: A Literary Analysis|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4331-0465-7}}
* {{Cite book|author=Keel|first=Othmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqsR48TdPqIC|title=The Song of Songs: A Continental Commentary|publisher=Fortress|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8006-9507-1}}
* {{Cite book|author=Kugler|first=Robert A.|title=An Introduction to the Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&amp;pg=PA219|year=2009|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-4636-5}}
* {{Cite book|author=Loprieno|first=Antonio|title=Perspectives on the Song of Songs|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2005|isbn=978-3-11-017632-2|editor=Hagedorn|chapter=Searching for a common background: Egyptian love poetry and the Biblical Song of Songs|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=wahEDz68raQC&amp;pg=PA126}}
* {{Cite book|author=Matter|first=E. Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99CNMQmzpKIC|title=The Voice of My Beloved: The Song of Songs in Western Medieval Christianity|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8122-0056-0}}
* {{Cite book|author=Norris|first=Richard Alfred|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nW8O9KhNOucC|title=The Song of Songs: Interpreted by Early Christian and Medieval Commentators|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8028-2579-7}}
* {{Cite book|author=Pardes|first=Ilana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBBADwAAQBAJ|title=The Bible and Feminism: Remapping the Field|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-103418-3|editor=Sherwood|chapter=Toni Morrisom's Shulamites|authorlink=Ilana Pardes}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Phipps|first=William E.|year=1974|title=The Plight of the Song of Songs|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=XLII|issue=1|pages=82–100|doi=10.1093/jaarel/xlii.1.82|issn=0002-7189}}
* {{Cite book|author=Sweeney|first=Marvin A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgNaaCGVx9wC|title=Tanak: A Theological and Critical Introduction to the Jewish Bible|publisher=Fortress|year=2011|isbn=978-1-451-41435-6}}
* {{Cite book|author=Zafar|first=Harris|title=Demystifying Islam|publisher=Dev Publishers &amp; Distributors|year=2014|location=New Delhi}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Solomon}}{{Song of Songs}}Abụ nke abụ 

* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3001.htm The original Hebrew version, vowelized, with side-by-side English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415073235/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3001.htm|date=2013-04-15}} by Mamre Institute (Mechon Mamre)
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&amp;byte=2578814 Full English text]
* [http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?language=English&amp;Version=NIV&amp;passage=SongOfSongs ''Song of Songs''] at Bible Gateway (various translations)
* {{librivox book|title=Song of Solomon}}
{{Authority control}}Akwụkwọ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ {{Books of the Bible}}Egwu egwu bụ nchịkọta uri ịhụnanya ọ na-abụ ya na ya nye ya.  Ebe e nyere Solomọn onye odee n’amaokwu nke mbụ ya nakwa site n’aka ndị omenala ọdịnala, (ọkà mmụta Bible ọgbara ọhụrụ) na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ike inwe ihe odide oge ochie, ọ dịghị ihe àmà ọ bụla na-egosi na Solomọn dere ya.

Gịnị bụ nchịkọta nkwa agụụ mmekọahụ na-eme na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru?n'ezie, ụfọdụ Obi adịghị ndị rabaị oge ochie iwe banyere ntinye akwụkwọ ahụ na Cano{{Solomon}}Akwụkwọ ndị dị na Baịbụl {{Authority control}}Solomon {{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Biblical poetry|Hebrew poetry]]|||}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Book of Job|Job]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Hebrew Bible]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Book of Ruth|Ruth]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ecclesiastes]]|rows=3}}
{{s-ttl|title=Protestant Old Testament}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Roman Catholic Old Testament}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Book of Wisdom]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=E. Orthodox [Old Testament]}}
{{s-end}}ikike</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọmarịcha Harisu</title>
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Sirajo Harisu bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa si Kano Steeti, onye rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nnọchiteanya nke Dambatta/Makoda Federal Constituency na National Assembly. A họpụtara ya n'ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya n'okpuru Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) ma jee ozi ugboro abụọ n'usoro, site na 1999 ruo 2007   . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ S Plaza Harisu na Disemba 1956 na Kano Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kaduna Polytechnic, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2007-12-21|title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|accessdate=2025-01-07|work=web.archive.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221092347/http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|archivedate=2007-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
A họpụtara Harisu na mbụ ka ọ nọchite anya Danbatta / Makoda Constituency na  Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya Federal, na-eje ozi site na 1999 ruo 2003. A họpụtara ya ọzọ na 2003 ma gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ ya ruo 2007. Ọ bụ onye otu Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2007-10-20|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Sirajo Harisu|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/sirajo.htm|accessdate=2025-01-07|work=web.archive.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020133715/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/sirajo.htm|archivedate=2007-10-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''web.archive.org''. 2007-10-20. Archived from [http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/sirajo.htm the original] on 2007-10-20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afro-Brazilian culture</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="32439" sha1="kky52lshtxm2rjs4glgmtw62oja1ju7" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Encontro_estadual_de_maracatus.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Na Pernambuco, akụkọ ọdịnala na rhythm Afro-Brazilian mbụ pụtara: congada na maracatu. Na foto ahụ, ngagharị Maracatu Nação na Recife.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Congada - Festa folclórica une tradições africanas e ibéricas|url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/cultura-brasileira/congada-festa-folclorica-une-tradicoes-africanas-e-ibericas.htm|accessdate=2017-03-03|work=UOL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-05-29|title=Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco|url=https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Sopa Cultural}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Omenala Afro-Brazil bụ nchikota nke ngosipụta omenala na Brazil nke nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ sitere na omenala Africa kemgbe oge ọchịchị ruo ugbu a. Ọtụtụ n'ime omenala Africa rutere Brazil site na ahia ohu transatlantic, ebe omenala ndị Europe na nke ụmụ amaala na-emetụta ya, nke pụtara na njirimara ndị Africa sitere na omenala Brazil na-ejikọta ya na ntụaka omenala ndị ọzọ.

Ugbu a, enwere ike ịmata akụkụ siri ike nke omenala Africa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke obodo Brazil, dị ka egwu na-ewu ewu, okpukperechi, nri, akụkọ ọdịnala na mmemme ndị na-ewu ewu. Na steeti Maranhão, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo na Rio Grande do Sul bụ ndị kasị emetụta omenala si Africa n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ohu natara n'oge ahia ohu na n'ime ha Mbugharị mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke sugar okpete na mpaghara Northeast.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ebelata ya n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, akụkụ nke ọdịbendị Brazil nke sitere n'Afrịka nwere usoro nke revalorization site na narị afọ de 20 gaa n'ihu nke ka dị taa.

== Ọganihu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela,_Angola,_Congo,_Monjolo.jpg|thumb|Ndị ohu Africa na Brazil sitere n'ọtụtụ mba (Rugendas, c. 1830).]]
N'ozuzu, ma n'oge colonial na na narị afọ nke 19, njirimara omenala nke sitere na Europe bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Brazil, ebe a na-elegharakarị ihe ngosi omenala Afro-Brazil anya, nkụda mmụọ na ọbụna machibido. Ndị ọchịchị na-akwụsịkarị okpukpe ndị Afro-Brazil na nkà agha capoeira. N'aka nke ọzọ, a nabatara ụfọdụ ihe ngosi akụkọ ọdịnala, dị ka congadas na maracatu, yana okwu egwu dị ka lundu, ma kpalie ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-05-23|title=Cultura Negra: Nossa gente e nossa história|url=https://vermelho.org.br/2012/05/23/cultura-negra-nossa-gente-e-nossa-historia/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Vermelho}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 gaa n'ihu, okwu ọdịnala Afro-Brazil malitere ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-anabata ma na-enwe mmasị n'ebe ndị ọkachamara Brazil nọ dị ka ezigbo okwu nka nke mba. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe ngosi omenala nile anabatara n'otu oge. Samba bụ otu n'ime okwu mbụ nke omenala Afro-Brazil nke a na-enwe mmasị na ya mgbe ọ nwetara ọnọdụ dị mma na egwu ndị a ma ama na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'ikpeazụ, gọọmentị Estado Novo ọchịchị aka ike nke Getúlio Vargas mejuputa atumatu iji kpalite ịhụ mba n'anya ebe enwere ike ịnakwere omenala Afro-Brazil n'ihu ọha. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ samba nwetara nkwado gọọmentị site na General Union of Samba Schools nke Brazil, nke hiwere na 1934. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fernandes|first=Nelson da Nóbrega|date=2012-11-01|title=ESCOLAS DE SAMBA, IDENTIDADE NACIONAL E O DIREITO À CIDADE|url=https://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-418/sn-418-47.htm|journal=Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales|volume=16|issue=416}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu ihe ahụ mere na ngosipụta ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ. Capoeira, nke a na-ewere dị ka ọrụ nke ndị omempụ na ndị omempụrụ iwu, bụ nke Mestre Bimba nyere onye isi ala Vargas na 1953, onye kpọrọ ya &quot;naanị egwuregwu mba n'ezie&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandes|first=Fernanda|date=2020-11-23|title=Quem foi Mestre Bimba, criador da capoeira regional|url=https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/index.php/reportagens/16849-quem-foi-mestre-bimba,-criador-da-capoeira-regional|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=MultiRio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 1950s gaa n'ihu, mkpagbu nke okpukpe Afro-Brazilian belatara ma akụkụ nke ndị nọ n'etiti Rio de Janeiro nabatara umbanda. N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, okpukpe Afro-Brazilian malitere ịbụ ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na-eme ememe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2003, a bịanyere aka na Iwu No. 10.639, nke gbanwere [[Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education|Iwu nke Ntuziaka na Ntọala nke Mmụta]] (LDB), na-achọ ka ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị nke Brazil tinye nkuzi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị Afro-Brazilian na usoro mmụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LEI No 10.639, DE 9 DE JANEIRO DE 2003|url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2003/l10.639.htm|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Presidency of the Republic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ Afro-Brazilian ==
[[Faịlụ:Sobradomadalena.jpg|thumb|Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Abolition - Ebe ndebe nke ọdịbendị Afro-Brazilian, na Recife.]]
A na-egosipụta mmasị na ọdịbendị Afro-Brazilian site n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na ngalaba nke sociology, anthropology, ethnology, egwu na asụsụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, lekwasịrị anya na nkwupụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịbendị Afrro-Brasilian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Nilma Lino|date=2008-09-10|title=EDUCAÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE CULTURAL: REFLETINDO SOBRE AS DIFERENTES PRESENÇAS NA ESCOLA|url=https://files.ufgd.edu.br/arquivos/arquivos/78/NEAB/Educacao%20e%20Diversidade%20Cultural.pdf|journal=Mulheres Negras - do Umbigo Para O Mundo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta Brazil, dị ka onye ọka iwu Edison Carneiro, onye nyocha Nina Rodrigues, onye edemede Jorge Amado, onye na-ede uri na onye edemede sitere na Minas Gerais Antonio Olinto, onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ João Ubaldo, ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ochie bụ Raul Lody, yana ndị mba ọzọ dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze French bụ Roger Bastide, onye na-ese ihe nkiri America na onye na-ese foto bụ Pierre Verth Land. Carybé, raara onwe ha nye ịnakọta data na omenala Afro-Brazil, nke a na-amụbeghị nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jensen|first=Tina Gudrun|year=2001|title=Discursos sobre as religiões afro-brasileiras - Da desafricanização para a reafricanização|url=https://www.pucsp.br/rever/rv1_2001/t_jensen.htm|journal=Estudos da Religião|issue=1|pages=1–21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụfọdụ n'ime ha sonyere n'okpukpe Afro-Brazilian, dị ka João do Rio; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Serafim|first=Vanda Fortuna|title=JOÃO DO RIO E A HISTÓRIA DAS RELIGIÕES AFRO-BRASILEIRAS|url=https://revistas.unilasalle.edu.br/index.php/Mouseion/article/download/1589/1057|journal=UnilaSalle|volume=17|issue=1|pages=41–60}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kpọrọ ndị ọzọ ka ha sonye na candomblé dị ka ndị otu zuru oke, na-enweta ọkwa nsọpụrụ dị ka [[Obá de Xangô|Obá nke Xangô]] na Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá na [[Ogã]] na Ilê Ajé Oká na Ilê Axé Iyá Omin Iyamassê, na-enyere aka n'ụzọ ego iji lekọta ''[[Terreiro (religion)|Terreiros]]'' ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ferreti|first=Sergio|title=Nina Rodrigues e a Religião dos Orixás|url=http://gmbahia.ufba.br/index.php/gmbahia/article/viewFile/307/298|journal=Gazeta Médica da Bahia|volume=76|pages=54–59}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Costa|first=José Ricardo da|title=Antonio Olinto: pele branca, alma da África|url=https://ojs.ufgd.edu.br/index.php/Raido/article/view/14545|journal=Raído|date=2021|volume=15|issue=37|pages=36–50|doi=10.30612/raido.v15i37.14545}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchukwu na-ede akwụkwọ wepụtara onwe ha ide akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okpukpe Afro-Brazilian site n'enyemaka nke ndị ọkà mmụta nwere ọmịiko ma ọ bụ ndị otu candomblés. Ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na ha enweelarị agụmakwụkwọ, ghọrọ ndị edemede n'otu oge ahụ na ọnọdụ ha dị ka ndị ụkọchukwu, dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịdị mmadụ [[Júlio Santana Braga]] na [[Vivaldo da Costa Lima]], iyalorishás Nne Stella na Giselle Cossard Binon - Omindarewa, prọfesọ Agenor Miranda, ọkàiwu Cléo Martins na prọfesor sociology [[Reginaldo Prandi]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ramos|first=Cleidiana|date=2015-01-29|title=Entrevista Júlio Braga: &quot;Sou criança em relação a esse mundo milenar&quot;|url=https://www.geledes.org.br/entrevista-julio-braga-sou-crianca-em-relacao-esse-mundo-milenar/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Portal Geledés}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-09-22|title=Morre antropólogo Vivaldo da Costa Lima|url=https://www.correio24horas.com.br/salvador/morre-antropologo-vivaldo-da-costa-lima-0910|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Correio do Povo|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162506/https://www.correio24horas.com.br/salvador/morre-antropologo-vivaldo-da-costa-lima-0910}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-04-25|title=Mãe Stella de Oxóssi é eleita membro da Academia de Letras da Bahia|url=https://politicalivre.com.br/2013/04/mae-stella-de-oxossi-e-eleita-para-academia-de-letras-da-bahia/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Política Livre|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162459/https://politicalivre.com.br/2013/04/mae-stella-de-oxossi-e-eleita-para-academia-de-letras-da-bahia/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ribeiro|first=Bruno|title=Mãe de Santo à francesa|url=http://www.revistabrasileiros.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/372/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Brasileiros|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102034658/http://www.revistabrasileiros.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/372/|archivedate=2010-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lobo|first=Flavio|date=2013-01-09|title=Entrevista: Reginaldo Prandi estuda religiões afro-brasileiras|url=http://redeglobo.globo.com/globouniversidade/noticia/2013/01/entrevista-reginaldo-prandi-estuda-religioes-afro-brasileiras.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=G1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okpukpe ==
[[Faịlụ:Igreja_do_Rosário_dos_Homens_Pretos_(3597939043).jpg|thumb|Chọọchị nke Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men of Olinda bụ chọọchị mbụ na Brazil nke ụmụnne ndị isi ojii nwere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Inventário dos Lugares de Memória do Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos e da História dos Africanos Escravizados no Brasil|url=http://www.labhoi.uff.br/sites/default/files/4_inventario_igrejas.pdf|journal=UFF}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
N'ozuzu, e mere ndị isi ojii si Africa kpọta dị ka ndị ohu ozugbo ma manye ha ịgbaso Okpukpe Katọlik. Otú ọ dị, ntọghata bụ naanị elu na okpukpe ndị sitere n'Afrịka jisiri ike nọgide site na omume nzuzo ma ọ bụ syncretism na Katọlik. Ụfọdụ okpukpe Afro-Brazilian ka na-edebe ọtụtụ omenala Africa ha, dị ka omenala candomblé na [[Xangô do Nordeste|xangô]] na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ; e guzobere ndị ọzọ site na njikọ okpukpe, dị ka batuque, tambor de mina, [[xambá]] na umbanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ferreti|first=Mundicarmo|year=1997|title=TAMBOR DE MINA E UMBANDA: O culto aos caboclos no Maranhão|url=http://www.repositorio.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/205|journal=GPMINA|issue=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013073557/http://www.repositorio.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/205|archive-date=2025-10-13|access-date=2025-07-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Motta|first=Roberto|title=O ÚTIL, O SAGRADO E O MAIS-QUE-SAGRADO NO XANGÔ DE PERNAMBUCO|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/ha/a/C47NX6PK5K7vPr5L7pfGTvR/?format=pdf&amp;lang=pt|journal=Horizontes Antropológicos|date=1998|volume=4|issue=8|pages=168–181|doi=10.1590/S0104-71831998000100009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, okpukpe Afro-Brazilian na-egosi mmetụta sitere na Katọlik na ụmụ amaala [[encantaria]] na pajelança. Syncretism na-egosipụtakwa onwe ya n'omenala nke baptizim nke ụmụaka na alụmdi na nwunye na Chọọchị Katọlik, ọbụlagodi mgbe ndị otu ahụ na-agbaso okpukpe Afro-Brazilian n'ihu ọha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rocha|first=Leandro Mendes|title=ENCANTARIAS BRASILEIRAS. A EMERGÊNCIA DE RELIGIOSIDADES HÍBRIDAS AFRO-AMERÍNDIAS: O CASO DO MESTRE IRINEU SERRA – DAIME|url=https://revistas.ufg.br/racs/article/download/55385/26457/231399|journal=Articul. Constr. Saber|volume=3|issue=1|pages=280–313}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Brazil, ndị isi ojii na ndị Mulatto, ma ọ bụ ndị ohu ma ọ bụ mmadụ a tọhapụrụ, na-ejikọkarị onwe ha n'òtù okpukpe Katọlik. Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death na Sisterhood of Notre Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men so n'ime ndị kachasị mkpa, na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti Katọlik na okpukpe Afro-Brazilian. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silva|first=Livia Maria Baêta da|title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DA BOA MORTE, UMA PERSPECTIVA MUSEOLÓGICA E DE GÊNERO|url=https://www.cult.ufba.br/enecul2005/LiviaMariaBaetadaSilva.pdf|journal=Enecult|volume=1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSilva&quot;&gt;Silva, Livia Maria Baêta da. [https://www.cult.ufba.br/enecul2005/LiviaMariaBaetadaSilva.pdf &quot;A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DA BOA MORTE, UMA PERSPECTIVA MUSEOLÓGICA E DE GÊNERO&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Enecult''. '''1'''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ott|first=Carlos|title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DO ROSARIO DOS PRETOS DO PELOURINHO|url=https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/afroasia/article/download/20681/13276|journal=UFBA|pages=119–126}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOtt&quot;&gt;Ott, Carlos. [https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/afroasia/article/download/20681/13276 &quot;A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DO ROSARIO DOS PRETOS DO PELOURINHO&quot;]. ''UFBA'': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;119–&lt;/span&gt;126.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Omume nke Katọlik ọdịnala nwere mmetụta Afrịka n'ofufe nke ndị senti sitere n'Afrịka dịka Saint Benedict, Saint Elesbaan, Saint Ephigenia na Saint Anthony nke Noto ([[Antônio de Categeró|Saint Anthony nke Carthage]] ma ọ bụ Saint Anthony nke Etiopia);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Oliveira|first=Anderson José Machado de|title=O Culto dos Santos no Brasil Colonial: aspectos teóricos e metodológico|url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fsnh2013.anpuh.org%2Fresources%2Frj%2FAnais%2F1998%2Fautor%2FAnderson%2520Jose%2520Machado%2520de%2520Oliveira%2520.doc&amp;wdOrigin=BROWSELINK|journal=ANPUH}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zarattini|first=Fábio|title=Santos negros carmelitas e franciscanos: estudo das imagens de Minas Gerais e Pernambuco|url=https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/rever/article/download/55916/40052/181812|journal=REVER|volume=22|issue=1|pages=59–76|doi=10.23925/1677-1222.2021vol22i1a5}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'ofuce kachasị mma nke ndị senti nwere njikọ dị mfe na orishas Afrịka dị ka Saints Coszena na Damian (ibeji), Saint George (Ogun na Rio de Janeiro), Saint Barbara (Yansbaan),  n'ịme nke ndị senti ọhụrụ a ma ama dị ka Escrava Anchanya nke ndị nsọ nke ndị nsọ,  na-ekpe ekpere nke ndị nsọ Sanitisha nke Sanitisha:  na-eme na Sanitisha (Santuantuantuantu:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mulheres de terreiros, as memórias ancestrais e a resistência pelo sagrado|url=https://www.awure.com.br/mulheres-de-terreiros-as-memorias-ancestrais-e-a-resistencia-pelo-sagrado/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Awure|date=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-28|title=Anastácia, a santa popular brasileira|url=https://www.mulheresdeluta.com.br/anastacia-a-santa-popular-brasileira/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Mulheres de luta|author=de Luta|first=Mulheres|archivedate=2023-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129123352/http://www.mulheresdeluta.com.br/anastacia-a-santa-popular-brasileira/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=Acompanhe a trezena de Santo Antônio e alcance suas graças em 13 dias|url=https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/horoscopo/acompanhe-a-trezena-de-santo-antonio-e-alcance-suas-gracas-em-13-dias,15af3ce383b509f609253c063bd45ce56sdwkez7.html|accessdate=2013-08-16|work=Terra}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dourado|first=Tatiana Maria|date=2013-06-07|title=Festa do Senhor do Bonfim ganha título de Patrimônio Imaterial do Brasil|url=https://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2013/06/festa-do-senhor-do-bonfim-ganha-titulo-de-patrimonio-imaterial-do-brasil.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=G1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Katọlik na-agọnahụ ịdị adị nke orishas, ụka Pentikọstal kwenyere na ịdị adị ha, mana dị ka ndị mmụọ ọjọọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Monteiro|first=Flavio Pantoja|title=Presença Demoníaca: A influência da figura demoníaca na fé pentecostal e neopentecostal|url=https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/cdhis/article/download/59699/32064/265664|journal=CDHIS|volume=34|issue=1|pages=231–255|doi=10.14393/cdhis.v34n1.2021.59699}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka IBGE si kwuo, 0.3% nke ndị Brazil na-ekwu na ha na-agbaso okpukpe ndị sitere n'Afrịka, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ na-agbasasị okpukpe ndị a na nzuzo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rodrigues|first=Jéssica|date=2022-03-17|title=Entidades lançam pesquisa inédita para mapear racismo e violência religiosos no Brasil|url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2022/03/17/entidades-lancam-pesquisa-inedita-para-mapear-racismo-e-violencia-religiosos-no-brasil|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Brasil de Fato}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mbụ, ọtụtụ ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Jorge Amado, Dorival Caymmi, Vinícius de Moraes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Maria Bethânia (onye gara Nne Menininha's ''Terreiro''), Gal Costa (onye a malitere na Orisha Babalú-Ayé), Mestre Didi (nwa nke Frealorishá Caymmi), [[Antonio Risério]] de Moraes (onye na-eseji), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Guimarães|first=Julia|date=2007-02-28|title=A ialorixá do Brasil|url=https://www.otempo.com.br/entretenimento/magazine/a-ialorixa-do-brasil-1.315900|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=O Tempo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Belto).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Beniste|first=José|title=Mitos yorubás: o outro lado do conhecimento|publisher=Bertrand Brasil|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Franco|first=Tasso|date=2013-10-06|title=Filho de Mãe Senhora, mestre DIDI morre aos 95 anos de idade|url=https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=BahiaJá|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162459/https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html|archive-date=2023-08-16|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg|thumb|Candomblé na Pernambuco.]]

=== Okpukpe ndị Afrịka na Brazil ===

* [[Babaçuê]] - Pará;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Campelo|first=Marilu Márcia|title=As duas africanidades estabelecidas no Pará|url=https://www.unicamp.br/~aulas/Conjunto%20II/4_13.pdf|journal=Revista Aulas|volume=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Batuque - Rio Grande do Sul;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Charles|first=Hungbono|date=2016-10-26|title=O Batuque do Rio Grande do Sul – Uma religião de Orixás|url=https://ocandomble.com/2016/10/26/o-batuque-do-rio-grande-do-sul-uma-religiao-de-orixas/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cabula]] - Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro na Santa Catarina; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nogueira|first=Guilherme Dantas|title=EU CANGIRA, DEIXA A GIRA GIRAR: A CABULA CAPIXABA E SEUS VESTÍGIOS EM MINAS GERAIS|url=https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistacalundu/article/download/7634/6303/13250|journal=Revista Calundu|volume=1|issue=2|pages=71–90}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Candomblé - Na steeti niile nke Brazil;
* [[Egungun cult|Okpukpe Egungun]] - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro na São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-07-25|title=O Culto dos Ancestrais – Egungun|url=https://ocandomble.com/2017/07/25/o-culto-dos-ancestrais-egungun/|accessdate=2023-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ifá Cult - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro na São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-02-18|title=Religiões Afro-Brasileiras|url=http://deusesehomens.com.br/religioes/afro-brasileiras/item/205-religioes-afro-brasileiras|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Deuses &amp; Homens}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Macumba - Rio de Janeiro; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Britto|first=Rossana|title=Noite na macumba: as religiões afro-brasileiras e o bailado de Eros Volusia|url=https://revistaplura.emnuvens.com.br/plura/article/download/1037/pdf_114/4264|journal=Revista de Estudos de Religião|volume=6|issue=2|pages=307–319}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Omoloko]] - Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais na São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silva|first=Walerson Fernandes da|title=O CULTO OMOLOKÔ E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A UMBANDA E O CANDOMBLÉ|url=https://www.ufjf.br/bach/files/2016/10/WALERSON-FERNANDES-DA-SILVA.pdf|journal=UFJF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kimbanda - Rio de Janeiro na São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-11|title=Religiões afro-brasileiras derivam de crenças de mais de 4 séculos|url=http://www.morcegada.unir.br/?p=708|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Morcegada|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162500/http://www.morcegada.unir.br/?p=708}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tambor nke Mina - Maranhão na Pará; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
* [[Terecô]] - Maranhão; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carvalho|first=Cleide|title=Codó, no Maranhão, é a terra dos pais de santo|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/codo-no-maranhao-a-terra-dos-pais-de-santo-8043533|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=G1|date=6 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umbanda - Na steeti niile nke Brazil; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Xambá - Alagoas na Pernambuco; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Iglesia|first=Marcus|date=2018-12-03|title=Território da ancestralidade africana, Nação Xambá é patrimônio vivo de Pernambuco|url=https://www.cultura.pe.gov.br/canal/patrimonio-cultural-3/territorio-da-ancestralidade-africana-nacao-xamba-e-patrimonio-vivo-de-pernambuco/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Portal Cultura}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Xangô do Nordeste - Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas na Sergipe; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* Òtù;
* Ụmụnne nwanyị nke Our Lady of the Good Death; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silva|first=Livia Maria Baêta da|title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DA BOA MORTE, UMA PERSPECTIVA MUSEOLÓGICA E DE GÊNERO|url=https://www.cult.ufba.br/enecul2005/LiviaMariaBaetadaSilva.pdf|journal=Enecult|volume=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụmụnne nwanyị nke Our Lady nke Rosary nke ndị isi ojii; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ott|first=Carlos|title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DO ROSARIO DOS PRETOS DO PELOURINHO|url=https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/afroasia/article/download/20681/13276|journal=UFBA|pages=119–126}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Syncretism; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-04-18|title=Qual a ligação entre os santos católicos e os orixás?|url=https://super.abril.com.br/mundo-estranho/qual-a-ligacao-entre-os-santos-catolicos-e-os-orixas|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Super Interessante}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe osise ==
[[Faịlụ:Neide_da_Costa.jpeg|thumb|Onye na-akpa ákwà nke Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé ''Terreiro'' na Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.]]
Alaká Africa, nke a maara na Brazil dị ka pano-da-costa, bụ nke ndị na-akpa ákwà nke Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé ''Terreiro'' na Salvador, na mbara igwe a na-akpọ Casa do Alaká.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Casa do Alaká|url=http://casadoalaka.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008082253/http://casadoalaka.com/|archivedate=2007-10-08|accessdate=2008-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mestre Didi, [[Alapini]] (onye nchụàjà dị elu) nke ofufe [[Egungun]] na [[Açobá|Azobá]] (onye nchụaja kachasị elu) nke okpukpe Babalú-Ayé na Orishas nke ụwa, bụkwa onye na-ese ihe ma ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya kpamkpam na akụkọ ifo na nka [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|author=Franco|first=Tasso|date=2013-10-06|title=Filho de Mãe Senhora, mestre DIDI morre aos 95 anos de idade|url=https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=BahiaJá|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162459/https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html|archive-date=2023-08-16|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFranco2013&quot;&gt;Franco, Tasso (2013-10-06). [https://web.archive.org/web/20251013073628/https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html &quot;Filho de Mãe Senhora, mestre DIDI morre aos 95 anos de idade&quot;]. ''BahiaJá''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe osise, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-emepụta ihe etinyela onwe ha n'igosi ịma mma nke candomblé, umbanda na batuque na ákwà ha. Otu n'ime ha bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ise ihe n'Argentina bụ Carybé, onye raara ọtụtụ ndụ ya na Brazil nye na-ese ma na-ese Orishas na ememme ruo n'ụzọ kachasị mma. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na Afro-Brazilian Museum ma bipụta akụkụ nke ọrụ ya n'akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silva|first=Vagner Gonçalves da|title=Artes do axé. O sagrado afro-brasileiro na obra de Carybé|journal=Ponto Urbe|date=2012|volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.4000/pontourbe.1267}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na foto, onye France Pierre Fatumbi Verger, onye gara Bahia na 1946 ma nọrọ ruo ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, gosipụtara ndị Brazil na oji na ọcha na ihe niile nke candomblé. E wezụga ise foto, ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke okpukpe ahụ, ma na Brazil ma n'[[Afrịka]], ebe a malitere ya dị ka Babalawo, yana ịmalite Pierre Verger Foundation na Salvador, ebe nchịkọta foto ya niile dị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Souty|first=Jérôme|title=IMAGEM, ORALIDADE E ESCRITA: UMA ANÁLISE DA TRAJETÓRIA DE PIERRE FATUMBI VERGER|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/afro/a/z7cQp4dB7LXDH4jXmf5L5Yz/?lang=pt&amp;format=pdf|journal=Afro-Ásia|volume=45|pages=185–194}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pierre Verger pela cidade|url=https://www.salvadordabahia.com/roteiros/pierre-verger-pela-cidade/|accessdate=2023-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nri ==
A na-ekwukarị feijoada Brazil, nke a na-ewere dị ka nri mba Brazil, dị ka ihe ndị ohu kere, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike ịbụ na e mepụtara ya na ''[[Senzala|senzalas]]''. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ndị a, a na-ewere ''[[feijoada]]'' Brazil dị ka mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke ''feijoada'' Portuguese nke a na-ejikarịghị ndị ohu. N'agbanyeghị nke a, nri mpaghara Brazil nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na nri ndị Afrịka, agwakọta ya na ihe oriri ndị Europe na nke ụmụ amaala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-09|title=Origem da Feijoada e sua História: Você tem certeza que ela nasceu nas senzalas?|url=https://fundacaocargill.org.br/historia-da-feijoada/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Fundação Cargill}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nri nke Bahia bụ nke na-egosipụtakarị mmetụta Afrịka na nri ya dịka ''[[Akara|acarajé]]'', ''caruru'', ''vatapá'' na ''[[moqueca]]''. A na-eji [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]], nke e si n'osisi nkwụ nke Afrịka weta na Brazil n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọzọ, akwadebe efere ndị a. Na Bahia, e nwere ụzọ abụọ iji kwadebe usoro nri ndị a. N'ụzọ dị mfe karị, nri ndị ahụ enweghị ọtụtụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ma na-eme ya na candomblé ''Terreiros'' iji nye orishas. N'ụzọ ọzọ, a na-etinye ya n'èzí ''Terreiros'', a na'iji ọtụtụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na-akwadebe nri ahụ ma na-atọ ụtọ karị, ndị baianas do acarajé na-ere ya ma na-ata ya na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=França|first=Érico da Silva|title=A FORMAÇÃO DA &quot;CULINÁRIA BAIANA&quot;: SOB UMA ÓTICA &quot;AFRICANA&quot;|url=http://snh2013.anpuh.org/resources/anais/35/1397424147_ARQUIVO_AFORMACAODACULINARIABAIANA.pdf|journal=ANPUH|volume=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Egwú ==
Egwú ndị Afro-Brazilians mepụtara bụ ngwakọta nke mmetụta sitere n'ofe Afrịka ndịda Sahara na ihe ndị Portuguese na, ruo n'ókè dị ala, egwu ụmụ amaala, nke mepụtara ụdị dịgasị iche iche. Egwú ndị a ma ama na Brazil nwere mmetụta siri ike site na rhythms Africa; ụdị ndị kachasị ewu ewu bụ samba, [[marabaixo]], maracatu, [[Ijexá (rhytm)|ijexá]], coco, jongo, carimbó, lambada, maxixe, maculelê.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-05-29|title=Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco|url=https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Sopa Cultural}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/ &quot;Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco&quot;]. ''Sopa Cultural''. 2023-05-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-01-27|title=Jongo, expressão da cultura afro-brasileira|url=https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/index.php/reportagens/8637-jongo-expressao-da-cultura-afro-brasileira|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=MultiRio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Maxixe – Conheça a origem e história do Tango Brasileiro!|work=Terravista Brasil|url=https://terravistabrasil.com.br/maxixe/|accessdate=2023-08-16|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162508/https://terravistabrasil.com.br/maxixe/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=Carimbó: ritmo de herança afro-indígena é tradição no Pará|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/rfi/2022/01/14/carimbo-ritmo-de-heranca-afro-indigena-e-tradicao-no-para.htm|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=UOL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-17|title=O que é o Maculele|url=https://www.capoeiranossanacao.com.br/o-que-e-o-maculele/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Capoeira Nossa Nação}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị nnọọ ka ọ mere n'ógbè nile nke America ebe ndị ohu Africa nọ, a na-eleghara egwu ndị Afro-descendants mere anya na mbụ ma na-ewepụ ya, ruo mgbe ọ nwetara aha ọjọọ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 wee bụrụ nke kachasị ewu ewu taa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kuehn|first=Frank|title=ESTUDO ACERCA DOS ELEMENTOS AFRO-BRASILEIROS DO CANDOMBLÉ NAS LETRAS E MÚSICAS DE VINÍCIUS DE MORAES E BADEN POWELL: os &quot;Afro-Sambas&quot;.|url=https://www.academia.edu/685708|journal=Terceiro Colóquio de Pesquisa da Pós-Graduação em Música, Escola de Música|date=January 2002|pages=94–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwá egwu Afro-Brazil ===

* Ọ na-egbu mgbu;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Instrumentos Musicais Africanos|url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/geografia/instrumentos-musicais-africanos.htm|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Brasil Escola}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Agogô;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Alfaia;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alfaia|url=http://www.percussionista.com.br/instrumentos/alfaia.htm|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Percussionista}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mwakpo;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-03-15|title=A História do Atabaque|url=http://casademiguelarcanjo.com.br/orixas/a-historia-do-atabaque/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Casa de Miguel|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162500/http://casademiguelarcanjo.com.br/orixas/a-historia-do-atabaque/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Berimbau;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Ịgbà;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Omenala Africa na Rio Grande do Sul
* Quilombo
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afro-Brazil

== Ihe odide ==

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    <title>Òtù Ndị Pirate (France)</title>
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      <text bytes="6382" sha1="c7kq9tsw0rmu4m8o2xdc23dk6nk214y" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Manif_pro_mariage_LGBT_27012013_43.jpg|thumb|Òtù Ndị Pirate]]
{{Infobox political party|country=France|name=Pirate Party|native_name=Parti pirate (PP)|logo=[[File:LogoPPfr062021.svg|200px|Parti pirate]]|colorcode={{party color|Pirate Party (France)}}|leader1_title=National Secretaries|leader1_name=[https://congressus.partipirate.org/theme.php?id=92 Secrétariat]|leader2_title=Treasurers|leader2_name=[https://congressus.partipirate.org/theme.php?id=91 Conseil de Trésorie et de Comptabilité (CTC)]|leader3_title=Co-National Coordination's secretaries|leader3_name=|leader4_title=Co-Internal Life Delegates|leader4_name=[https://congressus.partipirate.org/theme.php?id=90 Conseil de Vie Interne (CVI)]|leader5_title=Co-Speakers|leader5_name=[https://congressus.partipirate.org/theme.php?id=119 Porte-paroles]|foundation=21 June 2006|ideology={{Nowrap|[[Pirate Party|Pirate politics]]&lt;br /&gt;[[E-democracy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dossier : &quot;Les partis de l'Internet&quot;, condamnés à n'être que des partis de l'Internet? |url=https://www.journaldugeek.com/2014/05/23/dossier-partis-pirate-internet-elections-europeennes/5/ |website=Journal du Geek |access-date=5 June 2018 |language=fr |date=23 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Intellectual property]] reform&lt;br /&gt;Protection of [[privacy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Environmentalism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dailygeekshow.com/politique-societe-parti-pirate/|last=Dehorter|first=Nicolas|title=Lumière sur le Parti pirate, le mouvement politique atypique qui séduit de plus en plus en Europe|quote=...le nouveau point de clivage de notre société, après la question de la protection de l’environnement, est le contrôle de l’information et de la technique.|date=10 June 2017|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Civil libertarianism]]}}|position=[[Left-wing]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/elections/europeennes/elections-europeennes-2024-le-parti-pirate-a-labordage-de-leurope-63697a22-1e7d-11ef-9302-e3fef0044a0c | title=Elections européennes 2024 : Le Parti pirate à l'abordage de l'Europe | date=30 May 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|international=[[Pirate Parties International]] (2010-2024)&lt;br /&gt;[[European Pirate Party]]|national={{ubli|[[New Popular Front]]&lt;br&gt;(since 2024)}}|membership=456&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congressus.partipirate.org/data.php|title=Parti Pirate Congressus|access-date=2025-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518185543/https://congressus.partipirate.org/data.php|archive-date=2023-05-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|membership_year=2021|european=|europarl=|youth_wing=[[Pirate Party Youth (France)|Parti pirate Jeunes]] (PPJ)|colours=[[Black]], [[White]]|headquarters=21 Place de la République&lt;br /&gt;75003 [[Paris]]|website=[http://www.partipirate.org partipirate.org]}}{{Pirate Party sidebar|expanded=all}}
Otu Pirate Party (French: Parti pirate, PP) bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na France dabere na nlereanya nke Pirate Party mba Sweden.

Ndị otu ahụ na-atụ aro ka a gbanwee iwu nwebiisinka, ka e nwee ohere ịnweta ihe ọmụma sayensị n'efu, yana nchebe nke nnwere onwe onye ọbụla. Dị ka ndị pirate ọzọ na Europe, ọ na-ejikọta na European Pirate Party (PPEU). A na-akpọ nzukọ ndị ntorobịa Parti Pirates Jeunes (PPJ; Pirate Party Youth) n'otu n'otu Les Jeunes du Parti pirate (The Youth of Pirate Party).

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Parti_Pirate_-_Premier_coup_de_semonce_electoral.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|&quot;Atụle ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ 2.08%.&quot; (ihe ngosi ntuli aka)&lt;br /&gt;]]
E hiwere otu pati French Pirate na 21 June 2006, gbasara ntuli aka nke Iwu French maka nwebiisinka na ikike emetụtara na Society Information nke a maara nke ọma dị ka DADVSI. N'ihi esemokwu akụkụ ọhụrụ nke Pirate Party pụtara na 2007, nke a na-akpọ Parti pirate français Canal historique (PPFCH). Na 4 Eprel 2009, e bipụtara ntọala Pirate Party dị ka nzukọ na Journal officiel de la République française (peeji 1663, no. 1795)  PP na PPFCH nwere ebumnuche yiri nke ahụ ma jikọta ọnụ n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2009. N'oge arụmụka banyere Iwu HADOPI, otu ndị ohi ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ aha ya bụ Parti pirate français (PPF) pụtara, nke Rémy Cérésiani guzobere. PPF, nke nwere otu akara ngosi jikọtara ya na aha yiri nke PP mechara gbasaa na Septemba 2009.

PP so na ntuli aka ngalaba nke iri nke Yvelines na 20 Septemba 2009, wee nweta votu 472 na agba nke mbụ (ntụgharị: 22.76%), bụ 2.08%. Enweghị ndekọ nke ịtụ vootu na agba nke abụọ (ntugharị: 25.99%), nke onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi UMP meriri.

== Nhọrọ ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2012 ==
Ndị Pirate Party, sonyere na Ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2012 na-ewepụta mmadụ 101.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Peer-to-peer support in the campaign of the Pirate Party|url=http://partipirate.org/blog/com.php?id=1453|publisher=Parti pirate|accessdate=10 June 2012|language=fr|archivedate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818082124/http://partipirate.org/blog/com.php?id=1453}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebumnuche ha bụ mmadụ iri ise ka ha nweta ihe karịrị pasentị iri na otu iji nye ha ohere ịnata ego ọha na eze, ha nwetara naanị mmadụ iri abụọ na anọ karịa pasentị otu. Ha nwetara nkezi nke 0.85% gafee mpaghara ha guzo. Nsonaazụ ha kachasị mma na France bụ mpaghara Haut-Rhin na 2.41% mana ngosipụta ha kachasị mma bụ na mpaghara nke asaa nke mba France ebe ha nwetara 2.85%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=No breakthrough in the legislative elections for the Pirate Party|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/06/11/pas-de-percee-aux-legislatives-pour-le-parti-pirate_1716154_823448.html|accessdate=11 June 2012|work=Le Monde|date=11 June 2012|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsonaazụ ntuli aka ==

=== Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Europe ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Nhọrọ
!Onye ndú
!Nhọrọ
!% 
!oche
!+/−
!Ìgwè EP
|-
!2014
|''Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya''
|39,338
|0.21 (#19)
|{{composition bar|0|79|{{party color|Pirate Party (France)}}}}
|Ihe Ọhụrụ
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |−
|-
!2019
|Florie Marie
|30,105
|0.13 (#18)
|{{composition bar|0|79|{{party color|Pirate Party (France)}}}}
|0{{Steady}}
|-
!2024
|Caroline Zorn
|28,745
|0.12 (#19)
|{{composition bar|0|81|{{party color|Pirate Party (France)}}}}
|0{{Steady}}
|}
{{Clear}}

== Edemsibia ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aframomum corrorima</title>
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      <text bytes="8024" sha1="1urwc5ftsj40r0qm7p3oxvwnt91dtbl" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 19 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Harris, D.J. |author2=Wortley, A.H. |author3=Olander, S.B. |date=2019 |title=''Aframomum corrorima'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T117206565A124285245 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T117206565A124285245.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=KororimaWhole01.jpg|image_caption=Dried korarima fruits, in preparation for making [[berbere]]|genus=Aframomum|species=corrorima|authority=([[Alexander Braun|A.Braun]]) [[P.C.M.Jansen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;grin1&quot;&gt;''Aframomum corrorima'' was published in &quot;Spices, Condiments and Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: Their Taxonomy and Agricultural Significance&quot;, ''Agricultural Research Report'' no. 906, and  ''Belmontia New Series'' vol. 12 p. 10; 1981. The [[Specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] was taken from its [[basionym]], ''Amomum corrorima'' A.Braun. {{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011182307/https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462945  | archive-date=11 October 2012 | url= https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462945 |title=''Aframomum corrorima'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] (GRIN) |quote=Synonyms: (≡) ''Amomum corrorima'' A.Braun (basionym) |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA), [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS), and [[National Genetic Resources Program]] (NGRP) |location=[[National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]] (NGRL), [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |date=April 9, 2011 |access-date=June 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=*''Amomum corrorima'' &lt;small&gt;A.Braun&lt;/small&gt; ([[basionym]])|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;grin1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;grin2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;''Amomum corrorima'' A.Braun, the basionym of ''Aframomum corrorima'' (A.Braun) P.C.M.Jansen, was originally described and published in ''Flora'' vol. 31, p. 95; 1848.  {{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011182322/https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462946 | archive-date=11 October 2012 | url= https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462946 |title=''Amomum corrorima'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=GRIN |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=USDA / ARS / NGRP |location=NGRL, Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=June 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''''Aframomum corrorima  bụ ụdị osisi ifuru na ezinụlọ ginger,'''''    [[Zingiberaceae]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KewPOWO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:908251-1|title=Aframomum corrorima (A.Braun) P.C.M.Jansen|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=n.d.|work=Plants of the World Online|publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|accessdate=September 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026221301/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:908251-1|archive-date=October 26, 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ herbaceous  perennial   nke na-emepụta akwụkwọ ndụ akụkụ ndụ 1-2 mita n'ogologo nke mgbọrọgwụ  rhizomatous.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aframomum corrorima - Useful Tropical Plants|url=http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Aframomum+corrorima|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=tropical.theferns.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Akwụkwọ ndị a haziri ahazi bụ akwụkwọ ndụ  gbara ọchịchịrị,10–30&amp;nbsp;cm long and 2.5–6&amp;nbsp;cm n'ofe, elliptical ka ọ toro ogologo n'ọdịdị ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Korarima|url=https://elmaskincare.com/herbs/herbs_korarima.htm|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=elmaskincare.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ebu ifuru pink n'akụkụ ala ma na-enye ohere nye mkpụrụ na-acha uhie uhie, mkpụrụ osisi anụ ahụ nwere mkpụrụ aja aja na-egbuke egbuke, nke na-adịkarị 3–5&amp;nbsp;mm na dayameta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Van Wyk|first=Ben-Erik|title=Culinary Herbs and Spices of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/culinaryherbsspi0000vanw|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-226-09166-2|pages=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngwa nri, nke a maara dị ka   '''Ethiopian cardamom''', ugha '''cardamom''', ma ọbu '''''korarima''''', a na-enweta site na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ (na-akpọkarị nkụ), a na-ejikwa ya nke ọma na nri ndị Etiopia na ndị Eritrea.  bụ ngwa nri ihe dị na berbere, mitmita, awaze, na ngwakọta nri ndị ọzọ na-esi ísì ụtọ, a na-ejikwa ya ekpori kọfị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ur169.ird.fr/IMG/pdf/UrbanaEthiopie_anglais.pdf|title=Natural patrimony and local communities in ethiopia: Geographical advantages and limitations of a system of indications|first=Bernard|author=Roussel|work=29th Annual Spring Symposium of Centre for African Studies|date=April 6–10, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126164622/http://www.ur169.ird.fr/IMG/pdf/UrbanaEthiopie_anglais.pdf|archivedate=2006-11-26|quote=This Zingiberaceae, ''Aframomum corrorima'' (Braun) Jansen, is gathered in forests, and also grown in gardens. It is a basic spice in Ethiopia, used to flavor coffee and as an ingredient in various widely used condiments (berbere, mitmita, awaze, among others).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ụtọ ya dị ka nke  ''Elettaria cardamomum nwere njikọ chiri anya ma ọ bụ'' akwụkwọ ndụ cardamom. Na ọgwụ ahịhịa nke Ethiopia, a na-eji mkpụrụ osisi ahụ mee ihe dị ka tonic, carminative, na laxative.&lt;ref name=&quot;jansen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jansen|first=P. C. M.|date=2002|url=http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Aframomum%20corrorima_En.htm|title=''Aframomum corrorima'' (Braun)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120230034/http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Aframomum%20corrorima_En.htm|archivedate=2008-11-20|work=Protabase|publisher=[[Plant Resources of Tropical Africa]] (PROTA) / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi a sitere na  [[Tanzania]], ọdịda anyanwụ  [[Ethiopia]] (n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri nke Tana na Gelemso), ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ  [[Sudan]], ọdịda anyanwụ  [[Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;grin1&quot; /&gt; A na-akọ ya na Ethiopia na[[Eritrea]],&lt;ref name=&quot;grin1&quot; /&gt; ọ bụ ezie na a na-egbute mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ site na osisi ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;jeor&quot; /&gt;  A na-erekarị mkpụrụ osisi kpọrọ akpọọ n'ahịa ma dị oke ọnụ, ebe a na-ere mkpụrụ osisi ọhụrụ na mpaghara mmepụta  .&lt;ref name=&quot;jeor&quot; /&gt;

Na mkpụrụ osisi kporo akpọọ na pọd, ihe ndị bụ isi mmanụ bụ  1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) and (E)-nerolidol.&lt;ref name=&quot;ffj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hymete, A.|year=2006|title=Essential oil from seeds and husks of Aframomum corrorima from Ethiopia|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|volume=21|issue=4|pages=642–644|doi=10.1002/ffj.1634}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, akụkụ bụ isi nke mmanụ dị mkpa bụ 1,8-cineole, ndị sotere  sabinene na geraniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;jeor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Eyob, S.|year=2007|title=Chemical composition of essential oils from fresh plant parts of korarima (aframomum corrorima) cultivated in the highland of southern ethiopia|journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research|volume=19|issue=4|pages=372–375|doi=10.1080/10412905.2007.9699308|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10412905.2007.9699308|accessdate=5 August 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEyob,_S.Appelgren,_M.Rohloff,_J.Tsegaye,_A.2007&quot;&gt;Eyob, S.; Appelgren, M.; Rohloff, J.; Tsegaye, A.; Messele, G. (2007). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Na pọd ọhụrụ, isi ihe mejupụtara mmanụ bụ ''γ''-terpinene, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgw&quot;&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-pinene, ''α''-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwhw&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-cymene.&lt;ref name=&quot;jeor&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:KororimaWhole02.jpg|''A na-etinye mkpụrụ osisi Korarima n'ime arịa maka mgweri.''
Faịlụ:KororimaGround.jpg|E gweriela ''Korarima pọd'' ka e wee wepụ mkpụrụ ndị ahụ''.''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* ''Aframomum melegueta''
* Cardamom
* List of Ethiopian dishes and foods

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Òtù Ndị Ntorobịa Katọlik Ghana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Catholic Youth Organization Ghana'''  (CYO Ghana) bụ ọgbakọ ndị ntorobịa Katọlik na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1p61xARWY4C|title=A History of the Church in Africa|author=Sundkler|first=Bengt|date=2000-05-04|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521583428|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/CYO-faces-logistics-financial-challenges-Bishop-Anokye-167712|title=CYO faces logistics, financial challenges - Bishop Anokye|work=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2016-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/112232/1/youth-development-in-ghana-challenging-the-traditi.html|title=Youth Development In Ghana: Challenging The Traditional Approaches And Rethinking Holistic Strategy.|author=Abrefah|first=Kwame Attakorah|work=Modern Ghana|language=en-GB|accessdate=2016-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; CYO Ghana bụ otu n'ime nche anwụ Katọlik nke otu ndị ntorobịa  Fimcap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere CYO Ghana na 22 ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1948 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fimcap.org/en/africa/cyo|title=CYO Ghana|work=fimcap.org|accessdate=2016-06-08|archivedate=2016-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016170322/http://fimcap.org/en/africa/cyo|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot;&gt;. ''fimcap.org''. Archived from  on 2016-10-16&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhazi ==
A haziri CYO Ghana na ngalaba ndị a (dabere na otu afọ):&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Age group
!Name of section
|-
|6 – 11 years
|&quot;infant jesus&quot;
|-
|12 – 17 years
|&quot;young apostles&quot;
|-
|18 years and older
|&quot;christian soldiers&quot;
|-
|leaders
|&quot;officers&quot;
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements (Fimcap)
* Catholic Youth Organization (CYO)

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}{{Fimcap}}{{Catholic youth work}}</text>
      <sha1>dycudmfcctes1ez42ndvp1ozm8t3y8o</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Agnia Losina-Losinskaja</title>
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'''Agnia Sergeyevna Losina-Losinskaja''' (Агния Сергеевна Лозина-Лозинская) (1903-1958) bụ onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ nke Soviet. A na-edegharịkwa aha ezinụlọ ya ka Lozina-Lozinscaia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HUH Botanist Record|work=Harvard University Herbaria (online)|url=http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&amp;id=68532|accessdate=2014-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517132633/http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&amp;id=68532|archive-date=2014-05-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Lozina-Mozinskaja. 

Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ aha botanical nke ọ dịkarịa ala 216 taxa, gụnyere ụdị Calligonum, Cortusa, Fragaria, Micranthes na Rheum, yana Galanthus woronowii na okwu Muscarimia muscari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IPNI Plant Name Query Results for 'Losinsk.'|work=The International Plant Names Index|accessdate=2014-05-15|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&amp;find_genus=&amp;find_species=&amp;find_infrafamily=&amp;find_infragenus=&amp;find_infraspecies=&amp;find_authorAbbrev=Losinsk.&amp;find_includePublicationAuthors=on&amp;find_includePublicationAuthors=off&amp;find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&amp;find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&amp;find_publicationTitle=&amp;find_isAPNIRecord=on&amp;find_isAPNIRecord=false&amp;find_isGCIRecord=on&amp;find_isGCIRecord=false&amp;find_isIKRecord=on&amp;find_isIKRecord=false&amp;find_rankToReturn=all&amp;output_format=normal&amp;find_sortByFamily=on&amp;find_sortByFamily=off&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=plantsearch}} (Total number of names obtained by eliminating duplicate taxa in this list.)&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ọkụkụ abụọ dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba so n'ihe ndị na-amasị ya. O weputara akwukwo banyere Rheum (rhubarb), na-atụ aro na ụdị ahụ nwere isi mmalite abụọ: nke okenye nọ na China, nke nta nọ na Iran, na-agbasa mgbe e mesịrị na Central Asia. O ''''Akwara'''' nyocha nke ụdị Fragaria (strawberries).  O nyere aka n'ọtụtụ mpịakọta nke ''Flora nke USSR'', dị ka Mpịakọta IX, ma n'ihe odide ma dị ka onye na-ese ihe osise. N'akwụkwọ ncheta nke onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ Anastasia Semenova-Tian-Shanskaja, a kpọrọ ya nwa akwụkwọ kachasị amasị Vladimir Komarov,  onye a gụrụ aha ụlọ ọrụ Botanical Institute na onye bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Flora nke USSR'' ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1945.

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Losina-Losinskaja, Agnia Sergeyevna}}</text>
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      <text bytes="5830" sha1="d9nwr5uxi7xw5zw79fa4jaaepn1fy9z" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Alicia Lourteig.jpg|thumb|Alicia Lourteig]]
 

'''Alicia Lourteig''' (1913-2003) bụ onye Argentine na onye France na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachamara n'ụwa na Oxalidaceae.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-12-17|title=Alicia Lourteig, botánica|url=https://ztfnews.eus/2013/12/17/centenario-del-nacimiento-de-la-botanica-alicia-lourteig/|accessdate=2020-06-19|language=es-ES|archivedate=2020-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621085622/https://ztfnews.eus/2013/12/17/centenario-del-nacimiento-de-la-botanica-alicia-lourteig/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Alicia Lourteig na Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ndị mụrụ ya sitere na France na Argentina. Ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na biochemistry na mahadum dị na Buenos Aires, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta doctorate na 1946. &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot; /&gt;
== Ọrụ ==
N'agbanyeghị ihe ọmụmụ ọ gụrụ na mahadum, ọrụ Lourteig bụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachasị dị ka onye ọkachamara na Lythraceae, Ranunculaceae, Mayacaceae na Oxalidaceae. Mmasị ya gbatịrị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke botany na South America na Antilles.&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lourteig, Alicia (1913-2003)|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000005169|work=JSTOR - Global Plants|accessdate=18 December 2020}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ site na 1938 ruo 1947 na Miguel Lillo Institute n'ime Mahadum Tucuman. Ọ kwagara na Darwinion Botanic Institute na San Isidro . &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lourteig, Alicia (1913-2003)|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000005169|work=JSTOR - Global Plants|accessdate=18 December 2020}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; O nwere ike ileta herbaria ndị ọzọ na America na Europe. Ndị a gụnyere Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK (1948 ruo 1950) na herbaria na Stockholm (1950-1951), Copenhagen (1951), Boston (1952-1953) na Washington (1953). &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1955, ụlọ ọrụ French National Center for Scientific Research wetara ya wee sonye na National Museum of Natural History, France dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mkpokọta ihe ọkụkụ nke ụwa ọhụrụ. O nyere aka na mgbakwunye nke Flore de France site na Hippolyte Coste na ntụgharị nke International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sastre|first=C|title=Alicia Lourteig (1913-2003)|journal=Adansonia|date=2003|volume=25|issue=2|pages=149–150}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ haziri nchịkọta nke Aimé Bonpland (1773-1858), José Celestino Mutis (1732-1808), Surian na Charles Plumier (1646-1704) mere nke dị na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lourteig, Alicia (1913-2003)|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000005169|work=JSTOR - Global Plants|accessdate=18 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme nchọpụta na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 1979. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot; /&gt;

Lourteig chịkọtara ihe ọkụkụ na South America ma chịkọtakwa na French Antarctic na 1963-1964 na 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot;/&gt;

Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Lilloa'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==
Lourteig bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye edemedo nke ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 200. Ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ya kachasị mkpa bụ:

* Piedrahita, SD; A Lourteig.  (1991) ''Jenesis De Una Flora''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. 334 peeji nke   
* Lourteig, A. (1963) ''Flora del Uruguay, Mayacaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Celastraceae, Lythraceae, Primulaceae''. Ọ bụ ihe mere e ji dee ya A mụrụ ya n'obodo Hist. Ọ bụ n'oge a mụrụ ya , Montevideo. 38 peeji nke 14 mbadamba&amp;nbsp;
* Lourteig, A. (1956) Ranunculaceas nke South America tropical peeji nke 19-88. ''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Sayensị Okike La Salle''. 16: 43. Caracas&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  (1955) Celastráceas nke Argentina na Chile. BA: Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Series: Publication technique, 15, pp 52 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  (1943) Euphoriaceae nke Argentina. Phyllantheae, Dalechampieae, Cluytiae, Manihoteae. ''Lilloa'' nke Itoolu
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  (1942) Acalypheae nke Argentina (Euphorbiaceae) ''Lilloa'' nke asatọ.

== Onyinye ==

* N'afọ 1999, e nyere ya onyinye Millennium maka ihe ọ rụzuru na ndụ ya na XVI International Botanical Congress &lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalPlants&quot; /&gt;
* Lac Alicia na Australia Island, otu n'ime Kerguelen Islands na French Antarctica ka akpọrọ aha ya &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot;/&gt;
* a na-akpọ ụzọ ụkwụ n'otu n'ime ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na Serro de Mar na Brazil aha ya 
* A na-akpọ ihe dị ka ụdị osisi 20 na ụdị ya,  gụnyere ''Alicia'' W.R.Anderson sitere na ezinụlọ Malpighiaceae, &lt;ref name=&quot;Sastre2003&quot; /&gt; ''Lourteigia'' R.M. King &amp; H. Rob.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=W. R.|title=Alicia|journal=Novon|date=2006|volume=16|url=http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/malpigh/ChrClade/Alicia/Ali1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (site n'ezinụlọ Asteraceae),  nakwa ''Lourtella'' S.A.Graham, Baas &amp; Tobe sitere n'ezin ụlọ Lythraceae. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Lourtella'' S.A.Graham, Baas &amp; Tobe {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:925080-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=27 May 2021|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527084731/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:925080-1|archive-date=27 May 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==</text>
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    <title>Anna Murray Vail</title>
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'''Anna Murray Vail''' (January 7, 1863 - Disemba 18, 1955) bụ onye ọka mmụta ihe ọkụkụ America na onye ọdee akwụkwọ mbụ nke Ogige Botanical New York. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na ọkà mmụta mbara ala Nathaniel Lord Britton, onye ya na ya nyeere aka ịchọta Ogige Botanical New York.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Anna was born in New York's east side, the first child of David Olyphant Vail and Cornelia Georgina (Nina) Van Rensselear. N'akụkụ nne ya, o sitere na ezinụlọ abụọ ama ama na New York, ndị Van Rensselears na Van Cortlandts. Nna nna ya bụ General Robert Van Rensselaer, onye lụrụ ọgụ na Fort Ticonderoga n'oge Mgbanwe America n'okpuru iwu nke nwanne nne nne ya, General Philip Schuyler.. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Vail's father, David Olyphant Vail, was the son of Benjamin C. and Eliza Ann (née Archer) Vail. Mmekọrịta David O. Vail na ezi na ụlọ Olyphant sitere na nne nne ya, Ann Mckenzie (1782 - Nọvemba 5, 1857). Di mbụ ya bụ Zeno Archer, onye ọ lụrụ na 1803. Nwa ha nwanyị bụ Eliza Ann lụrụ Benjamin Vail. Mgbe Zeno nwụsịrị, Ann McKenzie Archer lụrụ David W.C. Olyphant. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A na-edepụta David O. Vail dị ka &quot;onye ahịa&quot; na akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri 1862  ma n'akụkọ ezinụlọ Van Rensselaer a kọwara ya dị ka &quot;...onye bi n'ụlọ Olyphant &amp;amp;amp; Company na Shanghai, China. &quot;  Nkwupụta ọnwụ ya kọwara ya dị hiwere ya dị ka onye &quot;... n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke China...&quot;, mana ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ebe ma ọ bụ ihe ọ nwụrụ na 1865 mgbe ọ dị afọ 32.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1865/04/18/news/died.html|title=Died|date=April 18, 1865|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 29, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha ya nke abụọ, Olyphant, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Olyphant &amp; Company gosipụtara njikọ ya na ezinụlọ ahụ n'akụkụ nne ya. Olyphant and Company, nke David WC Olyphant na Charles N. Talbot guzobere na 1827, bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke Old China Trade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1878/12/08/archives/a-widereaching-failure-disaster-to-an-oldestablished-firm-olyphant.html|title=A Wide-Reaching Failure|date=December 8, 1878|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 29, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ọkachamara ==
Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ Vail dị na Europe, mana ka ọ na-erule afọ 1895, ọ laghachiri na United States, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Columbia na Nathaniel Lord Britton, onye ya na nwunye ya Elizabeth Gertrude Britton guzobere New York Botanical Garden. Na Jenụwarị 1900, Vail ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ nke New York Botanical Garden, ọrụ ọ rụrụ ruo Septemba 1907.  Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, o dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ sayensị iri na abụọ. Ihe odide ya, nke echekwara na Archives and Manuscripts collection nke New York Botanical Garden, gụnyere ihe osise nke ụfọdụ osisi ọ mụrụ.
[[Faịlụ:Pen_&amp;_ink_sketch_of_Cynanchum_sp_by_Anna_Murray_Vail.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Pen &amp; ink nke Cynanchum sp nke Anna Murray Vail. Nke a bụ Ms. Vail kere na 1899 mgbe ọ bụ onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ na New York Botanical Garden.]]
N'afọ 1898, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Henry Hurd Rusby bipụtara Vailia, nke bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko osisi nke ezinụlọ Apocynaceae ma kpọọ aha ya na nsọpụrụ Anna Murray Vail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Vailia'' Rusby {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3785-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103100033/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3785-1|archive-date=3 January 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1903, Vail gara Paris, France, maka ire akwụkwọ botanical nke Prọfesọ Claude Thomas Alexis Jordan nwụrụ anwụ. O nwetara ihe karịrị 400, gụnyere mpịakọta iri nke ''Flora graeca'' nke John Sibthorp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Callery|first=Bernadette G.|title=Collecting Collections: Building the Library of the New York Botanical Garden|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brittonia_january-march-1995_47_1/page/44|journal=Brittonia|date=January 1, 1995|volume=47|issue=1|pages=44–56|doi=10.2307/2807247}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vail dere n'ọtụtụ isiokwu botanical; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ ya na 1898 (ya na Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, n'etiti ndị ọzọ), nkọwa &quot;New or Rare Mosses,&quot; dị ka ''[[Anacamptodon Splachnoides]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Britton|first=Elizabeth G.|title=New or Rare Mosses|journal=The Bryologist|date=April 1898|volume=1|issue=2|pages=41|doi=10.2307/3238611}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkọ dị na ndekọ nke New York Botanical Garden gosipụtara arụkwaghịm Vail na Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ogige ahụ n'ihi iwe ya maka ebubo na ọ na-ese siga n'ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ozi dị na faịlụ nke Nathaniel Lord Britton nke e dere na Septemba 28, 1907, nke kwuru na ọpụpụ ya bụ n'ihi nkewa dị ogologo na nne ya, onye bi na France, na-arụ ụka.

N'afọ 1911, Vail kwagara France. N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na American Fund for French Wounded, mesịa bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ ya. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi e degaara onye isi nzukọ ahụ, Oriakụ Schuyler Van Rensselaer, na ''The New York Times''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1918/08/08/archives/our-wounded-splendid-want-to-get-back-into-fight-miss-vail-writes.html|title=Our Wounded Splendid|date=August 8, 1918|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 29, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-agụ:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ngalaba ọ bụla nke Red Cross agbaziri ndị nọọsụ na ndị enyemaka, anyị nke American Fund enyewo ihe niile anyị nwere maka ọnọdụ mberede. Ọ bụrụ na ọ ka njọ, m ga-enye ọrụ nke m, n'ihi na enwere m ike ime àkwà ma sachaa ya, ọ dịghịkwa akụkụ nke ọrụ ahụ ga-emenye m egwu, ọbụlagodi na abụghị m onye nọọsụ a zụrụ azụ.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ndụ na ọnwụ ==
Mgbe ọ bi na France, Vail nwetara ụlọ na Héricy, ebe o biri ndụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ ruo mgbe [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|ìsì]] manyere ya ịla ezumike nká.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anna Murray Vail Papers (PP)|url=https://www.nybg.org/library/finding_guide/archv/vail_ppf.html|accessdate=January 5, 2021|work=New York Botanical Garden}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwụrụ na Vieux Logis na Disemba 18, 1955, e lie ya n'ebe ili ozu obodo dị na Héricy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-05|title=A Héricy : un cimetière en bord de Seine|url=http://77000.canalblog.com/archives/2021/04/05/38903186.html|accessdate=2021-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418150231/http://77000.canalblog.com/archives/2021/04/05/38903186.html|archivedate=April 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==

== Akwụkwọ ==
 

== Hụkwa ==

* Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị

== Edemsibia ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Anne Catherine Hof Blinks</title>
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'''Anne Catherine Hof Blinks''' (1903-1995 &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard&quot; /&gt;{ bụ onye America na-amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ na akwa.

Blinks rụrụ ọrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Hopkins nke Mahadum Stanford na Harvard University Herbaria ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na curated algae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=77371|title=Harvard University Herbaria - Index of Botanists - Blinks, Anne Catherine Hof|work=[[Harvard University Herbaria]]|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|accessdate=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809151245/http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=77371|archive-date=9 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=77371 &quot;Harvard University Herbaria - Index of Botanists - Blinks, Anne Catherine Hof&quot;]. ''[[Harvard University Herbaria]]''. [[Harvard University]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 August&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ụdị ndị ọ kọwara gụnyere Derbesia osterhoutii (L.R.Blinks &amp; A.C.H.Blinks) J.Z.Page si Great Sound, Bermuda, dị ka Halicystis osterhoutii L.R.Blinks &amp; A.C.H.Blinks.&lt;ref name=&quot;JPhycPage1970&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Page|first=J. Z.|title=Existence of a Derbesia phase in the life-history of ''Halicystis osterhoutii'' Blinks and Blinks.|journal=Journal of Phycology|date=1970|volume=6|pages=375–380}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Derbesia osterhoutii (L.R.Blinks &amp; A.C.H.Blinks) J.Z.Page 1970|url=https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=11532|work=AlgaeBase|accessdate=11 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blinks was also known for her work on historic and pre-historical textiles. For over 45 years, she studied, wrote about, collected and created unusual textiles, traveling widely. She amassed a large collection, which later became the basis for a teaching collection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collection&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CuriousMindFestschrift83&quot; /&gt;
Her work in textiles was acknowledged with the publication of the Festschrift ''In Celebration of the Curious Mind: A Festschrift to Honor Anne Blinks on Her 80th Birthday'' (1983)

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Anne Hof na Lawrence Rogers Blinks (1900-1989) lụrụ na 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;Briggs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Briggs|first=Winslow|title=MEMORIAL RESOLUTION LAWRENCE R. BLINKS (1900 – 1989)|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/seaside/memorials/BlinksL.pdf|work=Stanford University|date=1989|accessdate=11 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na Stanford na onye nduzi nke Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station na Pacific Grove site na 1943 ruo 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbott&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Abbott|first=Isabella A.|title=Lawrence R. Blinks Stanford University April 22, 1900 - March 4, 1989 : A biographical memoir|date=2010|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=7–9|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/blinks-lawrence-r.pdf|accessdate=11 August 2021|archive-date=August 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811031924/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/blinks-lawrence-r.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha nwere nwa, John Rogers Blinks . &lt;ref name=&quot;son_obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/montereyherald/name/john-blinks-obituary?pid=157881680|title=John Rogers Blinks (Obituary)|accessdate=10 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ botany ==
Blinks debanyere aha na Radcliffe College, onye mmekọ ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Harvard mgbe ahụ-ndị nwoke niile, na-amụ bayoloji mmiri na Farlow Herbarium. Mgbe ọ lụchara Lawrence Blinks, ọ sooro ya gaa na ụlọ nyocha Bermuda Biological Laboratory. N'ebe ahụ, ha chọpụtara ụdị Halicystis nke ha kpọrọ aha maka Winthrop Osterhout, Halicystis osterhoutii.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbott&quot; /&gt;

Blinks rụrụ ọrụ na Hopkins Marine Station nke Mahadum Stanford na Mahadum Harvard Herbaria na-amụ ma na-edozi algae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard&quot;/&gt;

E guzobere Anne Hof Blinks Fellowship na Marine Biology na Mahadum Washington na ncheta ya iji kwado ụmụ akwụkwọ si ebe dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHB_Fellowship&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụzi akụkụ nke mmemme Blinks-REU nke mahadum nke ahụmịhe nyocha na ọzụzụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Labs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UW-Friday Harbor Labs|url=https://uwsfr.wordpress.com/2015/02/06/uw-friday-harbor-labs/|work=UW School of Environmental and Forest Sciences|accessdate=11 August 2021|date=February 6, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ akwa ==
A makwaara Blinks maka ọrụ ya na akwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke akụkọ ihe mere mere eme. O lekwasịrị anya na &quot;uwe zuru ezu&quot;, na-amụ eriri, ihe na-acha odo odo, ngwá ọrụ, na usoro eji emepụta akwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Roberts|first=Nora|title=Anne Blinks Textile Study Collection - About|url=http://www.santacruzhandweavers.org/anneblinks/aboutcollec.html|publisher=Santa Cruz Handweavers Guild|date=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405124125/http://www.santacruzhandweavers.org/anneblinks/aboutcollec.html|archivedate=5 April 2003|accessdate=15 September 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRoberts2002&quot;&gt;Roberts, Nora (2002). . Santa Cruz Handweavers Guild. Archived from  on 5 April 2003.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CuriousMindFestschrift83&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rogers|first=Nora|title=In Celebration of the Curious Mind: A Festschrift to Honor Anne Blinks on Her 80th Birthday|date=1983|publisher=Interweave Press|isbn=0934026114}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRogersStanley1983&quot;&gt;Rogers, Nora; Stanley, Martha (1983). ''In Celebration of the Curious Mind: A Festschrift to Honor Anne Blinks on Her 80th Birthday''. Interweave Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0934026114|&lt;bdi&gt;0934026114&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Blinks weere usoro nnwale nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie site n'ịgbalị usoro oge ochie nke nkwadebe eriri na usoro ịkpa ákwà. A na-eto ya maka ịchọpụta na ịkwalite usoro dịka &quot;overspin&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;ịkwụsị&quot;,  nke a na-agbanye eriri ahụ ka ọ &quot;na-agagharị n'onwe ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elliott&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Totten&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Totten|first=Dianne|title=Texturize Your Weaving|date=January 5, 2016|url=https://handwovenmagazine.com/texturize-your-weaving/|work=Handwoven|accessdate=11 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-ese eriri bụ Lillian Elliott ejirila usoro a mee ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elliott&quot; /&gt;

Blinks mụrụ, chịkọta ma mepụta akwa pụrụ iche, na-anakọta nnukwu nchịkọta n'etiti 1949 na 1995. Nke a ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke nchịkọta nkuzi nke ndị otu Santa Cruz Handweavers' Guild &lt;ref name=&quot;Collection&quot;/&gt; (mgbe e mesịrị Santa Cruz Textile Arts Guild) gbakọtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO IS THE SANTA CRUZ TEXTILE ARTS GUILD?|url=https://www.sctextileartsguild.org/who-we-are|work=The Santa Cruz Textile Arts Guild (SCTAG)|accessdate=10 August 2021|archivedate=11 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811000928/https://www.sctextileartsguild.org/who-we-are}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwere mmasị karịsịa na akwa South America. N'etiti ndị ọ gụrụ bụ ndị India Andes, na-eleta Santiago, Chile, &lt;ref name=&quot;Abbott&quot; /&gt; na Ndị India Mayoruna nke [[Peru]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Waddington&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Waddington|first=Laverne|title=Backstrap Weaving – Little Things, Big Smiles|url=https://backstrapweaving.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/backstrap-weaving-little-things-big-smiles/|work=Backstrap Weaving|date=June 15, 2012|accessdate=11 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gakwara, mụọ ma dee banyere mmepụta nke akwa na Thailand, na-akọwa ojiji nke ihe mgbakwunye dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ruru 300 ọzọ a na-eji emepụta akwa eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lefferts&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lefferts|first=H. Leedom Jr.|title=The Kings As Gods: Textiles In The Thai State|journal=Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings|date=1988|pages=644-|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/|accessdate=11 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blinks na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke atụrụ, na ịzụlite maka njirimara ajị anụ&lt;ref name=&quot;AHB_Fellowship&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Morse|first=Trish|title=Anne Hof Blinks Fellowship Endowment|url=http://depts.washington.edu/fhl/enews/autumn2012/ahblinks.html|work=Friday Harbor Labs|publisher=University of Washington|accessdate=24 February 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMorse&quot;&gt;Morse, Trish. [http://depts.washington.edu/fhl/enews/autumn2012/ahblinks.html &quot;Anne Hof Blinks Fellowship Endowment&quot;]. ''Friday Harbor Labs''. University of Washington&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 February&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; dịka ajị anụ na-acha nchara nchara nke o ji mee ihe na akwa ya. Ọ zụlitere atụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Jack's Peak, 522 Loma Alta Road, Carmel, California.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abbott&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peak&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RICHARD JOSEF NEUTRA (1892-1970)|url=https://usmodernist.org/neutra.htm|work=US Modernist Architecture|accessdate=11 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ afọ ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọmụmụ ihe, omume na nkuzi nke textiles nabatara akwụkwọ nke Festschrift In Celebration of the Curious Mind: A Festschrift to Honor Anne Blinks na ụbọchị ọmụmụ 80th ya (1983).&lt;ref name=&quot;CuriousMindFestschrift83&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elliott&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lillian Elliott ARTIST, INSTRUCTOR, AND INNOVATOR IN FIBER ARTS|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/rohoia/ucb/text/artistinstructelliott00lillrich.pdf|work=|pages=82–83|publisher=The Bancroft Library|accessdate=11 August 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/rohoia/ucb/text/artistinstructelliott00lillrich.pdf &quot;Lillian Elliott ARTIST, INSTRUCTOR, AND INNOVATOR IN FIBER ARTS&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. The Bancroft Library. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Elliott|first=Lillian|title=In Celebration of the Curious Mind: A Festschrift to Honor Anne Blinks on Her 80th Birthday|editor=Nora Rogers|chapter=Thinking of Anne|publisher=Interweave Press|date=1983|isbn=978-0-934026-11-6|oclc=611958642}}
* {{Cite web|author=Roberts|first=Nora|title=Anne Blinks Textile Study Collection|url=http://www.santacruzhandweavers.org/anneblinks/abtsc.html|publisher=Santa Cruz Handweavers Guild|date=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030424222047/http://www.santacruzhandweavers.org/anneblinks/abtsc.html|archivedate=24 April 2003}}
* {{Cite web|author=Roberts|first=Nora|title=Anne Blinks Textile Study Collection - About|url=http://www.santacruzhandweavers.org/anneblinks/aboutcollec.html|publisher=Santa Cruz Handweavers Guild|date=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405124125/http://www.santacruzhandweavers.org/anneblinks/aboutcollec.html|archivedate=5 April 2003}}
*  
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    <title>Amanda Chetwynd</title>
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'''Amanda G. Chetwynd''' PFHEA bụ onye Britain na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ nakwa onye na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngalaba ọkachamara ya bụ na combinatorics na ọnụ ọgụgụ mbara igwe. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na Provost maka ahụmịhe ụmụ akwụkwọ, kọleji na ọbá akwụkwọ na Mahadum Lancaster, nakwa onye òtù ndị isi nke Higher Education Academy . {{R|lancs}}

== Agụmakwụkwọ na Nnyocha ==
Chetwynd nwetara nzere Ph.D. site na Mahadum Open n'afọ 1985. Anthony Hilton na Robin Wilson jikọrọ aka lekọta edemede ya, Edge-colourings of graphs.{{R|mgp}} O mere nnyocha onye nwetarala nzere ọkankuzi ya na Mahadum Stockholm tupu ọ banye Mahadum Lancaster . {{R|postdoc}} Ihe nchoputa na-amasị ya gụnyere graph theory, edge coloring, na Latin square na combinatorics, yana Nchịkọta ala na ndekọ ahụike.{{R|lancs}}

== Nkwanye Ùgwù na Ije Ozi Ya ==
N'afọ 2003, Chetwynd ritere ịbụ onye òtù National Teaching Fellowship na mmata ịdị mma nkuzi ya. {{R|ntf}} Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke London Mathematical Society n'afọ 2005, n'oge ọmụmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na mahadum na-ebelata, ma siri n'ọ́kwá a gbaa gọọmentị UK ume ka ha gbochie ọdịda n'ọnụ ọgụ ahụ site n'inyetukwu ego maka agụmakwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụta.{{R|wasteland}}

== Akwụkwọ Ndị O Dere ==
Chetwynd bụ onye dere, ya na Peter Diggle,   akwụkwọ ndị a: Discrete Mathematics (Modular Mathematics series, Arnold, 1995) na Statistics and Scientific Method: An Introduction for Students and Researchers (Oxford University Press, 2011). {{R|ssm}} Ya na Bob Burn bụ onye dere A Cascade of Numbers: An Introduction to Number Theory (Arnold, 1995). {{R|cascade}}

== Ebemsidee ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=lancs&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/vc/senior-officers/chetwynd/|title=Provost for Student Experience, Colleges and the Library: Professor Amanda Chetwynd, BSc, MSc, PhD|work=Senior Officers|publisher=Lancaster University|accessdate=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=mgp&gt;{{mathgenealogy|id=99869}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ntf&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.maths.lancs.ac.uk/~chetwynd/LUaward2.htm|title=Lancaster wins National Teaching Fellowship Prize for 4th Year Running|publisher=Lancaster University|date=10 June 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251105202410/https://www.maths.lancs.ac.uk/~chetwynd/LUaward2.htm|access-date=27 September 2025|archive-date=5 November 2025|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=postdoc&gt;Author biography from ''Statistics and Scientific Method''&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cascade&gt;Reviews of ''A Cascade of Numbers'':
*{{citation|year=1997|title=none|first=H. L.|last=Abbott|journal=Mathematical Reviews|mr=1377266}}
*{{citation|title=Review|date=January 1997|journal=Mathematical Spectrum|url=http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=ms&amp;Page=MS292|page=47|first=David|last=Sharpe|access-date=2025-09-27|archive-date=2021-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615141543/http://appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=ms&amp;Page=MS292|url-status=dead}}
*{{citation|title=none|first=Douglas|last=Quadling|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|volume=81|issue=491|date=July 1997|pages=329–330|doi=10.2307/3619238|jstor=3619238|s2cid=59973837 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ssm&gt;Review of ''Statistics and Scientific Method'':
*{{citation|last=King|first=Tom|date=February 2013|doi=10.1111/j.1740-9713.2013.00640.x|issue=1|journal=Significance|pages=42–43|title=none|volume=10|doi-access=free}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=wasteland&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/feb/11/highereducation.cutsandclosures|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Course closures creating maths 'wasteland'|first=Donald|last=MacLeod|date=11 February 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/people-profiles/amanda-chetwynd Ihu mbụ]
* Mbipụta Amanda Chetwynd ndị edepụtara na Google Scholar 
{{Lancaster University|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Amel Ben Abda</title>
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'''Amel Ben Abda''' bụ ọkammụta mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ National Engineering School nke Tunis. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ na Tunisia nwetara nzere PhD na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Tunisia na kọmitii na-eduzi ''International Laboratory for Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics'' na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ nke Tunisian Woman Mathematician Association. ''Òtù na-ahụ maka nchịkọta ụmụ nwanyị nke Tunisia.''

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Ben Abda gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na National Engineering School of Tunis, gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies nke Nabeul. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/bio-et-photo-amel-ben-abda-english.pdf|title=Representative of Tunisia in the Steering Committee of LIRIMA|author=|first=|date=|work=LIRIMA|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere PhD mbụ na ngalaba Applied Mathematics na Tunisia n'afọ 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/twma-celebrates-11-february.pdf|title=Tunisian Women Mathematicians' Association|author=|first=|date=2016|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ime nnyocha na ọrụ ==
N'ọrụ ya na ngalaba applied mathematics, Ben Abda arụọla ọrụ n'usoro &quot;reciprocity gap&quot; nke e nwere ike iji gosi nkwarụ ndị dị na ngwaọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1993-09-01|title=The reciprocity gap: a general concept for flaws identification problems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanics-research-communications_september-october-1993_20_5/page/415|journal=Mechanics Research Communications|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=415–420|doi=10.1016/0093-6413(93)90032-J|issn=0093-6413|author=Andrieux|first=S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=BEN ABDA|first=AMEL|title=On the Use of the Reciprocity-Gap Functional in Inverse Scattering from Planar Cracks|date=October 2005|journal=Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences|language=en|volume=15|issue=10|pages=1553–1574|doi=10.1142/s0218202505000819|issn=0218-2025|url=https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070710/file/RR-5290.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Defect and material mechanics : proceedings of the International Symposium on Defect and Material Mechanics (ISDMM), held in Aussois, France, March 25-29, 2007|date=2008|publisher=Springer|others=Dascalu, Cristian; Maugin, Gérard A.; Stolz, Claude|isbn=9781402069291|location=Dordrecht|oclc=261325816}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀ na-arụkwa ọrụ na nsogbu nke ịrụgharị ọnọdụ ókè site na data na-ezughị ezu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hal.tn/ProfilSite.xhtml?labo=lamsin&amp;memberId=358|title=Profil|work=www.hal.tn|accessdate=2018-07-13|archivedate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231112/http://www.hal.tn/ProfilSite.xhtml?labo=lamsin&amp;memberId=358}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1993, Ben Abda sonyere Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, ebe e buliri ya gaa n'ọkwá osote prọfesọ n'otu afọ ahụ .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1999 of sonyere National Engineering School of Tunis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ̀ kọwara maka nrụgharị Tunisia nke mbụ n'afọ 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|title=Amel Ben Abda {{!}} European Women in Mathematics|work=europeanwomeninmaths.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713234016/http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|archivedate=2018-07-13}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. ''europeanwomeninmaths.org''. Archived from  on 2018-07-13&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-07-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀ bụ ya na-ahụ maka òtù inverse theorems na Laboratory of Mathematical Modelling and Numeric in Engineering Sciences (LAMSIN).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamsin.rnu.tn/presentation/membres/Amel_BEN_ABDA.htm|title=ENIT - LAMSIN|work=www.lamsin.rnu.tn|accessdate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228084522/http://www.lamsin.rnu.tn/presentation/membres/Amel_BEN_ABDA.htm|archivedate=2019-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Tunisia na kọmitii na-eduzi ''International Laboratory for Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba|title=Amel Ben Adba|work=OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|accessdate=2018-07-13|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161312/https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. ''OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN''. Archived from  on 2018-06-13&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-07-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọkwa na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Tunisian Woman Mathematician Association (TWMA).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://africanwomeninmath.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|title=Amel Ben Abda {{!}} African Women in Mathematics Association|work=africanwomeninmath.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://tunwma.com/twma-advisory-members/|title=TWMA Advisory Board|date=2016-11-30|work=TUNISIAN WOMEN MATHEMATICIANS ASSOCIATION TWMA|accessdate=2018-07-13|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231337/https://tunwma.com/twma-advisory-members/|archive-date=2018-07-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; TWMA na-enye ihe nrite kwa afọ maka thesis PhD kachasị mma na mgbakọ na mwepụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/twma-award-for-best-phd-thesis-in-mathematics-for-women2.pdf|title=TWMA AWARD for the Best PhD Thesis in Mathematics|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018 a họpụtara ya dịka òtù n'ime ụmụ nwanyị otu narị kacha elu nke OkayAfrica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Kawésqar</title>
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      <text bytes="8340" sha1="nl8c87s2acd8x10786kfdneqxkzx3p1" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |Kawésqar
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |Alacaluf
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |&lt;span qawasqar-language=&quot;&quot; text=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&lt;span title=&quot;&gt;''Qawasqar''&lt;/span&gt;-language text&quot;&gt;''Kawésqar'', Qawasqar
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |A mụrụ ya&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Chile]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ógbè
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Channel Region, ọdịda anyanwụ [[Patagonia]], Wellington Island n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda Chile, 49° ndịda, na etiti na Villa Puerto Edén.
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Agbụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |2,600 [[Alacaluf people|Ndị Alacaluf]] (ọnụ ọgụgụ afọ 2002) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/alc/ Kawésqar language] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )&quot;&gt;(subscription required)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |10 (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;EL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3101|title=Kawésqar|website=www.endangeredlanguages.com|language=en|access-date=2017-01-24|archive-date=2016-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908220117/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3101|url-status=dead|accessdate=2026-03-06|archivedate=2016-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908220117/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3101}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Alacalufan languages|Alacalufan]]
* '''Kawésqar'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Writing system|Usoro ide ihe]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Latin script|Latịn]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |Koodu asụsụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:alc|alc]]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/qawa1238 qawa1238]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/3101 Kawésqar]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Kawésqar.png|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg|frameless]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;A na-ahazi Kawésqar dị ka Critically Endangered site na [[UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint selfref&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;&quot; |'''Isiokwu a nwere akara ụdaolu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].''' Enweghị [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|nkwado nsụgharị]] kwesịrị ekwesị, ị nwere ike ịhụ [[Unicode]]_block)#Replacement_character&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Specials (Unicode block)&quot;&gt;akara ajụjụ, igbe, ma ọ bụ akara ndị ọzọ kama mkpụrụedemede Unicode. Maka ntuziaka mmeghe na akara IPA, lee Help:IPA.
|}
{{Reflist}}
'''Kawésqar''' (Qawasqar), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Alacaluf''',  bụ Asụsụ Alacalufan dị oke egwu nke Ndị Kawésqar na-asụ na ndịda [[Chile]]. Na mbụ akụkụ nke obere ezinụlọ, naanị asụsụ ugwu fọdụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2020|title=Qawasqar|work=[[Glottolog]] 4.3|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/qawa1238|accessdate=2020-12-02|archivedate=2020-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718213031/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/qawa1238}}&lt;/ref&gt; naanị asụsụ ugwu fọdụrụ. Na 2009, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole ka ndị agadi na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bi na Wellington Island dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Chile.&lt;ref name=EL&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3101|title=Kawésqar|website=www.endangeredlanguages.com|language=en|access-date=2017-01-24|archive-date=2016-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908220117/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3101|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
!N'ihu
!Central
!Ịlaghachi azụ
|-
!N'akụkụ
|i
|
|u
|-
!N'etiti
|e
|
|o
|-
!Emeghe
|æ
|a
|
|}

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Akpụkpọ ahụ
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Mkpịsị aka
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n
|
|ŋ
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plosive
!&lt;small&gt;Ala Dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t
|t͡ɕ
|k
|q
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ʔ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Ihe E Mere Eme&lt;/small&gt;
|pʼ
|tʼ
|t͡ɕʼ
|kʼ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
|f
|s
|
|x
|
|h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tap / flap
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|w
|l
|j
|
|
|
|}

== Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ==

== Ọdịdị na nhazi okwu ==

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndị Kawésqar
* Ndepụta asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na South America

== Akwụkwọ ==

* [[Aguilera Faúndez, Oscar E.|Aguilera Faúndez, Oscar]] (1978). Akwụkwọ ozi Kawesqar-Spanish, Spanish-Kawesqar. Boletín de filología (Mahadum nke Chile, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras) 29.
* [[Oscar Aguilera Faúndez|Aguilera Faúndez, Oscar]] (2001): Gramática nke asụsụ kawésqar. Temuco: Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmepe Ụmụ Amaala.
* [[Christos Clairis|Clairis, Christos]] (1987): El qawasqar. Asụsụ Fuegian. Echiche na nkọwa. Valdivia: Universidad Austral de Chile [Anejo de Estudios Filológicos 12].
* [[Pieter C. Muysken|[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]]] ''Asụsụ nke Andes''. Nnyocha Asụsụ Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Qawasqar dictionary online (họrọ nlegharị anya dị mfe ma ọ bụ dị elu) 
* [http://www.kawesqar.uchile.cl/lengua/alfabeto.html Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Kawésqar]
* [http://www.kawesqar.uchile.cl Kawésqar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090323084429/http://www.serindigena.cl/territorios/kawesqar/territorio_kawesqar.htm SerIndigena - Ógbè Kawesqar]
* [http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_qaw Kawésqar na World Atlas of Language Structures Online]
* [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America|AILLA]].utexas.org/search/view_resource.html?coll_id=99&quot; id=&quot;mwAQM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Nchịkọta Asụsụ Chilean nke Oscar Aguilera na José Tonko - gụnyere ndekọ na transcriptions nke akụkọ, akụkọ ifo, na mkparịta ụka na Kawésqar na AILLA.
* [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/313 Qawasqar] (Intercontinental Dictionary Series) 
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMShHq7i1sc Abụ ịhụnanya &quot;Chichili&quot; na Kawésqar]</text>
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    <title>Astrid Olofsdotter</title>
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      <text bytes="3636" sha1="39s1umzvtheggnmve83dd8axbe5sx2h" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Astrid olofsdatter-taler.jpg|thumb|Astrid olofsdatter]]
'''Astrid Olofsdotter''' (Old Norse: {{Lang|non|Ástríðr Óláfsdóttir}}; Norwegian: ''Astrid Olavsdatter''; English: ''Asterith'' ; nwụrụ 1035) bụ eze nwanyị nke Saint Olaf, onye chịrị Norway site na 1019 ruo 1028.  Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị nwere abụ otuto nke skaldic a raara nye ya maka okwu ya siri ike banyere ndị agha Sweden iji kwado nwa nwa ya, Magnus the Good . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jesch|first=Judith|date=2012|title=Sigvatr Þórðarson, Poem about Queen Ástríðr|url=https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&amp;i=1350&amp;v=intro|journal=Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to C. 1035|volume=1|pages=645|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216021244/https://skaldic.org/m.php?i=1350&amp;p=text&amp;v=intro|archive-date=2025-12-16|access-date=2026-01-22|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Astrid nye Eze Olof Skötkonung nke Sweden na nne ya nwanyị bụ Edla nke Obottrite. Ọ bụ nwanne nne nke Eze Anund Jacob nke Sweden na nwanne Eze Emund nke Ochie nke Sweden. A na-ekwu na nne di ha, Queen Estrid, emesoghị ya na nwanne ya nwoke Emund nke ọma, nakwa na e zigara ha ka ha gaa leta nne na nna na-azụ ụmụ. E zigara Astrid nye otu nwoke aha ya bụ Egil na Västergötland..

N'afọ 1016, e kpebiri na Norway na Sweden ga-abịa na mmekọrịta udo site na njikọ alụmdi na nwunye eze. Ndị a ma ama nke mba abụọ ahụ gbalịrị ịhazi alụmdi na nwunye n'etiti Eze Olaf nke Norway na nwanne nwanyị Astrid, Princess Ingegerd Olofsdotter nke Sweden, mana Ingegerd lụrụ Yaroslav I the Wise, Grand Prince of Novgorod na Kiev. Kama nke ahụ, Astrid lụrụ Eze Olaf na Sarsborg na 1019.Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na Astrid nọchiri Ingegerd site n'ọchịchọ nna ya, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na alụmdi na nwunye ahụ mere megidere uche nna ya, site na nkwado nke Eze Olaf na nwa okorobịa Sweden bụ Ragnvald Ulfsson .

Astrid was described as beautiful, articulate and generous, and well liked by others. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; She was the mother of Wulfhild of Norway (1020–1070), who married Ordulf, Duke of Saxony,[7] and the stepmother of King Magnus the Good, with whom she had a good relationship. In 1030, she was widowed when her husband was killed. She left Norway and returned to the Swedish court, where she had a high position. When her stepson Magnus visited Sigtuna on his way to claim the Norwegian throne, she gave him her official support and encouraged Sweden to do so as well.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|title=All the King's Women: Polygyny and Politics in Europe, 900–1250|first=Jan|author=Rudiger|publisher=Brill|year=2020}}
* Lagerqvist, Lars O. ''Sverige och dess regenter under 1.000 år''. Albert Bonniers Förlag AB. 1982.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/91-0-075007-7|&lt;bdi&gt;91-0-075007-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* Thunberg, Carl L. ''Att tolka Svitjod'' [''To interpret Svitjod'']. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. 2012.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-4-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-91-981859-4-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
{{s-start}}
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{{succession box|before=[[Sigrid Storråda]]|title=[[List of Norwegian royal consorts|Queen consort of Norway]]|years=1019–1028|after=[[Emma of Normandy]]}}
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    <title>Aisa Hakimcan</title>
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      <text bytes="13344" sha1="acrb50fklybixbvlqzc6vqqisxxqnqn" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Aisja Hakimsan (cropped).jpg|thumb|Aisja Hakimsan ]]
 

'''Aisa Hakimcan''' /ɑjˈsɑ hɑkimˈd͡ʒan/ (Tatar:__hau____hau____hau__ Haakimҗан, r Xəkimcan, Tatar pronunciation: [ʁɑj'sæ χækimˈńɑn] i[[b] 13 Maachị 1896 – 5 Nọvemba 1972) bụ onye omenkà Tatar na onye mbipụta n'etiti obodo Tatar nke Tampere, Finland. A maara ya dị ka onye omenala mba, onye duziri egwuregwu, dere uri ma duzie nzukọ Tarawih. Na 1970, o sonyere na ogbako maka ncheta afọ 50 nke Tatarstan na Kazan. Nwa ya nwoke bụ Räshid Hakimsan (Reşid Hakimcan; 1934–1997) bụ onye egwuregwu hockey na onye ọkaikpe.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Sadri_Maksudi_Finland.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Aisa Hakimcan (n'azụ, nke abụọ site n'aka ekpe) na ndị Tampere Tatars ibe ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Idel-Ural Sadri Maksudi (nọdụ ala n'etiti), afọ 1920.]]
A mụrụ ya dị ka nwa Khakimzhan Mukhametaminov na Maryam Alyautdinova na Nizhny Novgorod Governorate Mishar obodo ''Aktuk'', Aisa Hakimcan (Aisya Khakimvhanov) bịara Finland na 1917.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Leitzinger|first=Antero|title=Mishäärit - Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö|publisher=Kirja-Leitzinger|year=1996|isbn=952-9752-08-3|location=Helsinki|pages=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ọtụtụ Ndị Tatar ndị ọzọ nke ọgbọ ya, Hakimcan na-ebi ndụ dị ka onye ahịa, mana n'etiti obodo Tatar nke Tampere, a maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye ndú siri ike na onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Aliyebanu_1946.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|&quot;Aliye banu&quot; (Ğaliyəbanu), nke Xəkimcan duziri (azụ, nke abụọ site n'aka ekpe), nke ndị Tampere Tatars mere na Helsinki, afọ 1946. Nwa nwanyị Aliyə na-arụ ọrụ.]]
Hakimcan sonyere na ntọala nke ọgbakọ ndị Alakụba dị n'ógbè ahụ, ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ na bọọdụ ahụ. Obere oge tupu nke a, e guzobere onye bu ọgbakọ dị mkpirikpi ma Hakimcan nọ n'ọnọdụ ndu nke ọrụ ahụ. Hakimcan bụkwa onyeisi oche nke The Tampere Turkish Society na ngwụcha afọ 1940, na osote onyeisi oche ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na mbido afọ 1920, Hakimcan bụ otu n'ime ndị Alakụba nọ na Tampere, bụ ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Imam nke Helsinki, na-agba ya ume ịmalite ọrụ nke iguzobe ọgbakọ Tatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Suikkanen|first=Mikko|title=Yksityinen Susi - Zinetullah Ahsen Bören (1886-1945) eletty ja koettu elämä|url=https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/83306}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Aisa_Hakimcan,_Batyr_yeget.flac|thumb|200x200px|Nkọwa olu nke Aisa Hakimcan (1952).]]
N'etiti obodo ahụ, a maara Hakimcan dị ka onye na-agụ egwú. Ọ bụrụ abụ, kpọọ violin, mandolin ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi ukwe. Hakimcan dekwara uri ma duzie ihe nkiri aha ya bụ ''Aliyebanu'' (Ğaliyəbanu) na ''Asılyar,'' nke Mirkhaydar Fayzi dere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Файзи (Файзуллин) Мирхайдар Мустафович|url=https://tatarica.org/ru/razdely/kultura/literatura/personalii/fajzi-fajzullin-mirhajdar-mustafovich}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mekwara onwe ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ na 1930s, mgbe egosiri egwuregwu ''Zöleyha'' (Zöləyxa) na Tampere Theatre, iji sọpụrụ onye ọbịa Ayaz İshaki onye a sịrị na ọ nwere obi ụtọ na arụmọrụ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri &quot;ahọrọ nke ọma&quot;.[2] bụ otu n'ime ndị ndu na GibGibadulla Murtasin na Turkestan bụ onye nduzi. [3], nwa nwanyị Aisa, yana ụmụ nwanne ya nwoke; Zinnetulla, Semiulla, Hamdurrahman na Hafize, niile sonyere n'egwuregwu ya. A maara ha dị ka ezinụlọ nwere nkà n'etiti ndị Tatar.[4]

Hakimcan duziri nzukọ Tarawih nke obodo ya n'oge Ramadan ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, na-agụghachi ukwe &quot;Elveda&quot; (Əlwidağ) na &quot;İlahi&quot;. [&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;[2]

Abụ uri ya bụ nke mba ma na-ekwukarị banyere mmetụta nke agụụ maka ebe a mụrụ ya. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, o kwupụtara mmetụta ya na peeji mmeghe nke akwụkwọ ya nwere akụkụ atọ, Milli şiğer wə cırlar (ميللى شيعر وه ماسلار; &quot;Abụ na abụ mba&quot;, 1956-1966), dị ka ndị a:
 
Mbipụta ahụ nwere ọrụ nke obodo ahụ, nke Hakimcan chịkọtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1935, Hakimcan dere na ọ chọrọ ịlaghachi n'ala nna ya na &quot;ụmụ jupụtara n'okwukwe&quot;, na-ejedebe ederede ahụ na İnnə__ilo____ilo____ilo__ -__ - İ''İnnə fast-dinə ğinda allahi'' - islam (&quot;N'ezie, okpukpe dị n'anya Allah bụ Islam&quot;; 3:13:19 Ọ kpọrọ ndị ya &quot;Turkish-Tatars&quot; (Törek-tatar overı). [3]

Hakimcan bipụta ma bipụta egwu na abụ ya na ezigbo enyi ya, imam Habiburrahman Shakir. N'afọ 1960, ha bipụtara akwụkwọ nta maka nsọpụrụ onye na-ede uri Ğabdulla Tuqay. Ya na onye ọchụnta ego bụ́ Semiulla Wafin, o bipụtara otu akwụkwọ okpukpe a na-akpọ İslam dine xaq dinder (ايسلام دينى خاق ديندر).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baibulat|first=Muazzez|title=The Tampere Islamic Congregation: the Roots and History (in finnish, tatar and english)|publisher=Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy|year=2004|isbn=952-91-6753-9|location=Jyväskylä|pages=146}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBaibulat2004&quot;&gt;Baibulat, Muazzez (2004). ''The Tampere Islamic Congregation: the Roots and History (in finnish, tatar and english)''. Jyväskylä: Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy. p.&amp;nbsp;146. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/952-91-6753-9|&lt;bdi&gt;952-91-6753-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Halen|first=Harry|title=Lahjan Hedelmät (in a book: Tugan Tel - Kirjoituksia Suomen Tataareista, reporter: Kadriye Bedretdin, 2011)|publisher=Suomen Itämainen Seura|year=1996|isbn=978-951-9380-78-0|location=Helsinki|pages=341}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHalen1996&quot;&gt;Halen, Harry (1996). ''Lahjan Hedelmät (in a book: Tugan Tel - Kirjoituksia Suomen Tataareista, reporter: Kadriye Bedretdin, 2011)''. Helsinki: Suomen Itämainen Seura. p.&amp;nbsp;341. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-951-9380-78-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-951-9380-78-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abdulla Tukay {{!}} Kansalliskirjasto|url=https://finna.fi/Record/fikka.4274716|work=Finna.fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Aysə_Həkimcan,_Röstəm_Yəhin.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ğəysə Xəkimcan, Röstəm Yaxin (Kazan 1970).]]
N'afọ 1938, e mere emume ncheta afọ 20 maka Idel Ural State na Warsaw, nke onye Tatar na-eme ihe ike bụ Ayaz Ishaki haziri. Hakimcan bụ otu n'ime ndị Tatar asaa nke Finland sonyere na ememe ahụ. N'ịbụ ndị onye Imam Tatar nke Poland bụ [[Ali Woronovicz]] duziri, ha gara n'ili nke onye agha a na-amaghị ama iji sọpụrụ ndị Alakụba ibe ha nwụrụ anwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baibulat|first=Muazzez|title=The Tampere Islamic Congregation: the roots and history|publisher=Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy|year=2004|isbn=952-91-6753-9|location=Jyväskylä|pages=114}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na June 1970, onye ọrụ ọdịbendị Tatar nke Finland bụ Ymär Daher kpọrọ Hakimcan ka ọ bịa Kazan, Tatarstan (TASSR), dịka akụkụ nke nnọkọ ncheta afọ 50 nke Tatarstan. N'ebe ahụ, ha gara &quot;G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences&quot;, ebe a nabatara ha n'ụzọ iwu. Onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala Ilbaris Nadirov, onye kụziri ihe na Tampere, nọkwa ebe ahụ. N'oge njem ahụ, Hakimcan gara n'ili onye na-ede uri Tuqay iji gosi nkwanye ùgwù ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Magazin &quot;Sotsialistik Tatarstan&quot; (Sociалистик Татарстан) bipụtara uri nke Hakimcan ma gbaa ya ajụjụ ọnụ n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi.

N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1993 bụ Çit il__wol____wol____wol__ Tatar, Kazan Tatar literary scientist X артиyp Miñnegulov, onye gụrụ ndị edemede Tatar na mba ofesi, kwuru banyere ndị Tatar Finland ole na ole; Xəsən Xəmidulla, Sadri Xəmit, Gəwhər Tuğanay, na Ğaysə Xəkimcan.

== Abụ ==
'''Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'amaghị ama ka a na-akpọ Yañapar'''
 
N'abụ uri ya &quot;Obodo m Yañapar&quot; (Aktuk), Hakimcan chọsiri ike maka ebe a mụrụ ya ma chọọ ịlaghachi.

E tinyere uri a na akwụkwọ Finnish Tatar nke Sadri Hamid, nke akpọrọ Ak yul, na 1968. 

== Ụdị aha ==

* Aisja Hakimsanoff (site na Russian Айся Хакимжанов, ''Aisya Khakimzhanov''); Hakimdshan / Hakimsan
* Aisa Hakimcan (Standard Tatar) (N'Asụsụ Mishar, a naghị akpọ ya ğ / غ / г) 
* Ọchịchị a na-akpọ &quot;İsIke imlâ

N'ihe odide ndị Russia nke oge a, a na-asụpụta aha nna ahụ bụ Хакимджан (''Khakimdzhan''), nke yiri nke Mishar affricate pronunciation [d͡ʒ]. Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin c na-anọchite anya otu ụda ahụ n'asụsụ a nyere.

Aha e nyere sitere na Arabic ''ʿĪsā'', nke pụtara &quot;Jizọs&quot;. Aha nna sitere na Arabic ''Ḥakīm'' (&quot;amamihe&quot;) na Persian ''jân'' (&quot;mkpụrụ obi&quot;).

aha nna ''-ov'' na-anọchite anya aha nna. 

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Halen|first=Harry|title=Lahjan hedelmät (in a book called Tugan Tel: Kirjoituksia Suomen Tataareista, reporter: Kadriye Bedretdin, 2011)|publisher=Suomen Itämainen Seura|year=1996|isbn=978-951-9380-78-0|pages=346}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=01.12.1935 Tampereen osoitekalenteri No. 1936|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/1262798?term=Hakimsanoff&amp;page=174|access-date=2026-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127150400/https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/1262798?term=Hakimsanoff&amp;page=174|archive-date=2024-11-27|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ТАТАР ИР-АТ ИСЕМНӘРЕ (ТАТАРСКИЕ МУЖСКИЕ ИМЕНА В АЛФАВИТНОМ ПОРЯДКЕ)|url=https://magarif-uku.ru/tatar-isemnere/ir-at/|accessdate=2022-05-26|archivedate=2022-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027192517/https://magarif-uku.ru/tatar-isemnere/ir-at/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kamal|first=Kärim|date=2006|title=Könbatış xristiannarı Pasxanı bilgeli, yaña Papa üzeneñ berençe &quot;Urbi et Orbi&quot; yullamasın yasadı|url=https://www.azatliq.org/a/739053.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TATAR: Table of Correspondences, Cyrillic - Roman|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/320279/Tatar_Romanization.pdf|accessdate=2022-12-13|archivedate=2014-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123004427/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/320279/Tatar_Romanization.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Хакимзян|url=https://statusname.ru/names/ru/male/khakimzyan/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Revizskaya skazka 1858 Aktukovo|url=https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?url=ya-disk-public%3A%2F%2F5kr%2FgU%2Fn%2BUnVhD9s%2FoE1C33%2Bu99wAUApRBqT5GcUV8MusGQ0i6rJNtekUTppj439q%2FJ6bpmRyOJonT3VoXnDag%3D%3D%3A%2F%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%20(%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA)%2F%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%2F1858%20%D0%B3.%2010-%D1%8F%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%20%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%2060-233-1886%20%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%2F10_revizskaya_skazka_1858_Aktukovo_Final.xlsx&amp;name=10_revizskaya_skazka_1858_Aktukovo_Final.xlsx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tatar language alphabet&quot;|url=https://www.marefa.org/w/images/9/95/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_1778.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ilya, Karl, Nurlan|first=Yevlampiev, Pentzlin, Joomagueldinov|date=2011|title=Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir, Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, and Tatar languages|url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11209-n4072-arabic.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
[[Faịlụ:Meryam_Alautdin.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Meryam Alautdin (Marьям Аляутдинова, 1863-1947).]]
Aisa lụrụ otu nwanyị si mba Finland si Nokia, aha ya bụ Sylvia &quot;Särvi&quot; (سروى, Sərwi; 1904–1965). Ọ ghọrọ onye Alakụba ma soro di ya na-akpakọrịta nke ọma n'etiti ndị Tatar. Ha mụrụ ụmụ abụọ; ada Aliye, onye bụ onye na-abụ abụ ma na-eme ihe nkiri nwere nkà n'asụsụ Tatar, na nwa nwoke, onye na-egwu egwuregwu hockey-onye na-ekpe ikpe Räshid. . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baibulat|first=Muazzez|title=The Tampere Islamic Congregation: the Roots and History (in finnish, tatar and english)|publisher=Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy|year=2004|isbn=952-91-6753-9|location=Jyväskylä|pages=179 &amp; 254}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụnne nwoke ndị okenye nke Aisa, Ibrahim na Siddik, yana nne ya, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye ọrụ ugbo, Merjam Alautdinoff (Maryam Alyautdinova; 1863-1947) bikwa na Finland. Onye ọchụnta ego Ymär Sali bụ nwanne nna Aisa.  Nwanna Hasan Hakimsanoff biri na Finland naanị obere oge na mbido afọ 1900.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hasan Hakimsanoff|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/1161828?term=Hakimsanoff&amp;term=Hasan&amp;page=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>acrb50fklybixbvlqzc6vqqisxxqnqn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Adaobi Tabugbo</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Adaobi Tabugbo''' (amụrụ na Ọktoba 3, 2001) bụ onye Amerịka a mụrụ na Naịjirịa na asọmpi egwuregwu. Ọ na-asọ mpi n'ịgba ọsọ mita 60 na mita 100. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-04-01|title=Meet Nigerian Athletes Dominating the Global Stage|url=https://refinedng.com/meet-nigerian-athletes-dominating-the-global-stage/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Refined NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Tabugbo n'abalị atọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2001, a zụlitekwara ya na Laurel, [[Mérílạnd|Maryland]], mba Amerịka.  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na Reservoir, Mahadum Brigham Young &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adaobi Tabugbo - Women's Track &amp; Field 2021|url=https://byucougars.com/sports/womens-track-and-field/roster/player/adaobi-tabugbo|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=BYU Athletics - Official Athletics Website - BYU Cougars|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  na Mahadum Central Florida . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adaobi Tabugbo - Track and Field 2024|url=https://ucfknights.com/sports/track-and-field/roster/player/adaobi-tabugbo|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=UCF Athletics - Official Athletics Website|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Peter|first=Pedro|date=2025-08-02|title=National Trials: Tabugbo excited to face idol Amusan|url=https://punchng.com/national-trials-tabugbo-excited-to-face-idol-amusan/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ụmụnne nwoke ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ochulo|first=Diana|date=2022-02-23|title=BYU hurdler strives to compete despite setbacks|url=https://universe.byu.edu/2022/02/22/byu-hurdler-exhibits-daring-mentality/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=BYU Daily Universe|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tabugbo bụ onye na-asụ [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|asụsụ Igbo]] nke ọma ma na-asọmpi mba ụwa maka Naịjirịa. 

Na Juun 2024 na&lt;bdi&gt; Asọmpi Egwuregwu Afrịka nke 2024&lt;/bdi&gt; Na Douala, Cameroon, Tabugbo mechara nke ise n'ọsọ mgbochi mita 100 na oge nke sekọnd 13.47. Ọ sokwa n'òtù egwuregwu mgbagharị mita 4x100 nke Naịjirịa n'ọsọ okpomọkụ, na-enye aka na mmeri ha nwetara n'ọsọ ikpeazụ.  N'ọsọ asọmpi Olympic nke Naịjirịa n'otu ọnwa ahụ, Tabugbo bịara nke abụọ n'ọsọ mgbochi mita 100 nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere oge nke sekọnd 13.33, na-emecha n'azụ [[Tobi Amusan]] onye gara n'ihu asọmpi na Egwuregwu Olympic nke 2024 na Paris, France. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fameso|first=Funmilayo|date=2024-06-17|title=Tobi Amusan completes historic fourth national title at Nigeria Olympic trials in Benin|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/athletics/story/tobi-amusan-completes-historic-fourth-national-title-at-nigeria-olympic-trials-in-benin-2024061717034451165|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en-EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adewale|first=Abiodun|date=2024-06-17|title=Amusan wins fourth national title|url=https://punchng.com/amusan-wins-fourth-national-title/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2025 na Stan Scott Invite na Lubbock, [[Texas]], Tabugbo meriri ihe mgbochi mita 60 na oge nke sekọnd 8.06, wee nọrọ n'ọkwa iri kachasị elu na mba ahụ n'afọ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tabugbo Wins Hurdles to Highlight Day Two of Stan Scott Invite|url=https://ucfknights.com/news/2025/01/31/track-and-field-continues-strong-display-at-stan-scott-invite|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=UCF Athletics - Official Athletics Website|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Machị 2025 na Big 12 Indoor Championships na Texas, United States, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fameso|first=Funmilayo|title=NCAA Ofili and Chukwuma headline Nigerian athletes competing at Texas Relays, Preview of Nigerian NCAA athletes competing at the Texas Relays this weekend|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/athletics/story/ofili-and-chukwuma-headline-nigerian-athletes-competing-at-texas-relays-2023032408553759265|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tabugbo gbajiri ihe mgbochi nke sekọnd 8 na ihe mgbochi mita 60 nke ụmụ nwanyị, setịpụrụ ihe kacha mma nke onwe ya ma merie ihe nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Taiwo|first=Jide|date=2025-03-02|title=Adaobi Tabugbo Breaks Sub-8s Barrier, Wins Silver at Big 12 Championships|url=https://www.sports247.ng/adaobi-tabugbo-breaks-sub-8s-barrier-wins-silver-at-big-12-championships/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Popoola|first=Oluwadare|date=2025-03-02|title=Tabugbo, Umukoro win Silver medals at Big 12 Indoor Championships|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2025/03/02/tabugbo-umukoro-win-silver-medals-at-big-12-indoor-championships/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Makingofchamps.com|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207225446/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2025/03/02/tabugbo-umukoro-win-silver-medals-at-big-12-indoor-championships/|archive-date=2025-12-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbakwara ọsọ na otu egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị Florida Knights 4x100-mita, ndị otu ahụ meriri ọla nchara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Turner|first=Bryson|date=2025-05-20|title=Knight Cap: Track Earns Pair of Big 12 Event Titles|url=https://www.blackandgoldbanneret.com/2025/5/20/24433387/ucf-knight-cap-track-field-baseball-jazmen-newberry-adaobi-tabugbo-isabella-vega-rich-wallace|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Black &amp; Gold Banneret|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe omume ahụ mere ka Tabugbo nweta ọnọdụ na 2025 National Collegiate Athletic Association Outdoor Championships na Eugene, [[Oregon]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tabugbo, 4x100m Squad Punch Tickets to NCAA National Championships|url=https://ucfknights.com/news/2025/05/31/tabugbo-4x100m-squad-punch-tickets-to-ncaa-national-championships|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=UCF Athletics - Official Athletics Website|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 12 na agba mbụ nke Championships na oge nke sekọnd 13.08. 

Na Mee 2025 na East Coast Relays na Mahadum North Florida, na Jacksonville, [[Flórídạ|Florida]], Tabugbo meriri okpomọkụ mgbochi mita 100 ya na oge nke sekọnd 13.06, wee bịa nke atọ na njedebe na oge nke sekọnd 13.08. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Taiwo|first=Jide|date=2025-05-03|title=Adaobi Tabugbo, Eseroghene Awusa Storm Into Women's 100mH Final at East Coast Relays|url=https://www.sports247.ng/adaobi-tabugbo-eseroghene-awusa-storm-into-womens-100mh-final-at-east-coast-relays/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-04-01|title=Ashe hits Olympic standard as Ofili &amp; Ogazi dazzle in Baton Rouge {{!}} MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/04/01/ashe-hits-olympic-standard-as-ofili-ogazi-dazzle-in-baton-rouge/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Making of Champions|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309151603/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/04/01/ashe-hits-olympic-standard-as-ofili-ogazi-dazzle-in-baton-rouge/|archive-date=2026-03-09|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Julaị 2025 na Ed Murphey Classic dị na Memphis, [[Tennessee]], Tabugbo dekọrọ oge nke sekọnd 12.93 na ihe mgbochi mita 100. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Taiwo|first=Jide|date=2025-07-13|title=Adaobi Tabugbo Clocks Season's Best at Ed Murphey Classic, Extends Sub-13 Streak|url=https://www.sports247.ng/adaobi-tabugbo-clocks-seasons-best-at-ed-murphey-classic-extends-sub-13-streak/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2025 na Grande Prêmio Brasil de Atletismo dị na São Paulo, Brazil, Tabugbo meriri ihe mgbochi mita 100 nke ụmụ nwanyị na oge nke sekọnd 12.90. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-09-07|title=2025 Grande Premio Brasil de Atletismo: Adaobi Tabugbo Wins Women's 100 Meters Hurdles Event|url=https://www.positivenaija.com/2025-grande-premio-brasil-de-atletismo-adaobi-tabugbo-wins-womens-100-meters-hurdles-event/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=PositiveNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Obah|first=Amara|date=2025-08-25|title=Athletics: Tabugbo storms to 100m hurdles victory in Brazil|url=https://www.aclsports.com/athletics-tabugbo-storms-to-100m-hurdles-victory-in-brazil/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=ACLSports|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tabugbo sokwara asọmpi na Athletics Federation of Nigeria National Championships na [[Lagos]], Naịjirịa, na 2025. Ọ bịara nke abụọ na oge nke sekọnd 13.03. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jomiloju|first=Olatunde|date=2025-08-04|title=Amusan Clinches Fifth National Title at AFN Trials in Lagos|url=https://lagostelevision.com/2025/08/04/amusan-clinches-fifth-national-title-at-afn-trials-in-lagos/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Lagos Television|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Nọvemba 2025, Tabugbo so n'ime ndị egwuregwu a ma ama bụ́ ndị kpọrọ oku na Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke 2025 (COP30) ka ha tinye ego maka mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bruyne|first=Alexandre De|date=2025-10-28|title=Elite athletes call on COP30 to prioritize funding for climate adaptation|url=https://24brussels.online/earth-climate/elite-athletes-call-on-cop30-to-prioritize-funding-for-climate-adaptation/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=24 Brussels|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tabugbo na-azụ ọzụzụ maka Olimpiks Oge Okpomọkụ nke 2028. 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ụmụ agbọghọ ojii na-enweghị nchegbu</title>
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'''Ụmụ agbọghọ ojii na-enweghị nchegbu''' bụ echiche omenala na mmegharị nke na-achọ ịbawanye obosara nke ihe nnọchianya nke &quot;ọzọ&quot; nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://madamenoire.com/522771/struggle-finding-identity-carefree-black-girl/|title=The Struggle To Be A Carefree Black Girl|author=Jones|first=Deja|date=2 April 2015|work=Madame Noire|accessdate=30 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịchọta mmalite nke okwu a na Twitter na Tumblr.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.therivetermagazine.com/beyond-the-black-girl-nerds-hashtag/|title=Beyond the Black Girl Nerds Hashtag|author=Bustos|first=Kristina|date=10 March 2015|work=Riveter|accessdate=29 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kọrọ na Zeba Blay bụ onye mbụ jiri okwu ahụ dị ka hashtag na Twitter n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2013. N'oge na-adịghị anya Danielle Hawkins malitere blog na Tumblr site n'otu aha ahụ. N'akwụkwọ ya maka The Root , Diamond Sharp na-akọwa &quot;ụmụ agbọghọ ojii na-enweghị nchekasị&quot; dị ka echiche nke, &quot;[ụmụ nwanyị ojii] ejiriwo mee ka okwu dị iche iche dị iche iche na-emekọ ihe n'otu n'otu n'ihu echiche dị arọ na ihe na-egbu mgbu bụ ndị na-emekarị mkparịta ụka banyere ọnọdụ ha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sharp|first=Diamond|title=Why Carefree Black Girls Are Here to Stay|url=http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2014/08/carefree_black_girls_how_the_hashtag_turned_into_a_movement/|accessdate=29 August 2016|work=The Root|date=August 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Refinery29, Jamala Johns kwuru na ọ bụ &quot;ụzọ a na-eme ememe ihe niile na-enye ọṅụ na nke dị egwu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-acha aja aja. Azụlitere n'ịntanetị na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-eduzi, ọ bụ otu ihe na-egosi ọganihu dị ukwuu nke mkpali agbakọta na maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Johns|first=Jamala|title=Carefree Black Girls - Solange, Janelle Monae|url=http://www.refinery29.com/2014/01/61614/carefree-black-girls|accessdate=29 August 2016|work=Refinery29|date=January 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hillary Crosley Coker, onye nta akụkọ maka Jezebel na-enye nkọwa doro anya nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii a ma ama na-etinye echiche ahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na, &quot;ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Chiara de Blasio (ya na mkpuchi ifuru hippie ya), Solange [Knowles] na ụdị ya dị egwu na ọdịnihu Janelle Monae bụ ndị nsọ ha&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Coker|first=Hillary Crosley|title=So, What's This 'Carefree Black Girl' Thing All About?|url=http://jezebel.com/so-whats-this-carefree-black-girl-thing-all-about-1513371610|accessdate=3 September 2016|work=Jezebel|date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917081438/http://jezebel.com/so-whats-this-carefree-black-girl-thing-all-about-1513371610|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnabata ==
&quot;Nwa agbọghọ ojii na-enweghị nchegbu&quot; akpaliwo mmepe nke echiche na mgbalị ndị metụtara ya dịka &quot;ụmụ nwoke ojii na-adịghị echegbu onwe ha,&quot; okwu nke Blay na-akpọkwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2936762/on-carefree-black-boys/|title=On Carefree Black Boys|author=St. Félix|first=Doreen|date=September 27, 2016|work=MTV News|accessdate=2017-05-28|language=en|archive-date=2016-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928163824/http://www.mtv.com/news/2936762/on-carefree-black-boys/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Blay|first=Zeba|title=How Boys Like Jaden Smith Are Redefining Black Masculinity|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/05/jaden-smith-redefining-black-masculinity-_n_7514846.html|accessdate=29 August 2016|work=The Huffington Post|date=5 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Echiche ọzọ pụtara bụ &quot;ụmụ ojii na-enweghị nchegbu&quot; site na hashtag sitere na onye ọbịa ọzọ na Late Night na onye edemede Stephen Colbert Heben Nigatu (#carefreeblackkids2k16). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=#CarefreeBlackKids2k16 offers comfort in wake of U.S. shootings|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/trending/carefree-black-kids-1.3672103|accessdate=3 September 2016|work=CBC News|date=July 9, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2016, Blavity kpọrọ foto na vidiyo ndị e bipụtara na hashtag Nigatu &quot;ìhè na-egbuke egbuke anyị chọrọ mgbe izu a na-enye nsogbu gasịrị&quot; nke e ji ogbugbu Alton Sterling na Philandro Castile mara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mangum|first=Trey|title=#CarefreeBlackKids2k16 is the bright light we needed after this troubling week -|url=http://blavity.com/carefreeblackkids2k16-trending-just-needed-today/|accessdate=3 September 2016|work=Blavity|date=8 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkatọ ===
Dị ka echiche &quot;nwa agbọghọ ojii na-enweghị nchegbu&quot; nwetara nkwado dị mma, ọ na-enwekwa nkatọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://beyondclassicallybeautiful.com/2016/06/this-youtuber-says-shes-not-here-for-the-carefree-black-girl-movement/|title=This Youtuber Says She's Not Here For The 'Carefree Black Girl' Movement|author=BCB Team|date=14 June 2016|work=Beyond Classically Beautiful|accessdate=29 August 2016|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104110518/http://beyondclassicallybeautiful.com/2016/06/this-youtuber-says-shes-not-here-for-the-carefree-black-girl-movement/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shamira Ibrahim, onye nta akụkọ maka The Root na-eji mmalite nke echiche &quot;nwa agbọghọ ojii na-enweghị nchegbu&quot; tụnyere &quot;nwa agbọghọ oji,&quot; na-akatọ ojiji nke okwu ahụ dị ka &quot;okwu na-ejide ihe niile nke yiri ka ọ na-emegide eziokwu nke ịbụ nwanyị ojii ọ bụghị naanị na America kamakwa n'ọtụtụ ụwa. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2016/03/why_i_m_over_the_carefree_black_girl_label/|title=Why I'm Over the 'Carefree Black Girl' Label|author=Shamira|first=Ibrahim|date=March 11, 2016|work=The Root|accessdate=September 3, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Black Twitter
* Nwa agbọghọ ojii anwansi
* Ọdịbendị Na-emegide

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://carefreeblackgirls.tumblr.com/ Carefreeblackgirls.tumblr.com]</text>
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    <title>Alhambra</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Dawn Charles V Palace Alhambra Granada Andalusia Spain.jpg|thumb|407x407px|Alhambra]]
Alhambra (/ælˈhæmbrə/, ; Arabic: الْحَمْرَاء, romanized: al-ḥamrāʼ ) bụ ụlọ obí na ebe ewusiri ike dị na Granada, Spain. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mou ama ama nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ Alakụba na naanị ụlọ echekwara nke ọma site na ụwa Alakụba mgbe ochie.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=151}} Na mgbakwunye, obí ahụ nwere ihe atụ ama atụ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ Renaissance Spanish.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada|work=World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/314|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-date=27 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527031642/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/314|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe owuwu nke ihe Alhambra ahụ malitere n'ime 1238 OA n'aka Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar, eze Nasrid mbụ na onye guzobere Emir nke Granada, steeti ndị Alakụba ikpeazụ nke al-Andalus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:05222&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=García-Arenal|first=Mercedes|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=2014|editor=Fleet|chapter=Granada}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wuru ya n'elu ugwu Sabika, nke bụ ebe e wusiri ike na narị afọ nke iri na otu nke Samuel ibn Naghrillah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:05222&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;/&gt; Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị ọchịchị Nasrid nọgidere na-agbanwe saịtị ahụ. Mgbasa ozi owuwu kachasị mkpa, nke nyere obieze ọtụtụ n'ime ọdịdị ha, mere na narị afọ nke iri na anọ n'oge ọchịchị Yusuf I na Muhammad V.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=234–237}} Mgbe ngwụcha nke Christian Reconquista na 1492, ebee ahụ ghọrọ Royal Court ya Ferdinand na Isabella (ebee Christopher Columbus nwetara nkwado eze maka njem ya), a gbanwekwara obieze. N'ime 1526, Charles V nyere iwu ka a wuo obieze ọhụrụ nke Renaissance na obieze Nasrid. Alhambra dara n'ime narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ụlọ ya bụ ndị squatters. Ndị agha [[Napoleon]] bibiri akụkụ ya na 1812. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Alhambra ghọrọ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị maka ndị njem [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà]], na ndị njem Romant ndị ọzọ na [[Obodo Békè]]. Onye kachasị emetụta ha bụ Washington Irving, onye ya ''Tales of the Alhambra'' (1832) dọtara uche mba ụwa na saịtị ahụ.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=|pp=301–303}} Alhambra bụ otu n'ime ihe ncheta ndị Alakụba mbụ ghọrọ ihe ọmụmụ sayensị nke oge a ma bụrụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ mweghachi kemgbe narị afọ nke 19.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=238–239}} Ọ bụ ugbu a otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta na-adọrọ mmasị n'ime [[Spain]] na [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;/&gt;

N'oge Nasrid, Alhambra bụ obodo nwere onwe ya nke dị iche na Granada ndị ọzọ dị n'okpuru.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}} O nwere ọtụtụ ihe ntụrụndụ nke obodo ndị [[Àlakụ̀ba]] dị ka Ụlọ alakụba Friday, hammams (ebe ịsa ahụ ọha na eze), okporo ụzọ, ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ aka, ụlọ akpụkpọ anụ, na usoro mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=201–215}} Dị ka obodo eze na obodo ukwu, o nwere ọ dịkarịa ala nnukwu obieze isii, ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'akụkụ ugwu ebee ha nyere iwu ka a hụ mpaghara Albaicín.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}} Ndị a ma ama na nị a na-echekwa nke ọma bụ Mexuar, Obí Comares, Obí ọdụm, na Obí Partal, nke bụ isi ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị ọbịa taa. A maara obí eze ndị ọzọ site na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'oge a.{{Sfn|López|2011}} N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alhambra bụ Ebe e wusiri ike nke Alcazaba. Ọtụtụ obere ụlọ elu na ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị e wusiri ike dịkwa n'akụkụ mgbidi Alhambra. N'èzí mgbidi Alhambra ma dị nso n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Generalife, ebe bụbu obodo Nasrid na obieze n'oge ọkọchị nke nwere ogige mkpụrụ osisi akụkọ ihe mere eme na ogige ntụrụndụ nke oge a.{{Sfn|Ruggles|2008}}

Ihe owuwu nke obieze Nasrid na-egosipụta ọdịnala nke ihe owuwu Moor mepụtara na narị afọ ndị gara aga.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=}} A na-akọwa ya site n'iji ogige ahụ eme ihe dị ka oghere dị n'etiti na isi nke a haziri ụlọ nzukọ na ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ gburugburu.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=164}} Ogige na-enwekarị ihe ndị dị na mmiri n'etiti ha, dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ isi iyi. A na-elekwasị anya n'ime ụlọ ahụ ma jiri mosaics tebụl mee ya na mgbidi ndị dị n'okpuru na stucco a tụrụ atụ na mgbidi elu. Ihe osise geometric, ihe osise ahịhịa, na ihe odide [[Arabic]] bụ ụdị ihe ịchọ mma. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-eji ihe osise &quot;stalactite&quot;-dị ka ''muqarnas'', maka ihe atọ dị ka uko ụlọ.{{Sfn|López|2011}}
[[Faịlụ:Alhambra_evening_panorama_Mirador_San_Nicolas_sRGB-1.jpg|alt=|thumb|450x450px|Panorama nke Alhambra site na Mirador de San Nicolas. Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Generalife, ugwu Veleta, Obí Nasrid, Obí Charles V, na Alcazaba.]]
[[Faịlụ:Night_view_of_Alhambra,_Granada_from_Mirador_de_San_Nicolas.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Ebe a na-ahụ Alhambra n'abalị site na Mirador de San Nicolas.]]
 

== Okwu mmalite ==
''Alhambra'' sitere ya [[Arabic]], nke pụtara lit. 'onye na-acha ọbara ọbara' (f.), ụdị zuru ezu nke bụ الْقَلْعَة أْحَمْرَاءُ ''al-Qalʻah al-Ḥamrāʼ '' &quot;ebe e wusiri ike (qal'a).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:242&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan M.|language=en|chapter=Granada|editor2-last=Blair|editor2-first=Sheila S.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Al-&quot; ya &quot;Alhambra&quot; pụtara &quot;nke&quot; na Arabic, mana a na-eleghara nke a anya n'ozuzu na Bekee na Spanish, ebe a na-enyekarị aha ahụ isiokwu doro anya. Ihe a na-ezo aka na agba &quot;red&quot; n'aha ahụ bụ n'ihi ụcha na-acha ọbara ọbara nke mgbidi ya, nke e ji ájá rammed rụọ.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=234}} Agba na-acha uhie uhie sitere na [[Iron]] oxide na ụrọ a na-eji maka ụdị ihe owuwu a.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=41}}

Ọtụtụ n'ime aha ndị a na-eji taa maka ihe owuwu na ebe ụfọdụ n'ime Alhambra bụ aha ndị e chepụtara echepụta mgbe Oge etiti oge gasịrị, mgbe mgbe na narị afọ nke 19.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}} A maghị aha Arabic mbụ nke ụlọ ndị Nasrid, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta atụwo aro njikọ dị n'etiti ụlọ ụfọdụ na ụfọdụ n'ime aha ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na akụkọ ihe mere eme.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}}

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Mmalite na akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
[[Faịlụ:Aa_old_gateway_across_rio_darro_in_albaicin_in_granada.jpg|thumb|Ihe fọdụrụ na Puente del Cadí (nke bụbu ''Bāb al-Difāf''), mgbidi Zirid 11 nke mere ka ndị agha nọ n'ugwu Sabika nwee ike ịbanye n'osimiri ahụ n'oge nnọchibido]]
Ihe akaebe maka ọnụnọ ndị [[Rom]] edoghị anya mana ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie achọtawo ihe ndị fọdụrụ na ntọala oge ochie n'elu ugwu Sabika.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=293}} E nwere ebe e wusiri ike maọbụ obodo ukwu, nke nwere ike ịbụ site n'oge Visigothic, dị n'elu ugwu ahụ na 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor=Bloom|language=en|chapter=Granada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe mbụ a kpọtụrụ ''Qal'at al-Ḥamra'' aha bụ n'oge agha dị n'etiti ndị Arab na ndị Muladies n'oge ọchịchị 'Abdallah ibn Muhammad (r. 888-912). Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị dị ndụ si kwuo n'oge ahụ, ụlọ elu ahụ na-acha ọbara ọbara dị obere, mgbidi ya enweghị ike igbochi ndị agha na-ezube mmeri. Ebee mbụ a kpọtụrụ ''al-Ḥamrāʼ ''aha bụ n'ahịrị nke uri agbakwunyere na akụ a gbagburu mgbidi, nke Ibn Hayyan dere (nwụrụ 1076)
 
Na mbido 11, ndị Zirids, otu Sanhaja Berber na nkewa nke Zirids na-achịkwa mpaghara Granada. Mgbe Caliphate nke Córdoba dara mgbe 1009 gasịrị na Fitna (agha obodo) malitere, onye ndú Zirid Zawi ben Ziri guzobere alaeze nwere onwe ya, Taifa nke Granada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:05222&quot;/&gt; Ndị Zirids wuru obodo ukwu na obieze ha, nke a maara dị ka ''al-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma'' (&quot;Old Citadel&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Old Palace&quot;), n'elu ugwu nke ndị agbata obi Albaicín bi ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:05222&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;/&gt; E jikọtara ya na ebe abụọ ndị ọzọ e wusiri ike na Sabika na Mauror ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:052222&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=García-Arenal|first=Mercedes|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=2014|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|chapter=Granada|issn=1873-9830|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; N'Osimiri Darro, n'etiti obodo Zirid na ugwu Sabika, e nwere ọnụ ụzọ a na-akpọ ''Bāb al-Difāf'' (&quot;Ọnụ Ụzọ nke Tambourines&quot;), nke enwere ike imechi iji jide mmiri ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Ọnụ ụzọ ámá a bụ akụkụ nke mgbidi jikọtara obodo Zirid na ebe e wusiri ike na ugwu Sabika ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke ''coracha'' (site na Arabic ''qawraja''), ụdị mgbidi na-enye ndị agha si n'ebe e wusiri anya ohere ịbanye n'osimiri ahụ ma weghachite mmiri ọbụna n'oge nnọchibido. E mechara jiri ebe e wusiri ike n'ugwu Sabika, nke a makwaara dị ka ''al-Qasaba al-Jadida'' (&quot;New Citadel&quot;), mee ihe maka ntọala nke Alcazaba nke Alhambra ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; N'okpuru ndị eze Zirid Habbus ibn Maksan na Badis, onye kachasị ike n'alaeze ahụ bụ onye nchịkwa [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] a maara dị ka Samuel ha-Nagid (n'Asụsụ Hibru) ma ọ bụ Isma'il ibn Nagrilla (n'Arabic).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Catlos|first=Brian A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKBfDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdoms+of+faith&amp;pg=PP1|title=Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain|publisher=Basic Books|year=2018|isbn=9780465055876|location=New York|pages=216–220|accessdate=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel wuru obieze nke ya n'elu ugwu Sabika, ikekwe n'ebe obieze dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe fọdụrụ na ya. A kọrọ na ọ gụnyere ogige na ihe ndị dị na mmiri.

=== Oge Nasrid ===
[[Faịlụ:Detalle_de_la_pared_de_la_Sala_del_Mexuar._La_Alhambra,_Granada.«Sólo_Dios_es_vencedor».JPG|thumb|Ihe odide ndị Àlakụ̀ba na Mexuar Hall: &quot;Ọ dịghị onye mmeri ma e wezụga Chineke&quot;, ụkpụrụ nke usoro ndị eze Nasrid ji mee ihe.{{Sfn|Dickie|1992|p=139}}]]
Oge nke Alaeze Taifa, n'oge ndị Zirids chịrị, bịara na njedebe site na mmeri nke al-Andalus site na Ndị Almoravid si North Africa n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 11. N'etiti narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, ndị Almohads sochiri ha. Mgbe 1228 gasịrị, ọchịchị Almohad dara ma ndị ọchịchị na òtù ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ pụtara ọzọ gafee ókèala nke al-Andalus.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=265–267}} Site na Reconquista na-aga n'ihu, alaeze ndị Kraịst nke Castile na Aragon - n'okpuru ndị eze Ferdinand nke Atọ na James nke Mbụ, n'otu n'otu - mere nnukwu mmeri gafee al-Andalus. Castile weghaara Cordoba n'ime 1236 na Seville n'ime 1248. Ka ọ dịgodị, Ibn al-Ahmar (Muhammad I) guzobere ihe ghọrọ usoro [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Àlakụ̀ba]] ikpeazụ na nke kachasị ogologo oge na mpaghara ala Iberian, Ndị Nasrid, bụ ndị chịrị Emirate nke Granada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&amp;q=new+islamic+dynasties|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780748696482|location=|pages=|chapter=The Nasrids or Banu 'l-Ahmar|accessdate=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibn al-Ahmar bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ma eleghị anya o si n'ezinụlọ dị ala, mana o nwere ike inweta nkwado na nkwenye nke ọtụtụ ebe obibi ndị Àlakụ̀ba n'okpuru egwu site na ọganihu Castilian.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=266, 274–276}}

Mgbe o biri na Granada na 1238, Ibn al-Ahmar biri na mbụ na obodo ochie nke Zirids na ugwu Albaicin, mana n'otu afọ ahụ ọ malitere iwu Alhambra dị ka ebe obibi ọhụrụ na obodo ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:05222&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;/&gt;

N'oge ọchịchị nke Nasrid Dynasty, Alhambra gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ obodo palatine, juputara na usoro ịgba mmiri nke nwere [[aquaduct]] na ọwa mmiri na-enye mmiri maka mgbagwoju anya na maka ụlọ ndị ọzọ dị nso dị ka [[Generalife]].{{sfn|López|2011|pp=239–257}} Na mbụ, ebe ewusiri ike ochie ndị dị n'ugwu ahụ dabere na mmiri ozuzo nke anakọtara site n'olulu mmiri dị nso na Alcazaba na ihe a ga-esi naOsimiri Darro n'okpuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=García-Pulido|first=Luis José|date=2016-06-20|title=The Mastery in Hydraulic Techniques for Water Supply at the Alhambra|url=https://academic.oup.com/jis/article/27/3/355/2458957|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=27|issue=3|pages=355–382|doi=10.1093/jis/etw016|issn=0955-2340|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119220227/https://academic.oup.com/jis/article/27/3/355/2458957|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Martín|first=Adelaida Martín|date=2019|title=A New Architectural Approach to the Alcazaba and the Torre del Homenaje|url=https://cuadernosdelaalhambra.alhambra-patronato.es/index.php/cdalhambra/issue/view/1|journal=Cuadernos de la Alhambra|volume=48|pages=175–199|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228183424/http://cuadernosdelaalhambra.alhambra-patronato.es/index.php/cdalhambra/issue/view/1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okike nke ọwa mmiri Sultan (Arabic: ساقلتة السلطان, romanized: Saqiyat al-Sultan), bụ nke wetara mmiri sitere na ugwu dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, mere ka amata nke Alhambra siri dị ka obodo-obí kama ịbụ ihe nchebe na ihe owuwu. A na-agbasawanye usoro hydraulic nke mbụ na gụnye ọwa mmiri abụọ ogologo ya ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ elu dị elu iji weta mmiri na ala dị larịị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=García-Pulido|first=Luis José|date=2016-06-20|title=The Mastery in Hydraulic Techniques for Water Supply at the Alhambra|url=https://academic.oup.com/jis/article/27/3/355/2458957|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=27|issue=3|pages=355–382|doi=10.1093/jis/etw016|issn=0955-2340|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119220227/https://academic.oup.com/jis/article/27/3/355/2458957|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanị ihe echekwara site n'oge Ibn al-Ahmar bụ ụfọdụ mgbidi mgbidi, ọkachasị Alcazaba na njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ihe mgbagwoju anya ahụ.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}} Ibn al-Ahmar enweghị oge iji wuchaa nnukwu obieze ọhụrụ ọ bụla ma ọ nwere ike ibi na mbụ n'otu n'ime ụlọ elu nke Alcazaba, tupu ọ kwaga n'ụlọ dị ala n'ebe Obieze Charles V dị ugbu a.{{Sfn|Cabanelas Rodríguez|1992|p=129}} Mgbe e mesịrị ndị ọchịchị Nasrid mgbe Ibn al-Ahmar nọgidere na-agbanwe saịtị ahụ. Tinyere ihe ndị na-emebi emebi n'onwe ha, nke chọrọ nrụzi mgbe niile, nke a na-eme ka usoro oge nke mmepe ya sie ike ikpebi.{{Sfn|Ruggles|2008}}
[[Faịlụ:Partal_Alto_DSCF7876.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe fọdụrụ ugbu a nke Palacio del Partal Alto, obieze nke Muhammad II wuru (r. 1273-1302) ]]
Obieze kachasị ochie nke e chebere ụfọdụ ihe fọdụrụnụ bụ ihe owuwu a maara dị ka Palacio del Partal Alto, n'ebe dị elu dị nso n'etiti etiti nke ihe owuwu ahụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ site na ọchịchị nwa Ibn al-Ahmar, Muhammad nke Abụọ (r. 1273-1302).''{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=236}}'' N'ebe ndịda bụ obí nke Abencerrajes, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ obieze ọzọ, nke a maara dị ka obí nke Convent nke San Francisco, nke abụọ a nwere ike iwuru n'oge Muhammad II.''{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=236}}'' Muhammad III (r. 1302-1309) wuru obí obí, akụkụ ya ka guzo taa, yana nnukwu ụlọ alakụba Alhambra (n'ebe Chọọchị Santa Maria de la Alhambra dị ugbu a)''.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}}'' Obí Partal bụ obieze mbụ a maara nke e wuru n'akụkụ mgbidi ugwu nke ụlọ ahụ, na-ahụ obodo ahụ n'okpuru.''{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=236}}'' Ọ bụkwa obieze Nasrid kacha ochie ka guzo taa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Partal|url=https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/en/edificios-lugares/the-partal|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife|language=en-US|archivedate=29 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129154039/https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/en/edificios-lugares/the-partal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isma'il I (r. 1314-1325) mere mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama nke Alhambra. Ọchịchị ya gosipụtara mmalite nke oge &quot;nke ochie&quot; nke ụlọ Nasrid, n'oge a malitere ọtụtụ ihe ncheta dị mkpa na Alhambra ma mee ka ụdị ịchọ mma sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;/&gt;{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=261}} Isma'il kpebiri iwu obieze ọhụrụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Alcazaba ka ọ bụrụ obieze nke sultan na steeti, nke a maara dị ka ''Qaṣr al-Sultan'' ma ọ bụ ''Dār al-Mulk''.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=261}} Isi ihe owuwu a bụ Obí Comares, ebe akụkụ ọzọ nke obí ahụ, Mexuar, gbatịrị gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. {{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=236–238}} Comares Baths bụ ihe kachasị echekwa site na owuwu mbụ a, ebe ndị nọchiri ya gbanwere obieze ndị ọzọ. N'akụkụ nnukwu ụlọ alakụba Isma'il I mepụtara ''Rawda'', ebe a na-eli ozu nke ndị Nasrids, nke naanị akụkụ ya ka echekwara.''{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=236}}'' Yusuf I (r. 1333-1354) rụrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Obí Comares, gụnyere iwu Ụlọ Nzukọ nke ndị Nnọchiteanya na ọrụ ndị ọzọ gburugburu Mexuar ugbu a. O wukwara ọnụ ụzọ ámá Alhambra, Puerta de la Justicia, na Torre de la Cautiva, otu n'ime ọtụtụ obere ụlọ elu nwere ọnụ ụlọ ndị a chọrọ mma nke ọma n'akụkụ mgbidi ugwu.''{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=152}}''
[[Faịlụ:Court_of_the_Lions,_Alhambra_by_Juan_Laurent.jpg|thumb|Ụlọikpe nke ọdụm ya 1871. E wuru obieze a, nke a ka na-echekwa taa, n'oge ọchịchị nke abụọ nke [[Muhammad V]](1362-1391).]]
Ọchịchị Muhammad V (1354-1391) gosipụtara ọganihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke Nasrid emirate yana ọganihu nke ụlọ Nasrid.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=164}} Karịsịa n'oge ọchịchị ya nke abụọ (mgbe 1362 gasịrị), e nwere mgbanwe ejiji gaa na nhazi ụlọ ọhụrụ na ojiji dị ukwuu nke ''muqarnas'' vaulting.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=164}} Enyemaka ya kachasị mkpa na Alhambra bụ iwu Obí Nke Odụm n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Obí Comares n'ógbè ebe ogige ndị bibu. Ọ rụgharịrị Mexuar, mepụta &quot;Comares Façade&quot; a chọrọ mma nke ukwuu na Patio del Cuarto Dorado, ma chọọ Ụlọikpe nke Myrtles mma, na-enye ebe ndị a ọtụtụ n'ime ọdịdị ikpeazụ ha.''{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=236, 265, 269, 273}}''

Mgbe Muhammad V gasịrị, obere ọrụ owuwu dị ukwuu mere na Alhambra. Otu ihe pụrụ iche bụ Torre de las Infantas, nke sitere n'oge Muhammad VII (1392-1408).''{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=236}}'' Na narị afọ 15, usoro ndị eze Nasrid na-ada ada na ọgba aghara, na-enwe ọrụ owuwu ole na ole dị mkpa na ụdị na-emegharị ugboro ugboro, nke na-adịchaghị ọhụrụ.''{{Sfn|López|2011|p=295}}''

=== ''Reconquista'' na oge Ndị Kraịst Spanish ===
Sultan ikpeazụ nke Nasrid, Muhammad XI nke Spain, nyefere Emirate nke Granada na Jenụwarị 1492, na-enweghị mwakpo Alhambra n'onwe ya, mgbe ndị agha nke Ndị eze Katọlik, Eze Ferdinand nke Abụọ nke Aragon na Eze Nwanyị Isabella nke Castile, weghaara ókèala gbara ya gburugburu na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu. Muhammad nke XI wepụrụ ozu ndị nna nna ya n'ụlọ ahụ, dịka Leopoldo Torres Balbás gosipụtara na 1925, mgbe ọ hụrụ ili iri asaa tọgbọ chakoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://granadaonly.com/en/historic/alhambra-sultans-their-tombs/|title=Alhambra sultans: Their tombs|date=5 April 2019|accessdate=18 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620235028/https://granadaonly.com/en/historic/alhambra-sultans-their-tombs/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O yikarịrị ka ọ ga-adị ugbu a na Mondújar n'Lecrín.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ciceronegranada.com/en/blog/alhambras-monarchs-buried/|title=Where are the Alhambra's monarchs buried?|date=21 August 2017|accessdate=18 June 2020|archivedate=17 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617110828/https://www.ciceronegranada.com/en/blog/alhambras-monarchs-buried/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe mmeri ahụ gasịrị, Alhambra ghọrọ obieze na ihe onwunwe nke Crown Spanish. Isabella na Ferdinand biri ebe a ma nọrọ na Granada ọtụtụ ọnwa, ruo na 25 Mee 1492.{{Sfn|Vincent|2021|p=168}} Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ihe abụọ dị mkpa mere. Na 31 Machị, ndị eze bịanyere aka na Iwu Alhambra, nke nyere iwu ka a chụpụ ndị Juu niile nọ na Spain bụ ndị jụrụ ịtọghata.{{Sfn|Vincent|2021|p=168}}{{Sfn|Coleman|2013|p=38}} Christopher Columbus, onye nọkwa ebe ahụ iji hụ nraranye nke Granada, gosipụtara atụmatụ ya maka Njem gafee Atlantic nye ndị eze na Hall ya Ambassadors na 17 Eprelu ha bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nke setịpụrụ usoro maka njem ahụ nke rutere [[Amerikas|Amerịkas]] n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ.{{Sfn|Vincent|2021|p=168}}{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|pp=1, 16–17}}
[[Faịlụ:La_Alzaba_de_la_Alhambra_17.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nke Torre de la Polvóra na Alcazaba, ihe atụ nke ụlọ elu e ji mgbidi ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ mee ka ọ dịkwuo ike na narị afọ nke iri na isii iji chebe onwe ya nke ọma megide artillery nke oge a.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=91–92}}]]
Ndị ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke Ndị Kraịst malitere ịgbakwunye na ime mgbanwe n'obieze. E nyere ezinụlọ Tendilla ọchịchị nke Alhambra, bụ ndị e nyere otu n'ime obieze Nasrid, Palacio del Partal Alto (n'akụkụ Obí Partal), iji mee ihe dị ka ebe obibi ezinụlọ. Iñigo López de Mendoza na Quiñones (d. 1515), Count nke abụọ nke Tendilla, nọ n'etiti ndị Ferdinand nke Abụọ mgbe Muhammad XI nyefere mkpịsị ugodi nke Alhambra wee bụrụ gọvanọ mbụ nke Alhambla.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=297–298}} Ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 24 mgbe mmeri ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụziri ma gbanwee mgbidi ya iji chebe ya nke ọma megide mwakpo ogbunigwe. E wuru ma ọ bụ wusie ọtụtụ ụlọ elu na mgbidi - dị ka Torre de Siete Suelos, Torre de las Cabezas, na Torres Bermejas - n'oge a, dị ka a hụrụ site na mgbakwunye nke mgbidi gburugburu.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=297–298}} N'afọ 1512, e nyekwara Count ihe onwunwe nke Mondéjar ma mesịa nyefee aha Marquis nke Mondéhar n'aka ụmụ ya.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=297–298}}
[[Faịlụ:Granada._Alhambra._Palacio_Carlos_V_LCCN2017660754.jpg|thumb|Obieze nke Charles V, nke a malitere na 1527 mana a hapụrụ ya mgbe 1637. Foto a nke 1890 na-egosi elu ụlọ ahụ ka na-efu n'elu ala.]]
Charles V (r. 1516-1556) gara Alhambra n'elu 1526 ya na nwunye ya Isabella nke Portugal wee kpebie ịgbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi eze ya. O wughachiri ma ọ bụ gbanwee akụkụ nke obieze Nasrid ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ eze, usoro nke malitere na 1528 ma wuchaa na 1537.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=149–159}} Ọ kwatuo akụkụ nke Obí Comares iji mee ka nnukwu obí ọhụrụ, nke a maara dị ka Obí Charles V, nke e mere n'udị Renaissance nke oge ahụ. A malitere iwu obieze ahụ n'afọ 1527 mana emesịrị hapụ ya ka ọ ghara ịrụcha mgbe afọ 1637 gasịrị.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=69–70}}

Gọvanọ nke ezinụlọ Tendilla-Mondéjar bịara ná njedebe na 1717-1718, mgbe Philip V weghaara ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ahụ na Alhambra ma chụpụ Marquis nke Mondéjar, José de Mendoza Ibáñez de Segovia (1657-1734), n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye isi obodo (''alcaide'') nke Alhambra, na mmegwara maka Marquis na-emegide ya na Agha nke Spanish Succession.{{Sfnm|López|2011|Dickie|1992|1p=299|2pp=148–149}} Ọpụpụ nke ezinụlọ Tendilla-Mondéjar gosipụtara mmalite nke oge kachasị njọ nke ọdịda Alhambra. N'oge a, steeti Spain wepụtara ihe onwunwe ole na ole nye ya na njikwa ya bụ nke ndị gọvanọ mpaghara nwere ọdịmma onwe ha na ezinụlọ ha bi n'ime obieze ndị a leghaara anya.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=299}}

N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, Alhambra mebiri emebi. N'agbata afọ 1810 na 1812 ndị agha Napoleon weghaara Granada n'oge Agha Peninsular.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=298}} Ndị agha France, n'okpuru iwu nke Count Sebastiani, weghaara Alhambra dị ka ebe e wusiri ike ma mebie ihe ncheta ahụ nke ukwuu.{{sfn|López|2011|p=301}} Mgbe ha hapụrụ obodo mepere mepe ahụ, ha nwara imebi ihe owuwu ahụ dum iji gbochie ya ka a ghara iji ya mee ihe ọzọ dị ka ebe e wusiri ike. Ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbasa ụlọ elu asatọ tupu onye agha Spain bụ José Garcia emebie fuses fọdụrụnụ, onye omume ya zọpụtara ihe fọdụrụ taa.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=301}} N'afọ 1821, ala ọma jijiji mere ka mmebi ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chisholm&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Chisholm|1911}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbido narị afọ nke 19, a kọwara ebe ahụ dị ka ebe ndị mkpọrọ, ndị agha nwere nkwarụ na ndị ọzọ a chụpụrụ achụpụ bi.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=302}}

=== Nweghachi na mweghachi nke oge a ===
[[Faịlụ:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_A_Court_in_The_Alhambra_in_the_Time_of_the_Moors.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''A Court in the Alhambra at the Time of the Moors'', Edwin Lord Weeks, 1876]]
Ka ọ na-erule ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ 18, ndị na-ese ihe na ndị ọrụ Spanish malitere idepụta ọdịdị Alhambra na nkọwa ya.{{Sfn|Eldem|2024|p=|pp=23–24}} Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ 19, ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na Europe malitere ịdọrọ uche gaa na ya ma saịtị ahụ mechara bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị maka ndị edemede Romanticist nke ọdịda anyanwụ, ndị akwụkwọ ha na-achọkarị ime ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụlọ mara mma nke obieze ndị Moor n'oge gara aga na ọnọdụ ha ugbu a nke mbibi na ileghara anya.{{Sfn|Eldem|2024|p=|pp=22–25}} Nke a dakọtara na mmasị na-arịwanye elu nke ndị Europe n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (Orientialism), nke gbara ume ka a kwusie ike na exoticism na àgwà &quot;ọwụwa Awụwa Aụla Anyanwụ&quot; nke Alhambra.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=302}} Ọ bụ ndị edemede French, British, na German duziri nchọpụta a nke Alhambra.{{Sfn|Eldem|2024|p=22}} N'afọ 1830, onye edemede America bụ Washington Irving biri na Granada ma dee Tales of the Alhambra, nke e bipụtara na 1832, nke keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịkwalite mmasị mba ụwa na ndịda Spain na ihe ncheta oge Islam dị ka Alhambra.{{sfn|RingSalkinLa Boda|1995|p=298}} Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, dị ka John Frederick Lewis, Richard Ford, François-René de Chateaubriand, na Owen Jones, nyere aka mee ka Alhambra bụrụ ihe ngosi nke oge ahụ na ihe odide na ihe osise ha n'oge narị afọ nke 19.{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=|pp=144–157, 164–167}}
[[Faịlụ:-Courtyard_of_the_Lions,_Alhambra,_Granada-_MET_DP366396.jpg|thumb|Pavilion dị n'Ụlọikpe nke ọdụm na foto nke narị afọ nke 19, na-egosi &quot;ọwụwa anyanwụ&quot; dome nke Rafael Contreras gbakwunyere na 1859, mgbe e mesịrị Leopoldo Torres Balbás wepụrụ ya.]]
Ọrụ mweghachi na Alhambra malitere na 1828 n'aka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ José Contreras, nke Ferdinand VII nyere na 1830. Mgbe ọnwụ Contreras na 1847, nwa ya nwoke Rafael (nwụrụ n'afọ 1890) na nwa nwa ya Mariano Contreras (nwụrụ n'afo 1912) gara n'ihu na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alhambra {{!}} Palace, Fortress, Facts, Map, &amp; Pictures {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alhambra-fortress-Granada-Spain|accessdate=2022-02-25|work=www.britannica.com|language=en|archivedate=29 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129174214/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alhambra-fortress-Granada-Spain}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ezinụlọ Contreras nọgidere na-abụ ndị na-ewu ụlọ na ndị na-elekọta Alhambra ruo n'afọ 1907.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=304–305}} N'oge a, ha na-agbaso n'ozuzu echiche nke &quot;nweghachi ọdịdị&quot;, nke na-akwado iwu na mgbakwunye nke ihe iji mee ka ihe ncheta &quot;zuru ezu&quot; mana ọ bụghị na ọ kwekọrọ na eziokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme ọ bụla. Ha gbakwunyere ihe ndị ha weere na ha na-anọchite anya ihe ha chere na ọ bụ &quot;ụdị Arabic&quot;, na-emesi Alhambra ike na ọ bụ onye &quot;Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ&quot;. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1858-1859 Rafael Contreras na Juan Pugnaire gbakwunyere ogidi dị gburugburu nke yiri nke ndị Peshia na Court of the Lions na n'ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ugwu nke Court of the Myrtles, ọ bụ ezie na ndị a enweghị ihe jikọrọ ha na ụlọ Nasrid.'''{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=304–305}}{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|pp=30–31}}'''

N'afọ 1868, Mgbanwe ọchịchị wepụrụ Isabella II na gọọmentị weghaara ihe onwunwe nke ndị eze Spain, gụnyere Alhambra. N'afọ 1870, a mara Alhambra dị ka Ihe Ncheta Mba nke Spain ma steeti ahụ wepụtara mmefu ego maka nchekwa ya, nke Kọmitii Ncheta nke Provincial na-elekọta.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=305}} A họpụtara Mariano Contreras, onye ikpeazụ n'ime ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Contreras ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nchedo nke Alhambra, dị ka onye nlekọta ụlọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1890. Ọchịchị ya bụ nke esemokwu na atụmatụ nchekwa ya dọtara nkatọ site n'aka ndị ọchịchị ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mariano Contreras Granja {{!}} Real Academia de la Historia|url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/44265/mariano-contreras-granja|accessdate=2022-02-25|work=dbe.rah.es|archivedate=25 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225210400/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/44265/mariano-contreras-granja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Septemba 1890, ọkụ gbara akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Sala de la Barca na Comares Palace, nke gosipụtara adịghị ike nke saịtị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=303–304}} E nyere iwu ka e dee akụkọ n'afọ 1903. Nke a dugara n'ịmepụta &quot;Ụlọ Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche&quot; na 1905. E nyere Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nlekọta nchekwa na mweghachi nke Alhambra. N'ikpeazụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweghị ike ịchịkwa ya n'ihi esemokwu ya na Contreras.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|p=|pp=304–305}} N'afọ 1907, e ji Modesto Cendoya dochie Mariano Contreras, onye a katọrọ ọrụ ya. Cendoya malitere ọtụtụ igwu ala na-achọ ihe ọhụrụ mana ọ na-ahapụkarị ọrụ ndị a na-akwụsịbeghị. O weghachiri ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa nke saịtị ahụ, dị ka usoro mmiri, mana leghaara ndị ọzọ anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ruggles|first=D. Fairchild|title=Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Holod|publisher=Brill|year=2014|isbn=978-90-04-28028-1|editor=Roxburgh|pages=1–21|chapter=Inventing the Alhambra}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Modesto Tiburcio Cendoya Busquets {{!}} Real Academia de la Historia|url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/47303/modesto-tiburcio-cendoya-busquets|accessdate=2022-02-25|work=dbe.rah.es|archivedate=25 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225210402/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/47303/modesto-tiburcio-cendoya-busquets}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=304–305}} N'ihi esemokwu na-aga n'ihu na Cendoya, a gbasara Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche na 1913 ma jiri kansụl (Patronato) nke Alhambra dochie ya na 1914, nke a na-ebo ebubo ọzọ na ọ na-elekọta nchekwa nke saịtị ahụ na ọrụ Cendoya. N'afọ 1915, e jikọtara ya na Directorate-General of Fine Arts nke Ministry of Public Education (mgbe e mesịrị Ministry of National Education). &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=304–305}} Dị ka Mariano Contreras tupu ya, Cendoya gara n'ihu na-ese okwu na ndị nlekọta na igbochi ''Nchịkwa'' ha. E mechara chụpụ ya n'ọkwa ya n'afọ 1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
  
Mgbe Cendoya gasịrị, a họpụtara Leopoldo Torres Balbás dị ka onye isi na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ site na 1923 ruo 1936. Nhọpụta nke Torres Balbás, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie a zụrụ azụ na onye na-Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gosipụtara mgbanwe doro anya na usoro sayensị na usoro maka nchekwa Alhambra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Modesto Tiburcio Cendoya Busquets {{!}} Real Academia de la Historia|url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/47303/modesto-tiburcio-cendoya-busquets|access-date=2022-02-25|website=dbe.rah.es|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225210402/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/47303/modesto-tiburcio-cendoya-busquets|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=304–305}} Ọ kwadoro ụkpụrụ nke 1931 Athens Charter maka nke Restoration ya Monuments, nke kwusiri ike na mmezi mgbe niile, nkwanye ùgwù maka ọrụ nke oge gara aga, nchebe iwu maka ihe ncheta ihe nketa, na ikike nke usoro na ihe ndị dị n'oge a na mweghachi ma ọ bụrụhaala na ndị a bụ ndị a na-ahụ anya.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=304–305}} Ọrụ ya metụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ dị na Alhambra. A gbanwere ụfọdụ n'ime mgbanwe na mgbakwunye ndị na-ezighị ezi nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Contreras.{{sfn|López|2011|pp=135, 142}}{{sfn|Irwin|2004|p=30}} Onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-eto eto &quot;meghere oghere ndị e ji mgbidi mechie, gwupụtaghachi ọdọ mmiri jupụtara, dochie tebụl ndị na-efu efu, mezue ihe odide ndị na-enweghị akụkụ nke mkpụrụedemede ha, ma tinye uko n'obieze nke Charles V a na-arụchabeghị&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2014). ''Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture''. Brill. {{ISBN|9789004280281}}, pp. 18–19.&lt;/ref&gt; O mekwara nchọpụta ihe ochie n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Alhambra, nchọpụta nke ihe owuwu Nasrid furu efu dị ka Palacio del Partal Alto na Obí nke Abencerrajes nke nyere nghọta miri emi banyere obieze ochie ahụ n'ozuzu ya.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=304–305}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=237–239}}

Onye na-enyere ya aka, Francisco Prieto Moreno, onye bụ onye isi na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu site na 1936 ruo 1970, gara n'ihu na ọrụ Torres Balbás.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=304–306}} N'afọ 1940, e guzobere Kansụl ọhụrụ nke Alhambra iji lekọta saịtị ahụ, nke nọgidere na-elekọta kemgbe ahụ. N'afọ 1984, gọọmentị etiti dị na Madrid wegara ọrụ maka saịtị ahụ na Gọọmentị Ógbè nke Andalusia na n'afọ 1986, e mepụtara iwu na akwụkwọ ọhụrụ iji chịkwaa atụmatụ na nchebe nke saịtị ahụ.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=306–307}} N'afọ 1984, edepụtara Alhambra na Generalife dị ka UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;/&gt; Alhambra bụ ugbu a otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kachasị ewu ewu na Spain. Nnyocha, nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie, na ọrụ mweghachi anọgidekwara na-aga n'ihu na narị afọ nke 21.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=153-155}}

== Ọdịdị ==
[[Faịlụ:Map_of_alhambra_sp.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Atụmatụ Alhambra nke oge a.]]
Ebe Alha dị ihe dị ka 700-740 n'ogologo na ihe dị ka 200-205 n'obosara ya kachasị ukwuu.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=234}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alhambra, Granada, Spain|url=https://www.airpano.com/360Degree-VirtualTour.php?3D=Alhambra-Granada-Spain|work=AirPano|accessdate=23 January 2017|archivedate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203192259/http://www.airpano.com/360Degree-VirtualTour.php?3D=Alhambra-Granada-Spain}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eguzo n'elu ugwu dị warara na-ele ''Vega'' ma ọ bụ Plain of Granada anya ma bụrụ nke osimiri Darro tụrụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya ka ọ na-agbadata na Sierra Nevada.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Salmerón Escobar|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ala na-acha ọbara ọbara nke e ji wuo ebe e wusiri ike bụ ụrọ na-acha uhie uhie nke na-enye brik na nkume siri ike (''tapial calicastrado'') ụcha ya mara ma dị na mgbọrọgwụ nke aha 'Red Hill'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salmerón_III2&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Salmerón Escobar|2007|loc=III. The material base: construction and form}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alhambra bụ Alcazaba, nnukwu ebe e wusiri ike na-ele obodo ahụ anya. N'ihi ọchịchọ ndị njem nleta, ohere nke oge a na-emegide usoro mbụ nke malitere site na isi ohere site na ''Puerta de la Justicia'' (Ụzọ Ikpe Ziri Ezi) gaa na nnukwu Souq ma ọ bụ ahịa ọha na eze na-eche ihu na Alcazaba, nke e kewara ugbu a ma kpuchie ya site na mmepe nke oge Ndị Kraịst.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salmerón_III3&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Salmerón Escobar|2007|loc=III. The material base: construction and form}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ''Puerta del Vino'' (ọnụ ụzọ mmanya) na-agba ''Calle Real'' (Streetị Obieze) na-ekewa Alhambra n'akụkụ ọkpụkpụ ya n'ime mpaghara obibi ndịda, nwere ụlọ alakụba, hamams (ụlọ ịsa ahụ) na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ, na akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ugwu, nke ọtụtụ obieze ndị a ma ama nwere nnukwu ogige mara mma na-achịkwa ọhụụ n'elu Albaicín.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salmerón_IV&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Salmerón Escobar|2007|loc=IV. Formation and spatial perception}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'elu ugwu ahụ nwere ọtụtụ obieze Moorish, nke mgbidi e wusiri ike gbara gburugburu, nwere ụlọ elu nchebe iri na atọ, ụfọdụ (dị ka Torre de la Infanta na Torre de la Cautiva) nwere obieze kwụ ọtọ dị iche iche. Osimiri Darro na-agafe ndagwurugwu dị n'ebe ugwu ma kewaa ala dị larịị na mpaghara Albaicín nke Granada. N'otu aka ahụ, Ndagwurugwu Sabika, nke nwere Ogige Alhambra, dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda, na, gafere ndagwurugwu a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugwu kwụ ọtọ nke Monte Mauror kewara ya na mpaghara Antequeruela. Ndagwurugwu ọzọ kewara ya na Generalife, ogige ntụrụndụ nke eze ukwu. Salmerón Escobar na-ekwu na mgbe e mesịrị, a kụrụ osisi elms na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eme ka nghọta zuru oke nke nhazi ahụ ghara ịdị mma, yabụ a na-enye ọgụgụ ka mma nke ala mbụ n'oge oyi mgbe osisi ndị ahụ gba ọtọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Salmerón Escobar|2007|loc=VI. The Alhambra that survives}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ihe owuwu ==

=== Nhazi zuru oke ===
[[Faịlụ:Alhambra_by_Juan_Laurent.jpg|thumb|Mullioned windo nke ''Hall of the Two Sisters'' na Alhambra, nke Jean Laurent, n'ebe 1874. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe ịchọ mma stucco na mgbidi ndị dị n'elu ebe a na-ahụ mosaic tebụl geometric n'okpuru.]]
Nhazi na ịchọ mma nke obieze Nasrid bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu nke ụlọ Moorish (nke ọdịda anyanwụ nke Islam) site na narị afọ ndị gara aga mana ha mepụtara njirimara nke ha.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=219}} Njikọ nke ogige ndị a haziri nke ọma, ihe ndị dị na mmiri, ogige, ogidi ndị dị n'elu ogidi ndị pere mpe, na ihe ịchọ mma [[Tile|tiel]] stucco na tebụl na-enye Nasrid àgwà ụlọ nke a kọwara dị ka ethereal na nke dị nso.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0522&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tabbaa|first=Yasser|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=2007|editor=Fleet|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=Architecture}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:242&quot;/&gt;{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=49}} A na-ewu mgbidi ndị ahụ n'ala, lime concrete, ma ọ bụ brik ma jiri plaster kpuchie ha, ebe a na-eji osisi (karịsịa pine) eme ihe maka elu ụlọ, uko, na ọnụ ụzọ.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}}

E mere ụlọ ka a hụ ya site n'ime ya mere e lekwasịrị anya n'ime.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}} Otu isi nke ụlọ eze Nasrid bụ ogige nwere akụkụ anọ nwere ọdọ mmiri, isi iyi, ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri n'etiti ya.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=164}} A na-ejikọta ogige n'akụkụ abụọ ma ọ bụ anọ site na ụlọ nzukọ, na-enwekarị porticoes nwere arcaded. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe owuwu ndị a gosipụtara ''ebe a na-ele anya'', ọnụ ụlọ na-apụta n'èzí site na ụlọ ndị ọzọ ma na-egosi ọhụụ mara mma nke ogige ma ọ bụ obodo emepe mepe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:243&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan M.|language=en|chapter=Granada|editor2-last=Blair|editor2-first=Sheila S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=219}} E ji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ mee ụlọ ndị ahụ nke na-enye ha àgwà anya dị mma.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}}{{Sfn|López|2011|p=260}} E mere nhazi nke ogige, nkesa nke windo, na ojiji nke ihe ndị dị na mmiri na ihu igwe n'uche, na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ ma na-emepe ikuku gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge ọkọchị ka ọ na-ebelata mmiri oyi ma na-amụba ìhè anyanwụ n'oge oyi.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}}{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=267–268, 275}} Ọnụ ụlọ ndị dị n'elu dị obere ma dịkwuo n'ime, na-eme ka ha dịkwuo mma maka iji n'oge oyi.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}} A na-ejikarị ogige dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke na-enye ohere ka nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ nweta ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem n'etiti ehihie n'oge oyi, ebe n'oge ọkọchị, ọnọdụ na omimi nke porticos dị n'ihu ụlọ nzukọ ndị a na-egbochi anyanwụ dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wilmert|first=Todd|date=2010|title=Alhambra Palace Architecture: An Environmental Consideration of Its Inhabitation|url=https://www.archnet.org/publications/9489|journal=Muqarnas|volume=27|pages=157–188|doi=10.1163/22118993_02701008|accessdate=13 July 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626083958/https://www.archnet.org/publications/9489|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=267}}

=== Ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ndị na-ede uri ===
Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ndị na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ndị omenkà wuru Alhambra, mana a maara karịa banyere Dīwān al-Insńhā', ma ọ bụ chancery.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=237}} Ụlọ ọrụ a yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na imewe ụlọ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na ihe odide bịara pụta ìhè na ịchọ mma ha.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=259}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=237–238}} Onye isi nke chancery na-abụkarị vizier (primi minista) nke sultan. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị kpọmkwem ndị na-ewu ụlọ, usoro ọfịs nke ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ ndị a kwekọrọ na nnukwu usoro iwu ihe na Alhambra, nke na-egosi na ha keere òkè na-eduga ọrụ iwu ihe.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=237-238}} Ndị kachasị mkpa nwere ọnọdụ ndị a, dị ka Ibn al-Jayyab, Ibn al-Khatib, na Ibn Zamrak, dekwara ọtụtụ n'ime uri ndị na-achọ mgbidi Alhambra mma. Ibn al-Jayyab jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke chancery n'oge dị iche iche n'etiti 1295 na 1349 n'okpuru ndị sultan isii site na Muhammad II ruo Yusuf I.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=259}}{{Sfn|López|2011|p=259}} Ibn al-Khatib jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke chancery na dị ka vizier maka oge dị iche iche n'etiti 1332 na 1371, n'okpuru ndị sultan Yusuf I na Muhammad V.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=259}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=237–238}} Ibn Zamrak jere ozi dị ka vizier na onye isi nke chancery maka oge dị n'etiti 1354 na 1393, n'okpuru Muhammad V na Muhammad VII.&lt;ref name=&quot;:052&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Granja|first=F. de la|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=9789004161214|editor-last=Bearman|editor-first=P.|location=|pages=|chapter=Ibn Zamrak|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=C.E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W.P.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|p=259}}{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=237-238}}

=== Ihe ịchọ mma ===
[[Faịlụ:Ceiling_Crafts_of_the_Alhambra_yeonu.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Muqarnas'' (ma ọ bụ mocárabes) a tụrụ na stucco n'obí ọdụm]]
A na-eji stucco a tụrụ atụ (ma ọ bụ ''yesería'' na Spanish) na mosaic tilework (''zilīj'' ma ọ bụ ''zellij'' na Arabic; ''alicatado'' na Spanish)&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Degeorge|first1=Gérard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VynrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=zellij+alicatado|title=The Art of the Islamic Tile|last2=Porter|first2=Yves|publisher=Random House Incorporated|year=2002|isbn=978-2-08-010876-0|pages=24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; eme ihe maka ịchọ mma mgbidi, ebe a na-ejikarị osisi eme uko, nke a nwere ike ịkpụ ma see ya. Tile mosaics na uko osisi na-enwekarị ihe osise geometric. A na-ejikarị tebụl eme ihe maka mgbidi ndị dị ala ma ọ bụ maka ala, ebe a na-eji stucco eme ihe maka mpaghara ndị dị n'elu.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}} A na-ejikarị ihe osise arabesque (''ataurique'' na Spanish, site na Arabic: التوريق), epigraphic motifs, geometric motifs, ma ọ bụ sebka motifs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Borges|first=Victor|date=2012-02-02|title=Nasrid Plasterwork: Symbolism, Materials &amp; Techniques|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-48/nasrid-plasterwork-symbolism,-materials-and-techniques/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Victoria and Albert Museum Online Museum|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220210918/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-48/nasrid-plasterwork-symbolism,-materials-and-techniques/|url-status=dead|accessdate=2026-06-16|archivedate=2022-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220210918/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-48/nasrid-plasterwork-symbolism,-materials-and-techniques/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:83&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Borges|first=Victor|date=2012-02-02|title=Nasrid Plasterwork: Symbolism, Materials &amp; Techniques|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-48/nasrid-plasterwork-symbolism,-materials-and-techniques/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Victoria and Albert Museum Online Museum|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220210918/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-48/nasrid-plasterwork-symbolism,-materials-and-techniques/|url-status=dead|accessdate=2026-06-16|archivedate=2022-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220210918/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-48/nasrid-plasterwork-symbolism,-materials-and-techniques/}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Puertas|1997|p=96}} Enwere ike ịkpụ ya ọzọ n'ime muqarnas atọ (mocárabes na Spanish). Ihe odide Arabic, ihe e ji mara Alhambra karịsịa, ka a tụrụ n'akụkụ mgbidi ma gụnye akụkụ kor'an, uri nke ndị na-ede uri n'ụlọ ikpe Nasrid, na ikwughachi ụkpụrụ Nasrid &quot;wa la ghalib illa-llah&quot;.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=237–238}}{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=166–167}}
[[Faịlụ:Palacios_nazaríes._Sala_del_Mexuar_-_005.JPG|thumb|Ihe atụ nke isi obodo Nasrid (site na Sala del Mexuar), na ụfọdụ n'ime agba mbụ ya echekwara.]]
A na-ejikwa marble ọcha e gwupụtara na Macael (n'Ógbè Almeria) mee isi iyi na ogidi ndị dị gịrịgịrị.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}} Isi nke ogidi na-enwekarị akụkụ cylindrical dị ala nke e ji akwụkwọ acanthus mee, akụkụ cubic dị n'elu nke nwere ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ geometric, na ihe odide na-aga n'ala ma ọ bụ n'elu.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}}

Ọ bụ ezie na ịchọ mma stucco, ụlọ osisi, na isi ihe e ji mabụl mee nke Alhambra na-adịkarị ka enweghị agba ma ọ bụ monochrome taa, e sere ha na agba na-egbuke egbuke.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}}{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|pp=44, 49-50}} Agba ndị bụ isi - ọbara ọbara, acha anụnụ anụnụ, na (n'ọnọdụ odo odo) - bụ ndị kacha pụta ìhè ma jikọta ha iji nweta nguzozi mara mma ụfọdụ, ebe e ji agba ndị ọzọ mee ihe n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'azụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bush|first=Olga|date=2009|title=The Writing on the Wall: Reading the Decoration of the Alhambra|journal=Muqarnas|volume=26|pages=119–148|doi=10.1163/22118993-90000146|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}}{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=166}}

==== Ihe odide ====
[[Faịlụ:Granada-Alhambra12.jpg|thumb|Calligraphy in the Hall of Ambassadors: n'elu bụ otu ihe odide nke na-ekwughachi ụkpụrụ Nasrid (&quot;And There is no victory but God&quot;) na edemede cursive, ebe n'okpuru bụ nnukwu cartouche nwere ihe odide na &quot;Knotted&quot; Kufic]]
Alhambra gosipụtara ụdị dị iche iche nke epigraphy Arabic nke mepụtara n'okpuru usoro ndị eze Nasrid, na karịsịa n'okpuru Yusuf I na Muhammad V.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jayyusi|first1=Salma Khadra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&amp;pg=PA667|title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain|last2=Marín|first2=Manuela|date=1992|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09599-1|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725025635/https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&amp;pg=PA667|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[José Miguel Puerta Vílchez]] jiri mgbidi nke Alhambra tụnyere peeji nke ihe odide, na-eme ka ihe yiri ya dị n'etiti dados kpuchiri ''Zilīj'' na ihe osise nke geometric, na ụdị epigraphic dị n'obí eze na ihe odide calligraphic n'Ihe odide Arabic nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Puerta Vílchez|first=José Miguel|title=Reading the Alhambra: a visual guide to the Alhambra through its inscriptions|date=2011|publisher=Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife : Edilux|isbn=978-84-86827-62-5|location=Granada, Spain|oclc=828680669}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe odide na-adịkarị n'usoro kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ kwụ ọtọ maọbụ a na-etinye ha n'ime cartouches nke gburugburu ma ọ bụ rectangular.{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=124}}

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe odide ndị dị na Alhambra na-eji &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwBTQ&quot;&gt;Naskhi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ma ọ bụ ederede cursive, nke bụ ederede a na-ejikarị eme ihe mgbe oge ndị Alakụba malitere.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=269}} ''Thuluth'' sitere na edemede cursive nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ihe ndị ọzọ dị elu ma ọ bụ ihe ndị a haziri ahazi; a na-ahọrọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mbido nke akwụkwọ ndị chancery Nasrid kwadebere.{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=124}} E dere ọtụtụ ihe odide na Alhambra na ederede ''Naskhi-Thuluth''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bush|first=Olga|date=2009|title=The Writing on the Wall: Reading the Decoration of the Alhambra|journal=Muqarnas|volume=26|pages=119–148|doi=10.1163/22118993-90000146|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=124}} Akara nke ederede cursive na-agbanwekarị na friezes ma ọ bụ cartouches nke ederede Kufic. Kufic bụ ụdị kachasị ochie nke calligraphy Arabic, mana site na narị afọ 13, ihe odide Kufic dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ndị Alakụba ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihe owuwu ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na'amaghị ama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Blair|first=Sheila S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laQxEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=naskh+script+nasrid&amp;pg=PA143|title=Islamic Inscriptions|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4744-6448-2|pages=91|language=en|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502192158/https://books.google.com/books?id=laQxEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=naskh+script+nasrid&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|p=269}} N'ime Alhambra, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke &quot;Knotted&quot; Kufic, ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụedemede na-ejikọta ọnụ na eriri dị mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jazayeri|first=S. M. V. Mousavi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCj5DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=knotted+kufic&amp;pg=PA9|title=A Handbook of Early Arabic Kufic Script: Reading, Writing, Calligraphy, Typography, Monograms|publisher=Blautopf Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-0-9981727-4-3|pages=9|language=en|accessdate=13 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbatị nke mkpụrụedemede ndị a nwere ike ịghọ eriri ndị na-aga n'ihu ma mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-enweghị atụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ mepụta ọnụ nke cartouche na-agụnye ihe ndị ọzọ e dere na ya.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=269}}

Ihe odide nke Alhambra gụnyere &quot;okwu na ahịrịokwu na ahịhịa dị nsọ, nke eze, nke votive, na nke kor'an,&quot; nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ arabesques, nke a tụrụ n'osisi na marble, ma mee ka ọ dị n'elu tebụl.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ndị na-ede uri nke ụlọ ikpe Nasrid, gụnyere Ibn al-Khatīb na Ibn Zamrak, dere uri maka obieze.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Travelers of Al-Andalus, Part VI: The Double Lives of Ibn al-Khatib - AramcoWorld|url=https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/November-2015/Travelers-of-Al-Andalus-Part-VI-The-Double-Lives|accessdate=2020-06-07|work=www.aramcoworld.com|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725025536/https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/November-2015/Travelers-of-Al-Andalus-Part-VI-The-Double-Lives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe odide nke Alhambra bụkwa ihe pụrụ iche maka ọdịdị ha na-ezo aka na onwe ha ugboro ugboro na ojiji nke onye. Ụfọdụ uri e dere ede, dị ka ndị dị n'obí ọdụm, na-ekwu maka obí ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụlọ ha dị na ya ma dee ya na onye mbụ, dị ka a ga-asị na ọnụ ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya na-agwa onye na-agụ ya okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Cynthia|date=2008|title=Marginal Ornament: Poetics, Mimesis, And Devotion In The Palace Of The Lions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRewCQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=alhambra+self-referential+inscriptions&amp;pg=PA193|journal=Muqarnas|volume=25|pages=193|accessdate=13 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=167}} A na-ede ọtụtụ n'ime uri ndị ahụ na Nasrid cursive script, ebe a na-ejikarị akwụkwọ osisi na okooko osisi Kufic eme ihe - nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ arches, ogidi, enjambments, na &quot;architectural calligrams&quot; - eme ihe dị ka ihe ịchọ mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ e ji chọọ ya mma, a na-ese ọtụtụ ihe odide na mbụ ma jiri ụcha mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Nnyocha na-egosi na a na-ese mkpụrụedemede ndị ahụ na ọla edo ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha, ma ọ bụ na-acha ọcha na akara ojii, nke ga-eme ka ha pụta ìhè na ndabere ndị a chọrọ mma nke a na-etekarị na-acha ọbara ọbara, acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma ọ dị ka tookrụosi (na agba ndị ọzọ agwakọta na nkọwa). &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;
 

== Ihe owuwu ndị bụ isi ==

=== Ọnụ ụzọ mbata ===
[[Faịlụ:Alhambra_Gatehouse.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Puerta de la Justicia (Ụzọ Ikpe Ziri Ezi), ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndịda nke Alhambra, nke Yusuf I wuru na 1348]]
Ọnụ ụzọ ámá Alhambra bụ nnukwu ''Puerta'' ''de'' ''la'' ''Justicia'' (Ụzọ Ikpe Ziri Ezi), nke a maara na dị ka ''Bab al-Shari'a'' (Arabic: باب الشريعة, lit. 'Ụzọ ámá Shari'a (iwu)'), nke jere ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ mbata dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke mgbidi ahụ. E wuru ya na 1348 n'oge ọchịchị Yusuf I.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=García Porras|first=Alberto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgsOEAAAQBAJ|title=The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West: (Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)|publisher=Brill|year=2020|isbn=978-90-04-44359-4|editor=Fábregas|chapter=Productive Activities and Material Culture|accessdate=11 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=152–155}}{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|pp=152–155}} Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ nwere nnukwu oghere na-eduga n'ebe dị elu nke na-agafe n'ụzọ gbagọrọ agbagọ. Okporo ụzọ ahụ tụgharịrị 90 degrees n'aka ekpe wee tụgharịa 90 degrees n'aka nri, yana oghere dị n'elu ebe ndị na-agbachitere nwere ike ịtụba mgbọ na ndị ọ bụla na-awakpo n'okpuru. A na-ese onyinyo nke aka, nke mkpịsị aka ya ise na-anọchi anya Ogidi Ise nke Islam ebe a na-ese ihe oyiyi nke mkpịakọta, ihe nnọchianya ọzọ nke okwukwe, n'ihu ogidi ahụ na ihu ime. E mechara tinye ihe a tụrụ atụ nke oge Ndị Kraịst nke Nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke na Nwa Kraịst n'ime niche ọzọ n'ime ọnụ ụzọ ámá.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=47–49}} N'akụkụ mpụga ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ Pilar de Carlos V, isi iyi nke Renaissance e wuru na 1524 na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na 1624.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=35}}

Na njedebe nke ụzọ si na ''Puerta de la Justicia'' bụ Plaza de los Aljibes ('Ebe nke Cisterns'), oghere dị obosara nke kewara Alcazaba na Obí Nasrid. A na-akpọ ebe ahụ aha nnukwu olulu mmiri nke dị n'ihe dị ka 1494, nke Iñigo López de Mondoza y Quiñones nyere iwu. Olulu mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ e mere na Alhambra mgbe mmeri 1492 gasịrị ma jupụta ihe bụbu ndagwurugwu dị n'etiti Alcazaba na obieze.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=63}} N'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ogige ahụ bụ Puerta del Vino (''Ọnụ Ụzọ Mmanya'') nke na-eduga n'obieze Charles V na ebe obibi mbụ (nke ''medina'') nke Alhambra.{{Sfn|López|1992}}{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=61–63}} A na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge ọchịchị Muhammad III wuru ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ịchọ mma ahụ sitere n'oge dị iche iche. A na-achọ ma ihu dị n'ime ma n'èzí nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ mma site na ịchọ mma ceramic na-etinye spandrels nke arches na ihe ịchọ mma stucco n'elu. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ ihe a tụrụ atụ nke akara dị ka nke dị na ''Puerta de la Justicia''.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=61}}
[[Faịlụ:Puerta_de_las_Armas-crop.jpg|thumb|''Puerta de las Armas'' ('Ọnụ Ụgbọ Mmiri'), ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị n'ebe ugwu nke Alhambra site na narị afọ nke 13.]]
Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọzọ dị na Alhambra bụ ''Puerta de las Armas'' ('Ọnụ Ụzọ Arms'), nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke Alcazaba, nke mgbidi na-eduga na ''Plaza de los Aljibes'' na Obieze Nasrid. Nke a bụ na mbụ isi ebe a na-abanye n'ụlọ ahụ maka ndị bi n'obodo ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike ịnweta ya site n'akụkụ Albaicín, mana mgbe ndị Kraịst meriri Puerta de la Justicia ka Ferdinand na Isabella kwadoro.{{Sfn|López|1992}} Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ, otu n'ime ihe owuwu ndị mbụ e wuru na Alhambra na narị afọ 13, bụ otu n'etiti ihe owuwu Alhambra nke yiri omenala ụlọ Almohad nke bu ụzọ na Nasrids. A na-achọ ihu ihu nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ mma na polylobed molding na glazed tiles n'ime rectangular ''alfiz'' frame. N'ime ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ dome nke a na-ese iji gosipụta ọdịdị brik na-acha ọbara ọbara, ihe ịchọ mma nke oge Nasrid.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=49–51}}

Ọnụ ụzọ ámá mpụga abụọ ọzọ dị, ha abụọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'akụkụ ugwu bụ ''Puerta del Arrabal'' ('Ọnụ ụzọ Arrabal'), nke na-emeghe na ''Cuesta de los Chinos'' ('Ugwu Ya Emezi Mgbanwe'), ndagwurugwu dị n'etiti Alhambra na Generalife. O yikarịrị ka e kere ya n'okpuru Muhammad nke Abụọ ma jee ozi n'obieze mbụ nke Alhambra nke e wuru n'ógbè a n'oge ọchịchị ya. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'oge ndị Kraịst nke Alhambra.{{Sfn|López|1992}}{{Sfn|López|2011|p=53}} N'akụkụ ndịda bụ ''Puerta de los Siete Suelos'' ('Ọnụ Ụzọ nke okpukpu asaa'), nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbawa nke ndị agha France na-apụ apụ na 1812 bibiri kpamkpam. E wughachiri ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị ugbu a n'afọ ndị 1970 site n'enyemaka nke iberibe ndị fọdụrụnụ na ọtụtụ Ihe osise ochie nke na-egosi ọnụ ụzọ ákwà ámá mbụ. O yikarịrị ka e wuru ọnụ ụzọ ámá mbụ ahụ n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na anọ na aha Arabic mbụ ya bụ ''Bab al-Gudur''. Ọ ga-abụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata na-ejere ''medina'' ozi, ebe ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ndị ọrụ nọ n'ime Alhambra. Ọ bụkwa site n'ebe a ka ndị eze Katọlik batara na Alhambra na Jenụwarị 2, 1492.{{Sfn|López|1992}}{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=45–46}}

=== Alcazaba ===
[[Faịlụ:Patio_de_Armas_y_Alcazaba_de_la_Alhambra_II.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ Alcazaba na ime ya.]]
Alcazaba ma ọ bụ obodo ukwu bụ akụkụ kachasị ochie nke Alhambra taa. Ọ bụ ihe dị n'etiti usoro mgbagwoju anya nke mgbidi ndị chebere mpaghara ahụ. Ụlọ elu ya kachasị elu, 26 dị elu Torre del Homenaje ('Ụlọ elu nke Nsọpụrụ'), bụ ebe nchekwa na ebe nchịkwa ndị agha nke ụlọ ahụ. O nwekwara ike ịbụ ebe obibi mbụ nke Ibn al-Ahmar n'ime Alhambra debe a na-ewu ụlọ ahụ.{{Sfn|López|1992|p=154}} Ụlọ elu kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Torre de la Vela nke dị mita 25 m elu, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ nche. E bu ụzọ bulie ọkọlọtọ Ferdinand na Isabella n'elu ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke mmeri ndị Spain meriri Granada na Jenụwarị 2, 1492. A gbakwunyere mgbịrịgba n'elu ụlọ elu ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ma ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ a na-akụ ya n'oge kwa ụbọchị na n'oge pụrụ iche.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=90}} N'afọ 1843, ụlọ elu ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke uwe agha obodo ahụ.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=90}} N'ime ogige nke ebe e wusiri ike n'ime ya bụ ebe obibi nke nwere ndị nche Alhambra. O nwere ihe ntụrụndụ obodo dị ka kichin obodo, hammam, na olulu mmiri, yana ọtụtụ ụlọ dị n'okpuru ala nke jere ozi dị ka dungeons na silos.{{Sfn|López|2011b|p=282}}

=== Obieze Nasrid ===
Obieze ahụ nwere akụkụ atọ, site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ: Mexuar, Obí Comares, na Obí ọdụm.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=95}} N'ozuzu, a makwaara obieze ndị a dị ka ''Casa Real Vieja'' ('Old Royal Palace'), iji mee ka ha dị iche na obieze ọhụrụ e wuru n'akụkụ ha n'oge oge Ndị Kraịst Spanish.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=155}}

==== Mexuar ====
 
[[Faịlụ:Mexuar,_seen_from_the_Patio_de_Machuca,_16.08.14.jpg|thumb|Nlegharị anya nke Mexuar taa (nke a na-ahụkwa Ụlọ Elu Comares n'azụ ya). ]]
Mexuar bụ akụkụ kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke obieze. Ọ yiri ''[[mashwars]]'' (ma ọ bụ mechouars) nke obieze na North Africa.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=269}} E wuru ya na mbụ dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu ụlọ nke Isma'il I malitere nke gụnyere Obí Comares. O nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ nchịkwa na ọrụ ọha na eze nke obieze, dị ka chancery na akụ. Ọdịdị ya nwere ogige abụọ na-esote nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ, ha niile kwụ n'etiti etiti site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Obere ihe fọdụrụ n'ogige ọdịda anyanwụ abụọ nke Mexuar taa, ma e wezụga ntọala ha, portico, na ọdọ mmiri nke isi iyi. Nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, nke a maara dị ka ''Sala del Mexuar'' ma ọ bụ Ụlọ Nzukọ, jere ozi dị ka ụlọ ocheeze ebe sultan na-anata ma na-ekpe ikpe mkpesa. Mpaghara a nyekwara ohere ịbanye n'obieze Comares site na mpaghara Cuarto ''Dorado'' n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ. A gbanwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Mexuar n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama n'oge ''Reconquista''; karịsịa, a gbanwere ''Sala del Mexuar'' ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ekpere Ndị Kraịst ma gbakwunye ya na ''Cuarto Dorado'' iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi. E mechara wepụ ọtụtụ n'ime mgbakwunye ndị a n'oge nrụzigharị nke oge a na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=268–274}}{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=99–106}}
 
[[Faịlụ:Patio_de_los_Arrayanes_Alhambra_02_2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ogige nke Myrtles, ogige etiti nke Obí Comares.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=262–265}}]]
Obí Comares bụ isi nke nnukwu obieze nke Isma'il I malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 13 ma mesịa gbanwee ma mezigharịa ya site n'aka Yusuf I na Muhammad V n'otu narị afọ ahụ.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017}} Obieze ọhụrụ a rụrụ ọrụ dị ka obieze nke sultan na steeti, nke a maara na Arabic dị ka ''Qaṣr al-Sultan'' ma ọ bụ ''Dār al-Mulk''.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=261}} A na-esi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ banye n'obieze Comares site na Mexuar. Ihu ụlọ dị n'ime, nke a maara dị ka Comares Façade, guzo n'akụkụ ndịda nke ''Patio de Cuarto Dorado'' ('Ogige nke Ụlọ Gilded') n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Mexuar. Ihu ụlọ a mara mma nke ukwuu, nke nwere ọnụ ụzọ abụọ, bụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke obieze ma eleghị anya rụọ ọrụ ụfọdụ ememe.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=109}}{{Sfn|Dickie|1992|p=137}}{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=159}}
[[Faịlụ:Techo_del_Salón_de_Embajadores_(la_Alhambra),_Granada.jpg|thumb|Elu ụlọ nke Alhambra]]
Obí Comares n'onwe ya dị gburugburu ''Patio de los Arrayanes'' ('Ụlọikpe nke Myrtles'), ogige dị mita 23 ruo 23.5 n'obosara na mita 36.6 n'ogologo, na ogologo axis ya dị n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=265}} N'etiti, nke jikọtara ya na isi axis nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ, bụ ọdọ mmiri dị obosara. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị mita 34 n'ogologo na mita 7,10 n'obosara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Court of the Myrtles|url=https://www.alhambradegranada.org/en/info/nasridpalaces/courtofthemyrtles.asp|work=Alhambra de Granada|accessdate=18 February 2022|archivedate=27 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327052348/http://www.alhambradegranada.org/en/info/placesandspots/courtofthemyrtles.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi myrtle nke bụ aha ụlọ ikpe ahụ na-eto n'akụkụ abụọ nke ọdọ mmiri a. A na-enwe portico abụọ mara mma n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ, na-eduga n'ụlọ nzukọ na ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ n'azụ ha. Ihe ịchọ mma nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ nwere q&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;asā'id&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; iri na otu nke Ibn Zamrak, asatọ n'ime ha ka dị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; N'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obieze ahụ bụ Comares Baths, ya obieze hammam nke a na-echekwa nke ọma.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=123}}

N'akụkụ ugwu nke Court of the Myrtles, n'ime nnukwu Comares Tower, bụ ''Salón de los Embajadores'' ('Kachasị Ya Nkenne Onye'), ụlọ kachasị ukwuu na Alhambra. A na-enweta ya site na ịgafe ''Sala de la Barca'', nnukwu ụlọ ezumezu nwere akụkụ anọ n'azụ ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ugwu nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ. Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Ndị Nnọchiteanya bụ ụlọ nwere akụkụ 11.3 n'akụkụ ọ bụla ma na-arịgo ruo mita 18.2.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=266}} Nke a bụ ụlọ ocheeze ma ọ bụ ụlọ ndị na-ege ntị nke sultan.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=118}} E debere ocheeze sultan n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ n'ihu windo nwere ogidi abụọ n'azụ ụlọ nzukọ ahụ.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=118}} Na mgbakwunye na nnukwu tebụl na ihe ịchọ mma nke mgbidi, ime ya na-ejedebe na nnukwu uko ụlọ. A na-eji osisi 8017 jikọtara ọnụ mee uko ụlọ ahụ nke na-eme ihe nnọchianya geometric nke Eluigwe asaa.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=159}}{{Sfn|López|2011|p=118}}{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|pp=43–44}} Ụlọ nzukọ na ụlọ elu ya na-arụ ọrụ site na mgbidi nke obieze, na windo na-enye ọhụụ n'akụkụ atọ. N'echiche a, ọ bụ ụdị ''mirador'' buru ibu, ụlọ nke ndị bi n'obieze nwere ike ile anya n'èzí na ala gbara ya gburugburu.{{Sfn|Dickie|1992|p=}}

==== Obí nke ọdụm ====
[[Faịlụ:Palacios_Nazaríes_in_the_Alhambra_(Granada)._(51592334991)_(cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|Ogige ọdụm na isi iyi ya]]
Obí nke ọdụm bụ otu n'ime obieze a ma ama n'ihe owuwu Alakụba ma gosipụta ọganihu nke ihe owuwu Nasrid n'okpuru ọchịchị Muhammad V.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=164}} Ogige ya nwere akụkụ anọ dị n'etiti dị ihe dị ka mita 28.7 n'ogologo na mita 15.6 n'obosara, na ogologo axis ya dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=279}} A na-ahazi ogidi na ogidi ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke otu ogidi na-agbanwe agbanwe na ìgwè nke ogidi abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, atụmatụ nke pụrụ iche na ụlọ Islam.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=279–281}} Ụlọ abụọ mara mma guzo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke ogige ahụ, ebe etiti ya bụ isi iyi nke ọdụm a ma ama. Isi iyi ahụ nwere nnukwu efere gbara ọdụm iri na abụọ gburugburu, ha niile ji marble kpụọ.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=282–283}} N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ uri e dere ede nke Ibn Zamrak dere.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Al-Hassani|Woodcock|Saoud|2007|p=233}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Hall_of_Kings_(Alhambra)_08_(43582411254).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Elu ụlọ e sere ihe osise ndị Nasrid n'ulọ ''Hall of Kings'']]
A na-ahazi ụlọ nzukọ anọ gburugburu ogige ahụ. Sala de los Mocárabes ('Hall of the mocárabes (''muqarnas'') '), nke dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, mebiri na 1590 site na mgbawa nke magazin ntụ ntụ dị nso ma jiri ụlọ elu ya dochie ya na 1714.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=132}} Sala de los Reyes  ('Ụlọ Ndị Eze'), nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, kewara n'ọtụtụ ngalaba nke ''muqarnas'' kpuchiri. Mmeghe n'azụ ndị a bụ ọtụtụ ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ, atọ n'ime ha nwere uko dị gburugburu nke ihe osise pụrụ iche e sere na akpụkpọ anụ kpuchiri.{{sfn|Irwin|2004|pp=53–54}} Otu ihe osise na-egosi mmadụ iri, ma eleghị anya ndị sultan ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa, na-anọdụ ala ma na-ekwurịta okwu ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Echevarria|first=Ana|date=2008|title=Painting Politics in the Alhambra|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/14/2-3/article-p199_3.xml?language=en|journal=Medieval Encounters|language=en|volume=14|issue=2–3|pages=203 and after|doi=10.1163/157006708X366254|issn=1570-0674|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=284}} Ihe osise ndị ọzọ gosipụtara ihe nkiri nke egwuregwu, ịchụ nta, na ndụ ụlọ ikpe.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=284}} Ụdị ihe osise ahụ nwere mmetụta n'otu oge ma ọ bụ ọzọ site na nka Christian Gothic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Jerrilynn|date=1979|title=The Paintings in the Sala de Justicia of the Alhambra: Iconography and Iconology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1979-06_61_2/page/186|journal=Art Bulletin|volume=61|issue=2|pages=186–197|doi=10.1080/00043079.1979.10787657}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=284}}
[[Faịlụ:Alhambra_Hall_of_Two_Sisters_DSCF7585.jpg|thumb|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Muqarnas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; dome na ''Hall of the Two Sisters''.]]
N'akụkụ ndịda nke ogige ahụ, ''Sala de los Abencerrajes'' ('Ụlọ Nzukọ nke [[Abencerrages]]') nwetara aha ya site na akụkọ akụkọ nke nna Boabdil, bụ onye ikpeazụ sultan nke Granada, mgbe ọ kpọrọ ndị isi nke ahịrị ahụ ka ha bịa oriri na ọṅụṅụ, gburu ha ebe a.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe, Alfonso; Hugh Seymour-Davies. ''The Companion Guide to the South of Spain''. Companion Guides, 2000. {{ISBN|9781900639330}}. P. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Ekpuchiri ya n'elu ụlọ elu muqarnas sara mbara, nke nwere iko lantern nwere akụkụ 16 n'ụdị kpakpando nwere ntụ 8, ikekwe na-anọchi anya eluigwe eluigwe.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe, Alfonso; Hugh Seymour-Davies. ''The Companion Guide to the South of Spain''. Companion Guides, 2000. {{ISBN|9781900639330}}. P. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=136–138}}{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=163}} N'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ahụ bụ Sala de Dos Hermanas ('Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Ụmụnna Abụọ'), nke a na-akpọ n'ihi nnukwu slabs abụọ nke marble bụ akụkụ nke pavement. Aha Arabic mbụ ya bụ al-Qubba al-Kubrā (Arabic: القبة الكبرى, lit. 'Okirikiri na Egbunwe), na-atụ aro na ọ nwere ihe ọ pụtara.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=285}} Ụlọ Nzukọ ahụ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ muqarnas kachasị dị ịrịba ama na nkà Islam. Ngwakọta muqarnas nwere opekata mpe prismatic 5000, na-apụta site na elu ugwu n'ime obere ụlọ iri na isii dị n'elu ọkwa nke windo.{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=55}}{{Sfn|López|2011|p=145}}

N'ebe ugwu nke ''Sala de Dos Hermanas'', ebe a na-esi na ya abanye, ya nke ''Mirador de Lindaraja'' dị, obere ụlọ na-apụta ìhè nke nwere windo nwere achi abụọ n'akụkụ atọ nke na-elepụ anya n'ubi ndị dị n'okpuru. Aha ''Lindaraja'' bụ ihe e ji asụsụ Arabic ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ayn Dar 'Aisha mee''.{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=9}} Ụlọ nta a nwere ụfọdụ ihe ịchọ mma stucco kachasị mma na Alhambra ma nwee ihe osise mosaic mbụ nke nwere ihe odide Arabic mara mma nke ukwuu.{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=55}}{{Sfn|López|2011|p=146}}{{Sfn|López|2011|p=146}} Ụlọ elu pụrụ iche nke nwere lattice osisi nke e ji ihe osise geometric kpuchie ma jupụta na iberibe iko agba.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=146}}

==== Ụlọ obibi na ogige nke oge Renaissance ====
[[Faịlụ:Granada_2009-08-10zh.jpg|thumb|Ogige Lindaraja, nke e guzobere na narị afọ 16.]]
N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Obí Comares na Obí ọdụm bụ mpaghara nke mgbakwunye Ndị Kraịst nke Renaissance nke sitere na narị afọ nke 16. N'ebe ugwu nke Obí nke ọdụm bụ ''Patio de Lindaraja'' (''Ogige Lindaraja''), nke bụbu ogige mana ọ ghọrọ ogige nzuzo site na mgbakwunye nke ihe owuwu ọhụrụ gbara ya gburugburu na narị afọ nke 16. Isi iyi ahụ dị n'etiti ya nwere ihe mgbakwasị Baroque nke e mere na 1626 nke na-akwado efere marble Nasrid nke arụnyere ebe a n'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ihe yiri ya ugbu a na-anọchi efere mbụ nke a na-edebe na Alhambra Museum.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=149–159}} N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na n'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ahụ, n'akụkụ okpukpu nke elu, e nwere ọnụ ụlọ isii e wuru maka Charles V n'etiti 1528 na 1537, nke a maara dị ka Ụlọ Eze Ukwu. Ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị n'ime ụlọ ndị ahụ bụ ọkụ ọkụ marble nke e ji ihe agha eze ukwu kpụọ na uko nke ogwe osisi ndị e sere na foto mkpụrụ osisi. Julio Aquiles na Alejandro Mayner sere ihe osise ndị ahụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 1537.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=149–159}}{{Sfn|Dickie|1992|p=146}} N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ogige Lindaraja bụ obere ''Patio de la Reja'' ('Ogige Eze Nwanyị'), nke dị n'etiti Ụlọ Eze Ukwu na Ụlọ Elu Comares. E wuru gallery gburugburu ala elu nke ogige ahụ n'etiti 1654 na 1655.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=156}}
 

=== Obieze Charles V ===

[[Faịlụ:Palacio_de_Carlos_V_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|N'èzí Obieze Charles V]]
[[Faịlụ:Patio_Paleis_Karel_V.jpg|thumb|Ogige obieze Charles V]]

=== Obieze ndị ọzọ nke Nasrid ===
 
[[Faịlụ:Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Granada_-_DSC07679.JPG|thumb|E wuru Convent nke Saint Francis n'elu mkpọmkpọ ebe nke obieze Nasrid. Ụlọ ahụ bụzi Parador (ụlọ nkwari akụ nke gọọmentị).]]
Obieze atọ ndị ọzọ dị n'oge Nasrid dịbu ma e bibiri ha n'ụzọ dị ukwuu kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ihe ndị e gwupụtara na Palacio del Partal Alto (&quot;Upper Partal Palace&quot;), nke a makwaara dị ka Palacio del Conde del Tendilla (&quot;Palace of the Count of Tendilla'&quot;), ka a na-etinye taa n'ime ogige Partal. Obieze ahụ malitere n'oge Muhammad nke Abụọ, na mmezigharị na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụkwa obieze kachasị ochie na Alhambra nke a chọtara ihe ncheta ya.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=236}}

A na-akpọ Obí nke Convent nke San Francisco (Palacio del Convento de San Francisco, nke a makwaara dị ka Palacio de los Infantes) aha ya bụ Convent nke Saint Francis nke e debere ebe a na 1494.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=180–184}} O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ Muhammad II wuru obieze Nasrid ebe a mana ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị dị ugbu a na-egosi na Muhammad V rụzigharịrị ya nke ọma.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=246–247}} Obere ihe fọdụrụ n'ihe owuwu Nasrid taa ma e wezụga ogige nwere akụkụ anọ na ụfọdụ n'ime ọnụ ụlọ ndị gbara ya gburugburu, gụnyere ọnụ ụlọ a chọrọ mma nke ọma na ''muqarnas'' vaulting. E liri Eze Nwanyị Isabella I ebe a na 1504 tupu ebufee ozu ya na Royal Chapel dị nso na katidral.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|p=247}} Ihe owuwu ndị ọzọ dị ugbu a sitere na mmezigharị nke narị afọ nke 18 nke ebe obibi ndị nọn ma gụnye ogige zoro ezo. Taa ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Parador (ụlọ nkwari akụ nke gọọmentị).{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=180–184}}

Obieze nke Abencerrajes (Palacio de los Abencerrjes) bụ otu n'ime obieze kachasị ukwuu na Alhambra ma nwee ike ịmalite site n'oge Muhammad II. Ndị agha Napoleon gbagburu ihe fọdụrụ n'obieze ahụ n'afọ 1812. Ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke ebe a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ nke a maara dị ka Secano. A na-ahụ ihe ndị e gwupụtara taa n'akụkụ ndịda nke ụlọ ahụ mana a ka na-amụ ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu.{{Sfn|Arnold|2017|pp=250–251}}

=== Chọọchị Santa Maria na ụlọ alakụba Alhambra ===
[[Faịlụ:Iglesia_de_Santa_María_de_la_Alhambra.jpg|thumb|N'èzí Chọọchị Santa Maria de la Alhambra]]
N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Obí Charles V bụ Chọọchị Katọlik nke ''Santa María de la Alhambra'' ('Saint Mary ya nke Alhambra'), nke guzo n'ebe bụbu ụlọ alakụba Alhambra, ụlọ alakụka ọgbakọ nke Alhambira. E wuru ụlọ ụka ahụ n'agbata narị afọ 1581 na 1618.{{Sfn|Eldem|2024|p=166}} Ọ dị n'okpuru ikike nke Achịbishọp nke Granada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=St. Mary Church|url=https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/en/edificios-lugares/st-mary-church|accessdate=2022-04-18|work=Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife|language=en-US|archivedate=19 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519030701/https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/en/edificios-lugares/st-mary-church}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Juan de Herrera na Juan de Orea chepụtara ụlọ ahụ ma Ambrosio Vico wuchaa ya. N'ime ya bụ nnukwu Ebe ịchụàjà Baroque nke nwere ogidi ndị e ji ọlaedo chọọ mma nke e wuchara na 1671, ọ bụ ezie na ihe kachasị mma n'etiti ebe ịchụàjà ahụ, ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Our Lady of Sorrows (na-egosi Meri na-ejide ahụ [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs Kraịst]]), bụ nke Torcuato Ruiz del Peral tụrụ n'etiti 1750 na 1760.{{Sfn|López|2011|p=213}} Kwa afọ n'oge Izu Nsọ, a na-ewepụta ihe a a tụrụ atụ ma buru ya n'usoro n'okporo ámá Granada. N'oge ngagharị, a na-eburu ya n'elu &quot;ocheeze&quot; ma ọ bụ ikpo okwu nke a kpụrụ akpụ iji yie arcades dị n'Ụlọikpe nke ọdụm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|p=213}}

Obere ihe fọdụrụ na Alhambra Mosque nke guzo n'oge gara aga na saịtị a, ma e wezụga oriọna ọla nchara mara mma nke echekwara ugbu a nke National Archaeological Museum na Madrid. Dị ka ihe e dere na oriọna a na ihe odide nke Ibn al-Khatib si kwuo, Muhammad nke III nyere ụlọ alakụba ahụ iwu ma wuchaa n'ime 1305.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=210–211}}{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=210–211}} A na-edozi isi axis nke ụlọ alakụba ahụ n'akụkụ ''qibla'' dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke kwekọrọ na nhazi nke okporo ụzọ dị n'akụkụ ya. Ihe owuwu ahụ nwere ụlọ nzukọ hypostyle nwere &quot;ụgbọ mmiri&quot; atọ nke ahịrị nke arches atọ kewara. A na-akwado ogidi ndị ahụ site na ogidi marble nwere isi obodo yiri nke oge Cordoban Caliphate na narị afọ nke 10. E ji osisi rụọ elu ụlọ ahụ na ụlọ dị n'etiti, nke dugara na mihrab, nwere uko dị elu karịa ụlọ abụọ ugbo mmiri.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=210–211}} Minaret dị warara guzo na njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụlọ ahụ.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=210–211}} Mgbe mmeri Ndị Kraịst gasịrị, a gbanwere ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ụka mana ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke 16, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma. E mechara kwatuo ya na 1576, tupu e wuo ụlọ ụka dị ugbu a.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=210–211}}
[[Faịlụ:Rawda_of_the_Alhambra_DSCF8288.jpg|thumb|Ihe fọdụrụ na mausoleum ''Rawda'' taa (nke Obí ọdụm guzo n'azụ ya). ]]

=== N'ozuzu ===
[[Faịlụ:Patio_de_la_Acequia_(Generalife)_-_DSC07863.JPG|thumb|Patio de la Acequia na Generalife n'ozuzu.]]
N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Alhambra na n'èzí mgbidi ya bụ Generalife (site na Arabic: جَنَّة الْعَرِيف, Jannat al-'Ārifa), ala obodo nke oge Nasrid nke Muhammad nke Abụọ na Muhammad nke Atọ wuru na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 13 na mmalite nke 14.{{Sfn|Ruggles|2000|pp=155–156}} Ọ nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'okpuru ndị ọchịchị Nasrid na ndị na-ewu ụlọ Christian Spanish na narị afọ nke iri na isii. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ nwere akụkụ anọ nwere ogige ndị a chọrọ mma na njedebe ọ bụla. Nnukwu ogige ntụrụndụ mara mma site na narị afọ nke 20 na-anọ n'ebe dị nso n'obí eze mbụ taa. Obí eze Nasrid jikọtara ya na Alhambra site na paseeji nwere mgbidi nke gafere ndagwurugwu dị n'etiti ha.{{Sfn|López|2011|pp=219–237}}

== Usoro inye mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Alhambra_(5987161547).jpg|thumb|Mmiri nke ''Acequia Real'', nke na-eweta mmiri n'ime mgbidi Alhambra (n'aka nri) ]]
''Acequia del Sultan'' (nke a makwaara dị ka ''Acequia del Rey'' ma ọ bụ ''Acequia Real'') nyere Alhambra na Generalife mmiri, nke ka dị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu taa. Ọ na-adọta mmiri site na Osimiri Darro n'ebe dị elu n'okpuru ugwu Sierra Nevada, ihe dị ka kilomita 6.1 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Alhambra.{{sfn|López|2011|pp=239–257}} Otu alaka dị obere nke a maara dị ka ''Acequia del Tercio'' kewara site na ya ọtụtụ kilomita n'elu mmiri wee gaa n'ihu n'ebe dị elu tupu ha eruo n'elu obieze na ogige Generalife. Alaka isi, na-aga n'ihu n'ala dị ala, na-abịakwa n'obieze Generalife ma na-enye mmiri na ''Patio de la Acequia'' ya a ma ama.{{sfn|López|2011|pp=239–257}} Ọwa mmiri abụọ ahụ na-agakarị n'elu ma akụkụ ụfọdụ na-agafe n'ime ọwa mmiri ndị e gwuru kpọmkwem n'ime nkume.{{sfn|López|2011|pp=239–257}}

Mgbe ha rutere na Generalife, owa mmiri ahụ tụgharịrị gaa n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ wee gafee ogige ahụ. Ha na-esonyere tupu ha alaghachi na Alhambra, ebe mmiri na-abanye site na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Torre del Agua ('''Mmiri T''ọwa') n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Alhambra.{{sfn|López|2011|pp=239–257}} Site n'ebe a, a na-ebugharị ya site na obodo ahụ site na usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke conduits (acequias) na tankị mmiri (''albercones'') nke na-emepụta mmekọrịta a ma ama nke ìhè, ụda na elu n'obieze.

== Ngwongwo akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe osise ==
 
[[Faịlụ:Alhambra_mosque_lamp_DSCF2980.jpg|thumb|Ọkụ ọkụ ọla nchara sitere na Alhambra Mosque, nke e dere na 1305 (nke dị na National Archaeological Museum). ]]
Ọ bụ ezie na mgbidi na ọnụ ụlọ nke Alhambra enweghị arịa ụlọ taa, a ga-achọ ha mma ma jupụta ha na ọtụtụ ihe dịka kapet, ala cushions, na tapestries ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya a ga-akwụnye na mgbidi.{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=32}} Omenala nke ịnọdụ ala n'ala na-akọwa ihe mere ụfọdụ windo dị na miradors ji dị ala, ebe anya nke ndị nọ ọdụ ga-adị.{{Sfn|Irwin|2004|p=32}}


Ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama dị na Alhambra bụ oriọna ọla nchara nke a kwụnyere n'ime ụlọ alakụba ahụ, nke e dere n'afọ 1305. Akụkụ bụ isi nke oriọna ahụ bụ conical n'ọdịdị, ejikọta ya na ogwe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi n'elu nke nwere obere akụkụ dị n'etiti. A na-agbaji ọla nchara ahụ iji mepụta ihe odide Arabic na edemede ''Naskhi'' na ndabere nke ihe osise Arabesque. Mgbe mmeri 1492 gasịrị, e weghaara ya ma mee ya akụkụ nke akụ nke Kadinal Cisneros. A na-egosi ya ugbu a na National Archaeological Museum na Madrid, ọ bụ ezie na a na-echekwa ihe yiri ya na Alhambra Museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain|title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1992|isbn=0870996371|editor=Dodds|location=New York|pages=|chapter=|accessdate=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|López|2011|p=211}}

== Mmetụta ==

=== N'ihe owuwu ===
[[Faịlụ:Hau._Interiors_of_the_Winter_Palace._The_Bathroom_of_Empress_Alexandra_Fyodorovna._1870.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ịsa ahụ Alhambresque nke Empress Alexandra Feodorovna na Winter Palace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;]]
Otụtụ ihe ncheta nke usoro ndị eze Saadian, nke chịrị [[Morocco]] na narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17, yiri ka ọ na-eṅomi prototypes a hụrụ na Alhambra, ọkachasị Ụlọikpe nke ọdụm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Salmon|first=Xavier|title=Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550–1650|publisher=LienArt|year=2016|isbn=9782359061826|location=Paris|language=fr|pages=92, 268}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Denny|first=Walter B.|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0002unse_t7m9|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor=Esposito|chapter=Alhambra}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe owuwu ya bụkwa ihe nlereanya e ṅomiri n'ụdị ihe owuwu &quot;Moresque,&quot; ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ghọrọ ihe na-ewu ewu na Europe na narị afọ nke 19, na mbipụta nke Owen Jones dị mkpa karịsịa n'ịtọlite mmetụta a.{{Sfn|Eldem|2024|p=|pp=29–38}} Mgbe Owen Jones bipụtara ''Plans'' (Egwe), ''Elevations (Ogologo Ugwu)'', ''Sections'' ''and'' ''Details'' ''of'' ''the'' ''Alhambra'' (Ike na Megwa) na London site na 1842 ruo 1845, ụdị ụlọ Orientalist mara mma, nke Alhambra kpaliri nke a na-akpọ ''[[Alhambresque]]'' ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na West na narị afọ nke 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McSweeney|first=Anna|date=2015|title=Versions and Visions of the Alhambra in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman World|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/683080|journal=West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture|volume=22|issue=1|pages=44–69|doi=10.1086/683080|issn=2153-5531}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcSweeney2015&quot;&gt;McSweeney, Anna (2015). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/683080 &quot;Versions and Visions of the Alhambra in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman World&quot;]. ''West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture''. '''22''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;44–&lt;/span&gt;69. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/683080|10.1086/683080]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2262/108262|2262/108262]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-5531 2153-5531]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/683080 10.1086/683080]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194180597 194180597].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E mesịa tinye ụdị Alhambresque n'Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, n'kedu Ussama Makdisi kpọrọ &quot;Ottoman Orientalism.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;/&gt; Ojiji mbụ nke ihe atụ Alhambresque (dị ka ''sebka'') pụtara ihe n'ụlọ ndị dị n'oge ọchịchị Sultan Abdülaziz (r. 1861–1876) na Istanbul, dịka ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị egwu dị na Beyazıt Square (c. 1865), nke bụ ugbu a ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke Mahadum Istanbul.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; Ebe ili ozu nke Fuad Pasha (1869–70), onye letara Alhambra n'onwe ya dịka onye nnọchi anya Ottoman na 1844, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị &quot;Moresque&quot;.{{Sfn|Eldem|2024|p=166}} E jikwa ụdị a mee ihe n'Obí Gezira n'ime Cairo, nke e wuru iji nabata ndị obieze maka mmeghe nke Ọwa Mmiri Suez na 1869. Khedive Isma'il nyere Owen Jones ọrụ imepụta ime ụlọ nke obí a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

Alhambra mekwara ka e nwee ọtụtụ ụlọ:

* Isaac M. Wise Temple (ụlọ nzukọ dị na Cincinnati, [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]]) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kenny, Daniel|date=1875|title=Illustrated Cincinnati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEwRAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=steven%20rolfes&amp;pg=PA106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201202150/https://books.google.com/books?id=gEwRAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=steven%20rolfes&amp;pg=PA106|archivedate=1 February 2022|accessdate=2013-05-19|publisher=Stevens|pages=106}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Villa Zorayda (obodo dị na St. Augustine, [[Florida|Flórida]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;Nolan1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nolan, David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmklFlgwHC4C&amp;pg=PA46|title=The Houses of St. Augustine|publisher=Pineapple Press Inc|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56164-069-0|accessdate=1 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Villa Alhambra (obodo dị na [[Malta]]) 

=== Na mgbakọ na mwepụ ===
 
[[Faịlụ:Tassellatura_alhambra.jpg|thumb|[[Tessellations]] dị ka ndị a kpaliri ọrụ [[M. C. Escher]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gelgi, Fatih|url=http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/The-Influence-of-Islamic-Art-on-MC-Escher|title=The Influence of Islamic Art on M.C. Escher|journal=The Fountain|issue=76|date=July 2010|accessdate=16 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Tiles Alhambra dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ha nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ha niile, 17 nwere ike ime mgbakọ na mwepụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/math-art-arch.shtml#Symmetry|title=Mathematics in Art and Architecture|publisher=Math.nus.edu.sg|accessdate=4 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507151115/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/math-art-arch.shtml#Symmetry|archivedate=7 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nleta [[Nleta M. C. Escher|M. C. Escher]] mere na 1922 na ọmụmụ nke ojiji ndị Moor na-eji symmetries eme ihe na tebụl Alhambra kpaliri ọrụ ya na tessellation, nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;nkewa nke ụgbọelu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;

==Edensibia==
 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|20em}} 

== Ihe odide ==
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* {{Cite book|title=The Alhambra. Vol 1: From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354)|first=Antonio|author=Fernández Puertas|publisher=Saqi Books|year=1997|isbn=978-0-86356-466-6}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Alhambra. Vol 2: (1354–1391)|first=Antonio|author=Fernández Puertas|publisher=Saqi Books|year=1998|isbn=978-0-86356-467-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Alhambra. Vol 3: From 1391 to the Present Day|first=Antonio|author=Fernández Puertas|publisher=Saqi Books|year=1999|isbn=978-0-86356-589-2}}
* Grabar, Oleg (1978). The ''Alhambra''. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* {{Cite book|author=Jacobs|first=Michael|title=Alhambra|url=https://archive.org/details/alhambra0000fran|year=2009|publisher=Frances Lincoln|isbn=978-0-7112-2518-3}}
* Lowney, Chris (2005). A Vanished World: Oge Ọlaedo nke Enlightenment nke Spain nke oge ochie. New York: Simon &amp;amp;amp; Schuster, Inc.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ihe ịchọ mma nke Ụwa''. Boston: Obere, Brown na Company.
* Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2000). Ogige, Ala, na Ọhụụ na Obí nke Islamic Spain, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press.
* Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2008). &quot;Alhambra,&quot; na Encyclopaedia of Islam, mbipụta nke atọ. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
* Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2011). Ogige na Ala Alakụba. Mahadum nke Pennsylvania Press.
* {{Cite journal|date=September 2016|doi=10.1093/jis/etw016|title=The Mastery in Hydraulic Techniques for Water Supply at the Alhambra|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=27|issue=3|pages=355–382|author=García-Pulido|first=Luis José}}  &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|20em}}

* Official website 
* [http://www.turgranada.es/en/fichas/la-alhambra-16621/ Alhambra na turgranada.es] Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị maka njem nleta nke mpaghara Granada.
* Paul F. Hoye, 1967, The [https://web.archive.org/web/20150106161348/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196703/the.alhambra.htm Alhambra], ''Saudi Aramco World''
* Murphy, James Cavanah, 1816, The [https://web.archive.org/web/20190617152325/http://&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= islamic-arts.org/2012/the-alhamra-at-granada/&quot; id=&quot;mwEyM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Alhamra (Alhambra) na Granada], islamic-arts.org
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 Al-Andalus: nka nke Islam Spain], akwụkwọ ngosi sitere na The Metropolitan Museum of Art (nke zuru oke n'ịntanetị dị ka PDF), nke nwere ihe gbasara Alhambra (lee ndepụta)   &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|20em}}  
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụ nwanyị nke Nairobi</title>
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|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Ọdịdị ala
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ebe
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Hurlingham, Nairobi|Hurlingham]], Nairobi, Kenya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Njikọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nairobi_Women%27s_Hospital&amp;params=1.293856_S_36.796071_E_type:landmark &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;1°17′38′′S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;36°47′46′′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;/&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x1ECC;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x1EE5;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x65;&amp;#x7A;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x65;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x6E;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x1ECD;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x1EE5;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;1.293856°S 36.796071°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;﻿ / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-1.293856; 36.796071&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nairobi_Women%27s_Hospital&amp;params=1.293856_S_36.796071_E_type:landmark &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;1°17′38″S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;36°47′46″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;1.293856°S 36.796071°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-1.293856; 36.796071&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Nhazi
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Usoro nlekọta&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |NHIF
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụdị
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |Ndị pụrụ iche
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Ọrụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ngalaba mberede&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ee
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Àkwà
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |726
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Akụkọ ihe mere eme
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ntọala
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2001
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Njikọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ndepụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ụlọ ọgwụ na Kenya
|}
'''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụ nwanyị nke Nairobi''' bụ ụlọ ọgwụ na-enweta uru na Nairobi, [[Kenya]]. O nwere àkwà 726.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nwh.co.ke/hospital/nairobi-womens-hospital/about-us/|accessdate=2025-05-31|title=About Us|publisher=Nairobi Women's Hospital|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601032024/https://nwh.co.ke/hospital/nairobi-womens-hospital/about-us/|archive-date=2025-06-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ [[Dr. Sam Thenya]] guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na 2001 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Sam Thenya: A Women’s Health Pioneer|url=https://media.repository.gheli.harvard.edu/filer_public/d7/56/d756e5d3-8308-45c6-b062-9a29f531fee7/2014_gheli_samthenya_tc.pdf|publisher=Global Health and Education Learning Incubator, Harvard University|date=2014-06-23|accessdate=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụ nke mbụ n'ụdị ya na mpaghara East na Central Africa. Ọbụlagodi na ọ bụ ọkachamara na ọrụ Obstetrics na Gynecology, ụlọ ọgwụ a kwadebere ma nyekwa ya ọrụ ka ọ na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ahụike na ịwa ahụ niile. 

Ụlọ Ọrụ Mgbake Mmegbu Mmekọahụ (GVRC) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ebere nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụ Nwanyị Nairobi. E guzobere ya iji nye ọgwụgwọ ahụike, na ọgwụgwọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nye ndị lanarịrị n'ike na ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ bụ́ ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ọgwụgwọ. E guzobela GVRCs n'ofe Kenya ma na-abụkarị naanị ụdị ọgwụgwọ dị maka ndị a na-emeso ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/09/21/i-had-nowhere-go/violence-against-women-and-girls-during-covid-19-pandemic-kenya|accessdate=2025-05-30|title=“I Had Nowhere to Go”: Violence Against Women and Girls During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Kenya|publisher=Human Rights Watch|first=Juliana|author=Nnoko-Mewanu|date=2021-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ bụ maka uru na ndị nwe onwe ha etinyela aka nke ukwuu na njikwa ya. N'afọ 2016, Abraaj Group zụrụ pasentị iri asaa na ise n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621529/bp-sick-development-funding-for-profit-private-hospitals-260623-en.pdf?sequence=14&amp;isAllowed=y|publisher=Oxfam|first=Anna|author=Marriott|year=2023|title=Sick Development: How rich-country government and World Bank funding to for-profit private hospitals causes harm, and why it should be stopped|accessdate=2026-06-12|archivedate=2024-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193828/https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621529/bp-sick-development-funding-for-profit-private-hospitals-260623-en.pdf?sequence=14&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, Dr Thenya kwuru na arịrịọ sitere n'aka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achọ ịtọhapụ ndị ọrịa ma ọ bụ ahụ ha e jidere n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka ịghara ịkwụ ụgwọ bụ nnukwu nsogbu ya, na-ekwu na &quot;Nsogbu m kachasị ukwuu, echekwara m na nke a dị na ngalaba ọha na eze, bụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị chọrọ ka a tọhapụ ndị ọrịa na-akwụghị ụgwọ ha ma ọ bụ tọhapụ ozu onye nwere ụgwọ. &quot;  Mgbe Abraaj Group dara na 2018, ụlọ ọrụ US TPG Inc. nwetara òkè ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hospital CEO talks money, zeal, silence|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/hospital-ceo-talks-money-zeal-silence--2130932|work=archive.org|publisher=Business Daily|accessdate=12 July 2025|archivedate=26 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626064031/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/hospital-ceo-talks-money-zeal-silence--2130932}}&lt;/ref&gt;[6]

N'afọ 2017 na 2019 njide nke ndị ọrịa na ozu n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi telivishọn Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mother Jones Crushing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=DOOLEY|first=BEN|title=How the World Bank Left African Hospital Patients “Detained” and in Crushing Debt|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2025/07/how-the-world-bank-left-african-hospital-patients-detained-and-in-crushing-debt/|accessdate=12 July 2025|work=motherjones.com|publisher=Mother Jones}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20251119033654/https://gvrc.or.ke/ Ebe A Na-agbake Maka Ime Ihe Ike Banyere Mmekọahụ]
{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụaka Shoe4Africa</title>
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|-
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ebe
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Eldoret]], [[Uasin Gishu County]], Kenya
|-
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|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Nhazi
|-
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| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọrụ Ahụike Ọha
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụdị
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |Ịkụzi ihe
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Mahadum jikọtara ya&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ozizi na Ntụziaka Moi (MTRH) 
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Ọrụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ngalaba mberede&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ee
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Àkwà
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |200
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ihe pụrụ iche
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Akụkọ ihe mere eme
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ntọala
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọgọst 12, 2015
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;&quot; |Njikọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260625220536/https://shoe4africa.org/our-hospital/ shoe4africa.org/ọgwụ anyị/]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ndepụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ụlọ ọgwụ na Kenya
|}
[[Faịlụ:Early_Construction_Progress.jpg|thumb|Ọganihu Mbido nke Ihe owuwu]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b&gt;ụlọ ọgwụ&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; '''Ụmụaka Shoe4Africa''' bụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze maka ụmụaka na Eldoret, Kenya. E wuru ya na 2015. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ raara nye maka ụmụaka ọha na eze na East na Central Africa., &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Shoe4Africa Children's Hospital|work=www.mtrh.go.ke/|url=https://www.mtrh.go.ke/?page_id=285|date=2020-02-13|accessdate=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nke abụọ na Sub-Saharan Africa, mgbe Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital na [[Cape Town]], nke e guzobere na 1956. 

Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ bụ nnukwu ọrụ nke Shoe4Africa, ọrụ ebere dị na [[Nú Yọk|New York]] nke lekwasịrị anya na ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://shoe4africa.org/who-are-we/|accessdate=2025-04-08|work=Shoe4Africa|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406224132/https://shoe4africa.org/who-are-we/|archive-date=2025-04-06|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe owuwu ya furu ihe dịka ijeri shilling abụọ nke Kenya  ma jiri onyinye sitere n'aka ndị ama ama na mba ụwa, gụnyere Cristiano Ronaldo, Anthony Edwards, na Natalie Portman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charity to build Sh2 billion Eldoret children’s hospital|url=https://shoe4africa.org/web_archive/archive/s4a_00111.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814093046/https://shoe4africa.org/web_archive/archive/s4a_00111.pdf|archivedate=2021-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-05|title=Celebrities unite to build biggest children's public hospital in Africa|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/lifestyle/celebrities-unite-to-build-biggest-children-s-public-hospital-in-africa-996274|accessdate=2024-10-07|work=Nation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụaka Shoe4Africa na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Moi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Hospital|url=https://shoe4africa.org/our-hospital/|accessdate=2025-04-08|work=Shoe4Africa|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207185016/https://shoe4africa.org/our-hospital/|archive-date=2025-02-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọọgwụ Moi Teaching and Referral, ụlọọgwụ mba nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Kenya, na-achịkwa ya, nke e wuru n'elu ala gọọmentị nwere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-01-02|title=SHOE4AFRICA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL|url=https://www.mtrh.go.ke/?page_id=285|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marie Buitendyk|title=Impact of free maternity services on outcomes related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya: a retrospective analysis|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|date=2023-02-06|volume=23|issue=98|doi=10.1186/s12884-023-05381-3|pmid=36747137}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule 2024, ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na-agwọ ihe karịrị ndị ọrịa 430 na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọrịa kwa ụbọchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Hospital|url=https://shoe4africa.org/our-hospital/|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=Shoe4Africa|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119035442/https://shoe4africa.org/our-hospital/|archive-date=2025-01-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe owuwu na mgbasawanye ==
Iwu ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ malitere na 2013 ma wuchaa ya na August 12, 2015. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere àkwà 105 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lay|first=Kelsey|date=29 January 2016|title=Shoe4Africa Improves Healthcare and Education for Kids|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/shoe4africa-reduces-poverty-through-health-awareness/|accessdate=5 November 2024|publisher=Borgen Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mbido, na ego gbasaa ruo àkwà 150 site na 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Iwu ụlọ kichin a raara nye n'akụkụ ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka malitere na 2016 iji nye ndị ọrịa na-adịghị edozi ahụ. 

N'afọ 2018, a gbakwunyere ogige [[basketball]] maka ndị ọrịa na ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-20|title=Keitany, Tanser offers Christmas gifts to hospitalised children, opens basketball court – DAILY SPORT|url=http://dailysport.co.ke/2018/12/24/keitany-tanser-offers-christmas-gifts-to-hospilised-children-opens-basketball-court/|accessdate=2024-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920081211/http://dailysport.co.ke/2018/12/24/keitany-tanser-offers-christmas-gifts-to-hospilised-children-opens-basketball-court/|archivedate=2020-09-20}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. 2020-09-20. Archived from  on 20 September 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-11-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ebere ahụ kwupụtara na oghere [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ga-eso iji nyere ụmụaka aka imezigharị,  na Mee 2019, emeghe oghere bọl AstroTurf. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, a gbakwunyere klas Kuunga Mkono n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ na Kenya nwere klas ụmụaka n'ime ụlọ ya.

N'ihi mmụba a, Shoe4Africa kwupụtara na ọ gwọrọ onye ọrịa nke nde ya na 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/athletics/philanthropist-athletes-take-christmas-cheer-to-shoe4africa-kids--4054022/|title=Philanthropist, athletes take Christmas cheer to Shoe4Africa kids|date=December 13, 2022|work=nation.africa.com|author=Rotich|first=Bernard|accessdate=13 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe owuwu ndị a haziri ==
[[Faịlụ:HarryJDyer.jpg|thumb]]
Iwu nke Harry J. Dyer Burns Unit, ebe a na-eme atụmatụ maka ịgwọ ọkụ, malitere na Disemba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-01-23|title=Construction in action|url=https://shoe4africa.org/construction-in-action/|accessdate=2025-05-14|work=Shoe4Africa|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119040004/https://shoe4africa.org/construction-in-action/|archive-date=2025-01-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa, e bidoro iwu ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka Shoe4Africa Juli Anne Perry, ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka nwere ihe ndina 152 iji mee ka oghere dị n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ nwere ihe ndina 30 dịkwuo mma na Jenụwarị 2024.  Mgbe emechara ya, ọ ga-adị n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ ụmụaka.

== Edensibịa ==
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      <text bytes="4057" sha1="fp7ttppvvbc8x46bz5756qbp3t3w2yk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=thisday&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.electives.net/hospital/3481/preview|title=Number of beds at Sbrana|publisher=Electives network|accessdate=20 October 2017|archive-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507121923/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH/MOA-Departments2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=District&gt;{{cite web|title=District Hospitals|url=http://www.electives.net/hospital/3481/preview|accessdate=20 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507121923/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH/MOA-Departments2/|url-status=dead|archivedate=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Infobox hospital|name=Sbrana Psychiatric Hospital|org_group=[http://www.moh.gov.bw/ Botswana Ministry of Health]|image=|image_size=250|caption=&lt;!-- optional --&gt;|logo=|location=|region=South-East District|state=[[Lobatse]]|country=[[Botswana]]|coordinates={{coord|25|13|S|25|40|E|region:BW}}|healthcare=Public|type=Psychiatric|speciality=&lt;!--All diagnoses --&gt;|standards=&lt;!-- optional if no national standards --&gt;|emergency=&lt;!-- UK/IR/HK/SG: Yes/No, CA/US: I/II/III for Trauma certification level --&gt;24 Hours|affiliation=[[Institute of health Sciences]] (IHS)|beds=300&lt;ref name=thisday&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.electives.net/hospital/3481/preview|title=Number of beds at Sbrana|publisher=Electives network|accessdate=20 October 2017|archive-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507121923/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH/MOA-Departments2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|founded=2010 &lt;ref name=District&gt;{{cite web|title=District Hospitals|url=http://www.electives.net/hospital/3481/preview|accessdate=20 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507121923/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH/MOA-Departments2/|url-status=dead|archivedate=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;|closed=&lt;!-- optional --&gt;|website=|other_links=&lt;!-- optional --&gt;[[List of hospitals in Botswana]]}}
Sbrana Psychiatric Hospital bụ ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche ọha na eze na Lobatse, Botswana. Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu nke ụlọ ahịa ahụ ma wuo ya n'ebe ụlọ mkpọrọ Botswana dị. Sbrana na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-enye aka iji lekọta onye ọ bụla nọ na Botswana.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka Sbrana bụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mba nke na-ejere obodo Botswana ozi. E guzobere ya na 2010 mgbe a gbanwere ya site na ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka Lobatse gaa n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi gburu. Sbrana nwere njikọ na ụlọ ọrụ sayensị ahụike na Botswana, ọ na-enye ọrụ nkuzi maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike dị ka akụkụ nke ọzụzụ ọrụ ha na ọzụzụ ha. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ihe owuwu nke gụnyere Ogige bọọlụ, ụlọ mmega ahụ, ogige tennis na ogige bọl dị nro. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ụlọ ọgwụ Sbrana Psychiatric bụ ọkachamara na ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa uche siri ike, dị ka ịda mbà n'obi, schizophrenia, na Nsogbu uche.

=== Departments ===
Biophysics
Nyocha onyonyo na ọgwụgwọ redio
Neurology
Neuromicrobiology
Neuropathology
Neurophysiology
Neurophysiology
Neurosurgery
Neurovirology
Nọọsụ
Ndozigharị akwara
Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya
Psychiatry
Psychopharmacology
Injinịa Biomedical
Ndozigharị uche
Ọrịa okwu na ọdịyo
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera</title>
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A makwaara '''Ọdọ mmiri Kachera''' dịka '''Ọdọ mmiri Kachira, Ọdọ mmiri Kachera, Ọdọ mmiri Kakyera''' na '''Ọdọ mmiri Kachra''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ nke dị na mpaghara Rakai na mpaghara Mbarara na Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 January 2021|title=Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=Monitor|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fred|first=Turyakira|date=4 June 2021|title=Companies asked for support to save river Rwizi|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/agriculture/companies-asked-for-support-to-save-river-rwi-NV_105223|accessdate=21 May 2024|work=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:07&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN|publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT|location=Uganda|pages=6, 8, 14, 15|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenStreetMap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=OpenStreetMap|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/search|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=OpenStreetMap|language=en|archivedate=7 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307213415/https://www.openstreetmap.org/search}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=22 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522103849/https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Kachira lake, Western Region, Uganda|url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_kachira,232904|accessdate=17 June 2024|work=ug.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ akụkụ nke usoro ala mmiri Mburo-Nakivale nakwa akụkụ nke usoro ọdọ mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya a maara dị ka ọdọ mmiri Koki nke nnukwu apịtị kewara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dismas|first=Mbabazi|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf|title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Nature Uganda|location=Uganda|pages=76, 77, 80|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Kachera|url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=Inside Lake Mburo National Park|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kibwika|first=Daniel|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35204|title=Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use|chapter=Human activities and interests within and around lakes of the Victoria and Kyoga basin and their consequences to sustainable fish production, Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use|date=2000|publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI)|location=Uganda|pages=4, 7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Eric O.|first=Odada|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf|title=Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities|date=2006|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS)|location=Kenya|pages=79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Kachera|url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html|accessdate=17 June 2024|work=Inside Lake Mburo National Park|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe ==
Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera dị na mpaghara Mbarara dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Uganda. Lake Kachera is located at coordinates 0.595°S 31.115°E &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenStreetMap&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Kachera|url=https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-kachera.html|accessdate=17 June 2024|work=Mbarara Tours|language=en-US|archivedate=17 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617142344/https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-kachera.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdọ mmiri Kachera dị n'ebe dị elu nke mita 1,232 (ụkwụ 4,042) karịa ọkwa oké osimiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Ọ dị nso n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo National Park.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN|publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT|location=Uganda|pages=6, 8, 14, 15|language=en|archive-date=2023-11-09|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dismas|first=Mbabazi|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf|title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Nature Uganda|location=Uganda|pages=76, 77, 80|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera bụ akụkụ nke usoro ọdọ mmiri Koki nke kewapụrụ na Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria site na mmụba nke nnukwu apịtị, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Eric O.|first=Odada|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf|title=Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities|date=2006|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS)|location=Kenya|pages=79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 January 2021|title=Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=Monitor|language=en|archivedate=22 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162018/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdọ Mmiri Koki gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera, Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo, Ọdọ Mmiri Kijanebalola na Ọdọ Mmiri Nakivali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt;

== Ọdịdị ala na nhazi ala ==
Mgbe ihe omume El Niño nke afọ 1997 gasịrị, Ọdọ Mmiri Kacheera furu ọtụtụ mmiri ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ihi nnukwu mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kijjanebarora na-asọpụta, ọkwa ya wee daa site na mita atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera tụfurukwa agwaetiti ya na-ese n'elu mmiri nke bụbu ebe a na-edebe azụ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Apịtị, oke ọhịa na oke ọhịa kpuchiri akụkụ osimiri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Braczkowski|first=Aleksander|date=27 January 2022|title=Leopard and spotted hyena densities in the Lake Mburo National Park, southwestern Uganda|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=10|doi=10.7717/peerj.12307|pmid=35127275|issn=2167-8359}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera bụ ọdọ mmiri dị omimi nke nwere nkezi omimi nke mita ise (ụkwụ iri na isii) ma jupụtakwa ala nke square kilomita iri anọ na abụọ (maịlụ iri na isii) na ụsọ oké osimiri nke kilomita iri asatọ na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN|publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT|location=Uganda|pages=6, 8, 14, 15|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogologo ya kacha elu bụ kilomita iri abụọ (maịlụ iri na abụọ) na obosara ya bụ kilomita atọ na ọkara (maịlụ abụọ na ọkara).&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dismas|first=Mbabazi|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf|title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Nature Uganda|location=Uganda|pages=76, 77, 80|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri Ruizi na-asọ site na mpaghara Bushenyi wee gafee ọdọ mmiri Kachera na ọdọ mmiri Kijanebalola tupu ọ banye n'ọdọ mmiri Mburo wee kwụsị na ọdọ mmiri Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Habari|date=5 January 2023|title=Attractions in Mbarara {{!}} Mbarara City Tour {{!}} Uganda Safaris Tours|url=https://www.habariugandatours.com/attractions-in-mbarara/|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=www.habariugandatours.com|language=en-US|archivedate=22 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://www.habariugandatours.com/attractions-in-mbarara/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-asọba mmiri ya n'ime ọdọ mmiri Victoria site na Osimiri Kagera nke bụ naanị osimiri na-asọpụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot; /&gt; {{Cite bo

Osimiri Rwizi na-awụsakwa mmiri ya n'ime ọdọ mmiri Victoria site na ọdọ mmiri Kachera nke bụ usoro mmiri mmiri maka ọdọ mmiri Victoria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 September 2021|title=River Rwizi on the verge of drying up|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/letters/river-rwizi-on-the-verge-of-drying-up-3547386|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=Monitor|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 July 2020|title=Conservationists walk 330 kilometres to save River Rwizi|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-walk-330-kilometres-to-save-river-rwizi-1879882|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=Monitor|language=en|archivedate=22 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162023/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-walk-330-kilometres-to-save-river-rwizi-1879882}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mbarara: A city choking on plastic waste|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_160763|accessdate=22 May 2024|work=New Vision|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera nwere ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche, azụ̀, osisi na anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN|publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT|location=Uganda|pages=6, 8, 14, 15|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụdị azụ̀ dị iche iche ===
Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera nwere ụdị azụ dị iche iche, gụnyere; Naịl tilapia, ''Oreochromis esculentus'', (a maara n'ógbè a dị ka engege), na ''Astatoreochromis'', ''Astatotilapia'', ''Clarias'', ''[[Haragachromis]]'', na ụdị Protopterus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dismas|first=Mbabazi|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf|title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Nature Uganda|location=Uganda|pages=76, 77, 80|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera nwere azụ̀ ndị na-abụghị nke cichlid nke obodo ahụ, gụnyere; ''Clarias gariepinus'', ''[[Clarias liocephalus]]'', na ''Protopterus aethiopicus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Eric O.|first=Odada|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf|title=Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities|date=2006|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS)|location=Kenya|pages=79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụdị osisi ===
Osisi dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke ọdọ mmiri Kachera nwere ''Cyperus papyrus'', ''Cyperus esculentus'', ''Phragmites mauritianus'', ụfọdụ ọhịa, na ubi unere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot; /&gt;

==== Ụdị algae ====
Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera nwere ngụkọta nke taxa 47 gụnyere; Cyanophyta (17), Chlorophyta (19), Bacillariophyta (5), Euglenophyta (3), Pyrrophyta (1), Chrysophyta (1), na Cryptophyta (1).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche ===

==== Zooplankton ====
Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera nwere taxa zooplankton iri abụọ na abụọ. E nwere ndị nnọchiteanya nke Diplostraca; ''[[Ceriodaphnia cornuta]]'', ''[[Moina micrura]]'', ''[[Eucyclops]]'', ''Mesocyclops'', ''Toronaeus incisus'', na ''[[Toronaeus neglectus]]'', ya naRotifera, nke gụnyere; ''Asplanchna'', ''[[Brachionus angularis]]'', ''[[Brachionus bidentatus]]'', ''[[Brachionus budapestinensis]]'', ''[[Brachionus quadridentatus]]'', ''Brachionus calyciflorus'', ''[[Brachionus falcatus]]'', ''[[Brachionus patulus]]'', ''[[Filinia longiseta]]'', ''[[Filinia opoliensis]]'', ''Hexarthra'', ''[[Keratella tropica]]'', ''[[Lecane bulla]]'', ''[[Polyarthra vulgaris]]'', ''[[Synchaeta pectinata]]'', na ''[[Trichocerca cylindrica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

==== Ndị Amphibians ====
Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera nwere ụdị amphibians asatọ dị n'ime mmiri nke gụnyere; ''Bufo gutturalis'' (guttural toad), ''Hyperolius acuticeps'' (sharp-nosed reed frog), ''Hyperolius kivuensis kivuensis'' (Kivu reed frog), ''Hyperolius viridiflavus bayoni'', na ''Hyperolius viridiflavus viridiflavus'' (common reed frog), ''Phrynobatrachus natalensis'' (Natal dwarf puddle frog), ''Ptychadena mascareniensis'' (Mascarene grassland frog), ''Ptychadena oxyrhynchus'' (Kaffirland grassland frog), ''[[Ptychadena porissisima]]'' (Ethiopia grassland frog), na ''Xenopus victorianus'' (Lake Victoria clawed frog).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

==== Anụ na-akpụ akpụ ====
Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera nwere ụdị anụ 7 nke na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere; ''Agama atricollis'' (common tree agama), ''Cocodylus niloticus'' (Nile crocodile), ''[[Mabuya maculilabris]]'' (speckle-lipped skink), ''Mabuya striata'' (common striped skink), ''Naja melanoleuca'' (water cobra), ''Python sebae'' (rock python), na ''Varanus niloticus'' (Nile monitor).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

==== Anụmanụ ====
Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera nwere ụdị anụmanụ ise dị iche iche nke gụnyere; ''Atilax paludinosus'' (marsh mongoose), ''Hippopotamus amphibius'' (hippopotamus), ''Lophuromys sikapusi'' (common brush-furred bat), ''Lutra maculicollis'' (spot-necked otter), na ''Praomys jacksoni'' (Jackson's soft-furred rat).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ akụ na ụba na nke mmadụ ==
Ịkụ azụ, nhazi azụ, njem nlegharị anya, ọrụ ugbo, ilekọta anụ ụlọ, ọrụ ugbo agwakọtara agwakọta bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ akụ na ụba a na-eme gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Kachera.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN|publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT|location=Uganda|pages=6, 8, 14, 15|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dismas|first=Mbabazi|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf|title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Nature Uganda|location=Uganda|pages=76, 77, 80|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=HULME|first=D.|url=https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/gdi/publications/workingpapers/archive/cc/cc_wp03.pdf|title=COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY OF LAKE MBURO NATIONAL PARK|date=1998|publisher=Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester|isbn=1-900728915|location=Crawford House, Precinct Centre, Oxford Road, MANCHESTER M13 9GH|pages=14, 30, 36|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchekwa ==
Ndị ọchịchị mpaghara Rakai na-eme mkpọsa maka ịkụ azụ na-adịgide adịgide site n'inye ndị ọkụ azụ ntuziaka na ime iwu na ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ dịka igbochi ịkụ azụ n'ebe ụfọdụ ebe ọdịda, ijide ndị na-etinye aka n'ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iwu na-akwadoghị site na ndị nche mmiri na ala na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Uganda na òtù obodo ịkụ azụ (BMU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN|publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT|location=Uganda|pages=6, 8, 14, 15|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2010/ug-government-gazette-dated-2010-09-03-no-53.pdf|title=The Uganda Gazette|publisher=Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation (UPPC)|year=2010|series=53|location=Uganda|pages=195, 196, 214|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://budget.finance.go.ug/sites/default/files/Indivisual%20LG%20Budgets/LG%20%20Annual%20Workplan_201314_Rakai.pdf|title=Local government Workplan for 2013/14, Vote: 549 Rakai District|date=|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of Uganda|year=|location=Uganda|pages=45, 46, 100|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 2017 ruo 2020, National Environment Management Authority of Uganda (NEMA) weghachiri hekta 200 nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri Kachera mebiri emebi na mpaghara Kiruhura site na mpaghara nchekwa, ịkụ osisi na iwepụ ihe owuwu iwu na-akwadoghị na mpaghara nchekwa, yana ịkpalite obodo na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.nema.go.ug/sites/default/files/NEMA%20Annual%20Report%20FY%202018-19_0.pdf|title=ANNUALCORPORATE REPORT FOR 2018/19|date=2019|publisher=National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)|location=Uganda|pages=17, 18, 44|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.mwe.go.ug/sites/default/files/library/SPR%20FINAL%20BOOK%202019.pdf|title=Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2019|publisher=Ministry of Water and Environment, Government of Uganda|year=2019|location=Uganda|pages=122, 152, 153|language=en|archive-date=2024-05-22|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162020/https://www.mwe.go.ug/sites/default/files/library/SPR%20FINAL%20BOOK%202019.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.globalwaters.org/sites/default/files/spr-20-final-combined.pdf|title=Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2020|publisher=Ministry of Water and Environment, Government of Uganda|year=2020|location=Uganda|language=en|accessdate=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819221145/https://www.globalwaters.org/sites/default/files/spr-20-final-combined.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Lake Kyoga
* Lake Kijanebalola
* Lake Nakivali

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Ashot nke Atọ Bagratuni</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-en.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|230x230px|Alaeze Feudal nke Armenia, 1000 AD]]
Ashot onye nke atọ Bagratuni, onye amara dị ka Ashot Onye  ejighi anya ya ahụ Ụzọ (na mba Armenian: Աշոտ Կուրացյալ) (ihe dị ka afọ narị isii na iri iteghete– narị asaa, iri isii na abụọ), bụ onye  ude ya na ede n'obodo Armenia ma bụrụkwa onye si na ezinụlọ Bagratuni; Ọ chịrị  mba Armenia dika onye isi (nke a na-akpọ *ishkhan*) site afọ narị asaa, iri atọ na abụọ nwe ruo narị asaa, iri atọ na abụọ. Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Smbat nke isii Bagratuni

Ọ nwekwara ihu ọma na ebe caliphate Umayyad mgbe omeriri otu n'ime ndị eze busarụ Damaskọs agha wee wakpoo Armenia. Nrigoroya  na ọchịchị  gosiri ikike ndị Bagratid. Ọbụ ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ndị Mamikonian tufuru ya. Ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke ndị Armenia dị elu nke bụ na ha nwere ike ịkpọkụnọ ndị agha pụkụ ịrị iteghete, ndị nwoke ,dị njikere ije lụ agha.

Ọ nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Smbat  nke asatọ Bagratuni na [[Vasak Bagratuni]]. Prọfesọ Cyril Toumanoff  tụnyere  alo na &quot;Adarnase onye isi&quot; na Juansher - onye a na-enweghị ihe e ji agba aka ebe n'ebe ọzọ - bụ njehie dị enweghị nsogbu maka Ashot nke  atọ onye isi nke Armenia, si otú a mee ka Adarnase nke izizi nke Tao-Klarjeti bụrụ nwa nwa  Ashot, ọ bụghịkwa nwa nwanne ya nwanyị, site n'aka nwa ya nwoke Vasak onye nwere ike ọbụrụ na ọlụrụ nwa eze Georgia Guaram ma biri dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ n'ụlọ ikpe ya mgbe ọ nupụrụ isi nke ndị isi Armenia megide ọchịchị Arab na narị asaa, iri asaa na abụọ. A maghị Vasak na ihe ndekọ ndị Georgia ebe a na-edekwa mmalite nke ndị Bagratid nke Georgia n'ụzọ dị elu n'ihi na usoro ndị eze ahụ kwuru na ha mere ya maka ndị agbụrụ David.[1]

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite book|author=Grousset|first=René|title=Histoire de l’Arménie des origines à 1071|location=Paris|publisher=Payot|year=1973|language=French}}
* {{Cite book|author=Laurent|first=Joseph L.|title=L'Arménie entre Byzance et l'Islam: depuis la conquête arabe jusqu'en 886|year=1919|language=French|publisher=De Boccard|location=Paris|url=http://cefael.efa.gr/detail.php?site_id=1&amp;actionID=page&amp;serie_id=BefarA&amp;volume_number=117&amp;issue_number=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202114348/https://cefael.efa.gr/detail.php?site_id=1&amp;actionID=page&amp;serie_id=BefarA&amp;volume_number=117&amp;issue_number=0|archive-date=2024-12-02|access-date=2025-06-10|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|author=Toumanoff|first=Cyril|authorlink=Cyril Toumanoff|url=https://archive.org/details/toumanoff-cyril-1967.-studies-in-christian-caucasian-history.-georgetown-university-press/page/n175/mode/2up?q=Adarnase|year=1963|title=Studies in Christian Caucasian History|publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]]}}</text>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="4343" sha1="kys3j2sqy8glf95hj797vnwwenxd2ik" xml:space="preserve">Islam bụ otu n’ime okpukpe abụọ kacha nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eso ya na Naịjirịa. Naịjirịa nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Alakụba kacha ukwuu n’Afrịka. N’afọ 2018, CIA World Factbook mere atụmatụ na ndị Alakụba bụ 53.5% nke ndị bi na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 April 2018 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Okpukpe Islam gbadoro ụkwụ karịsịa n’akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ. Steeti ndị dị n’akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Alakụba ka ukwuu. Steeti ndị dị ka Lagos, Ogun, Oyo na Osun.Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na akụkụ ndịda nke mba ahụ nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Alakụba pere mpe ma dị ịrịba ama bi n’ógbè ndị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2002 |title=Islam in Nigeria |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/islam-nigeria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204012421/https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/islam-nigeria |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ugwu Naịjirịa na-achịkwa n’okpuru iwu Sharia, ebe a na-achịkwa akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ n’okpuru iwu ọchịchị ụwa (secular law).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sharia implementation in northern Nigeria after 15 years {{!}} Oxford Department of International Development |url=https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/sharia-implementation-northern-nigeria-after-15-years |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406055756/https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/sharia-implementation-northern-nigeria-after-15-years |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.qeh.ox.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụọgụ ndị Alakụba n’ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Naịjirịa na-arịwanye elu, n’ihi na ọnụego ọmụmụ ha dị elu.

Ndị ahịa si n’Ebe Ugwu Afrịka na mpaghara mmiri Senegal webatara Islam n’ebe a bụ Naịjirịa taa n’ime narị afọ nke 11, ọ bụkwa okpukpe Abrahamic nke mbụ na-ekwere n’otu Chineke rutere Naịjirịa. Akụkụ ugwu nke Naịjirịa nọbu n’okpuru ọchịchị steeti na alaeze Islam dị iche iche, dịka Alaeze Kanem–Bornu, Alaeze Mali, Alaeze Songhai, na Alaeze Hausa. Usman dan Fodio, onye ọkà mmụta Islam nke ndị Fulani, tọrọ ntọala Sokoto Caliphate, nke chịrị akụkụ ugwu Naịjirịa n’ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu n’oge agha jihadi ndị Fulani, ruo mgbe Alaeze Ukwu Britain weghaara ya n’afọ 1903. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ ndị Portugal webatara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst n’akụkụ ndịda Naịjirịa n’ime narị afọ nke iri na ise, ọ ghọkwara otu n’ime okpukpe ndị kacha ewu ewu na Naịjirịa, tinyere Islam, n’oge ọchịchị ndị Britain malitere ná ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.

Ndị Alakụba nọ na Naịjirịa bụkarị ndị Sunni na-agbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche Maliki. Otú ọ dị, e nwere obere ìgwè ndị Shia dị ukwuu, ọkachasị na steeti Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Osun, Kwara, Yobe na Sokoto (lee Shia na Naịjirịa). Karịsịa, nnyocha Pew Forum nke afọ 2008 banyere ụdị okpukpe dị iche iche chọpụtara na pasentị 5 nke ndị Alakụba Naịjirịa bụ ndị Shia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=August 9, 2012 |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310121517/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ |archive-date=March 10, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2012 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religious &amp; Public life}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu Ahmadiyya na ndị Alakụba na-enweghị otu okpukpe a kapịrị ọnụ nwekwara ọnụnọ buru ibu n’obodo ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ahmadiyya.ng/achievements-of-ahmadiyya-muslim-jamaat-in-nigeria/ &quot;Achievements of Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in Nigeria]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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==[[User:IgboRefBot|IgboRefBot]]==
{{Bot ohu|IgboRefBot}} 

'''Operator:''' {{u|Dolphyb}}

&lt;!--Automatic: Specify whether supervised or unsupervised --&gt;
&lt;!--Manually Assisted: User must manually confirm every change --&gt;
'''Automatic or Manually Assisted:''' Automatic

&lt;!--Programming Language: The computer language that this bot will be written in. E.g. Python, Java, C, VB, AutoWikiBrowser. NOT English etc --&gt;
'''[[:en:Programming Language|Programming Language]](s):''' Python

&lt;!--Please keep Function Summary SHORT--&gt;
'''Function Summary:''' IgboRefBot is an automated bot created to help maintain and improve references on the Igbo Wikipedia

'''Edit period(s)''' ''(e.g. Continuous, daily, one time run)''''':''' runs daily

&lt;!--For existing bots only--&gt;
'''Already has a bot flag''' ''(Y/N)''''':''' No

&lt;!--List full function details here--&gt;
'''Function Details:'''
=== Bot Function ===

The bot helps identify and repair common reference and citation problems, particularly when content is translated from the English Wikipedia to Igbo Wikipedia that is located in [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%BA:Pages_with_reference_errors this category] 

The bot will fix:

* Missing empty reference definition with multiple definitions of same reference.
* Missing reference list&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;References /&gt; or reference template {{Reflist}} and Edensibịa&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Named reference without any definition found.
* Multiple definitions of the same named reference.
* Malformed &lt;ref&gt; tag.
* Remove unnamed ref tag
* references | Reflist block inconsistencies
* Multiple &lt;references&gt; tags or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Note''': ''This list is likely going to grow with more tasks in the future.''

=== Edit Type ===
Edits will be limited to articles with citation problems that exists on [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%BA:Pages_with_reference_errors this category.]

=== Safeguards ===

* The bot will not overwrite any existing content on the article apart from the citation problem been detected.
* The bot will skip articles that has no citation problem.
* The bot will maintain a local log of all articles that it has worked on just to keep track of them.
* The bot will comply with community feedback and can be stopped immediately if issues arise.

=== Framework ===
The bot is built using Pywikibot and operates via the official MediaWiki API. 

===Discussion===
&lt;!-- This is not a vote.  It is a discussion --&gt;
* I strongly support the development of this bot to help fix citation errors in most articles. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 07:55, 22 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)

* I support this great movement, it will enhance clarity in the project. [[ Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Philip Emeka]]

* I strongly support this bot development as it would help to fix overlooked errors. [[Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Chrysella|Chrysella]]

*Having seen the many errors caused by translating articles from the English to the Igbo Wikipedia, i see the importance of having this bot to fix those reference errors.  [[User:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#ffe900 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#ffe900 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sayvhior&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 10:04, 22 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
* I strongly support this bot as i have been waiting long for its implementation and it would be a massive help to my community for all our programs [[Ojiarụ:Adimora chidinma|Adimora chidinma]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Adimora chidinma|ṅkátá]])

* I '''strongly support''' the idea. It will give room for better edited articles. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 10:23, 22 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
* Having seen the great amount of errors this bot has rectified, I am proudly endorsing it. It has reduced the number of reference errors that occur when articles are being translated from English Wikipedia to Igbo Wikipedia using the Content translation tool. Igbo Editors have tried a lot in combating this issue but it can't be covered only by human efforts, so therefore, this bot has bridged that gap. I strongly support it. [[Ojiarụ:Vivian Amalachukwu|Vivian Amalachukwu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Vivian Amalachukwu|ṅkátá]]) 10:28, 22 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
*I support this initiative, as it will make correcting citation errors on Igbo Wikipedia easier and help improve the quality of articles. [[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Mirah50|Mirah50]]

* I strongly support the development of this bot. [[Ojiarụ: Macocobovi|Macocobovi]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Macocobovi|ṅkátá]]) 21:55, 27 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)

*I {{SS}} this project. [[User:Senator Choko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Senator Choko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Senator Choko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:55, 6 Novemba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5dwdnmqmyyol5rqh0urtyrxqfvbv0q2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>743695</id>
      <parentid>743694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-06T19:55:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Senator Choko</username>
        <id>13011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Discussion */</comment>
      <origin>743695</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4985" sha1="0bl0lthflnz6rq1bqm1nlj92r1khp57" xml:space="preserve">
==[[User:IgboRefBot|IgboRefBot]]==
{{Bot ohu|IgboRefBot}} 

'''Operator:''' {{u|Dolphyb}}

&lt;!--Automatic: Specify whether supervised or unsupervised --&gt;
&lt;!--Manually Assisted: User must manually confirm every change --&gt;
'''Automatic or Manually Assisted:''' Automatic

&lt;!--Programming Language: The computer language that this bot will be written in. E.g. Python, Java, C, VB, AutoWikiBrowser. NOT English etc --&gt;
'''[[:en:Programming Language|Programming Language]](s):''' Python

&lt;!--Please keep Function Summary SHORT--&gt;
'''Function Summary:''' IgboRefBot is an automated bot created to help maintain and improve references on the Igbo Wikipedia

'''Edit period(s)''' ''(e.g. Continuous, daily, one time run)''''':''' runs daily

&lt;!--For existing bots only--&gt;
'''Already has a bot flag''' ''(Y/N)''''':''' No

&lt;!--List full function details here--&gt;
'''Function Details:'''
=== Bot Function ===

The bot helps identify and repair common reference and citation problems, particularly when content is translated from the English Wikipedia to Igbo Wikipedia that is located in [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%BA:Pages_with_reference_errors this category] 

The bot will fix:

* Missing empty reference definition with multiple definitions of same reference.
* Missing reference list&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;References /&gt; or reference template {{Reflist}} and Edensibịa&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Named reference without any definition found.
* Multiple definitions of the same named reference.
* Malformed &lt;ref&gt; tag.
* Remove unnamed ref tag
* references | Reflist block inconsistencies
* Multiple &lt;references&gt; tags or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Note''': ''This list is likely going to grow with more tasks in the future.''

=== Edit Type ===
Edits will be limited to articles with citation problems that exists on [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%BA:Pages_with_reference_errors this category.]

=== Safeguards ===

* The bot will not overwrite any existing content on the article apart from the citation problem been detected.
* The bot will skip articles that has no citation problem.
* The bot will maintain a local log of all articles that it has worked on just to keep track of them.
* The bot will comply with community feedback and can be stopped immediately if issues arise.

=== Framework ===
The bot is built using Pywikibot and operates via the official MediaWiki API. 

===Discussion===
&lt;!-- This is not a vote.  It is a discussion --&gt;
* I strongly support the development of this bot to help fix citation errors in most articles. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 07:55, 22 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)

* I support this great movement, it will enhance clarity in the project. [[ Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Philip Emeka]]

* I strongly support this bot development as it would help to fix overlooked errors. [[Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Chrysella|Chrysella]]

*Having seen the many errors caused by translating articles from the English to the Igbo Wikipedia, i see the importance of having this bot to fix those reference errors.  [[User:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#ffe900 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#ffe900 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sayvhior&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 10:04, 22 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
* I strongly support this bot as i have been waiting long for its implementation and it would be a massive help to my community for all our programs [[Ojiarụ:Adimora chidinma|Adimora chidinma]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Adimora chidinma|ṅkátá]])

* I '''strongly support''' the idea. It will give room for better edited articles. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 10:23, 22 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
* Having seen the great amount of errors this bot has rectified, I am proudly endorsing it. It has reduced the number of reference errors that occur when articles are being translated from English Wikipedia to Igbo Wikipedia using the Content translation tool. Igbo Editors have tried a lot in combating this issue but it can't be covered only by human efforts, so therefore, this bot has bridged that gap. I strongly support it. [[Ojiarụ:Vivian Amalachukwu|Vivian Amalachukwu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Vivian Amalachukwu|ṅkátá]]) 10:28, 22 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
*I support this initiative, as it will make correcting citation errors on Igbo Wikipedia easier and help improve the quality of articles. [[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Mirah50|Mirah50]]

* I strongly support the development of this bot. [[Ojiarụ: Macocobovi|Macocobovi]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Macocobovi|ṅkátá]]) 21:55, 27 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)

*I strongly support this project. [[User:Senator Choko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Senator Choko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Senator Choko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:55, 6 Novemba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0bl0lthflnz6rq1bqm1nlj92r1khp57</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Event:Expanding Igbo verb entries on wiktionary</title>
    <ns>1728</ns>
    <id>81266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>743744</id>
      <parentid>743573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-07T04:03:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Geraldine Kene</username>
        <id>23189</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Project worklist with links */</comment>
      <origin>743744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2247" sha1="knyckj7tbuwwma62o3ustqw8yp5da35" xml:space="preserve">==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary==
===Project Overview===
This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate.

The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity.
===Project Goals===
The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language.
===Project Timeline===
November 6–November 30, 2026
===Project worklist with links===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!S/N
!New verb created
!Link
|{{Doing}}
|-
|1.
|Bịara
|
|
|-
|2. 
|Buo
|https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Buo
|
|-
|3.
|
|
|
|-
|4.
|Batara
|
|
|-
|5.
|Banye
|
|
|-
|6.
|Biri
|
|
|-
|7.
|odide
|
|
|-
|8.
|Buga
|
|
|-
|9.
|Chịa
|
|
|-
|10.
|Cheta
|
|
|-
|11
|ọdịda 
|
|
|-
|12.
|ịda
|
|
|-
|13.
|Gbatuo
|
|
|-
|14.
|Chịta
|
|
|-
|15.
|Chịba
|
|
|-
|16.
|Chinye
|
|
|-
|17.
|Chipụta
|
|
|-
|18.
|Chụpụ
|
|-
|19.
|Chụọ
|
|-
|20.
|Chọpụta 
|
|-
|21.
|Chuo
|
|-
|22.
|Chute
|
|-
|23.
|Chituo
|
|-
|24.
|Ichu
|
|-
|25.
|Ịchụ
|
|-
|26.
|Ịchọ
|
|-
|27.
|Dee
|
|-
|28.
|Gbadata
|
|-
|29.
|Gbaba
|

|-
|30.
|Gbasaa	
|
|-
|31.
|Gbuo
|
|-
|32.
|Gbute
|	
|-
|33.	
|Igbu
|
|-
|34.	
|igbu 
|
|-
|35.	
|jụọ
|
|-	
|36.
|jụpụta	
|
|-
|37.
|jụta
|
|-
|38.
|Kute
|
|-
|39.
|
|-
|40.
|Kuru
|
|-
|41.
|Kee
|
|-
|42.
|kagbuo
|
|-
|43.
|jee
|
|-
|44.
|jide
|
|-
|45.
|Kụdaa 
|
|-
|46.
|kelee 
|
|-
|47.
|Kesaa
|
|-
|48.
|Kutuo
|
|-
|49.
|Kilie
|
|-
|50.
|Ikili
|
|-
|51.
|laa
|
|-
|52.
|lọta
|
|-
|53.
|nlọta
|
|-
|54.
|ikele 
|
|-
|55.
|ikesa
|
|-
|56.
|Kugbuo
|
|-
|57.
|Ikugbu
|
|-
|58.
|nleta
|
|-
|59.
|nnyocha
|
|-
|60.
|nlele 
|
|-
|61.
|
|
|-
|62.
|</text>
      <sha1>knyckj7tbuwwma62o3ustqw8yp5da35</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>743745</id>
      <parentid>743744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-07T04:07:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Geraldine Kene</username>
        <id>23189</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Project worklist with links */</comment>
      <origin>743745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2284" sha1="n6dwmk1762xlh1synzoqs6ii56qodk6" xml:space="preserve">==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary==
===Project Overview===
This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate.

The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity.
===Project Goals===
The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language.
===Project Timeline===
November 6–November 30, 2026
===Project worklist with links===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!S/N
!New verb created
!Link
|{{Doing}}
|-
|1.
|Bịara
|
|
|-
|2. 
|Buo
|https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Buo
|
|-
|3.
|
|
|
|-
|4.
|Batara
|https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/Batara
|
|-
|5.
|Banye
|
|
|-
|6.
|Biri
|
|
|-
|7.
|odide
|
|
|-
|8.
|Buga
|
|
|-
|9.
|Chịa
|
|
|-
|10.
|Cheta
|
|
|-
|11
|ọdịda 
|
|
|-
|12.
|ịda
|
|
|-
|13.
|Gbatuo
|
|
|-
|14.
|Chịta
|
|
|-
|15.
|Chịba
|
|
|-
|16.
|Chinye
|
|
|-
|17.
|Chipụta
|
|
|-
|18.
|Chụpụ
|
|-
|19.
|Chụọ
|
|-
|20.
|Chọpụta 
|
|-
|21.
|Chuo
|
|-
|22.
|Chute
|
|-
|23.
|Chituo
|
|-
|24.
|Ichu
|
|-
|25.
|Ịchụ
|
|-
|26.
|Ịchọ
|
|-
|27.
|Dee
|
|-
|28.
|Gbadata
|
|-
|29.
|Gbaba
|

|-
|30.
|Gbasaa	
|
|-
|31.
|Gbuo
|
|-
|32.
|Gbute
|	
|-
|33.	
|Igbu
|
|-
|34.	
|igbu 
|
|-
|35.	
|jụọ
|
|-	
|36.
|jụpụta	
|
|-
|37.
|jụta
|
|-
|38.
|Kute
|
|-
|39.
|
|-
|40.
|Kuru
|
|-
|41.
|Kee
|
|-
|42.
|kagbuo
|
|-
|43.
|jee
|
|-
|44.
|jide
|
|-
|45.
|Kụdaa 
|
|-
|46.
|kelee 
|
|-
|47.
|Kesaa
|
|-
|48.
|Kutuo
|
|-
|49.
|Kilie
|
|-
|50.
|Ikili
|
|-
|51.
|laa
|
|-
|52.
|lọta
|
|-
|53.
|nlọta
|
|-
|54.
|ikele 
|
|-
|55.
|ikesa
|
|-
|56.
|Kugbuo
|
|-
|57.
|Ikugbu
|
|-
|58.
|nleta
|
|-
|59.
|nnyocha
|
|-
|60.
|nlele 
|
|-
|61.
|
|
|-
|62.
|</text>
      <sha1>n6dwmk1762xlh1synzoqs6ii56qodk6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>81282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>743626</id>
      <parentid>743008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-06T14:41:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IgboRefBot</username>
        <id>66663</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Corrected a reference error (bot)</comment>
      <origin>743626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8886" sha1="4vbe8xsju81ixuk98g9lazieugn3isl" xml:space="preserve">==2026/11==
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]]
*[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]]
*[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]]
*[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]]
*[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]]
*[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]]
*[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]]
*[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]]
*[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]]
*[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]]
*[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]]
*[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]]
*[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]]
*[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]]
*[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]]
*[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]]
*[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]]
*[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]]
*[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]]
*[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]]
*[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]]
*[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]]
*[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]]
*[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]]
*[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]]
*[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]]
*[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]]
*[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]]
*[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]]
*[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]]
*[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]]
*[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]]
*[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]]
*[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]]
*[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]]
*[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]]
*[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]]
*[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]]
*[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]]
*[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]]
*[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]
*[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]]
*[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]]
*[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]]
*[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]]
*[[Yamilé_Aldama | Yamilé Aldama]]
*[[Yanet_Seyoum | Yanet Seyoum]]
*[[Yanne_Chembo | Yanne Chembo]]
*[[Yaou_Aïssatou | Yaou Aïssatou]]
*[[Yasmin_Altwaijri | Yasmin Altwaijri]]
*[[Yasmin_Finney | Yasmin Finney]]
*[[Yasmín_Rios-Solís | Yasmín Rios-Solís]]
*[[Yaw_Brefo_Darkwa-Dwamena | Yaw Brefo Darkwa-Dwamena]]
*[[Yaw_Brempong-Yeboah | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah]]
*[[Yelwa | Yelwa]]
*[[Yemi_Adamolekun | Yemi Adamolekun]]
*[[Yeniseian | Yeniseian]]
*[[Yennenga | Yennenga]]
*[[Yero_Ibrahim_Bello | Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
*[[Yesomi_Umolu | Yesomi Umolu]]
*[[Yewande_Komolafe | Yewande Komolafe]]
*[[Yikono | Yikono]]
*[[Yinka_Iyinolakan | Yinka Iyinolakan]]
*[[Yinusa_Yahaya_Ahmed | Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
*[[Yolanda_Becerra | Yolanda Becerra]]
*[[Yolanda_Caballero | Yolanda Caballero]]
*[[Yolanda_Fernández_de_Cofiño | Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño]]
*[[Yolande_Mukagasana | Yolande Mukagasana]]
*[[Yonathan_Kebede | Yonathan Kebede]]
*[[YoungJu_Choie | YoungJu Choie]]
*[[Younousse_Sèye | Younousse Sèye]]
*[[Youssef_Fakhr_Eddine | Youssef Fakhr Eddine]]
*[[Youssef_Francis | Youssef Francis]]
*[[Youssef_Wahbi | Youssef Wahbi]]
*[[Yulduz_Usmonova | Yulduz Usmonova]]
*[[Yvette_Cooper | Yvette Cooper]]
*[[Yvette_Nicole_Brown | Yvette Nicole Brown]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_dị_na_Amsterdam | Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Na-elekọta_Ụlọ | Ụlọ Ndị Na-elekọta Ụlọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_na-enyere_ndị_mmadụ_aka_na_Maryland | Ụlọ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka na Maryland]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_ogbenye_na_Scotland | Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya_Powis | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Powis]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya,_Stratford-upon-Avon | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya, Stratford-upon-Avon]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_Goodman | Ụlọ ngosi Goodman]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_Artemisia | Ụlọ ngosi nka Artemisia]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Johannesburg | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Mahadum_Yale | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_William_Humphreys | Ụlọ ngosi nka William Humphreys]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nne_na_Nwa_Stranorlar_County | Ụlọ Nne na Nwa Stranorlar County]]
*[[Ụlọ_nyocha_Warren_Spring | Ụlọ nyocha Warren Spring]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ | Ụlọ Nzukọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_n'okporo_ámá | Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okporo ámá]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Nchịkwa_Kenneth_Hahn | Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Ndị_Na-ere_Ọgwụ_nke_Ireland | Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Allerton_maka_ụmụ_nwanyị | Ụlọ oriri Allerton maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Californian_(San_Francisco,_California) | Ụlọ oriri Californian (San Francisco, California)]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Concha | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Rwanda | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Rwanda]]
*[[Ụlọ_Raphael | Ụlọ Raphael]]
*[[Ụlọ_Shee_Alms | Ụlọ Shee Alms]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Anụ_Ọhịa_nke_Korkeasaari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ashford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ashford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Beamsley | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Clatterbridge | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Clatterbridge]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Coningsby | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coningsby]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Freedom_Fields | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-06T14:42:36Z</timestamp>
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*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]]
*[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]]
*[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]]
*[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]]
*[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]]
*[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]]
*[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]]
*[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]]
*[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]]
*[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]]
*[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]]
*[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]]
*[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]]
*[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]]
*[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]]
*[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]]
*[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]]
*[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]]
*[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]]
*[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]]
*[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]]
*[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]]
*[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]]
*[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]]
*[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]]
*[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]]
*[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]]
*[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]]
*[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]]
*[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]]
*[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]]
*[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]]
*[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]]
*[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]]
*[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]]
*[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]]
*[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]]
*[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]]
*[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]]
*[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]]
*[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]
*[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]]
*[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]]
*[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]]
*[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]]
*[[Yamilé_Aldama | Yamilé Aldama]]
*[[Yanet_Seyoum | Yanet Seyoum]]
*[[Yanne_Chembo | Yanne Chembo]]
*[[Yaou_Aïssatou | Yaou Aïssatou]]
*[[Yasmin_Altwaijri | Yasmin Altwaijri]]
*[[Yasmin_Finney | Yasmin Finney]]
*[[Yasmín_Rios-Solís | Yasmín Rios-Solís]]
*[[Yaw_Brefo_Darkwa-Dwamena | Yaw Brefo Darkwa-Dwamena]]
*[[Yaw_Brempong-Yeboah | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah]]
*[[Yelwa | Yelwa]]
*[[Yemi_Adamolekun | Yemi Adamolekun]]
*[[Yeniseian | Yeniseian]]
*[[Yennenga | Yennenga]]
*[[Yero_Ibrahim_Bello | Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
*[[Yesomi_Umolu | Yesomi Umolu]]
*[[Yewande_Komolafe | Yewande Komolafe]]
*[[Yikono | Yikono]]
*[[Yinka_Iyinolakan | Yinka Iyinolakan]]
*[[Yinusa_Yahaya_Ahmed | Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
*[[Yolanda_Becerra | Yolanda Becerra]]
*[[Yolanda_Caballero | Yolanda Caballero]]
*[[Yolanda_Fernández_de_Cofiño | Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño]]
*[[Yolande_Mukagasana | Yolande Mukagasana]]
*[[Yonathan_Kebede | Yonathan Kebede]]
*[[YoungJu_Choie | YoungJu Choie]]
*[[Younousse_Sèye | Younousse Sèye]]
*[[Youssef_Fakhr_Eddine | Youssef Fakhr Eddine]]
*[[Youssef_Francis | Youssef Francis]]
*[[Youssef_Wahbi | Youssef Wahbi]]
*[[Yulduz_Usmonova | Yulduz Usmonova]]
*[[Yvette_Cooper | Yvette Cooper]]
*[[Yvette_Nicole_Brown | Yvette Nicole Brown]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_dị_na_Amsterdam | Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Na-elekọta_Ụlọ | Ụlọ Ndị Na-elekọta Ụlọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_na-enyere_ndị_mmadụ_aka_na_Maryland | Ụlọ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka na Maryland]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_ogbenye_na_Scotland | Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya_Powis | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Powis]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya,_Stratford-upon-Avon | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya, Stratford-upon-Avon]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_Goodman | Ụlọ ngosi Goodman]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_Artemisia | Ụlọ ngosi nka Artemisia]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Johannesburg | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Mahadum_Yale | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_William_Humphreys | Ụlọ ngosi nka William Humphreys]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nne_na_Nwa_Stranorlar_County | Ụlọ Nne na Nwa Stranorlar County]]
*[[Ụlọ_nyocha_Warren_Spring | Ụlọ nyocha Warren Spring]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ | Ụlọ Nzukọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_n'okporo_ámá | Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okporo ámá]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Nchịkwa_Kenneth_Hahn | Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Ndị_Na-ere_Ọgwụ_nke_Ireland | Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Allerton_maka_ụmụ_nwanyị | Ụlọ oriri Allerton maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Californian_(San_Francisco,_California) | Ụlọ oriri Californian (San Francisco, California)]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Concha | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Rwanda | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Rwanda]]
*[[Ụlọ_Raphael | Ụlọ Raphael]]
*[[Ụlọ_Shee_Alms | Ụlọ Shee Alms]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Anụ_Ọhịa_nke_Korkeasaari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ashford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ashford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Beamsley | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Clatterbridge | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Clatterbridge]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Coningsby | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coningsby]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Freedom_Fields | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Kraịst_nke_Abingdon | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]]</text>
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*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]]
*[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]]
*[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]]
*[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]]
*[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]]
*[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]]
*[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]]
*[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]]
*[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]]
*[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]]
*[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]]
*[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]]
*[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]]
*[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]]
*[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]]
*[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]]
*[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]]
*[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]]
*[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]]
*[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]]
*[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]]
*[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]]
*[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]]
*[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]]
*[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]]
*[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]]
*[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]]
*[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]]
*[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]]
*[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]]
*[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]]
*[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]]
*[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]]
*[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]]
*[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]]
*[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]]
*[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]]
*[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]]
*[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]]
*[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]]
*[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]
*[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]]
*[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]]
*[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]]
*[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]]
*[[Yamilé_Aldama | Yamilé Aldama]]
*[[Yanet_Seyoum | Yanet Seyoum]]
*[[Yanne_Chembo | Yanne Chembo]]
*[[Yaou_Aïssatou | Yaou Aïssatou]]
*[[Yasmin_Altwaijri | Yasmin Altwaijri]]
*[[Yasmin_Finney | Yasmin Finney]]
*[[Yasmín_Rios-Solís | Yasmín Rios-Solís]]
*[[Yaw_Brefo_Darkwa-Dwamena | Yaw Brefo Darkwa-Dwamena]]
*[[Yaw_Brempong-Yeboah | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah]]
*[[Yelwa | Yelwa]]
*[[Yemi_Adamolekun | Yemi Adamolekun]]
*[[Yeniseian | Yeniseian]]
*[[Yennenga | Yennenga]]
*[[Yero_Ibrahim_Bello | Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
*[[Yesomi_Umolu | Yesomi Umolu]]
*[[Yewande_Komolafe | Yewande Komolafe]]
*[[Yikono | Yikono]]
*[[Yinka_Iyinolakan | Yinka Iyinolakan]]
*[[Yinusa_Yahaya_Ahmed | Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
*[[Yolanda_Becerra | Yolanda Becerra]]
*[[Yolanda_Caballero | Yolanda Caballero]]
*[[Yolanda_Fernández_de_Cofiño | Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño]]
*[[Yolande_Mukagasana | Yolande Mukagasana]]
*[[Yonathan_Kebede | Yonathan Kebede]]
*[[YoungJu_Choie | YoungJu Choie]]
*[[Younousse_Sèye | Younousse Sèye]]
*[[Youssef_Fakhr_Eddine | Youssef Fakhr Eddine]]
*[[Youssef_Francis | Youssef Francis]]
*[[Youssef_Wahbi | Youssef Wahbi]]
*[[Yulduz_Usmonova | Yulduz Usmonova]]
*[[Yvette_Cooper | Yvette Cooper]]
*[[Yvette_Nicole_Brown | Yvette Nicole Brown]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_dị_na_Amsterdam | Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Na-elekọta_Ụlọ | Ụlọ Ndị Na-elekọta Ụlọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_na-enyere_ndị_mmadụ_aka_na_Maryland | Ụlọ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka na Maryland]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_ogbenye_na_Scotland | Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya_Powis | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Powis]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya,_Stratford-upon-Avon | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya, Stratford-upon-Avon]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_Goodman | Ụlọ ngosi Goodman]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_Artemisia | Ụlọ ngosi nka Artemisia]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Johannesburg | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Mahadum_Yale | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_William_Humphreys | Ụlọ ngosi nka William Humphreys]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nne_na_Nwa_Stranorlar_County | Ụlọ Nne na Nwa Stranorlar County]]
*[[Ụlọ_nyocha_Warren_Spring | Ụlọ nyocha Warren Spring]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ | Ụlọ Nzukọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_n'okporo_ámá | Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okporo ámá]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Nchịkwa_Kenneth_Hahn | Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Ndị_Na-ere_Ọgwụ_nke_Ireland | Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Allerton_maka_ụmụ_nwanyị | Ụlọ oriri Allerton maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Californian_(San_Francisco,_California) | Ụlọ oriri Californian (San Francisco, California)]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Concha | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Rwanda | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Rwanda]]
*[[Ụlọ_Raphael | Ụlọ Raphael]]
*[[Ụlọ_Shee_Alms | Ụlọ Shee Alms]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Anụ_Ọhịa_nke_Korkeasaari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ashford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ashford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Beamsley | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Clatterbridge | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Clatterbridge]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Coningsby | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coningsby]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Freedom_Fields | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Kraịst_nke_Abingdon | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Mmụta_Mahadum_Afe_Babalola | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Afe Babalola]]</text>
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*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]]
*[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]]
*[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]]
*[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]]
*[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]]
*[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]]
*[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]]
*[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]]
*[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]]
*[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]]
*[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]]
*[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]]
*[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]]
*[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]]
*[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]]
*[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]]
*[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]]
*[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]]
*[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]]
*[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]]
*[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]]
*[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]]
*[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]]
*[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]]
*[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]]
*[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]]
*[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]]
*[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]]
*[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]]
*[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]]
*[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]]
*[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]]
*[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]]
*[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]]
*[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]]
*[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]]
*[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]]
*[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]]
*[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]]
*[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]]
*[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]
*[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]]
*[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]]
*[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]]
*[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]]
*[[Yamilé_Aldama | Yamilé Aldama]]
*[[Yanet_Seyoum | Yanet Seyoum]]
*[[Yanne_Chembo | Yanne Chembo]]
*[[Yaou_Aïssatou | Yaou Aïssatou]]
*[[Yasmin_Altwaijri | Yasmin Altwaijri]]
*[[Yasmin_Finney | Yasmin Finney]]
*[[Yasmín_Rios-Solís | Yasmín Rios-Solís]]
*[[Yaw_Brefo_Darkwa-Dwamena | Yaw Brefo Darkwa-Dwamena]]
*[[Yaw_Brempong-Yeboah | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah]]
*[[Yelwa | Yelwa]]
*[[Yemi_Adamolekun | Yemi Adamolekun]]
*[[Yeniseian | Yeniseian]]
*[[Yennenga | Yennenga]]
*[[Yero_Ibrahim_Bello | Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
*[[Yesomi_Umolu | Yesomi Umolu]]
*[[Yewande_Komolafe | Yewande Komolafe]]
*[[Yikono | Yikono]]
*[[Yinka_Iyinolakan | Yinka Iyinolakan]]
*[[Yinusa_Yahaya_Ahmed | Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
*[[Yolanda_Becerra | Yolanda Becerra]]
*[[Yolanda_Caballero | Yolanda Caballero]]
*[[Yolanda_Fernández_de_Cofiño | Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño]]
*[[Yolande_Mukagasana | Yolande Mukagasana]]
*[[Yonathan_Kebede | Yonathan Kebede]]
*[[YoungJu_Choie | YoungJu Choie]]
*[[Younousse_Sèye | Younousse Sèye]]
*[[Youssef_Fakhr_Eddine | Youssef Fakhr Eddine]]
*[[Youssef_Francis | Youssef Francis]]
*[[Youssef_Wahbi | Youssef Wahbi]]
*[[Yulduz_Usmonova | Yulduz Usmonova]]
*[[Yvette_Cooper | Yvette Cooper]]
*[[Yvette_Nicole_Brown | Yvette Nicole Brown]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_dị_na_Amsterdam | Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Na-elekọta_Ụlọ | Ụlọ Ndị Na-elekọta Ụlọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_na-enyere_ndị_mmadụ_aka_na_Maryland | Ụlọ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka na Maryland]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_ogbenye_na_Scotland | Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya_Powis | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Powis]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya,_Stratford-upon-Avon | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya, Stratford-upon-Avon]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_Goodman | Ụlọ ngosi Goodman]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_Artemisia | Ụlọ ngosi nka Artemisia]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Johannesburg | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Mahadum_Yale | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_William_Humphreys | Ụlọ ngosi nka William Humphreys]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nne_na_Nwa_Stranorlar_County | Ụlọ Nne na Nwa Stranorlar County]]
*[[Ụlọ_nyocha_Warren_Spring | Ụlọ nyocha Warren Spring]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ | Ụlọ Nzukọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_n'okporo_ámá | Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okporo ámá]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Nchịkwa_Kenneth_Hahn | Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Ndị_Na-ere_Ọgwụ_nke_Ireland | Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Allerton_maka_ụmụ_nwanyị | Ụlọ oriri Allerton maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Californian_(San_Francisco,_California) | Ụlọ oriri Californian (San Francisco, California)]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Concha | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Rwanda | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Rwanda]]
*[[Ụlọ_Raphael | Ụlọ Raphael]]
*[[Ụlọ_Shee_Alms | Ụlọ Shee Alms]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Anụ_Ọhịa_nke_Korkeasaari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ashford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ashford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Beamsley | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Clatterbridge | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Clatterbridge]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Coningsby | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coningsby]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Freedom_Fields | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Kraịst_nke_Abingdon | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Mmụta_Mahadum_Afe_Babalola | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Afe Babalola]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Newark | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Newark]]</text>
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*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]]
*[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]]
*[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]]
*[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]]
*[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]]
*[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]]
*[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]]
*[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]]
*[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]]
*[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]]
*[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]]
*[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]]
*[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]]
*[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]]
*[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]]
*[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]]
*[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]]
*[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]]
*[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]]
*[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]]
*[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]]
*[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]]
*[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]]
*[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]]
*[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]]
*[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]]
*[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]]
*[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]]
*[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]]
*[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]]
*[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]]
*[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]]
*[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]]
*[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]]
*[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]]
*[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]]
*[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]]
*[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]]
*[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]]
*[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]]
*[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]
*[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]]
*[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]]
*[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]]
*[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]]
*[[Yamilé_Aldama | Yamilé Aldama]]
*[[Yanet_Seyoum | Yanet Seyoum]]
*[[Yanne_Chembo | Yanne Chembo]]
*[[Yaou_Aïssatou | Yaou Aïssatou]]
*[[Yasmin_Altwaijri | Yasmin Altwaijri]]
*[[Yasmin_Finney | Yasmin Finney]]
*[[Yasmín_Rios-Solís | Yasmín Rios-Solís]]
*[[Yaw_Brefo_Darkwa-Dwamena | Yaw Brefo Darkwa-Dwamena]]
*[[Yaw_Brempong-Yeboah | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah]]
*[[Yelwa | Yelwa]]
*[[Yemi_Adamolekun | Yemi Adamolekun]]
*[[Yeniseian | Yeniseian]]
*[[Yennenga | Yennenga]]
*[[Yero_Ibrahim_Bello | Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
*[[Yesomi_Umolu | Yesomi Umolu]]
*[[Yewande_Komolafe | Yewande Komolafe]]
*[[Yikono | Yikono]]
*[[Yinka_Iyinolakan | Yinka Iyinolakan]]
*[[Yinusa_Yahaya_Ahmed | Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
*[[Yolanda_Becerra | Yolanda Becerra]]
*[[Yolanda_Caballero | Yolanda Caballero]]
*[[Yolanda_Fernández_de_Cofiño | Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño]]
*[[Yolande_Mukagasana | Yolande Mukagasana]]
*[[Yonathan_Kebede | Yonathan Kebede]]
*[[YoungJu_Choie | YoungJu Choie]]
*[[Younousse_Sèye | Younousse Sèye]]
*[[Youssef_Fakhr_Eddine | Youssef Fakhr Eddine]]
*[[Youssef_Francis | Youssef Francis]]
*[[Youssef_Wahbi | Youssef Wahbi]]
*[[Yulduz_Usmonova | Yulduz Usmonova]]
*[[Yvette_Cooper | Yvette Cooper]]
*[[Yvette_Nicole_Brown | Yvette Nicole Brown]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_dị_na_Amsterdam | Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Na-elekọta_Ụlọ | Ụlọ Ndị Na-elekọta Ụlọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_na-enyere_ndị_mmadụ_aka_na_Maryland | Ụlọ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka na Maryland]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_ogbenye_na_Scotland | Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya_Powis | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Powis]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya,_Stratford-upon-Avon | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya, Stratford-upon-Avon]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_Goodman | Ụlọ ngosi Goodman]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_Artemisia | Ụlọ ngosi nka Artemisia]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Johannesburg | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Mahadum_Yale | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_William_Humphreys | Ụlọ ngosi nka William Humphreys]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nne_na_Nwa_Stranorlar_County | Ụlọ Nne na Nwa Stranorlar County]]
*[[Ụlọ_nyocha_Warren_Spring | Ụlọ nyocha Warren Spring]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ | Ụlọ Nzukọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_n'okporo_ámá | Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okporo ámá]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Nchịkwa_Kenneth_Hahn | Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Ndị_Na-ere_Ọgwụ_nke_Ireland | Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Allerton_maka_ụmụ_nwanyị | Ụlọ oriri Allerton maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Californian_(San_Francisco,_California) | Ụlọ oriri Californian (San Francisco, California)]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Concha | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Rwanda | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Rwanda]]
*[[Ụlọ_Raphael | Ụlọ Raphael]]
*[[Ụlọ_Shee_Alms | Ụlọ Shee Alms]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Anụ_Ọhịa_nke_Korkeasaari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ashford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ashford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Beamsley | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Clatterbridge | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Clatterbridge]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Coningsby | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coningsby]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Freedom_Fields | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Kraịst_nke_Abingdon | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Mmụta_Mahadum_Afe_Babalola | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Afe Babalola]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Newark | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Newark]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_nke_St_Cross | Ụlọ Ọgwụ nke St Cross]]</text>
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      <id>743642</id>
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*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]]
*[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]]
*[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]]
*[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]]
*[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]]
*[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]]
*[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]]
*[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]]
*[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]]
*[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]]
*[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]]
*[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]]
*[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]]
*[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]]
*[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]]
*[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]]
*[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]]
*[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]]
*[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]]
*[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]]
*[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]]
*[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]]
*[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]]
*[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]]
*[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]]
*[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]]
*[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]]
*[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]]
*[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]]
*[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]]
*[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]]
*[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]]
*[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]]
*[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]]
*[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]]
*[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]]
*[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]]
*[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]]
*[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]]
*[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]]
*[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]
*[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]]
*[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]]
*[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]]
*[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]]
*[[Yamilé_Aldama | Yamilé Aldama]]
*[[Yanet_Seyoum | Yanet Seyoum]]
*[[Yanne_Chembo | Yanne Chembo]]
*[[Yaou_Aïssatou | Yaou Aïssatou]]
*[[Yasmin_Altwaijri | Yasmin Altwaijri]]
*[[Yasmin_Finney | Yasmin Finney]]
*[[Yasmín_Rios-Solís | Yasmín Rios-Solís]]
*[[Yaw_Brefo_Darkwa-Dwamena | Yaw Brefo Darkwa-Dwamena]]
*[[Yaw_Brempong-Yeboah | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah]]
*[[Yelwa | Yelwa]]
*[[Yemi_Adamolekun | Yemi Adamolekun]]
*[[Yeniseian | Yeniseian]]
*[[Yennenga | Yennenga]]
*[[Yero_Ibrahim_Bello | Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
*[[Yesomi_Umolu | Yesomi Umolu]]
*[[Yewande_Komolafe | Yewande Komolafe]]
*[[Yikono | Yikono]]
*[[Yinka_Iyinolakan | Yinka Iyinolakan]]
*[[Yinusa_Yahaya_Ahmed | Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
*[[Yolanda_Becerra | Yolanda Becerra]]
*[[Yolanda_Caballero | Yolanda Caballero]]
*[[Yolanda_Fernández_de_Cofiño | Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño]]
*[[Yolande_Mukagasana | Yolande Mukagasana]]
*[[Yonathan_Kebede | Yonathan Kebede]]
*[[YoungJu_Choie | YoungJu Choie]]
*[[Younousse_Sèye | Younousse Sèye]]
*[[Youssef_Fakhr_Eddine | Youssef Fakhr Eddine]]
*[[Youssef_Francis | Youssef Francis]]
*[[Youssef_Wahbi | Youssef Wahbi]]
*[[Yulduz_Usmonova | Yulduz Usmonova]]
*[[Yvette_Cooper | Yvette Cooper]]
*[[Yvette_Nicole_Brown | Yvette Nicole Brown]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_dị_na_Amsterdam | Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Na-elekọta_Ụlọ | Ụlọ Ndị Na-elekọta Ụlọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_na-enyere_ndị_mmadụ_aka_na_Maryland | Ụlọ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka na Maryland]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_ogbenye_na_Scotland | Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya_Powis | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Powis]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya,_Stratford-upon-Avon | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya, Stratford-upon-Avon]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_Goodman | Ụlọ ngosi Goodman]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_Artemisia | Ụlọ ngosi nka Artemisia]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Johannesburg | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Mahadum_Yale | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_William_Humphreys | Ụlọ ngosi nka William Humphreys]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nne_na_Nwa_Stranorlar_County | Ụlọ Nne na Nwa Stranorlar County]]
*[[Ụlọ_nyocha_Warren_Spring | Ụlọ nyocha Warren Spring]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ | Ụlọ Nzukọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_n'okporo_ámá | Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okporo ámá]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Nchịkwa_Kenneth_Hahn | Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Ndị_Na-ere_Ọgwụ_nke_Ireland | Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Allerton_maka_ụmụ_nwanyị | Ụlọ oriri Allerton maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Californian_(San_Francisco,_California) | Ụlọ oriri Californian (San Francisco, California)]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Concha | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Rwanda | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Rwanda]]
*[[Ụlọ_Raphael | Ụlọ Raphael]]
*[[Ụlọ_Shee_Alms | Ụlọ Shee Alms]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Anụ_Ọhịa_nke_Korkeasaari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ashford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ashford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Beamsley | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Clatterbridge | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Clatterbridge]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Coningsby | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coningsby]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Freedom_Fields | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Kraịst_nke_Abingdon | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Mmụta_Mahadum_Afe_Babalola | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Afe Babalola]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Newark | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Newark]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_nke_St_Cross | Ụlọ Ọgwụ nke St Cross]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Nkụzi_Federal_Alex_Ekwueme | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Federal Alex Ekwueme]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>743645</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-06T14:47:37Z</timestamp>
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        <id>66663</id>
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*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]]
*[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]]
*[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]]
*[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]]
*[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]]
*[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]]
*[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]]
*[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]]
*[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]]
*[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]]
*[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]]
*[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]]
*[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]]
*[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]]
*[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]]
*[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]]
*[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]]
*[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]]
*[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]]
*[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]]
*[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]]
*[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]]
*[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]]
*[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]]
*[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]]
*[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]]
*[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]]
*[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]]
*[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]]
*[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]]
*[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]]
*[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]]
*[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]]
*[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]]
*[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]]
*[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]]
*[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]]
*[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]]
*[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]]
*[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]]
*[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]
*[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]]
*[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]]
*[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]]
*[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]]
*[[Yamilé_Aldama | Yamilé Aldama]]
*[[Yanet_Seyoum | Yanet Seyoum]]
*[[Yanne_Chembo | Yanne Chembo]]
*[[Yaou_Aïssatou | Yaou Aïssatou]]
*[[Yasmin_Altwaijri | Yasmin Altwaijri]]
*[[Yasmin_Finney | Yasmin Finney]]
*[[Yasmín_Rios-Solís | Yasmín Rios-Solís]]
*[[Yaw_Brefo_Darkwa-Dwamena | Yaw Brefo Darkwa-Dwamena]]
*[[Yaw_Brempong-Yeboah | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah]]
*[[Yelwa | Yelwa]]
*[[Yemi_Adamolekun | Yemi Adamolekun]]
*[[Yeniseian | Yeniseian]]
*[[Yennenga | Yennenga]]
*[[Yero_Ibrahim_Bello | Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
*[[Yesomi_Umolu | Yesomi Umolu]]
*[[Yewande_Komolafe | Yewande Komolafe]]
*[[Yikono | Yikono]]
*[[Yinka_Iyinolakan | Yinka Iyinolakan]]
*[[Yinusa_Yahaya_Ahmed | Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
*[[Yolanda_Becerra | Yolanda Becerra]]
*[[Yolanda_Caballero | Yolanda Caballero]]
*[[Yolanda_Fernández_de_Cofiño | Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño]]
*[[Yolande_Mukagasana | Yolande Mukagasana]]
*[[Yonathan_Kebede | Yonathan Kebede]]
*[[YoungJu_Choie | YoungJu Choie]]
*[[Younousse_Sèye | Younousse Sèye]]
*[[Youssef_Fakhr_Eddine | Youssef Fakhr Eddine]]
*[[Youssef_Francis | Youssef Francis]]
*[[Youssef_Wahbi | Youssef Wahbi]]
*[[Yulduz_Usmonova | Yulduz Usmonova]]
*[[Yvette_Cooper | Yvette Cooper]]
*[[Yvette_Nicole_Brown | Yvette Nicole Brown]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_dị_na_Amsterdam | Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Na-elekọta_Ụlọ | Ụlọ Ndị Na-elekọta Ụlọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_na-enyere_ndị_mmadụ_aka_na_Maryland | Ụlọ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka na Maryland]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_ogbenye_na_Scotland | Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya_Powis | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Powis]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya,_Stratford-upon-Avon | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya, Stratford-upon-Avon]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_Goodman | Ụlọ ngosi Goodman]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_Artemisia | Ụlọ ngosi nka Artemisia]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Johannesburg | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Mahadum_Yale | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_William_Humphreys | Ụlọ ngosi nka William Humphreys]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nne_na_Nwa_Stranorlar_County | Ụlọ Nne na Nwa Stranorlar County]]
*[[Ụlọ_nyocha_Warren_Spring | Ụlọ nyocha Warren Spring]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ | Ụlọ Nzukọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_n'okporo_ámá | Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okporo ámá]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Nchịkwa_Kenneth_Hahn | Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Ndị_Na-ere_Ọgwụ_nke_Ireland | Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Allerton_maka_ụmụ_nwanyị | Ụlọ oriri Allerton maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Californian_(San_Francisco,_California) | Ụlọ oriri Californian (San Francisco, California)]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Concha | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Rwanda | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Rwanda]]
*[[Ụlọ_Raphael | Ụlọ Raphael]]
*[[Ụlọ_Shee_Alms | Ụlọ Shee Alms]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Anụ_Ọhịa_nke_Korkeasaari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ashford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ashford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Beamsley | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Clatterbridge | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Clatterbridge]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Coningsby | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coningsby]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Freedom_Fields | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Kraịst_nke_Abingdon | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Mmụta_Mahadum_Afe_Babalola | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Afe Babalola]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Newark | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Newark]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_nke_St_Cross | Ụlọ Ọgwụ nke St Cross]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Nkụzi_Federal_Alex_Ekwueme | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Federal Alex Ekwueme]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Nkụzi_Mahadum_Federal_Wukari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Mahadum Federal Wukari]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>743648</id>
      <parentid>743645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-06T14:48:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IgboRefBot</username>
        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>Corrected a reference error (bot)</comment>
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      <text bytes="9447" sha1="ltp8o8e2hri7qsnx58nkjunejix0qgw" xml:space="preserve">==2026/11==
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]]
*[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]]
*[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]]
*[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]]
*[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]]
*[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]]
*[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]]
*[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]]
*[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]]
*[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]]
*[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]]
*[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]]
*[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]]
*[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]]
*[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]]
*[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]]
*[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]]
*[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]]
*[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]]
*[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]]
*[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]]
*[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]]
*[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]]
*[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]]
*[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]]
*[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]]
*[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]]
*[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]]
*[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]]
*[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]]
*[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]]
*[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]]
*[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]]
*[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]]
*[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]]
*[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]]
*[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]]
*[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]]
*[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]]
*[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]]
*[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]]
*[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]]
*[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]]
*[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]]
*[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]]
*[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]]
*[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]]
*[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]]
*[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]]
*[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]
*[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]]
*[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]]
*[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]]
*[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]]
*[[Yamilé_Aldama | Yamilé Aldama]]
*[[Yanet_Seyoum | Yanet Seyoum]]
*[[Yanne_Chembo | Yanne Chembo]]
*[[Yaou_Aïssatou | Yaou Aïssatou]]
*[[Yasmin_Altwaijri | Yasmin Altwaijri]]
*[[Yasmin_Finney | Yasmin Finney]]
*[[Yasmín_Rios-Solís | Yasmín Rios-Solís]]
*[[Yaw_Brefo_Darkwa-Dwamena | Yaw Brefo Darkwa-Dwamena]]
*[[Yaw_Brempong-Yeboah | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah]]
*[[Yelwa | Yelwa]]
*[[Yemi_Adamolekun | Yemi Adamolekun]]
*[[Yeniseian | Yeniseian]]
*[[Yennenga | Yennenga]]
*[[Yero_Ibrahim_Bello | Yero Ibrahim Bello]]
*[[Yesomi_Umolu | Yesomi Umolu]]
*[[Yewande_Komolafe | Yewande Komolafe]]
*[[Yikono | Yikono]]
*[[Yinka_Iyinolakan | Yinka Iyinolakan]]
*[[Yinusa_Yahaya_Ahmed | Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]
*[[Yolanda_Becerra | Yolanda Becerra]]
*[[Yolanda_Caballero | Yolanda Caballero]]
*[[Yolanda_Fernández_de_Cofiño | Yolanda Fernández de Cofiño]]
*[[Yolande_Mukagasana | Yolande Mukagasana]]
*[[Yonathan_Kebede | Yonathan Kebede]]
*[[YoungJu_Choie | YoungJu Choie]]
*[[Younousse_Sèye | Younousse Sèye]]
*[[Youssef_Fakhr_Eddine | Youssef Fakhr Eddine]]
*[[Youssef_Francis | Youssef Francis]]
*[[Youssef_Wahbi | Youssef Wahbi]]
*[[Yulduz_Usmonova | Yulduz Usmonova]]
*[[Yvette_Cooper | Yvette Cooper]]
*[[Yvette_Nicole_Brown | Yvette Nicole Brown]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_dị_na_Amsterdam | Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Na-elekọta_Ụlọ | Ụlọ Ndị Na-elekọta Ụlọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_na-enyere_ndị_mmadụ_aka_na_Maryland | Ụlọ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka na Maryland]]
*[[Ụlọ_ndị_ogbenye_na_Scotland | Ụlọ ndị ogbenye na Scotland]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya_Powis | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya Powis]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ndị_Ọgaranya,_Stratford-upon-Avon | Ụlọ Ndị Ọgaranya, Stratford-upon-Avon]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_Goodman | Ụlọ ngosi Goodman]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_Artemisia | Ụlọ ngosi nka Artemisia]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Johannesburg | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_nke_Mahadum_Yale | Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]]
*[[Ụlọ_ngosi_nka_William_Humphreys | Ụlọ ngosi nka William Humphreys]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nne_na_Nwa_Stranorlar_County | Ụlọ Nne na Nwa Stranorlar County]]
*[[Ụlọ_nyocha_Warren_Spring | Ụlọ nyocha Warren Spring]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ | Ụlọ Nzukọ]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_n'okporo_ámá | Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okporo ámá]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Nchịkwa_Kenneth_Hahn | Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn]]
*[[Ụlọ_Nzukọ_Ndị_Na-ere_Ọgwụ_nke_Ireland | Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-ere Ọgwụ nke Ireland]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Allerton_maka_ụmụ_nwanyị | Ụlọ oriri Allerton maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_Californian_(San_Francisco,_California) | Ụlọ oriri Californian (San Francisco, California)]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Concha | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concha]]
*[[Ụlọ_oriri_na_ọṅụṅụ_Rwanda | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Rwanda]]
*[[Ụlọ_Raphael | Ụlọ Raphael]]
*[[Ụlọ_Shee_Alms | Ụlọ Shee Alms]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Anụ_Ọhịa_nke_Korkeasaari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ashford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ashford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Beamsley | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Beamsley]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Clatterbridge | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Clatterbridge]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Coningsby | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coningsby]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Ford | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ford]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Freedom_Fields | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Freedom Fields]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Kraịst_nke_Abingdon | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Kraịst nke Abingdon]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Mmụta_Mahadum_Afe_Babalola | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Afe Babalola]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Newark | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Newark]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_nke_St_Cross | Ụlọ Ọgwụ nke St Cross]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Nkụzi_Federal_Alex_Ekwueme | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Federal Alex Ekwueme]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Nkụzi_Mahadum_Federal_Wukari | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Mahadum Federal Wukari]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ọgwụ_Obodo | Ụlọ Ọgwụ Obodo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vincent Olise</title>
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      <text bytes="4434" sha1="431vcggitxjsyacsq681kj7xsgi1umq" xml:space="preserve">'''Vincent Olise'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 2, 1960),&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke a na-akpọ '''Pa Feelings''', bụ onye Britain-Naịjiria bụbu onye egwuregwu kriket mba ụwa nke gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa site na 1983 ruo 1990. O meriri National Cricket League na Oyo State na 1985, n'afọ sochirinụ, o nyeere otu ahụ aka imeri asọmpi nke asaa ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 1986 |title=Oyo Seven Times Cricket Champions |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&amp;d=nnda19860604-01.1.14&amp;e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Olise malitere ọrụ ya na 1977 na-anọchite anya otu egwuregwu kọleji ya na Ughelli. Ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma mana ọ malitere dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ na onye na-agba bọọlụ, wee mechaa bụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke mbụ n'aka nri. Na 1983, Olise mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa. Na asọmpi Quadrangular nke West Africa megide Gambia, o meriri wicket iri niile n'otu innings nke ruru ndekọ mba nke Chris Enahoro setịpụrụ. Olise nọchitere anya mba ahụ n'ụwa niile ruo afọ 1990. Olise kwagara London na 1990 ma nwee ọkpụ egwu n'ime klọb kriket nke Bekee ruo afọ 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 July 2026 |title=Michael Olise: 'My father played cricket for Nigeria' |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920205428/https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 1982 |title=30 Cricket Players Invited for Trials |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&amp;d=nnda19820304-01.1.13&amp;e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na kriket, Olise ejeela ozi dịka dikọn na Hayes Town Chapel dị na West London. Ọ bụ nna nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ [[Michael Olise]] na [[Richard Olise]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent &amp; Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=[[Athlon Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1960]]</text>
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