Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7597 744031 698084 2026-11-10T01:02:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Leishmaniasis 100x 1.jpg|thumb|'''Leshmanịasis''']] '''Leshmanịasis''' nke a na-asụpekwa dịka '''leshmanịọsis''' bụ [[nje]] nke ihe n'akpata ya bụ [[nje n’eri ihe n’ahụ mmadụ nke [[leshmanịa]]ma nke n'agbasa mgbe ụmụ [[ahụhụ taara mmadụ]]..<ref name=WHO2014/> Enwere ụdị atọ nke nje a: [[Ọnya Leshmanịasis|Ọnya_Leshmanịasis nke ime ahụ]] [[maọbụ ịba ojii]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Nke nọ n'elu ahụ n'egosi ọnya, ebe nkeọzọ n'egosi ọnya n'elu ahụ, ọnụ na imi. Nke ịba ojii n'eji ọnya ebido nke n'emecha ghọọ ịba nke n'amị ọbara ma banye na umeji na ihe n'enye aka inwekwu ọbara ma mebie ya.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Ihe n'akpata ya --> Onwere ụdị karịrị iri abụọ dị iche iche esi ebute nje "Leshmanịa".<ref name=WHO2014/> Ihe nwere ike ime ka mmadụ nweta ya gụnyere ịda ogbenye, erighị ezigbo nri, igbutusi osisi, n'ịga obodo ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=WHO2014/> Enwere ike ime nchọpụta maka ọrịa a site n'iji nkanụzụ eji enyo ihe anya agaghị ahụ.<ref name=WHO2014/> Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike inyoputa ma mmadụ onwere ya site n'ile ọbara onye ahụ.<ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Enwere ike igbochi leshmanịasis site n'idina na [[akwa mgbochi emere maka iji zere ihe ịta mmadụ]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> Ihe ndịọzọ enwere ike ime bụ ịfesa ihe n'egbu ahụhụ n'akụkụ ebe ihe n'akpata ya nọ, n'inye ndị nwere ya ọgwụgwọ ozugbo achọpụtara ya ka ọghara ịgbasa.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Naanị mgbe achọpụtara ebe esi nweta nje a, n'ụdị "leshmanịa" ọbụ, na k'esi nweta ya ka a ga-ebido nye ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Enwere ike iji ọgwụ [[liposomal amfoterisin B]], mee ihe maka ya,<ref name="Sun2013" /> njikọ [[pentavalent antimonịals]]na[[paromisin]]<ref name="Sun2013">{{cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> na [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-antimicrobial-chemotherapy_2012-11_67_11/page/2576|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref> Maka nke n'egosi ọnya, paromisin,[[flukonazol]],[[maọbụ pentamidin]]ga-enye nnukwu aka na ya.<ref name=Min2007>{{cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Ihe dịka nde 12 ebutela ọrịa a na mba 98<ref name=Mag>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref>.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Enwere ndekọ ndịọzọ enwere nke bụ n'ihe dịka puku mmadụ 20-50 n'anwụ na ya kwa afọ<ref name=Barrett2012/>.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Ihe dịka nde mmadụ 2 na Eshia, Afrịka, Sawụtụ na Sentral Amerịka na ọdịda anyanwụ Urop bụ ebe enwekarịrị nje a.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> Ndị [[Wọld Helt ọganaịzeshọn enwetala ọgwụ n'ọnụego dị ala maka iji gwọọ ọrịa a.|Wọld Helt]] [[Ọnya Leshmanịasis|Ọ]]<nowiki/>ganaịzeshọn enwetala ọgwụ n'ọnụego dị ala maka iji gwọọ ọrịa a.<ref name=Barrett2012/> Enwekwara ike inweta anụmanụ ndị nwere ya n'ime ahụ ha, nke gụnyere [[n'eze nkịta nwere leshmanịasis|nkịta]]na [[ahụhụ n'ata ata]].<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Ebe akpọtụrụ uche== <references /> a7h4q2mkhkk0kqt2rwkabca2zsptcm0 0 10082 744052 724598 2026-11-10T06:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tomilayo Adekanye''' bụ onye Profesọ mmuta nke mmekọ aku na ịkọ ugbo akpọọrọ [[:en:Agricultural_Economics|Agricultural Economist]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201209030705.html|title=Nigeria: Adekanye - An Aristotle and Amazon at 70|last=Akande|first=Adeolu|date=September 2, 2012|website=ThisDay|access-date=October 12, 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwaanyị mbụ prọfesọ na agumakwụkwọ ọ bụla banyere ịkọ-ugbo na Naijiria, na onye mbụ na ''Agricultural economics'' na Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyamag.com.ng/2017/10/02/list-of-first-nigerian-professors-in-various-disciplines/|title=List Of First Nigerian Professors In Various Disciplines|date=October 2, 2017|website=oyamag.com|access-date=October 12, 2017|accessdate=November 17, 2020|archivedate=November 11, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111043821/https://www.oyamag.com.ng/2017/10/02/list-of-first-nigerian-professors-in-various-disciplines/}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ nkụzi mahadum ya dị ka onye ọrụ nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo (Mahadum Ife mgbe ahụ ) n'afọ 1966 ruo 1975. O mechara gafee na ngalaba Mahadum nke Ibadan dịka Lecturer I na 1975, bụrụ Senior Lecturer na !977, bụrụ Osote Profesọ na 1980 mechara bụrụ Profesọ na 1983. N’etiti afọ 1990 na 1991, ọ bụ kọmishọna maka azumahia nke bụ ''Trade and Investment'' na [[:en:Oyo_State|Oyo State]]. Ọ bụkwa kọmishọna nke ugbo na steeti ahụ n'otu oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessnews.com.ng/2013/02/05/southwest-grassroots-business-and-investment-forum-begins-on-wednesday/|title=Southwest Grassroots Business and Investment Forum begins on Wednesday|date=February 5, 2013|website=Business News|access-date=October 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094742/http://businessnews.com.ng/2013/02/05/southwest-grassroots-business-and-investment-forum-begins-on-wednesday/|archive-date=November 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Bayo Adekanye, onye prọfesọ nke sayensị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onyeisi oche ndị ọchịchị na-achịkwa Mahadum [[:en:Chrisland_University|Chrisland]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chrislanduniversity.edu.ng/Site/university-governing-council|title=University Governing Council|date=November 10, 2017|website=chrislanduniversity.edu.ng|access-date=November 10, 2017|accessdate=November 17, 2020|archivedate=November 11, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111043258/http://www.chrislanduniversity.edu.ng/Site/university-governing-council}}</ref>. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ya na ha rukọrọ ọrụ gụnyere ECA, ILO, FAO, IFAD, UNDP, UNICEF, UNIFEM na Ford Foundation.<ref name="dc3">{{Cite web|url=http://dawncommission.org/akinkanjuDetail.php?id=167|title=Professor Tomilayo O. Adekanye – The First Female Professor of Agricultural Economics in Africa|website=dawncommission.org|access-date=2019-05-09|accessdate=2020-11-17|archivedate=2019-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509122848/http://dawncommission.org/akinkanjuDetail.php%3Fid%3D167}}</ref> Dịka [[:en:Google_Scholar|Google Scholar]] kwụrụ, akwụkwọ o dere ka ewu ewu bụ "Women and Rural Poverty: Some Considerations From Nigeria" nke eji afọ anọ wee dee na 1988. Akwụkwọ a na-elekwasị anya na omụme mmegide ụmụ nwaanyị na-akọ ugbo na [[:en:South_West_(Nigeria)|Southwestern Naijiria]] na-eme ka ha daa n'azụ ndị nwoke n'ihe gbasara mmepe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=059512261|title=Women and Rural Poverty: Some Considerations From Nigeria|date=November 10, 2017|website=africabib.org|access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref> Ọ na-akuzi nkuzi ugbu a na Mahadum [[:en:Babcock_University|Babcock]]. N’afọ 1984, ọ duziri nyocha mmuta ọzọ gunyere ụmụnwaanyị n’ime agbụrụ ndị bụ isi na Naịjirịa. Ihe nchoputa ya si na nyocha nke aha ya bụ ''Women in agriculture in Nigeria: Problems and policies for development'', bụ na tupu umunwanyi erite uru nile nke oru ugbo, odi nkpa inwe usoro iji dozie okwu banyere ulo akwukwo na iguzosi ike ego.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027753958490013X|title=Women in agriculture in Nigeria: Problems and policies for development|date=November 10, 2017|website=Science Direct|access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref> O dekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọrụ ugbo, dịka: Women in Agriculture in Nigeria (Addis, ECA, 1981), Women in Agriculture (Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, 1988), Readings in Agricultural Marketing (Ibadan, Longman, 1988), African Women in Agriculture (Ibadan, CEGGAD, 2004), na ihe dịka mbipụta iri asaa na ise (75) ọzọ ọ nyere dị ka isi akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ dị iche iche, monographs na akụkọ gọọmentị.<ref name="dc2">{{Cite web|url=http://dawncommission.org/akinkanjuDetail.php?id=167|title=Professor Tomilayo O. Adekanye – The First Female Professor of Agricultural Economics in Africa|website=dawncommission.org|access-date=2019-05-09|accessdate=2020-11-17|archivedate=2019-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509122848/http://dawncommission.org/akinkanjuDetail.php%3Fid%3D167}}</ref> == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị si Oyo Steetị]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1942]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na OAU]] 9ylds7wderuz4z7rpbk4ozl5yfo8kjb 0 10721 743994 631350 2026-11-09T18:25:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Osarenoma Igbinovia (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 5 n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ1996) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu]] '''bọọlụ Naịjirịa na-agbara''' ndi Bayelsa Queens bọọlụ na [[:en:Nigeria_Women_Premier_League|Nigeria Women Premier League]], yana ndị otu [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_women%27s_national_football_team Nigeria women's national football team] n'ogo mba. == Ọrụ == N'ọkwa ntorobịa, ọ nọchitere anya Naịjirịa n'afo 2012 na [[:en:2014_FIFA_U-20_Women's_World_Cup|2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] . Mgbe a na-akwado maka ọkara ngwụcha 2016 Federation Cup megide Delta Queens, Igbinovia kọwara ọzụzụ nke ndị otu ya dịka ọkachamara na akọ, na-akọwa na onodu na ngwụcha ga -abụ ihe ha na-achọ n'egwuregwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladiesmarch.com/2016/09/1875/|title=Timitimi, Igbinovia Upbeat Ahead Of Delta Queens Clash|work=Ladiesmarch.com|accessdate=2017-08-08|archivedate=2017-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901120025/http://ladiesmarch.com/2016/09/1875/}}</ref> N'onwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, Igbinovia nyere otu mmeri goolụ dị mkpa maka Naịjirịa megide Senịgal nke mere ka o banye na ndi tozuru ị ga [[:en:2016_Africa_Women_Cup_of_Nations|2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/7255/african-women-championship/2016/04/12/22302952/nigeria-qualify-for-african-womens-cup-of-nations|title=Nigeria qualify for African Women's Cup of Nations|work=Goal.com|accessdate=2017-08-08}}</ref> N'egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke ngalaba na asọmpi ahụ megide Mali, Igbinovia sonyere n'ime egwuregwu ahụ, merie ndị Mali, okpụ goolu ano na-eweghi nke a satara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=21211|title=Nigeria Next Big Hope Okobi Stars As Super Falcons Set Up Semifinal Meeting With South Africa|work=allnigeriasoccer.com|accessdate=2017-08-08}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee n'afo 2016, a họpụtara Igbinovia n'akụkụ onye otu ya na egwuregwu Bayelsa Queens , Rofiat Sule maka agba nke ọnwa Mee maka [[:en:Nigeria_Women_Premier_League|Nigeria Women Premier League]] nke ọnwa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=19251|title=Igbinovia, Five Others Get Player Of The Month Award Nomination|work=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == * [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] - runners up.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/osarenoma-igbinovia/260426/ |title=Osas Igbinovia |website=Soccerway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurosport.com/football/osarenoma-igbinovia_prs326811/person.shtml |title=Osas Igbinovia |website=Eurosport.com |access-date=2021-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120132052/https://www.eurosport.com/football/osarenoma-igbinovia_prs326811/person.shtml |archive-date=2025-01-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebemsidee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qfic0ec8qwdgttptyy6u1x2b5usq358 0 10916 743990 194072 2026-11-09T17:44:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Chukwudi Paul Ossai a na '''-akpọkarị Chuks Omalicha''' (amụrụ Mee 5, 1985) bụ onye na -eme ihe nkiri na Naịjirịa, onye ọchụnta ego na onye mmepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4380248/|title=Omalicha Chuks|work=imdb.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 12, 2021|archivedate=February 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219062732/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4380248/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34270/actor-chuks-omalicha-set-to-wed-lover-of-many.html|title=Actor, Chuks Omalicha set to Wed Lover of Many Years|work=modernghana.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190526/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34270/actor-chuks-omalicha-set-to-wed-lover-of-many.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34291/see-how-actor-chuks-omalicha-rocked-his-lover.html|title=See how Actor, Chuks Omalicha Rocked his lover from Behind|work=modernghana.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190825/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34291/see-how-actor-chuks-omalicha-rocked-his-lover.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2018/06/15/photos-from-nollywood-actor-chuks-omalicha-traditional-wedding/|title=Photos From Nollywood Actor Chuks Omalicha Traditional Wedding|work=withinnigeria.com|date=June 15, 2018|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190417/https://www.withinnigeria.com/2018/06/15/photos-from-nollywood-actor-chuks-omalicha-traditional-wedding/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/celebbaby/49872-nollywood-actor-chuks-omalicha-welcomed-baby-boy|title=Nollywood Actor Chuks Omalicha Welcomed Baby Boy|work=nigeriafilms.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192915/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/celebbaby/49872-nollywood-actor-chuks-omalicha-welcomed-baby-boy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/nollywood-actor-chuks-omalicha-welcome-a-child-with-his-wife-in-us/|title=Nollywood Actor Chuks Omalicha Welcomes A Child With His Wife In US|work=thenet.ng|date=December 28, 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185302/https://thenet.ng/nollywood-actor-chuks-omalicha-welcome-a-child-with-his-wife-in-us/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://talkofnaija.com/actor-chuks-omalicha-reveals-the-growth-of-her-cousins-store-4-months-after-photos/|title=Actor Chuks Omalicha Reveals The Growth Of Her Cousin's Store 4 Months After (PHOTOS)|work=talkofnaija.com|date=November 7, 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190055/https://talkofnaija.com/actor-chuks-omalicha-reveals-the-growth-of-her-cousins-store-4-months-after-photos/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/48600/actor-chuks-omalicha-play-fathers-duty-with-baby.html|title=Actor, Chuks Omalicha Play Father's Duty with Baby|work=nollywoodgists.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190626/https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/48600/actor-chuks-omalicha-play-fathers-duty-with-baby.html}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka àgwà ọ gosipụtara dị ka "Derick" na ihe nkiri 2011, bụ ''Rain Drop'', nke Ini Edo, [[John Dumelo]] na Artus Frank sonyeere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodforever.com/rain-drop/|title=Rain Drop|work=nollywoodforever.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184941/http://nollywoodforever.com/rain-drop/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novamovies.com/rain-drop-movie-review-nollywood-nigeria/|title=Rain Drop (2011)|work=novamovies.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713102601/http://www.novamovies.com/rain-drop-movie-review-nollywood-nigeria/}}</ref> == Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Omalicha si na [[Ȯra Delta|Delta State]], Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://denollywoodgist.wordpress.com/2016/04/11/nollywood-actor-chucks-omalicha-survives-ghastly-motor-accident/|title=Nollywood Actor Chucks Omalicha, Survives Ghastly Motor Accident|work=denollywoodgist.wordpress.com|date=April 11, 2016|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190923/https://denollywoodgist.wordpress.com/2016/04/11/nollywood-actor-chucks-omalicha-survives-ghastly-motor-accident/}}</ref> Ọ gara òtù ụlọ akwụkwọ Heritage, [[Benin City]] maka ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya, yana ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke UNIBEN, maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Ọ malitere mmụta diplọma na Laboratory Science na Mahadum Benin ma mechaa nweta nzere Master of Art na Biomedical Science na Delta State University . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mybiohub.com/2017/07/chuks-omalicha-biography-education-profile-age-hobbies-love-gist.html/|title=Chuks Omalicha Biography|work=mybiohub.com|date=July 13, 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190442/https://mybiohub.com/2017/07/chuks-omalicha-biography-education-profile-age-hobbies-love-gist.html/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ọrụ aka nka na 2010. Agbanyeghị, ọ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na fim Chiweuba Nneji nke akpọrọ "Rain drop" ebe gosipụtara dị ka Derick. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1868062/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk1|title=Rain Drop|work=imdb.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/577c1110d156f0f2a54d0e2d948144c1|title=Meet The Two Popular Nollywood Actors That Look So Much Alike (Photos)in Drop|work=ng.opera.news|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713102559/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/577c1110d156f0f2a54d0e2d948144c1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/person/Omalicha+Chuks-1672135|title=OMALICHA CHUKS|work=filmweb.pl|language=polish|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713102557/https://www.filmweb.pl/person/Omalicha+Chuks-1672135}}</ref> Ọ pụtala n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Nollywood, gụnyere: Helped, Rule no 1, Where my heart lies. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netliberia.com/2021/04/03/helped-season-1episode-1/|title=Helped Season 1Episode 1|work=netliberia.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132627/https://www.netliberia.com/2021/04/03/helped-season-1episode-1/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mail.naijagreen.com.ng/download/tStajqlWDZo/STRONG-LOVE-Chinenye-Nnebe-amp-Omalicha-Chuks-2021-LATEST-NIGERIAN-MOVIES--AFRICAN-MOVIES/|title=STRONG LOVE (Chinenye Nnebe & Omalicha Chuks) 2021 LATEST NIGERIAN MOVIES {{!}} AFRICAN MOVIES|work=naijagreen.com.ng|date=January 12, 2016|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713104100/https://mail.naijagreen.com.ng/download/tStajqlWDZo/STRONG-LOVE-Chinenye-Nnebe-amp-Omalicha-Chuks-2021-LATEST-NIGERIAN-MOVIES--AFRICAN-MOVIES/}}</ref> == Filmografụ ahọpụtara o soo == * ''Rain Drop (2011)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2011/04/raindrop-sequel-every-woman.html|title=Rain Drop|website=nollywoodreinvented.com|language=en-US|access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> * ''Wild Heart (2013)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/03/wild-heart.html|title=WILD HEART|website=nollywoodreinvented.com|language=en-US|access-date=July 9, 2021|archive-date=August 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818233008/http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/03/wild-heart.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''Ibu and Akwa Ibom Girls (2014)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nlist.ng/title/ibu-and-akwa-ibom-girls-5237/credits/|title=ibu and akwa ibom girls|website=nlist.ng|language=en-US|access-date=July 9, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185156/https://nlist.ng/title/ibu-and-akwa-ibom-girls-5237/credits/|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''Trinity (2015)'' * ''What is Love (2017))''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nlist.ng/title/what-is-love-11480/|title=what is love|website=nlist.ng|language=en-US|access-date=July 9, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190805/https://nlist.ng/title/what-is-love-11480/|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''A Fight to Live (2017)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidenolly.ng/chuks-omalicha/|title=Chuks Omalicha|website=insidenolly.ng|language=en-US|access-date=July 9, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184808/https://www.insidenolly.ng/chuks-omalicha/|url-status=dead|accessdate=October 12, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184808/https://www.insidenolly.ng/chuks-omalicha/}}</ref> * ''My American Pikin (2018)'' * ''The Return of Kaira (2018)'' * ''Ekeanyanwu (2018)'' * ''Rule No 1 (2018)'' * ''Wrong Choice (2019)'' * ''My Billionaire Wife (2019)'' * ''Web Locked (2021)'' * ''Storms in Love (2021)'' * ''Plot Twist (2021)'' * ''Fake Love (2020)'' )''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSHiD5AytCc {{dead link|date=September 2021}}</ref>'' * ''Helped (2020)'' * ''The Pastor Pot of Life (2011)'' * ''Yankee Hustle (2020)'' * ''Teaser (2011)'' * ''Mafia Love (2021)'' * ''My Sissy Lover (2021)'' * ''My Billionaire Wife (2019)'' * ''Show Me Love (2020)'' * ''Sham Love (2020)'' * ''Before Getting Married (2020)'' * ''Kaira My Lost Wife (2020)'' * ''Out with Love (2020)'' * ''InBetween Brothers (2019)'' * ''Out with Love (2020)'' * ''Another Man's Famile Life (2018)'' * ''Out with Love (2020)'' * ''Truthful Lies (2021)'' * ''Failing Love (2018)'' * ''All Shade of You (2019)'' * ''Beautiful Bride (2021)'' * ''Shared Love (2019)'' * ''Leap of Love (2019)'' * ''Shared Love (2019)'' * ''Marriage and Infidelity (2018)'' * ''The Last Wish as a Wife (2020)'' * ''Unique Kind of Love (2019)'' * ''The Selfish Sisters (2019)'' * ''Deeper Shade of us (2019)'' * ''A Sunshile of Hope (2020)'' * ''Devilish Agenda (2021)'' * ''Friends and Betrayal (2021)'' * ''Tragedy of Love (2021)'' * ''Pain and Affection (2021)'' * ''Wicked Souls (2021)'' * ''The First Day we Met (2019)'' * ''Where my Heart Lies (2021'' * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2011/04/raindrop-sequel-every-woman.html|title=Rain Drop|work=nollywoodreinvented.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/03/wild-heart.html|title=WILD HEART|work=nollywoodreinvented.com|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=August 18, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818233008/http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/03/wild-heart.html}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nlist.ng/title/ibu-and-akwa-ibom-girls-5237/credits/|title=ibu and akwa ibom girls|work=nlist.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185156/https://nlist.ng/title/ibu-and-akwa-ibom-girls-5237/credits/}}</ref> * * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nlist.ng/title/what-is-love-11480/|title=what is love|work=nlist.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190805/https://nlist.ng/title/what-is-love-11480/}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidenolly.ng/chuks-omalicha/|title=Chuks Omalicha|work=insidenolly.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184808/https://www.insidenolly.ng/chuks-omalicha/}}</ref> * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * == Awọd na nkwanye Ugwu == Na 2017, a họpụtara ya maka ome ihe nkiri kacha mma na -abịa n'afọ nke (Bekee) nke City People Movie Award . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/city-people-releases-nomination-list-2017-movie-awards/|title=CITY PEOPLE RELEASES NOMINATION LIST FOR 2017 MOVIE AWARDS|work=citypeopleonline.com|date=September 8, 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=November 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107214001/http://www.citypeopleonline.com/city-people-releases-nomination-list-2017-movie-awards/}}</ref> Ọ meriri na 2015 City People Movie Award Most Promise [[Actor]] of the Year (Bekee). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/awards-full-nominee-list-city-people-awards/|title=AWARDS: Full Nominee List Of City People Awards|work=jaguda.com|date=July 11, 2015|language=en-US|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185946/https://jaguda.com/music-news/awards-full-nominee-list-city-people-awards/}}</ref> == Nrụtụaka == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sjk398gl451z39zfgbeavolqminbt9x 0 11031 743975 631294 2026-11-09T13:13:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty''' (amuru Disemba 8, 1982), onye amara dika Nicki Minaj ([https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English / mɪˈnɑːʒ/]), bu onye amuru Trinidadian onye rapper, onye ọbụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ. A maara ya maka usoro ihe nkiri ya na rap ya na ike ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-edekọ. Amụrụ na mpaghara Saint James nke Port of Spain, [[:en:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad na Tobago]] ma zụlite na Queens nke [[New York City]], ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù ọha mgbe ọ hapụsịrị mixtape ''Playtime Is Over'' (2007), ''Sucka Free'' (2008), na Beam Me Up Scotty ( 2009). Na mmalite ọrụ ya, Minaj bịara mara maka ejiji na wigs ya mara mma, usoro ọ na-asọ dị iche, na iji alter egos na ụda olu, bụ isi British Cockney. N'afọ 2010, Minaj wepụtara album studio mpụta mbụ ya, ''Pink Friday'' (2010), nke RIAA kwadoro platinum triple-platinum, wee ruo na nọmba-1 na chaatị Billboard 200. Otu mbụ Minaj kacha elu-ise bụ "Super Bass" ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ atọ, n'oge ahụ ghọrọ abụ solo kachasị elu nke onye na-agụ nwanyị na-agụ kemgbe 2002. Ndekọ ya nke abụọ, ''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded'' (2012), hụrụ Minaj ka ọ na-aga n'ihu egwu-pop na ụda pop rap. Ndekọ a gbara arụkwaghịm na nọmba nke mbụ na Billboard 200, ya na otu onye ndu ya, "Starships", na-arị elu na ọnụọgụ ise na Hot 100. album Studio nke atọ na nke anọ nke Minaj, ''The Pinkprint'' (2014) na ''Queen'' (2018) . akara ọpụpụ site na ụdị mbụ ya na nlọghachi na mgbọrọgwụ hip hop ya. Otu nke abụọ nke mbụ "Anaconda" gbagoro na ọnụọgụ abụọ na Hot 100.<ref name="OpeningWeeks">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/496716/nicki-minajs-roman-reloaded-debuts-at-no-1-on-billboard-200|title=Nicki Minaj's 'Roman Reloaded' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|magazine=Billboard|date=April 11, 2012|access-date=August 13, 2014|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417020406/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/496716/nicki-minajs-roman-reloaded-debuts-at-no-1-on-billboard-200|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ryanseacrest.com/2012/02/14/world-premiere-listen-to-nicki-minajs-new-single-starships-audio/|title=World Premiere: Listen To Nicki Minaj's New Single 'Starships'|last=Murray|first=Michael|date=February 14, 2014|website=On Air with Ryan Seacrest|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216094300/http://ryanseacrest.com/2012/02/14/world-premiere-listen-to-nicki-minajs-new-single-starships-audio/|archive-date=February 16, 2012|access-date=August 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2014/6092077/nicki-minaj-single-title-pinkprint-pills-potions-new-album |title=Nicki Minaj Reveals 'Pills N Potions' Single at Billboard Music Awards |magazine= Billboard |access-date=April 16, 2020 |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519164109/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-single-title-pinkprint-pills-potions-new-album-6092077/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Njirimara ya na remix nke Doja Cat's "Say So" yana mmekorita ya na 6ix9ine, "Trollz", ha abụọ ewepụtara na 2020, bụ akara nke mbụ na nke abụọ - otu na Hot 100, n'otu n'otu, nke ikpeazụ mere ya onye nke abụọ. nwanyi rapper ga mpụta mbụ na nke mbụ, na-eso Lauryn Hill na 1998. Gụnyere atụmatụ, Minaj bụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nwere ndenye nke abụọ kachasị na Hot 100, n'azụ onye na-abụ abụ Taylor Swift, nke ọ bụla na-agbakọta ihe karịrị 100. O nwere ndị otu 10 kacha elu na chaatị ahụ, nke kachasị maka nwanyị ọ bụla rapper ruo ugbu a, anọ n'ime ndị ahụ bụ abụ solo. Mmekọrịta ya na Karol G, "Tusa", ghọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na-eme ogologo oge na Argentina, yana ngụkọta nke ihe karịrị ọnwa ise. Mweghachi ya 2021 nke mixtape 2009 Beam Me Up Scotty rụrụ arụ na ọnụọgụ abụọ na Billboard 200, na-aghọ mpụta mbụ kachasị elu maka ngwakọta rap nwanyị na eserese ahụ.<ref name="bbhot100-peak12">{{Cite magazine|title=Doja Cat's 'Say So,' Featuring Nicki Minaj, Tops Billboard Hot 100, Becoming Their First No. 1 Each|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9375563/doja-cat-nicki-minaj-say-so-number-one|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=May 11, 2020|magazine=Billboard|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=May 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515135732/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9375563/doja-cat-nicki-minaj-say-so-number-one|url-status=live}}</ref> Minaj bụ otu n'ime ndị nwanyị na-ese ihe kacha ere oge niile nwere ndekọ nde 100 rere n'ụwa niile. Ọtụtụ nkwanye ugwu ya gụnyere ihe nrite egwu America asatọ, MTV Video Music Awards ise, onyinye iri na abụọ BET, onyinye Billboard Music anọ, onyinye Briten na ndekọ Guinness World Record. Billboard họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-agụ egwú nwanyị kachasị elu na 2010s, yana nke asaa n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri kachasị elu nke afọ iri. Na 2016, Oge gụnyere Minaj na ndepụta ha kwa afọ nke 100 ndị kasị nwee mmetụta n'ụwa. N'èzí egwu, ọrụ ihe nkiri Minaj gụnyere ọrụ olu na ihe nkiri animated Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012) na The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019) yana nkwado ọrụ na ihe nkiri nkiri The Ọzọ Woman (2014) na Barbershop: Mbelata na-esote (2016). Ọ pụtakwara dị ka onye ọka ikpe na oge iri na abụọ nke American Idol na 2013.<ref name="celeb100_2015">{{Cite magazine |last=DeMers |first=Jayson |date=June 18, 2015 |title=Celebrity 100: 38. Nicki Minaj |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fjim45ehli/38-nicki-minaj/ |access-date=November 18, 2024 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title=Nicki Minaj and M.A.C Launch Pink Friday Lipstick |url=https://people.com/style/nicki-minaj-and-m-a-c-launch-pink-friday-lipstick/ |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=People |publisher=[[Dotdash Meredith]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Onika Tanya Maraj na Saint James na Disemba 8, 1982. Nna ya bụ Robert Maraj (1956-2021), onye isi ego na onye ọbụ abụ ozioma nwa oge nke Dougla (nne Afro-Trinidadian na nna Indo-Trinidadian). Nne ya, Carol Maraj, bụkwa onye na-abụ abụ ozi-ọma sitere na agbụrụ Afro-Trinidadian. Carol rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ịkwụ ụgwọ na ndekọ ego n'oge ntorobịa Minaj. Nna Minaj bụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na mgbawa cocaine riri ahụ ma were iwe ọkụ, gbaa ụlọ ha ọkụ na Disemba 1987. O nwere nwanne nwoke nke tọrọ aha ya bụ Jelani, nwanne nwoke nke nta aha ya bụ Maịkaya, na nwanne nwanyị nke obere aha ya bụ Ming.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mamo |first=Heran |date=December 8, 2021 |title=Nicki Minaj Celebrates 39th Birthday in Her Birthday Suit: See the Pics |url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/lifestyle/nicki-minaj-birthday-suit-pictures-1235007388/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628080330/https://www.billboard.com/culture/lifestyle/nicki-minaj-birthday-suit-pictures-1235007388/ |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |access-date=June 28, 2023 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite magazine |date=December 8, 2016 |title=Birthday girl Nicki Minaj has a very interesting Indian connection you didn't know about! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/music/story/nicki-minaj-india-birthday-hey-mama-music-rapper-lifest-356372-2016-12-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224094653/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nicki-minaj-india-birthday-hey-mama-music-rapper-lifest/1/829785.html |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Minaj na na nne ya nwoke nke tọrọ, Jelani, tolitere na nne nne ya na Saint James n'ime ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ nwanne 11. Nne Minaj, Carol Maraj, na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na Saint James tupu ya enweta Green Card mgbe ọ dị afọ 24. Ọ kwagara Bronx na New York City ịga Monroe College na-ahapụ ma Minaj na Jelani na Trinidad na nne nne ha. N'ikpeazụ, mgbe Minaj dị afọ ise, Carol nwetara ụlọ mbụ ya na 147th Street na South Jamaica, Queens wee kwaga Minaj na Jelani ka ha na ya na nna ha biri. Minaj chetara, "Echeghị m na enwere m ọtụtụ ịdọ aka ná ntị n'ụlọ m. Nne m kpaliri m, ma ọ bụghị ezinụlọ siri ike. Achọkwara m ezinụlọ siri ike. " Minaj kwadoro nke ọma maka nnabata. na Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, nke na-elekwasị anya na nka na nka. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Minaj chọrọ ịghọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, wee tụba ya na egwuregwu Off-Broadway ''In Case You Forget'' na 2001.<ref name="Penrose">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/nicki-minaj-children-border-crisis-illegal-immigrant-8462182/|title=Nicki Minaj Weighs In on Children Border Crisis: 'I Came to This Country as an Illegal Immigrant'|magazine=Billboard|last=Penrose|first=Nerisha|date=June 21, 2018|access-date=May 7, 2021|archive-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110042741/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8462182/nicki-minaj-children-border-crisis-illegal-immigrant|url-status=live}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ka ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọrụ ihe nkiri ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eri nri na Red Lobster na Bronx, mana a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ihi nkụda mmụọ nye ndị ahịa. O kwuru na a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ "opekata mpe iri na ise" n'ihi ihe ndị yiri ya. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere onye nnọchi anya ọrụ ndị ahịa na njikwa ụlọ ọrụ na Wall Street. Minaj na-echeta na o ji ego e nwetara n'ụlọọgwụ zụta BMW mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicki Minaj Gets Emotional As She Reconnects With Her Favorite Teacher|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.74232/title.nicki-minaj-reconnects-former-teacher|date=October 18, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018222116/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.74232/title.nicki-minaj-reconnects-former-teacher|archive-date=October 18, 2022|access-date=January 30, 2026|work=HipHopDX|accessdate=March 15, 2026|archivedate=May 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530000510/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.74232/title.nicki-minaj-reconnects-former-teacher}}</ref> == Ntụaka == # ^ Penrose, Nerisha (June 21, 2018). "[https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8462182/nicki-minaj-children-border-crisis-illegal-immigrant Nicki Minaj Weighs In on Children Border Crisis: 'I Came to This Country as an Illegal Immigrant']". Billboard. # ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20211108184824/https://www.biography94.com/nicki-minaj-net-worth-biography-facts/ Nicki Minaj Net Worth], Age, Career and biography facts. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndi amụrụ n'afo 1982]] jp64ty9m02oblyc6wtqj0q8kugtu51y 0 11639 744001 723183 2026-11-09T18:45:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Usoro nke '''Osu''' bụ omenala ochie n'ala Igbo nke na-akụda mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na alụmdi na nwunye nke a na-akpọ ''Osu'' ( [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]] : outcast). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/the-osu-caste-system-the-shame-of-a-nation/|title=The Osu caste system: The shame of a Nation|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|author=Ugoji Egbujo|date=13 March 2015|accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7977734.stm|title=The story of Nigeria's 'untouchables'|work=[[BBC News]]|author=Andew Walker|date=7 April 2009|accessdate=27 July 2015|archive-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611095010/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7977734.stm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Osu'' bu ndi nyefere onwe ha n'aka arusi( ''[[Alusi]]'' ) n'ala Igbo; a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị dị ala ma na-ekewakarị ha na ''Nwadiala'' ma ọ bụ ''diala'' ( [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]] : ezigbo amuru). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.leadership.ng/features/388826/osu-caste-system-affects-marriages-seast|title=Osu Caste System: How It Affects Marriages In The S/East|work=Leadership Nigeria|author=David Aduge-Ani, Stanley Uzoaru & Okechukwu Obeta|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227125250/http://www.leadership.ng/features/388826/osu-caste-system-affects-marriages-seast|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=dead}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20230824092119/https://issuu.com/lnews-abuja/docs/leadership_news2_1a9f68230e7dd2/7 Alt URL]</ref> == Mmalite == Enwere ike ị nweta mmalite nke usoro osu site n'oge e ji iwu obodo na-achị ala Igbo, nke a na-akpọ Odinani. Chi ahụ a na-akpọ Ala nyere iwu nke ndị mmadụ ga-erube ya isi ka e wee gọzie mba ahụ ka ha were na-aga n’ihu n’ókèala Chukwu, Chukwu Kasị Elu nyere ha. Achụpụrụ ndị omekome ndị ahụrụ na ha mere nnukwu ihe arụ iji gbanarị iwe nke chi ala na igbochi mgbasa ihe arụ n'etiti ụmụ amaala steeti ahụ. Ndị a chụpụrụ ka a mara dịka Osu. A na-eresị ha ndị ikom ndị ọzọ ohu ma ọ bụ nyefee ha ka ha bụrụ ohu nke ụfọdụ chi e kweere na ha na-arịọ ka e chụọrọ mmadụ àjà n’oge ememme iji mee ka ala ahụ dị ọcha pụọ n’ihe arụ, si otú ahụ mee ka ndị mmadụ zụta ohu. <ref>Amadife, ‘The Culture That Must Die’ Sunday Times, March 23, 1988.</ref> Echiche ọzọ banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke usoro nke osu hiwere isi na ịchụpụ mmadụ site n'obodo ya. Nke a na-eme mgbe a napụrụ onye ma ọ bụ otu ndị jụrụ iwu eze ma ọ bụ mkpebi obodo n’ime obodo, nke mere na a na-akpọ onye ahụ na ụmụ ya ''osu''. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ezekwugo|first=C.M|date=1987|title=Ora-Eri Nnokwa and Nri Dynasty|location=Enugu|publisher=Lengon Printers}}</ref> == ịkpa oke == A na-ewere ndị ''osu'' dị ka ndị dị ala na otu ndị ''diala'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-descendants-of-slaves-in-nigeria-fight-for-equality|title=The Descendants of Slaves in Nigeria Fight for Equality|author=Nwaubani|first=Adaobi Tricia|date=2019-07-11|accessdate=2019-07-12|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme ndị ''osu'' ka ha biri n'ụlọ arụsị ma ọ bụ n'ahịa ma na-emegide ha mgbe ha na-achọ mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, alụmdi na nwunye na mgbe mgbe n'èzí nke nkedo ha. N'akwukwo [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]] ọ kpọrọ ''No Longer At Ease'', o kwuru na a na-enye ndị ''osu'' oche dị iche n'ụlọ ụka. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/10/osu-caste-in-igboland/|title=Osu caste in Igboland|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|author=Tony Uchenna|date=9 October 2010|accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> Ndị ''osu'', bụ ndị a na-ahụkwa dị ka ndị na-adịghị ọcha, anaghị ekwe ka ha gọọ ọji ma ọ bụ kpee ekpere n'aha ndị na-abụghị ndị òtù ha n'ihi na e kwenyere na ha ga-ebute ọdachi na obodo. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.m.thenigerianvoice.com/news/156135/1/the-church-and-the-fight-against-osu-caste-system-.html|title=The Church and the fight against Osu Caste System in Eastern Nigeria|work=Nigerian Voice|author=Emeka Asinugo|date=27 August 2014|accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> Ụdị mmeso ọjọọ na ntaramahụhụ a emeela ka ndị ''osu'' gbaga mba ọzọ maka ndụ ha. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.imotrumpeta.com/?p=11713|title=The Osu Caste System In Igboland: A Challenge To The Igbo Christian Intellectual|work=Imo Trumpet|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Kamgbe ewebatara usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ala Igbo, ndị na-eche na ọ megidere ikike mmadụ inwere onwe ya na ịkpa oke akatọọla usoro osu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frasouzu.com/Issues%20and%20Papers/Onwubuariri%20Francis%20on%20OSU%20CASTE%20SYSTEM%20IN%20IGBO%20LAND.pdf|title=Appraising the Osu Caste System in Igbo Land|accessdate=27 July 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062006/http://www.frasouzu.com/Issues%20and%20Papers/Onwubuariri%20Francis%20on%20OSU%20CASTE%20SYSTEM%20IN%20IGBO%20LAND.pdf}}</ref> Dịka ụfọdụ ndị otu na-ahụ maka ihe ruuru mmadụ bụ ndị na-akpọ ka a kagbuo ya siri kwuo, ụfọdụ ntaramahụhụ a na-ata ndị ''osu'' n'ala Igbo gụnyere: ndị nne na nna na-enye ụmụ ha nsi, enweghị ihe nketa, ịkpa oke, ịgọnarị otu n'otu ọgbakọ ọha, imebi ihe ike n'ememe alụmdi na nwunye. ịgọnarị utu eze, ịnapụ ihe onwunwe na ịchụpụ nwunye. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Madiebo v Nwankwo|title=1 NWLR|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2002}}</ref> Na Maachị 20, 1956, ndị omebe iwu Igbo n'ụlọomeiwu Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, [[Enụgwụ|Enugwu]] kagburu omume a na-ejikarị akpọ ndị mmadụ ''osu''. Ntara a tụrụ emebiela ọha mmadụ nke okwu ''osu'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=John|first=Obineche A.|title=INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY TOWARDS THE ERADICATION OF THE OSU CASTE SYSTEM IN IGBO LAND: A HISTORICAL APPRAISAL.|journal=Reiko Journals}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] oeaa9amfr5ndosmipxmgvoqeauk198i 0 12668 743987 155742 2026-11-09T14:53:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula and Leon E. Panetta at the Pentagon Sept. 12, 2012.jpg|thumb]] '''Nosiviwe Noluthando Mapisa-Nqakula''' (amụrụ 13 Nọvemba 1956) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]] nke na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka Onye isi oche nke Mgbakọ obodo nile site na 19 Ọgọst 2021. <ref name="newspeaker">{{Cite web|author=Ndenze|first=Babalo|title=Mapisa-Nqakula voted the new Speaker of Parliament|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/08/19/mapisa-nqakula-the-new-speaker-of-parliament|accessdate=2021-08-19|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-ejidebu ọfịs nke Minister of Defense and Military Veterans site na June 2012 ruo Ọgọst 2021. Ọ bụkwa onye minista na-ahụ maka ime ụlọ site na 2004 ruo 2009 na onye minista na-ahụ maka mgbazi site na 2009 ruo 2012. <ref name="za2009-05-10">{{Cite web|title=Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the appointment of the new Cabinet|url=http://www.info.gov.za/events/2009/new_cabinet.htm|publisher=South African Government Information|date=2009-05-10|accessdate=2009-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513025048/http://www.info.gov.za/events/2009/new_cabinet.htm|archive-date=2009-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Mapisa-Nqakula nwetara diplọma onye nkuzi praịmarị na kọleji ndị nkuzi Bensonvale. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/nosiviwe-noluthando-mapisa-nqakula-ms|title=Nosiviwe Noluthando Mapisa-Nqakula, Ms|work=South African Government|accessdate=2 January 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 1984, ọ hapụrụ South Africa ịga ọzụzụ agha na [[Angola]] ya na Soviet Union . N'oge a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi otu kọmishọna nke ANC hibere iji nyochaa mpụ ndị òtù ANC Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) gbahapụrụ na United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) na Angola. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ agha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ANC a wee ziga ya ka ọ nyere aka wughachi ụlọ ANC. N'afọ 1993, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke otu ANC Women's League. Tupu a họpụta ya dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ime obodo, ọ nọrọ n'ọnọdụ dịka osote onye minista na ngalaba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/leaders/ministers/defence1.htm|title=Welcome to the official South African government online site! {{!}} South African Government|work=www.info.gov.za|language=en|accessdate=2017-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204120901/http://www.info.gov.za/leaders/ministers/defence1.htm|archivedate=2010-12-04}}</ref> Na Maachị 2024, ndị uwe ojii wakporo ebe obibi Mapisa-Nqakula na Johannesburg dịka akụkụ nke nyocha ikpe gbasara ebubo nrụrụ aka eboro mgbe ọ bụ minista nchekwa.<ref name="africanews">{{Cite web|title=South Africa Parliament Speaker's home raided In corruption probe|url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/20/south-africa-parliament-speakers-home-raided-in-corruption-probe/|publisher=Africanews|date=2024-03-20|accessdate=2024-03-20}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kwtd1r25a2r74yc3rqac46s92zhw65x 0 12787 744023 723427 2026-11-09T23:36:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Rally_for_the_Right_to_Health_in_Pakistan_(15425333409).jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agbakọta maka ikike ahụike na Pakistan]] Ikike ahụike bụ ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ọdịbendị maka oke ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmadụ niile nwere ikike inweta. [nkọwa dị mkpa] E depụtara echiche nke ikike ahụike na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ọnụ nke gụnyere Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, Ọgbụgba Ndụ Mba Nile Maka Ikike Akụ na ụba, Ọha na Ọdịbendị, na Nkwekọrịta Maka '''Ikike''' nke Ndị Nwere Nkwarụ. E nwere arụmụka banyere nkọwa na itinye ikike ahụike n'ọrụ n'ihi echiche ndị dị ka otu esi akọwa ahụike, ikike kacha nta dị na ikike ahụike, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịhụ mgbaso ikike ahụike. Ntụnye ihe ikike mmadụ nke a kpọrọ The Human Rights Measurement Initiative , n'asụsụ Bekee, na-atụle ikike ahụike maka mba dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa, dabere na ọkwa ego ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries|url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=humanrightsmeasurement.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Right to health - HRMI Rights Tracker|url=https://rightstracker.org/|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=rightstracker.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233849/https://rightstracker.org/}}</ref> === Iwu nke World Health Organization (1946) === Okwu mmalite nke Iwu 1946 World Health Organization (WHO) na-akọwa ahụike n'ụzọ sara mbara dị ka "ọnọdụ nke ahụ ike zuru oke, uche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ọ bụghị naanị enweghị ọrịa ma ọ bụ ọrịa."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Constitution of the World Health Organization|year=1948|url=http://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|accessdate=14 October 2013}}</ref> Iwu ahụ kọwara ikike ahụike dị ka "ịnara ogo ahụike kachasị elu," ma depụta ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ nke ikike a dị ka mmepe ụmụaka dị mma; mgbasa ozi ziri ezi nke ihe ọmụma ahụike na uru ya; na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze gọọmentị nyere iji hụ na ahụike zuru oke. Frank P. Grad kwuru na Iwu WHO dị ka "na-ekwu ... mpaghara zuru ezu nke ahụike ọha na eze nke mba ụwa nke oge a," na-eme ka ikike ahụike dị ka "ihe bụ isi, ikike mmadụ na-apụghị iwepụ" nke gọọmentị na-enweghị ike iwepụ, kama ọ bụ iwu na ha ga-echebe ma kwado.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grad|first=Frank P.|title=The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Jan 2002|volume=80|issue=12|pages=981–4|pmid=12571728|url=http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v80n12/8012a13.pdf|accessdate=14 October 2013}}</ref> Iwu WHO, ọkachasị, na-egosi akara mbụ nke ikike ahụike na iwu mba ụwa. === Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (1948) === [[Usòrò:Global_Day_of_Action_for_the_Right_to_Health_in_Romania_(15005393014).jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme ihe ike na Romania na-emepụta "25" site na iji ihe mkpuchi, na-ezo aka na Nkeji edemede 25 nke Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke United Nations]] Nkeji edemede nke iri abụọ na ise nke United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights na-ekwu na "Onye ọ bụla nwere [[Ikike ibi ndụ nke ọma|ikike]] ibi ndụ zuru oke maka ahụike na ọdịmma nke onwe ya na nke ezinụlọ ya, gụnyere nri, uwe, ụlọ na nlekọta ahụike na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mkpa. " Nkwupụta Ụwa Nile na-eme ebe obibi ndị ọzọ maka nchekwa ma ọ bụrụ na anụ ahụ adịghị ike ma ọ bụ nkwarụ, ma na-ekwu okwu pụrụ iche banyere nlekọta e nyere ndị nọ na nne ma ọ bụ nwata. A na-ahụ Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ dị ka nkwupụta mbụ nke mba ụwa nke ikike mmadụ, ma nnwere onwe ma ikike. Kọmishọna Ukwu nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ Navanethem Pillay na-ede na Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ "na-eme ka ọhụ nke chọrọ iwere ikike mmadụ niile - obodo, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị dị ka ihe a na-ekewaghị ekewa na nke a na-ekewaghị ekewa ma na-adabere n'otu. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pillai|first=Navanethem|title=Right to Health and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-13-19-2008_372_9655/page/2007|journal=The Lancet|date=Dec 2008|volume=372|issue=9655|pages=2005–2006|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61783-3|pmid=19097276}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Gruskin et al. na-ekwusi ike na ọdịdị metụtara ikike ndị e gosipụtara na Nkwupụta Ụwa niile na-eme ka "ibu ọrụ [nke] gafere inye ọrụ ahụike dị mkpa iji dozie ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike dịka, inye agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke, ụlọ, nri, na ọnọdụ ọrụ dị mma," na-ekwukwa na ndokwa ndị a "bụ ikike mmadụ n'onwe ha ma dị mkpa maka ahụike. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gruskin|first=Sofia|title=History, Principles, and Practice of Health and Human Rights|journal=The Lancet|date=August 2007|volume=370|issue=9585|pages=449–455|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61200-8|pmid=17679022}}</ref> === Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ niile (1965) === === International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) === [[Usòrò:ICESCR_members.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mba ndị so na ndị bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị.   ]] Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kọwakwuru ikike ahụike na Nkeji edemede nke iri na abụọ nke afọ 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, nke na-ekwu:   ==== General Comment No. 14 (2000) ==== N'afọ 2000, Kọmitii Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na-ahụ maka ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị nyere General Comment No. 14, nke na-ekwu maka "nsogbu ndị dị mkpa na-ebilite na mmejuputa ọgbụgba ndụ mba ụwa banyere ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị" gbasara Isiokwu nke iri na abụọ na "ikike nke ahụike kachasị elu".<ref>{{Cite book|title=General Comment No. 14|year=2000|publisher=UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/40d009901358b0e2c1256915005090be?Opendocument|location=Geneva|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref> General Comment na-enye nkọwa doro anya, asụsụ na-arụ ọrụ na nnwere onwe na ikike gụnyere n'okpuru ikike ahụike, The General Comment na-eme nkọwa doro anya na "a gaghị aghọta ikike ahụike dị ka ''ikike'' inwe ahụ ike. " Kama nke ahụ, a na-akọwa ikike ahụike dị ka nnwere onwe na ikike nke na-anabata ọnọdụ ndụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya yana akụ na ụba Steeti, ha abụọ nwere ike igbochi ''ikike inwe ahụ ike'' n'ihi ihe karịrị mmetụta ma ọ bụ njikwa nke Steeti. Nkeji edemede nke iri na abụọ na-enye Steeti ọrụ ịghọta na onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ebumpụta ụwa maka ụkpụrụ ahụike kachasị mma, ma kọwaa (ọ dịkarịa ala n'otu akụkụ) 'nnwere onwe' na' na 'ikike' nke na-esonyere ikike dị otú ahụ; Otú ọ dị, ọ naghị akwụ Steeti ụgwọ iji hụ na mmadụ niile, n'ezie, nwere ahụ ike zuru oke, ma ọ bụ na mmadụ niile amaala ikike na ohere zuru oke edepụtara na ikike ahụike. ===== Mmekọrịta na ikike ndị ọzọ ===== Dị ka Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, General Comment na-akọwapụta ọdịdị metụtara ikike mmadụ, na-ekwu na, "ikike ahụike nwere njikọ chiri anya ma dabere na mmezu nke ikike mmadụ ndị ọzọ," ma si otú a na-emesi mkpa ọganihu dị na ikike ndị ọzọ dịka [[Ikike inwe nri|ikike nri]], ọrụ, ụlọ, ndụ, enweghị ịkpa ókè, ùgwù mmadụ, na ịnweta mkpa, tinyere ndị ọzọ, maka nkwenye nke ikike ahụike. N'otu aka ahụ, General Comment na-ekweta na "ikike ahụike na-agụnye ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke na-akwalite ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibi ndụ dị mma, ma na-agbatị na ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike. " N'akụkụ a, General Comment na-ekwusi ike na nzọụkwụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ iji nweta ikike ahụike edepụtara na Nkebi nke iri na abụọ abụghị ihe na-agwụ agwụ ma na-egosi n'ọdịdị. '''Njikọ na-enweghị nkewa n'etiti ahụike na ikike mmadụ''' [[Usòrò:Lisa_Murkowski_at_2019_Alaska_State_of_Reform_Health_Policy_Conference.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Lisa Murkowski n'afọ 2019 Alaska State of Reform Health Policy Conference]] Jonathan Mann bụ Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Prọfesọ nke Ahụike na Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Prọfesọ nke Epidemiology na Ahụike Mba Nile na Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. A maara ya maka ịbụ onye ọsụ ụzọ dị ike na onye na-akwado ịkwalite ahụike, ụkpụrụ omume, na ikike mmadụ, na-akwado echiche na ahụike na ikike mmadụ nwere njikọ na mmekọrịta dị ike. Dị ka Mann si kwuo, ahụike na ikike mmadụ bụ ụzọ mgbakwunye maka ịkọwa na ịkwalite ọdịmma mmadụ. N'afọ 1994, Jonathan Mann na ndị ọrụ ibe ya malitere "Health and Human Rights Journal" iji gosipụta mkpa njikọ a na-enweghị atụ n'etiti ahụike na ikike mmadụ. Na mpịakọta mbụ nke "Health and Human Rights Journal", Jonathan Mann na ndị ọrụ ibe ya bipụtara isiokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe iji chọpụta mmekorita nwere ike na ahụike na ikike mmadụ. N'isiokwu a, Mann et al. na-akọwa usoro maka ijikọ ngalaba abụọ jikọtara ọnụ. A na-agbaji usoro a n'ime mmekọrịta atọ sara mbara. Mmekọrịta mbụ dị n'etiti ahụike na ikike mmadụ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mann na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-ekwu na iwu ahụike, mmemme, na omume nwere mmetụta na ikike mmadụ, ọkachasị mgbe a na-atụle ike steeti na mpaghara ahụike ọha na eze. Na-esote, isiokwu ahụ na-egosi mmekọrịta dị iche: na mmebi ikike mmadụ nwere mmetụta ahụike. Ọ na-akpọkwa oku maka ọkachamara ahụike iji nyere aka ịghọta otú mmebi ikike mmadụ nwere ike isi metụta ahụike na ọdịmma site na ịtụ na nyocha. Akụkụ nke atọ nke usoro jikọtara ahụike na ikike mmadụ na-ewebata echiche na nchedo na nkwalite ikike mmadụ na ahụike nwere njikọ dị mkpa na mmekọrịta dị ike. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ akwadola mmekọrịta abụọ mbụ ahụ, a chọpụtabeghị echiche nke atọ a dị ka nke ọma. Isiokwu ahụ na-akwado echiche a site n'ikwu na njikọ a na-atụ aro na enwere nsonaazụ dị egwu na ọrụ onwe onye nke, kamakwa na mmekọrịta na ọrụ nke, omume ahụike ọha na eze na omume nke ikike mmadụ. E nwere ihe a na-ewere dị ka ịdabere na ibe ya nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha. Mann na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gara n'ihu kwuo na nyocha, agụmakwụkwọ, ahụmịhe, na nkwado niile dị mkpa iji ghọta njikọ a, iji ghọta ma kwalite ọdịmma mmadụ n'ụwa niile. N'ikpeazụ, ọrụ Mann na onye ọrụ ibe ya bụ ikwupụta na, ọ bụ ezie na ahụike nke onye ọ bụla bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka ọrụ ahụike na ahụike ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị banyere ọrịa anụ ahụ na nkwarụ, ''ahụike ọha'' na eze na-elekwasị anya n'otú ndị mmadụ nwere ike isi nwee ahụ ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/03/4-Mann.pdf|title=Health and Human Rights|work=cdn2.sph.harvard.edu|accessdate=11 December 2018|archivedate=8 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062608/https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/03/4-Mann.pdf}}</ref> Dị ka nkọwa a dị mfe n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze bụ ịkwalite ahụike dị mma na igbochi nsogbu ahụike - ọrịa, nkwarụ, ọnwụ tupu oge eruo. Nke ahụ bụ, echiche ọdịnala nke ahụike nke onye ọ bụla dị ka ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ghọtara ma hazie ya bụ "otu ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka ahụike", mana ọ bụghị naanị onye ruru eru ma ọ bụ okwu a na-agbanwe agbanwe na "ahụ ike". N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ezughị maka ahụike, dịka ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ọha na eze ghọtara ya - enwere ihe ndị dị n'èzí nke nwere mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma na ahụike na ọdịmma nke ndị mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. [[Usòrò:HEI_LOGO_RGB.png|thumb|Health Equity Logo]] General Comment na-ekwukwa okwu ndị ọzọ na ajụjụ banyere ahụike ziri ezi, echiche a na-ekwughị na ọgbụgba ndụ mba ụwa mbụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu, "Ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ machibidoro ịkpa ókè ọ bụla n'inweta nlekọta ahụike na ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike, yana ụzọ na ikike maka ịzụta ha. " Ọzọkwa, a na-ekenye steeti ọrụ maka imeziwanye ịkpa ókè na mmetụta ya gbasara ahụike: "Steeti nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche inye ndị na-enweghị ego zuru oke mkpuchi ahụike na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike dị mkpa, na igbochi ịkpa ókè ọ bụla n'ihi ihe ndị mba ụwa machibidoro iwu na inye nlekọta ahụike na ọrụ ahụike. " A na-ekwusi ike na enweghị ịkpa ókè na ndabere nke nwoke na nwanyị, afọ, nkwarụ, ma ọ bụ ndị otu na obodo ụmụ amaala. ===== Ibu ọrụ nke steeti na òtù mba ụwa ===== Akụkụ ndị sochirinụ nke General Comment na-akọwapụta ọrụ nke mba na òtù mba ụwa maka ikike ahụike. A na-etinye ọrụ nke mba dị iche iche n'ụdị atọ: ọrụ ịkwanyere ùgwù, ọrụ ichebe, na ọrụ iji mezuo ikike ahụike. Ihe atụ nke ndị a (n'ụzọ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ) gụnyere igbochi ịkpa ókè na ịnweta ma ọ bụ inye nlekọta; izere mmachi na ịnweta ọgwụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ezinụlọ; igbochi ịgọnahụ ịnweta ozi ahụike; ibelata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi; igbochi omume ahụike na-amanye na / ma ọ bụ na-emerụ ahụ na ọdịbendị; ịhụ na ịnweta ohere ziri ezi maka ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike; na inye ụkpụrụ nduzi kwesịrị ekwesị maka nkwenye nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike, ndị ọrụ, na ngwá ọrụ. Ọrụ mba ụwa gụnyere inye ohere maka ịnụ ụtọ ahụike na mba ndị ọzọ; igbochi mmebi ahụike na mba ndị ọzọ; imekọ ihe ọnụ n'inye enyemaka enyemaka maka ọdachi na ọnọdụ mberede; na izere iji mgbochi na ngwongwo ahụike ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ dị ka omume nke mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba. === Nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụnwanyị === [[Usòrò:CEDAW_Participation.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Isonye na nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụnwanyị (CEDAW).  <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00aa00; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Party through Signature and ratification</div>        ]] Nkeji edemede nke iri na abụọ (12th) nke afọ 1979 United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women na-akọwa nchebe ụmụnwanyị pụọ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị mgbe ha na-anata ọrụ ahụike na ikike ụmụnwanyị nwere maka ndokwa ahụike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị. Ihe odide zuru ezu nke Isiokwu nke iri na abụọ (12th) na-ekwu:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm|year=1979|publisher=United Nations|location=New York|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref>   === Nkwekọrịta Maka Ikike nke Nwa === [[Usòrò:Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mba ndị sonyere na nkwekọrịta maka ikike nke nwatakịrị.  <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00aa00; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Parties</div>    ]] A kpọtụrụ ahụike aha n'ọtụtụ oge na Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). Isiokwu nke atọ na-akpọ ndị otu ka ha hụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ maka nlekọta ụmụaka na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ahụike. Nkebi nke iri na asaa na-anabata ikike nwatakịrị ahụ nwere ịnweta ozi metụtara ahụike anụ ahụ na nke uche ya na ọdịmma ya. Isiokwu nke iri abụọ na atọ na-ezo aka kpọmkwem na ikike nke ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ, nke ọ gụnyere ọrụ ahụike, mmeghari, nlekọta mgbochi. Isiokwu nke iri abụọ na anọ na-akọwa ahụike ụmụaka n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ma kwuo, "Ndị otu na-aghọta ikike nke nwatakịrị ahụ ịnụ ụtọ ahụike kachasị elu na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịgwọ ọrịa na mmeghari ahụ ike. Steeti ga-agbasi mbọ ike ịhụ na a napụrụ nwatakịrị ikike ịnweta ọrụ nlekọta ahụike dị otú ahụ. " Iji mejuputa ndokwa a, Mgbakọ ahụ depụtara ihe ndị a:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Convention on the Rights of the Child|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx|year=1989|publisher=United Nations|location=New York|accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref>   Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke World Health Organization na-ekwu, "CRC bụ usoro iwu na usoro iwu maka ọrụ WHO n'ọtụtụ ahụike ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Rights|url=https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/rights/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=5 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105014255/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/rights/en/|archivedate=5 November 2013}}</ref> Goldhagen na-egosi CRC dị ka "template maka nkwado ụmụaka" ma na-atụ aro iji ya dị ka usoro iji belata ọdịiche na imeziwanye nsonaazụ na ahụike ụmụaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goldhagen|first=Jeffrey|title=Children's Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child|journal=Pediatrics|date=Sep 2003|volume=112|issue=Supp. 3|pages=742–745|url=http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/112/Supplement_3/742.full|accessdate=5 November 2013|pmid=12949339}}</ref> === Nkwekọrịta maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ === Nkeji edemede nke iri abụọ na ise nke nkwekọrịta maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ (2006) na-akọwa na "ndị nwere nkwarụ nwere ikike ịnụ ụtọ ahụike kachasị elu n'enweghị ịkpa ókè n'ihi nkwarụ. " Iwu ndị dị n'okpuru nke Nkeji edemede nke iri abụọ na ise na-ekwu na Steeti ga-enye ndị nwere nkwarụ otu "ụdị, ịdị mma, na ụkpụrụ" nke nlekọta ahụike dịka ọ na-enye ndị ọzọ, yana ọrụ ndị ahụ a chọrọ kpọmkwem maka mgbochi, njirimara, na njikwa nkwarụ. Ndokwa ndị ọzọ na-akọwa na a ga-eme ka nlekọta ahụike maka ndị nwere nkwarụ dị na obodo nakwa na nlekọta kwesịrị ịdị nhata na mpaghara, na nkwupụta ndị ọzọ megide ịgọnahụ ma ọ bụ inye ọrụ ahụike na-adịghị nhata (gụnyere "nri na mmiri" na "nchekwa ndụ") na ndabere nke nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Article 25 – Health {{!}} United Nations Enable|date=14 May 2015|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-25-health.html|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=20 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004144/https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-25-health.html|archivedate=21 October 2017}}</ref> Hendriks na-akatọ ọdịda nke ọgbakọ ahụ iji kọwaa kpọmkwem okwu ahụ bụ "nkwarụ"; ọ na-ekwusi ike n'ihu na "enweghị nkọwa doro anya [...] nwere ike imebi nkọwa otu, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala tinye n'ihe ize ndụ nchebe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Mgbakọ ahụ na-achọ ijide n'aka. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hendriks|first=Aart|title=UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|url=https://archive.org/details/european-journal-of-health-law_2007-11_14_3/page/273|journal=[[European Journal of Health Law]]|date=Nov 2007|volume=14|issue=3|pages=273–298|doi=10.1163/092902707X240620|pmid=18229764}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ekweta na enweghị nkọwa doro anya maka "nkwarụ" nwere ike ịbara ndị nwere nkwarụ uru site na ibelata ikike Steeti iji belata mmụba nke ndokwa ọgbakọ ahụ na ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. === Nkọwa n'akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ === Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ikike mmadụ na-echepụta dị ka ''ikike na-adịghị mma'', nke pụtara na ha bụ ebe ọha mmadụ na-enweghị ike itinye aka ma ọ bụ gbochie site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Mervyn Susser na-ekwusi ike na ikike ahụike bụ ikike pụrụ iche na ihe ịma aka n'ihi na a na-egosipụtakarị ya dị ka ikike dị mma, ebe ọha mmadụ nwere ọrụ inye ụfọdụ akụ na ụba na ohere nye ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu. Susser gara n'ihu na-edepụta ndokwa anọ ọ na-ahụ dị ka ndị a na-ekpuchi n'okpuru ikike ahụike: ịnweta ahụike na ọrụ ahụike n'ụzọ ziri ezi; mgbalị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji kwalite ahụike nhata n'etiti ndị otu dị iche iche; ụzọ iji tụọ ma nyochaa ahụike ziri ezi; na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nhata iji nye ndị otu niile olu pụrụ iche na nkwado ahụike na nkwalite. Ọ na-akpachara anya iburu n'uche ebe a na, ọ bụ ezie na nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ kacha nta nke ịnweta akụ ahụike, ọ naghị ekwe nkwa ma ọ bụ chọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ziri ezi maka onye ọ bụla n'ihi ọdịiche dị na ọnọdụ ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Susser|first=Mervyn|title=Health as a Human Right: An Epidemiologist's Perspective on the Public Health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1993-03_83_3/page/418|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=Mar 1993|volume=83|issue=3|pages=418–426|doi=10.2105/ajph.83.3.418|pmid=8438984}}</ref> Ọdịiche a bụ ihe dị mkpa, dịka ụfọdụ nkatọ a na-ahụkarị maka "ikike ahụike" bụ na ọ na-eme ka ikike maka ụkpụrụ a na-apụghị iru eru nakwa na ọ na-achọ ọnọdụ ahụike nke na-agbanwe agbanwe site n'otu onye gaa n'otu onye ma ọ bụ site n'otu ọha mmadụ gaa na nke ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toebes|first=Brigit|title=Towards an Improved Understanding of the International Human Right to Health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_1999-08_21_3/page/661|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|date=Aug 1999|volume=21|issue=3|pages=661–679|doi=10.1353/hrq.1999.0044|pmid=12408114}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mkparịta ụka Susser na-elekwasị anya na ahụike dị ka ikike dị mma, Paul Hunt na-agbagha echiche a ma na-arụ ụka na ikike ahụike gụnyekwara ụfọdụ ikike na-adịghị mma dịka nchebe pụọ na ịkpa ókè na ikike ịghara ịnata ọgwụgwọ ahụike n'enweghị nkwenye afọ ofufo nke onye natara ya. Otú ọ dị, Hunt kwetara na ụfọdụ ikike dị mma, dị ka ibu ọrụ nke ọha mmadụ iji lebara mkpa ahụike nke ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị na-adịghị ike anya, gụnyere na ikike ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hunt|first=Paul|title=The Human Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health: New Opportunities and Challenges|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=Mar 2006|volume=100|issue=7|pages=603–607|url=http://www.essex.ac.uk/hrc/research/projects/rth/docs/Paul_hunt_leading_article.pdf|accessdate=14 November 2013|doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.001|pmid=16650880}}</ref> Paul Farmer na-ekwu okwu banyere ohere na-adịghị nhata maka nlekọta ahụike n'isiokwu ya ọ kpọrọ "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World - To Treat or Not to Treat" n'asụsụ Bekee."Ọ na-atụle "mgbagwoju anya" na-arịwanye elu n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-anata enyemaka ahụike na ndị na-adịghị. Ndị ogbenye anaghị enweta otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, dị ka ndị nwere ego. Ọnụ ego dị elu nke ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nsogbu maka mba ndị dara ogbenye ịnata nlekọta nhata. Ọ na-ekwu, "Ọdị mma na-enweghị ịkwụwa aka ọtọ na-apụta dị ka nsogbu ikike mmadụ nke nlekọta ahụike na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu nke a kpọrọ 21st Century n'asụsụ Bekee. "<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM200107193450310|pmid=11463018|title=The Major Infectious Diseases in the World – to Treat or Not to Treat?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2001-07-19_345_3/page/208|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=345|issue=3|pages=208–210|year=2001|author=Farmer|first=Paul}}</ref> == Ikike mmadụ maka nlekọta ahụike == [[Usòrò:Healthcare_is_a_human_right_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_(28029120109).jpg|thumb|Ahụike bụ ikike mmadụ]] Ụzọ ọzọ iji chepụta otu akụkụ nke ikike ahụike bụ "ikike mmadụ maka '''nlekọta''' ahụike". N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, nke a gụnyere ikike ndị ọrịa na ndị na-ahụ maka nnyefe nke ọrụ ahụike, nke ikpeazụ na-emeghe n'otu aka ahụ maka mmetọ ugboro ugboro site na steeti.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1">{{Cite journal|title=Advancing human rights in patient care: the law in seven transitional countries|journal=Open Society Foundations|year=2013|url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/advancing-human-rights-patient-care-practitioner-guides|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> Ikike ndị ọrịa na nnyefe nlekọta ahụike gụnyere: ikike nke nzuzo, ozi, ndụ, na nlekọta dị mma, yana nnwere onwe pụọ na ịkpa ókè, mmekpa ahụ, na mmeso obi ọjọọ, obi ọjọọ, ma ọ bụ mmeso mkparị.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Health and human rights: a resource guide|journal=Open Society Foundations|year=2013|url=http://www.equalpartners.info/Chapter1/ch1_1How.html|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120140958/http://www.equalpartners.info/Chapter1/ch1_1How.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndị otu dị n'akụkụ, dị ka ndị mbịarambịa na ndị a chụpụrụ n'ụlọ, agbụrụ na agbụrụ dị nta, ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ, na ndị bu nje HIV, bụ ndị nwere ike imebi ikike mmadụ na ọnọdụ ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ezer T.|title=making laws work for patients|journal=Open Society Foundations|date=May 2013|url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/making-laws-work-patients|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal|author=J Amon.|title=Abusing patients: health providers' complicity in torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment|journal=World Report 2010, Human Rights Watch|year=2010|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2010/abusing-patients|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịkewapụ agbụrụ na agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ime ụlọ ndị dara ogbenye, enwere ike ijide ndị nwere nkwarụ ma nye ha ọgwụ n'ike, enwere ike ịgọnahụ ndị na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ọgwụgwọ riri ahụ, enwere ike ịmanye ụmụ nwanyị ka ha ka ha banye n'ime nyocha nke nwanyị ma nwee ike ịgọnahụ ha na-azọpụta ndụ, enwere ike ịmanye ụmụ nwoke na-enyo enyo na-edina ụdị onwe ha n'ime nyocha anal, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị a na-eleghara anya na ndị transgender nwere ike ịwa ahụ.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ezer T.|title=Making Laws Work for Patients|journal=Open Society Foundations|date=May 2013|url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/making-laws-work-patients|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> Ikike ndị na-enye ihe gụnyere: ikike nke ụkpụrụ dị mma nke ọnọdụ ọrụ, ikike ịkpakọrịta n'efu, na ikike ịjụ ịme usoro dabere na omume ha.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1"/> Ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-enwekarị mmebi nke ikike ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkachasị na mba ndị nwere iwu na-adịghị ike, a na-amanyekarị ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ime usoro nke na-ajụ omume ha, na-agọnahụ ndị otu a na-eleghara anya ụkpụrụ nlekọta kachasị mma, na-emebi nzuzo nke ndị ọrịa, ma na-ezobe mpụ megide mmadụ na mmekpa ahụ.<ref name="amazonaws1993">{{Cite journal|author=International Dual Loyalty Working Group.|title=Dual Loyalty & Human Rights in Health Professional Practice: Proposed Guidelines & Institutional Mechanisms|year=1993|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/dualloyalties-2002-report.pdf|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=F Hashemian|title=Broken laws, broken lives: medical evidence of torture by US personnel and its impact|journal=Physicians for Human Rights|year=2008|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pdf/phrbrokenlaws.pdf|accessdate=7 November 2013|archive-date=11 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211161454/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pdf/phrbrokenlaws.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a na-akpagbu ndị na-enye ndị na-adịghị enye nrụgide ndị a iwu.<ref name="amazonaws1993" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọkachasị na United States, ọtụtụ arụmụka gbara gburugburu okwu nke "nghọta onye na-enye ihe", nke na-ejigide ikike nke ndị na-enye ya izere ịme usoro ndị na-ekwekọghị na ụkpụrụ omume ha, dị ka ite ime.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rule aims to protect health providers' right of conscience|year=2008|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/12/18/provider.conscience|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=T Stanton Collett.|title=Protecting the healthcare provider's right of conscience|journal=Trinity International University, the Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity|year=2004|volume=10|issue=2|pages=1, 5|url=http://cbhd.org/content/protecting-health-care-providers-right-conscience|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912065049/https://cbhd.org/content/protecting-health-care-providers-right-conscience|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbanwe iwu dị ka usoro iji lụso ma gbochie mmebi nke ikike ndị ọrịa na ndị na-enye ya na-enye ụzọ na-ekwe nkwa. Otú ọ dị, na mba mgbanwe (mba ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ na-eme mgbanwe), na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ nwere iwu na-adịghị ike, nwere ike ịdị oke.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1"/> E meela ihe onwunwe na ngwá ọrụ maka ndị ọka iwu, ndị na-enye ya, na ndị ọrịa nwere mmasị imeziwanye ikike mmadụ na nlekọta ndị ọrịa.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1" /> == Ikike Iwu maka nlekọta ahụike == Ọtụtụ iwu ugbu a na-anabata ikike ahụike.<ref>Katharine G. Young. "The Comparative Fortunes of the Right to Health: Two Tales of Justiciability in Colombia and South Africa." Harvard Human Rights Journal 26, no.1 (2013): 179–216.</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ikike ndị a bụ ikpe ziri ezi, nke pụtara na enwere ike ịchụso ha site na ime ihe n'ụlọ ikpe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/future-of-economic-and-social-rights/2C2C20AE05EC2C48FB2807739843D610|title=The Future of Economic and Social Rights|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-41813-3|editor=Young|series=Globalization and Human Rights|location=Cambridge}}</ref> N'ezie, ihe na-eme n'usoro iwu gburugburu ụwa bụ iji mee ka ikike ahụike sie ike ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ikpe ziri ezi.<ref name=":0" /> Mba US bụ mba na-abụghị nke ọnọdụ ndị a, ma ọ dịkarịa ala na ọkwa gọọmentị etiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Versteeg|first=Mila|date=2014-03-26|title=American Constitutional Exceptionalism Revisited|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2416300|language=en}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, e nweela mkpọsa na mba US na-achọ ịkwado nkwenye iwu nke ikike ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Health Care As a Human Right|url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/the-state-of-healthcare-in-the-united-states/health-care-as-a-human-right/|work=americanbar.org|accessdate=2 May 2020}}</ref> N'ebe usoro iwu kwadoro ikike ikpe ziri ezi maka ahụike, nzaghachi nke ụlọ ikpe agwakọtawo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Yamin|first=Alicia Ely|title=Litigating Health Rights, Can Courts Bring More Justice to Health?|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780979639555|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780979639555}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Philip Barlow na-ede na e kwesịghị iwere nlekọta ahụike dị ka ikike mmadụ n'ihi ihe isi ike nke ịkọwa ihe ọ gụnyere na ebe a ga-eguzobe 'ụkpụrụ kacha nta' nke ikike n'okpuru ikike ahụ. Ọzọkwa, Barlow na-ekwusi ike na ikike na-eme ka ndị ọzọ nwee ọrụ iji chebe ma ọ bụ kwe ha nkwa, nakwa na ọ maghị onye nwere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ikike ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barlow|first=Philip|title=Health Care Is Not a Human Right|journal=British Medical Journal|date=31 July 1999|volume=319|issue=7205|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7205.321|pmid=10426762}}</ref> John Berkeley, na nkwekọrịta ya na Barlow, na-akatọ n'ihu na ikike ahụike anaghị atụle nke ọma ibu ọrụ mmadụ nwere ịkwado ahụike ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berkeley|first=John|title=Health Care Is Not a Human Right|journal=British Medical Journal|date=4 August 1999|volume=319|issue=7205|url=http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/health-care-not-human-right|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7205.321|pmid=10426762}}</ref> Richard D Lamm na-arụ ụka n'ụzọ siri ike megide ime ka ahụike bụrụ ikike. Ọ na-akọwa ikike dị ka nke a ga-agbachitere n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụla, na echiche nke usoro ikpe kọwara ma kọwaa. Ime ka ahụike bụrụ ikike ga-achọ ka gọọmentị jiri akụkụ buru ibu nke ego ya nye ụmụ amaala ya ya ya. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro ahụike dabeere na echiche na-ezighị ezi nke ego na-akparaghị ókè. Obere ego na-egbochi gọọmentị inye onye ọ bụla nlekọta ahụike zuru oke, ọkachasị na ogologo oge. Ịgbalị inye ndị niile na-eji obere ego eme ihe ahụike "bara uru" nwere ike ibute ọdịda akụ na ụba. Lamm na-ekwusi ike na ịnweta ahụike mana ọ bụ obere akụkụ n'ịmepụta ọha mmadụ dị mma, na ịmepụta ọha mmadụ dị mma, a ga-etinyekwa ego na akụ na ụba ọha na eze. Nkatọ ọzọ nke ikike ahụike bụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Imre JP Loefler, onye bụbu onye nchịkọta ''akụkọ'' nke Nairobi Hospital Proceedings na onye na-enyekarị aka na British Medical Journal, na-arụ ụka na ibu ego na ihe eji eme ihe iji hụ na nlekọta ahụike maka mmadụ niile enweghị ike inweta, nakwa na ihe mgbochi akụ na ụba na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-enweghị isi iji kwado ikike iji mee ka ndụ dị ogologo ruo mgbe ebighi ebi. Kama nke ahụ, Loefler na-atụ aro na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke imeziwanye ahụike ndị mmadụ ka mma site na iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya karịa ikike ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Loefler|first=Imre J.P.|title="Health Care Is a Human Right" Is a Meaningless and Devastating Manifesto|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1999-06-26_318_7200/page/1766|journal=British Medical Journal|date=26 June 1999|volume=318|issue=7200|pages=1766|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1766a|pmid=10381735}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike na ikike mmadụ * Nlekọta ahụike bụ isi * Nlekọta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218103153/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs323_en.pdf Joint Fact Sheet WHO/OHCHR/323] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040704070426/http://www.who.int/hhr/news/en/cartoon_health.pdf Ikike nke Ahụike Katọn] * [http://childrensrightsportal.org/fundamental-rights/health/ Ikike ahụike na Portal Rights Portal nke Ụmụaka] * [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/40d009901358b0e2c1256915005090be?Opendocument General Comment No. 14. Ikike maka ogo ahụike kachasị elu] CESCR, 2000 * [http://www.coe.int/T/DGHL/Monitoring/SocialCharter/Theme%20factsheets/FactsheetHealth_en.pdf Ikike ahụike na European Social Charter] Secretariat nke ESC, 2009 * Ikike Ahụike: Akwụkwọ Eziokwu No. 31 WHO na UN HCHR * 25 Ajụjụ na Azịza na Ahụike na Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, WHO == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == * Andrew Clapham, Mary Robinson (eds), Realizing the Right to Health, Zurich: rüffer & rub, 2009. * Bogumil Terminski, Selected Bibliography on Human Right to Health, Geneva: University of Geneva, 2013. * Judith Paula Asher, The Right to Health: A Resource Manual for Ngos, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010. I [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ntk3fhj1adc1ln7jqhzo1f7hsdd0ecz 0 18572 744033 728393 2026-11-10T03:12:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sona Jobarteh''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1983) bụ onye Britain na-egwu ọtụtụ ngwá egwu, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ [[The Gambia|Gambia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewblackmagazine.com/view.aspx?index=2614|title=THE SONA JOBARTEH MIXTAPE|date=20 April 2011|accessdate=7 May 2015|work=|publisher=The New Black Magazine|author=ya Salaam|first=Kalamu|archivedate=15 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415154415/http://thenewblackmagazine.com/view.aspx?index=2614}}</ref> Ọ si n'otu n'ime ezinụlọ ise na-egwu egwu kora nke West Africka, ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ na-egwu egwuregwu kora si n'ezinụlọ griot.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.informador.com.mx/cultura/2014/556282/6/sona-jobarteh-ofrecera-concierto-en-el-teatro-diana.htm|title=Sona Jobarteh ofrecerá concierto en el Teatro Diana|date=27 October 2014|accessdate=7 May 2015|work=El Informador}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwanne nne nke onye egwu kora a ma ama bụ Toumani Diabate, ọ bụkwa nwanne nwanyị nke onye egwu egwu kora bụ Tunde Jegede.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.charliegillett.com/bb/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=17978 |title="Tunde Jegede & Maya Jobarteh. (Special African Music night)", Charlie Gillett – The Sound of the World. |access-date=2017-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906034658/http://www.charliegillett.com/bb/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=17978 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na London, Maya Sona Jobarteh bụ onye otu n'ime ezinụlọ ise na-akpọ kora (griot) si West Afrika, na nwanyị mbụ so n'ezinụlọ dị otú ahụ iji bụrụ onye a ma ama na ngwá ọrụ a.<ref name=":0" /> Egwú nke ụbọ akwara iri abụọ na otu a na-agafe site n'aka nna gaa n'aka nwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://womad.co.uk/lineup/sona-jobarteh|title=Sona Jobarteh The Gambia/UK|accessdate=7 May 2015|work=|publisher=WOMAD The World's Festival|archivedate=26 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326193039/http://womad.co.uk/lineup/sona-jobarteh}}</ref> Ngwá egwu ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa nke ndị Mandingo nọ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka ma na-echekwa egwu ha naanị maka ezinụlọ ụfọdụ a na-akpọ griot.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2014/10/20/cultura/a11n2cul|title=Con su kora, Sona Jobarteh contagió de energía y pasión al público del FIC|author=Palapa Quijas|first=Fabiola|date=20 October 2014|accessdate=7 May 2015|work=La Jornada|page=11}}</ref> Ọ mụọla kora kemgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, nke nwanne ya nwoke Tunde Jegede, onye ji afọ iri na otu tọọ ya, na onye ya na ya na-eme njem ọtụtụ ugboro n'afọ na Gambia dị ka nwatakịrị, na nna ya, Sanjally Jobarteh. Ọ gara Royal College of Music, ebe ọ gụrụ cello, piano na harpsichord, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ gara Purcell Akwụkwọ nke Egwu iji mụọ ihe osise.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụchara nzere na SOAS, Mahadum London. Ọ na-asụ Mandinka nakwa Bekee nke ọma. == Ọrụ egwu == O mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Jazz Café nke London, mgbe ọ dị afọ 4, ma rụọ ọrụ na mmemme ọtụtụ ugboro n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=364&lang=en|title=African Success : Biography of Sona Maya JOBARTEH|author=www.lesideesnet.com|first=Les Idées Net -|work=www.africansuccess.org|accessdate=2018-04-18|archivedate=2019-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121306/http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=364&lang=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ egwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ egwu gụnyere "River of Sound" na Irish Chamber Orchestra, nke gosipụtara Evelyn Glennie, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere arụmọrụ na Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Britten Sinfonia, Milton Keynes City Orchestra na Viva Chamber Orchestra. Jobarteh na-akụzi kora na [[London]]. Ya na nna ya, Sanjally Jobarteh, rụkọrọ ọrụ n'ịmepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu dị na Gambia, nke akpọrọ aha nna nna ya a ma ama.<ref name=":1" /> == Onye na-ede ihe nkiri == Sona Jobarteh mere nke mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ede ihe nkiri na 2009 mgbe e nyere ya ọrụ ịmepụta ụda maka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri gbasara Afrịka nke akpọrọ Motherland .<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themotherland.info/ml_bio.htm|title=MOTHERLAND {{!}} Official Film Site {{!}} Owen 'Alik Shahadah|work=www.themotherland.info|accessdate=2018-04-18}}</ref> Akara ahụ bụ nchọpụta ọhụrụ n'ime ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke ụwa ụda nke Afrika. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime akara Jobarteh sitere na ọdịnala griot nke West Africa, ọ ghaghịkwa imepụta ya iji kwado ihe ndị a chọrọ n'ebe a na-ahụ anya. N'ime ihe okike nke ọdịdị pụrụ iche nke Afrịka bụ izere Jobarteh nke ihe abụọ dị mkpa; nke mbụ, ịdabere na ihe nkiri nke ihe eji egwú ọdịda anyanwụ, na nke abụọ, mmeri nke ịgbà dị ka akara aka nke nnọchite anya egwu Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themotherland.info|title=MOTHERLAND {{!}} Official Film Site {{!}} Best film on Africa|work=www.themotherland.info|accessdate=2018-04-18}}</ref> == Ihe nka == A mụrụ ya n'England nke sitere n'ihe nketa Afrịka, ọ na-ejikọkwa ya na nke ikpeazụ.<ref name=":0" /> N'ịbụ onye na-etinye oge dị ukwuu na England na Gambia, ọ na-agwakọta ụdị egwu dị iche iche, site na omenala Europe na West Africa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka ndị ọgbọ ya, ọ na-enyocha ma gbasaa na mgbọrọgwụ ọdịnala Afrika kama ịnwa ijikọta ha na hip-hop na jazz nke oge a.<ref name=":0" /> Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-achọ ịkọwa egwu ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Na mgbakwunye na kora, ọ na-abụkwa abụ ma na-akpọ ụbọ akwara.<ref name=":0" /> == Egwu == * Onye na-emepụta ihe na onye ọbịa na-ese ihe na Spoken Herbs ː (2006) * ''Egwú nke'' Diaspora (500 ''Afọ'' Mgbe e mesịrị Soundtrack) ̊ Souljazzfunk (2006) * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Nu Beginin' (Ty2) ː (2007) * Afro Acoustic Soul Sona Soul Records (2008) * Onye na-emepụta ihe na onye ọbịa na-ese ihe na Light in the Shade of Darkenss (HKB FiNN) * ''Mba nna'': The Score Africa Guild Records (2010) * Akụkọ ndị African Guild Records (2011) == Ihe nkiri == * 500 ''Afọ'' Mgbe e mesịrị (Kora player)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2008346/|title=Sona Jobarteh|work=IMDb|accessdate=2018-04-18}}</ref> * ''Echiche'' (Nwanyị Na-eme Ihe nkiri) * Broken Embraces (Kora player) * ''Onye'' na-agụ akwụkwọ nke mbụ (Onye na-agụ egwu) * Obodo nna (Onye na-ede egwu) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://sonajobarteh.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Sona Jobarteh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171229042735/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/7778142f-c11a-44a1-8917-7e8a5d2d72df Sona Jobarteh na BBC] {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1983]] bdt1d4wee7n3a4ul0ekwdi8zl6tj855 0 19415 743991 723108 2026-11-09T17:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox museum|name=Omenka Gallery|established=2003|location=24, Ikoyi Crescent, 00176-0000 [[Ikoyi]], [[Lagos]]|type=[[Art Gallery]]|visitors=|director=[[Oliver Enwonwu]]|website=|pushpin_map=Nigeria|map_caption=Location within Lagos|coordinates={{coord|6.463779|3.434243|display=inline}}}} Omenka Gallery bụ '''ụlọ ngosi''' nka nke oge a na Naijiria, nke na-anọchite anya ndị na-ese ihe na Naijeria na mba ụwa na ebe ngosi ya na [[Lagos]].<ref name="artdubai.ae">{{Cite web|title=Omenka Gallery|url=http://artdubai.ae/galleries/contemporary/2014/Omenka-Gallery|work=Art Dubai.ae|publisher=Art Dubai|accessdate=8 August 2015|year=2014|archivedate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043615/http://artdubai.ae/galleries/contemporary/2014/Omenka-Gallery}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Exhibition 2015.jpg|thumb|Omenka Gallery]] Omenka Gallery tọrọ ntọala na steeti Lagos N'afọ 2003 site n'aka onye Naijiria na-ese ihe, onye nlekọta na onye nchịkwa nka Oliver Enwonwu.<ref name="artdubai.ae"/> Nna Enwonwu, Ben Enwonwu ([[Ben Enwonwu]]), (1917-1994) bụ otu n'ime ndị isi Naịjirịa, narị afọ nke 20, ndị na-ese ihe nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Umukoro|first=Arukaino|title=Dad painted mum’s portrait on his deathbed — Prof. Ben Enwonwu’s son|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/famous-parents/dad-painted-mums-portrait-on-his-deathbed-prof-ben-enwonwus-son/|work=Punchng.com|publisher=Punchng.com|accessdate=8 August 2015|year=2014|archivedate=10 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310083331/http://www.punchng.com/feature/famous-parents/dad-painted-mums-portrait-on-his-deathbed-prof-ben-enwonwus-son/}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Kemgbe afọ 2003, mmemme Omenka Gallery nke ihe ngosi onwe onye na nke otu ewebatala ọrụ ọhụrụ site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe na Naijiria na mba ụwa. Ihe ngosi, dị ka ihe ngosi nke N'afọ 2009, ihe ngosi nke dị omimi Nigerian photography, lekwasịrị anya n'ịzụlite ihe omume na nka nka nke Naijiria site na igosi amaghihe ọhụrụ, dị ka George Osodi (b.1974), n'akụkụ ndị nna ukwu a ma ama dị ka J.D. ŌOkhai Ojeikere (1930-2014).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nwachukwu|first=McPhilips|title=From photo artists to Nigeria@ 49: a lens narrative|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/from-photo-artists-to-nigeria-49-%E2%80%A6a-lens-narrative/|work=Vanguard|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=8 August 2015|year=2009}}</ref> Ụlọ ngosi Omenka kwadoro emeghi ihe' ihe ngosi mbụ nke ihe ngosi na Naijiria nke gosipụtara ndị ihe ngosi dị ka [[Arinze Stanley Egbengwu|Arinze Stanley]], [[Ken Nwadiogbu]] na Ayo Filade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.omenkagallery.com/project/insanity/|title=Insanity: An Exhibition of Hyperrealist Art - Omenka Gallery|work=Omenka Gallery|accessdate=2017-11-10|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521230252/https://www.omenkagallery.com/project/insanity/|archive-date=2022-05-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, mmemme nke gallery ahụ mepụtara profaịlụ mba ụwa ya, na ihe ngosi dị ka ime njem gaa n'ebe dị anya, nke gosipụtara otu ndị na-ese ihe na Europe nke ihe nketa Afrịka: [[Godfried Donkor]] (b.1964), [[Owusu-Ankomah]] (b. 1956), Manuela Sambo (b. 1964), EL Loko (b. 1950), na Ransome Stanley (b. 1953).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Primordial Echoes|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/primordial-echoes/164561|work=This Day Live|publisher=This Day Live|accessdate=8 August 2015|year=2013}}</ref> Ụlọ ngosi ahụ esonyewokwa na ngosi nka mba ụwa, gụnyere Art15 na [[London]], Art Dubai na United Arab Emirates<ref name="artdubai.ae"/>, na The Armory Show na New York.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Waters|first=Florence|title=Art15: A primer|url=http://www.christies.com/features/Art15-A-Primer-6122-1.aspx|work=Christie's The Art People|publisher=Christie's|accessdate=8 August 2015|year=2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230520/http://www.christies.com/features/Art15-A-Primer-6122-1.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe na-anọchite anya<ref name="Omenka Gallery">{{Cite web|url=https://gallery.omenka.net/portfolio-galleries/artists/|title=Artists represented by Omenka Gallery}}</ref> == [[Cedric Nunn]] (b. 1957) Dominique Zinkpè (b. 1969) Duke Asidere (b. 1961) Ebenezer Akinola (b. 1968) Gary Stephens (b. 1952) Ima Mfon (b. 1989) Joel Mpah Dooh (b. 1956) [[Kimathi Donkor]] (b. 1965) Nathalie Mba Bikoro (b. 1985) [[Nnenna Okore]] (b. 1975) Olufemi Oyewole (b. 1986) Wallace Ejoh (b. 1966) == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://gallery.omenka.net/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị maka Omenka Gallery] paxy1ziuvb5twp6cl88lxo2jko1nnm0 0 19855 744047 129297 2026-11-10T04:50:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744047 wikitext text/x-wiki TVC News bụ ụlọ ọrụ '''akụkọ''' telivishọn nke Naijiria nke dị awa 24 nke dị na [[Lagos]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/tvc-communications-launches-new-radio-station-2/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122082347/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/tvc-communications-launches-new-radio-station-2/|archivedate=2017-11-22|title=TVC Communications launches new radio station - Vanguard News}}</ref><ref name="BlmLnch">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-25/pan-african-tvc-news-to-start-24-hour-broadcasting-from-november.html|title=Pan-African TVC News to Start 24-Hour Broadcasting From November|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=September 25, 2012}}</ref> Ọwa ahụ na-agbasa na British Sky Broadcasting Group Plc (BSKYb) na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]], Naspers Ltd. (NPN) nke DStv na Startimes na Nigeria, na Multi TV na [[Ghana]].<ref name="TVCTech">{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/tvc-news-acquires-new-technology-for-global-reach/|title=TVC News acquires new technology for global reach|publisher=Daily Independent Nigeria|accessdate=22 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427221905/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/tvc-news-acquires-new-technology-for-global-reach/|archivedate=27 April 2014}}</ref> Onye bụbu onye isi oche Nigel Parsons na-ekwu "N'enweghị izere ịkọ akụkọ esemokwu ma ọ bụ nrụrụ aka, ụnwụ nri ma ọ bụ agha, ebumnache nke TVC News bụkwa ịkọ ọtụtụ akụkọ dị mma na-esi n'Africa apụta. A ga-agwa akụkọ ndị dị mma ma ọ bụ ndị ọjọọ 'site n'anya ndị Afrịka'.<ref name="TVCNLnch">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/tvc-news-launches-on-bskyb/152572/|title=TVC NEWS LAUNCHES ON BSKYB|publisher=This Day Live|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=July 6, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427231055/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/tvc-news-launches-on-bskyb/152572/|archivedate=27 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="OwnMis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast/issue-no151/broadcast/africa-needs-own-tv/bc|title='Africa needs own TV stations to correct misinformation'|publisher=Balancing Act - Africa.com|accessdate=27 April 2014|date=March 7, 2013|archivedate=14 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314083422/http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast/issue-no151/broadcast/africa-needs-own-tv/bc}}</ref> Netwọk ahụ gosipụtara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze mbụ ya na Febụwarị 28, na afọ 2013. Ọ malitere na UK na BSkyB na Jun 17, na afọ 2013.<ref name="PABskyB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aib.org.uk/pan-african-channel-tvc-news-launches-on-bskyb/|title=Pan-African Channel TVC News launches on BSkyB|publisher=AIB|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=June 18, 2013}}</ref><ref name="PACA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.communicationsafrica.com/broadcast/pan-african-tvc-news-to-begin-24-hour-broadcasting|title=Pan-African TVC News to begin 24-hour broadcasting|publisher=Communications of Africa|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> N'ime ọnwa ole na ole mbụ ya, ndị ọrụ netwọk ahụ enwetala onyinye site na Association for International Broadcasting (AIB) na International Center for Journalists nke sitere na Washington, D.C. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, a na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ eruola ihe dị ka nde ezinụlọ ise n'Africa na Europe na mmasị sitere n'aka ndị na-enye eriri na satellite iji gbasaa òkè ahịa ya.<ref name="TVCawa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/national/150193-tvc-news-receives-two-major-international-awards.html|title=TVC News Receives two major international awards|publisher=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=November 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="1yr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yohaig.ng/category/tv-stations/tvc-news/|title=TVC News celebrates one year of global news coverage|publisher=YOHAIG|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=February 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811001059/https://www.yohaig.ng/category/tv-stations/tvc-news/|archive-date=11 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="vows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/business-package/2012-10-29-11-35-35/brands-and-marketing/item/34388-tvc-news-vows-to-maintain-editorial-independence-%E2%80%A6marks-one-year-anniversary.html/|title=TVC News vows to maintain editorial independence …marks one year anniversary|publisher=Nigerian Tribune|accessdate=27 April 2014|date=February 27, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411015817/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/business-package/2012-10-29-11-35-35/brands-and-marketing/item/34388-tvc-news-vows-to-maintain-editorial-independence-%E2%80%A6marks-one-year-anniversary.html|archivedate=11 April 2014}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> lu6r21ugcjll1yge8inprjgvgs4zx0j 0 22740 744055 719118 2026-11-10T08:37:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Yar Arol''' (1948), bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudan. Nwanyị mbụ si Southern Sudan gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Khartoum ọ mechara bụrụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere oche na nzukọ mpaghara maka Bahr el Ghazal Province na National Peoples Assembly of Sudan. == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Victoria Yar Arol na 1948 na Sudan.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Olsen|first=Kirstin|title=Chronology of Women's History|date=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313288036|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313288036|language=en}}</ref><ref name="high">{{Cite web|title=Arol, Victoria Yar (1948–)|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2588801114.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040925/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2588801114.html|archivedate=1 December 2017|publisher=Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages|accessdate=21 November 2017|date=1 January 2007}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agbụrụ Dinka nke nwere ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ụmụ 20 ruo 30.<ref name="Luce" /> Arol bụ onye mbụ n'ezinụlọ ya na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe niile.<ref name="Luce">{{Cite book|author=Luce|first=Louise Fiber|title=The French-speaking world: an anthology of cross-cultural perspectives|date=1991|publisher=National Textbook Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBLlAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ si Southern Sudan ịbanye na Mahadum nke Khartoum, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere na akụ na ụba na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na afọ 1960.<ref name="high" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Training needs assessment on women leadership in Southern Sudan|url=http://www.awcfs.org/dmdocuments/sudan/Training%20Needs%20Assessment%20Sudan.pdf|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=21 November 2017|archivedate=19 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219025048/http://www.awcfs.org/dmdocuments/sudan/Training%20Needs%20Assessment%20Sudan.pdf}}</ref><ref name="captain">{{Cite news|title=Machar urges South Sudan women to be at the helm of the ship and on the captain’s bridge|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article38250|accessdate=21 November 2017|work=Sudan Tribune|date=10 March 2011|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035315/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article38250|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arol lụrụ Toby Maduot, onye dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ga-emesị bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Sudan African National Union (SANU), ha nwere ụmụ atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Dr. Toby Maduot Parek, Chairman of SANU and member of SSLA is dead|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2598:dr-toby-maduot-parek-chairman-of-sanu-and-member-of-ssla-is-dead&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6|accessdate=21 November 2017|work=The New Sudan Vision}}</ref><ref name="high"/> Arol bụ onye otu SANU ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na People's Regional Assembly maka Bahr el Ghazal Province, ebe ọ bụ onye isi oche kọmitii na-emegide nrụrụ aka.<ref name="high" /><ref name="UN">{{Cite web|url=https://unmis.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/insudan-dec.eng-online.pdf|publisher=United Nations|title=In Sudan|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote minista na odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke Sudanese Socialist Union na 1979.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa Woman|date=1979|publisher=Africa Journal Limited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFe3AAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1979, ọ tụrụ aro ka e weghachite obodo ndị a na-ese okwu nke Abyei, Kurmuk na Kafia Kingi na mpaghara ndịda dịka a na-ejikọta ha tupu nnwere onwe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Obeid|first=Abu Baker El|title=The Political Consequences of the Addis Ababa Agreement|date=1980|publisher=Liber|isbn=9789138055281|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo4XAQAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> O mechara nwee oche na National Peoples Assembly of Sudan dị ka onye nnọchi anya nwanyị.<ref name="high" /> Ọ bụ nwanne nne nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nyandeng Malek Deliech, gọvanọ steeti nke Warrap.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Warrap faces "power vacuum" as governor’s term expires - SudanTribune|url=http://dev.sudantribune.com/All/Article/Index/5-12-2015-Warrap-faces-power-vacuum-as-governor-s-term-expires/54927|accessdate=21 November 2017|work=Sudan Tribune|date=5 December 2015|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040946/http://dev.sudantribune.com/All/Article/Index/5-12-2015-Warrap-faces-power-vacuum-as-governor-s-term-expires/54927|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="UN"/> Mgbe Deliech fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ praịmarị ya n'ihe dị ka afọ 1977, Arol kpọọrọ ya gaa Juba ka ọ gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya kama ịhapụ na ngwụcha ụlọ akwụkwọ praịm dị ka ọ dị n'obodo ya.<ref name="UN"/> Arol nwụrụ n'afọ 1980.<ref name="UN" /> Onye isi ala South Sudan Riek Machar kwuru na ọ bụ ihe na-akpali ụmụ nwanyị Southern Sudan.<ref name="captain"/> == Ebensidee == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> hmvqvk0slgtusw3ij322hf65i2x14o3 0 22759 744045 723825 2026-11-10T04:28:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744045 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Jambo''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Sudan, onye ọka iwu, na onye na-eme mkpọsa maka ihe [[South Sudan|ndị]] ruuru mmadụ. [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Agụmakwụkwọ == Suzanne Jambo nwetara akara ugo mmụta na iwu ọha na eze na Mahadum Buckingham, United Kingdom .<ref name="president"/> == Ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Jambo abụwo onye na-eme mkpọsa maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na South Sudan (na ndịda Sudan tupu nke ahụ) ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu na Intergovernmental Authority on Development-led peace process n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2005, nke dugara n'ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta udo zuru oke na 2005, na-eme ka afọ 21 nke agha obodo kwụsị.<ref name="president">{{Cite web|title=Female Candidate To Vie For Presidency In 2018 General Election|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/21012/Female-Candidate-To-Vie-For-Presidency-In-2018-General-Election.aspx|publisher=Gurtong Trust}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/21012/Female-Candidate-To-Vie-For-Presidency-In-2018-General-Election.aspx "Female Candidate To Vie For Presidency In 2018 General Election"]. Gurtong Trust.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) na ndịda Sudan iji melite nchịkwa ha, arụmọrụ na ogo. O tinyere aka karịsịa n'òtù ndị ahụ chọrọ ichebe ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="president" /> N'afọ 2001, o dere akwụkwọ Overcoming gender conflict and bias: the case of New Sudan women and girls.<ref name="sec">{{Cite web|title=Suzanne Jambo|url=https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/experts/suzanne-jambo/|publisher=Inclusive Security|accessdate=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Jambo|first=Suzanne Samson|title=Overcoming gender conflict and bias: the case of New Sudan women and girls|date=2001|publisher=Jacaranda Designs|isbn=9789966884503|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_i0AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> O guzobere New Sudanese Indigenous Network (NESI), otu nzukọ iji kpọkọta 20 Sudanese NGO iji rụọ ọrụ n'okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, iwughachi mgbe esemokwu gasịrị, ikike mmadụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref name="president"/> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, NESI na-arụ ọrụ na 67 NGO dị iche iche na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="sec"/> A họpụtara Jambo ka ọ bụrụ onye kọmishọna maka Southern Sudan Law Drafting Commission nke dere Iwu Iwu South Sudan nke afọ 2011.<ref name="sec" /> Ruo afọ asatọ, Jambo bụ ezigbo onye ndụmọdụ nke onye isi ala South Sudan ugbu a bụ Salva Kiir Mayardit.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sud-Soudan : Salva Kiir, en toute indépendance|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/193026/politique/sud-soudan-salva-kiir-en-toute-ind-pendance/|accessdate=12 November 2017|work=Jeune Afrique|date=25 January 2011|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Nke a mere tupu onye isi ala Mayardit ruo n'oge ya na Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) ebe Jambo jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ mmekọrịta mba ọzọ site na ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jopson|first=Barney|title=South Sudan's road to independence|url=https://www.ft.com/content/de01dc96-30a5-11df-a24b-00144feabdc0|accessdate=12 November 2017|work=Financial Times|date=20 March 2010}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ.<ref name="Chipato">{{Cite news|url=http://www.allnetafrica.com/2018/08/08/meet-south-sudans-1st-female-presidential-challenger-suzanne-jambo/|title=Meet South Sudan's 1st Female Presidential Challenger, Suzanne Jambo - Allnet Africa|author=Chipato|first=Victor|date=2018-08-08|work=Allnet Africa|accessdate=2018-09-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021080515/https://www.allnetafrica.com/2018/08/08/meet-south-sudans-1st-female-presidential-challenger-suzanne-jambo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'otu ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ 2013 mgbe o mere mkpesa na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ndụmọdụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na gọọmentị South Sudan.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Law|first=Tom|title=South Sudan declares itself open for business|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/south-sudan-declares-itself-open-business-2013121163038495720.html|accessdate=12 November 2017|work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> O kwenyeghị na Mayardit maka nhọpụta nke nwanne di ya, Gregory Deng Kuac Aduol, dị ka gọvanọ nke Gogrial State kama ịme ntuli aka. N'ihi ya, Jambo bụzi onye na-emegide onye isi ala.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Yel Yel|first=Simon|title=The Question of nepotism in South Sudan|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article61354|accessdate=12 November 2017|work=Sudan Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018215337/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article61354|archive-date=18 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịzọ ọkwa onye isi ala na ntuli aka South Sudan nke afọ 2018. Jambo bụ nwanyị mbụ gbara ọsọ dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala na South Sudan.<ref name="president"/><ref name="Chipato"/> == Ebensibịa == {{Reflist|30em}}  [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mfpur7939j8ywh5ms2ihmq3262a3gsq 0 22792 744006 723314 2026-11-09T20:45:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dr. Pricilla Nanyang (Priscila Nyanyang ma ọ bụ Priscilla Nyayang Joseph Kuch) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot2084|title=Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|work=www.sudantribune.com|accessdate=2016-11-27|archivedate=2016-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127153247/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot2084}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote minista maka okike, ụmụaka na ọdịmma ọha na eze yana minista na-enweghị ọfịs. == Agụm akwụkwọ == Nanyang nwetara nzere bachelọ nke ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ na 1978 na Mahadum nke Khartoum. Ọ natara Masters of Community Medicine site na 1987 kwa site na Mahadum nke Khartoum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/sudan/2368-south-sudans-minister-without-portfolio-committed-to-lean-and-effective-government|title=South Sudan's 'Minister without Portfolio' committed to lean and effective government|author=Kuai|first=Mading Ngor Akec|work=The New Sudan Vision|language=en-GB|accessdate=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215619/http://www.newsudanvision.com/sudan/2368-south-sudans-minister-without-portfolio-committed-to-lean-and-effective-government|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'agbata afọ 2005 na afọ 2010 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) nke National Assembly na onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na National Parliament.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2007, Nanyang sonyere n'òtù SPLM iji gbalịa ma mee ka mkparịta ụka udo dị na Darfur dị mfe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article21370|title=SPLM task force on Darfur says conflicts has grown "complex" - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|work=www.sudantribune.com|accessdate=2016-11-27|archivedate=2016-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215148/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article21370}}</ref> Nanyang bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị asaa a họpụtara na kansụl South Sudan na June 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article35467|title=Kiir names seven women ministers in new regional cabinet - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|work=sudantribune.com|accessdate=2016-11-27|archivedate=2016-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127153128/http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article35467}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-enweghị ọfịs na Cabinet nke South Sudan na 10 Julaị 2011. Dị ka Minista na-enweghị ọfịs, Nanyang duziri ọrụ nyocha izu asatọ, nke a na-akpọ "Nnyocha zuru oke nke Gọọmentị South Sudan", iji mụọ otú Gọọmentụ South Sudan si arụ ọrụ kemgbe e guzobere ya na 2005.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụkwa onye bụbu osote minista maka okike, ụmụaka na ọdịmma ọha na eze. N'afọ 2014, ọ haziri nzukọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka udo na Juba "iji kwalite ebumnuche nke udo, ọgwụgwọ na ime udo".<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Sudan women propose sex ban until peace restored - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|work=Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|accessdate=2014-10-26|date=2014-10-23|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article52825|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026084325/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article52825|archive-date=2014-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dị ka osote minista, ọ gara New York City na 2013 maka Nzukọ nke 57 nke Commission on the Status of Women na mgbe ọ nọ na New York zutere mmemme na-ewu udo na ikike na Mahadum Columbia Institute for the Study of Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45920|title=Women wage peace in South Sudan - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|work=www.sudantribune.com|accessdate=2016-11-27|archivedate=2020-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814172437/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45920}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, Nanyang nwekwara ọkwa onye isi oche nke South Sudan Women Peace Network.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://unmiss.unmissions.org/women-discuss-their-role-south-sudan-peace-process|title=Women discuss their role in South Sudan peace process|date=2015-11-24|work=UNMISS|accessdate=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214857/https://unmiss.unmissions.org/women-discuss-their-role-south-sudan-peace-process|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Agnes Kwaje Lasuba * SPLM * SPLA * Kọmitii nke South Sudan == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217130656/http://goss.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Gọọmentị nke South Sudan] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m063sf653gi9jahzpme9gbakgjyenlv 0 26326 744018 707947 2026-11-09T22:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744018 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Fabian Anene Ositadimma Udekwu''' {{Audio|Ig-Fabian udekwu.ogg|Audio}} (n'afo 1928 na ubọchi nke irina asaa nke onwa Nọvemba n'afo 2006) onye amụrụ na Enugwu Agidi, Anambra Steeti bụ kwa dọkịta na-ahụ maka ahụike, onye na-awa ahụ n'obi. Ọ bụ prọfesọ pụrụ iche nke ịwa ahụ n'obi na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum nsukka nke Naijiria]], na onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ịwa obi na-emeghe n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fabian Udekwu :- Pioneer of open heart surgery in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.pharmanewsonline.com/fabian-udekwu-pioneer-open-heart-surgery-sub-saharan-africa/|author=Ojigbo|first=Solomon|date=2019-10-08|work=Pharmanewsonline|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-25|archivedate=2021-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613000028/https://pharmanewsonline.com/fabian-udekwu-pioneer-open-heart-surgery-sub-saharan-africa/}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Agụmakwụkwọ == Prọfesọ Udekwu gara St. Charles koleji nzulite ndi nkuzi na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] ebe e debere ya dị ka onye otu ngalaba mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afo1947, na-akụzi mgbakọ na mwepụ na ọdịdị ala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160515120528/http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/JuAgwuOb2.html Jacob Ukeje Agwu ( 1925–2008 ) A Brief History of His Life], biographical article, ''Nigeriamasterweb'', retrieved 27 June 2013</ref> O mere ule matrikuleshon [[London]] ya site na akwụkwọ ozi ma mgbe o tukobarara ego zuru ezu ọ gara n'ihu n'afo 1950 na United States maka ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. O mere ọmụmụ ọgwụ ya na Bayooji, Kemistri na Fizis na Los Angeles.<ref name="New Scientist-1974">{{Cite book|author=White|first=Sarah|title=A professor's dilema|date=25 July 1974|publisher=New Scientist|edition=63 number 907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpLAekLyrtAC&dq=fabian+udekwu&pg=PA196|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ gara mahadum Loyola nke Chicago Stritch ụlọakwụkwọ ọgwu,ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka dọkịta n'afo 1957 ma bụrụ ọkachamara na ịwa ahụ obi na obi n'ozuzu ya n'afo1964.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024303/https://www.doximity.com/pub/fabian-udekwu-md Udekwu, Fabian MD, Thoracic Surgery Maywood , IL], ''Doximity website'', retrieved 27 June 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.medicineonline.com/doctors/U/1398865/Udekwu-Fabian-A-O.html Udekwu, Fabian A.O.] ,medicineonline retrieved 27 June 2013</ref> O mere ọzụzụ ịwa ahụ ya na ulọ ọgwu Cook County di na Chicago.<ref name="New Scientist-1974" /> Fabian Udekwu bụ dọkịta mbụ na-awa ahụ obi na obi na Naịjirịa.<ref name="Adebonojo-2012">{{Cite web|author=Adebonojo|first=Samuel|title=DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN HEART SURGERY IN WEST AFRICA: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE|url=http://ifrs-rural.com/DEVELOPMENT%20OF%20OPEN%20HEART%20SURGERY%20IN%20WEST%20AFRICA-1.pdf|accessdate=2 December 2015|archivedate=21 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121025910/http://ifrs-rural.com/DEVELOPMENT%20OF%20OPEN%20HEART%20SURGERY%20IN%20WEST%20AFRICA-1.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Koleji Ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ na Amerika, njiko ndi dokinta na-awa ahu obi na Amerika, koleji mba uwa nke ndi na-awa afọ na Koleji ọdịda anyanwụ African nke ndị na-awa afo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130608021834/http://www.wacs-coac.org/docs/listoffellows.htm List of Fellows], ''West African College of Surgeons'', Number 122, retrieved 27 June 2013</ref> Udekwu bụ onye guzobere na onye otu ulo akwukwo Naijiria nke sayensi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of fellows|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/fellows-of-the-academy/|work=Nigerian Academy of Science|accessdate=5 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109232120/http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/fellows-of-the-academy/|archivedate=9 November 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Udekwu laghachiri Naịjirịa n'afọ 1965 dị ka dọkịta na-ahụ maka obi na obi na Mahadum College ụlọ ọgwu nke Mahadum [[Ibadan]].<ref name="Adebonojo-2012"/> Ọ hapụrụ Ibadan gaa Enugu mgbe mmekpa ahu malitere nke gosipụtara mmalite nke [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo Naịjirịa]].<ref name="Adler">{{Cite book|author=Adler|first=Renata|title=After the Tall Timber: Collected Nonfiction|url=https://archive.org/details/aftertalltimberc0000adle|date=2015|publisher=New York Review of Books|isbn=978-1590178805|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aftertalltimberc0000adle/page/230 230]–233}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ ndị agha na onye isi ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi Biafran n'ebe dị iche iche gụnyere [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] na Emekukwu n'oge agha ahụ.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-45520377.html BIAFRA / KRIEGSOPFER; Verlorene Unschuld], ''Der Spiegel'' (German), published 8 December 1969, retrieved 27 June 2013</ref> Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke njikọ enyemaka na nhazigharị ndi Biafra n'oge agha ahụ.<ref>News article on Biafra, ''The Saturday Review'', 3 May 1969, p. 21, retrieved 28 June 2013</ref> Udekwu mechara bụrụ Prọfesọ Pụrụ Iche na Onye isi nke Ngalaba Ịwa Ahụ nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkuzi [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum]] Naịjirịa,(UNTH) ma bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Enugu Campus nke Mahadụ ahụ.<ref name="New Scientist-1974"/> A na-eto Prọfesọ Udekwu maka iwulite Ngalaba Ịwa Ahụ nke Mahadum Naịjirịa.<ref name="New Scientist-1974" /> N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ mgbalị na-enweghị isi iji nweta ego iji guzobe ngalaba ịwa ahụ nke oge a site n'ọtụtụ òtù na United Statei, United Kindom, Scandinevia ma site na enyemaka ụka, o nwere ike inweta ego site na ogige Enugu site ya na onyinye nke ndị Naijiria ọ bụla iji wuo ụlọ ịwa ahụ ma zụta ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa iji guzopụta ụlọ ọrụ maka ịwa ahụ n'obi na Naijiria.<ref name="New Scientist-1974" /> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ guzobere ịwa ahụ obi na Naịjirịa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190303110836/http://www.ifrs-rural.com/SURGERY%20IN%20NIGERIA%20THE%20WILL%20AND%20THE%20WAY.pdf SURGERY IN NIGERIA: The Will and The Way], FACULTY LECTURE DELIVERED TO FACULTY OF SURGERY NATIONAL POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL COLLEGE ON 16 September 1988 By Professor E. A. Elebute</ref> Prọfesọ Udekwu duziri otu ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ nke mere ịwa ahụ obi mbụ gara nke ọma na Naịjirịa n'afo 1974 nke bụ nke mbụ n'ụdị ya na Africa ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eze|first=John C.|year=2007|title=Open-Heart Surgery in Nigeria Indications and Challenges|journal=Tex. Heart Inst. J.|volume=34|issue=1|pages=8–10|pmid=17420786}}</ref><ref name="New Scientist-1974"/> Ọzọkwa n'ime ndị otu ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ na-arụ ọrụ a dị ịrịba ama bụ Prọfesọ Sir Magdi Yacoub, Prọfesor Anyanwu C.H., Nwafor D.C., onye na-akụnwụ ahụ Dr. Shreeniwas Jawalekar na ndị ọzọ.<ref>Shreeniwas Jawalekar, [http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9119639-open-drops-to-open-hearts Open Drops To Open Hearts!: Journey of an Anesthesiologist from India to America] (memoir), Published 8 April 2010 by Outskirts Press, pp.61–64</ref><ref>J Nwiloh, S Edaigbini, S Danbauchi, I Babaniyi, M Aminu, Y Adamu, A Oyati, [http://www.cvja.co.za/onlinejournal/vol23/vol23_issue8/files/assets/basic-html/page20.html Cardiac surgical experience in northern Nigeria] ''Cardiovascular Journal of Africa'' • Vol 23, No 8, September 2012</ref> Usoro ịwa ahụ obi isii ọzọ sochiri nkea n'okpuru Udekwu na Mahadum ulo ọgwu nkuzi Naịjirịa (UNTH) n'etiti afọ 1974 na 1980.<ref>S.O. Michael, [http://www.ajol.info/index.php/aipm/article/view/64086 Chronicles of Medical History in Africa; Pioneers of Heart Surgery from Aristotle to Grillo], ''Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine'' Vol. 7 No.2 December 2009</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Udekwu bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu nke ukwuu, na-egwu bọọlụ na tennis n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ọ bụ onye otu Enugu Sports klọb. Ọ na-akpọkwa egwu dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ na-enweta aha dị ka onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-eduzi ukwe na Holy Ghost katidral di n'Enugu. Na ubochi nke iri abuọ na asaa nke onwa Eprel na'afo1956 Udekwu lụrụ nwada Anna Brita Bystrom. E jiri ụmụ iri gozie alụm di na nwunye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerialinks.com/pdf/Achebe_Colloquium_p1a.pdf|title=Science & Medicine; Nigerian Achievers in Medicine|publisher=The Achebe Colloquium|date=17 July 2006|accessdate=12 May 2023|archivedate=12 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512093854/http://www.nigerialinks.com/pdf/Achebe_Colloquium_p1a.pdf}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Ezumike ahụike na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Udekwu|first=FA|title=A Medical Holiday in Nigeria.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_1965-08-14_93_7/page/328|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=14 August 1965|volume=93|issue=7|pages=328|pmid=20328321}}</ref> * Pseudocyst pancreatic n'ime ụmụaka<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UDEKWU|first=FA|title=Pancreatic Pseudocyst in Children|journal=The Journal of the International College of Surgeons|date=August 1965|volume=44|pages=123–7|pmid=14310292}}</ref> * Aspergilloma akpa ume: akụkọ nke ọrịa abụọ sitere na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anyanwu|first=CH|title=Pulmonary aspergilloma: report of two cases from Nigeria.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-tropical-medicine-and-hygiene_1982-08_85_4/page/143|journal=The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=August 1982|volume=85|issue=4|pages=143–7|pmid=7143529}}</ref> * Nkọwapụta nke mmiri zuru ezu nke ahụ na tritium oxide, FAO Udekwu, PD Kozoll, KA Meyer ̊ Jonal nke nuclear Medicine, 1963 * Aneurysm nke akwara akpa ume aka ekpe na hemoptysis na ihe nnochi ụzọ bronchial.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Udekwu|first=FA|title=Aneurysm of the left pulmonary artery with hemoptysis and bronchial obstruction.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-thoracic-and-cardiovascular-surgery_1965-11_50_5/page/753|journal=The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery|date=November 1965|volume=50|issue=5|pages=753–6|pmid=5845460|doi=10.1016/s0022-5223(19)33164-2}}</ref> * Ahụmahụ mbụ na ịwa ahụ obi na Naịjirịa, Anyanwu CH, Ihenacho HNC, Okoroma EO, Nwafo DC, Umeh BU, Okechukwu CC, Udekwu FA. Cardiologie Tropicale, Tropical Cardiology 1982;8:1237 * Nnyocha nke alveolar soft tissue sarcoma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Udekwu|first=FA|title=Studies of an alveolar soft tissue sarcoma.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-cancer_1965-12_19_4/page/744|journal=British Journal of Cancer|date=December 1965|volume=19|issue=4|pages=744–8|pmid=4285917|doi=10.1038/bjc.1965.86}}</ref> * Renal angiomyolipoma. Nnyocha ahụike na nke ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Udekwu|first=FA|title=Renal angiomyolipoma. Clinical and pathological study.|journal=International Surgery|date=September 1966|volume=46|issue=3|pages=205–14|pmid=5916848}}</ref> * Traumatic aneurysms na arteriovenous fistulas na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anyanwu|first=CH|title=Traumatic aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas in Nigeria.|url=https://archive.org/details/thoracic-and-cardiovascular-surgeon_1980-08_28_4/page/265|journal=The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon|date=August 1980|volume=28|issue=4|pages=265–8|pmid=6158130|doi=10.1055/s-2007-1022092}}</ref> * Akụkụ ahụike nke carcinoma akpa ume na pleural na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anyanwu|first=CH|title=Clinical aspects of pulmonary and pleural carcinoma in Nigeria.|journal=Medical Journal of Zambia|date=1979|volume=14|issue=5|pages=83–9|pmid=7053009}}</ref> * Teratoma nke gland thyroid.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Suseelan|first=AV|title=Teratoma of the thyroid gland|journal=International Surgery|date=1976|volume=62|issue=11–12|pages=586–7|pmid=591232}}</ref> * Black grain mycetoma n'ihi Madurella mycetomi: akụkọ ikpe sitere na East Central State nke Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gugnanni|journal=Nigerian Medical Journal|date=1976|title=Black grain mycetoma due to Madurella mycetomi: a case report from the East Central State of Nigeria.|volume=6|issue=4|url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19772901999.html;jsessionid=F6FBFF62F03791BBE2F0E7CE9876B3CB}}</ref> * Ịrịgo aneurysm aortic na-akpata stenosis nke akpa ume.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anyanwu|first=CH|title=Ascending aortic aneurysm causing pulmonary stenosis.|journal=East African Medical Journal|date=September 1979|volume=56|issue=9|pages=457–60|pmid=520267}}</ref> * {{Cite journal|author=Odeku|first=E. L.|year=1970|title=Persistent ascites following infected ventriculoperitoneal shunt|journal=West African Medical Journal|volume=19|pages=72–73}} <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shehu|first=BB|date=2006-04-12|title=Acute ileus following ventriculoperitoneal shunt: case report|journal=East African Medical Journal|volume=82|issue=9|pages=486–7|doi=10.4314/eamj.v82i9.9342|pmid=16619725|issn=0012-835X}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025040/http://www.udekwu.net/Welcome.html Nkwupụta ọnwụ maka Prọfesọ. F.A.O. Udekwu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171215114913/http://healthnewsng.com/uch-did-not-perform-the-first-open-heart-surgery-in-nigeria-dr-awojobi-oluyombo/ UCH emeghị ịwa ahụ obi mbụ na Naịjirịa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Udekwu, Fabian}} [[Òtù:Ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ na narị afọ nke iri abuọ]] [[Òtù:Ndi dọkinta agha nke Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Mmadu nke ndị agha obodo Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ndị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ nke mahadum nke Ibadan]] [[Òtù:Ndi gusịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum Loyola nke Chicago]] [[Òtù:Ndi ọrụ agumakwụkwọ nke mahadum nke Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ndị dọkịta Nigeria na-awa ahụ obi]] [[Òtù:Agumakwụkwọ Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndị nkụzị ibgo]] [[Òtù:Ọnwu nke afo puku abuọ na isii]] [[Òtù:Òmùmù afo otu puku nari iteghete, iri abuọ na asaa]] [[Òtù:Edemede nwere họdio mycrofọmats]] atuvgcethdy7pakce1z0pgssdvud0vd 0 26879 744034 645540 2026-11-10T03:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''SouthWest Energy Ltd''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mmepụta mmanụ na gas nke Ethiopia nke dị na [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]]. Tewodros Ashenafi guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 2005.<ref name="allafrica020310"> {{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201003020724.html|title=Ethiopia: Southwest Energy Signs With Tullow Oil PLC for Ogaden Oil Exploration|first=Mikias|author=Sebsibe|work=[[Addis Fortune]]|date=2010-03-02|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|accessdate=2014-04-18}} </ref> E debanyere aha ya na [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="bloomberg090512" /> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2005, SouthWest Energy bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta mmepụta na [[Ministry of Mines and Energy (Ethiopia)|Ministry]] of Mines and Energy nke Ethiopia maka blọk 9 na 13 na Ogaden Basin. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2008, ọ bịanyere aka na blọk 9A, na-eweta ngụkọta ala ruo uare kilomita 29,000 (11,000 sq mi).<ref name="bloomberg090512"> {{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-09/southwest-energy-of-Ethiopia-optimistic-on-oil-search-in-ogaden.html|title=SouthWest Energy of Ethiopia Optimistic on Oil Search in Ogaden|first=William|author=Davison|date=2012-05-09|accessdate=2014-04-18}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDavison2012">Davison, William (2012-05-09). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-09/southwest-energy-of-Ethiopia-optimistic-on-oil-search-in-ogaden.html "SouthWest Energy of Ethiopia Optimistic on Oil Search in Ogaden"]. [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-18</span></span>.</cite> </ref><ref name="bloomberg051212" /><ref name="st070110"> {{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33696|title=British oil firm to prospect oil in Ethiopia|date=2010-01-07|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|accessdate=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234018/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33696|archive-date=2014-04-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> ụlọ ọ ọrụ ahụ na-ezube iweta $100 nde site na ntinye onwe ya na nkeji mbụ nke 2013 iji nyere aka kwado mmemme igwu mmiri nke ọma atọ na Basin Ogaden..<ref name="bloomberg051212"> {{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-05/southwest-energy-of-ethiopia-to-raise-100-million-in-equity.html|title=SouthWest Energy of Ethiopia to Raise $100 Million in Equity|first=Sarah|author=McGregor|date=2012-12-05|accessdate=2014-04-10}} </ref> Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ala na Gambella na Jijiga.<ref name="epmag"> {{Cite news|url=http://www.epmag.com/Exploration/SouthWest-Energy-Aims-Oil-Ethiopia_115169|title=SouthWest Energy Aims For Oil In Ethiopia|first=Velda|author=Addison|date=2013-04-16|work=E&P magazine|publisher=[[Hart Energy]]|accessdate=2014-04-18}} </ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ike na Etiopia == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 8dg3m63v3muqs5hizmyrzf7rd363yfw 0 27579 744035 594946 2026-11-10T03:22:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744035 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Currencies with ISO 4217 code]] South Sudanese '''pound''' (ISO koodu na mkpirisi: '''SSP'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boss.gov.ss/introduction-of-ssp1000-banknotes-into-circulation/|title=Introduction of SSP1000 banknotes into circulation - Bank of South Sudan|work=boss.gov.ss|accessdate=}}</ref>) bụ ego nke [[South Sudan|Republic]] of South Sudan . A na-ekewa ya na 100 [[Piastre|piasters]]. Nzukọ omebe iwu nke Southern Sudan kwadoro ya tupu ọ kewapụ na 9 Julaị 2011 site na [[Sudan]]. [[Usòrò:Banner_in_Juba_mid_July_2011_announcing_the_conversion_from_the_Sudanese_Pound_(SDG)_to_the_new_currency_the_South_Sudanese_Pound_(SSP).jpg|thumb|Banner na Juba na-ekwupụta ntụgharị site na pound Sudanese (SDG) gaa na ego ọhụrụ South Sudanese pound (SSP)]] E webatara ya na 18 Julaị 2011, ma dochie pound Sudanese na par.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fireapps.com/south-sudan-pound-released-july-18.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125195529/http://www.fireapps.com/south-sudan-pound-released-july-18.html|title=South Sudan Pound released July 18|archivedate=25 January 2012}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2011, pound Sudan kwụsịrị ịbụ ego iwu kwadoro na South Sudan. N'October 8, 2020, n'ihi mbelata ngwa ngwa nke ọnụego mgbanwe nke pound South Sudan na dollar United States, South Sudan kwupụtara na ọ ga-agbanwe ego ya n'oge na-adịghị anya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-10|title=South Sudan to change currency to improve economy - government spokesman|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/south-sudan-currency-idUSKBN26V05L|accessdate=2020-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan plans to change national currency to shore up economy - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/10/c_139429064.htm|accessdate=2020-10-10|work=www.xinhuanet.com|archivedate=2020-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115535/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/10/c_139429064.htm}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ego == Akwụkwọ ego ahụ gosipụtara onyinyo nke John Garang de Mabior, onye ndú nwụrụ anwụ nke South Sudan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Sudan pound to be launched next week|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14110475|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=11 July 2011|date=11 July 2011}}</ref> A kwadoro okpukpu isii dị iche iche (SSP 1, SSP 5, SSP 10, SSP 25, SSP 50, SSP 100 na SSP 500) n'ụdị akwụkwọ ego, a ga-enyekwa okpukpu ise (SSP 0.01, SSP 0.05, SSP 0.10, SSP 0.25 na SSP 0.50) n'ụdị mkpụrụ ego.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120829094046/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/news.html South Sudan Pound to be released by Monday] - Government of South Sudan official website.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120329041134/http://banknotenews.com/files/3ed89c68d0aea45c5ebbd4a83775241d-1603.php South Sudan issued new pound notes 18 July 2011], BanknoteNews.com.</ref> E wepụtara akwụkwọ ego ọhụrụ atọ maka SSP 0.05, SSP 0.10, na SSP 0.25 na 19 Ọktoba 2011.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Linzmayer|first=Owen|title=The Banknote Book|chapter=South Sudan|publisher=Banknote News|year=2012|location=San Francisco, California|url=http://www.banknotebook.com}}</ref> E wepụtara mkpụrụ ego mbụ nke pound South Sudanese na SSP 0.10, SSP 0.20, na SSP 0.50, n'oge ncheta nke anọ nke nnwere onwe site na Sudan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200220133238/http://news.coinupdate.com/worlds-newest-country-issues-circulation-coins-on-national-independence-day/ World’s Newest Country Issues Circulation Coins on National Independence Day] Coin Update (news.coinupdate.com). 10 July 2015.</ref> Na 2016, Bank of South Sudan nyere akwụkwọ ego SSP 20 iji dochie ndetu SSP 25. Na 2018, Bank of South Sudan webatara akwụkwọ ego SSP 500 iji mee ka azụmahịa ego dị mfe kwa ụbọchị na-esochi mmụba nke afọ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200930165354/https://banknotenews.com/files/3f5cb1f23d79b072f90139f0d90eeda5-4785.php/ South Sudan new 500-pound note (B116) reported] Banknote News (banknotenews.com). 15 June 2018.</ref> Dịka akụkụ nke nhazigharị ego iji belata mgbagwoju anya, e wepụtara otu mkpụrụ ego SSP 1 iji dochie akwụkwọ ego SSP 1, ma ewepụtala otu mkpụrụ ego maka SSP 2. Ihe ndetu SSP 10, SSP 20 na SSP 100 ka emegharịrị ha niile N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2016, Gọvanọ nke Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke South Sudan wepụtara nkwupụta na-ajụ dị ka akụkọ ụgha na-azọrọ na ụlọ akụ ahụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na SSP 200, SSP 500 na SSP 1,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article60950|title=S. Sudan bank governor denies introducing new bank note|publisher=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=26 November 2016|accessdate=27 November 2016|archivedate=28 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128141721/http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article60950}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2021, Bank of South Sudan wepụtara SSP 1,000 akwụkwọ ego dịka akụkụ nke mbọ iji luso oke ọnụ ahịa na nsogbu akụ na ụba ọgụ. Akwụkwọ ndekọ ego maroon nwere atụmatụ mara nke ọma nke John Garang n'akụkụ ihu, yana onyonyo nke enyí nnụnụ abụọ na azụ. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" !Na Febụwarị 2021, Bank of South Sudan wepụtara SSP 1,000 akwụkwọ ego dịka akụkụ nke mbọ iji luso oke ọnụ ahịa na nsogbu akụ na ụba ọgụmark |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0001.htm] |SSP&nbsp;0.05 | rowspan="11" |Dr. John Garang de Mabior |Ostrich | rowspan="3" |The Flag of South Sudan in repeated rows and Dr. John Garang de Mabior on the right front of the note |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0002.htm] |SSP&nbsp;0.10 |Kudu |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0003.htm] |SSP&nbsp;0.25 |River Nile |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0005.htm] |SSP&nbsp;1 |Giraffes |Dr. John Garang de Mabior and an electrotype 1 |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0011.htm] |SSP&nbsp;5 |Sanga cattle |Dr. John Garang de Mabior and an electrotype 5 |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0012.htm] |SSP&nbsp;10 |Buffaloes; pineapple |Dr. John Garang de Mabior and an electrotype 10 |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0013.htm] |SSP&nbsp;20 |Oryx antelopes; oil derrick |Dr. John Garang de Mabior and an electrotype 20 |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0014.htm] |SSP&nbsp;50 |Elephants |Dr. John Garang de Mabior and an electrotype 50 |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0015.htm] |SSP&nbsp;100 |Lion; waterfall |Dr. John Garang de Mabior and an electrotype 100 |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSD0016.htm] |SSP&nbsp;500 |River Nile |Dr. John Garang de Mabior and an electrotype 500 |- |[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/SSD/SSDW2020-1000.htm] |SSP&nbsp;1,000 |Ostriches |Dr. John Garang de Mabior and an electrotype 1000 |- |} == Mkpụrụ ego == A na-etinye mkpụrụ ego na SSP 0.10, SSP 0.20, na SSP 0.50. na 9 Julaị 2015 (South Sudanese Independence Day).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article55643|title=South Sudan government to introduce coins on Independence Day|accessdate=4 August 2015|date=8 July 2015|work=Sudan Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813231629/https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article55643|archive-date=13 August 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2016}} n'afọ 2016, a na-emepụta mkpụrụ ego South Sudan na South African Mint.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://coin-brothers.com/catalog/coin614|title=2 Pounds 2016, South Sudan {{!}} Catalog {{!}} CoinBrothers|work=coin-brothers.com|accessdate=31 October 2016|archivedate=31 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201658/https://coin-brothers.com/catalog/coin614}}</ref> A na-etinye mkpụrụ ego abụọ na SSP 1 na SSP 2 n'ime mgbasa ozi n'afọ 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/south-sudan-introduces-new-bank-notes.html|title=South Sudan introduces new bank notes {{!}} East & Horn Africa|author=Ofori-Atta|first=Prince|work=www.theafricareport.com|date=7 April 2016|accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref> Akara agha nke South Sudan nke nwere aha mba 'REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN' na ụbọchị ahụ ga-apụta n'ihu ya. Mkpụrụ ego dị iche iche ga-agụnye ihe ndị a:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.coinupdate.com/worlds-newest-country-issues-circulation-coins-on-national-independence-day/|title=World's Newest Country Issues Circulation Coins on National Independence Day {{!}} Coin Update|work=news.coinupdate.com|accessdate=31 October 2016|archivedate=20 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220133238/http://news.coinupdate.com/worlds-newest-country-issues-circulation-coins-on-national-independence-day/}}</ref> * SSP 0.10 - Copper-plated Steel - Oil rig. * SSP 0.20 - Steel brass-plated - Shoebill stork. * SSP 0.50 - Nickel-plated Steel - Northern white rhino. * SSP 1 - Ogige ígwè ọla nchara / Ogige ígwè Nickel - Giraffe Nubian. * SSP 2 - Nickel-plated Steel center / Bronze-plated Iron ring - African Shield. == Ọnụego mgbanwa == N'oge ewepụtara paụnd South Sudan na 2011, ọnụego mgbanwe bụ SSP 2.75 maka US$1.<ref> The Economist Intelligence Unit EIU, 21 December 2915 https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1443788928&Country=Sudan&topic=Economy&subtopic=For_9</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 18 Machị 2023[update], ọnụego mgbanwe dị na ahịa bụ SSP 835.38 = US $ 1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CLIMIS {{!}} Dashboard|url=https://climis-southsudan.org/exchange_rate|accessdate=2023-03-06|work=climis-southsudan.org}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 61drogdcbxgw796nbhqattnotefcuzs 0 28158 744030 707216 2026-11-10T00:53:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744030 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue" |Blood pressure |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Blood_pressure_monitoring.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">A healthcare worker measuring blood pressure using a [[sphygmomanometer]].</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] | class="infobox-data" |<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001795 D001795]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007490.htm 007490]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[LOINC]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/35094-2.html?sections=Comprehensive 35094-2] |} Obara Mgbali elu ('''BP''') bụ nrụgide nke ọbara na-agagharị na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara. Ọtụtụ n'ime nrụgide a na-esite n'obi na-agba ọbara site na usoro nrugharị ọbara. Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe na-enweghị iru eru, okwu ahụ bụ "mmegide ọbara" na-ezo aka na nrụgide dị na akwara brachial,4 ebe a na-atụkarị ya. A na-egosipụtakarị nrụgide ọbara n'ihe gbasara '''nrụgide systolic''' (mmetụta kachasị elu n'oge otu obi na-akụ) karịa '''nrụgide diastolic''' (mmmetụta dị ala n'etiti obi abụọ na-akụ). A na-atụle ya na milimita nke mercury (mmHg) n'elu nrụgide ikuku gbara ya gburugburu, ma ọ bụ na kilopascals (kPa). Obara Mgbali elu bụ otu n'ime ihe ịrịba ama dị mkpa - tinyere ume ume, obi, ikuku oxygen saturation, na okpomọkụ ahụ - nke ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji nyochaa [[Health|ahụike]] onye ọrịa. Nrụgide ọbara zuru ike, n'ime onye toro eto bụ ihe dịka 120 milimita nke mercury (16 kPa) systolic karịa 80 milimita nke merccury (11 kPa) diastolic, nke a na-akpọ "120/80 mmHg". N'ụwa niile, nkezi ọbara mgbali elu, afọ dị mma, anọgidewo na-abụ otu kemgbe 1975 ruo ugbu a, na ihe dịka 127/79 mmHg n'ime ụmụ nwoke na 122/77 mmHg na ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụ ezie na nkezi data ndị a na-ekpuchi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants|journal=Lancet|volume=389|issue=10064|pages=37–55|date=January 2017|pmid=27863813|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5}}</ref> Dị ka omenala si dị, onye ọrụ ahụike na-atụle ọbara mgbali elu na-abụghị nke na-emetụta site na auscultation (ige ntị) site na stethoscope maka ụda dị n'otu akwara ka a na-agbanye akwara ahụ, nso n'obi, site na aneroid gauge ma ọ bụ mercury-tube sphygmomanometer.<ref name="Booth1977">{{Cite journal|title=A short history of blood pressure measurement|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=70|issue=11|pages=793–799|date=November 1977|pmid=341169|doi=10.1177/003591577707001112}}</ref> A ka na-ewere auscultation dị ka ọkọlọtọ ọla edo nke izi ezi maka ọgụgụ ọbara mgbali elu na-abụghị nke na-emetụta na ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Auscultatory BP: still the gold standard|journal=Journal of the American Society of Hypertension|volume=10|issue=3|pages=191–193|date=March 2016|pmid=26839183|doi=10.1016/j.jash.2016.01.004}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, usoro ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ha aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi nchegbu banyere nsị mercury, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụahịa, ịdị mfe nke iji ya na itinye ya n'ọrụ na ọbara mgbali elu ma ọ bụ nyocha ọbara mgbali isi n'ụlọ emetụtala omume a.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood pressure measurement is changing!|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-heart-journal_2001-01_85_1/page/n10|journal=Heart|volume=85|issue=1|pages=3–5|date=January 2001|pmid=11119446|doi=10.1136/heart.85.1.3}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement|journal=Cardiology Clinics|volume=28|issue=4|pages=571–586|date=November 2010|pmid=20937442|doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2010.07.006}}</ref> Nhọrọ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ha na mercury-tube sphygmomanometers na-abụkarị ihe na-ezighị ezi, mana ngwaọrụ nke oge a kwadoro na ụkpụrụ mba ụwa na-enweta nkezi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụzọ abụọ a na-agụ akwụkwọ nke 5 mm Hg ma ọ bụ obere, yana ntụgharị dị ala nke na-erughị 8 mm Hg. Ọtụtụ n'ime usoro ndị a na-arụpụta onwe ha na-atụle ọbara mgbali site na oscillometry (nlele site na transducer &#x6E;&#x72;&#x1EE5;&#x67;&#x69;&#x64;&#x65; na cuff nke ngwaọrụ nke obere oscillations nke obere osciltions nke ngwaọrụ nke ngwaọrụ nke<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Oscillometric blood pressure: a review for clinicians|journal=Journal of the American Society of Hypertension|volume=8|issue=12|pages=930–938|date=December 2014|pmid=25492837|doi=10.1016/j.jash.2014.08.014}}</ref> Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output systematic vascular resistance Blood volume and arterial stiffness and varies depending on patient's situation emotional state activity and relative health or diseses state. In the term blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors which act via the brain to influence the nervous and the endocrine systems. A na-akpọ ọbara mgbali elu nke dị ala nke ukwuu hypotension, a na-akpọ nrụgide nke dị elu nke ukwuu hypertension, a na'akpọkwa nrụgide dị mma normotension.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/dorlandsillustra0000unse_s1g5|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-6257-8|edition=32nd|location=Philadelphia, PA|oclc=706780870}}</ref> Ma ọbara mgbali elu na ọbara mgbali ala nwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya ma nwee ike ịmalite na mberede ma ọ bụ ogologo oge. Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu ogologo oge bụ ihe ize ndụ maka ọtụtụ ọrịa, gụnyere ọrịa strok, ọrịa obi, na ọrịa akụrụ. Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu ogologo oge bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị karịa hypotension ogologo oge. == Nchịkọta, ụkpụrụ dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma == === Mmetụta ọbara na afọ ndụ === {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center;" |+Task Force maka njikwa ọbara mgbali elu nke European Society of Cardiology (ESC) na European Society of Hypertension (ESH) nkewa nke ọbara mgbali isi (BP) na nkọwa nke ọbara mgbaba. ! scope="col" |Ụdị ! scope="col" |Systolic BP, mmHg<br /><br /><br /><br /> ! scope="col" |Diastolic BP, mmHg<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |Nke kacha mma |< 120 |Ihe ruru 80 |- ! scope="row" |Ihe a na-ahụkarị |120-129 |80-84 |- ! scope="row" |Okike dị elu |130-139 |85-89 |- ! scope="row" |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nke ogo 1 |140-159 |90-99 |- ! scope="row" |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nke Grade 2 |160-179 |100-109 |- ! scope="row" |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nke Grade 3 |≥ 180 |≥ 110 |- ! scope="row" |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nke systolic |≥ 140 |< 90 |- | colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |A na-eji otu nkewa ahụ eme ihe maka afọ niile site na afọ 16. <small>''^A na-akọwa ụdị BP dịka ụlọ ọgwụ nọ ọdụ BP na ọkwa kachasị elu nke BP, ma ọ bụ systolic ma ọ bụ diastolic.''</small> <small>''^b A na-etinye ọbara mgbali elu systolic dị iche iche 1, 2, ma ọ bụ 3 dịka ọnụọgụ BP systolic si dị na mpaghara ndị egosiri.''</small> |} [[Usòrò:Hypertension_chart.svg|thumb|Diastolic vs systolic ọbara mgbali elu chaatị iji tụnyere European Society of Cardiology na European Society of Hypertension nkewa na ọnụọgụ ntụaka n'ime ụmụaka]] Ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi na akwara na-abawanye n'elu 115/75 mmHg, n'okpuru ọkwa a enwere obere ihe akaebe.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypertension_2006-02_47_2/page/296|journal=Hypertension|volume=47|issue=2|pages=296–308|date=February 2006|pmid=16434724|doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000202568.01167.B6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-12-14_360_9349/page/1903|journal=Lancet|volume=360|issue=9349|pages=1903–1913|date=December 2002|pmid=12493255|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8}}</ref> Nnyocha nyocha na-egosi na ndị na-enwe nrụgide ọbara na njedebe dị ala nke nrụgide ndị a nwere ahụike obi na-adịte aka. Enwere arụmụka ahụike na-aga n'ihu banyere ihe bụ ọkwa kachasị mma nke ọbara mgbali elu iji lekwasị anya mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụ iji belata ọbara mgbali ala na ọbara mgbali, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị agadi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The SPRINT and the HOPE-3 Trial in the Context of Other Blood Pressure-Lowering Trials|journal=JAMA Cardiology|volume=1|issue=8|pages=857–858|date=November 2016|pmid=27602555|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2169}}</ref> Tebụl ahụ na-egosi nhazi nke 2018 nke ọbara mgbali elu nke ụlọ ọrụ (ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ) site na Task Force maka njikwa ọbara mgbali nke European Society of Cardiology (ESC) na European Society of Hypertension (ESH).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=39|issue=33|pages=3021–3104|date=September 2018|pmid=30165516|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339}}</ref> Ndị American Heart Association anabatala ọnụ ụzọ yiri nke ahụ maka ndị okenye dị afọ 18 ma ọ bụ karịa, mana na Nọvemba 2017 American Heart Association kwupụtara nkọwa e degharịrị maka ụdị ọbara mgbali elu nke mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-ewere na ha nwere ọbara mgbali.<ref name="Heartorg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/Understanding-Blood-Pressure-Readings_UCM_301764_Article.jsp|title=Understanding blood pressure readings|date=11 January 2011|publisher=[[American Heart Association]]|accessdate=30 March 2011|archivedate=9 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309181220/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/Understanding-Blood-Pressure-Readings_UCM_301764_Article.jsp}}</ref><ref name="Heartorg2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/05/01/nearly-half-of-us-adults-could-now-be-classified-with-high-blood-pressure-under-new-definitions|title=Nearly half of US adults could now be classified with high blood pressure, under new definitions|date=13 November 2017|publisher=[[American Heart Association]]|accessdate=2019-07-28|archivedate=2019-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803154626/https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/05/01/nearly-half-of-us-adults-could-now-be-classified-with-high-blood-pressure-under-new-definitions}}</ref> Mmetụta ọbara na-agbanwe site na nkeji ruo nkeji ma na-egosipụtakarị ụda circadian n'ime awa 24, na ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'isi ụtụtụ na mgbede na ọgụgụ kachasị ala n'abalị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Circadian mechanisms of 24-hour blood pressure regulation and patterning|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=33|pages=4–16|date=June 2017|pmid=27076261|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Relationship between waking-sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African-American and European-American women|journal=Blood Pressure Monitoring|volume=13|issue=5|pages=257–262|date=October 2008|pmid=18799950|doi=10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283078f45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Relationship between waking-sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African-American and European-American women|journal=Blood Pressure Monitoring|volume=13|issue=5|pages=257–262|date=October 2008|pmid=18799950|doi=10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283078f45|id=NIHMS90092}}</ref> Mfu nke ọdịda ọbara mgbali elu n'abalị na-ejikọta ya na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ọrịa obi n'ọdịnihu ma enwere ihe akaebe na ọbara mgbali n'abalị bụ ihe na-egosi ihe omume obi karịa ọbara mgbali ehihie.<ref name="HansenLi2010">{{Cite journal|title=Predictive role of the nighttime blood pressure|journal=Hypertension|volume=57|issue=1|pages=3–10|date=January 2011|pmid=21079049|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133900}}</ref> Mmetụta ọbara na-adịgasị iche n'ime ogologo oge (ọnwa ruo afọ) na mgbanwe a na-ebu amụma ihe ọjọọ ga-esi na ya pụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Does blood pressure variability modulate cardiovascular risk?|journal=Current Hypertension Reports|volume=13|issue=3|pages=177–186|date=June 2011|pmid=21465141|doi=10.1007/s11906-011-0201-3}}</ref> Mmetụta ọbara na-agbanwekwa na nzaghachi maka okpomọkụ, mkpọtụ, nrụgide mmetụta uche, iri nri ma ọ bụ mmiri, ihe oriri, mmega ahụ, mgbanwe n'ọnọdụ (dị ka igI don't uzo ọtọ), ọgwụ, na ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Temporal Variations of the Cardiovascular System|date=1992|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-662-02748-6|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|oclc=851391490}}</ref> Mgbanwe dị na ọbara mgbali elu na uru amụma ka mma nke nyocha ọbara mgbali ala emeela ka ụfọdụ ndị isi, dị ka National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) na UK, kwado iji ọbara mgbali anya dị ka usoro kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọbara mgbali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83274/|title=Hypertension: The Clinical Management of Primary Hypertension in Adults: Update of Clinical Guidelines 18 and 34|author=National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK)|date=2011|publisher=Royal College of Physicians (UK)|series=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance|location=London|accessdate=2019-01-28}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Blutdruck.jpg|thumb|Digital sphygmomanometer eji atụ ọbara mgbali elu]] Ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dị ka afọ na okike, na-emetụtakwa ọbara mgbali elu mmadụ. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti aka ekpe na aka nri ọbara mgbali elu na-adịkarị obere. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, enwere ọdịiche na-adịgide adịgide karịa 10 mmHg nke nwere ike ịchọ nyocha ọzọ, dịka maka ọrịa ọbara, ọrịa ọbara mgbochi ma ọ bụ dissection aortic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Consistency of blood pressure differences between the left and right arms|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=167|issue=4|pages=388–393|date=February 2007|pmid=17325301|doi=10.1001/archinte.167.4.388}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prognostic significance of between-arm blood pressure differences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypertension_2008-03_51_3/page/657|journal=Hypertension|volume=51|issue=3|pages=657–662|date=March 2008|pmid=18212263|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.104943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prevalence and clinical implications of the inter-arm blood pressure difference: A systematic review|journal=Journal of Human Hypertension|volume=20|issue=12|pages=923–931|date=December 2006|pmid=17036043|doi=10.1038/sj.jhh.1002093}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Associations Between Systolic Interarm Differences in Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes and Mortality: Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis, Development and Validation of a Prognostic Algorithm: The INTERPRESS-IPD Collaboration|journal=Hypertension|volume=77|issue=2|pages=650–661|date=February 2021|pmid=33342236|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15997}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ nchọpụta a nabatara maka hypotension, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere nrụgide na-erughị 90/60 dị ka hypotension.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/|chapter=Hypotension|date=2018|title=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|accessdate=2018-12-23}}</ref> N'omume, a na-ewere ọbara mgbali elu dị ala naanị ma ọ bụrụ na mgbaàmà dị.<ref name="Mayo2009causes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/low-blood-pressure/DS00590/DSECTION=causes|title=Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Causes|author=Mayo Clinic staff|date=2009-05-23|work=MayoClinic.com|publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research|accessdate=2010-10-19|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117175541/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465}}</ref> === Mmetụta ọbara na afọ ndụ === ==== Egbu egbu òbara Mgbali elu ====   In pregnancy ìt is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to driveblood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 45mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation. Nkezi ọbara mgbali elu maka ụmụ ọhụrụ zuru oke:<ref name="SharonSmithMurray">{{Cite book|title=Foundations of Maternal-Newborn Nursing|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofmat0000murr_4ed|date=2006|publisher=Elsevier|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> * Systolic 65-95 mmHg * Diastolic 30-60 mmHg ==== Oge ọ bụ nwata ==== {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 15px; text-align: center;" |+Ntụziaka maka ọbara mgbali elu (BP) n'ime ụmụaka ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri ! scope="col" |Afọ ole a tụrụ anya ya ! scope="col" |Systolic BP, mmHg<br /><br /><br /><br /> ! scope="col" |Diastolic BP, mmHg<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |Ụmụ ọhụrụ |Ọnwa 0-12 |75-100 |50-70 |- ! scope="row" |Ụmụaka na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-aga akwụkwọ |Afọ 1-5 |80-110 |50-80 |- ! scope="row" |Afọ akwụkwọ |Afọ 6-12 |85-120 |50-80 |- ! scope="row" |Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma |Afọ 13-18 |95-140 |60-90 |} In children the normal pressure are lower than for adults and depend on height. Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children of different countries based on the distribution òf blood pressure children of these counties. ==== Ndi agadi ==== N'ime ndị okenye n'ọtụtụ obodo, ọbara mgbali elu na-arị elu site na nwata ruo mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 70; ọbara mgbali isi na-amalite ịrị elu n'otu oge ma malite ịda n'oge ọ dị n'etiti afọ, ihe dị ka afọ 55.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Life course trajectories of systolic blood pressure using longitudinal data from eight UK cohorts|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e1000440|date=June 2011|pmid=21695075|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000440}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_1997-07-01_96_1/page/308|journal=Circulation|volume=96|issue=1|pages=308–315|date=July 1997|pmid=9236450|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.308}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Ọbara ọbara mgbali elu site na nwata, na-arị elu n'etiti afọ ndụ, ebe nrụgide obi na-arịwanye elu mgbe afọ 40 gasịrị. N'ihi ya, n'ọtụtụ ndị agadi, ọbara mgbali elu systolic na-akarị oke ndị okenye, ọ bụrụ na nrụgide diastolic dị n'ebe dị mma, a na-akpọ ya hypertension systolic.<ref name=":3" /> A na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke nrụgide obi na-aga n'ihu na-esite na nkwụsi ike nke akwara.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Beyond blood pressure: Arterial stiffness as a new biomarker of cardiovascular disease|journal=Journal of the American Society of Hypertension|volume=2|issue=3|pages=140–151|date=2008-05-01|pmid=20409896|doi=10.1016/j.jash.2007.09.002}}</ref> A naghị ele ịrị elu ọbara mgbali elu metụtara afọ ndụ anya dị ka nke dị mma, a naghịkwa ahụ ya na ụfọdụ obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-enweghị ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Does blood pressure inevitably rise with age?: longitudinal evidence among forager-horticulturalists|journal=Hypertension|volume=60|issue=1|pages=25–33|date=July 2012|pmid=22700319|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189100}}</ref> == Mmetụta nke akwara == {{Non-systemic blood pressures}}Mmetụta ọbara n'ozuzu ya na-ezo aka na nrụgide ọbara na nrugharị ọbara. Otú ọ dị, ịtụle nrụgide na usoro akwara na arịa akpa ume na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọgwụgwọ nlekọta siri ike mana ọ chọrọ ịtụle nrụrụ aka site na iji catheter. Mmetụta ọbara bụ nrụgide ọbara n'ime akwara ma ọ bụ na atria nke obi. Ọ dị ala karịa ọbara mgbali elu, yana ọnụọgụ 5 mmHg na atrium aka nri na 8 mmHg n'atrium aka ekpe. * Mmetụta nke etiti, nke bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke nrụgide atrial aka nri, nke bụ isi ihe na-ekpebi oke diastolic nke ventricular aka nri.<ref name="urlCentral Venous Catheter Physiology">{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/anesthesiology-elective/cardiac/cvcphys.cfm|title=Central Venous Catheter Physiology|accessdate=2009-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821165806/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/anesthesiology-elective/cardiac/cvcphys.cfm|archivedate=2008-08-21}}</ref> (Otú ọ dị, enwere ike inwe ndị ọzọ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.)<ref name="pmid12533747">{{Cite journal|title=Independence of changes in right atrial pressure and central venous pressure|journal=Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=134|issue=4|pages=318–320|date=October 2002|pmid=12533747|doi=10.1023/A:1021931508946}}</ref> * Mmetụta jugular venous (JVP) bụ nrụgide a na-ahụ anya na usoro akwara. Ọ nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru na ọdịiche nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ọrịa obi na akpa ume. * Mmetụta nke eriri afọ bụ ọbara mgbali n'ime eriri afọ. Ọ na-abụkarị 5-10 mmHg<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/esophageal-varices.htm|title=Esophageal Varices : Article Excerpt by: Samy A Azer|publisher=eMedicine|accessdate=2011-08-22|archivedate=2008-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007113712/http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/Esophageal-Varices.htm}}</ref> == Mmetụta akpa ume ==   Dị ka o kwesịrị, nrụgide dị na akwara akpa ume bụ ihe dịka 15 mmHg mgbe ọ na-ezu ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pah/pah_what.html|title=What Is Pulmonary Hypertension?|work=From Diseases and Conditions Index (DCI)|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.|date=September 2008|accessdate=6 April 2009|archivedate=27 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427144143/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pah/pah_what.html}}</ref> Mmụba ọbara mgbali elu na capillaries nke akpa ume na-akpata ọbara mgbali nke akpa ume, na-eduga na interstitial edema ma ọ bụrụ na nrụgide ahụ arịgo elu karịa 20 mmHg, na ọzịza nke akpa ume n'elu nrụgide karịrị 25 mmHg.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Chapter 41|title=Cardiology secrets|date=2001|publisher=Hanley & Belfus|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-56053-420-4|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYFAsxAUA_MC}}</ref> == Nkezi nrụgide usoro ==   Ọ bụrụ na akwụsị obi, ọbara mgbali elu na-ada, mana ọ naghị adaba na efu. Mmetụta fọdụrụnụ a na-atụle mgbe nkwụsị nke obi na nkesa ọbara n'ime nrugharị ahụ ka a na-akpọ nrụgide usoro ma ọ bụ nrụgide nrugharị; nke a na-abụkarị ~ 7mm Hg.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Mean circulatory filling pressure: its meaning and measurement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_1993-02_74_2/page/499|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|volume=74|issue=2|pages=499–509|date=February 1993|pmid=8458763|doi=10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.499}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> == Nsogbu ọbara mgbali elu == Nsogbu nke nchịkwa ọbara mgbali elu gụnyere ọbara mgbali, ọbara mgbali ala, na ọbara mgbali nke na-egosi oke ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na-adịghị mma. === Mmetụta ọbara dị elu ===   [[Usòrò:Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Nchịkọta nke nsogbu ndị bụ isi nke ọbara mgbali elu na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="aha23">{{Cite web|title=The facts about high blood pressure|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=14 May 2023|date=2023|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190952/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure}}</ref>]] Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi nsogbu ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta ọjọọ ogologo oge. Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu siri ike, dịka na mberede ọbara mgbali elu mgbe ọbara mgbali karịrị 180/120 mmHg.<ref name="aha23">{{Cite web|title=The facts about high blood pressure|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=14 May 2023|date=2023|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190952/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ọbara mgbali elu na-etinye nrụgide na mgbidi ọbara. Mmetụta dị elu na-eme ka ọrụ obi dịkwuo ukwuu na ọganihu nke uto anụ ahụ na-adịghị mma (atheroma) nke na-eto n'ime mgbidi nke akwara. Ka nrụgide dị elu, nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na atheroma na-aga n'ihu na uru ahụ obi na-esiwanye ike, na-ebuwanye ibu ma na-adịwanye ike ka oge na-aga. Ịrị elu ọbara mgbali elu na-adịgide adịgide bụ otu n'ime ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa strok, nkụchi obi, nkụda mmụọ, na aneurysms ọbara, ọ bụkwa ihe na-akpata nkụchi akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala.<ref name="aha23">{{Cite web|title=The facts about high blood pressure|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=14 May 2023|date=2023|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190952/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure}}</ref> Ọbụna ịdị elu nke ọbara mgbali elu na-eduga n'ịdị mkpirikpi nke ndụ.<ref name="aha23" /> Na nrụgide dị elu nke ukwuu, nrụgide ọbara 50% ma ọ bụ karịa karịa nkezi, mmadụ nwere ike ịtụ anya ịdị ndụ karịa afọ ole na ole ọ gwụla ma a gwọrọ ya nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Medical Physiology|url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofmedica0000guyt|date=2006|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7216-0240-0|edition=11th}}</ref> Ma nrụgide siri ike dị elu na nrụgide dị elu (ọdịiche dị n'etiti nrụgide siri mma na nke siri ike) bụ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="aha23">{{Cite web|title=The facts about high blood pressure|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=14 May 2023|date=2023|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190952/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, o yiri ka mbelata nke nrụgide diastolic gabigara ókè nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ n'ezie, ma eleghị anya n'ihi mmụba dị n'etiti nrụgide systolic na diastolic. Ọ bụrụ na ọbara mgbali elu (>140 mmHg) na ọbara mgbochi diastolic dị mma (<90 mmHg), a na-akpọ ya ọbara mgbali nke systolic ma nwee ike igosi nchegbu ahụike.<ref name="aha23" /><ref name="urlIsolated systolic hypertension: A health concern? – MayoClinic.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/hypertension/faq-20058527|title=Isolated systolic hypertension: A health concern?|work=MayoClinic.com|accessdate=2018-01-25|archivedate=2013-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228153711/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypertension/AN01113}}</ref> Dabere na ntuziaka ọbara mgbali elu nke 2017 American Heart Association na-ekwu na ọbara mgbali siri ike nke 130-139 mmHg na nrụgide diastolic nke 80-89 mmHg bụ "otu ọkwa ọbara mgbali".<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Systolic Hypertension|date=2022|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482472/|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|accessdate=2022-10-03}}</ref><ref name="aha23" /> For those with heart valve regurgitation a change in its severity may be associated with a change in diastolic pressure. In a study of people with heart valve regurgitation that compared measurements two weeks apart for each person there was an increased severity of aortic and mitral regurgitation when diastolic blood increased whereas when diastolic blood pressure decreased severity === Obara igbatu ala ===   A na-akpọ ọbara mgbali elu nke dị ala dị ka hypotension. Nke a bụ nchegbu ahụike ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-akpata ihe ịrịba ama ma ọ bụ mgbaàmà, dị ka isi ọwụwa, ịda mbà, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, nkụchi ọbara.<ref name="NHLBI2008">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hyp/hyp_whatis.html|title=Diseases and conditions index – hypotension|date=September 2008|publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute|accessdate=2008-09-16|archivedate=2012-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427145640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hyp/hyp_whatis.html}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọbara mgbali elu dị ala gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braunwald's heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/braunwaldsheartd0000unse_b5f9|date=2012|publisher=Saunders|isbn=978-1-4377-0398-6|edition=9th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=671465395}}</ref> * R6Ọrịa Sepsis * Ọbara ọgbụgba - ọbara ọgbụ * Obi mgbu * Ọrịa hypotension nke akwara na-emetụta (ma ọ bụ reflex syncope) * Mmetụta na-egbu egbu gụnyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara * Nsogbu hormone, dị ka ọrịa Addison * Nsogbu iri nri, ọkachasị anorexia nervosa na bulimia ==== Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu ====   CA na-akpọ nnukwu ọdịda ọbara mgbali elu mgbe ọ na-eguzo ọtọ (mmiri ọbara mgbali ala systolic / diastolic na-adịgide adịgide nke >20/10 mm Hg) orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension) ma na-anọchite anya ọdịda nke ahụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmetụta nke ike ndọda na nrugharị. Ịkwụ ọtọ na-ebute mmụba nke nrụgide hydrostatic na akwara ọbara nke aka ala. Mgbasawanye nke akwara ndị dị n'okpuru diaphragm (ịchịkọta akwara) na-eme ka ~ 500 ml nke ọbara si n'obi na elu ahụ. Nke a na-ebute mbelata ngwa ngwa n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ọbara dị n'etiti na mbelata nke ventricular preload nke na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrịa strok, na ọbara mgbali elu. Dị ka o kwesịrị, a na-akwụ ụgwọ nke a site na ọtụtụ usoro, gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro akwara na-eme ka obi na-akụ, myocardial contractility na systemic arterial vasoconstriction iji chekwaa ọbara mgbali elu ma mee ka venous vasoconstrriction belata nrubeisi nke ọbara. Mbelata nkwenye nke akwara na-esikwa na mmụba nke myogenic intrinsic na ụda akwara na nzaghachi maka nrụgide dị elu na akwara nke ala ahụ. Usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere veno-arteriolar axon reflex, 'mkpịsị ọkpụkpụ' na 'mkpokọta iku ume'. N'ozuzu, usoro ndị a na-emekarị ka ọbara mgbali elu kwụsie ike n'ime nkeji ma ọ bụ obere.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=Orthostatic Hypotension: Epidemiology, Prognosis, and Treatment|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-college-of-cardiology_2015-08-18_66_7/page/848|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=66|issue=7|pages=848–860|date=August 2015|pmid=26271068|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1084}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ ndị a adaa na ọbara mgbali elu na ọbara na-ebelata karịa otu ebe, perfusion nke ụbụrụ na-emebi nke ukwuu (ya bụ, ọbara ezughị ezu), na-akpata isi ọwụwa, isi ọwụụ, adịghị ike ma ọ bụ ịda mbà.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cerebral autoregulation and syncope|journal=Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases|volume=50|issue=1|pages=49–80|year=2007|pmid=17631437|doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2007.01.001}}</ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọdịda nkwụghachi ụgwọ a bụ n'ihi ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị na-emetụta usoro akwara ọmịiko.<ref name=":4" /> A na-ahụ mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na-esote ahụmịhe nke ike ndọda gabigara ókè (G-loading), dị ka ndị na-anya ụgbọelu ma ọ bụ ndị na-alụ ọgụ 'na-adọkpụ Gs' mgbe nrụgide hydrostatic dị oke egwu karịrị ikike nke usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ ahụ. === Mgbanwe ọbara mgbali elu ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe === Mgbanwe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na ọbara mgbali elu dị mma. Mgbanwe dị iche iche na nrụgide nke dị ukwuu karịa ka ọ dị na ya na-ejikọta ya na ohere dị ukwuu nke ọrịa obi na ụbụrụ obere ọrịa, na dementia na-adabere na ọkwa ọbara mgbali elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood pressure variability and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMJ|volume=354|pages=i4098|date=August 2016|pmid=27511067|doi=10.1136/bmj.i4098}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Association Between Blood Pressure Variability and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=9|issue=1|pages=e013841|date=January 2020|pmid=31870233|doi=10.1161/JAHA.119.013841}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Risk Factor Variability and Cardiovascular Outcome: JACC Review Topic of the Week|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-college-of-cardiology_2019-05-28_73_20/page/n129|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=73|issue=20|pages=2596–2603|date=May 2019|pmid=31118154|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.063}}</ref> Ihe akaebe sitere na nnwale ahụike na-adịbeghị anya ejikọtala ọdịiche dị na ọbara mgbali elu na ọnwụ, ọrịa strok, nkụchi obi, na mgbanwe obi nke nwere ike ibute nkụchiobi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Association between blood pressure variability, cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism|volume=21|issue=12|pages=2587–2598|date=December 2019|pmid=31282073|doi=10.1111/dom.13828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Baseline blood pressure modifies the role of blood pressure variability in mortality: Results from the ACCORD trial|journal=Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism|volume=24|issue=5|pages=951–955|date=May 2022|pmid=35014154|doi=10.1111/dom.14649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Visit-to-Visit Variability of Blood Pressure and Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, Heart Failure, and Mortality: A Cohort Study|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=163|issue=5|pages=329–338|date=September 2015|pmid=26215765|doi=10.7326/M14-2803}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Heart Failure in ACCORD and the VADT|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=43|issue=7|pages=1471–1478|date=July 2020|pmid=32327422|doi=10.2337/dc19-2540}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Association Between Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability in Early Adulthood and Myocardial Structure and Function in Later Life|journal=JAMA Cardiology|volume=5|issue=7|pages=795–801|date=July 2020|pmid=32293640|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0799}}</ref> Ihe ọmụma ndị a akpaliwo mkparịta ụka banyere ma a ga-agwọ oke mgbanwe ọbara mgbali elu, ọbụlagodi n'etiti ndị okenye toro eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Assessment and management of blood-pressure variability|journal=Nature Reviews. Cardiology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=143–155|date=March 2013|pmid=23399972|doi=10.1038/nrcardio.2013.1}}</ref> Ndị okenye na ndị natara ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara nwere ike igosi mgbanwe dị ukwuu na nrụgide, enwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na ihe mgbochi mgbochi ọbara dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na mgbanwe ọbara mgbali elu; ma ọdịiche ndị a na-apụta na uru na nsonaazụ ejighị n'aka.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal|title=Long-term blood pressure fluctuation and cerebrovascular disease in an elderly cohort|journal=Archives of Neurology|volume=67|issue=5|pages=564–569|date=May 2010|pmid=20457955|doi=10.1001/archneurol.2010.70}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Risk Factor Variability and Cardiovascular Outcome: JACC Review Topic of the Week|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-college-of-cardiology_2019-05-28_73_20/page/n129|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=73|issue=20|pages=2596–2603|date=May 2019|pmid=31118154|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.063}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> == Ọdịdị ahụike == [[Usòrò:Systolevs_Diastole.png|thumb|Ọrịa obi na diastole]] [[Usòrò:VIM_LDH.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ụdị ọsọ ọsọ ọbara na-agba n'etiti akwara retinal (red) na vein (blue), nke a na-atụ site na laser Doppler imaging na anya nke onye ọrụ afọ ofufo nwere ahụike.]] N'oge obi ọ bụla, ọbara mgbali elu na-adịgasị iche n'etiti nrụgide kachasị elu (systolic) na nke kachasị nta (diastolic). [isi iyi ahụike a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya] ọbara mgbali n'usoro ọbara bụ n'ihi ọrụ mgbapụta nke obi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Normal Blood Pressure Ranges in Adults|url=https://svollop.com/health/blood-pressure-ranges/|publisher=HealthyLife|date=2023-03-16|accessdate=2023-03-21|archivedate=2023-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316081326/https://svollop.com/health/blood-pressure-ranges/}}</ref><ref name="Caro">{{Cite book|title=The Mechanics of The Circulation|url=https://archive.org/details/mechanicsofcircu0000unse_p1e7|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=1978|isbn=978-0-19-263323-1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali elu site na nchịkwa akwara site na ụbụrụ (lee Hypertension na ụbụ), yana nchịkwa osmotic site na akụrụ. Ọdịiche dị na ọbara mgbali elu na-eme ka ọbara na-aga gburugburu nrugharị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọbara na-aga na-adabere na ọbara mgbali elu na nguzogide nke akwara ọbara gosipụtara. Na enweghị mmetụta hydrostatic (dịka iguzo), ọbara mgbali elu na-ebelata ka ọbara na-agagharị na-apụ n'obi site na akwara na capillaries n'ihi ọnwụ ike. Ọbara ọbara na-agbadata na nrugharị ọbara niile, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ukwuu n'ịda na-ewere ọnọdụ n'akụkụ obere akwara na arterioles.<ref name="Klabunde2005p93-4">{{Cite book|title=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts|url=https://archive.org/details/cardiovascularph0000klab|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cardiovascularph0000klab/page/93 93]–94|isbn=978-0-7817-5030-1}}</ref> Pulsatility na-ebelata na obere ihe ndị dị na nrugharị ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ ụfọdụ pulsatility na capillaries.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood pressure fluctuations in human nailfold capillaries|journal=The American Journal of Physiology|volume=236|issue=6|pages=H888–H893|date=June 1979|pmid=443454|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.1979.236.6.H888}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Circulation_pressures_v1.tif|thumb|Ihe osise nke nrụgide na mgbasa ozi]] Ike ndọda na-emetụta ọbara mgbali elu site na ike hydrostatic (dịka, mgbe ị na-eguzo), na valves na akwara, iku ume, na mgbapụta site na mkpakọ nke uru ahụ ọkpụkpụ na-emetụtakwa ọbara mgbali, ọkachasị na akwara.<ref name="Caro">{{Cite book|title=The Mechanics of The Circulation|url=https://archive.org/details/mechanicsofcircu0000unse_p1e7|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=1978|isbn=978-0-19-263323-1}}</ref> === Hemodynamics === Nlele dị mfe nke hemodynamics nke nrụgide ọbara na-adabere na nrụgide ọbara (MAP) na nrụgide pulse. Enwere ike ịghọta ọtụtụ mmetụta na ọbara mgbali elu n'ihe gbasara mmetụta ha na mmepụta obi, usoro mgbochi vascular, ma ọ bụ nkwụsi ike ọbara (nke megidere nkwenye ọbara).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The relationship of cardiac output and arterial pressure control|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_1981-12_64_6/page/n86|journal=Circulation|volume=64|issue=6|pages=1079–1088|date=December 1981|pmid=6794930|doi=10.1161/01.cir.64.6.1079}}</ref> Mpụta obi bụ ngwaahịa nke oke ọrịa strok na obi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ stroke na-emetụta site na 1) ọnụ ọgụgụ diastolic nke njedebe ma ọ bụ nrụgide jupụtara na ventricle na-arụ ọrụ site na usoro Frank Starling - nke a na-emetụ n'ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọbara; 2) nkwụsị obi; na 3) afterload, ihe mgbochi ọbara na-agafe site na nrugharị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Arterial impedance as ventricular afterload|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation-research_1975-05_36_5/page/565|journal=Circulation Research|volume=36|issue=5|pages=565–570|date=May 1975|pmid=1122568|doi=10.1161/01.res.36.5.565}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya, ka ọbara na-ebuwanye ibu, otú ahụ ka obi na-ebute. A tụwo aro nke a dị ka nkọwa nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nri [[Ńnú|nnu]] dị elu na ọbara mgbali elu; Otú ọ dị, nzaghachi maka mmụba sodium nri dịgasị iche n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma dabere na nzaghachi nke usoro akwara na usoro renin-angiotensin, mgbanwe na osmolarity plasma nwekwara ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Salt, volume and the prevention of hypertension|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_1976-04_53_4/page/589|journal=Circulation|volume=53|issue=4|pages=589–595|date=April 1976|pmid=767020|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.53.4.589}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sodium-induced rise in blood pressure is suppressed by androgen receptor blockade|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology|volume=280|issue=4|pages=H1793–H1801|date=April 2001|pmid=11247793|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sodium and hypertension. A review|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=146|issue=1|pages=179–185|date=January 1986|pmid=3510595|doi=10.1001/archinte.1986.00360130217028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acute effects of salt on blood pressure are mediated by serum osmolality|journal=Journal of Clinical Hypertension|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1447–1454|date=October 2018|pmid=30232829|doi=10.1111/jch.13374}}</ref> N'ime ogologo oge, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti olu na ọbara mgbali elu dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Speculations on salt and the genesis of arterial hypertension|journal=Kidney International|volume=91|issue=6|pages=1324–1335|date=June 2017|pmid=28501304|doi=10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.034}}</ref> N'okwu dị mfe, usoro mgbochi vascular na-ekpebi site na caliber nke obere akwara na arterioles. Mgbochi nke akwara ọbara na-adabere na radius ya dịka usoro Hagen-Poiseuille si kọwaa ya (eguzogide / radius4). Ya mere, ka radius dị obere, otú ahụ ka nguzogide dị elu. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta nguzogide gụnyere: ogologo arịa (ka arịa ahụ dị ogologo, ka nguzogide ahụ dị elu), ọbara na-arapara n'ahụ (ka nguzogide dị elu, ka nguzo dị elu) na ọnụ ọgụgụ arịa, ọkachasị obere, arterioles na capillaries.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of rheological and haemostatic factors in hypertension|journal=Journal of Human Hypertension|volume=11|issue=12|pages=767–776|date=December 1997|pmid=9468002|doi=10.1038/sj.jhh.1000556}}</ref> Ọnụnọ nke ọrịa akwara siri ike na-eme ka mmụba nke iguzogide na-agafe, agbanyeghị, mmụba a na-eguzogide anaghị eme ka ọbara mgbali elu n'ihi na enyemaka ya na mgbochi zuru ezu dị obere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike belata na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pathophysiology of obstructive arterial disease|journal=Herz|volume=13|issue=6|pages=343–350|date=December 1988|pmid=3061915}}</ref> Ihe ndị a na-akpọ vasoconstrictors na-ebelata ogo nke akwara ọbara, si otú a na-eme ka ọbara mgbali elu dị elu. Vasodilators (dị ka nitroglycerin) na-eme ka caliber nke akwara ọbara dịkwuo elu, si otú a na-ebelata ọbara mgbali elu. N'ime ogologo oge, usoro a na-akpọ remodeling na-enyekwa aka ịgbanwe caliber nke obere akwara ọbara ma na-emetụta nguzogide na mmeghachi omume na ihe na-arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Structural determinants of vascular resistance properties in hypertension. Haemodynamic and model analysis|journal=Journal of Vascular Research|volume=29|issue=4|pages=293–312|date=1992|pmid=1391553|doi=10.1159/000158945}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Small artery remodelling in hypertension|journal=Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology|volume=110|issue=1|pages=49–55|date=January 2012|pmid=21733124|doi=10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00758.x}}</ref> Mbelata nke capillary density, nke a na-akpọ capillary rarefaction, nwekwara ike inye aka n'ịbawanye nguzogide n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Early Functional and Structural Microvascular Changes in Hypertension Related to Aging|journal=Current Hypertension Reviews|volume=13|issue=1|pages=24–32|date=2017|pmid=28412915|doi=10.2174/1573402113666170413095508}}</ref> N'omume, usoro akwara nke onye ọ bụla na usoro ndị ọzọ na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali elu, ọkachasị akụrụ, na-emeghachi omume ma na-achịkọta ihe ndị a niile ka, ọ bụ ezie na nsogbu ndị dị n'elu dị mkpa, ha anaghị arụ ọrụ iche iche na mmeghachi omume ọbara mgbali nke onye a nyere nwere ike ịdịgasị iche iche n'oge dị mkpirikpi na ogologo.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Arterial pressure regulation. Overriding dominance of the kidneys in long-term regulation and in hypertension|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_1972-05_52_5/page/584|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=52|issue=5|pages=584–594|date=May 1972|pmid=4337474|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(72)90050-2}}</ref> === Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu === Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) bụ nkezi nke ọbara mgbali elu n'elu okirikiri obi ma na-ekpebi ya site na mmepụta obi (CO), usoro vascular resistance (SVR), na nrụgide nke etiti (CVP):<ref name="Mayet Hughes 2003 pp. 1104–9">{{Cite journal|title=Cardiac and vascular pathophysiology in hypertension|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-heart-journal_2003-09_89_9/page/n159|journal=Heart|volume=89|issue=9|pages=1104–1109|date=September 2003|pmid=12923045|doi=10.1136/heart.89.9.1104}}</ref><ref name="Granger Hall 2007 pp. 241–263">{{Cite book|title=Comprehensive Hypertension|chapter=Role of the Kidney in Hypertension|publisher=Elsevier|year=2007|isbn=978-0-323-03961-1|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-03961-1.50026-x|pages=241–263}}</ref><ref name="KlabundeMAP2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP006.htm|title=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Mean Arterial Pressure|accessdate=2008-09-29|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002040008/http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP006.htm|archivedate=2009-10-02}}</ref> ::::::::::: <math>\! \text{MAP} = (\text{CO} \cdot \text{SVR}) + \text{CVP} </math> N'omume, a na-eleghara onyinye CVP (nke dị obere) anya n'ozuzu ya ma yabụ ::::::::::: <math>\! \text{MAP} = \text{CO} \cdot \text{SVR} </math> <math>\! \text{MAP} \approxeq P_{\text{dias}} + k (P_{\text{sys}} - P_{\text{dias}})</math> [[Usòrò:Arterial-blood-pressure-curve.svg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke ọbara mgbali elu n'elu otu okirikiri obi. A na-ejikọta oghere dị na curve na mmechi nke valvụ aortic.]] ::::::::::: <math>\! P_{\text{pulse}} = P_{\text{sys}} - P_{\text{dias}}.</math> Mmetụta nke obi bụ nsonaazụ nke ọdịdị nke obi, ya bụ, obi na-akụ. A na-ekwukarị na oke nrụgide nke obi na-emetụta mmekọrịta nke oke ọrịa strok nke obi, nkwenye (ikike ịgbasa) nke usoro akwara - nke a na-ejikarị aorta na nnukwu akwara na-agbatị agbatị - na nguzogide ịgafe n'osisi akwara.<ref name="KlabundePulse2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP003.htm|title=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Pulse Pressure|accessdate=2008-10-02|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018055524/http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP003.htm|archivedate=2009-10-18}}</ref> A ghọtachaghị usoro nchịkwa nke ọbara mgbali elu, nke na-emetụta n'ụzọ zuru oke, mana usoro ndị a na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali emeela nke ọma: * Baroreceptor reflex: Baroreceptors na mpaghara ndị na-anabata nrụgide dị elu na-achọpụta mgbanwe na nrụgide ọbara. Baroreceptors ndị a na-eziga mgbaàmà n'ikpeazụ na medulla nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, ọkachasị na rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Médulla, site na usoro akwara na-achị onwe ya, na-edozi nrụgide ọbara site n'ịgbanwe ma ike na ọsọ nke mgbanaka obi, yana nguzogide vascular. Baroreceptors arterial kachasị mkpa dị n'aka ekpe na aka nri carotid sinuses na n'oghere aortic.<ref name="KlabundeArtBar2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP012.htm|title=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Arterial Baroreceptors|accessdate=2008-09-09|year=2007|archivedate=2009-12-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223020230/http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP012.htm}}</ref> * Usoro Renin-angiotensin (RAS): A maara usoro a maka mgbanwe ogologo oge nke ọbara mgbali elu. Usoro a na-enye ohere ka akụrụ kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọnwụ nke ọbara ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke ọbara mgbali elu site na ime ka vasoconstrictor endogenous a maara dị ka angiotensin II. * Aldosterone release: A na-ewepụta hormone steroid a site na adrenal cortex na nzaghachi maka ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro renin-angiotensin, ọkwa potassium dị elu, ma ọ bụ hormone adrenocorticotropic dị elu (ACTH). Renin na-agbanwe angiotensinogen ka ọ bụrụ angiotensin I, nke angiotensin na-agbanwere enzyme ka ọ bụrụangiotensin II. Angiotensin II na-agbasa ozi na adrenal cortex iji wepụta aldosterone.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System.|date=January 2022|title=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island, FL|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470410/|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref> Aldosterone na-akpali sodium na potassium na-apụ n'anya site na akụrụ na nnu na mmiri na-eme ka plasma dịkwuo ukwuu, na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ọbara mgbali elu. Aldosterone nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta na-emetụta nrụgide kpọmkwem na akwara vascular smooth na mmetụta dị n'etiti na ọrụ usoro akwara sympathetic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aldosterone and blood pressure regulation: recent milestones on the long and winding road from electrocortin to KCNJ5, GPER, and beyond|journal=Hypertension|volume=63|issue=1|pages=19–21|date=January 2014|pmid=24191283|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01251}}</ref> * Baroreceptors na mpaghara ndị na-anabata nrụgide dị ala (karịsịa na venae cavae na akwara akpa ume, na na atria) na-ebute nzaghachi site na ịchịkwa mmepụta nke hormone antidiuretic (ADH / Vasopressin), renin na aldosterone. Mmụba nke ọbara na-eme ka mmụba nke obi site na iwu Frank-Starling nke obi, n'aka nke ya, na-amụba ọbara mgbali elu. # A na-achọpụta ọdịda ọbara mgbali elu site na mbelata nke ọbara na-agba ma si otú a belata nke glomerular filtration rate (GFR). # A na-ahụ mbelata na GFR dị ka mbelata na ọkwa Na ⁺ site na macula densa. # Macula densa na-akpata mmụba na Na ⁺ reabsorption, nke na-eme ka mmiri soro site na osmosis ma na-eduga na mmụba kachasị na plasma. Ọzọkwa, macula densa na-ewepụta adenosine nke na-akpata mgbochi nke arterioles afferent. # N'otu oge ahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ juxtaglomerular na-enwe mmetụta nke mbelata ọbara mgbali elu ma wepụta renin. # Renin na-agbanwe angiotensinogen (ụdị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ) na angiotensin I (ụdị na'arụ ọrụ). # Angiotensin I na-aga n'ime ọbara ruo mgbe ọ ruru capillaries nke akpa ume ebe angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) na-arụ ọrụ na ya iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ angiotensin II. # Angiotensin II bụ vasoconstrictor nke ga-eme ka ọbara na-aga n'obi ma mesịa bụrụ preload, n'ikpeazụ na-eme ka mmepụta obi dịkwuo elu. # Angiotensin II na-akpatakwa mmụba na ntọhapụ nke aldosterone site na gland adrenal. # Aldosterone na-agbakwu Na ⁺ na H2O reabsorption na tubule convoluted distal nke nephron. [[Usòrò:Blood_Pressure_-_Take_Another_Person.png|thumb|Iji sphygmomanometer na-ewere ọbara mgbali elu]] A na-atụkarị nrụgide ọbara site na sphygmomanometer, nke na-eji ịdị elu nke kọlụm mercury, ma ọ bụ aneroid gauge, iji gosipụta nrụgide ọbara ọbara site na auscultation.<ref name="Booth1977">{{Cite journal|title=A short history of blood pressure measurement|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=70|issue=11|pages=793–799|date=November 1977|pmid=341169|doi=10.1177/003591577707001112}}</ref> Usoro a na-ahụkarị iji aka ya tụọ ọbara mgbali elu dabere na usoro oscillometric.<ref name="For2015">{{Cite journal|title=Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation: Past, Present, and Future|journal=IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering|volume=8|pages=44–63|date=2015-01-01|pmid=25993705|doi=10.1109/RBME.2015.2434215}}</ref> A na-enweta ọnụọgụ oscillometric zuru oke kemgbe 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4427013A/en?q=donald&q=nunn&oq=donald+nunn|title=Apparatus and method for measuring blood pressure|accessdate=2019-01-12|archivedate=2022-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026151549/https://patents.google.com/patent/US4427013A/en?q=donald&q=nunn&oq=donald+nunn}}</ref> E jirila ụkpụrụ a mee ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji tụọ ọbara mgbali elu na smartphone.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Smartphone-based blood pressure monitoring via the oscillometric finger-pressing method|journal=Science Translational Medicine|volume=10|issue=431|pages=eaap8674|date=March 2018|pmid=29515001|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8674}}</ref> Ịtụle nrụgide n'ụzọ na-awakpo, site na ịbanye na mgbidi ọbara iji tụọ ya, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ụlọ ọgwụ. A na-enyocha ụzọ ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọbara mgbali elu n'enweghị ịbanye na mgbidi ọbara, na-enweghị nrụgide ọ bụla n'ahụ onye ọrịa ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Handbook of Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring|date=2019|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-24701-0|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030247003|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ ọnụọgụ na-enweghị eriri, usoro ndị a na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ maka ndị na-enyocha ọbara mgbali elu na ndị a na'anabata. Otu ihe atụ bụ ihe nyocha ọbara mgbali elu na aka nke na-eji naanị ihe mmetụta anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Measuring Pressure: Introducing oBPM, the Optical Revolution for Blood Pressure Monitoring|journal=IEEE Pulse|volume=9|issue=5|pages=31–33|date=September 2018|pmid=30273141|doi=10.1109/MPUL.2018.2856960}}</ref> Otu nsogbu a na-ahụkarị na nyocha ọbara mgbali elu n'ọfịs na United States bụ mmasị ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ. Dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo, ihe dị ka 40% nke ọnụọgụ ndị e dekọrọ na-ejedebe na ọnụọgụ efu, ebe "na-enweghị ajọ mbunobi, a na-atụ anya na 10%-20% nke ọnụọụọgụ ga-ejedebe n'efu" Ya mere, ịza ajụjụ maka mmasị ọnụọgụ bụ isi okwu maka imeziwanye nha ọbara mgbali elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Digit Preference in Office Blood Pressure Measurements, United States 2015-2019|journal=American Journal of Hypertension|volume=34|issue=5|pages=521–530|date=May 2021|pmid=33246327|doi=10.1093/ajh/hpaa196}}</ref> == Na anụmanu == Ọnọdụ ọbara mgbali elu n'ime anụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na ụdị. Obi na-akụ na-adị iche iche, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dabere na ogo nke anụmanụ ahụ (ụmụ anụmanụ buru ibu nwere obi na-akụ nwayọ).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The design of mammals : a scaling approach|isbn=978-1-107-11047-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=907295832|date=2015-10-22}}</ref> Anụ giraffe nwere ọbara mgbali elu nke ihe dị ka 190 mm Hg, na-eme ka ọbara na-agafe mita 2 (6 in) -ogologo olu ruo .<ref name="brondum">{{Cite journal|title=Jugular venous pooling during lowering of the head affects blood pressure of the anesthetized giraffe|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology|volume=297|issue=4|pages=R1058–R1065|date=October 2009|pmid=19657096|doi=10.1152/ajpregu.90804.2008}}</ref> N'ụdị ndị ọzọ na-enwe ọbara mgbali elu, dị ka agwọ osisi, ọbara mgbali ala dị elu karịa agwọ na-abụghị osisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood pressure in snakes from different habitats|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1976-12-16_264_5587/page/664|journal=Nature|volume=264|issue=5587|pages=664–666|date=December 1976|pmid=1004612|doi=10.1038/264664a0}}</ref> Obi dị nso n'isi (ebe dị mkpirikpi site n'obi ruo n'isi) na ọdụ ogologo nke nwere akpụkpọ ahụ siri ike na-akwado ịba ọbara n'isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine|volume=7S1|pages=S137–S142|date=September 2014|pmid=25312108|doi=10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60220-0}}</ref><ref name="seymour">{{Cite journal|title=Scaling of cardiovascular physiology in snakes|journal=American Zoologist|volume=27|issue=1|year=1987|issn=0003-1569|doi=10.1093/icb/27.1.97|pages=97–109}}</ref> Dị ka ọ dị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọbara mgbali elu n'ime anụmanụ dị iche site na afọ, okike, oge ụbọchị, na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi: ihe ndị a na-atụle na ụlọ nyocha ma ọ bụ n'okpuru anesthesia nwere ike ọ gaghị anọchite anya ụkpụrụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndụ onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research|url=https://archive.org/details/animalmodelsinca0000gros|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-0-387-95962-7|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht|pages=[https://archive.org/details/animalmodelsinca0000gros/page/5 5]|oclc=432709394}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats|journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine|volume=21|issue=3|pages=542–558|date=2007|pmid=17552466|doi=10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03005.x}}</ref> A na-eji òké, òké, nkịta na ewi eme ihe nke ukwuu iji mụọ usoro ọbara mgbali elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Animal models of hypertension: an overview|journal=The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine|volume=146|issue=3|pages=160–173|date=September 2005|pmid=16131455|doi=10.1016/j.lab.2005.05.005}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Blood pressure and heart rate of various mammals<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research|url=https://archive.org/details/animalmodelsinca0000gros|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-0-387-95962-7|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht|pages=[https://archive.org/details/animalmodelsinca0000gros/page/5 5]|oclc=432709394}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Species ! colspan="2" |Blood pressure<br /><br />mm Hg ! rowspan="2" |Heart rate<br /><br />beats per minute |- !Systolic !Diastolic |- |Calves |140 |70 |75–146 |- |Cats |155 |68 |100–259 |- |Dogs |161 |51 |62–170 |- |Goats |140 |90 |80–120 |- |Guinea-pigs |140 |90 |240–300 |- |Mice |120 |75 |580–680 |- |Pigs |169 |55 |74–116 |- |Rabbits |118 |67 |205–306 |- |Rats |153 |51 |305–500 |- |Rhesus monkeys |160 |125 |180–210 |- |Sheep |140 |80 |63–210 |} A na-achọpụta ọbara mgbali elu na nwamba na nkịta ma ọ bụrụ na ọbara mgbali karịrị 150 mm Hg (systolic), ọ bụ ezie na nkịta anya nwere ọbara mgbali karịa ọtụtụ ụdị nkịta ndị ọzọ; a na-ewere ọbara mgbali nke karịrị 180 mmHg dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma na nkịta ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AKC Canine Health Foundation {{!}} Hypertension in Dogs|url=https://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/caring-for-your-dog/hypertension-in-dogs.html|accessdate=2022-10-03|work=www.akcchf.org|archivedate=2022-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003215934/https://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/caring-for-your-dog/hypertension-in-dogs.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats|journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1803–1822|date=November 2018|pmid=30353952|doi=10.1111/jvim.15331}}</ref> == Hụkwazie == * Akụkọ banyere ọbara mgbali elu {{Commons category|Blood pressure}}  <div class="refbegin" style=""> * <cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, na ndị ọzọ. </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">(Jenụwarị 2005). </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">Kọmitii nke agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze nke American Heart Association Council na High Blood Pressure Research. </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">"Nkwado maka nyocha ọbara mgbali elu n'ime ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ nnwale: Akụkụ 1: nyocha ọbara mgbago n'ime mmadụ: nkwupụta maka ndị ọkachamara sitere na Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education nke American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research". </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu. doi:10.1161/01.</cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">HYP.0000150859.47929.8e. </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">[[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15611362 15611362].</cite> </div> 9focryfuw44e3m93xyvx98y5divu8ck 0 28484 744020 698053 2026-11-09T23:05:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744020 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes]] <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] '''Oleamide''' bụ ihe na-emepụta ihe na usoro CH3 (CH2) 7CH=CH (CH2) 6CONH2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Oleamide|title=Oleamide}}</ref> Ọ bụ amide sitere na fatty acid oleic acid. Ọ bụ ihe siri ike na-enweghị ụcha ma na-eme n'okike. Mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ ndị ogbi a na-akpọ ya amide abụba (FAPA), a na-emepụta ya site na N-oleoylglycine.<ref name="Crav">{{Cite journal|author=McKinney|first=Michele K.|title=Structure and Function of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase|journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry|date=June 2005|volume=74|issue=1|pages=411–432|doi=10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133450|pmid=15952893|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/01578d96f165df8a83b155c534979c8fe6bbad81}}</ref> == Akụkụ nke kemịkal na ahụike == N'ihe gbasara ihe okike, a chọpụtara oleamide na plasma mmadụ. E mechara gosipụta na ọ na-agbakọta na mmiri ụbụrụ n'oge ochie ọbá Akwụkwọ abụ ọma enweghị ụra ma na-akpali ụra n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref name="Crav">{{Cite journal|author=McKinney|first=Michele K.|title=Structure and Function of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase|journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry|date=June 2005|volume=74|issue=1|pages=411–432|doi=10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133450|pmid=15952893|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/01578d96f165df8a83b155c534979c8fe6bbad81}}</ref><ref name="pmid7770779">{{Cite journal|author=Cravatt|first=B.|title=Chemical characterization of a family of brain lipids that induce sleep|journal=Science|date=9 June 1995|volume=268|issue=5216|pages=1506–1509|doi=10.1126/science.7770779|pmid=7770779|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/36b3fdc52dd03d36a0bd356f57c6e66d4b678b5a}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịgwọ nsogbu ọnọdụ uche na nke ukwu nke a na ụra, yana ịda mbà n'obi nke cannabinoid na-achịkwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mechoulam|first=Raphael|title=Anandamide may mediate sleep induction|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-09-04_389_6646/page/25|journal=Nature|date=September 1997|volume=389|issue=6646|pages=25–26|doi=10.1038/37891|pmid=9288961}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara mmetụta ya na-akpali ụra, a na-eche na oleamide na-emekọrịta ihe na ọtụtụ usoro neurotransmitter.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fedorova|first=I|title=Behavioral evidence for the interaction of oleamide with multiple neurotransmitter systems|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2001-10_299_1/page/332|journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|date=October 2001|volume=299|issue=1|pages=332–42|pmid=11561096}}</ref><ref name="Hiley2007">{{Cite journal|author=Hiley|first=C. Robin|title=Oleamide: A Fatty Acid Amide Signaling Molecule in the Cardiovascular System?: OLEAMIDE|journal=Cardiovascular Drug Reviews|date=13 April 2007|volume=25|issue=1|pages=46–60|doi=10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00004.x}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ọmụmụ in-vitro na-egosi na cis-oleamide bụ agonist ndị mere n'oge ochie maka onye na-anabata cannabinoid CB-1 na njikọ gburugburu 8 micromolar.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leggett|first=JD|title=Oleamide is a selective endogenous agonist of rat and human CB1 cannabinoid receptors.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-pharmacology_2004-01_141_2/page/253|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|date=January 2004|volume=141|issue=2|pages=253–62|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0705607|pmid=14707029}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ihi obere njikọ oleamide maka CB-1 na ejighị n'aka banyere njupụta na ọrụ nke oleamide na-adị ndụ, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ oge ịhazi oleamide dị ka endocannabinoid.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fowler|first=Christopher J|title=Oleamide: a member of the endocannabinoid family?: Commentary|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-pharmacology_2004-01_141_2/page/195|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|date=January 2004|volume=141|issue=2|pages=195–196|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0705608|pmid=14691053}}</ref> Na doses buru ibu oleamide nwere ike belata okpomọkụ ahụ nke òké site na ihe dị ka 2 degrees, na mmetụta na-adịru ihe dị ka awa abụọ.<ref name="Hiley2007" /> A maghị usoro nke a.<ref name="Hiley2007" /> Oleamide na-agbari ngwa ngwa site na fatty acid amide hydrolase ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere (FAAH), otu enzyme nke na-agbanye anandamide.<ref name="Hiley2007">{{Cite journal|author=Hiley|first=C. Robin|title=Oleamide: A Fatty Acid Amide Signaling Molecule in the Cardiovascular System?: OLEAMIDE|journal=Cardiovascular Drug Reviews|date=13 April 2007|volume=25|issue=1|pages=46–60|doi=10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00004.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maurelli|first=Stefano|title=Two novel classes of neuroactive fatty acid amides are substrates for mouse neuroblastoma 'anandamide amidohydrolase'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_febs-letters_1995-12-11_377_1/page/82|journal=FEBS Letters|date=11 December 1995|volume=377|issue=1|pages=82–86|doi=10.1016/0014-5793(95)01311-3|pmid=8543025}}</ref> A na-ekwu na mmetụta ụfọdụ nke oleamide na-esite na mmụba nke anandamide site na mgbochi nke FAAH.<ref name="Hiley2007" /> == Ihe ndị ọzọ == Oleamide emepụtara emepụta ihe nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe gụnyere dị kà àkà gbúrù nwéré ihe na-agba ọsọ, mmanụ, na ihe na-egbochi corrosion. A chọpụtara na oleamide na-agbapụta plastik polypropylene na nnwale ụlọ nyocha, na-emetụta nsonaazụ nnwale.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McDonald|first=G. R.|title=Bioactive Contaminants Leach from Disposable Laboratory Plasticware|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-11-07_322_5903/page/917|journal=Science|date=7 November 2008|volume=322|issue=5903|pages=917|doi=10.1126/science.1162395|pmid=18988846}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji polypropylene eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ihe na ụdị nke oriri dịka ndị maka yogọt, a na-amụ nsogbu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/researchers-raise-alarm-after-chemical-leak-found-in-common-plastic/article1065340/|title=Researchers Raise Alarm After Chemical Leak Found In Common Plastic|author=Mittelstaedt|first=Martin|date=6 November 2008|work=Globe and Mail|accessdate=10 June 2013}}</ref> Oleamide bụ "otu n'ime ihe ndị na-abụghị cannabisinoid na-ejikọta ya na ngwaahịa Spice".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fattore|first=Liana|title=Beyond THC: The New Generation of Cannabinoid Designer Drugs|journal=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience|date=21 September 2011|volume=5|pages=60|doi=10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00060|pmid=22007163}}</ref> Nnyocha nke ngwaahịa ọrụ nkụzi afọ ojuju site 44 synthetic cannabinoid kpughere oleamide na 7 n'ime ngwaahịa ndị a nwalere.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Uchiyama|first=Nahoko|title=Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forensic-science-international_2010-05-20_198_1-3/page/31|journal=Forensic Science International|date=May 2010|volume=198|issue=1–3|pages=31–38|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.01.004|pmid=20117892}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Anandamide * Fatty acid amide hydrolase * Virodhamine == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> jnrbfpwiwnr0idjfc529cgq6n9qplqe 0 29235 744000 118941 2026-11-09T18:35:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744000 wikitext text/x-wiki     [[Usòrò:Sumidero_6.jpg|thumb]] [[Usòrò:Sumidero 6.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Grijalva]] Grijalva River The cliffs at Sumidero Canyon overlook the Grijalva River Location of Grijalva in Mexico Native name Río Grijalva or Río Seleguá (Spanish) Location Country  Guatemala  Mexico Physical characteristics Mouth    • location Gulf of Mexico  • coordinates 18°36′10″N 92°41′33″W / 18.60278°N 92.69250°W  • elevation 0 m (0 ft) Length 480 km (300 mi) Basin size 134,400 km2 (51,900 sq mi) Discharge    • minimum 87 m3/s (3,100 cu ft/s)  • average 3,079 m3/s (108,700 cu ft/s)  • maximum 6,286 m3/s (222,000 cu ft/s) '''Osimiri Grijalva''', nke a maara n'oge gara aga dị ka '''''Osimiri Tabasco''''', (Spanish: Río Grijalva), a makwaara dị ka Río Grande de Chiapas, Río Grande na '''Osimiri Mezcalapa''') bụ [[osimiri]] dị 480 (300 mi) n'ogologo na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]. A na-akpọ ya aha Juan de Grijalva onye gara ebe ahụ na 1518.<ref>Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. ''The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico.'' Da Capo Press, 1996. p. 21</ref> A mụrụ osimiri a na Sierra de los Cuchumatanes na ngalaba Huehuetenango na Guatemala, ebe a maara ya dị ka Río Seleguá ma bụrụ otu n'ime '''osimiri''' kachasị mkpa na mba ahụ. Osimiri ahụ na-esi na Río Grande de Chiapas na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Chiapas na-esi Chiapas na steeti Tabasco gafee Sumidero Canyon banye na Bay of Campeche. Malite dị ka "Río Grande de Chiapas" ma ọ bụ "Río Mezcalapa", mgbe e mesịrị, a na-akwụsị Río Grande na Angostura Dam (Mexico), otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Mexico, mgbe ahụ a na-akpọ ya ugbu a "River Grijalva". Mmiri mmiri osimiri ahụ bụ 134,400 km2 (51,900 mi) n'ogo.<ref name="WDD">{{Cite web|title=Rio Grijalva River Delta, Mexico, North America|url=http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/N_AMERICAN/Grijalva/grijalva.htm|work=www.geol.lsu.edu|publisher=The World Delta Database|accessdate=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229035134/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/N_AMERICAN/Grijalva/grijalva.htm|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ihi njikọ chiri anya na [[Osimiri Usumacinta]] (ha abụọ jikọtara, na-asọba na Gulf of Mexico n'otu delta), a na-elekarị ha anya dị ka otu ọdọ mmiri, Osimiri Grijalva-Usumacinta.<ref name="MacBeath2014">{{Cite journal|author=Contreras-MacBeath, T.|year=2014|title=Richness and endemism of the freshwater fishes of Mexico|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/966/1728|volume=6|issue=2|pages=5421–5433|doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3633.5421-33}}</ref> Río Grande de Chiapas na-arịgo na Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Huehuetenango; na Guatemala na-enweta aha "River Selegua" ma bụrụkwa nnukwu osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/detalle.php?id_pat=3972|title=JARDÍN GRIJALVA|accessdate=3 January 2014|author=SECTUR D.F.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012128/http://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/detalle.php?id_pat=3972|archivedate=22 February 2014|language=Spanish}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nezahualcoyotl, ọdọ mmiri aka mere nke mmiri Malpaso Dam mepụtara, Osimiri Grijalva na-aga n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-agbakọta na ókèala steeti Chiapas-Tabasco. Ọ na-agafe Villahermosa (ebe, na 2001, e wuru àkwà mmiri ọhụrụ iji gafee osimiri ahụ) ma na-abanye na Gulf of Mexico, ihe dịka kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Frontera. Osimiri ahụ nwere ike ịgafe site na ụgbọ mmiri na-adịghị omimi maka ihe dịka 100 mi (160 km) n'elu mmiri. == Ihe ngosi == == Hụkwa == * Àkwà mmiri Chiapas * Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị kasị ogologo na Mexico == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} poyj5qmfc7ifc3yt16ehv7n7ug4qoge 0 30288 744017 705963 2026-11-09T22:36:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọrịa oyi na-atụ mgbe amu chara nwa''' bụ mmeghachi omume ahụike nke na-eme n'ime awa abụọ nke [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]]. Ọ na-apụta dị ka ịma jijiji a na-apụghị ịchị kwa achị kwa. A na-ahụ ya n'ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ha muchara nwa ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe na-adịghị mma. Ọ na-adịru nwa oge. A na-eche na ọ bụ n'ihi mmeghachi omume nke usoro akwara. O nwekwara ike inwe njikọ na nnoghari mmiri na ọrụ siri ike nke ime ime. A na-ewere ya dị ka mmeghachi omume dị mma ma ọ nweghị ahụ ọkụ na-eso ya. [[Ọrịa n’esochi mgbe nwaanyị mụsịrị nwa|ọrịa]] ọkụ ga-egosi na ọ na-ebute ọrịa. Nkwado bụ ihe niile dị mkpa na ka nne ahụ dị jụụ. Akowara ya dị ka ihe a na-ahụkarị na nke nkịtị. <ref name="RavidGidoni">{{Cite journal|author=Ravid|first=Dorit|title=Postpartum chills phenomenon: Is it a feto-maternal transfusion reaction?|url=https://archive.org/details/acta-obstetricia-et-gynecologica-scandinavica_2001-02_80_2/page/149|journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica|volume=80|issue=2|year=2001|pages=149–151|issn=0001-6349|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.080002149.x|pmid=11167210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/baby/tc/labor-delivery-and-postpartum-period-after-childbirth|title=What to Expect During Labor}}</ref>A na-eche na ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ọ nwere njikọ na okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Harper">{{Cite journal|author=Harper|first=RG|title=Observations on the postpartum shivering phenomenon.|journal=The Journal of Reproductive Medicine|date=November 1991|volume=36|issue=11|pages=803–7|pmid=1765959}}</ref> == Ebemsi dee == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Henry|first=Norma|title=RN maternal newborn nursing : review module|url=https://archive.org/details/rnmaternalnewbor0000unse|publisher=Assessment Technologies Institute|location=Stilwell, KS|year=2016|isbn=9781565335691}} fdq5330a8zaqq06lrd74jly19ssnmd2 0 30398 743992 729693 2026-11-09T17:58:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743992 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="0"></references> {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Onuora Abuah</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | [[File:Onuora Abuah at Luxor Train Station (cropped).jpg|thumb|Onuora Abuah]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Anthony Onuora Ejoh- Abuah</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nationality | class="infobox-data category" |Nigerian, British |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Other&nbsp;names | class="infobox-data nickname" |Anthony Abuah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |Central Film School |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation(s) | class="infobox-data role" |[[actor]], [[film director]], [[Film producer|producer]] , writer and author |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Years&nbsp;active | class="infobox-data" |2008–present |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |Woolwich Boys, Danhomé & Vodun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span> | class="infobox-data" |Mona |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Anthony Onuora Abuah''' bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, [[Actor|onye]] nduzi ihe nkiri, na-emepụta ihe na onye edemede.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3355616|title=Onuora Abuah|work=[[IMDb]]|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="africine bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/index.php/personne/anthony-abuah/50483|title=Anthony Abuah Data|work=www.africine.org|accessdate=2023-08-01|archivedate=2025-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605034009/https://www.africine.org/index.php/personne/anthony-abuah/50483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebritishblacklist.co.uk/anthony-abuah-discusses-his-new-political-thriller-mona/|title=ANTHONY ABUAH DISCUSSES HIS NEW POLITICAL THRILLER, MONA|work=The British Blacklist|publisher=thebritishblacklist.co.uk|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shadowandact.com/amp/uk-based-writerdirector-anthony-abuah-tells-his-story-whats-yours|title=UK-Based Writer/Director Anthony Abuah Tells His Story; What's Yours?|work=Shadowandact|publisher=shadowandact.com|accessdate=1 August 2023|archivedate=2 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802122353/https://shadowandact.com/amp/uk-based-writerdirector-anthony-abuah-tells-his-story-whats-yours}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na Kenya n'aka nna Naijiria-Igbo na nne Rwandan nke agbụrụ Tutsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/playwrights/abuah-anthony|title=Anthony Abuah {{!}} BPA|work=black plays archive|publisher=blackplaysarchive.org.uk|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ọ bụ nwata n'Afrịka tupu ezinụlọ ya akwaga Switzerland n'afọ 1995. Onuora gara British School of Lomé site na 1999 - 2002, tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom ịga Mahadum Plymouth ma mesịa nweta nzere masta na Filmmaking na Central Film School. == Ọrụ == === Ime ihe nkiri === Mgbe o biri na Cardiff ruo afọ ole na ole, Onuora sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri nke ndị ntorobịa MeWe nke dị na London, ebe a tụbara ya n'egwuregwu banyere onye bụbu ohu ghọrọ onye edemede, [[Olaudah Equiano]]. O mechara rụọ ọrụ [[Olaudah Equiano]] na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi site na ụlọ ọrụ Talawa Theatre maka Victoria & Albert Museum. Ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ na Tony Kaye's Black Water Transit (2009), tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri mmefu ego dị ala Patrolmen (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0490087/fullcredits/cast|title=Full Cast & Crew: Black Water Transit (2009)|work=[[IMDb]]|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1394360/|title=Patrol Men|work=[[IMDb]]|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Topcount|url=https://www.topcount.co/tv/people/498505/onuora-abuah|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=www.topcount.co|archivedate=2023-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122056/https://www.topcount.co/tv/people/498505/onuora-abuah}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, o dere ma mepụta egwuregwu mbụ ya Another Biafra, banyere nsogbu mmanụ Niger-Delta na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kweli.tv/creator/onuora-abuah|title=Actor Abuah Profile|work=Kweli TV|publisher=kweli.tv|accessdate=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918212619/https://www.kweli.tv/creator/onuora-abuah|archive-date=18 September 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ịtụziaka === Onuora duziri ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ Woolwich Boys (2012), nke gosipụtara na British Urban Film Festival ma London Live na UK, ETV na South Africa na Ebony Life TV gafee Africa nyere ya ikikere. Ihe nkiri ya nke abụọ, Mona (2016) nke David Avery na Lonyo na-eme, meriri Grand Nile Award na 2016 Luxor African Film Festival ma họpụta ya maka Africa Movie Academy Awards abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okay.ng/full-list-of-nominees-for-the-2016-african-movie-academy-awards/|title=Full List of Nominees for the 2016 African Movie Academy Awards|work=Okay Nigeria|publisher=okay.ng|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20announces%20the%205th%20edition%E2%80%99s%20awards|title=LAFF announces the 5th edition’s awards|work=Luxor African Film Festival|publisher=luxorafricanfilmfestival.com|accessdate=1 August 2023|archivedate=29 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929120401/http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20announces%20the%205th%20edition%E2%80%99s%20awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anthony Abuah on his new film Woolwich Boys about 419 scammers|url=https://www.smartmonkeytv.com/channel/emerging_cultures/anthony_abuah_on_his_new_film_woolwich_boys_about_419_scammers|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=www.smartmonkeytv.com|archivedate=2023-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122057/https://www.smartmonkeytv.com/channel/emerging_cultures/anthony_abuah_on_his_new_film_woolwich_boys_about_419_scammers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2013 African movie academy awards nominations announced.|url=https://www.afrofilmsinternational.com/2017/05/02/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-nominations-announced/|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=www.afrofilmsinternational.com|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610043428/https://www.afrofilmsinternational.com/2017/05/02/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-nominations-announced/}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri === Abuah emepụtala ọtụtụ ihe ngosi banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka gụnyere Danhomé & Vodun (2018), A Thousand Years to Tomboctou (2019), Kano na Onuora Abuah (2020) na Revolution Now: 5 Days with Sowore (2022) banyere Onye guzobere Sahara Reporters [[Omoyele Sowore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9829294/|title=Danhomé and Vodun|work=[[IMDb]]|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15787998/|title=A Thousand Years to Tombouctou|work=[[IMDb]]|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2011 |''The Unlucky Mother'' |Director, Producer, Writer |Short Film |- |2012 |''Woolwich Boys'' |Actor, Director, Producer, Writer |Crime Drama |- |2013 |''Trim'' |Executive Producer, Director, Writer |Web Series |- |2014 |''Woodfalls'' |Actor, Producer |Drama |- |2014 |''Mum Dad Meet Sam'' |Producer |Romantic Comedy |- |2016 |''Mona'' |Actor, Producer, Director, Writer |Political Thriller |- |2018 |''Danhomé & Vodun'' |Director, Producer, Writer |Documentary |- |2019 |''A Thousand Years to Tomboctou'' |Director, Producer, Writer |Documentary |- |2019 |''Kano with Onuora Abuah'' |Director, Producer, Writer |Documentary |- |2020 |''Tainted Canvas'' |Producer |Drama |- |2020 |''Headwrap'' |Producer, Director, Writer |Short Film |- |2020 |''Ouroboros'' |Actor |Short Film |- |2021 |''Ọjị'' |Producer, Director, Writer |Short Film |- |2021 |''Tafiya'' |Producer, Director, Writer |Short Film |- |2022 |''Revolution Now: 5 Days with Sowore'' |Director, Producer, Writer |Documentary |- |2023 |''km.t: A Journey through the Black Land'' |Actor, Director, Producer, Writer |Documentary |- |2023 |''Deep Undercover: Part One'' |Actor |Pilot Film |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ememe mmeri !Ụdị !Ihe nkiri !Nsonaazụ !Nkwupụta |- |2013 |Ihe nrite Africa Movie Academy |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma nke Onye Afrịka Na Mba Ọzọ |Ụmụ nwoke Woolwich |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/2013-african-movie-academy-awards-amaa-nominations-announced|title=2013 African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) Nominations Announced|work=Face 2 Face Africa|publisher=face2faceafrica.com|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref> |- |2016 |Ihe nrite Africa Movie Academy |Ihe nkiri mbụ kachasị mma site n'aka onye nduzi na ihe nkiri kachasị mma site na onye Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ |''Mona'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/amaas-2016-full-list-of-winners-at-2016-africa-movie-academy-awards/x7v1vp2|title=Pulse Ghana Full list of winners at 2016 Africa Movie Academy Awards|work=Pulse|publisher=pulse.com.gh|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref> |- |2016 |Luxor African Film Festival |Ihe nrite Grand Nile maka Akụkọ Ogologo Kasị Mma |''Mona'' |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003011/2016/1/|title=Luxor African Film Festival 2016 Awards|work=[[IMDb]]|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref> |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3355616}} * Onuora Abuah at Rotten Tomatoes {{DEFAULTSORT:Abuah, Onuora}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gbvvhggxf6vld2tiwj7h04179lf9qvp 0 30712 744053 726062 2026-11-10T07:04:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunji Olaopa''', (amụrụ na 20 Disemba 1959 na Aáwé, Oyo Steeti) bụ onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nchịkwa ọha na eze na Naijiria. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Ibadan School of Government and Public Policy, Bodija, Ibadan na prọfesọ nke Public Policy na Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogunyemi|first=Tosin|title=Federal government urged to review federal revenue in favour of fiscal federalism|url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/federal-government-urged-review-federal-revenue-favour-fiscal-federalism-122617/amp|accessdate=28 July 2018|date=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=News|title=Nigeria needs widespread reorientation on national values|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/nigeria-needs-widespread-reorientation-national-values/|accessdate=5 August 2018|date=27 May 2016}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Tunji Olaopa n'ezinụlọ Festus Adeyemo Olaopa na Beatrice Okebola Mgbe Olaopa nọ na Aáwé, Oyo State, Nigeria na 20th nke Disemba, 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=Tunji Olaopa at 60: The man of faith sans the collar|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/tunji-olaopa-at-60-the-man-of-faith-sans-the-collar/|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308154131/https://guardian.ng/opinion/tunji-olaopa-at-60-the-man-of-faith-sans-the-collar/}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ bụ ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reubenabati.com.ng/index.php/component/k2/item/2110-my-mother-was-a-good-woman-tunji-olaopa|title=My mother was a good woman - Tunji Olaopa|first=Reuben|author=Abati|publisher=}}</ref> == Mmụta == Olaopa nwetara nzere BSc na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Ibadan, Oyo State na 1984 na MSc na 1987 site n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ natara PhD ya na Public Administration site na Commonwealth Open University, United Kingdom na 2006.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|author=Falola|first=Toyin|title=Tunji Olaopa, a scholar and a public servant|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/tunji-olaopa-scholar-public-servant/|accessdate=28 July 2018|publisher=The Nation (online)|date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/personsInOffices/view/1087|title=NGP KYG: Dr Tunji Olaopa|work=kyg.nigeriagovernance.org|accessdate=2023-10-01|archivedate=2022-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031115916/http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/personsInOffices/view/1087}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aipp.edu.ng/dr-tunji-olaopa-oon/|title=Dr Tunji Olaopa, OON – Africa Institute of Public Policy|work=www.aipp.edu.ng|accessdate=2023-10-01|archivedate=2021-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513002841/http://www.aipp.edu.ng/dr-tunji-olaopa-oon/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Olaopa bụ Chief Research Officer, Policy Analyst na Speech Writer na State House, Abuja. Ọ bụkwa osote onye nduzi / odeakwụkwọ nke White Paper Panel maka mgbanwe Ayida Public Service nke Naịjirịa na ''1995'' ebe ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmejuputa mgbanwe ahụ. Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi, nyocha nke ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ na onye isi, ngalaba iwu, ọfịs nke Minista na Ministri Mmụta Federal. Ọ bụ otu oge Deputy Director / Head, Technical Secretariat, Reform Strategy Team, Management Services Office. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi mmemme na Bureau of Public Service Reforms. Ọzọkwa, Olaopa bụ onye enyemaka pụrụ iche na mgbanwe nye Onye isi ọrụ nke Naịjirịa na mgbanwe ọrụ ọha. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Njikọ na Mgbanwe Ọdịdị na Ọfịs nke Onye isi nke Ọrụ Obodo nke Federation; yana onye nduzi, Ngalaba MDAs, Bureau of Public Service Reforms. Ọ rịgooro n'ọkwa odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ngalaba Naịjirịa ma rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ steeti, Abuja; Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity, Federal Ministry of Youth Development, tupu ọ kwụsị na Federal Ministry of Communications Technology.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Obaebor|first=Oghenefego|title=Undergraduates tasked on hardwork, delayed gratification|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/undergraduates-tasked-hardwork-delayed-gratification/|accessdate=28 July 2018|date=31 May 2018}}</ref> O guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ Ibadan nke gọọmentị na iwu ọha na eze na 2016 mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ gọọmentị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tometi|first=Tokunbo|title=Ibadan School of Government and Public Policy (ISGPP) And the Reform Business|url=https://westernpostnigeria.com/ibadan-school-of-government-and-public-policy-isgpp-and-the-reform-business/|accessdate=5 August 2018|publisher=Western Post|date=January 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120948/https://westernpostnigeria.com/ibadan-school-of-government-and-public-policy-isgpp-and-the-reform-business/|archive-date=26 July 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ibrahim|first=Jibrin|title=From Governance to Government|url=https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2016/02/08/from-governance-to-government-by-jibrin-ibrahim/|accessdate=5 August 2018|publisher=Premium Times|date=February 8, 2016|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124090730/https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2016/02/08/from-governance-to-government-by-jibrin-ibrahim/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == E nyere Olaopa National Productivity Award na 2015 ma sọpụrụ ya na Thabo Mbeki Award for Public Service and Scholarship na mbido 2018 na nzukọ Africa na Mahadum Texas na Austin.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogbodo|first=Dele|title=Nigeria: Buhari Confers National Productivity Award On Olaopa, 10 Others|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201508201358.html|accessdate=5 August 2018|publisher=All Africa|date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=News|title=Olaopa bags Thabo Mbeki award|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/04/olaopa-bags-thabo-mbeki-award/|accessdate=5 August 2018|publisher=Vanguard online|date=3 April 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2018, e mere ya prọfesọ nke Public Administration na Mahadum Lead City, Ibadan, Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ojeifo|first=Emmanuel|title=Tunji Olaopa: From civil servant to public governance professor|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/07/tunji-olaopa-from-civil-servant-to-public-governance-professor/|accessdate=5 August 2018|publisher=Vanguard online|date=20 July 2018}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5ai7hkh1w6wx2gf9882aqutju15r2nj 0 32169 744029 143063 2026-11-10T00:47:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mohammed Sani Musa CON (amụrụ na 11 Mee 1965) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya Niger East Senatorial District nke Niger State na National Assembly nke Naịjirịa. Ọ gara Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, ebe o nwetara B.Sc na Business Administration na 1990, ọkachamara na Banking na Finance. N'etiti ihe ndekọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị, o nwere diplọma postgraduate na Public Policy and Management site na Mahadum London na asambodo postgraduate in International Management site na Маhadum Liverpool, n'otu n'otu. Mohammed Sani Musa bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress (APC) na-achị achị ma bụrụkwa onye isi na-azọ ọkwa onye isi oche Senate na 10th National Assembly. Nanị Ndụ na Ọmụmụ A mụrụ Mohammed Sani Musa na 11 Mee 1965 na steeti Niger. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nke Zarumai, Minna ebe ọ nwetara asambodo mbụ ya n'afọ 1978. Ọ gara Government Secondary School - Kontagora ma nweta GCSE ya na 1983. N'ikpeazụ, n'afọ 1990, o nwetara nzere bachelọ na Business Administration, Banking, na Finance, wee mechaa mmemme NYSC ya n'afọ 1991. Ahụmahụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Oge Mohammed Sani Musa na-egbuke egbuke dị ka onye omeiwu nke Federal Republic of Nigeria dị n'agbata afọ 2019 ruo ụbọchị ebe ọrụ iwu ya gafere ịbụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ego mgbe ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka: Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nkwado, Kọmitii Banyere Ụlọ Akụ̀ na Ụba, Kọmiti Na-ahụ maka Ihe Ndị Na-ahụ Nkwado na Ndị Na-emefu na Ndị Naịjirịa, Kọmtii na FCT, Kọmitiin Na-ahụahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Naị na Ụba na Ụba Na-ahụkarị, Kọmidi Na-ahụ Banyere Mmiri Na-ahụ Ọrụ ndị omeiwu ya gara aga n'etiti 2019-2023 gụnyere: Onye isi oche, Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọrụ Senate, 2019 - 2023, Onye isi oche. Kọmitii Ad-hoc maka nyocha nke nkesa na-adịghị mma nke mgbazinye ego, palliatives na Interventions, 2022, Onye otu, Kọmiti Ad-hock nke Senate na Pipeline Vandalism, July 2019 Ahụmahụ Ọchịchị Ọzọ • Onye otu - APC National Executive Council (NEC), 2019-2023 • Onye nduzi, Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche (Ọrụ Pụrụ Ike) APC Presidential Campaign Council (PCC) - 2022-2023 • Onye nnọchi anya mba - APC (2022) PDP (2007) • Onye na-achọ ọchịchị - PDP Niger State - 2007 • Onye bụbu onye ọrụ - Ọ dịghịzi All Peoples Party (ANPP) Niger State - 1999 • Onye bụbu onye ọrụ - UNCP Niger State Chapter - 1997 • Onye isi oche - Zodiac Club, ABU Zaria- 1988 Ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ Mohammed Sani Musa bụ ngwakọta a ma ama nke ọrụ ọha na eze na nke onwe. Ọ bụ onye isi oche, Activate Technologies Limited n'etiti afọ 2011 ruo 2017, Ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa / CEO, First Pacific Nigeria Ltd n'etiti 1997 ruo 2007. Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na Gọọmentị Steeti Niger na itinye ego na akụrụngwa n'etiti afọ 2007-2011. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi na Niger State Development Co. Ltd n'etiti afọ 2008 - 2011. Sani Musa jere ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Task Force on Environmental Management, Niger State n'etiti 2007-2008. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ nọ na Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited na Port Harcourt ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ mba (NYSC) na 1991, tupu oge ahụ niile Sani Musa nọ n'okpuru ọrụ nke Niger State Water Board dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ndekọ ego n'etiti afọ 1986 ruo 1990. BILLS SPONSORED • National Rural Employment Guarantee (Est. wdg) Bill, 2021. • FCT Borderline Community Development Commission Bill, 2021 • Critical Infrastructure Protection (Est.) Bill, 2021 (SB 610). • National University of Health and Medical Sciences Suleja (Est.) [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] • Nweghachi Ego (Nchịkwa) Bill, 2020. • Ụlọikpe Iwu nke Naịjirịa (Est.) Bill, 2020 (SB 386). N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022, Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari nyere ya nsọpụrụ mba Naijiria nke Commander Of The Order Of The Niger (CON). Onye isi nke Order Of The Niger Muhammadu Buhari<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-09|title=FULL LIST: 2022 National Honours Award Recipients The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-2022-national-honours-award-recipients/|accessdate=2022-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Febụwarị 7, 2019, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Federal, Abuja, kwupụtara Mohammed Musa, dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu nke Niger East maka onye na-aga n'ihu na Febụwarụ 23, 2019, na-ekwenye na Musa bụ onye mmeri nke ntuli aka mbụ nke APC mere na mpaghara ndị omeiwu na Ọktoba 2, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsa|first=Godwin|title=Niger East Senatorial seat: Court Sacks Umar, declares Musa winner|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/niger-east-senatorial-seat-court-sacks-umar-declares-musa-winner/|publisher=sunnewsonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Olasanmi|first=Kunle|title=Niger East: Court Sacks Senator Umaru, Declares Musa Winner|url=https://leadership.ng/2019/02/08/niger-east-court-sacks-senator-umaru-declares-musa-winner/|publisher=leadership.ng|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227144843/https://leadership.ng/2019/02/08/niger-east-court-sacks-senator-umaru-declares-musa-winner/|archive-date=2020-02-27|access-date=2025-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 23, 2019, ntuli aka distrikti Senatorial nke Niger East, Musa meriri na 229,415 vootu n'ihu onye na-azọ ọkwa nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Ibrahim Ishaku, onye nwetara vootu 116,143.<ref>{{Cite news|title=APC's Mohammed Musa Wins Niger East Senatorial Seat|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/02/25/apcs-mohammed-musa-wins-niger-east-senatorial-seat/|publisher=Channelstv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ajobe|first=Ahmed Tahir|title=Musa wins Niger East senatorial district for APC|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/musa-wins-niger-east-senatorial-district-for-apc.html|publisher=Dailytrust.com}}</ref> Na June 14, 2019, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naijiria na Abuja kwupụtara na Mohammed Sani Musa bụ onye mmeri nke ntuli aka Senate ikpeazụ e mere na Niger-East Senatorial District nke Niger State, ụlọ ikpe wepụrụ ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe, Abuja, onye ziri ezi nke APC, nke meriri ntuli aka ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Onochie|first=Bridget|title=Supreme court sacks Umaru, declares Musa senator for Niger East|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/supreme-court-sacks-umaru-declares-musa-senator-for-niger-east/|publisher=Guardian.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Supreme Court Sacks Niger-East Senator David Umaru|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/06/14/supreme-court-sacks-niger-east-senator-elect-david-umaru/|publisher=Channelstv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=BREAKING: Supreme Court sacks Umaru of Niger East Senatorial district|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/breaking-supreme-court-sacks-umaru-of-niger-east-%E2%80%8Esenatorial-district/|publisher=thenationinlineng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Enumah|first=Alex|title=Supreme Court Sacks Niger Senator, Umaru|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/14/supreme-court-sacks-senator-david-umaru/|publisher=Thisdaylive.com}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h51pz06envha6vqa8ubw9a2av33x1ma 0 32564 743986 743418 2026-11-09T14:33:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743986 wikitext text/x-wiki The Big Jubilee Read bụ mkpọsa 2022 iji kwalite ịgụ akwụkwọ maka ntụrụndụ na ime emume Platinum Jubilee nke Elizabeth nke Abụọ. Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ 70 site n'aka ndị edemede Commonwealth, 10 site na afọ iri ọ bụla nke ọchịchị [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth nke Abụọ]], bụ nke otu ndị ọkachamara họọrọ ma mara ọkwa site na BBC na The Reading Agency na 18 Eprel 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lambert|first=Doug|title=BBC Arts announce titles for the Big Jubilee Read|url=https://www.atvtoday.co.uk/198992-bbc/|work=ATV Today|accessdate=18 April 2022|date=17 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Reading Agency and BBC Arts launch national reading campaign to mark Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee|url=https://readingagency.org.uk/news/media/the-reading-agency-and-bbc-arts-launch-national-reading-campaign-to-mark-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-1.html|work=readingagency.org.uk|publisher=Reading Agency|accessdate=18 April 2022|archivedate=20 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420141008/https://readingagency.org.uk/news/media/the-reading-agency-and-bbc-arts-launch-national-reading-campaign-to-mark-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-1.html}}</ref><ref name="tra">{{Cite web|url=https://readinggroups.org/news/the-big-jubilee-read-launch|publisher=The Reading Agency|title=The Big Jubilee Read|accessdate=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404121037/https://readinggroups.org/news/the-big-jubilee-read-launch|archive-date=4 April 2022|url-status=dead}} ''Includes list of titles with images of covers''</ref> == Usoro nhọpụta == A chịkọtara ndepụta ogologo mbụ site na aro ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ, otu ndị na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ, ndị na-ere akwụkwọ na "ndị ọkachamara n'akwụkwọ" họọrọ aha 70, na-ezube "ịdọrọ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ niile na nchọpụta na ememe nke nnukwu akwụkwọ". Ọrụ ahụ nwetara ego site na Kansụl nka ma na-akwado ya site na Ọbá Akwụkwọ Connected na Òtù Ndị Na-ere Akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libraries from home|url=https://www.librariesconnected.org.uk/page/librariesfromhome|work=www.librariesconnected.org.uk|publisher=Libraries Connected|accessdate=24 April 2022|quote=Libraries Connected is proud to support The Reading Agency and BBC Arts' Big Jubilee Read}}</ref><ref name="tra"/> Ndị na-ahazi ya nwere olileanya na ọrụ ahụ ga-eme "mmasị ịgụ ihe na ike ọ nwere iji jikọta ndị mmadụ na mba ahụ na n'etiti mba". <ref name="bayley">{{Cite news|author=Bayley|first=Sian|title=Reading Agency launches The Big Jubilee Read|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/reading-agency-launches-the-big-jubilee-read|date=1 March 2022|accessdate=18 April 2022|work=The Bookseller|language=En}}</ref>Iri na itoolu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bụ ndị mmeri nke Booker Prize. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Big Jubilee Read x The Booker Prize|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-big-jubilee-read-booker-prize|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=18 April 2022|language=en}}</ref>Ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ e dere n'asụsụ Bekee, mana e nwekwara nchịkọta uri dịka Death of a Naturalist na nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi gụnyere The Boat, ebe e bipụtara One Moonlit Night na Welsh dị ka Un Nos Ola Leuad, Le Procès-Verbal na Our Lady of the Nile bụ na French, ''Shuggie Bain'' bụ na Bekee mana na mkparịta ụka na Scots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.angelineking.com/2/post/2020/12/a-weekend-with-shuggie-bain.html|title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart|work=ANGELINE KING|date=1 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/douglas-stuarts-glasgow-is-changing-fast-will-shuggie-bain-feel-at-home-slcz3dfb5|title=Douglas Stuart's Glasgow is changing fast. Will Shuggie Bain feel at home?|first=Mike|author=Wade|date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lizziekean.nl/2021/08/26/bahoochie/|title=Bahoochie|date=26 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.scot/culture/19871548.burns-night-modern-scots-language-celebrated-bard/|title=Modern Scots language should be celebrated the same as Robert Burns|work=The National|first=Emma|author=Guinness|date=25 January 2022}}</ref> == Ndepụta == BBC bipụtara ndepụta ahụ na 18 Eprel 2022.<ref name="list">{{Cite web|title=A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign|work=BBC|date=17 April 2022|accessdate=18 April 2022}} ''The full list''</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Title !Author !Year !Country<br /><br /><small>(as stated in official list)</small> |- |''{{sort|Palm-Wine-Drinkard|[[The Palm-Wine Drinkard]]}}'' |{{sortname|Amos|Tutuola|Amos Tutuola}} |1952 |{{flag|Nigeria}} |- |''{{sort|Hills Were Joyful Together|[[The Hills Were Joyful Together ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Roger|Mais|Roger Mais}} |1953 |{{flag|Jamaica}} |- |''In the Castle of My Skin '' |{{sortname|George|Lamming|George Lamming}} |1953 |{{flag|Barbados}} |- |''My Bones and My Flute '' |{{sortname|Edgar|Mittelholzer|Edgar Mittelholzer}} |1955 |{{flag|Guyana}} |- |''{{sort|Lonely Londoners|[[The Lonely Londoners ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Sam|Selvon|Sam Selvon}} |1956 |{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /><br />{{flag|England}} |- |''{{sort|Guide|[[The Guide ]]}}'' |{{sortname|R. K.|Narayan|R. K. Narayan}} |1958 |{{flag|India}} |- |''To Sir, With Love'' |{{sortname|E. R.|Braithwaite|E. R. Braithwaite}} |1959 |{{flag|Guyana}} |- |''One Moonlit Night '' |{{sortname|Caradog|Prichard|Caradog Prichard}} |1961 |{{flag|Wales}} |- |''{{sort|House for Mr Biswas|[[A House for Mr Biswas ]]}}'' |{{sortname|V. S.|Naipaul|V. S. Naipaul}} |1961 |{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /><br />{{flag|England}} |- |''Sunlight on a Broken Column '' |{{sortname|Attia|Hosain|Attia Hosain}} |1961 |{{flag|India}} |- |''{{sort|Clockwork Orange|[[A Clockwork Orange (novel)|A Clockwork Orange]]}}'' |{{sortname|Anthony|Burgess|Anthony Burgess}} |1962 |{{flag|England}} |- |''{{sort|Interrogation|[[The Interrogation (novel)|The Interrogation]]}}'' |{{sortname|J. M. G.|Le Clézio|J. M. G. Le Clézio}} |1963 |{{flag|France}}<br /><br />{{flag|Mauritius}} |- |''{{sort|Girls of Slender Means|[[The Girls of Slender Means ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Muriel|Spark|Muriel Spark}} |1963 |{{flag|Scotland}} |- |''Arrow of God '' |{{sortname|Chinua|Achebe|Chinua Achebe}} |1964 |{{flag|Nigeria}} |- |''Death of a Naturalist '' |{{sortname|Seamus|Heaney|Seamus Heaney}} |1966 |Northern Ireland |- |''Wide Sargasso Sea '' |{{sortname|Jean|Rhys|Jean Rhys}} |1966 |{{flag|Dominica}}<br /><br />{{flag|Wales}} |- |''{{sort|Grain of Wheat|[[A Grain of Wheat ]]}}'' |Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o |1967 |{{flag|Kenya}} |- |''Picnic at Hanging Rock'' |{{sortname|Joan|Lindsay|Joan Lindsay}} |1967 |{{flag|Australia}} |- |''{{sort|Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born|[[The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Ayi Kwei|Armah|Ayi Kwei Armah}} |1968 |{{flag|Ghana}} |- |''When Rain Clouds Gather '' |{{sortname|Bessie|Head|Bessie Head}} |1968 |{{flag|Botswana}}<br /><br />{{flag|South Africa}} |- |''{{sort|Nowhere Man|[[The Nowhere Man (Kamala Markandaya novel)|The Nowhere Man]]}}'' |{{sortname|Kamala|Markandaya|Kamala Markandaya}} |1972 |{{flag|India}} |- |''{{sort|Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy|[[Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ]]}}'' |{{sortname|John|Le Carré|John le Carré}} |1974 |{{flag|England}} |- |''{{sort|Thorn Birds|[[The Thorn Birds ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Colleen|McCullough|Colleen McCullough}} |1977 |{{flag|Australia}} |- |''{{sort|Crow Eaters|[[The Crow Eaters ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Bapsi|Sidhwa|Bapsi Sidhwa}} |1978 |{{flag|Pakistan}} |- |''{{sort|Sea, The Sea|[[The Sea, the Sea ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Iris|Murdoch|Iris Murdoch}} |1978 |{{flag|England}} |- |''Who Do You Think You Are?'' |{{sortname|Alice|Munro|Alice Munro}} |1978 |{{flag|Canada}} |- |''{{sort|Hitchhiker's Guide to Galaxy|[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]}}'' |{{sortname|Douglas|Adams|Douglas Adams}} |1979 |{{flag|England}} |- |''Tsotsi'' |{{sortname|Athol|Fugard|Athol Fugard}} |1980 |{{flag|South Africa}} |- |''Clear Light of Day '' |{{sortname|Anita|Desai|Anita Desai}} |1980 |{{flag|India}} |- |''Midnight's Children '' |{{sortname|Salman|Rushdie|Salman Rushdie}} |1981 |{{flag|England}}<br /><br />{{flag|India}} |- |''Schindler's Ark '' |{{sortname|Thomas|Keneally|Thomas Keneally}} |1982 |{{flag|Australia}} |- |''Beka Lamb '' |{{sortname|Zee|Edgell|Zee Edgell}} |1982 |{{flag|Belize}} |- |''{{sort|Bone People|[[The Bone People ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Keri|Hulme|Keri Hulme}} |1984 |{{flag|New Zealand}} |- |''{{sort|Handmaid's Tale|[[The Handmaid's Tale ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Margaret|Atwood|Margaret Atwood}} |1985 |{{flag|Canada}} |- |''Summer Lightning'' |{{sortname|Olive|Senior|Olive Senior}} |1986 |{{flag|Jamaica}} |- |''{{sort|Whale Rider|[[The Whale Rider (novel)|The Whale Rider]]}}'' |{{sortname|Witi|Ihimaera|Witi Ihimaera}} |1987 |{{flag|New Zealand}} |- |''{{sort|Remains of Day|[[The Remains of the Day ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Kazuo|Ishiguro|Kazuo Ishiguro}} |1989 |{{flag|England}} |- |''Omeros '' |{{sortname|Derek|Walcott|Derek Walcott}} |1990 |{{flag|Saint Lucia}} |- |''{{sort|Adoption Papers|[[The Adoption Papers ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Jackie|Kay|Jackie Kay}} |1991 |{{flag|Scotland}} |- |''Cloudstreet '' |{{sortname|Tim|Winton|Tim Winton}} |1991 |{{flag|Australia}} |- |''{{sort|English Patient|[[The English Patient ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Michael|Ondaatje|Michael Ondaatje}} |1992 |{{flag|Canada}}<br /><br />{{flag|Sri Lanka}} |- |''{{sort|Stone Diaries|[[The Stone Diaries ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Carol|Shields|Carol Shields}} |1993 |{{flag|Canada}} |- |''Paradise'' |{{sortname|Abdulrazak|Gurnah|Abdulrazak Gurnah}} |1994 |{{flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{flag|England}} |- |''{{sort|Fine Balance|[[A Fine Balance ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Rohinton|Mistry|Rohinton Mistry}} |1995 |{{flag|India}}<br /><br />{{flag|Canada}} |- |''Salt'' |{{sortname|Earl|Lovelace|Earl Lovelace}} |1996 |{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |- |''{{sort|God of Small Things|[[The God of Small Things ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Arundhati|Roy|Arundhati Roy}} |1997 |{{flag|India}} |- |''{{sort|Blue Bedspread|[[The Blue Bedspread ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Raj Kamal|Jha|Raj Kamal Jha}} |1999 |{{flag|India}} |- |''Disgrace '' |{{sortname|J. M.|Coetzee|J. M. Coetzee}} |1999 |{{flag|South Africa}}<br /><br />{{flag|Australia}} |- |''White Teeth '' |{{sortname|Zadie|Smith|Zadie Smith}} |2000 |{{flag|England}} |- |''Life of Pi '' |{{sortname|Yann|Martel|Yann Martel}} |2001 |{{flag|Canada}} |- |''Small Island'' |{{sortname|Andrea|Levy|Andrea Levy}} |2004 |{{flag|England}} |- |''{{sort|Secret River|[[The Secret River ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Kate|Grenville|Kate Grenville}} |2005 |{{flag|Australia}} |- |''{{sort|Book Thief|[[The Book Thief ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Markus|Zusak|Markus Zusak}} |2005 |{{flag|Australia}} |- |''Half of a Yellow Sun '' |{{sortname|Chimamanda Ngozi|Adichie|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}} |2006 |{{flag|Nigeria}} |- |''{{sort|Golden Age|[[A Golden Age ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Tahmima|Anam|Tahmima Anam}} |2007 |{{flag|Bangladesh}} |- |''{{sort|Boat|[[The Boat (short story collection)|The Boat]]}}'' |{{sortname|Nam|Le|Nam Le}} |2008 |{{flag|Australia}} |- |''Wolf Hall '' |{{sortname|Hilary|Mantel|Hilary Mantel}} |2009 |{{flag|England}} |- |''{{sort|Book of Night Women|[[The Book of Night Women ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Marlon|James|Marlon James (novelist)}} |2009 |{{flag|Jamaica}} |- |''{{sort|Memory of Love|[[The Memory of Love ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Aminatta|Forna|Aminatta Forna}} |2010 |{{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br /><br />{{flag|Scotland}} |- |''Chinaman'' |{{sortname|Shehan|Karunatilaka|Shehan Karunatilaka}} |2010 |{{flag|Sri Lanka}} |- |''Our Lady of the Nile '' |{{sortname|Scholastique|Mukasonga|Scholastique Mukasonga}} |2012 |{{flag|Rwanda}} |- |''{{sort|Luminaries|[[The Luminaries ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Eleanor|Catton|Eleanor Catton}} |2013 |{{flag|New Zealand}} |- |''Behold the Dreamers '' |{{sortname|Imbolo|Mbue|Imbolo Mbue}} |2016 |{{flag|Cameroon}} |- |''{{sort|Bone Readers|[[The Bone Readers ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Jacob|Ross|Jacob Ross}} |2016 |{{flag|Grenada}} |- |''How We Disappeared '' |{{sortname|Jing-Jing|Lee|Jing-Jing Lee}} |2019 |{{flag|Singapore}} |- |''Girl, Woman, Other '' |{{sortname|Bernardine|Evaristo|Bernardine Evaristo}} |2019 |{{flag|England}} |- |''{{sort|Night Tiger|[[The Night Tiger]]}}'' |{{sortname|Yangsze|Choo|Yangsze Choo}} |2019 |{{flag|Malaysia}} |- |''Shuggie Bain '' |{{sortname|Douglas|Stuart|Douglas Stuart (writer)}} |2020 |{{flag|Scotland}} |- |''{{sort|Passage North|[[A Passage North ]]}}'' |{{sortname|Anuk|Arudpragasam|Anuk Arudpragasam}} |2021 |{{flag|Sri Lanka}} |- |''{{sort|Promise|[[The Promise (Galgut novel)|The Promise]]}}'' |{{sortname|Damon|Galgut|Damon Galgut}} |2021 |{{flag|South Africa}} |} == Omissions na nsogbu ndị ọzọ == Ndị na-akọwa ihe tụlere ọtụtụ aha ndị nwere ike ịhapụ: J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (nke a họọrọ na nọmba 1 na 2003 The Big Read); J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter books; Terry Pratchett's ''Discworld'' series; Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy, Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook; na ọrụ Dick Francis, nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede kachasị amasị Queen. <ref name="sherwood" /><ref name="power">{{Cite news|author=Power|first=Ed|title=The fantasy-free Platinum Jubilee reading list is pure literary snobbery|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/news/fantasy-free-platinum-jubilee-reading-list-pure-literary-snobbery/|accessdate=19 April 2022|work=The Telegraph|date=18 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="griffiths" /><ref name="sherwood">{{Cite news|author=Sherwood|first=Harriet|title=The God of Small Things to Shuggie Bain: the Queen's jubilee book list|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/apr/18/the-god-of-small-things-to-shuggie-bain-the-queens-jubilee-book-list|accessdate=19 April 2022|work=The Guardian|date=18 April 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref name="griffiths">{{Cite news|author=Griffiths|first=Sian|title=The Big Jubilee Read — 70 books fit for Queen and country|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-big-jubilee-read-70-books-fit-for-queen-and-country-drkgv9hmb|accessdate=19 April 2022|work=The Times|date=17 April 2022|language=en}}</ref>A kọwara ntinye nke onye edemede Northern Irish Seamus Heaney site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbe o dere Death of a Naturalist ọ bi na UK ma bipụta ya site n'aka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Bekee; Heaney gosipụtara dị ka onye mba Irish ma jụ itinye ya na The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry.<ref name="reid">{{Cite news|author=Reid|first=Kurtis|title=Seamus Heaney's work to be included as part of Queen's platinum jubilee books|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/heaneys-work-to-be-included-as-part-of-big-jubilee-read-41562669.html|accessdate=19 April 2022|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=18 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/my-passport-s-green-why-was-seamus-heaney-used-in-northern-ireland-branding-1.4440679|title='My passport's green': why was Seamus Heaney used in Northern Ireland branding?|first=Freya|author=McClements|work=The Irish Times|date=19 December 2020}}</ref> Na The Telegraph, kpọrọ ya "'Ị ga-ewere ọgwụ gị ma dị ka ya' ụdị ndepụta nke ndị mmadụ na-atụ egwu na ha agaghị adị iche iche. " N'otu aka ahụ, na The Article, David Herman mere mkpesa: "Ọ bụrụ na ị na-amasị Hornblower ma ọ bụ James Bond, ndị amoosu na ndị hobbits, akwụkwọ ụmụaka dị ukwuu, uri ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri a ma ama, The Big Jubilee Read anaghị eche banyere ya. Ihe ọ na-echegbu onwe ya bụ akwụkwọ post-colonial, nke na-abụghị nke ọcha. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/04/21/real-best-reads-majestys-reign/|title=The real best reads of Her Majesty's reign|first=Allison|author=Pearson|date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearticle.com/what-went-wrong-with-the-big-jubilee-read|title=What went wrong with the Big Jubilee Read?|date=26 April 2022|work=TheArticle|first=David|author=Herman}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * ''Ndepụta nke utu aha, site na afọ iri, na onyinyo mkpuchi maka isiokwu ọ bụla na paragraf banyere afọ iri na akwụkwọ Commonwealth; njikọ na nkọwa akwụkwọ maka aha ọ bụla''{{Cite web|publisher=The Reading Agency|url=https://readinggroups.org/big-jubilee-read|title=Big Jubilee Read|access-date=2023-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930185834/https://readinggroups.org/big-jubilee-read|archive-date=2023-09-30|url-status=dead}} hxope2vkrk7ha83zn8ydmz9jsmxcnpf 0 33550 743989 698519 2026-11-09T17:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743989 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVgAFk6u_CMC&q=olumbe+bassir&pg=PA17|title=New Scientist: The professor's dilemma|volume=56|date=October 5, 1972|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref>'''Olumbe Bassir''' (1919&#x2D;) bụ onye sayensị Naijiria, onye edemede na agụmakwụkwọ. Ihe kacha enye <ref>{{Cite book|author=Obituary Professor Enitan Abisogun Bababunmi|url=https://bulletin.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/OBITUARY%20BABABUNMI%20%282%29.pdf|title=Obituary Professor Enitan Abisogun Bababunmi 1940 – 2017|year=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106063635/https://bulletin.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/OBITUARY%20BABABUNMI%20(2).pdf|archive-date=2026-01-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> na nyocha bụ na mpaghara aflatoxins, nri na-edozi ahụ, na nyocha udo.   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Olumbe Bassir na [[Senegal]] na nne na nna ya bụ Oku nke Sierra Leone na 1919, ndị mụrụ ya bụ Abdul na Isatu Bassir zụlitere ya na mpaghara Fourah Bay, na obodo Freetown. Ọ gara Prince of Wales Secondary School ebe ọ gafere ule Senior Cambridge na mwepụ na London matriculation. N'afọ 1946, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'oge dị mkpirikpi na Bo Government Secondary School, ọ gara Yaba College ebe ọ nwetara Higher National Diploma. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Kolinsky|first=Martin|date=1985|title=The Growth of Nigerian Universities 1948-1980: The British Share|url=https://archive.org/details/minerva_spring-1985_23_1/page/29|journal=Minerva|volume=23|issue=1|pages=29–61|doi=10.1007/BF01097839|issn=0026-4695}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKolinsky1985">Kolinsky, Martin (1985). "The Growth of Nigerian Universities 1948-1980: The British Share". ''Minerva''. '''23''' (1): 29–61. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF01097839|10.1007/BF01097839]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0026-4695|0026-4695]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820605 41820605]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144773028 144773028].</cite></ref> gara United Kingdom, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science na 1949 na PhD na 1951 na Mahadum Liverpool. == Ọrụ == Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Mahadum Ibadan, ebe o guzobere ngalaba Biochemistry na Microbiology. Ọ tọrọ ntọala nke ghọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike mbụ na West Africa. Ka ọ na-erule 1958, ọ bụ prọfesọ zuru oke. Nkà mmụta ya bụ nri na-edozi ahụ na toxicology biochemical. <ref>{{Cite web|title=OLUMBE, (Prof) Bassir|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/olumbe-professor-bassir/|author=Udo|first=Mary|date=2017-03-01|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> bụ n'oge dị iche iche Onye isi nke ngalaba abụọ ahụ, Dean nke ngalaba ma rụọkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-anọchite anya Vice Chancellor. O dere ma ọ dịkarịa ala akwụkwọ ọkachamara 250 site na 1972 mgbe Mahadum London nyere ya nzere dọkịta sayensị (D.Sc.) <ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Kolinsky|first=Martin|date=1985|title=The Growth of Nigerian Universities 1948-1980: The British Share|url=https://archive.org/details/minerva_spring-1985_23_1/page/29|journal=Minerva|volume=23|issue=1|pages=29–61|doi=10.1007/BF01097839|issn=0026-4695}}</ref> meela njem nkuzi na-aga nke ọma na Soviet Union, United Kingdom, na United States of America n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Olumbe Bassir bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ ya nke 1957 Anthology of West African Verse <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/motherisgoldstud00rosc|quote=olumbe bassir.|title=Mother is Gold: A Study in West African Literature|publisher=CUP Archive|author=Andrian A Roscoe|isbn=9780521096447|year=1971}}</ref> bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịkpọbata uri ndị Afrịka edere na ndị na-ege ntị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ.   Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ a ma ama ya gụnyere Handbook of Practical Biochemistry (1963) na Metabolism of Afflatoxins and other Mycotoxins (1989). N'afọ 1968, ya na Richard Tecwyn Williams jikọrọ aka site na British Inter-University Council for Higher Education Overseas. Ngalaba nyocha nke onye mmemme ahụ nyere aka mepụta usoro nyocha nke Drug Metabolism na Biochemical Toxicology na Ibadan ma nye aka n'ịkwalite mmasị na ime nchọpụta na-adọrọ mmasị na omume nri anụmanụ. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Mahadum Ibadan, ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke West African Journal of Biology and Applied Chemistry. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Welcome Nigeria Fund, nke ghọrọ Bassir-Thomas Biomedical Foundation na mbido afọ 1990. Ọ na-ahazi Open House Colloquim kwa afọ. Olumbe Bassir bụ onye na-akwado udo ruo ogologo oge, ọ bụkwa onye otu Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. O nyekwara aka na Mahadum na Quest for Peace. Bassir bụ onye otu World Association of World Federalists . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diAiAQAAIAAJ&q=olumbe+bassir|title=World Federalist|year=1970}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Òtù Fabian Society nke ọ sonyeere n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na England. Mgbe <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye5aAAAAIAAJ&q=olumbe+bassir|title=Venture|year=1954}}</ref> nọ n'England, ọ bụ onye otu West African Student Union, ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'oge ụfọdụ.O guzobere Association of University Teachers na Naịjirịa nke mesịrị ghọọ Academic Staff Union of Universities.N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, o nyere aka mepụta nkwupụta nke Action Group. == Ndụ onwe onye == Aha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://destee.com/index.php?threads/yoruba-names-and-their-meanings.57736/|work=Destee|title=Black Spirituality Religion : Yoruba names and their meanings|accessdate=December 5, 2014}}</ref> "Olumbe" pụtara "Chineke dị" na Yoruba. Ọ bụ onye Quaker. Ọ lụrụ Constance mgbe ọ nọ na UK na Modesola mgbe ọ nọ Naijiria. O nwere ụmụ iri. N'afọ 2000, ọ nwere ọbara kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ n'ụbụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị egwu n'isi. N'agbanyeghị ịwa ahụ na mgbake nke ọma, ọ nwụrụ na May 23, 2001, e lie ya n'ụlọ ya na [[Ibadan]] na July 7, 2001. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olorunsogo|first=Olufunso O.|date=1979|title=Effect of glyphosate on rat liver mitochondriain vivo|journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=22|issue=1|pages=357–364|doi=10.1007/bf02026955|pmid=223703|issn=0007-4861}}</ref> - Mmetụta nke glyphosate na imeju rat mitochondriain vivo. * <ref name="Bababunmi 1979 925–927">{{Cite journal|author=Bababunmi|first=Enitan A.|date=1979|title=The uncoupling effect of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine on isolated rat liver mitochondria|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=28|issue=6|pages=925–927|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(79)90377-0|pmid=156546|issn=0006-2952}}</ref> - Mmetụta uncoupling nke N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine na mitochondria imeju nke òké. * - Hepatocarcinogens na nri Naijiria. [1] * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bassir|first=Olumbe|date=1978|title=Occurrence of nitrate, nitrite, dimethylamine, and dimethylnitrosamine in some fermented Nigerian beverages|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=26|issue=1|pages=200–203|doi=10.1021/jf60215a052|pmid=621323|issn=0021-8561}}</ref> - Ọbịbịa nke nitrate, nitrite, dimethylamine, na dimethylnitrosamine na ụfọdụ ihe ọṅụṅụ Naijiria. * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fafunso|first=Michael|date=1976|title=Effect of cooking on the vitamin C content of fresh leaves and wilted leaves|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=24|issue=2|pages=354–355|doi=10.1021/jf60204a054|pmid=1254813|issn=0021-8561}}</ref> - Mmetụta nke isi nri na vitamin C nke akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ ndị a kpara akpụ. [1] * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bassir|first=Olumbe|date=1970|title=Oxidative metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by mammalian liver slices and microsomes|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=19|issue=5|pages=1681–1687|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(70)90158-9|pmid=5513948|issn=0006-2952}}</ref> - Oxidative metabolism nke aflatoxin B1 site na ibe imeju na microsomes. [1] * <ref name="Bababunmi 1979 925–927" /> - Mmetụta uncoupling nke N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine na mitochondria imeju nke òké. * 1957 - Anthology of West African Verse. Ibadan University Press. * 1973 Mmetụta nke aflatoxin <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adekunle|first=A. A.|date=1973|title=The effects of aflatoxin B1 and palmotoxins B0 and G0 on the germination and leaf colour of the cowpea (vigna sinensis)|url=https://archive.org/details/mycopathologia_1973-12-15_51_4/page/299|journal=Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata|volume=51|issue=4|pages=299–305|doi=10.1007/bf02057800|pmid=4768220|issn=0301-486X}}</ref> 1 na palmotoxins B 0 na G 0 na ntolite na agba akwụkwọ nke cowpea (Vigna sinensis). [1] * 1958 Nnyocha nri na mmiri ara nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=BASSIR|first=O.|date=1958|title=Nutritional studies on breast milk of Nigerian women: Changes in the major constituents of breast milk during a single feed|journal=Journal of Tropical Pediatrics|volume=4|issue=1|pages=3–12|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.tropej.a057492|issn=0142-6338}}</ref> (Gbanwee n'ihe ndị dị na mmiri ara n'oge otu nri). [1] * 1972 Mmepụta nke aflatoxin <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bassir|first=O.|date=1972|title=Production of aflatoxin B1 from defined natural cultures of Aspergillus flavus (link)|url=https://archive.org/details/mycopathologia_1972-03-26_46_3/page/241|journal=Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata|volume=46|issue=3|pages=241–246|doi=10.1007/bf02053412|pmid=4622288|issn=0301-486X}}</ref> 1 site na ọdịbendị okike akọwapụtara nke Aspergillus flavus (Link). [1] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 0dsqx60cqivws05e0135zoiq3fcw1et 0 34528 743997 450877 2026-11-09T18:28:43Z ~2026-59376-48 67537 /* Nchebe megide ịkpa ókè */ 743997 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ndị Lesbian, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, bisexual, na transgender (LGBT) nọ na Northern Nigeria na-eche ihe ịma aka iwu pụrụ iche na nke ọha mmadụ na-enwetaghị ndị na-abụghị ndị LGBT. Iwu gọọmenti etiti machibidoro ụdị omume idina ụdị onwe ọ bụla ma nye iwu ka a ga-anọ mkpọrọ afọ 14 maka ndị ahụ hụrụ na ha nwere ikike. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị iwu Shari'a nke Maliki etinyere na steeti iri na abụọ nwere ntaramahụhụ dị nta maka ndị na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye, ọ na-edepụta ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ maka ndị lụrụ di na nwunye. Naịjirịa akatọwo ya n'ọtụtụ ebe site n'aka ndị otu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, yana United Nations, maka ịghara ịkwado, na ọbụna imebi, ikike nke ndị LGBT. == Iwu nke mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị == === Boko Haram ===   === Iwu Mpụ nke isi oche ọchịchị === Nkeji narị abụọ na iri asatọ na anọ nke iwu Penal Code of Northern Nigeria, Federal Provisions Act, nke metụtara steeti niile dị na ugwu Naijiria, kwuru na:<blockquote>Onye <ref name="Ostien"/> bụla na nwoke, nwanyị ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere mmekọahụ n'ụzọ na-emegide usoro okike ga-enweta ntaramahụhụ site n'ịga mkpọrọ ruo afọ iri na anọ ma bụrụkwa onye a ga-akwụ ụgwọ.: page: 69  Akụkụ nke 405 na-enye na nwoke nke na-eyi ma ọ bụ na-eyi uwe n'ụdị nwanyị n'ebe ọha na eze ma ọ bụ onye na-eme sodomy dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ihe ọ ga-eri ma ọ bụ dị ka ọrụ bụ "onye na-agagharị agagharị". <ref name="Ostien" />'okpuru Akụkụ nke 407, ntaramahụhụ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke otu afọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.: page: 127  Akụkụ nke 405 <ref name="Ostien" />-enyekwa na "onye na-agagharị agagharị" bụ "onye ọ bụla mgbe a mara ya ikpe dị ka onye na-agafe agagharị na-eme mpụ ọ bụla nke ga-eme ka a maa ya ikpe ọzọ".<ref name="Ostien" />: peeji: 127 ntaramahụhụ n'okpuru Nkebi nke 408 bụ ihe ruru afọ abụọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.: page: 128 </blockquote> === Iwu Shari'a e depụtara na steeti iri na abụọ === Twelve northern states have adopted some form of Shari'a into their criminal statutes: [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe]], [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa]], [[Ȯra Kaduna|Kaduna]], [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]], [[Ȯra Katsina|Katsina]], [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], [[Ȯra Niger|Niger]], [[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]], [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]], and [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]]. The Shari'a criminal laws apply to those who voluntarily consent to the jurisdiction of the Shari'a courts and to all Muslims.{{rp|page: 45}} ==== Ihe sodomy pụtara ==== Na steeti Kaduna na Yobe, "sodomy" bụ nke "[onye] na nwoke ọ bụla nwere mmekọahụ n'afọ". Na steeti Kano na Katsina, "sodomy" na-eme site na "[w] onye ọ bụla nwere mmekọ anụ ahụ megide usoro okike ya na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ọ bụla site na isi ike ya". <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Sokoto, na Zamfara, "onye na-edina nwoke ibe ya" bụ "[onye] nwere mmekọahụ anụ ahụ megide usoro okike na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ọ bụla".: page: 69  ==== ntaramahụhụ maka mmebi iwu nke sodomy ==== Na steeti Gombe, Jigawa, na Zamfara, a ga-ata onye mejọrọ nwoke ibe ya ahụhụ:<blockquote> (a) site n'ịkụ otu narị ụtarị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ lụbeghị di, ọ ga-enwekwa ntaramahụhụ maka otu afọ; ma ọ bụ</blockquote><blockquote> (b) ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ ya nkume ruo ọnwụ (rajm).<ref name="Ostien"/>: page: 70 </blockquote>Na steeti Kano, a ga-ata onye mere mpụ sodomy ahụhụ:<blockquote> (a) site n'ịkụ otu narị ụtarị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ lụbeghị di, ọ ga-enwekwa ntaramahụhụ maka otu afọ; ma ọ bụ</blockquote><blockquote> (b) ma ọ bụrụ na ọ lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye n'oge gara aga site na ịtụ nkume ruo ọnwụ (rajm). <ref name="Ostien"/>: page: 70 </blockquote><ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Bauchi, a ga-ata onye mebiri iwu sodomy ahụhụ site na ịtụ ya nkume ruo ọnwụ (rajm) ma ọ bụ site n'ụzọ ọ bụla ọzọ steeti kpebiri. ": page: 70  <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Kaduna, Katsina, Kebbi, na Yobe, onye na-eme mpụ nke sodomy "ga-ata ya ahụhụ site na ịtụ ya nkume ruo ọnwụ (rajm) ".: page: 70 <blockquote> (a) site na ịtụ ya nkume ruo ọnwụ;</blockquote><blockquote><ref name="Ostien"/> (b) ọ bụrụ na onye na-eto eto mere omume ahụ na onye toro eto, a ga-ata onye toro eto ahụhụ site na ta'azir nke nwere ike ịgbasa 100 ụtarị na onye na'eto eto na ntaramahụhụ mgbazi.: page: 70 </blockquote><ref name="Ostien"/> Sokoto, "ta'azir" pụtara " ntaramahụhụ maka mmejọ nke a na-akọwaghị ntaramahụjụ".: page: 53  ==== Ihe nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị putara ==== <ref name="Ostien">[http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/sharia-implementation-in-northern-nigeria/vol_4_4_chapter_4_part_III.pdf ''Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999-2006: A Sourcebook'', authored by Philip Ostien, Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2007, volume IV, chapter 4, part III (republished on the Internet by the University of Bayreuth with permission of the author and publisher)]</ref> steeti Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, na Zamfara, ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ya site na "[onye ọ bụla, n'ịbụ nwanyị, na-etinye nwanyị ọzọ na mmekọahụ anụ ahụ site na akụkụ ahụ ya ma ọ bụ site na mkpali ma ọ bụ mkpali mmekọahụ nke ibe ya. " Bauchi, Jiga, Katsinaina, Kebi, Sokoto na Zamfara na-eme ihe ndị a site na njikọta nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị / / afọ ojuju: ": page: 71  ==== ntaramahụhụ maka mmejọ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị ==== <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Gombe, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, na Zamfara, onye na-eme mpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị "ga-ata ya ahụhụ site na ịpịa ya ụtarị nke nwere ike iru iri ise ma tụọ ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ nke nwere ike ịgbatị ọnwa isii".: page: 71  <ref name="Ostien"/> Na steeti Gombe, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, na Zamfara, onye mejọrọ mmejọ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị “a ga-eji mkpe were taa ụtarị iri ise na mgbakwunye na a ga-ama ya ikpe mkpọrọ nke nwere ike ịgbatị. ruo ọnwa isii <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Kaduna, ntaramahụhụ maka ime mpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ta'azir, nke pụtara " ntaramahụjụ ọ bụla a na-enyeghị site na hadd ma ọ bụ qisas".<ref name="Ostien" />: peeji: 53 "Hadd" pụtara " ntaramahụhụ nke iwu Alakụba setịpụrụ".<ref name="Ostien" />: peeji: 54 "Qisas" gụnyere " ntaramahụhụ a na-enye ndị mebiri iwu site na mmegwara maka ịkpata ọnwụ / mmerụ ahụ nye mmadụ". : peeji nke: 54: page: 54  <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Kano na Katsina, ntaramahụhụ maka ime mpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ịtụ nkume ruo ọnwụ.: page: 71  ==== Ihe omume rụrụ arụ pụtara ==== Na steeti Kaduna, mmadụ na-eme ajọ omume rụrụ arụ " n'ihu ọha, ikpughe ọtọ n'ihu ọha na ihe ndị ọzọ yiri ya nwere ike imebi omume ọha. == Nkwado maka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị == {{Human rights in Nigeria}} == Nchebe megide ịkpa ókè == Ọ bụ ezie na Iwu nke Federal Republic of Nigeria anaghị echebe ikike LGBT kpọmkwem, ọ nwere ndokwa dị iche iche na-ekwe nkwa ikike ụmụ amaala niile hà nhata (Nkebi 17 (2) (a)) yana ikike ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nlekọta ahụike na ahụike zuru oke (Nkeji 17 (3) (d)) na ohere hà nhata n'ebe ọrụ (Nkezi 17 (3) (a)). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm|title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria|work=nigeria-law.org|accessdate=2019-03-29|archivedate=2020-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515002448/https://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, Federal Constitution kọwara dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị iwu ọ bụla nke megidere ikike okpukperechi ma ọ bụ ozizi nke okpukpere chi ọ bụla na Federation; Ndị Animists Hausa na-eme emume mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. N'otu aka ahụ, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naịjirịa kpebiri na Nkebi nke 4(1), 5(2), na 5(3) nke Iwu Alụmdi na Nwunye Nwoke na Nwanyị (Mmachibidoro) 2013 mebiri Iwu Naịjirịa, na-ekwe ka òtù na ndị LGBTQ+ dịrị ndụ ma hazie onwe ha.[12] Ụlọọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa nwere amụma mba n'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile dị na Naịjirịa gbasara nchekwa, nchekwa na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-enweghị ime ihe ike, nke na-amachibido ma na-anaghị anabata ịkpa ókè, nke dịka amụma ahụ si dị, pụtara, "Mmeso ọjọọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọdịiche aka ike dabere na agbụrụ mmadụ, mmekọahụ, okpukperechi, mba, agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, nkwarụ, afọ, asụsụ, ebe mmadụ si bịa ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọzọ." Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị LGBT na-eche ịkpa ókè na mmekpa ahụ ihu. == Tebụl Nchịkọta == {| class="wikitable" |Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị iwu |[[Usòrò:Skull_and_crossbones.svg|alt=No|15x15px|Mba]] (Ruo ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na steeti iri na abụọ) |- |Afọ nkwenye hà nhata |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ naanị |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'inye ngwaahịa na ọrụ |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè na mpaghara ndị ọzọ niile (gụnyere ịkpa ókè n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, okwu ịkpọasị) |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Nkwado maka di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Nkuchi nwa site n'aka di na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Nkuchi nke di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |A na-ekwe ka ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha na ndị na-alụ nwanyị ibe ha rụọ ọrụ n'ihu ọha n'ọrụ agha |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Ikike ịgbanwe okike iwu |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Ịnweta IVF maka ụmụ nwanyị |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Ịmụ nwa maka ndị nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ha |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |} * LGBT rights in Africa * LGBT rights in Nigeria * Recognition of same-sex unions in Nigeria * Capital punishment for homosexuality * Capital punishment in Nigeria * Yan Daudu == Edensibia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110427075540/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3 Ndụmọdụ njem gọọmentị UK maka Naijiria: Iwu na omenala obodo] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 14gj7fmzsz9j1og7bgc3b6gij030q7h 743999 743997 2026-11-09T18:30:52Z ~2026-59376-48 67537 /* Tebụl Nchịkọta */ 743999 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ndị Lesbian, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, bisexual, na transgender (LGBT) nọ na Northern Nigeria na-eche ihe ịma aka iwu pụrụ iche na nke ọha mmadụ na-enwetaghị ndị na-abụghị ndị LGBT. Iwu gọọmenti etiti machibidoro ụdị omume idina ụdị onwe ọ bụla ma nye iwu ka a ga-anọ mkpọrọ afọ 14 maka ndị ahụ hụrụ na ha nwere ikike. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị iwu Shari'a nke Maliki etinyere na steeti iri na abụọ nwere ntaramahụhụ dị nta maka ndị na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye, ọ na-edepụta ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ maka ndị lụrụ di na nwunye. Naịjirịa akatọwo ya n'ọtụtụ ebe site n'aka ndị otu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, yana United Nations, maka ịghara ịkwado, na ọbụna imebi, ikike nke ndị LGBT. == Iwu nke mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị == === Boko Haram ===   === Iwu Mpụ nke isi oche ọchịchị === Nkeji narị abụọ na iri asatọ na anọ nke iwu Penal Code of Northern Nigeria, Federal Provisions Act, nke metụtara steeti niile dị na ugwu Naijiria, kwuru na:<blockquote>Onye <ref name="Ostien"/> bụla na nwoke, nwanyị ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere mmekọahụ n'ụzọ na-emegide usoro okike ga-enweta ntaramahụhụ site n'ịga mkpọrọ ruo afọ iri na anọ ma bụrụkwa onye a ga-akwụ ụgwọ.: page: 69  Akụkụ nke 405 na-enye na nwoke nke na-eyi ma ọ bụ na-eyi uwe n'ụdị nwanyị n'ebe ọha na eze ma ọ bụ onye na-eme sodomy dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ihe ọ ga-eri ma ọ bụ dị ka ọrụ bụ "onye na-agagharị agagharị". <ref name="Ostien" />'okpuru Akụkụ nke 407, ntaramahụhụ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke otu afọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.: page: 127  Akụkụ nke 405 <ref name="Ostien" />-enyekwa na "onye na-agagharị agagharị" bụ "onye ọ bụla mgbe a mara ya ikpe dị ka onye na-agafe agagharị na-eme mpụ ọ bụla nke ga-eme ka a maa ya ikpe ọzọ".<ref name="Ostien" />: peeji: 127 ntaramahụhụ n'okpuru Nkebi nke 408 bụ ihe ruru afọ abụọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.: page: 128 </blockquote> === Iwu Shari'a e depụtara na steeti iri na abụọ === Twelve northern states have adopted some form of Shari'a into their criminal statutes: [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe]], [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa]], [[Ȯra Kaduna|Kaduna]], [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]], [[Ȯra Katsina|Katsina]], [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], [[Ȯra Niger|Niger]], [[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]], [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]], and [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]]. The Shari'a criminal laws apply to those who voluntarily consent to the jurisdiction of the Shari'a courts and to all Muslims.{{rp|page: 45}} ==== Ihe sodomy pụtara ==== Na steeti Kaduna na Yobe, "sodomy" bụ nke "[onye] na nwoke ọ bụla nwere mmekọahụ n'afọ". Na steeti Kano na Katsina, "sodomy" na-eme site na "[w] onye ọ bụla nwere mmekọ anụ ahụ megide usoro okike ya na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ọ bụla site na isi ike ya". <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Sokoto, na Zamfara, "onye na-edina nwoke ibe ya" bụ "[onye] nwere mmekọahụ anụ ahụ megide usoro okike na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ọ bụla".: page: 69  ==== ntaramahụhụ maka mmebi iwu nke sodomy ==== Na steeti Gombe, Jigawa, na Zamfara, a ga-ata onye mejọrọ nwoke ibe ya ahụhụ:<blockquote> (a) site n'ịkụ otu narị ụtarị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ lụbeghị di, ọ ga-enwekwa ntaramahụhụ maka otu afọ; ma ọ bụ</blockquote><blockquote> (b) ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ ya nkume ruo ọnwụ (rajm).<ref name="Ostien"/>: page: 70 </blockquote>Na steeti Kano, a ga-ata onye mere mpụ sodomy ahụhụ:<blockquote> (a) site n'ịkụ otu narị ụtarị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ lụbeghị di, ọ ga-enwekwa ntaramahụhụ maka otu afọ; ma ọ bụ</blockquote><blockquote> (b) ma ọ bụrụ na ọ lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye n'oge gara aga site na ịtụ nkume ruo ọnwụ (rajm). <ref name="Ostien"/>: page: 70 </blockquote><ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Bauchi, a ga-ata onye mebiri iwu sodomy ahụhụ site na ịtụ ya nkume ruo ọnwụ (rajm) ma ọ bụ site n'ụzọ ọ bụla ọzọ steeti kpebiri. ": page: 70  <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Kaduna, Katsina, Kebbi, na Yobe, onye na-eme mpụ nke sodomy "ga-ata ya ahụhụ site na ịtụ ya nkume ruo ọnwụ (rajm) ".: page: 70 <blockquote> (a) site na ịtụ ya nkume ruo ọnwụ;</blockquote><blockquote><ref name="Ostien"/> (b) ọ bụrụ na onye na-eto eto mere omume ahụ na onye toro eto, a ga-ata onye toro eto ahụhụ site na ta'azir nke nwere ike ịgbasa 100 ụtarị na onye na'eto eto na ntaramahụhụ mgbazi.: page: 70 </blockquote><ref name="Ostien"/> Sokoto, "ta'azir" pụtara " ntaramahụhụ maka mmejọ nke a na-akọwaghị ntaramahụjụ".: page: 53  ==== Ihe nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị putara ==== <ref name="Ostien">[http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/sharia-implementation-in-northern-nigeria/vol_4_4_chapter_4_part_III.pdf ''Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999-2006: A Sourcebook'', authored by Philip Ostien, Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2007, volume IV, chapter 4, part III (republished on the Internet by the University of Bayreuth with permission of the author and publisher)]</ref> steeti Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, na Zamfara, ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ya site na "[onye ọ bụla, n'ịbụ nwanyị, na-etinye nwanyị ọzọ na mmekọahụ anụ ahụ site na akụkụ ahụ ya ma ọ bụ site na mkpali ma ọ bụ mkpali mmekọahụ nke ibe ya. " Bauchi, Jiga, Katsinaina, Kebi, Sokoto na Zamfara na-eme ihe ndị a site na njikọta nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị / / afọ ojuju: ": page: 71  ==== ntaramahụhụ maka mmejọ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị ==== <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Gombe, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, na Zamfara, onye na-eme mpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị "ga-ata ya ahụhụ site na ịpịa ya ụtarị nke nwere ike iru iri ise ma tụọ ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ nke nwere ike ịgbatị ọnwa isii".: page: 71  <ref name="Ostien"/> Na steeti Gombe, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, na Zamfara, onye mejọrọ mmejọ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị “a ga-eji mkpe were taa ụtarị iri ise na mgbakwunye na a ga-ama ya ikpe mkpọrọ nke nwere ike ịgbatị. ruo ọnwa isii <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Kaduna, ntaramahụhụ maka ime mpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ta'azir, nke pụtara " ntaramahụjụ ọ bụla a na-enyeghị site na hadd ma ọ bụ qisas".<ref name="Ostien" />: peeji: 53 "Hadd" pụtara " ntaramahụhụ nke iwu Alakụba setịpụrụ".<ref name="Ostien" />: peeji: 54 "Qisas" gụnyere " ntaramahụhụ a na-enye ndị mebiri iwu site na mmegwara maka ịkpata ọnwụ / mmerụ ahụ nye mmadụ". : peeji nke: 54: page: 54  <ref name="Ostien"/> steeti Kano na Katsina, ntaramahụhụ maka ime mpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ịtụ nkume ruo ọnwụ.: page: 71  ==== Ihe omume rụrụ arụ pụtara ==== Na steeti Kaduna, mmadụ na-eme ajọ omume rụrụ arụ " n'ihu ọha, ikpughe ọtọ n'ihu ọha na ihe ndị ọzọ yiri ya nwere ike imebi omume ọha. == Nkwado maka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị == {{Human rights in Nigeria}} == Nchebe megide ịkpa ókè == Ọ bụ ezie na Iwu nke Federal Republic of Nigeria anaghị echebe ikike LGBT kpọmkwem, ọ nwere ndokwa dị iche iche na-ekwe nkwa ikike ụmụ amaala niile hà nhata (Nkebi 17 (2) (a)) yana ikike ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nlekọta ahụike na ahụike zuru oke (Nkeji 17 (3) (d)) na ohere hà nhata n'ebe ọrụ (Nkezi 17 (3) (a)). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm|title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria|work=nigeria-law.org|accessdate=2019-03-29|archivedate=2020-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515002448/https://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, Federal Constitution kọwara dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị iwu ọ bụla nke megidere ikike okpukperechi ma ọ bụ ozizi nke okpukpere chi ọ bụla na Federation; Ndị Animists Hausa na-eme emume mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. N'otu aka ahụ, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naịjirịa kpebiri na Nkebi nke 4(1), 5(2), na 5(3) nke Iwu Alụmdi na Nwunye Nwoke na Nwanyị (Mmachibidoro) 2013 mebiri Iwu Naịjirịa, na-ekwe ka òtù na ndị LGBTQ+ dịrị ndụ ma hazie onwe ha.[12] Ụlọọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa nwere amụma mba n'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile dị na Naịjirịa gbasara nchekwa, nchekwa na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-enweghị ime ihe ike, nke na-amachibido ma na-anaghị anabata ịkpa ókè, nke dịka amụma ahụ si dị, pụtara, "Mmeso ọjọọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọdịiche aka ike dabere na agbụrụ mmadụ, mmekọahụ, okpukperechi, mba, agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, nkwarụ, afọ, asụsụ, ebe mmadụ si bịa ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọzọ." Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị LGBT na-eche ịkpa ókè na mmekpa ahụ ihu. == Tebụl Nchịkọta == {| class="wikitable" |Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị iwu |[[Usòrò:Skull_and_crossbones.svg|alt=No|15x15px|Mba]]/[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] (Ruo ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na steeti iri na abụọ) |- |Afọ nkwenye hà nhata |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ naanị |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'inye ngwaahịa na ọrụ |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè na mpaghara ndị ọzọ niile (gụnyere ịkpa ókè n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, okwu ịkpọasị) |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]]/[[Usòrò:Yes check.svg|17px]] |- |Alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Nkwado maka di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Nkuchi nwa site n'aka di na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Nkuchi nke di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |A na-ekwe ka ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha na ndị na-alụ nwanyị ibe ha rụọ ọrụ n'ihu ọha n'ọrụ agha |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Ikike ịgbanwe okike iwu |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Ịnweta IVF maka ụmụ nwanyị |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |- |Ịmụ nwa maka ndị nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ha |[[Usòrò:X_mark.svg|alt=No|17x17px|Mba]] |} == Edensibia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110427075540/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3 Ndụmọdụ njem gọọmentị UK maka Naijiria: Iwu na omenala obodo] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7bw7unkf0yx53il6rbsmfcszzg0t19n 0 36527 744002 195274 2026-11-09T19:22:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744002 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} "Gangsta's Paradise" bụ otu egwu nke onye America na-eti egwu bụ Coolio, nke Tommy Boy, Warner Bros. na MCA wepụtara na August 1, 1995 <ref name="RIAA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Coolio&ti=gangsta%27s+paradise&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|title=RIAA – Gold and Platinum Searchable Database|work=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=September 9, 2020|archivedate=November 6, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106182401/https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Coolio&ti=gangsta%27s+paradise&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section}}</ref> . N'ịgwakọta egwu Stevie Wonder "Pastime Paradise" (1976), "Gangsta's Paradise" gosipụtara olu sitere n'aka onye na-agụ egwu America L.V. onye jere ozi dị ka onye na-ede egwu na onye na-edebanye aha ya na Coolio na Doug Rasheed, ebe a na-ekwukwa na Wonder maka ihe osise na okwu ya. N'ịbụ Platinum n'ọnwa Ọktoba, a gụnyere abụ ahụ na abọm nke abụọ nke Coolio, Gangsta's Paradise, na Nọvemba 1995. Ọ bụ Antoine Fuqua duziri vidio egwu ya ma gosipụta Michelle Pfeiffer. A na-ewere abụ ahụ na ihe nkiri Pfeiffer, Dangerous Minds . Vidio egwu ahụ na-elekwasịkwa anya na ihe nkiri ahụ. A<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1995.htm|title=Top 100 Hits of 1995/Top 100 Songs of 1995|work=musicoutfitters.com|accessdate=February 8, 2009|archivedate=November 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222343/https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1995.htm}}</ref> ahụ bụ nke mbụ na-ere ahịa na 1995 na US ''Billboard''. N'afọ 2008, a họpụtara ya na ọnụọgụ 38 na VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop".<ref name="blog.vh1.com">{{Cite web|author=Macnie|first=Jim|date=2008-09-24|title=The 100 Greatest Hip Hop Songs Ever|url=http://blog.vh1.com/2008-09-24/100-greatest-hip-hop-songs/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217063457/http://blog.vh1.com/2008-09-24/100-greatest-hip-hop-songs/|archivedate=2015-02-17|work=VH1 Blog Reality TV News and Gossip}}</ref> ''NME'' depụtara egwu ahụ na nọmba 100 na ọkwa ha nke "100 Best Songs of the 1990s" na 2012 [1] na magazin ''Billboard'' depụtara ya n'etiti "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time" na 2023. [2] E nyere Coolio Grammy maka Best Rap Solo Performance, abụọ MTV Video Music Awards maka Best Rap Video na Best Video from a Film na Billboard Music Award maka egwu / album. A họpụtara abụ ahụ dị ka egwu kachasị mma n'afọ na ntuli aka ndị nkatọ Village Voice Pazz &amp;amp; Jop. Egwú ahụ ereela ihe karịrị nde ise <ref name="German certifications">{{Cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/|title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank|publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]|language=de|accessdate=April 11, 2012|archivedate=February 13, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213130048/http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/}}</ref> United States, United Kingdom, na Germany. <ref name="RIAA"/> <ref name="UK sales">{{Cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-official-chart-millionaires-revealed__20459/|title=The UK's Official Chart 'millionaires' revealed|author=Copsey|first=Rob|date=September 19, 2017|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=June 17, 2018|archivedate=September 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919122703/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-official-chart-millionaires-revealed__20459/}}</ref> Coolio kụrụ egwu a na 1995 Billboard Music Awards na L.V. na Wonder, na 38th Annual Grammy Awards na L'V. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Lamb, Bill|url=https://www.liveabout.com/top-songs-from-the-90s-3245307|title=The Best 100 Songs From the 1990s|work=[[About.com]]|date=September 7, 2019|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=May 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517170314/https://www.liveabout.com/top-songs-from-the-90s-3245307}}</ref>, L.V. na Doug Rasheed dere "Gangsta's Paradise" ma dee okwu ya, ebe Rasheed na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta egwu ahụ. Stevie Wonder natara otuto maka ihe osise na okwu ya n'ihi ntinye nke egwu ya "Pastime Paradise" site na album ya nke 1976 Songs in the Key of Life . Abụ ahụ na-amalite site na ahịrị sitere na [[Abụ Ọma 23|Abụ Ọma 23:4]]: "Ka m na-agafe ndagwurugwu nke onyinyo ọnwụ", mana mgbe ahụ ọ na-agbagha na: "M na-ele ndụ m anya ma chọpụta na ọ dịghị ihe fọdụrụ. "Na-agbakwunye na ụfọdụ n'ime ụda okpukpe bụ olu abụ n'azụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theretuned.com/adventures-in-missing-the-point-gangstas-paradise/|title=Adventures in Missing the Point: 'Gangsta's Paradise'|work=RETUNED|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224145435/http://www.theretuned.com/adventures-in-missing-the-point-gangstas-paradise/|archivedate=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Coolio wepụtara ahịrị abụọ mbụ n'efu, ebe okwu ndị ọzọ na-abịakwute ya ngwa ngwa n'otu oge. ga-emecha kwuo na abụ ahụ sitere na isi iyi dị n'èzí onwe ya, na-asị: "'Gangsta's Paradise' chọrọ ka a mụọ; ọ chọrọ ịlọghachi, ọ họọrọ m dị ka arịa". == Ihe osise == Otu ahụ ruru nọmba mbụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], Ireland, [[France]], [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Italy|Ịtali]], [[Sweden]], [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], The [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ostraliya|Australia]], na New Zealand, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu Coolio kachasị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma. 'Australia, abụ ahụ nọrọ na No. 1 ruo izu iri na anọ, ndekọ nke Ed Sheeran "Shape of You" ga-emebi naanị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ka e mesịrị. Mgbe Coolio pụtara na Celebrity Big Brother 6, ọ batara ọzọ na chaatị UK na-arị elu na No. 31. Na United Kingdom, "Gangsta's Paradise" bụ egwu rap mbụ rere ihe karịrị otu nde. Mgbe ọnwụ Coolio gasịrị na Septemba 28, 2022, "Gangsta's Paradise" malitere ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị na nọmba 5 na UK Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-sales-chart/20220930|title=Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 - 30 September 2022 - 06 October 2022|work=Official Charts|date=30 September 2022|accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref> wee banyeghachi na Official Top 100 Singles Chart na 7 Ọktoba 2022 na nọmba 55. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20221007|title=Official Singles Chart Top 100. 07 October 2022 - 13 October 2022|work=Official Charts|date=7 October 2022|accessdate=7 October 2022}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume == <ref name=":0"/>About.com kọwara abụ ahụ dị ka "ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ikuku". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Masterton|first=James|title=Week Ending October 28th 1995|url=https://chart-watch.uk/archives/1995/week-ending-october-28th-1995|work=Chart Watch UK|date=October 22, 1995|accessdate=September 25, 2021|authorlink=James Masterton|archivedate=September 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925165951/https://chart-watch.uk/archives/1995/week-ending-october-28th-1995}}</ref>James Masterton maka ''Dotmusic'' kwuru na "ọmarịcha a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha" nke egwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Tom|author=Ewing|title=68. COOLIO ft LV – "Gangsta's Paradise"|work=Freaky Trigger|date=September 20, 1999|accessdate=April 20, 2020|url=http://freakytrigger.co.uk/ft/1999/09/68-coolio-ft-lv-gangstas-paradise/|archivedate=November 20, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095825/http://freakytrigger.co.uk/ft/1999/09/68-coolio-ft-lv-gangstas-paradise/}}</ref>David Browne nke Entertainment Weekly kwuru na ọ "ma eleghị anya abụ kachasị njọ n'elu chaatị egwu egwu egwu. "Ọ gbakwụnyere, "Site na ndị ukwe ya na okwu gbasara onye gbara egbe dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ nke na-egbu ikpere n'okporo ámá na-eche ma ọ ga-adị ndụ ịhụ 24, ọ na-enyocha abyss ahụ na ịdị jụụ nke ndị nta akụkọ". [1] Freaky Trigger kwupụtara ya dị ka "nnukwu pop zuru oke". Idolator kpọrọ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wood, Mike|title=The 50 Best Pop Singles Of 1995 (Featuring New Interviews With Alanis Morissette, Garbage, Kylie Minogue, Monica, Ace Of Base & More!)|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|date=December 9, 2015|accessdate=April 7, 2020|url=https://www.idolator.com/7615149/the-50-best-pop-singles-of-1995-alanis-morissette-garbage-kylie-minogue-monica-ace-of-base-interview}}</ref> "rap rhapsody". [1] Pan-European Music & Media kwuru, sị: "N'afọ gara aga, onye na-eti egwu a kụrụ paydirt site na ịmegharị "Fantastic Voyage" nke Lakeside. N'oge a, ọ na-eji otu aghụghọ ahụ eme ihe na akụkọ a dị ogologo nke dabeere na Stevie Wonder's "Pastime Paradise". N'adịghị ka nke mbụ, nke dị ịtụnanya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ ihe na-ewu ewu, nke a bụ nọmba US 1 ma nwee ohere ọ bụla nke ịga nke ọma na Europe. [1] Onye nyocha si na Music Week nyere ya anọ n'ime ise, na-agbakwunye: "A na magazin ahụ na-atụgharị uche". == Vidio egwu == Ọ bụ Antoine Fuqua duziri vidiyo egwu ahụ ma gosipụta Michelle Pfeiffer na-emegharị ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka US Marine LouAnne Johnson na ihe nkiri Dangerous Minds . Vidio ahụ gụnyekwara ihe nkiri sitere na ihe nkiri ahụ. Na mbido, Coolio nwere nchegbu banyere ọgwụgwọ vidiyo ahụ na-ekwu, "Achọrọ m ụfọdụ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na ụfọdụ ihe na ya; Ana m agbalị iwere ya 'hood'. " N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ tụkwasịrị Fuqua obi ma nwee obi ụtọ na nsonaazụ ikpeazụ. Maka vidiyo egwu ahụ, Coolio meriri Best Rap Video na MTV Video Music Awards na 1996. egwu ahụ ruru otu ijeri [[YouTube]] n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022. === Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri === * Michelle Pfeiffer * Coolio * Onye duziri ya bụ: Antoine Fuqua * Onye nchịkọta ụda: Jeff Clark == Mmetụta na ihe nketa == 'afọ 1996, a kpọrọ "Gangsta's Paradise" Best Rap 12-inch na International Dance Music Awards na Miami. N'afọ 1999, The Village Voice depụtara abụ nke anọ na ndepụta ha nke "Top Singles of the 90's". N'afọ 2008, a họpụtara ya na ọnụọgụ 38 na VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop".<ref name="blog.vh1.com"/> 'afọ 2012, ''NME'' depụtara egwu ahụ na nọmba 100 na ọkwa ha nke "100 Best Songs of the 1990s". [1] ' 2019, magazin ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Billboard]''_(magazine)" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard debere ya na ọnụọgụ 20 na ọkwa ha nke "Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s". [1] <ref>{{Cite web|first=Jacob|author=Osborn|title=Best 90s pop songs|work=Stacker|url=https://thestacker.com/stories/2971/best-90s-pop-songs#10|date=2019-04-30|accessdate=2020-04-22|archivedate=July 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731231822/https://thestacker.com/stories/2971/best-90s-pop-songs#10}}</ref>'otu afọ ahụ, Stacker debere ya na ọnụọgụ 19 na ndepụta ha nke "Best 90s pop songs". [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pudding.cool/2020/07/song-decay/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200731060910/https://pudding.cool/2020/07/song-decay/|archivedate=July 31, 2020|title=Defining the '90s Music Canon|work=[[The Pudding]]|first=Matt|author=Daniels|date=July 2020|accessdate=April 16, 2022}}</ref>'ọnwa Julaị 2020, mbipụta dijitalụ The Pudding mere nnyocha banyere egwu ndị kachasị ewu ewu site na '90s na egwu ndị Millennials na ndị Generation Z maara nke ọma. "Gangsta's Paradise" bụ abụ nke iri na abụọ kachasị elu. [1] N'ọnwarị 2023, magazin ''Billboard'' debere ya na nọmba 166 na "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time". [1] Ha toro "Oge anwansi nke egwu ahụ na obi ha maara, mgbe Coolio, amụrụ m, m, m ga-akpọ m, "Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla ga-eji m ga-aghọta m, "Na ọ bụla" == Parodies na mkpuchi == E nwere ọtụtụ egwu egwu, gụnyere "Amish Paradise" nke "Weird Al" Yankovic, nke a tọhapụrụ n'afọ sochirinụ, na-eru ọnụọgụ 53 na chaatị US. Coolio kwuru na o nyeghị ikike maka parody ahụ, nke dugara na nghọtahie n'etiti ha abụọ. Yankovic kwuru na a gwara ya na Coolio enyewo ikike site na akara ndekọ ya, ma rịọ mgbaghara. N'ihi ihe omume a, Yankovic na-achọ ugbu a nkwado maka egwu egwu site na ndị na-ese egwu n'onwe ha, kama ikwurịta okwu site na ndị ogbugbo. Coolio 'onwe ya kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ 2011 na ọ "rịọrọ ya mgbaghara (Yankovic) ", <ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Billy|title=Coolio Did Not Want Weird Al to Spoof 'Gangsta's Paradise'|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/coolio-did-not-want-weird-al-spoof-gangsta-205954306.html|work=Yahoo|publisher=Yahoo! Music|accessdate=December 23, 2015|date=August 1, 2013|archivedate=December 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052603/https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/coolio-did-not-want-weird-al-spoof-gangsta-205954306.html}}</ref> na-ekwukwa na ihe ngosi Rolling Stone na-emegide parody "bụ ma eleghị anya otu n'ime ihe ndị na-enweghị isi m mere kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. " L.V. wepụtara otu egwu nke egwu ahụ na 1996 na abọm izizi ya, I Am L.V., Nke a enweghị Coolio, ma gosipụta okwu ndị ọzọ nke L.V n'onwe ya dere, yana okwu rap nke Scarface na Dani Blooms dere. N'afọ 1996, Battery kpuchiri egwu ahụ maka nchịkọta ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche nke electro-industrial Operation Beatbox na album ha nke afọ 1996, Distance . <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Chris|author=Christian|url=http://www.sonic-boom.com/review/operation.beatbox.html|title=Various Artists: ''Operation Beatbox''|journal=Sonic Boom|date=August 1996|volume=4|issue=7|accessdate=November 17, 2016}}</ref> Ndị America na-akpọ post-hardcore band In Fear And Faith kpuchiri egwu ahụ na 2008. Otu egwu egwu egwu nke Austria bụ Artas kpuchiri egwu ahụ na 2008 na album The Healing . N'afọ 2014, ndị otu post-hardcore Falling in Reverse kpuchiri egwu ahụ maka album nchịkọta ''Punk Goes 90s Vol. '' ''2''. Vidio ahụ gụnyere ngosipụta nke Coolio. N'afọ 2015, Postmodern Jukebox mepụtara ụdị jazz nke afọ 1920. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/gangsters-paradise-mt0051081543|title=Gangster's Paradise – Like a Storm {{!}} Song Info|publisher=AllMusic|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-01-23|archivedate=July 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731220920/https://www.allmusic.com/song/gangsters-paradise-mt0051081543}}</ref>'otu afọ ahụ, ndị otu egwu rock siri ike nke [[New Zealand]] Like a Storm kpuchiri egwu ahụ na abọm studio nke abụọ ha, Awaken the Fire . [1] == Na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ == * E ji ya mee ihe na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke 1995 Dangerous Minds ma gosipụta ya na ụda ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Coker|first=Cheo Hodari|authorlink=Cheo Hodari Coker|date=February 25, 1996|work=Los Angeles Times|title=Rap Gets Soft (Really)|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-02-25-ca-40044-story.html|accessdate=October 13, 2022}}</ref> * <ref name="Vulture">{{Cite web|author=Barshad|first=Amos|date=August 10, 2011|work=Vulture|title=Nostalgia Fact-Check: How Does Coolio's Gangsta's Paradise Hold Up?|url=https://www.vulture.com/2011/08/nostalgia_fact_check_how_does_1.html|accessdate=October 13, 2022|archivedate=June 14, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614164852/https://www.vulture.com/2011/08/nostalgia_fact_check_how_does_1.html}}</ref>'afọ 2011, abụ ahụ gosipụtara na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị Bad Teacher . [1] * Egwú ahụ gosipụtara <ref name="Vulture" /> ihe nkiri dike The Green Hornet . [1] * Abụ ahụ pụtara <ref>{{Cite web|author=Foundas|first=Scott|date=April 25, 2013|work=Variety|title=3-View: 'Pain & Gain'|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/film-3-view-mark-wahlberg-dwayne-johnson-pic-pain-and-gain-1200413152/|accessdate=October 13, 2022|archivedate=October 13, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013022836/https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/film-3-view-mark-wahlberg-dwayne-johnson-pic-pain-and-gain-1200413152/}}</ref> ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke afọ 2013 bụ Pain & Gain . [1] * E gosipụtakwara abụ ahụ na trailers dị iche iche maka ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke US nke afọ 2014 ''Tammy'', nke Melissa McCarthy na-eme. * 'afọ 2019, e ji abụ ahụ mee ihe na trailer mbụ maka ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' . [1] * Abụ ahụ pụtara na Season 1 Episode 1 nke 2019 show Raising DionỊzụlite Dion == Ndị a nabatara == '''Billboard''' * Billboard Year-End Chart-Toppers 1995 ** Top Hot 100 Single number one ** Top Hot 100 Single Sales nọmba otu (2.5 nde) (2× platinum) '''Ihe nrite Grammy''' * Egwuregwu Rap Kasị Mma * Ihe ndekọ nke Afọ (onye a họpụtara) '''MTV''' * MTV Video Music Awards 1996 ** Vidio Rap Kasị Mma == Ndepụta egwu ==     == Chaatị == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} === Weekly charts === {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1995–1996) !Peak<br />position |- {{Single chart|Australia|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Austria|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Flanders|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Wallonia|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Canadatopsingles|29|chartid=2794|rowheader=true|access-date=November 26, 2019}} |- {{Single chart|Canadadance|3|chartid=2783|rowheader=true|access-date=November 26, 2019}} |- !scope="row" |Canada (''[[The Record (magazine)|The Record]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84|title=HITS OF THE WORLD|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=December 16, 1995|access-date=December 29, 2018}}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- !scope="row" |Denmark ([[IFPI Denmark|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 20, 1996|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3g4EAAAAMBAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3g4EAAAAMBAJ/page/n46 47]|title=Denmark everything but the girl.|access-date=November 30, 2010}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope=row |El Salvador ([[UPI]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Discos populares en Latinoamérica|url=http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=EDT/1996/01/20/29/Ar02900.xml&CollName=EDT_1990_1999&DOCID=10987&PageLabelPrint=29&skin=%45%6c%53%69%67%6c%6f&AppName=%32&sLanguage=%45%6e%67%6c%69%73%68&Content=%41%4c%4c&selLanguage=&sPublication=%45%44%54&sDateFrom=%30%31%25%32%46%30%31%25%32%46%31%39%39%36&sDateTo=%31%32%25%32%46%33%31%25%32%46%31%39%39%36&dummy=%31%39%39%36&sQuery=%43%6f%6f%6c%69%6f&x=%31%33&y=%31%31&ViewMode=HTML|website=[[El Siglo de Torreón]]|date=January 20, 1996|access-date=September 29, 2022|archive-date=September 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929192030/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=EDT/1996/01/20/29/Ar02900.xml&CollName=EDT_1990_1999&DOCID=10987&PageLabelPrint=29&skin=ElSiglo&AppName=2&sLanguage=English&Content=ALL&selLanguage=&sPublication=EDT&sDateFrom=01%252F01%252F1996&sDateTo=12%252F31%252F1996&dummy=1996&sQuery=Coolio&x=13&y=11&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- !scope="row" |Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles|Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-11-11.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=12|issue=45|page=21|date=November 11, 1995|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row" |Europe ([[European Dance Radio Chart|European Dance Radio]])<ref>{{cite magazine|title=European Dance Radio Top 25|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-12-02.pdf|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=December 2, 1995|page=14|accessdate=April 24, 2023}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- {{Single chart|Finland|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|France|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Germany|1|artist=Coolio feat. LV|song=Gangsta's Paradise|songid=3110|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row" |Iceland ([[Íslenski listinn|Íslenski Listinn Topp 40]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timarit.is/files/12276740.pdf#navpanes=1&view=FitH|title=Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (9 December 1995 – 15 December 1995)|publisher=Dagblaðið Vísir – Tónlist|access-date=February 3, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- {{single chart|Ireland2|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|access-date=January 5, 2018|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Italy (''[[Musica e dischi]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-12-23.pdf|title=Top National Sellers|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=12|issue=51/52|page=11|date=December 23, 1995|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- {{Single chart|Dutch40|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Dutch100|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|New Zealand|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Norway|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Scotland|1|date=19951029|access-date=January 5, 2018|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row" |Spain ([[Productores de Música de España|AFYVE]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|edition=1st |date=September 1996|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}<!--|access-date=January 26, 2011--></ref> |align="center"|20 |- {{Single chart|Sweden|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Swiss|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|UK|1|date=19951022|rowheader=true|refname=uk1}} |- {{single chart|UKrandb|1|date=19951022|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true|refname=uk2}} |- {{single chart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Coolio|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardrandbhiphop|2|artist=Coolio|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardrhythmic|2|artist=Coolio|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardpopsongs|17|artist=Coolio|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row" |Zimbabwe ([[List of record charts|ZIMA]])<ref>* Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. ''Zimbabwe: singles chart book''. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |} {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (2021–2022) !Peak<br />position |- {{single chart|Wallonia|50|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true|access-date=October 9, 2022|refname=WAL2022}} |- {{single chart|Czechdigital|27|year=2022|week=40|rowheader=true|access-date=October 10, 2022}} |- {{Single chart|Billboardglobal200|21|artist=Coolio|rowheader=true|access-date=October 11, 2022}} |- {{Single chart|Germany|27|artist=Coolio feat. LV|song=Gangsta's Paradise|songid=3110|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"| Greece International ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Official IFPI Charts – Digital Singles Chart (International) |url=https://www.ifpi.gr/digital_ien.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012064411/https://www.ifpi.gr/digital_ien.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=October 12, 2022|publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]}}</ref> | align=center|17 |- {{single chart|Hungarysingle|2|year=2022|week=40|rowheader=true|access-date=October 14, 2022}} |- ! scope="row"| Iceland ([[Music of Iceland|Plötutíðindi]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|title=Tónlistinn – Lög|trans-title=The Music – Songs|language=is|publisher=[[Music of Iceland|Plötutíðindi]]|access-date=October 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011181310/http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|archive-date=October 11, 2022}}</ref> | align=center|14 |- ! scope="row"| Lithuania ([[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s40/|title=2022 40-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|date=October 7, 2022|access-date=October 7, 2022|archive-date=October 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007072923/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s40/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align=center|62 |- ! scope="row"| Luxembourg (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/coolio/chart-history/i12/|title=Coolio Chart History (Luxembourg Songs)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref> | align=center|22 |- {{single chart|Poland|65|chartid=4232|year=2022|rowheader=true|access-date=October 3, 2022}} |- {{single chart|Portugal|83|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true|access-date=October 18, 2022}} |- ! scope="row"| Slovakia ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Singles Digitál Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?hitp=D|title=ČNS IFPI|publisher=IFPI ČR|id=Note: Select SK SINGLES DIGITAL TOP 100 and insert 202239 into search.|access-date=October 3, 2022|archive-date=December 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217095331/http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?hitp=D|url-status=live}}</ref> | align=center|99 |- ! scope="row"| South Africa ([[Recording Industry of South Africa|RISA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-40-2022/|title=Local & International Streaming Chart Top 100 Week 40-2022|website=[[The Official South African Charts]]|publisher=[[Recording Industry of South Africa]]|access-date=October 14, 2022|archive-date=October 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014002614/https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-40-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> | align=center|100 |- {{Single chart|Swiss|14|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|UK|55|date=20221007|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|UKrandb|9|date=20221007|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 8, 2022|refname=uk3}} |} {{col-2|rowheader=true}} === Year-end charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1995) !Position |- !scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref>1995 Australian Singles Chart [http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1995.htm aria.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803041226/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1995.htm |date=August 3, 2015 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/1995_single.asp|title=JAHRESHITPARADE 1995|language=de-at|publisher=austriancharts.at|access-date=December 4, 2019|archive-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011041443/https://austriancharts.at/1995_single.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|21 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>1995 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1995 Ultratop.be] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330022958/http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1995 |date=March 30, 2014 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|4 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)<ref>1995 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1995 Ultratop.be] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414112334/http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1995 |date=April 14, 2014 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|6 |- !scope="row"|Canada Dance/Urban (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2842&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=b276f8ju3l7iljpnkpteccdbh2|title=Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada|work=collectionscanada.gc.ca|access-date=January 14, 2012|archive-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040757/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2842&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=b276f8ju3l7iljpnkpteccdbh2|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|45 |- !scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-12-23.pdf |title=1995 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles |access-date=December 2, 2019 |magazine=Music & Media }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- !scope="row"|France (SNEP)<ref>1995 French Singles Chart [http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&year=1995 Disqueenfrance.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307201551/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&year=1995 |date=March 7, 2012 }} (Retrieved January 30, 2009)</ref> |align="center"|7 |- !scope="row"|Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1995 |title=Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts |language=de |publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]] |access-date=August 7, 2015 |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509002256/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1995 |url-status=live }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- !scope="row"|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timarit.is/page/2935413?iabr=on#page/n15/mode/2up|title=Árslistinn 1995|newspaper=[[DV (newspaper)|Dagblaðið Vísir]]|language=is|page=16|date=January 2, 1996|access-date=May 30, 2020|archive-date=July 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714210153/https://timarit.is/page/2935413?iabr=on#page/n15/mode/2up|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref name="Dutch">{{cite web |url=http://www.top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf |title=Single top 100 over 1995 |publisher=Top40 |language=nl |access-date=April 19, 2010 |archive-date=December 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206105203/http://top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=February 21, 2024 |archivedate=December 6, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206105203/http://top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf }}</ref> |align="center"|23 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1995&cat=s |title=JAAROVERZICHTEN – Single 1995 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |publisher=dutchcharts.nl |archive-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129105839/https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1995&cat=s |url-status=live }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- !scope="row"|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3884 |title=New Zealand End Of Year Charts 1995 |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] |access-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-date=May 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511182133/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3884 |url-status=dead |accessdate=February 21, 2024 |archivedate=May 11, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511182133/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3884 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1995&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 1995|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=November 24, 2019|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609144911/https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1995&dspp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Top 100 Singles 1995|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=9|date=January 13, 1996}}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web |url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995 |title=Billboard Top 100 – 1995 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995 |archive-date=August 15, 2009 |accessdate=February 21, 2024 |archivedate=August 15, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1995/BB-1995-12-23.pdf|title=1995 The Year in Music|magazine=Billboard|volume=107|issue=51|page=YE-38|date=December 23, 1995|access-date=August 27, 2021|archive-date=June 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628190958/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1995/BB-1995-12-23.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|30 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1996) !Position |- !scope="row"|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>1996 Austrian Singles Chart [http://austriancharts.at/statistic_1996.asp Austriancharts.at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040521/http://austriancharts.at/statistic_1996.asp |date=September 10, 2017 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|6 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>1996 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1996 Ultratop.be] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011135058/http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1996 |date=October 11, 2014 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|16 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)<ref>1996 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1996 Ultratop.be] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018211900/http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1996 |date=October 18, 2014 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|8 |- !scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1996/MM-1996-12-21.pdf|title=1996 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|access-date=December 17, 2019|magazine=Music & Media}}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- !scope="row"|Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1996|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts – Offizielle Deutsche Charts|website=offiziellecharts.de|access-date=May 25, 2017|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328020325/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1996|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|14 |- !scope="row"|Italy (''Musica e dischi'')<ref name="itayearend">{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|title=Chart Watch – Top Selling Singles of 1996|date=June 14, 1997|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1996|title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1996|publisher=Dutch Top 40|access-date=February 27, 2020|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023221026/https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1996|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|66 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1996&cat=s|title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 1996|website=dutchcharts.nl|access-date=February 27, 2020|archive-date=October 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018035305/https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1996&cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|55 |- !scope="row"|Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1996&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 1996|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=November 25, 2019|archive-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826130544/https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1996&dspp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|24 |- !scope="row"|Switzerland (Scweizer Hitparade)<ref>1996 Swiss Singles Chart [http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1996 Hitparade.ch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021195623/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1996 |date=October 21, 2013 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|15 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|first=|last=|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-01-18.pdf|title=Top 100 Singles 1996|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=January 18, 1997|page=25|accessdate=May 6, 2022}}</ref> |align="center"|86 |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billboardtop100of.com/1996-2/|title=Billboard Top 100 – 1996|website=Billboardtop100of.com|access-date=February 1, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224040033/http://billboardtop100of.com/1996-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|33 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (2022) !Position |- !scope="row"|Global 200 (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2022/billboard-global-200/|title=Billboard Global 200 – Year-End 2022|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> |align="center"|79 |- !scope="row"|Hungary (Single Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/single_db/2022|title=Single Top 100 – eladási darabszám alapján – 2022|publisher=Mahasz|language=hu|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203162441/https://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/single_db/2022|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|78 |- ! scope="row"| Lithuania (AGATA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/2022m/|title=2022 metų klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|access-date=February 28, 2023|archive-date=February 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225172647/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/2022m/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|88 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (2023) !Position |- ! scope="row"| Global 200 (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2023/billboard-global-200/|title=Billboard Global 200 – Year-End 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=November 22, 2023}}</ref> |align="center"|118 |} === Decade-end charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- !Chart (1990–1999) !Position |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145841/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratop_nineties_500.asp?page=1|archive-date=12 June 2018|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratop_nineties_500.asp?page=1|title=Ultratop Nineties 500: 1-50|language=nl|website=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=May 4, 2022}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|7 |- !scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="1990sbb">{{cite magazine|first=Geoff |last=Mayfield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA4|title=1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade – The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=December 25, 1999|access-date=October 15, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |} ===All-time charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !scope="col"|Chart !scope="col"|Position |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 (1958–2018)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100-60th-anniversary|title=Billboard Hot 100 60th Anniversary Interactive Chart|magazine=Billboard|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|89 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (Official Charts Company)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time__21298/|title=The UK's biggest selling singles of all time|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624234820/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time__21298/|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|31 |} {{col-end}} == asambodo na ahịa == {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=1995|certyear=1996|access-date=July 14, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Austria|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1995}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Belgium|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1995|certyear=1996}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|title=Gangsta's Paradise|award=Platinum|id=11731|relyear=1995|certyear=2022|access-date=October 11, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|artist=Multi-Artistes|title=Gangsta's Paradise|nocert=true|salesamount=300,000|type=single|relyear=1995|note=1995-1996 sales|salesref=<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkEAAAAMBAJ&dq=dangerous+minds+soundtrack+nielsen+soundscan&pg=PA40|title= Germany: Movie Synergy Moves Units|magazine=Billboard|date=November 23, 1996|page=40|volume=108|issue=47|issn=0006-2510|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref>|access-date=October 21, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Multi-Artistes|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=2020|certyear=2020|note=2020 release|accessdate=October 21, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=1995}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1995|certyear=2019|access-date=July 1, 2019}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Netherlands|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1995}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio feat. LV|type=single|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=1995|certyear=2022|id=5421|access-date=October 8, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Norway|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=4|relyear=1995|certyear=1996|nosales=true}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Portugal|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=1995|certyear=2023|id=file_2023-08-11-15-58-12.pdf|access-date=September 16, 2023}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Switzerland|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=1995|certyear=1995}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio ft LV|type=single|award=Platinum|number=4|relyear=1995|certyear=2022|access-date=October 7, 2022|id=2461-2121-1}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=1995|salesamount=3,100,000|salesref=<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10|title=Coolio Stays True To Sound of His 'Soul'|last=Shawnee|first=Smith|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=August 30, 1997|access-date=August 14, 2023|page=10|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>|note=([[CD single|physical]])}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|nocert=true|salesamount=1,900,000|salesref=<ref name="usdownlaods"/>|note=([[Music download|digital]])}} {{Certification Table Separator|title=Streaming}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Greece|artist=Coolio|title=Gangsta's Paradise|award=Platinum|type=single|relyear=1995|certyear=2022|id=20220613082930|access-date=September 30, 2022}} {{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true|streamsonly=true}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-c/coolio_main.htm Nkume n'Ịntanet] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/29/arts/music/coolio-gangstas-paradise.html Akụkọ nke "Paradaịs nke Gangata", Ihe Kasị Ukwuu nke Coolio] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rsdipbhohoug7k5en50j9rx9bsbwj34 0 38492 744044 723811 2026-11-10T04:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2014/01/fast-rising-singer-sunkanmi-releases.html|title=Fast rising singer Sunkanmi releases beautiful new promo photos|work=Linda Ikeji's Blog|accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref>Olasunkanmi Rehanat Alonge ( eje ozi 2 June 1987), nke amara aha ya bụ Sunkanmi, bụ onye Naijiria na-ede abụ na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ;  [1] Sunkanmi bilitere na 2015 mgbe ọ pịa "For Body", egwu nke mere ka ọ tinye aka na Nkwado nke onye egwu Naijiria ama ama aha ya bụ Olamide .  [2] Ọ bịanyere aka na ya ugbu a na Hit The Ground Records nke ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ ndị otu. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == .Sunkanmi bụ onye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Olabisi Onabanjo, ebe ọ ike Geophysics <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/143633/|title=Sunkanmi drops 'Zobo'|author=Ige|first=Rotimi|date=27 April 2018|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707235556/http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/143633/|archive-date=7 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ egwu == . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/02/07/sunkanmi-gets-top-producers-endorsement/|title=Sunkanmi Gets Top Producers' Endorsement – PM NEWS Nigeria|author=Arogundade|first=Funsho|date=7 February 2014|work=PM NEWS Nigeria|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref>Mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ n'akwụkwọ, Sunkanmi nwere ihe mbụ ya;  n'etiti 2015, site n' wiilka nke onye ihie ya, ọ zutere Olamide .  ahụ na-eduga n'ịmepụta abụ nke ihuenyo Maka Ahụhụ .  [1] [2] Sunkanmi bịanyere aka na Hit The Ground Running Entertainment <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lifestyle.ynaija.com/nominee-list-2016-eloy-awards/|title=The Nominees List for the 2016 ELOY Awards Is Out|date=10 October 2016|work=The September Standard|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055152/http://lifestyle.ynaija.com/nominee-list-2016-eloy-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Na 2015, a àmà Sunkanmi maka "Iwu Kacha Nkwa na-ekiri" na 2015 isi nke Nigeria Entertainment Awards, [1] [2] na na 2016, ọ natara 3 nhọpụta site na Scream All-Youth Awards na "Kacha mma New Act  " udi otu, [3] Lagos Ejiji Award na "Ejikere nke Artist of the Year" Atiya [4] na Eloy Awards na ngalaba "Egwu ajụjụ na-anya n'anya" n'ụdị ndịdị Niniola, Falana na Aramide. == Ihe ngosi == '''Ndepụta ndị alụbeghị di dị ka onye na-ese ihe, na-egosi afọ ewepụtara na aha ọba''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Album |- | rowspan="" | 2013 | "dị egwu" | rowspan="10" | Otu na-abụghị album |- | 2014 | "Owo" |- | 2014 | "Cassanova" |- | 2014 | "Tenumo" |- | 2015 | "Singale" <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201501100197.html|title=Nigeria: Olasunkanmi Returns With Singale|date=10 January 2015|work=Daily Independent (Lagos)|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- | 2015 | "Maka Ahụ" |- | 2015 | "Mary Jonna" |- | 2016 | "Soro Ị gawa" |- | 2017 | "Ebe ọ bụla" |- | 2017 | "Ị" |- | 2018 | "Zobo" |- | 2019 | "Emechala" |- | 2019 | "Baby Wa" |- | 2019 | "Jide m" |- | 2020 | "Yur Luv" |} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Aha ! Ụbọchị mwepụta vidiyo ! Onye isi ! Ref |- | Cassanova | Maachị 2014 | Patrick Elis | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2014/04/video-sunkanmi-cassanova/|title=VIDEO: Sunkanmi – Cassanova {{!}} 360Nobs.com|work=www.360nobs.com|accessdate=17 May 2018|archivedate=18 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054711/https://www.360nobs.com/2014/04/video-sunkanmi-cassanova/}}</ref> |- | Owo | Nọvemba 2014 | Toyin Lawani | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://notjustok.com/video-download/video-sunkanmi-owo/|title=VIDEO: Sunkanmi – Owo – Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs & Video|date=3 November 2014|work=Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs & Video|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055744/https://notjustok.com/video-download/video-sunkanmi-owo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Singale | Jenụwarị 2015 | Ihe nkiri Aje | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tooxclusive.com/video-mp4-download/video-sunkanmi-singale-prod-young-john/|title=VIDEO: Sunkanmi – Singale (Prod. by Young John) – TooXclusive|date=6 January 2015|work=TooXclusive|accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> |- | Maka Ahụ ^{(nke na-egosi Olamide)} | Julaị 2015 | [[Unlimited L.A|LA na-akparaghị ókè]] | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/video-sunkanmi-for-body-ft-olamide/|title=DOWNLOAD VIDEO: Sunkanmi – For Body Ft Olamide|date=7 July 2015|work=Mp3bullet|accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> |- | Alụrụ Joanna | Ọktoba 2015 | Michael Williams | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://notjustok.com/video-download/video-sunkanmi-ft-cdq-marry-joanna/|title=VIDEO: Sunkanmi ft. CDQ – Marry Joanna – Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs & Video|date=9 October 2015|work=Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs & Video|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055829/https://notjustok.com/video-download/video-sunkanmi-ft-cdq-marry-joanna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Ebe niile | Mee 2017 | Matt Maxx | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vibe.ng/watch-sunkanmi-official-video/|title=WATCH: Sunkanmi – You (Official Video)|author=Yhusuff|date=17 October 2017|work=vibe.ng|accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> |- | Ị | Ọktoba 2017 | Vasco Gee | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mp3switch.com/video/sunkanmi-you/|title=WATCH VIDEO: Sunkanmi – You {{!}} Mp3Switch|work=mp3switch.com|accessdate=17 May 2018|archivedate=18 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055844/https://mp3switch.com/video/sunkanmi-you/}}</ref> |- | Zobo | Julaị 2018 | Prat Hanna | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/sunkanmi-zobo-2|title=VIDEO: Sunkanmi – Zobo {{!}} 360Nobs.com|work=www.Naijaloaded.com.ng|accessdate=27 July 2018|archivedate=30 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730124749/http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/sunkanmi-zobo-2}}</ref> |- | Jide m | Disemba 2019 | UjProFilms | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/song/video-sunkanmi-hold-me|title=VIDEO: Sunkanmi - Hold Me {{!}} Naijaloaded.com.ng|work=www.Notjustok.com|accessdate=11 December 2019|archivedate=15 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215034857/https://notjustok.com/song/video-sunkanmi-hold-me/}}</ref> |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class ="wikitable" |- !Year !Award ceremony !Prize !Result |- |2015 |[[City People Magazine Award]] |Most Promising Act to Watch |{{nom}} |- |2015 |[[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]] |Most Promising Act to Watch |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nigeria-entertainment-awards-nominees-2015/|title=The Nigeria Entertainment Awards Announce 2015 Nominees |work=[[Okay Africa]]|author=DANIELLE ONEILL|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref> |- |2016 |Scream All-Youth Awards 2016 |Best New Female Act |{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenet.ng/dbanj-linda-ikeji-don-jazzy-grab-scream-all-youth-awards-2016-nomination/|title=D'banj, Linda Ikeji, Don Jazzy grab Scream All Youth Awards 2016 nomination |work=The Netng|author=Chidera Zinno|accessdate=16 October 2016}}</ref> |- |2016 |Lagos Fashion Awards 2016 |Best New Female Act |{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/12/lilian-esoro-seyi-shay-swanky-jerry-dbanj-emerge-winners-at-the-lagos-fashion-awards-2016/|title=Lilian Esoro, Seyi Shay, Swanky Jerry & D'banj Emerge Winners at the Lagos Fashion Awards 2016! |work=[[BellaNaija]]|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> |- |2016 |[[Eloy Awards 2016]] |Upcoming music artist of the year |{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/eloy-awards-2016-see-full-list-of-winners-moments-at-the-event-id5826074.html|title=See full list of winners at the ELOY Awards 2016 held on the 27th November in Lagos...|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=29 November 2016|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203074215/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/eloy-awards-2016-see-full-list-of-winners-moments-at-the-event-id5826074.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] n97xfv82yiealqazdc5ciyj6xqceoe2 0 40893 743972 705243 2026-11-09T12:30:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 10 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743972 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vh1press.com/series/cartel-crew|title=CARTEL CREW|publisher=VH1}}</ref> Cartel Crew bụ usoro ihe onyonyo n'ezie America nke ewepụtara na VH1 na Jenụwarị 7, 2019. Ọ na-akọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị edemede ha nweburu njikọ na cartels na Miami, Florida .  Usoro a na-egosi ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-anwa ịnya iwu na ndụ na ime ihe na- mmetụta nke cartel nwere na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị. == Nkedo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ihe nkiri nke ''Cartel Crew'' ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Onye otu nkedo ! colspan="3" scope="colgroup" | Oge |- ! scope="col" | 1 ! scope="col" | 2 ! scope="col" | 3 |- | scope="row" | Michael Blanco | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Marie Ramirez -D'Arellano | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Kat "Tatu Baby" Flores | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Stephanie Acevedo | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Nicole Zavala | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Carlos "Loz" Oliveros | colspan="2" {{cMain}}| {{n/a|}} |- | scope="row" | Dayana Castellanos | colspan="3" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Michael Zavala | colspan="1" {{cRecurring}}| colspan="2" {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Salomé "Betty Idol" Jackson | {{n/a|}}| {{cRecurring}}| {{cMain}} |- | scope="row" | Mike "Majix" Yuen | colspan="3" {{cRecurring}} |- | scope="row" | Ali Cabrera Tapia | colspan="3" {{cRecurring}} |- | scope="row" | Eddie Soto | {{n/a|}}| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}} |- | scope="row" | Ivette Saucedo | {{n/a|}}| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}} |- | scope="row" | Emma Coronel Aispuro | {{n/a|}}| {{cGuest}}| {{n/a|}} |- |} == Ihe omume == {{Series overview|color1=#B30219|link1=<includeonly>Cartel Crew</includeonly>#Season 1 (2019)|episodes1=10|start1={{Start date|2019|1|7}}|end1={{End date|2019|3|11}}|color2=#030303|link2=<includeonly>Cartel Crew</includeonly>#Season 2 (2019)|episodes2=11|start2={{Start date|2019|10|7}}|end2={{End date|2019|12|9}}|color3=#BCC9D2|link3=<includeonly>Cartel Crew</includeonly>#Season 3 (2021)|episodes3=10|start3={{Start date|2021|6|7}}|end3={{End date|2021|8|9}}}} === Oge 1 (2019) === {{Episode table|background=#B30219|overall=5|season=5|title=54|airdate=21|viewers=14|country=U.S.|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | Title = Life After Narcos | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|7}} | Viewers = 0.95<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062630/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.7.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 9, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062630/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-7-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | Title = She Set Me Up | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|14}} | Viewers = 0.93<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200702/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.14.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 16, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200702/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-14-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | Title = The Ultimate Disrespect | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|21}} | Viewers = 0.81<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041538/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 24, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.21.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=January 24, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041538/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-21-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | Title = New York, Old Secrets | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|1|28}} | Viewers = 0.68<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201001858/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 1, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.28.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 1, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201001858/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-28-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | Title = Who Is Giselle Rosario? | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|4}} | Viewers = 0.67<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020029/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 7, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020029/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-4-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 6 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | Title = It's How You Die and When You Die | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|11}} | Viewers = 0.69<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123639/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 13, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.11.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123639/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 7 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | Title = Forbidden Paradise, Part 1 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|18}} | Viewers = 0.76<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221061753/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 21, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.18.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221061753/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-18-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 8 | EpisodeNumber2 = 8 | Title = Forbidden Paradise, Part 2 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|2|25}} | Viewers = 0.58<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060710/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.25.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=February 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060710/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-25-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 9 | EpisodeNumber2 = 9 | Title = Back to Miami, Back to Reality | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|4}} | Viewers = 0.64<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=March 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 10 | EpisodeNumber2 = 10 | Title = Out With a Boom Boom | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|11}} | Viewers = 0.70<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2019|title=UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.4.2019 - Showbuzz Daily|website=www.ShowBuzzDaily.com|access-date=October 12, 2019|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=March 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043448/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-4-2019.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = B30219 }}}} === Oge 2 (2019) === {{Episode table|background=#BCC9D2|overall=5|season=5|title=54|airdate=21|airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web |title=Cartel Crew – Listings |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/cartel-crew/listings/ |website=[[The Futon Critic]] |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref>|viewers=14|country=U.S.|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 22 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | Title = La Famila Over Everything | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|7}} | Viewers = 0.46<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-season-opener-leads-abc-to-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: Monday Ratings: 'The Bachelorette' Season-Opener Leads ABC to Victory|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 8, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=July 12, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=November 5, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105180157/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-season-opener-leads-abc-to-victory/}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 23 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | Title = It's the Prenup for Me | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|14}} | Viewers = 0.22<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-soft-starts-for-abcs-celebrity-dating-game-and-the-cw-drama-the-republic-of-sarah/|title=Monday Ratings: Soft Starts for ABC's ''Celebrity Dating Game'' and The CW Drama ''The Republic of Sarah''|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 15, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=July 12, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=July 11, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711083506/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-soft-starts-for-abcs-celebrity-dating-game-and-the-cw-drama-the-republic-of-sarah/}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 24 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | Title = Dear Michael | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|21}} | Viewers = 0.40<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-diluted-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: ''The Bachelorette'' Leads ABC to Diluted Victory|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 22, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 2, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 4, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804061454/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-diluted-victory/}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 25 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | Title = Never Break Bread with You | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|6|28}} | Viewers = 0.29<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-more-victory-for-the-home-of-the-bachelorette-abc/|title=Monday Ratings: More Victory for the Home of ''The Bachelorette'' – ABC|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=June 29, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 12, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812041759/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-more-victory-for-the-home-of-the-bachelorette-abc/}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 26 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | Title = What's the Tea | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|5}} | Viewers = 0.53<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abc-and-nbc-share-modest-dominance/|title=Monday Ratings: ABC and NBC Share Modest Dominance|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 6, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817083345/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abc-and-nbc-share-modest-dominance/}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 27 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | Title = A Very Blanco Wedding Part 1 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|12}} | Viewers = 0.51<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abcs-the-bachelorette-tops-quiet-evening/|title=Monday Ratings: ABC's ''The Bachelorette'' Tops Quiet Evening|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 13, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817100243/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-abcs-the-bachelorette-tops-quiet-evening/}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 28 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | Title = A Very Blanco Wedding Part 2 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|19}} | Viewers = 0.41<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-more-victory/|title=Monday Ratings: ''The Bachelorette'' Leads ABC to More Victory|last=Berman|first=Marc|date=July 20, 2021|work=Programming Insider|access-date=August 17, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817100244/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-more-victory/}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 29 | EpisodeNumber2 = 8 | Title = Journey for Justice | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|7|26}} | Viewers = 0.37<ref>{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-26-2021.html|title=ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.26.2021|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|author-link=Mitch Metcalf|date=July 27, 2021|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 26, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829213343/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-26-2021.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 30 | EpisodeNumber2 = 9 | Title = Part of the Solution | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|2}} | Viewers = 0.37<ref>{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-2-2021.html|title=ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.2.2021|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|author-link=Mitch Metcalf|date=August 3, 2021|work=Showbuzz Daily|access-date=September 26, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=August 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822011536/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-2-2021.html}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 31 | EpisodeNumber2 = 10 | Title = La Familia Forever | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|9}} | Viewers = 0.43<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-victory-modest-return-for-game-show-the-wall-on-nbc/|title=Monday Ratings: 'The Bachelorette' Leads ABC to Victory; Modest Return for Game Show 'The Wall' on NBC|last=Berman|first=Marc|work=Programming Insider|date=August 10, 2021|access-date=September 26, 2021|accessdate=April 6, 2024|archivedate=September 26, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926153936/https://programminginsider.com/monday-ratings-the-bachelorette-leads-abc-to-victory-modest-return-for-game-show-the-wall-on-nbc/}}</ref> | ShortSummary = | LineColor = BCC9D2 }}}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{IMDb title|tt9425126}} [[Òtù:Aha]] cj97rdn2wy1vhmlr8lks2oa1x80o5fd 0 42023 744056 741406 2026-11-10T10:24:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Yalti Napangati''' (amuru na 1970) bu onye omenka Aboriginal Australia. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ụdị nka nka nke Ọzara Ọdịda Anyanwụ, na-esekwa ihe maka ụlọ akwụkwọ Papunya Tula . <ref name="johnson">{{Cite book|title=Lives of the Papunya Tula Artists|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=YTQRUJH3M6idiAfppoDYCQ|author=Johnson, Vivien|publisher=IAD Press|year=2008|location=Alice Springs}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson,_Vivien2008">Johnson, Vivien (2008). </cite></ref> Di ya, Warlimpirrnga, bụkwa omenkà ama ama. Ha abụọ bụ ndị òtù [[Pintupi itoolu|Pintupi Nine]] a ma ama, bụ́ òtù ikpeazụ nke ndị Aborigine na-ebi ụdị ndụ ọdịnala n'Australia. <ref name="honey">{{Cite web|url=http://www.honeyantgallery.com/bio/178_Yalti.html|title=Yalti Napangati|publisher=Honey Ant Gallery|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227132016/http://www.honeyantgallery.com/bio/178_Yalti.html|archive-date=27 February 2011|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.honeyantgallery.com/bio/178_Yalti.html "Yalti Napangati"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="adlam">{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/lost-tribe-happy-in-modern-world/story-e6frf7l6-1111112932308|title=Lost tribe happy in modern world|author=Adlam, Nigel|work=Herald Sun|publisher=Herald & Weekly Times Pty Ltd|date=3 February 2007}}</ref> A mụrụ Yalti na Great Sandy Desert, oge ụfọdụ gburugburu 1970. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri dị ka ndị na-akwagharị n'ọzara, na-eme njem n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mackay . <ref name="honey"/> Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ Pintupi ndị ọzọ kwagara n'ime obodo n'ime afọ 1950, mana nna Yalti gbochiri ezinụlọ ahụ pụọ na ndị a. Nne na nna ya bụ Lanti (ma ọ bụ "Joshua") na Nanu. <ref name="johnson"/> O nwere nwanne nwoke tọrọ, Tamayanya, na nwanne nwanyị nke obere, Yukultji . Ọ lụrụ Warlimpirnga oge ụfọdụ n'ime mmalite 1980s, ikekwe mgbe ọ dị obere ka 12. Ya na ezinụlọ ya si n’ọzara pụta na 1984. Ugbu a ọ bi na Kiwirrkurra, ma nwee ụmụ nwoke abụọ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. <ref name="johnson" /> Yalti mechara ihe osise mbụ ya maka Papunya Tula na June 1996. Ọ na-eme eserese acrylic nke odida obodo jikọtara ya na akụkọ nrọ Pintupi. Ihe osise ya bụ ebe dị mkpa na obodo ya, gburugburu Marruwa, Laurryi, Wirrulnga na Patjarr. <ref name="johnson"/> == Ntụaka == bụkwa omenkà ama ama. Ha abụọ bụ ndị òtù Pintupi Nine a ma ama, bụ́ òtù ikpeazụ{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3uhhzdcvutawvs4hy9qgtnz96ruaqhz 0 43126 744025 698437 2026-11-09T23:53:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744025 wikitext text/x-wiki Darby v. Cisneros, 509 US 137 (1993), bụ ikpe nke ndị ikpe Kasị Elu nke United States kwuru na ụlọ ikpe ụlọ nkeji ike, onye na-agba akwụkwọ gwụchaa akwụkwọ mbụ ya tupu ọ na-achọ ọnwụ ikpe ikpe mgbe ike.  ngwaọrụ nke ire site mkpa na iwu ngwá ọgụ.  ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ. == Eziokwu nke ikpe ahụ == R. Gordon Darby, onye na-iche ụlọ na South Carolina, ka amachibidoro isonye na mmemme nke Ndị Mme Ụlọ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị na Urban Development maka ọnwa 18. Ya na ndị ọzọ gbara akwụkwọ n'iche ikpe ikpe etiti n'agbanyeghị na  ha agwụcha usoro isi HUD dị n'ime.  Henry Cisneros, dị ka mgbidi HUD, bụ onye zara ya == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States, mpịakọta 509 * Ndepụta nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu United States site n'ụlọ ikpe Rehnquist == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Funk|first=William|year=2000|title=Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies – New Dimensions since ''Darby''|url=https://archive.org/details/pace-environmental-law-review_winter-2000_18_1/page/1|journal=Pace Environmental Law Review|volume=18|issue=1|pages=1|issn=0738-6206}} * {{Cite journal|author=Hawkens|first=E. R.|year=2000|title=The Exhaustion Component of the Mindes Justiciability Test is Not Laid to Rest by ''Darby v. Cisneros''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_military-law-review_2000-12_166/page/67|journal=Military Law Review|volume=166|pages=67|issn=0026-4040}} * {{Cite journal|author=Zgrodnik|first=A. H.|year=1993|title=''Darby v. Cisneros'': A Codification of the Common-Law Doctrine of Exhaustion under Section 10 (c) of the Administrative Procedure Act|journal=Ohio Northern University Law Review|volume=20|pages=367|issn=0094-534X}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Text of Darby v. Cisneros, 509 U.S. 137 (1993) is available from: CourtListener  Justia  Oyez (oral argument audio)  [[Òtù:Aha]] etla8cwcc2cl9sz4ead6hx3z6j0zx6f 0 44519 744019 697999 2026-11-09T23:00:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition}} Still birth bu mgbe nwatakiri nwuru na afo mgbe odi izuka iriabuo maobu iriabuo na asato. O but mgbe amuru NWA na adighi ndu . Onwu NWA na afo na Abu ihe iru uju n'ebe nne ya no. Odi kwa ka miscarriage nke bu nwatakiri ipu na afo makwa nwata inwu ozigbo amuru ya.<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth: Overview|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|work=NICHD|accessdate=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|archivedate=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019060412/https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth|archivedate=19 October 2022|accessdate=29 November 2022|work=World Health Organization|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Stillbirth?|publisher=Center of Disease Control and Prevention|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html|accessdate=17 Sep 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Macerated Stillbirth|date=2022|title=Keeling's Fetal and Neonatal Pathology|pages=345–368|location=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-84168-3_15|isbn=978-3-030-84168-3}}</ref><ref name="Rob2014" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-01|title=Progesterone for the prevention of threatened miscarriage|journal=Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine|language=English|volume=32|issue=3|pages=44–47|doi=10.1016/j.ogrm.2022.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Rob2014">{{Cite journal|title=Pregnancy loss|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|volume=28|issue=1|pages=169–178|date=January 2014|pmid=24047642|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, a maghị ihe kpatara ya.<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth: Overview|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|work=NICHD|accessdate=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|archivedate=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Edeib|first=Duaa|date=29 November 2022|title=After a Stillbirth, an Autopsy Can Provide Answers. Too Few of Them Are Being Performed.|work=[[ProPublica]]|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/stillbirths-autopsy-placenta-exams-pregnancy|accessdate=29 November 2022}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ya nwere ike ịgụnye Nsogbu ime dị ka pre-eclampsia na [[Ọmụmụ nwa|nsogbu ọmụmụ]], nsogbu nke Placenta ma ọ bụ umbilical cord, nkwarụ ọmụmụ, ọrịa dịka [[Iba|ịba]] na syphilis, na ahụike na-adịghị mma n'ime nne.<ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019060412/https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth|archivedate=19 October 2022|accessdate=29 November 2022|work=World Health Organization|language=en-GB}}</ref>: Ihe na-akpata, Ihe ndị dị ize ndụ gụnyere afọ nne karịrị 35, ịṅụ sịga, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, iji teknụzụ inye aka ịmụ nwa, na ime ime ime mbụ. <ref name="NIH2014Cau">{{Cite web|title=What are possible causes of stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|work=NICHD|accessdate=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005123557/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archivedate=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Lawn2016">{{Cite journal|title=Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030|journal=Lancet|volume=387|issue=10018|pages=587–603|date=February 2016|pmid=26794078|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5}}</ref><ref name="NIH2014Risk">{{Cite web|title=What are the risk factors for stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|work=NICHD|accessdate=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005132231/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|archivedate=5 October 2016}}</ref> Enwere ike ịtụle ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ mgbe a na-enweghị mmetụta nke nwa e bu n'afọ.<ref name="NIH2014Diag" /> A na-eji ultrasound eme nkwenye.[7]<ref name="NIH2014Diag">{{Cite web|title=How is stillbirth diagnosed?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|work=NICHD|accessdate=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131840/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archivedate=5 October 2016}}</ref> N'ụwa niile na 2021, e nwere atụmatụ nde 1.9 nke amụrụ nwụrụ anwụ nke mere mgbe izu 28 nke ime gasịrị (ihe dị ka 1 maka ọmụmụ 72 ọ bụla). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Stillbirths|url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/|accessdate=2023-10-25|work=UNICEF Data|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe karịrị ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị a na-eme atụmatụ ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ na 2021 mere na mpaghara Sahara Africa na South Asia, na 47% nke ngụkọta ụwa na mpaghara Sahara Afrịka na 32% na South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stillbirths and stillbirth rates|url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/|accessdate=2023-10-31|work=UNICEF DATA|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ adaala, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nwayọ kemgbe afọ 2000.<ref name="Dra2016">{{Cite journal|title=Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030|journal=Lancet|volume=387|issue=10018|pages=587–603|date=February 2016|pmid=26794078|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5}}</ref> Dị ka UNICEF si kwuo, ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ a mụrụ nwụrụ anwụ jiri 35%, site na nde 2.9 na 2000 ruo nde 1.9 na 2021.[1] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ ọmụmụ nwụrụ anwụ maka mba ọ bụla nọgide na ọkwa 2021, a ga-amụ nde ụmụaka 17.5 nwụrụ anwụ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030.[1]<ref name=":1" /> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, enweghi usoro nkewa mba ụwa maka ihe kpatara ọmụmụ nwụrụ anwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009–2014: an assessment of alignment with characteristics for an effective global system|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=16|pages=269|date=September 2016|pmid=27634615|doi=10.1186/s12884-016-1040-7}}</ref> A maghị ihe kpatara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwụrụ anwụ, ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ ebe a na-eme nyocha dị ukwuu na Nnyocha ozu. Okwu a na-ejikarị akọwa ihe ndị a bụ "ọrịa ọnwụ mberede tupu a mụọ nwa", ma ọ bụ SADS, ahịrịokwu e chepụtara na 2000.<ref name="pmid11876571">{{Cite journal|title=Umbilical cord accidents: human studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-perinatology_2002-02_26_1/page/79|journal=Seminars in Perinatology|volume=26|issue=1|pages=79–82|date=February 2002|pmid=11876571|doi=10.1053/sper.2002.29860}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nwụrụ anwụ na-eme n'oge zuru ezu na ndị nne yiri ka ha nwere ahụike, na nyocha postmortem na-ekpughe ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị e nyochara. * nje bacteria, dị ka syphilis<ref name="Lawn2016" /> * [[Iba|ịba]]<ref name="Lawn2016" /> * nkwarụ ọmụmụ, ọkachasị hypoplasia akpa umehypoplasia nke akpa ume * Chromosome aberrations * mgbochi uto * intrahepatic cholestasis nke ime ime * Ọrịa shuga nne * Ịṅụ ọgwụ ntụrụndụ nke nne (dị ka Mmanya na-aba n'anya, nicotine, wdg) ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị a machibidoro n'[[Afọ ime|ime ime]] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-12|title=Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs During Pregnancy|url=https://familydoctor.org/tobacco-alcohol-drugs-pregnancy/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=familydoctor.org|language=en-US}}</ref> * Mgbe afọ ime gasịrị * Ọrịa placental * mmerụ ahụ * nsị radieshon * Ọrịa Rh * Ọrịa celiac<ref name="SacconeBerghella2015">{{Cite journal|title=Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis|url=https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2016-02_214_2/page/225|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=214|issue=2|pages=225–234|date=February 2016|pmid=26432464|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080}}</ref> * [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|Mkpịsị akụkụ ahụ nwanyị]]<ref name="WHO study">{{Cite journal|title=Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries|journal=Lancet|volume=367|issue=9525|pages=1835–1841|date=June 2006|pmid=16753486|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68805-3|url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/fgm-obstetric-study-en.pdf}}</ref> m2b369bffd9iful3xcyp0ty06vr0m68 0 45333 744054 728451 2026-11-10T08:19:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->}} Valerie Cassel Oliver bụ onye na-ahụ maka nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke ugbu a na Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (VMFA).  Na mbụ, ọ bụ onye isi ụzọ na Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (CAMH) na Texas .  Ọrụ Cassel na-akpa anya na nnochite anya, nsonye na pụta ndị nka nka sitere na n'ibu kpatara nsogbu na eze dị iche iche. == Ndụ mbido == Oliver tolitere na Houston, wee gaa Mahadum Texas na Austin na ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Howard .  [1] O jikwa akara ugo EMBA na Columbia Business School <ref>{{Cite web|author=Relations|first=Bard Public|title=Valerie Cassel Oliver to Receive 2022 Audrey Irmas Award for Curatorial Excellence from CCS Bard|url=https://www.bard.edu/news/details/?id=18349&prefurl=valerie-cassel-oliver-to-receive-2022-audrey-irmas-award-for-curatorial-excellence-from-ccs-bard-2022-02-01|accessdate=2022-04-30|work=www.bard.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Oliver bụ mmemme na-ahụ maka inye onyinye maka National Endowment for Arts site na 1988 ruo 1995. [1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago afọ ise na-eduzi mmemme ndị nka ike.  [2] N'afọ 2000, ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Whitney Biennial .  [3] Oliver sonyeere CAMH na 2000 dị ka onye egwu na-akpa mmasị ma kwalite ya ka ọ bụrụ onye àmà zuru oke na 2006, mgbe ahụ, onye isi nri na 2010. [2] N'oge ahụ Cassel Oliver nyere aka chepụta ọtụtụ  Ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke ọma akpọ Radical Presence: Black Performance in Contemporary Art (2012) na Cinema Remixed and Reloaded: Black Women Artists and the Moving Image (2008).  [1] [4] Na June 2017, o sonyeere na Virginia Museum of Fine Art dị ka onye na-ahụ maka nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke ugbu a, [5] akwụkwọla ihe ngosi mbụ nke Oliver na VMFA maka January 2019, na-  egosi onye na-ese ihe Howardena Pindell yana ya na Naomi Beckwith nke ụlọ ihe ngosi nka .  nke Contemporary Art na Chicago <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/id=68827|title=Valerie Cassel Oliver Named Curator of Modern and Contemporary Art at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts|date=June 3, 2017|work=Art Forum|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-17|archivedate=2018-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191443/https://www.artforum.com/news/id=68827}}</ref> Ọ nchịkọta onye nchịkọta nke Benezit Dictionary of Artists na Jenụwarị 2020. === Nkwanye ugwu === Na 2006, Oliver meri Getty Curatorial Research Fellowship.  [1] N'afọ 2011, ọ meri ihe nrite David C. Driskell sitere na Atlanta's High Museum of Art, [2] ihe nrite $25,000 na-amata onyunyo nke onye na-ese ihe ma ọ bụ onye na-ese n'okirikiri.  nke nka nke ndị Africa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Driskell Prize|url=https://www.high.org/Support/Driskell-Prize|work=www.high.org|publisher=High Museum of Art|accessdate=31 May 2017|archivedate=6 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606035324/http://www.high.org/Support/Driskell-Prize}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cochran|first=Rebecca Dimling|title=Houston curator Valerie Cassel Oliver on Atlanta, Driskell Prize, "Atlanta Art Now"|url=http://artsatl.com/houston-curator-valerie-cassell-oliver-on-atlanta-driskell-prize-atlanta-art-now/|accessdate=31 May 2017|work=ArtsATL|date=20 May 2011}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi === * ''Ndịda ruru unyi: Art Contemporary, Omenala ihe onwunwe, na mkpali Sonic'', VMFA, Richmond, Virginia, 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=The Dirty South: Contemporary Art, Material Culture, and the Sonic Impulse - Exhibitions|url=https://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/exhibitions/dirty-south-contemporary-art-material-culture-sonic-impulse/|accessdate=2023-02-24|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Cassel Oliver|first=Valerie|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1249798864|title=The dirty south : contemporary art, material culture, and the sonic impulse|date=2021|others=Regina N. Bradley, Charlie R. Braxton, Andrea Barnwell Brownlee, Kirsten Pai Buick, Jennifer Burris, Rhea L. Combs, Park McArthur, DJ Spooky That Subliminal Kid, Fred Moten, Anthony B. Pinn, Guthrie P. Ramsey, Roger Reeves, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Contemporary Arts Museum, Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Museum of Contemporary Art/Denver|isbn=978-1-934351-19-2|location=Richmond, Virginia|oclc=1249798864}}</ref> * ''[[Angel Otero]] : Ihe niile na ihe ọ bụla'', CAMH, Houston, TX, 2016 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Glentzer|first=Molly|date=December 16, 2016|title=Artist Angel Otero's experimental layering creates works full of dimension|work=Houston Chronicle|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/arts-theater/article/Artist-Angel-Otero-s-experimental-layering-10801867.php|accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Ugbu a, ugbu a: Houston, Mpịakọta 2'', CAMH, Houston, TX, 2016 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Glentzer|first=Molly|date=August 26, 2016|title=Show of force: CAMH spotlights hometown trio in solo retrospectives|work=Houston Chronicle|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Show-of-force-CAMH-spotlights-hometown-trio-in-9187232.php|accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Jennie C. Jones : Nchịkọta'', CAMH, Houston, TX, 2015 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sargent|first=Antwuan|date=January 10, 2016|title=Sound Paintings Tell Stories of the Black Avant-Garde|language=en-us|work=Creators|publisher=Vice|url=https://creators.vice.com/en_us/article/jones-acoustic-sound-painting|accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''[[Trenton Doyle Hancock]] : Akpụkpọ ahụ na Ọkpụkpụ, Afọ 20 nke Ịse Ihe'', 2014 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Glentzer|first=Molly|date=April 25, 2014|title=Trenton Doyle Hancock's drawings on view at CAMH|work=Houston Chronicle|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/arts-theater/article/Trenton-Doyle-Hancock-s-drawings-on-view-at-CAMH-5430627.php|accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Ọnụnọ nke Radical: Arụmọrụ ojii na nka nke oge a'', 2013 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=William S.|date=September 13, 2013|title=Valerie Cassel Oliver talks Black Performance Art - Interviews|work=Art in America Magazine|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/interviews/valerie-cassel-oliver-talks-black-performance-art/|accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lennard|first=Debra|date=25 November 2013|title=The Radical Boundaries of African-American Performance|work=Hyperallergic|url=https://hyperallergic.com/95314/the-radical-boundaries-of-african-american-performance/|accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nguyen|first=Stacey|date=18 June 2015|title='Radical Presence' radiates spirit of contemporary black performance art|work=The Daily Californian|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/18/radical-presence-radiates-spirit-contemporary-black-performance-art/|accessdate=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407023849/http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/18/radical-presence-radiates-spirit-contemporary-black-performance-art/|archive-date=7 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Aka+mere: Mmetụta Na-arụ Ọrụ na nka na nka'', 2010 <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Britt|first=Douglas|date=16 August 2010|title=CAMH names Valerie Cassel Oliver senior curator|work=Houston Chronicle|url=http://blog.chron.com/peep/2010/08/camh-names-valerie-cassel-oliver-senior-curator/|accessdate=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041354/http://blog.chron.com/peep/2010/08/camh-names-valerie-cassel-oliver-senior-curator/|archive-date=28 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Benjamin Patterson: Amụrụ na steeti FLUX/anyị'', 2010 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Walls|first=Seth Colter|date=2 July 2016|title=Benjamin Patterson: the Fluxus artist who composed with ants|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/02/benjamin-patterson-fluxus-artist-composed-ants|accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Cinema Remixed & Bugharịa: Ndị Ojii Women Artists na ihe onyonyo na-agagharị kemgbe 1970'', 2007 <ref name=":0" /> * ''Ìhè ojii/Ọcha Ọcha'', 2007 * ''Amamihe ugboro abụọ : nka echiche ojii kemgbe 1970'', 2005 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Maus|first=Derek C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fYaBwAAQBAJ&q=Valerie+Cassel+Oliver&pg=PA8|title=Post-Soul Satire: Black Identity after Civil Rights|date=2014-07-07|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=9781617039980|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> * ''Splat Boom Pow!'' ''Mmetụta nke eserese eserese na Art Contemporary Art'' , 2003 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s6hlnjbxm3rc7tcdvpcwt4cd04q506e 0 45396 743988 199723 2026-11-09T15:43:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nzinga Biegueng Mboup''' bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ [[Senegal]] nke dabere na Dakar, nke ama ama maka nka ya n'ichepụta na ihe owuwu bioclimatic na-eji ụwa na ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na mpaghara. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Amar Kanwar|url=https://princeclausfund.org/nzinga-biegueng-mboup|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Prince Claus Fund|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726010454/https://princeclausfund.org/nzinga-biegueng-mboup}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Architecture (CCA)|first=Canadian Centre for|title=CCA c/o Dakar|url=https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/cca-c-o/90157/dakar|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=www.cca.qc.ca|language=en}}</ref> A na-amatakwa ya maka nnukwu ntinye aka ya na nyocha ihe owuwu ụlọ, ọkachasị n'ịmụ ihe nketa obodo na obodo Dakar. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2023-03-08|title=Twenty-five women architects and designers you should know|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2023/03/08/women-architect-design-international-women-day/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Dezeen|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Mgbe ọ gụchara ihe ọmụmụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ ya na Mahadum Pretoria dị na [[South Africa]], Nzinga Biegueng Mboup nwetara ahụmịhe ọkachamara na Johannesburg maka afọ abụọ. N'ikpeazụ, ọ gụchara nzere Master na Architecture na Mahadum Westminster dị na [[London]] . N'ịgbaso nchụso agụmakwụkwọ ya, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ [[David Adjaye|Adjaye Associates]], ebe ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ na isi ụlọ ọrụ IFC na Dakar . == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2019, Nzinga Biegueng Mboup rụkọrọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ Worofila, bụ ọkachamara n'ichepụta bioclimatic na usoro ihe owuwu nke na-ebute ụzọ iji ụwa sitere na mpaghara na ihe ndị dị ndụ. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2021-05-17|title=Senegal architects ditch concrete for earth in revival of old techniques|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-senegal-architecture-idCAKCN2CY0QR|accessdate=2023-07-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The practice|url=https://worofila.com/en/practice/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Worofila|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726013942/https://worofila.com/en/practice/|archive-date=2023-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọhụụ dị n'etiti Worofila bụ ịkwalite ihe owuwu nke na-abụghị naanị na ọ nwere ogologo ogologo oge kama ọ dabara nke ọma na ihu igwe mpaghara. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Reuters Archive Licensing|url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1616568|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Reuters Archive Licensing|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Caroline|first=Caroline|date=2022-12-05|title=Traditions et tendances d'architectures durables en Afrique de l'Ouest|url=http://lfgab.com/en/traditions-et-tendances-darchitectures-durables-en-afrique-de-louest/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Learning from green african building|language=en-US}}</ref> N'okpuru nduzi ya, Worofila rụzuru ọtụtụ ọrụ site na iji ụzọ owuwu ụwa, gụnyere ụlọ Sendou, ụlọ Ngor, na Goethe-Institut, na mmekorita ya na Kéré Architecture. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Dakar ville difficile|url=https://mafrwestafrica.net/vu-au-sud-vu-du-sud/5406-dakar-ville-difficile|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=mafrwestafrica.net|archivedate=2023-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726010456/https://mafrwestafrica.net/vu-au-sud-vu-du-sud/5406-dakar-ville-difficile}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-02|title=Meno cemento, più terra cruda: il collettivo di architetti del Senegal che scommette sull'edilizia sostenibile per risparmiare energia e tornare alle origini|url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2021/06/02/news/continental_breakfast_leading_european_newspaper_alliance_senegal_architettura_sostenibile-302493172/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Onyinye otutu ihe Nzinga Biegueng Mboup nyere n'ihe gbasara ihe owuwu na nyocha emeela ka amara ya dị ka onye a na-akwanyere ùgwù na obodo ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ma na mpaghara ma na mba ụwa. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Nkwenye ya maka imewe na-adigide na ihu igwe, yana mbọ ya ichekwa na ịkwalite ihe nketa omenala, na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na odida obodo Senegal na karịa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=AM 419 - 420|url=https://afriquemagazine.com/am-419-420|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Afrique magazine|language=fr}}</ref> == Nyocha == Nzinga Biegueng Mboup bụ onye nyocha jikọtara ya na African Futures Institute kemgbe 2022. O tinyela aka n'akwụkwọ ọrụ nyocha abụọ nke nwetara nkwado na mmasị n'ime obodo agụmakwụkwọ na ụkpụrụ ụlọ. <ref name=":4"/> == Ọrụ emechara == === Ebe obibi === * Keur Guilaye, Keur Guilaye, 2022 <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Worofila – Projects|url=https://worofila.com/en/projects/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Worofila|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726013939/https://worofila.com/en/projects/|archive-date=2023-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Villa N, Ndangane, 2022 <ref name=":8" /> * Keru Mbuubenne, Sendou, 2021 <ref name=":8" /> * Project NKD, Dakar, 2021 <ref name=":8" /> === Ụlọ ọrụ ọha === * Ecopavillion, Diamniadio, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=#22 Diamniado's Ecopavilion|url=https://www.construction21.org/articles/h/22-diamniado-s-ecopavilion.html|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=construction21.org|language=en}}</ref> * Ọdụ ụgbọ oloko mpaghara, Dakar-AIBD, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=ATTIRER LES INVESTISSEURS AMÉRICAINS|url=https://www.seneplus.com/node|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=SenePlus|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == * Aesthetics & Logics, Versailles, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-16|title=TheBAG - VENICE BIENNALE ARCHITETTURA GUIDE 2023 - The Laboratory of the Future by Venezia News - Issuu|url=https://issuu.com/venewsmag/docs/the_bag_biennale_architettura_guide_-_18._internat|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=issuu.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biennale d'architecture et du paysage – Bap!|url=https://bap-idf.com/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Biennale d'architecture et du paysage – Bap!|language=en}}</ref> * Na-eweghachi ogige Wolof na ihe ndị dị na mpaghara, [[London]], 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Rob|date=2021-09-17|title=Delayed David Adjaye-curated Royal Academy Summer show opens|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/practice/culture/delayed-david-adjaye-curated-royal-academy-summer-show-opens|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=The Architects’ Journal|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ndị dị ndụ. Ọhụụ dị n'etiti Worofila bụ ịkwalite ihe owuwu nke na-abụghị naanị na ọ nwere ogologo ogologo oge kama ọ{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f4hfnqmwgo9yqocuceq6egn3wzwis2t 0 45653 744027 228668 2026-11-10T00:18:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Sally Torpey</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> Ghana</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Alma&nbsp;nne | class="infobox-data" | Mahadum Practice Senior High School |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ(ọrụ) | class="infobox-data role" | Onye nrụpụta ejiji na onye ọchụnta ego |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mara&nbsp;maka | class="infobox-data" | Sympathy International, JAK Gentle Giant Clothing,Oheemaa™ |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ụlọ ọrụ | class="infobox-data title" | [[CEO of Sallet Fashion House|Onye isi oche nke Sallet Fashion House]] |- class="infobox-data title" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Weebụsaịtị | class="infobox-data" | <span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230928044855/https://sallytorpey.com/ sallytorpey.com]</span> |} '''Sally Esinam Torpey''' bụ onye mmebe ejiji na onye ọchụnta ego nke Ghana. Ọ bụkwa onye na-echekwa ego maka Greater Accra Chapter nke Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) na onye nnọchi anya Africa maka Fashion Business Association of America. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogbodu|first=Michael Overflow|date=2021-08-26|title=Capacity, quality concerns in fashion industry must be addressed – International fashion designer|url=https://citibusinessnews.com/2021/08/capacity-quality-concerns-in-fashion-industry-must-be-addressed-international-fashion-designer/|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Citi Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwere ọrụ ahia n'ụwa nile nke gụnyere United States, United Kingdom na Japan. Ọ bụ onye KYEN (Kufuor Young Entrepreneurs) so. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sally Torpey|url=https://agiaccra.org/sally-torpey/|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=AGI Accra|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809113707/https://agiaccra.org/sally-torpey/|archive-date=2021-08-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nwe Sallet Fashion House Ghana; Sallet Foundation; na ụdị Oheema, The Travelers Custom Made Clothing (TCMC), na JAK Gentle Giant Collection. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ofori|first=Oral|date=2018-06-30|title=Meet Sally Esinam Torpey, CEO & Creative Director at Sallet Fashion House of Ghana|url=https://www.theafricandream.net/sally-esinam-torpey-sallet-fashion-house/|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=TheAfricanDream|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOfori2018">Ofori, Oral (2018-06-30). [https://www.theafricandream.net/sally-esinam-torpey-sallet-fashion-house/ "Meet Sally Esinam Torpey, CEO & Creative Director at Sallet Fashion House of Ghana"]. ''TheAfricanDream''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Amenyanyo|first=Gerrard-Israel|date=2019-10-10|title=Ghanaian Fashion Designer, Sally Torpey Changing The African Narrative Through Fashion.|url=https://www.gbafrica.net/ghanaian-fashion-designer-sally-torpey-changing-the-african-narrative-through-fashion/|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=GBAfrica|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809113706/https://gbafrica.net/ghanaian-fashion-designer-sally-torpey-changing-the-african-narrative-through-fashion/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọkà okwu mba ofesi nwere mmasị na ejiji, azụmahịa, ike ụmụ nwanyị, na mmepe onwe onye. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-09|title=Ghanaian fashion designer Sally Torpey changing the African narrative through fashion|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ghanaian-fashion-designer-Sally-Torpey-changing-the-African-narrative-through-fashion-787672|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ghanaian-fashion-designer-Sally-Torpey-changing-the-African-narrative-through-fashion-787672 "Ghanaian fashion designer Sally Torpey changing the African narrative through fashion"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 2019-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> E gosila ya n'akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ dịka Afrikan Post, akwụkwọ akụkọ Washington DC, web Ghana, akwụkwọ akụkọ Caribbean, CCWC na Creative Magazine nke Miami. Ọ bụ ihe ọmụmụ maka Growth Cap UK na ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụ ọnụnọ Africa na Center for International Trade Development na Miami World Trade Center, ebe ọ na-akwalite ngwaahịa sitere na kọntinent ahụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=GNA|date=2023-04-17|title=Sally Torpey named one of the 100 Most Influential Leaders in Africa|url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/04/sally-torpey-named-one-of-the-100-most-influential-leaders-in-africa/|accessdate=2024-01-12|work=Ghana News Agency|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGNA2023">GNA (2023-04-17). [https://gna.org.gh/2023/04/sally-torpey-named-one-of-the-100-most-influential-leaders-in-africa/ "Sally Torpey named one of the 100 Most Influential Leaders in Africa"]. ''Ghana News Agency''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ụlọ Ejiji Sallet == Ụlọ Ejiji Sallet malitere na 2010 yana Sallet Foundation. Nke a bụ iji mee ka ike wulite ikike maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-adịgide adịgide na steeti maka imepụta uwe. Ụlọ ejiji na ntọala nke Ministry of Trade na-enyere aka ịmepụta ọzụzụ uwe na ebe mmepụta ihe iji belata enweghị ọrụ. <ref name=":0"/> Mmepụta maka ụdị ndị ọzọ na ndị na-emepụta ihe bụ Sallet Fashion House nwere ike ịnwe. The Travelers Custom Made Clothing (TCMC) bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị o kere. TCMC na-emepụta uwe ndị a na-eme omenala ma na-enye ha ohere maka ndị njem na-etinye opekempe ụbọchị atọ ma na-aga. O gosila n'ọtụtụ nyiwe ma na Ghana ma na mba ụwa dị ka ihe ngosi Africa Sustainable Eco-Friendly (Ghana) na izu ejiji Miami na New York. <ref name=":1"/> == Sympathy International == Sympathy International nke a na-akpọbu Millennium Ladies Club, hibere na 2003 mgbe Sally bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Practice High School na Cape Coast . Otu n'ime ebumnobi ya bụ ịzụlite ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ka ha bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike. Ebumnuche ya bụ ibelata nsogbu ndị mmadụ na-enwe, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime ime obodo Central Region nke Ghana. Ọhụụ a bụ ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide nke ga-emepụta ụzọ ndụ ndị mmadụ site n'imeri ọrịa, ụkọ na ịda ogbenye. Atụmatụ maka ụmụ agbọghọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na-aga afọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ ahụike ọmụmụ, na atụmatụ n'ọdịnihu. Emere nke a site n'enyemaka nke ndị ọrụ ahụike, ndị ndụmọdụ ọrụ na Ghana AIDS Commission. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-01|title=Sally Esinam Torpey|url=https://www.fundsforngos.org/all-listings/sally-esinam-torpey/|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=fundsforNGOs - Grants and Resources for Sustainability|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == N'April 2023 ọ nwetara ọnọdụ n'etiti ndị ndu 100 kachasị mkpa na Africa maka afọ 2022. <ref name=":3"/> == Ntụaka == Sallet Fashion House Ghana; Sallet Foundation; na ụdị Oheema, The Travelers Custom Made Clothing akwụkwọ akụkọ Caribbean, CCWC na Creativeakwụkwọ akụkọ Caribbean, CCWC na Creative {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l40lijzrqjkwenb9mehjnbn4wxoag9w 0 47100 744046 742190 2026-11-10T04:37:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Sylvia Harris</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="842" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="595" decoding="async" height="311" resource="./File:Sylvia_Harris_Creative_Repute_design_agency.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sylvia_Harris_Creative_Repute_design_agency.jpg/220px-Sylvia_Harris_Creative_Repute_design_agency.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sylvia_Harris_Creative_Repute_design_agency.jpg/330px-Sylvia_Harris_Creative_Repute_design_agency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sylvia_Harris_Creative_Repute_design_agency.jpg/440px-Sylvia_Harris_Creative_Repute_design_agency.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Sylvia_Harris_Creative_Repute_design_agency.jpg|frameless]]</img><div class="infobox-caption"> Ihe atụ nke Sylvia Harris</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | 1953<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> Richmond, Virginia</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Julaị 24, 2011 <span style="display:none">(2011-07-24)</span> (agadi&nbsp;57–58)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline"> Washington, DC</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ(ọrụ) | class="infobox-data role" | Ndị na-ese ihe osise, onye na-esepụta atụmatụ |} '''Sylvia Harris''' (amụrụ 1953 na Richmond, Virginia, nwụrụ Julaị 24, 2011) bụ onye [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|America-American]] ihe osise na onye na-ese ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://designobserver.com/article.php?id=29118|title=Remembering Sylvia Harris|author=Helfand|first=Jessica|date=July 25, 2011|work=[[Design Observer]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419082916/https://designobserver.com/article.php?id=29118|archivedate=April 19, 2024|accessdate=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiga.org/design-journeys-sylvia-harris|title=Sylvia Harris's Design Journey|author=House|first=Laura|date=September 1, 2008|work=AIGA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017012938/https://www.aiga.org/design-journeys-sylvia-harris|archivedate=2017-10-17|accessdate=2020-01-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ihe gbasara imepụta mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://platt.edu/blog/womens-equality-day-saturday-august-26th-2017/|title=Women's Equality Day is this Saturday, August 26th.|author=Lewis|first=Nicole|date=2017-08-26|work=Platt College San Diego|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-23}}</ref> N'ịsọpụrụ ebe nchekwa ya, American Institute of Graphic Arts kere Sylvia Harris Citizen Design Award, nke na-asọpụrụ onye mmepụta ọkachamara nke mepụtara ọrụ na-eme ka ndụ ọha na eze dịkwuo mma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aigaaix0m5kinte.dxcloud.episerver.net/citizen-design-award|title=The Sylvia Harris Citizen Design Award|author=|first=|date=|work=AIGA|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-01-23}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Harris na Richmond, Virginia n'oge 1953. Ka ọ na-etolite, ọ nwetara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ewepụrụ. Harris ekwuola na ọ na-echeta na nne ya na-eti mkpu n'ụgbọ ala ya na Ku Klux Klan ka ha na-egosipụta n'okporo ámá. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2011/08/sylvia-harris-1953-2011/|title=Sylvia Harris, 1953-2011|date=2011-08-01|work=Archpaper.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-17}}</ref> Nna ya zụrụ egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị, nne ya bụ onye nkuzi nka na nka. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị Harris gara n'ihu ịga Mahadum Virginia Commonwealth, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BFA na nka nkwukọrịta na imewe na 1975. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.28blacks.com/2017/sylvia-harris-1.html|title=28 Days of Black Designers|work=www.28blacks.com|accessdate=2019-12-17|archivedate=2018-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024011925/http://www.28blacks.com/2017/sylvia-harris-1.html}}</ref> Harris gara ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Yale School of Art, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na MFA na 1980. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvia Harris {{!}} GD 203|url=https://go.distance.ncsu.edu/gd203/?p=25062|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=go.distance.ncsu.edu|archivedate=2021-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810131424/https://go.distance.ncsu.edu/gd203/?p=25062}}</ref> O mechara lụọ di ya Gary Singer, onye ya na ya nwere otu nwa nwanyị Thai. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.richmond.com/news/sylvia-harris-singer-dies-at/article_8e3f8cec-4f75-5163-8043-80befb96ec0c.html|title=Sylvia Harris Singer dies at 57|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=25 July 2011|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213013232/https://www.richmond.com/news/sylvia-harris-singer-dies-at/article_8e3f8cec-4f75-5163-8043-80befb96ec0c.html|archive-date=2019-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> Harris nwụrụ na Julaị 24, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metropolismag.com/uncategorized/remembering-sylvia-harris/|title=Remembering Sylvia Harris|date=2011-07-29|work=Metropolis|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-23}}</ref> Ọ dara ụbọchị atọ tupu mgbe ọ na-aga nzukọ na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] ma kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ George Washington University, ebe o mesịrị nwụọ n'ihi nsogbu obi. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.printmag.com/design-inspiration/remembering-sylvia-harris/|title=Remembering Sylvia Harris|author=Heller|first=Steven|date=2011-07-27|work=Print Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-17}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmalite == Harris kwagara Boston ka ọ gachara kọleji wee chọpụta ihe eserese dị ka ụzọ ọrụ. Harris malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Washington Business Group on Health, ebe Chris Pullman dụrụ ya ọdụ. Ọnọdụ ya nke abụọ bụ na Architects Collaborative na-arụ ọrụ na eserese gburugburu. Na ndụmọdụ Pullman ọ hapụrụ Architects Collaborative iji nweta MFA na eserese eserese si Yale. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na David Gibson na Juanita Dugdale na 1980. N'oge a ọ rụrụ ọrụ chepụta maka Citibank . <ref name=":1"/> Na 1994, ọ hapụrụ Abụọ iri na abụọ ka ọ bụrụ Sylvia Harris LLC. O lekwasịrị anya n'iji imewe dozie nsogbu maka ụlọ ọrụ obodo, mahadum, na ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ kpọgharịrị aha Sylvia Harris LLC ka ọ bụrụ nyocha na imepụta obodo ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'usoro nhazi nke nyocha ọha na-akwalite. N'afọ 2011, o mebere ụlọ nyocha ọha na eze na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ "gbara mbọ na-enyefe ndị America ọrụ ọha na eze karịa." <ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 2014, enyere ya nzere American Institute of Graphic Arts nrite. <ref name=":1"/> == Na-arụ ọrụ == === Ọnụọgụ 2000 United States === Harris bụ onye ntụzịaka okike n'azụ nhazi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ 2000 maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Mgbakọ United States. Ebumnobi nke ụdị nrụzigharị nke onye ọrụ 1998 bụ ịgba ndị America ume, gụnyere ndị bụbu ụmụ amaala na-egosighi ya, isonye. <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 8, 2014|first=David|author=Gibson|title=Sylvia Harris|url=https://www.aiga.org/medalist-sylvia-harris|accessdate=2020-09-21|work=AIGA}}</ref> === New York-Presbyterian/Columbia Medical Center === A goro Sylvia Harris ọrụ dị ka onye ndu oru ngo nke nọọrọ onwe ya iji mepụta atụmatụ maka nkwurịta okwu na ndị ọrịa nke ọma maka New York-Presbyterian na Columbia University Medical Center . Ọrụ a pụtara n'ihi nyocha 2001 New York-Presbyterian/Columbia nke gosiri na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrịa oge mbụ na-efunarị ịgbalị ịbịarute nhọpụta ha. Ihe mere ndị ọrịa ji furu efu bụ n'ihi ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma, enweghị ego maka njirimara maka ụlọ ahụ, wdg. Maka Harris iji hazie ọrụ ahụ, ọ ga-agafe nzọụkwụ ise. Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ ntule nke na-erute ihe kpatara nsogbu ahụ, nzọụkwụ nke abụọ bụ njikwa nke na-ahụ na a na-achịkwa ụlọ ahụ. Nzọụkwụ nke atọ na-abịa na atụmatụ iji dozie nsogbu ndị ahụ, nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ atụmatụ ndị ahụ, na nke ikpeazụ bụ mmejuputa iwu nke na-eme mkparịta ụka maka atụmatụ ndị a kwadoro. <ref>{{Cite web|title=HCD Mag|date=30 April 2009|url=https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/architecture/wayfinding-lessons-newyork-presbyteriancolumbia-university-medical-center/|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == oge mbụ na-efunarị ịgbalị ịbịarute nhọpụta ha. Ihe mere ndị ọrịa ji furu efu bụ n'ihi ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma, enweghị ego maka njirimara maka ụlọ ahụ, wdg. Maka Harris iji nyeefunarị ịgbalị ịbịarute nhọpụta ha. Ihe mere{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k2zobf1o3uc1687ls3hy8on0ziaemkl 0 52674 743978 687499 2026-11-09T13:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743978 wikitext text/x-wiki   Acro Trip bụ usoro manga nke Japan nke Yone Sawata dere ma gosipụta. E debere ya na [[Shueisha]]'s [[shōjo manga]] magazine ''[[Ribon]]'' site na Febụwarị 2017 ruo Disemba 2022, na isi ya anakọtara na mpịakọta tankōbon ise. Ihe nkiri telivishọn [[anime]] nke Voil mepụtara gosipụtara na Ọktoba 2024. == Atụmatụ == Chizuko Date na-enwe mmasị mgbe niile dike ya, Berry Blossom, nwa agbọghọ anwansi na-echebe obodo Niigata site na ajọ òtù Fossa Magna, nke Chrome na-edu. Agbanyeghị, Chrome adịghị ike ma Berry Blossom na-emeri ya mgbe niile. N'ihi ya, ọha na eze hụrụ na agha ahụ na-agwụ ike ma malite ịkwụsị mmasị. Nke a mere ka Chizuko nwaa iweghachite uche na Berry Blossom, mana Chrome bịakwutekwara ya ka ọ sonyere nzukọ ya, nke na-ewute ya. == Ndị mere ya == ; Chizuko Date (Ida Ubi, Date Chizuko) : Voiced by: Miku Itō (PV, anime)[3][4] : Nwa agbọghọ na-enweghị mmasị na ndụ nke na-achọpụta mmasị maka ụmụ agbọghọ anwansi mgbe ọ hụchara ọgụ dị n'etiti Chroma na Berry Blossom. Chroma mechara bịakwute ya, onye kpọrọ ya n'ụzọ ihe ọjọọ, na-ekwere na ọ ga-abụ ezigbo onye enyemaka. Mgbe ọ jụrụ na mbụ, ọ mechara kweta, na-ezube ime ka onyinyo ihere nke dike ya dịghachi ndụ. Ya na nna nna ya bi naanị ya. ; Chrome (クロマ, Kuroma) : Voiced by: Nobunaga Shimazaki[4] ; Berry Blossom / Kaju Noichigo (Ọ bụbu, Noichigo Kaju) : Voiced by: Inori Minase[4] ; Mashirou (N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe) : Voiced by: Kengo Kawanishi[4] ; Baryū Ōmizo (大沟芭隆, Ōmizo Baryū) : Voiced by: Showtaro Morikubo[5] ; Kokoa (心亜) : Voiced by: Miharu Hanai[5] ; Tsuki (Ọnwa) : Voiced by: Chiharu Sawashiro[5] ; Hugh (Akwụkwọ, Hyū) : Voiced by: Takehito Koyasu[6] ; Ojii-chan / Suikyō Date (伊達京, Date Suikyō) : Voiced by: Kōichi Sōma[6] ; Kuma Kaijin (クマ怪人) : Voiced by: Yuji Kameyama[6] == Mgbasa ozi == === Akpụkpọ ụkwụ === N'ịbụ onye Yone Sawata dere ma gosipụta ya, Acro Trip bụ usoro n'usoro na akwụkwọ akụkọ Shueisha's shōjo manga Ribon site na February 3, 2017, [1] ruo Disemba 1, 2022; [2] ọ bụ ọrụ mbụ Sawata mere serialized.[3] Shueisha chịkọtara isiakwụkwọ ya na mpịakọta tankọbon ise, ewepụtara site na Eprel 25, 2018, [4] ruo Jenụarị 25, 2023. ==== Mpịakọta ==== {{Graphic novel list/header|OneLanguage=yes|Width=100%}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=1|OriginalRelDate=April 25, 2018<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【4月25日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279430|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2022|language=Japanese|date=April 25, 2018|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140354/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279430|url-status=dead|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=November 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140354/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279430}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867498-8|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=2|OriginalRelDate=April 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【4月25日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/329200|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2022|language=Japanese|date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141903/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/329200|url-status=dead|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=November 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141903/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/329200}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867546-6|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=3|OriginalRelDate=July 22, 2020<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【7月22日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/388564|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2022|language=Japanese|date=July 22, 2020|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141850/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/388564|url-status=dead|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=November 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141850/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/388564}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867583-1|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=4|OriginalRelDate=February 25, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【2月25日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466910|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2022|language=Japanese|date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140356/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466910|url-status=dead|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=November 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140356/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466910}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867667-8|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=5|OriginalRelDate=January 25, 2023<ref name="vol5">{{cite web|script-title=ja:【1月25日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/509590|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=January 25, 2023|language=Japanese|date=January 25, 2023|archive-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125000035/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/509590|url-status=dead|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=January 25, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125000035/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/509590}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867698-2|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}} {{Graphic novel list/footer}} === Anime === A mara ọkwa usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn anime na Disemba 1, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Loo|first=Egan|title=Acro Trip Shōjo Comedy Manga's Anime Confirmed for 2024 TV Airing|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-30/acro-trip-shojo-comedy-manga-anime-confirmed-for-2024-tv-airing/.192410|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=December 1, 2022|date=November 30, 2022|archivedate=November 30, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130171635/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-30/acro-trip-shojo-comedy-manga-anime-confirmed-for-2024-tv-airing/.192410}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2258781/full/|work=[[Oricon]]|accessdate=December 1, 2022|language=Japanese|date=December 1, 2022|archivedate=November 30, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155101/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2258781/full/}}</ref> Ọ bụ Voil mepụtara ya ma bụrụ nke Ayumu Kotake duziri, ya na edemede nke Shinichi Inotsume na-elekọta, atụmatụ njirimara nke Toshie Kawamura, na egwu nke Technoboys Pulcraft Green-Fund dere.<ref name="ANN1">{{Cite web|author=Mateo|first=Alex|title=Acro Trip TV Anime Unveils Staff, Character Visuals, Manga Promo Video|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-01-24/acro-trip-tv-anime-unveils-staff-character-visuals-manga-promo-video/.194148|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=January 24, 2023|date=January 24, 2023|archivedate=January 24, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124162645/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-01-24/acro-trip-tv-anime-unveils-staff-character-visuals-manga-promo-video/.194148}}</ref><ref name="Cast">{{Cite web|author=Cayanan|first=Joanna|title=Acro Trip Anime's Teaser Video Reveals Cast, More Staff|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-31/acro-trip-anime-teaser-video-reveals-cast-more-staff/.207011|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=January 31, 2024|date=January 31, 2024|archivedate=January 31, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131093331/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-31/acro-trip-anime-teaser-video-reveals-cast-more-staff/.207011}}</ref> Usoro a malitere na October 2, 2024, na Tokyo MX na BS NTV ; ihe omume mbụ malitere na Fuji on Demand (FOD) minit 30 tupu mmalite telivishọn, n'akụkụ ihe omume nke abụọ, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-amalite na ikpo okwu otu izu tupu na TV.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cayanan|first=Joanna|title=Acro Trip Anime's Main Promo Video Reveals October Premiere|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-04-25/acro-trip-anime-main-promo-video-reveals-october-premiere/.210158|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=April 25, 2024|date=April 25, 2024|archivedate=August 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830110834/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-04-25/acro-trip-anime-main-promo-video-reveals-october-premiere/.210158}}</ref><ref name="Cast3">{{Cite web|author=Pineda|first=Rafael Antonio|title=Acro Trip Anime Reveals More Cast, October 2 Premiere|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-08-30/acro-trip-anime-reveals-more-cast-october-2-premiere/.214929|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=August 30, 2024|date=August 30, 2024|archivedate=August 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830104926/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-08-30/acro-trip-anime-reveals-more-cast-october-2-premiere/.214929}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Acro Trip Anime's 2nd Promo Video Previews Theme Songs|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-08/acro-trip-anime-2nd-promo-video-previews-theme-songs/.215188|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=October 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913235801/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-08/acro-trip-anime-2nd-promo-video-previews-theme-songs/.215188|archivedate=September 13, 2024|date=September 8, 2024}}</ref> Egwú mmeghe bụ "Fragum" (フグラーム, Furāgumu) (Latin maka strawberry) nke Inori Minase mere, ebe abụ mmechi bụ "Reversible Baby" (リ追シブルベー, nke KanoeRana mere. <ref name="Cast2">{{Cite web|author=Cayanan|first=Joanna|title=Acro Trip Anime Reveals Key Visual, 3 More Cast, Opening, Ending Songs & Artists|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-07-18/acro-trip-anime-reveals-key-visual-3-more-cast-opening-ending-songs-and-artists/.213351|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=July 18, 2024|date=July 18, 2024|archivedate=July 18, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718090610/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-07-18/acro-trip-anime-reveals-key-visual-3-more-cast-opening-ending-songs-and-artists/.213351}}</ref> Crunchyroll na-agbasa usoro ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mateo|first=Alex|title=Crunchyroll Announces Release Schedule for Fall 2024 Season|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-18/crunchyroll-announces-release-schedule-for-fall-2024-season/.215719|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=September 18, 2024|date=September 18, 2024|archivedate=September 18, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918221143/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-18/crunchyroll-announces-release-schedule-for-fall-2024-season/.215719}}</ref> ==== Ihe omume ====   == Nnakwere == Onye na-ese ihe nkiri Aka Akasaka tụrụ aro manga ahụ.<ref name="Natalie-vol1">{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279765|work=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|accessdate=November 4, 2022|language=ja|date=April 25, 2018|archivedate=October 29, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029192512/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279765}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ manga na Ribon (n'asụsụ Japanese) * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ anime (n'asụsụ Japanese) * Acro Trip (manga) naAnime News Networkencyclopedia 1vrjmsten7j8awl5qg9qu3ycav31mkt 0 53260 744021 724059 2026-11-09T23:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744021 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |[[INHA|inhibin, alpha]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |Ihe nnọchianya | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[[INHA]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[National Center for Biotechnology Information#Gene|Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa NCBI]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3623&rn=1 3623] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|HGNC]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:6065 6065] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man|OMIM]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://omim.org/entry/147380 147380] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[RefSeq]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_002191 NM_002191] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[Swiss-Prot|UniProt]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P05111 P05111] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" |Ihe ọmụma ndị ọzọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[Locus (genetics)|Locus]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[[Chromosome 2 (human)|Ihe e dere n'ala 2]] ''[https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=2q33-qter q33-qter]'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" |Ịchọta |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;" |Ihe owuwu | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20241211071256/https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P05111 Ihe nlereanya Switzerland] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;" |[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P05111 InterPro] |} |} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |inhibin, beta E |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |Ihe nnọchianya | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |INHBE |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |Alt. akara | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |activin E |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[National Center for Biotechnology Information#Gene|Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa NCBI]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=83729&rn=1 83729] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|HGNC]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:24029 24029] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man|OMIM]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://omim.org/entry/612031 612031] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[RefSeq]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_031479 NM_031479] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[Swiss-Prot|UniProt]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P58166 P58166] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" |Ihe ọmụma ndị ọzọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" |[[Locus (genetics)|Locus]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" |[[Chromosome 12 (human)|Ihe e dere n'ala 12]] ''[https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=12q13.2 q13.2]'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" |Ịchọta |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;" |Ihe owuwu | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20241211071711/https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P58166 Ihe nlereanya Switzerland] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;" |[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P58166 InterPro] |} |} Activin na inhibin bụ ogige protein abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emegide mmetụta ndu. Achọpụtara na 1986, [1] [2] activin na-akwalite biosynthesis FSH na nzuzo, ma na-ekere òkè na nhazi usoro nsọ nwanyị. Achọpụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ site na activin, gụnyere ọrụ na mgbasawanye cell, ọdịiche dị iche iche, apoptosis, [3] metabolism, homeostasis, nzaghachi mgbochi, nrụzi ọnya, [4] na ọrụ endocrine. N'aka nke ọzọ, inhibin na-ebelata njikọ FSH ma na-egbochi nzuzo FSH.[5] Achọpụtara ịdị adị nke inhibin dị ka n'oge 1916; Otú ọ dị, egosighi na ọ dị adị ruo mgbe ọrụ Neena Schwartz na Cornelia Channing n'etiti 1970s, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e ji mara protein abụọ ahụ n'ụdị molecular afọ iri ka e mesịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inhibin at 90: from discovery to clinical application, a historical review|journal=Endocrine Reviews|volume=35|issue=5|pages=747–94|date=October 2014|pmid=25051334|doi=10.1210/er.2014-1003}}</ref> Activin bụ dimer nke nwere akụkụ abụọ yiri ibe ha ma ọ bụ yiri ibe ha. Inhibin bụkwa dimer ebe akụkụ mbụ bụ beta subunit yiri ma ọ bụ yiri beta subunit na activin. Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka activin, akụkụ nke abụọ nke inhibin dimer bụ subunit alpha nwere njikọ dị anya.<ref name="pmid3346366">{{Cite journal|title=Inhibin: definition and nomenclature, including related substances|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=66|issue=4|pages=885–6|date=April 1988|pmid=3346366}}</ref><ref name="pmid15027884">{{Cite journal|title=Inhibin/activin and ovarian cancer|journal=Endocrine-Related Cancer|volume=11|issue=1|pages=35–49|date=March 2004|pmid=15027884|doi=10.1677/erc.0.0110035}}</ref> Activin, inhibin na ọtụtụ protein ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ dị ka hormone anti-Müllerian, protein morphogenetic nke ọkpụkpụ, na ihe dị iche iche nke uto bụ nke superfamily protein TGF-β.<ref name="pmid8299934">{{Cite journal|title=The TGF-beta superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genes-development_1994-01_8_2/page/133|journal=Genes & Development|volume=8|issue=2|pages=133–46|date=Jan 1994|pmid=8299934|doi=10.1101/gad.8.2.133}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ya == Ngwakọta protein activin na inhibin bụ akụkụ nke dimeric na nhazi ya, na, na mgbagwoju nke ọ bụla, monomers abụọ na-ejikọta ibe ha site na otu disulfide bond.[1]. Na mgbakwunye, ogige abụọ ahụ sitere n'otu ezinụlọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na protein metụtara mana ha dị iche na nhazi nke subunit ha.[2]. N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke ogige inhibin na activin a na-ahụkarị na ihe mejupụtara ha:   Alpha na beta subunits nwere ihe dịka 25% nke usoro yiri, ebe ihe yiri n'etiti beta subunites bụ ihe dịka 65%.<ref name="pmid8299934" /> N'im_E <su sub="">B id="mwSw">A ndị na-enye nwa ara, akọwaala subunits beta anọ, a na-akpọ a_C βA, activin βB, activin betaC na activin βE. </su><su sub="">B id="mwTw">A βA na βB yiri nke abụọ beta subunits nke inhibin. </su>A kọwawo akụkụ nke ise, activin β_D, na ''Xenopus laevis''. <su sub="">B id="mwVA">A _A nke activin βA na-ebute activin A, otu βA, na otu βB na-ebulite activin AB, na ihe ndị ọzọ. </su>A kọwaala heterodimers dị iche iche, mana ọ bụghị ha niile ga-ekwe omume.<ref name="pmid16973148">{{Cite journal|title=The role of activin in neuropeptide induction and pain sensation|journal=Developmental Biology|volume=299|issue=2|pages=303–9|date=November 2006|pmid=16973148|doi=10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.026}}</ref><ref name="pmid18350601">{{Cite journal|title=Activins and activin antagonists in hepatocellular carcinoma|url=https://archive.org/details/wjg_2008-03-21_14_11/page/1699|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=14|issue=11|pages=1699–709|date=March 2008|pmid=18350601|doi=10.3748/wjg.14.1699}}</ref> A na-ejikọta subunits site na otu njikọ covalent disulfide. Su_B <_A class="cx-link" data-linkid="522" href="./INHBC" id="mwXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="INHBC">β_C nwere ike ịmepụta activin heterodimers na βA ma ọ bụ βB subunits mana enweghị ike iji inhibin α dimerize.<ref name="pmid11134153">{{Cite journal|title=Localization of activin beta(A)-, beta(B)-, and beta(C)-subunits in humanprostate and evidence for formation of new activin heterodimers of beta(C)-subunit|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=85|issue=12|pages=4851–8|date=December 2000|doi=10.1210/jcem.85.12.7052|pmid=11134153}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ihe na-akpali akpali === A na-emepụta activin na gonads, pituitary gland, Placenta, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ: * Na follicle ovarian, activin na-eme ka njikọ FSH na FSH-induced aromatization dịkwuo elu. Ọ na-ekere òkè na njikọ androgen na-eme ka ọrụ LH dịkwuo mma na Ovary na testi. N'ime nwoke, activin na-eme ka spermatogenesis dịkwuo elu. * A na-egosipụta activin n'ụzọ siri ike na akpụkpọ ahụ merụrụ ahụ, na ngosipụta gabigara ókè nke activin na epidermis nke òké transgenic na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ ọnyá dịkwuo mma ma na-emeziwanye mmepụta ọnyá. Ọrụ ya na mmezi ọnyá na morphogenesis akpụkpọ ahụ bụ site na ịkpali keratinocytes na mkpụrụ ndụ stromal n'ụzọ dabere na ọgwụ.<ref name="Bamberger Schärer Antsiferova Tychsen 2021 p.">{{Cite journal|author=Bamberger|first=Casimir|title=Activin Controls Skin Morphogenesis and Wound Repair Predominantly via Stromal Cells and in a Concentration-Dependent Manner via Keratinocytes|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=167|issue=3|date=2021-03-09|pages=733–747|pmid=16127153|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62047-0}}</ref> * Activin na-achịkwa morphogenesis nke akụkụ ahụ dị iche iche dị ka prostate, akpa ume, na karịsịa akụrụ. Activin A mụbara ọkwa ngosipụta nke ụdị-I collagen na-atụ aro na activin A na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpali Fibroblasts. * Enweghị activin n'oge mmepe na-ebute nkwarụ mmepe akwara. * Upregulation nke Activin A na-akpali mkpụrụ ndụ stem pluripotent n'ime akara mesoendodermal, ma si otú a na-enye ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ stem na mmepụta organoid.<ref name="pmid25670788">{{Cite journal|title=Activin/Nodal signalling in stem cells|journal=Development|volume=142|issue=4|pages=607–19|year=2015|pmid=25670788|doi=10.1242/dev.091769}}</ref> === Inhibin === Na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke, inhibin na-egbochi mmepụta FSH. Inhibin anaghị egbochi mmepụta nke GnRH site na hypothalamus. <ref name="pmid15618291">{{Cite journal|title=Inhibins in female and male reproductive physiology: role in gametogenesis, conception, implantation and early pregnancy|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=11|issue=2|pages=123–35|year=2005|pmid=15618291|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmh057}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=First Aid for the USMLE Step 1|url=https://archive.org/details/firstaidforusmle2011leta|year=2012|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-177636-3}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, usoro ahụ dum dị iche n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị: ==== N'ime ụmụ nwanyị ==== A na-emepụta inhibin na gonads, pituitary gland, Placenta, corpus luteum na akụkụ ndị ọzọ. FSH na-akpali mmepụta nke inhibin site na mkpụrụ ndụ granulosa nke follicles ovarian na ovaries. N'aka nke ya, inhibin na-egbochi FSH. * ''Inhibin B'' na-eru n'elu n'oge mmalite ruo n'etiti follicular, na n'elu nke abụọ na ovulation. * ''Inhibin A'' na-eru n'ókè ya n'etiti oge ọgụ. ==== N'ime ụmụ nwoke ==== It is secreted from the Sertoli cells,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stimulation of Sertoli cell inhibin secretion by the testicular paracrine factor PModS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-and-cellular-endocrinology_1989-10_66_2/page/239|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=239–49|date=October 1989|pmid=2515083|doi=10.1016/0303-7207(89)90036-1}}</ref> located in the seminiferous tubules inside the testes. Androgens stimulate inhibin production; this protein may also help to locally regulate spermatogenesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inhibin B in male reproduction: pathophysiology and clinical relevance|journal=European Journal of Endocrinology|volume=145|issue=5|pages=561–71|date=November 2001|pmid=11720872|doi=10.1530/eje.0.1450561}}</ref> == Usoro nke ọrụ == === Ihe na-akpali akpali === Dị ka ndị ọzọ so n'ezinụlọ ahụ, activins na-emekọrịta ihe na ụdị abụọ nke ndị na-anabata transmembrane n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ (Ụdị I na II) nke nwere ọrụ serine / threonine kinase intrinsic na ngalaba cytoplasmic ha: * Activin ụdị 1 receptors: ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C * Ndị na-anabata ụdị 2 nke Activin: ACVR2A, ACVR2B Activin na-ejikọta na onye na-anabata Ụdị II ma malite mmeghachi omume cascade nke na-eduga na recruitment, phosphorylation, na ịrụ ọrụ nke onye na-anata ụdị I activin. Nke a na-emekọrịta ihe na phosphorylates SMAD na SMAD3, abụọ n'ime protein SMAD cytoplasmic. Smad3 na-agagharị na nucleus ma na-emekọrịta ihe na SMAD4 site na multimerization, na-akpata mgbanwe ha dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya nke transcription na-ahụ maka ngosipụta nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. === Inhibin === N'adịghị ka activin, a maghị ihe dị ukwuu banyere usoro ọrụ nke inhibin, mana ọ nwere ike ịgụnye ịsọ mpi na activin maka ijikọta na ndị na-anabata activin na / ma ọ bụ ijikọta ya na ndị na'anabata inhibin.<ref name="pmid15027884" /> == Ihe ọ pụtara n'ihe gbasara ahụike == === Ihe na-akpali akpali === Activin A dị ọtụtụ n'ime abụba abụba nke ndị buru oke ibu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-adịghị ike.<ref name="pmid20530742" /> Activin A na-akwalite mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ nna adipocyte, ka ọ na-egbochi ọdịiche ha n'ime adipocytes.<ref name="pmid20530742">{{Cite journal|title=Activin a plays a critical role in proliferation and differentiation of human adipose progenitors|journal=[[Diabetes (journal)|Diabetes]]|volume=59|issue=10|pages=2513–2521|year=2010|url=http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/59/10/2513.long|doi=10.2337/db10-0013|pmid=20530742}}</ref> Activin A na-amụba cytokines inflammatory na macrophages.<ref name="pmid20530742" /> mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka onye na-anabata activin ACVR1 na-ebute fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, ọrịa na-egbu egbu nke na-eme ka uru ahụ na anụ ahụ dị nro jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie anya anụ ahụ ọkpụkpụ.<ref name="ACVR1">{{Cite journal|title=A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=38|issue=5|pages=525–527|date=May 2006|pmid=16642017|doi=10.1038/ng1783}}</ref> A na-akọwa ọnọdụ a site n'ịmepụta ọkpụkpụ ọzọ nke na-emepụta immobilization na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ site na iku ume.<ref name="ACVR1" /> Mgbanwe na ACVR1 na-akpata activin A, nke na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye na-emegide onye na-anabata ma na-egbochi osteogenesis (ọkpụkpụ uto), iji mee ka onye na'ahụ maka onye na-anata ya ma mee ka ọkpụkpụ na-eto eto.<ref name="ACVR1" /> Na 2 Septemba 2015, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals kwupụtara na ha mepụtara ihe na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ maka activin A nke na-agwọ ọrịa ahụ n'ụzọ dị irè na ihe nlereanya anụmanụ nke ọnọdụ ahụ.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web|url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0R222Z20150902|title=Regeneron scientists discover key to excess bone growth in rare disease|author=Julie Steenhuysen|publisher=Reuters|date=2 September 2015}}</ref> A na-ejikọkwa mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ACVR1 na ọrịa kansa, ọkachasị diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=46|issue=5|pages=457–61|date=May 2014|pmid=24705252|doi=10.1038/ng.2925}}</ref><ref name="urlCure Brain Cancer - News - Multiple Breakthroughs in Childhood Brain Cancer DIPG">{{Cite web|url=http://www.curebraincancer.org.au/news/1044/multiple-breakthroughs-in-childhood-brain-cancer|title=Cure Brain Cancer - News - Multiple Breakthroughs in Childhood Brain Cancer DIPG|publisher=Cure Brain Cancer Foundation|accessdate=2024-10-13|archivedate=2020-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812124610/https://www.curebraincancer.org.au/news/1044/multiple-breakthroughs-in-childhood-brain-cancer}}</ref><ref name="pmid24705254">{{Cite journal|title=Genomic analysis of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas identifies three molecular subgroups and recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=46|issue=5|pages=451–6|date=May 2014|pmid=24705254|doi=10.1038/ng.2936}}</ref> Ọnọdụ dị elu nke Activin B na ọkwa Activin A dị mma nyere ihe na-egosi ihe ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọrịa myalgic encephalomyelitis / ọrịa ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Activin B is a novel biomarker for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) diagnosis: a cross sectional study|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=60|date=March 2017|pmid=28302133|doi=10.1186/s12967-017-1161-4}}</ref> Activin A na-egosipụta oke n'ọtụtụ ọrịa kansa. E gosipụtara na ọ na-akwalite tumorigenesis site na igbochi mmeghachi omume mgbochi tumor na melanoma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Paracrine Activin-A Signaling Promotes Melanoma Growth and Metastasis through Immune Evasion|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=137|issue=12|pages=2578–2587|date=December 2017|pmid=28844941|doi=10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.845}}</ref> === Inhibin === Nkọwa nke inhibin A bụ akụkụ nke ihe nyocha quad tupu a mụọ nwa nke enwere ike inye n'oge ime n'oge afọ ime nke izu 16-18. Inhibin A dị elu (yana beta-hCG dị elu, AFP belatara, na estriol belatara) na-egosi ọnụnọ nke nwa e bu n'afọ nwere Ọrịa Down.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dimeric inhibin A as a marker for Down's syndrome in early pregnancy|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=334|issue=19|pages=1231–6|date=May 1996|pmid=8606718|doi=10.1056/NEJM199605093341904}}</ref> Dị ka ule nyocha, a ghaghị ịgbaso nsonaazụ nyocha quad na-adịghị mma na nyocha ndị ọzọ doro anya. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi Ọrịa kansa ovarian.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inhibin as a diagnostic marker for ovarian cancer|journal=Cancer Letters|volume=249|issue=1|pages=14–7|date=April 2007|pmid=17320281|doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inhibins and ovarian cancer|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|volume=225|issue=1–2|pages=65–71|date=October 2004|pmid=15451569|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2004.02.014}}</ref> Enwere ike iji Inhibin B mee ihe dị ka akara nke ọrụ spermatogenesis na enweghị ọmụmụ nwoke. Ọkwa ọbara inhibin B dị elu nke ukwuu n'etiti ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ime (ihe dị ka 140 pg/mL) karịa na ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa (ihe dị ka 80 pg/ml).[1] N'ime ndị ikom nwere azoospermia, nyocha dị mma maka inhibin B na-ebuli ohere iji nweta afọ ime nke ọma site na mmịpụta sperm testicular (TESE), ọ bụ ezie na njikọ ahụ adịchaghị mkpa, na-enwe mmetụta nke 0.65 (95% oge ntụkwasị obi [CI]: 0.56 -0.74) na nkọwapụta nke 0.83 (CI: 0.64-0.93) maka amụma ọnụnọ nke spam na testes na azoospermia na-abụghị obstructive..<ref name="pmid20601364">{{Cite journal|title=Inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone as markers of persistent spermatogenesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=16|issue=6|pages=713–24|year=2010|pmid=20601364|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmq024}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rm0ynrftslfo46erand88kthf63bzjw 0 53456 744026 671386 2026-11-10T00:02:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744026 wikitext text/x-wiki "Ime ime mgbe amuchara nwa: Gịnị mere nwa ọhụrụ kwesịrị ịdị ndụ?"[1] bụ akụkọ na-ese okwu nke Francesca Minerva na Alberto Giubilini bipụtara. Dị na ntanetị site na 2012 wee bipụta ya na Journal of Medical Ethics na 2013, [2] ọ na-arụ ụka ịkpọ euthanasia nwa ma ọ bụ igbu nwa "afọ ime mgbe amuchara nwa" ma gosipụta myirịta dị n'etiti ite ime na euthanasia. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaczor|first=Christopher|date=2018|title=A Dubious Defense of 'After-Birth Abortion': A Reply to Räsänen|journal=Bioethics|volume=32|issue=2|pages=132–137|doi=10.1111/bioe.12413|pmid=29171674}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Biegler|first=Paul|date=2012|title=Public Distress As a Moral Consideration in After-Birth Abortion|journal=Monash Bioethics Review|volume=30|issue=1|pages=48–51|doi=10.1007/BF03351332|pmid=22924239}}</ref> Edemede a dọtara mmasị mgbasa ozi, [1] [2] gụnyere egwu ndị dere ya, [3] yana ọtụtụ nkatọ ndị ọkà mmụta.[4][5][6] Michael Tooley chịkọtara nkatọ na esemokwu ahụ, na-ekwu, sị: "Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ole na ole kpalitere nlebara anya zuru ebe niile, ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume na-ekpo ọkụ nke mmetụta uche karịa ka isiokwu a nwere.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tooley|first=Michael|date=May 2013|title=Philosophy, Critical Thinking and 'After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live?'|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-medical-ethics_2013-05_39_5/page/266|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|volume=39|issue=5|pages=266–272|doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-100861|pmid=23637425}}</ref><ref name="Benagiano, Landeweerd & Brosens 2013">{{Cite journal|author=Benagiano|first=Giuseppe|date=July 2013|title='After Birth' Abortion: A Biomedical and Conceptual Nonsense|journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine|volume=26|issue=11|pages=1053–1059|doi=10.3109/14767058.2013.779661|pmid=23495749}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Arụmụka nke isiokwu "After-Birth Abortion" bụ:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Giubilini|first=Alberto|date=2013|title=After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live?|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-medical-ethics_2013-05_39_5/page/261|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|volume=39|issue=5|pages=261–263|doi=10.1136/medethics-2011-100411|pmid=22361296}}</ref><ref name="Manninen 2013">{{Cite journal|author=Manninen|first=Bertha Alvarez|date=2013|title=Yes, the Baby Should Live: A Pro-Choice Response to Giubilini and Minerva|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43282725|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|volume=39|issue=5|pages=330–335|doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-100656|issn=0306-6800|pmid=23637447}}</ref> # Isikwopụ afọ ime ziri ezi n'ihi ọnọdụ omume nke ụmụ ọhụrụ; ọnọdụ ha na ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị mmadụ adịghị mkpa. # A na-akwado ite ime mgbe nwa e bu n'afọ nwere nnukwu nsogbu ma ọ bụ ga-abụ ibu arọ na-enweghị ngwọta nye nne ya na ezinụlọ ya, ọ dịkarịa ala mgbe nkuchi abụghị nhọrọ dị irè n'ihi na ọ bụghị maka ọdịmma kachasị mma nke ndị mmadụ n'ezie. # Ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere otu ọnọdụ omume dị ka ụmụ ọhụrụ (enweghị ọdịiche dị mkpa n'etiti ha) ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-ata ahụhụ n'ụzọ na-enweghị ngwọta. # A na-amụ ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịnwe nnukwu nsogbu nke a na-apụghị nchọpụta mgbe niile tupu a mụọ ha, ọ pụkwara ịbụ ibu arọ a na-agaghị anabata nne ha na ezinụlọ ha, gụnyere mgbe ọnọdụ gbanwere mgbe a mụsịrị ha. # Ya mere, "mgbe amuchara afọ ime" (euthanasia nke ụmụ ọhụrụ) nwere ike ịbụ ihe ziri ezi n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Ọnọdụ ndị a gụnyere, dị ka ndị dere ya si kwuo: ọ bụrụ na achọpụtaghị ọrịa n'oge ime, ọ bụrụ na ihe na-adịghị mma n'oge ịmụ nwa, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na enwere mgbanwe na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ma ọ bụrụ nke uche. Ndị dere ya na-ekwu na ọbụna nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ na-enweghị nkwarụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a. N'okwu Bertha Alvarez Manninen, n'akwụkwọ edere na ''Journal of Medical Ethics'', "Alberto Giubilini na Francesca Minerva na-ekwu na n'ihi na enweghị ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama n'etiti nwa e bu n'afọ na nwa e bu ọhụrụ, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị onye nwere àgwà uche siri ike iru eru maka ihe ọ bụla mere na-eme ka ite ime pụta ìhè.<ref name="Manninen 2013" /> Ime ime bụ njedebe nke usoro na-aga n'ihu tupu emechaa ya, na, n'ihe banyere Giubilini na Minerva, ọ na-ezo aka n'ịkwụsị usoro ime ime mgbe njedebe okike ya gasịrị, si otú a na-eme "mgbe amuchara nwa" okwu na-emegide onwe ya. , ebe ọ bụ na ọmụmụ na-akwụsị afọ ime na-ahapụ enweghị afọ ime ka a ga-esipụ. Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ nke echiche ahụ kwenyere na ọ bụ nkebi ahịrịokwu Giubilini na Minerva dere iji zoo okwu na-adịghị mma "ụmụ ọhụrụ", nke na-akọwa mpụ. Edemede ọzọ dị oke egwu kwubiri na "n'ịbụ ndị nyochaworo echiche ọhụrụ ahụ, anyị kwubiri na okwu ahụ 'na-amụ nwa' bụ ihe na-enweghị isi na usoro ọmụmụ.".<ref name="Benagiano, Landeweerd & Brosens 2013" /> == Ihe odide == 9cx8me78wd2eqc8bx6tybshsjsksq55 0 53919 744024 720721 2026-11-09T23:50:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Marie Claire McLintock''' ONZM (1965 - 23 Disemba 2022) bụ ọkà mmụta ọbara na New Zealand na dibịa na-amụ nwa. Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ọnọdụ ahụike na nsogbu ndị metụtara ọbara ọgbụgba na mkpụkọ ọbara, yana nsogbu ahụike metụtara afọ ime. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ McLintock na Dundee, Scotland, ada Iain na Margaret McLintock. <ref name="Death notice">{{Cite news|url=https://notices.nzherald.co.nz/nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/name/claire-mclintock-obituary?n=claire-mclintock&pid=203507256|title=Claire McLintock obituary|date=28 December 2022|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=2 January 2023}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://notices.nzherald.co.nz/nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/name/claire-mclintock-obituary?n=claire-mclintock&pid=203507256 "Claire McLintock obituary"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New Zealand|The New Zealand Herald]]''. 28 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Nna ya bụ onye na-ahụ maka kemist na Mahadum Dundee na nne ya bụ onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọ chọkwara ịbụ dọkịta site na nwata. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr Claire McLintock on women's health & not delaying fun|url=https://www.ensemblemagazine.co.nz/articles/dr-claire-mclintock|accessdate=28 December 2022|work=Ensemble Magazine|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228040155/https://www.ensemblemagazine.co.nz/articles/dr-claire-mclintock|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulling Back the Curtain: Claire McLintock, MD {{!}} ASH Clinical News {{!}} American Society of Hematology|url=https://ashpublications.org/ashclinicalnews/news/5658/Pulling-Back-the-Curtain-Claire-McLintock-MD|accessdate=28 December 2022|date=30 December 2021}}</ref> Ọ gụchara akara mmụta ahụike ya na Mahadum Edinburgh na 1989, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=WTD Steering Committee|url=https://www.worldthrombosisday.org/about/founders/claire-mclintock/|accessdate=27 December 2022|work=World Thrombosis Day|archivedate=28 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228040153/https://www.worldthrombosisday.org/about/founders/claire-mclintock/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''World Thrombosis Day''. Archived from on 28 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Dr Claire McLintock {{!}} Clinical Haematology {{!}} Ponsonby, Auckland {{!}} New Zealand|url=https://healthpages.co.nz/directory/listing/obstetric-medicine-claire-mclintock|accessdate=28 December 2022|work=Healthpages|language=en-NZ|archivedate=28 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228040159/https://healthpages.co.nz/directory/listing/obstetric-medicine-claire-mclintock}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''Healthpages''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> wee malite ọmụmụ akwụkwọ postgraduate na hematology na Auckland, New Zealand. <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == McLintock bụ onye isi ụlọ ọgwụ nke ọrụ ịmụ nwa na mpaghara na Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Auckland City, ma mesịa bụrụ ọkà mmụta ọbara na dibịa ime na Health Women's National. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Dr Claire McLintock, of Auckland, ONZM for services to haematology and obstetrics {{!}} The Governor-General of New Zealand|url=https://gg.govt.nz/file/27850|accessdate=28 December 2022|work=gg.govt.nz|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://gg.govt.nz/file/27850 "Dr Claire McLintock, of Auckland, ONZM for services to haematology and obstetrics | The Governor-General of New Zealand"]. ''gg.govt.nz''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye otu nke Royal Australasian College of Physicians na 2000 na onye otu nke Royal College of Pathologists nke Australasia na 2001. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụ onye nkuzi dị elu na ngalaba nke Medical and Health Sciences nke Mahadum Auckland . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Claire Mclintock, Officer of NZ Order of Merit|url=https://profiles.auckland.ac.nz/c-mclintock|accessdate=28 December 2022|work=University of Auckland}}</ref> McLintock jere ozi n'ọtụtụ ọrụ iduzi ya na International Society on Thrombosis na Hemostasis : dị ka onye isi oche (2018-2020), onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Mmụta, onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Sayensị na Nhazi Kọmiti na Okwu Ahụ Ike Ụmụ nwanyị na Thrombosis na Hemostasis, onye isi oche. nke kọmitii nhazi mpaghara maka ISTH 2019 Congress, yana osote onye isi oche nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka ụbọchị thrombosis. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ISTH Council Committees and Rosters|url=https://www.isth.org/page/CommitteeRosters|accessdate=27 December 2022|work=ISTH}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Remembering Claire McLintock: A tremendous leader, educator and advocate|url=https://www.isth.org/news/626793/Remembering-Claire-McLintock-A-Tremendous-Leader-Educator-and-Advocate.htm|accessdate=27 December 2022|work=ISTH}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Scientific Steering Committee|url=https://www.worldthrombosisday.org/about/founders/|accessdate=27 December 2022|work=World Thrombosis Day|archivedate=28 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228031136/https://www.worldthrombosisday.org/about/founders/}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu kansụl (2004–2007) na onye isi (2007–2009) nke Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia na New Zealand, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Previous SOMANZ Council|url=https://www.somanz.org/about-us/somanz-executive-council/previous-somanz-council/|accessdate=28 December 2022|work=Society of Obstetric Medicine Australian and NZ|language=en-US|archivedate=5 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205230924/https://www.somanz.org/about-us/somanz-executive-council/previous-somanz-council/}}</ref> dị ka onye isi oche nke Thrombosis na Haemostasis Society of Australia na New Zealand (2009- 2011), <ref name=":0" /> na na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Internal Medicine Journal'' <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Szer|first=Jeff|date=2020|title=The Journal in 2019|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.14700|journal=Internal Medicine Journal|volume=50|issue=1|pages=9–10|doi=10.1111/imj.14700|pmid=31943617|issn=1444-0903}}</ref> na ''Journal of Thrombosis na Heemostasis'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 January 2016|title=JTH ANNOUNCES NEW EDITORIAL BOARD AND ASSOCIATE EDITORS|url=https://www.isth.org/news/268361/JTH-announces-new-editorial-board-and-associate-editors.htm|accessdate=27 December 2022|work=ISTH}}</ref> A họpụtara ya onye isi nke New Zealand Order of Merit na 2019 Queen's Birthday Honors, maka ọrụ hematology na obstetrics. <ref name=":3"/> == Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ == McLintock lụrụ [[John Reynolds (artist)|John Reynolds]], onye na-ese ihe na New Zealand, di na nwunye ahụ nwekwara ụmụ abụọ. Achọpụtara ya na ọrịa kansa ara na 2003, ọrịa kansa ahụ laghachiri na 2017, gbasaa n'afọ ya. Ọ nwụrụ na Auckland na 23 Disemba 2022, ọ gbara afọ 57. <ref name="Death notice"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/breast-cancer-sufferer-claire-mclintock-fundraising-for-new-drug-palbociclib/ZWBSZVLXS6FBJX54GRHSZRDL5E/|title=Breast cancer sufferer Claire McLintock fundraising for new drug Palbociclib|first=Cherie|author=Howie|date=12 August 2017|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=2 January 2022}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara == * Bethany Samuelson Bannow; Claire McLintock; Paula James (2021) "Nwa nsọ, mgbochi mgbochi, na mgbochi ime: VTE na ọbara ọgbụgba". Nnyocha na Omume na Thrombosis na Hemostasis 5 (5): e12570. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bannow|first=Bethany Samuelson|date=2021|title=Menstruation, anticoagulation, and contraception: VTE and uterine bleeding|journal=Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis|language=en|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e12570|doi=10.1002/rth2.12570|issn=2475-0379|pmid=34368613}}</ref> * Flora Peyvandi; David Lillicrap; Johnny Mahlangu; Claire McLintock; K. John Pasi; Steven W. Pipe; Wendy Scales; Alok Srivastava; Thierry VandenDriessche (2020) "Ihe ọmụma na nghọta ọgwụgwọ ọrịa hemophilia: Nsonaazụ nke nyocha mba ụwa." Nnyocha na Omume na Thrombosis na Hemostasis 4 (4): 644-651. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peyvandi|first=Flora|date=2020|title=Hemophilia gene therapy knowledge and perceptions: Results of an international survey|journal=Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=644–651|doi=10.1002/rth2.12326|issn=2475-0379|pmid=32548564}}</ref> * Behnood Bikdeli; Mahesh V. Madhavan; David Jimenez; Taylor Chuich; Isaac Dreyfus; Elissa Driggin; Caroline Der Nigoghossian; Walter Ageno; Mohammad Madjid; Yutao Guo; Liang V. Tang; Yu Hu; Jay Giri; Meri Kushman; Isabelle Quéré; Evangelos P. Dimakakos; C. Michael Gibson; Giuseppe Lippi; Emmanuel J. Favaloro; Jawed Fareed; Joseph A. Caprini; Alfonso J. Tafur; John R. Burton; Dominic P. Francese; Elizabeth Y. Wang; Anna Falanga; Claire McLintock; Beverley J. Hunt; Alex C. Spyropoulos; Geoffrey D. Barnes; John W. Eikelboom; Ido Weinberg; Sam Schulman; Marc Carrier; Gregory Piazza; Joshua A. Beckman; P. Gabriel Steg; Gregg W. Nkume; Stephan Rosenkranz; Samuel Z. Goldhaber; Sahil A. Parikh; Manuel Monreal; Harlan M. Krumholz; Stavros V. Konstantinides; Jeffrey I. Weitz; Gregory YH Lip (2020) "COVID-19 na Ọrịa Thrombotic ma ọ bụ Thromboembolic: Mmetụta maka Mgbochi, Ọgwụ mgbochi thrombotic, na Nsote: ''JACC'' State-of-the-Art Review". Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke American College of Cardiology 75 (23): 2950-2973. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bikdeli|first=Behnood|date=16 June 2020|title=COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-Up: JACC State-of-the-Art Review|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-college-of-cardiology_2020-06-16_75_23/page/2950|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|language=en|volume=75|issue=23|pages=2950–2973|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031|issn=0735-1097|pmid=32311448}}</ref> * Kieron Dunleavy; Claire McLintock (2020) "Otu m si agwọ lymphoma n'ime ime". Ọbara 136 (19): 2118–2124. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dunleavy|first=Kieron|date=5 November 2020|title=How I treat lymphoma in pregnancy|journal=Blood|volume=136|issue=19|pages=2118–2124|doi=10.1182/blood.2019000961|pmid=32797210|issn=0006-4971}}</ref> * Suzanne Murray; Claire McLintock; Patrice Lazure; Morgan Penuta; Sam Schulman; Suely M. Rezende; James H. Morrissey; Thomas Reiser; Ingrid Pabinger (2019) "Mkpa na ihe ịma aka n'etiti ndị dọkịta na ndị nchọpụta na thrombosis na hemostasis: Nsonaazụ sitere na ọmụmụ mba ụwa." Nnyocha na Omume na Thrombosis na Hemostasis3 (4): 626-638. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Suzanne|date=28 June 2019|title=Needs and challenges among physicians and researchers in thrombosis and hemostasis: Results from an international study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12237|journal=Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis|volume=3|issue=4|pages=626–638|doi=10.1002/rth2.12237|issn=2475-0379|pmid=31624782}}</ref> * Claire McLintock; Beverley J. Hunt (2019) "Ụbọchị ịrị elu ụwa na mgbochi nke venous thromboembolism metụtara ụlọ ọgwụ". Akwụkwọ akụkọ ọgwụ ime ime 49 (10): 1207–1208 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=McLintock|first=Claire|date=2019|title=World Thrombosis Day and prevention of hospital-associated venous thromboembolism|journal=Internal Medicine Journal|language=en|volume=49|issue=10|pages=1207–1208|doi=10.1111/imj.14450|pmid=31602770|issn=1444-0903}}</ref> * Stephanie Cox; Renee Eslick; Claire McLintock (2019) "Irụmọrụ na nchekwa nke thromboprophylaxis na enoxaparin maka mgbochi nke afọ ime metụtara venous thromboembolism". Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Thrombosis na Hemostasis 17 (7): 1160-1170. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cox|first=Stephanie|date=2019|title=Effectiveness and safety of thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin for prevention of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|language=en|volume=17|issue=7|pages=1160–1170|doi=10.1111/jth.14452|pmid=31013386|issn=1538-7933}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 9mqvbplngkgkx52t2182dmjkn1nbpms 0 53982 743976 740381 2026-11-09T13:29:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743976 wikitext text/x-wiki D{{Databox}}  '''Nicola Mary Turner''' bụ onye na-akwado ahụike ọha na eze New Zealand bụ Prọfesọ na Mahadum Auckland na Onye Nlekọta Ahụike nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndụmọdụ Ịgba Ọgwụ, otu nzukọ na-adụ ọdụ ndị ọrụ ahụike New Zealand na ndị ọchịchị New Zealand. O nyela aka na kọmitii ndụmọdụ maka New Zealand Ministry of Health, bụ onye na-ekwuchitere Child Poverty Action Group (Aotearoa New Zealand) ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu. Ọtụtụ n'ime nyocha ya na mgbasa ozi ya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite mkpuchi ọgwụ mgbochi yana imechi oghere nha anya maka nnyefe ọgwụ mgbochi oge nke mba na New Zealand na o kwuwo okwu n'ihu ọha n'okwu ndị a n'oge COVID-19 na New Zealand. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Turner nwere nzere bachelọ nke ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ (MBChB), Diploma of Obstetrics Gynecology and Family Planning (Dip Obs) na Masters of Public Health (MPH Hons) sitere na Mahadum Auckland . E nyere ya Diploma of Paediatrics (DHC) site na UK Royal College of Physicians. {{R|Updated University Profile}} Na 2014 Mahadum Auckland nyere Turner a Doctorate of Medicine (MD) maka akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''Ihe metụtara mkpuchi ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi maka mmemme ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nwata na New Zealand: 1999-2012'' . {{R|Thesis}} Na 1997, na nzaghachi maka mkpuchi ọgwụ mgbochi dị ala na oghere nha nhata na mmemme ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi New Zealand, Turner mepụtara Center Advisory Immunization, (IMAC) otu nzukọ dị na Mahadum Auckland, nke mba na-enye ozi sayensị dabere na nnwere onwe yana eziokwu gbasara. ọrịa ndị a na-egbochi ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na uru na ihe egwu dị na ọgwụ mgbochi. {{R|Prof. Nikki Turner}} {{R|IMAC}} Turner kwuru na n'oge e guzobere Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndụmọdụ Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, e nwere "mgbatị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ụda olu na mmetụta na-egosipụta, enweghị ntụkwasị obi na sayensị na usoro nlekọta ahụike bụ isi nke a na-ahazighị nke ọma..." ]...dị ka ndị obodo New Zealand... nwetara n'azụ nke a, ihe mgbochi ọgwụ mgbochi iwe dị ntakịrị, n'ihi na a na-emezi ọgwụ mgbochi ugbu a dị ka akụkụ dị mma nke ịzụ ụmụaka nwere ahụike mkpebi siri ike ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ugbu a ị ga-eme mkpebi siri ike ịghara." {{R|Fellowship}} Dịka nke 2023, Turner bụ akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike maka IMAC. {{R|Updated University Profile}} Turner bụ onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Auckland site na 2005 ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ Njikọ na 2013. Na 1 Jenụwarị 2014, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ na Ngalaba General Practice na Primary Care n'otu mahadum ahụ. {{R|Updated University Profile}} {{R|Research review}} Turner abụrụla akụkụ nke ndị otu Practice General na Newtown Union Health Services (NUHS), Broadway, Wellington kemgbe 2011, {{R|NUHS}} na ọ bụ onye mmekọ na ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Child Poverty Action Group. {{R|Spokesperson for CPAG}} == Nnyocha na ihe odide == === Imelite mkpuchi ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa === Turner etinyela aka na nyocha ka esi ejikọta ihe owuwu na nhazi nke omume izugbe na mkpuchi mgbochi mgbochi na New Zealand. Otu akwụkwọ 2010, nke Turner dekọtara ya kwubiri na ọ bụ ezie na mkpuchi ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na oge dị iche iche dịgasị iche iche na New Zealand, "akụkụ nhazi na nhazi nke omume n'ozuzu bụ isi ihe na-ekpebi nnyefe ọgwụ mgbochi n'ozuzu." {{R|GP structures and organisation}} Turner kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ gbasara ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa (IMAC) na 2011 nke nyochara ịdị irè nke njikwa oyi oyi maka ịnye ọgwụ mgbochi ụmụaka site na ụlọ ahịa mba gaa na saịtị nnyefe na New Zealand. {{R|Cold chain research}} Na 2018, IMAC chịkọtara nkọwapụta nke atụmatụ ejiri kemgbe ọrịa influenza nke 1918 iji nagide ajụjụ na-azaghị gbasara otu esi ejikwa ọrịa na-efe efe n'ọdịnihu. {{R|100 year survey}} Ihe omuma a gosiputara na ibu oria a na 1918 na New Zealand bu ndi mmadu na-adighi ike dika ndi Maori, Pacific Island na ndi obodo Eshia bu n'ezighi ezi. {{R|100 year survey}} N'ime ọrụ nyocha metụtara ya, Turner na ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe Nick Wilson na Michael Baker gosipụtara data gosiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ maka Maori dara n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi mgbe ọrịa 2018 gasịrị, na-akwado mkpa ọ dị n'ịgba ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa oge oyi iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa]] . {{R|Reduced birth rate}} Na mkparịta ụka mechara banyere nyocha a, Turner kwughachiri mkpa ọ dị ichebe ụmụ nwanyị dị ime site na ọrịa ọ bụla, ma ọ bụrụ na ọgwụ mgbochi dị ụkọ, na-ebute ha ụzọ maka "ịnweta ọgwụ mgbochi na ikuku ikuku na ngalaba nlekọta ahụike ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha rịa ọrịa". {{R|Otago University}} === Nkwado maka ụmụaka === N'ọrụ ya dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Child Poverty Action Group, Turner kwuru na mgbasa ozi gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obere ego na ahụike ụmụaka na-adịghị mma, {{R|2006 data}} na na 2008 kwadoro akụkọ nyocha nke kwuru na ịda ogbenye na-akpata "mbibi" na ngalaba ahụike, yana data na-egosi na ụmụaka New Zealand nwere "ọnụọgụ dị elu nke ọrịa nwere ike igbochi na ọnwụ sitere na mmerụ ahụ karịa ụmụaka n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo OECD ọ bụla ọzọ". {{R|2008 CPAG report}} Akụkọ ahụ dọọrọ uche gaa n'eziokwu na nke a metụtara ụmụaka Maori na Pasifika n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi. {{R|2008 CPAG report}} Na 2012, Turner, dị ka onye so na Office of the Children's Commissioner's Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty, nyere aka na akụkọ dị mkpa nke nyochara otú ụmụaka nwere ike isi belata ịda ogbenye na New Zealand. {{R|Child Poverty 2012}} Turner mechara kwuo na nzaghachi gọọmentị New Zealand wutere ya na na ha lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara ole na ole kama ịme usoro zuru oke iji belata ịda ogbenye ụmụaka. {{R|2013 CPAG news}} Akuko a kwadoro ihe nchoputa na akwukwo gara aga, nke ndi New Zealand Medical Association kwadoro na Turner kwadoro ya, nke na-ekwusi ike na njubiga ihe ókè, nri na-adighi nma, ikpughe ụtaba na nchekasị nyere aka n'ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọha mmadụ na-adịghị ike na ndị mmadụ. nwere ike inwe obere ohere ịnweta ọrụ nlekọta ahụike. {{R|NZMA article 2012}} N'ikwu okwu banyere akụkọ sitere n'aka The Asthma Foundation {{R|Asthma foundation paper}}, Turner kwuru na ọ kwadoro nchegbu na ịda ogbenye na enweghị ike na-emetụta ọrịa iku ume na ụmụaka New Zealand, na ihe kpatara ya dị mkpa ka a gwa ya iji hụ na ụmụaka na ezinụlọ nwere ego zuru oke. ezigbo ụlọ na mfe ịnweta nlekọta ahụike. {{R|2015 response}} Na 2015 mgbe Kọmịshọna Ụmụaka wepụtara data na-egosi na n'oge ahụ, e nwere ụmụaka 305,000 bi na ịda ogbenye na New Zealand - mmụba nke 45,000 site na afọ gara aga - Turner kwuru na ịda ogbenye ụmụaka bụ ugbu a okwu mba, ọ bụghị naanị maka ndị nne na nna n'otu n'otu., ma ọ dị ka enweghị njikere inye ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu ahụ. {{R|One third in poverty}} === Na-emechi oghere nha nhata === Turner dekọtara akwụkwọ na 2019 na-achịkọta nchoputa nke nyochaghachi azụ azụ nke ụmụaka New Zealand (amụrụ 2006-2015), nke chọpụtara na ọnụego ụlọ ọgwụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe kemgbe 1989 abawanyela n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi maka ụmụaka Maori na Pacific na ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba. Ọtụtụ ndị napụrụ, mana na ụmụaka ndị natara ọgwụ mgbochi pneumococcal conjugate (PVC) n'etiti 2008 na 2014, o yighị ka a ga-anọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwubiri na iji PVC jikọtara ya na "mbelata nke agbụrụ agbụrụ na nke akụ na ụba na ụlọ ọgwụ". {{R|Cohort study}} Turner kwadoro akụkọ ọzọ na nyocha nyocha nke gosiri na ụmụaka ndị na -akwaga mba ọzọ bi na New Zealand nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi dị ala karịa ndị NZ mụrụ na ụmụaka ndị na-abụghị ndị mba ọzọ. A kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee ọganihu n'ụzọ e si achịkọta data ndị dị otú ahụ, na-akọwapụta mkpa ọ dị inwe "nleba anya nke mba ka mma na data ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ metụtara mkpuchi ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi iji nyere aka kpughee ezighị ezi ahụike n'etiti ụmụaka bi na NZ ma mee ka amụma ọgwụ mgbochi . na omume". {{R|Migrant inequalities}} Akwụkwọ na-esochi na nyocha a mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na iji nweta nghọta nke ọma banyere ahụike ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ, a ga-ekewapụta data iji chọta usoro ezoro ezo, nye ozi gbasara ntinye akwụkwọ na ime ka ndị na-adịghị ike pụta ìhè. {{R|Vaccine-preventable}} Ọtụtụ n'ime nyocha na ide ihe Turner bụ na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị mmadụ nweta ozi ziri ezi gbasara ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ọkachasị iji mesie ndị nne na nna obi ike na ọgwụ mgbochi adịghị mma. {{R|2012 study}} {{R|Mothers' concerns}} Turner etinyela aka na mkparịta ụka mgbasa ozi gbasara nchekwa ọgwụ mgbochi gụnyere [[Ọgwụ mgbochi maka meninjaitis|ọgwụ mgbochi Meningococcal]] na 2004 {{R|Herald article}} na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kansa cervical Gardasil na 2009. {{R|Gardasil information}} {{R|1 News}} Turner akọwapụtala mkpa ọ dị ịkwalite ntụkwasị obi n'etiti ọha na eze na ndị na-ebuga mmemme ahụike, ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na-enweta ego, {{R|More billboards}} {{R|Fears during measles outbreak}} ma ọ bụ n'ogo nke omume izugbe. {{R|2012 study}} O kwuru na usoro ime mkpebi maka nkwenye nwere ike imetụta echiche mgbochi ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, {{R|Influences on coverage}} mana ka ị na-eme ka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa bụrụ iwu ga-enyere aka, enwere ihe ize ndụ na ụfọdụ ezinụlọ nwere ike ghara inwe mmasị ikwurịta nchegbu ha n'ihu ọha, na-emetụta njikọ aka. ha nwere, ma tụkwasị obi na, ndị ọkachamara ahụike. {{R|Mandatory vaccinations}} == Nkọwa na COVID-19 na New Zealand == Na Mee 2020, Turner, na-ekwu okwu dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, kwadoro iji ọgwụ mgbochi iji jikwaa ọrịa COVID-19 na New Zealand wee pụta ìhè na ọ dị mkpa iji zere nsogbu nke ịha nhatanha n'ofe ụwa niile site n'inye ohere. mba ndị bara ọgaranya. {{R|Early pandemic}} Ya na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ kwekọrịtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ịzaghachi nje a ma dọọ aka ná ntị megide olileanya na-enweghị isi na ọ ga-eme ngwa ngwa na New Zealand n'ihi okwu ọkọnọ na ntinye nke nchịkwa nchịkwa nye ndị kachasị mfe, yana ndị nọ n'ihe egwu dị elu. nke ọrịa dịka ndị ọrụ ókèala na ndị ọrụ ahụike." {{R|Realistic perspective}} Mgbe New Zealand kwadoro ịzụrụ ọgwụ mgbochi Pfizer COVID-19, Turner kwuru na ebe obodo ahụ nwere ohere ịnweta data ahụike yana "ezigbo ụwa", ma nwee ọnọdụ nke ọma iji kwado ya, {{R|Well situated}} {{R|Preparation}} ọ dịghị mkpa. iji mee ngwa ngwa usoro. {{R|No rush}} {{R|Other countries}} O kwuru na n'ihi na enwere obere "ọrịa siri ike na ọnwụ sitere na ọrịa a" na New Zealand, mba ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ dị mma nke inwe ike "nyochaa sayensị, lelee ka mwepu ọgwụ mgbochi na-aga maka mba ndị ọzọ." {{R|Unknowns}} Nye Turner, a ga-eme atụmatụ iwepụta ọgwụ mgbochi na New Zealand na usoro, na-achọ n'ikpeazụ maka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi obodo zuru ebe niile. {{R|Mammoth task}} Turner na Jesse Mulligan kwurịtara okwu mgbe ndị ọrụ ahụike abụọ na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] nwesịrị [[Ihe na-adịghị anabata ya|mmeghachi ahụ nfụkasị]] na ọgwụ COVID-19 n'isi mbido Disemba 2020, wee chọpụta na mmeghachi omume ụfọdụ na ọgwụ mgbochi ọ bụla bụ ihe ga-ekwe omume mgbe niile mana "ezigbo ọrụ na-ebuga ọgwụ mgbochi" dị oke mkpa. iji merie mmeghachi omume ndị a. Ọ tụrụ aro ka ndị mmadụ nwere allergies siri ike kwesịrị ịkpachara anya yana ọ dị mkpa ozi dị mma gbasara ike na njedebe nke ọgwụ mgbochi a, dabere na data ụlọ ọgwụ nke nyochachara nke ọma, ndị mgbasa ozi, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị obodo na-ekerịta. {{R|Allergic reactions}} Na Disemba 2021, Medsafe nyere nkwado nwa oge maka ọgwụ mgbochi a ga-eji maka ụmụaka nọ n'afọ 5-11 dị na New Zealand. Turner gwara Corin Dann na Redio New Zealand na data mbụ nke ụlọ ọgwụ sitere na iji ọgwụ mgbochi ụmụaka na mba ofesi egosila na a na-ebupụ ya nke ọma. O kwuru na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ iwu mana ọ ga-echebe ụmụaka nwere nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ na-ebi na ịda ogbenye, ga-egbochi mgbasa nke COVID-19 n'ime ezinụlọ yana enwechaghị mmetụta na ụlọ akwụkwọ. {{R|Approval for children}} Tupu nnabata a, Turner kwetara na enwere "ọdịmma na ọghọm" gbasara ụmụaka na-enweta ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, mana enwere ike ikwu okwu siri ike na nke a ga-abụ maka ọdịmma nke ichebe obodo. {{R|Pros and cons}} Turner kwuru na oghere maka ụmụaka New Zealand iji nweta ọgwụ mgbochi abụọ nke COVID-19 kwesịrị ịdị ogologo karịa nke ahụ maka ndị okenye na idobe ya n'ime izu asatọ nwere ike ibute ezigbo mgbochi. {{R|Keep gap for children}} Ka ewepụtara ọgwụ mgbochi maka COVID-19 na New Zealand na mbido 2022 ka oge echere n'etiti usoro nke abụọ na nke atọ belatara ọnwa atọ, Turner zara ọtụtụ aro gbasara nke a. Ọ jụrụ na onye na-akwalite ahụ kwesịrị ịnọ na ogwe aka na-adịghị achịkwa, na-achọpụta mgbe ọ dị mma ịnọgide na-enwe ọkwa mmiri n'oge okpomọkụ, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, [agaghị eme ihe ọ bụla na nzaghachi ọgwụ mgbochi" na mgbe nrụgide na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ ihe kwere nghọta, enwere obere ihe kpatara nchegbu. {{R|Cook Feb 2022}} Mgbe gọọmentị New Zealand kwupụtara na Mee 2022 na a ga-enwe ihe nkwado COVID-19 nke abụọ maka ụfọdụ ndị otu obodo, Turner kwupụtara nchegbu banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke iwelite maka nkwalite mbụ… "karịsịa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke boosters maka ndị agadi na ndị nwere ọnọdụ ahụike ... [na-agbakwụnye] ..." mana ka ọ dị, enwere mmadụ ole na ole na-eche na doses abụọ ezughi oke, ma ghara ịghọta na mkpa nke ihe nkwalite." {{R|Second booster shot}} Na Nọvemba 2022, mgbe nne na nna nke nwa dị ọnwa anọ na New Zealand chọrọ ịwa ahụ obi chọrọ mmịnye ọbara jụrụ ịnara ọbara n'aka onye nyere onyinye nke natara ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19, Turner kwuru na enweghị akaebe sayensị na-atụ aro ebe ahụ. ga-abụ ihe ize ndụ ọ bụla nye nwa. O kwuru [na] "a na-enyocha nke ọma onyinye ọbara maka nchekwa iji hụ na ọ bụ egwuregwu maka onye nnata", na ndị nwere nchegbu banyere nke a kwesịrị ịgwa onye ọkachamara okwu. {{R|Checkpoint Dec 2022}} Turner gwakwara Newshub mmemme ''The Project ,'' na ime "nyocha ihe mberede nke otu ụzọ iji nweta ọbara n'aka onye na-enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi" nwere ike ịmepụta echiche na enwere nsogbu nwere ike ime, ma gbaa ndị mmadụ ume ka ha "nọdụ ala na-arụ ọrụ site na ebe egwu ha na-atụ." na nchegbu", na-ekwubi na ọrụ ahụike New Zealand na-enye nwa ọhụrụ ọrụ kacha mma. {{R|Newshub re baby issue}} == Ọrụ ndụmọdụ mba (New Zealand) ==   == Onyinye na iche == Enyere Turner onyinye nkwanye ugwu nke New Zealand College of Public Health Medicine na 2021, {{R|Certificate}} ma bụrụ onye otu nke Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners (RNZCGP). {{R|Updated University Profile}} Na 2020, Turner bụ onye ikpeazụ maka ihe nrite Green Cross Health maka ntinye pụtara ìhè na ahụike na onyinye nnabata New Zealand Primary Healthcare Awards. {{R|NZPH Awards 2020}} Turner bụ onye nchọpụta bụ isi na-eduga ogwe aka dị irè Vaccine for the Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance (SHIVERS) Project (2012-2016) nke e mere iji tụọ irè ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka influenza na ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-efe efe nke iku ume. {{R|Shivers}} Na 2019, n'ịkwado nnukwu onyinye ha na nyocha influenza, ndị otu SHIVERS, gụnyere Turner, natara New Zealand Association of Scientists ' Shorland Medal . {{R|Shorland medal}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Thesis">{{Cite web|last=Turner|first=Nikki Mary (Nicola)|date=2014|title=Factors associated with immunisation coverage for the childhood immunisation programme in New Zealand : 1999–2012 : Thesis MD University of Auckland|url=https://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/search/provider:theses/turner,%20nikki#|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216213031/https://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/search/provider:theses/turner,%20nikki|archive-date=16 February 2022|access-date=4 February 2021|website=www.library.auckland.ac.nz}}</ref> <ref name="Updated University Profile">{{Cite web |title=Niki Turner Bio |url=https://profiles.auckland.ac.nz/n-turner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230321021505/https://profiles.auckland.ac.nz/n-turner |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=University of Auckland}}</ref> <ref name="Prof. Nikki Turner">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Prof. Nikki Turner |url=https://covid.immune.org.nz/node/363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322034209/https://covid.immune.org.nz/node/363 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=The Immunisation Advisory Centre }}</ref> <ref name="IMAC">{{cite web|title=About The Immunisation Advisory Centre (IMAC)|url=https://www.immune.org.nz/about|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205024720/https://www.immune.org.nz/about|website=The Immunisation Advisory Centre|date=26 July 2016|archive-date=5 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Fellowship">{{Cite web|date=19 May 2019|title=GP and Child Poverty Action Group health spokesperson|url=https://www.rnzcgp.org.nz/GPPulse/Member_news/2019/Meet_Dr_Nicki_Turner.aspx?/Child|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220235526/https://www.rnzcgp.org.nz/GPPulse/Member_news/2019/Meet_Dr_Nicki_Turner.aspx?/Child|archive-date=20 February 2022|access-date=21 February 2022|website=The Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners}}</ref> <ref name="Research review">{{Cite web |title=Professor Nikki Turner |url=https://www.researchreview.co.nz/Common/Writers/Dr-Nikki-Turner.aspx?site=nz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227013810/https://www.researchreview.co.nz/Common/Writers/Dr-Nikki-Turner.aspx?site=nz |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=Research Review }}</ref> <ref name="NUHS">{{cite book |last1=Newtown Union Health Service |title=Annual Report 2018 – 2019 |date=30 June 2019 |url=https://www.newtownunionhealthservice.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/ANNUAL-REPORT-2018-2019-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129014452/https://www.newtownunionhealthservice.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/ANNUAL-REPORT-2018-2019-1.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=17 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="Spokesperson for CPAG">{{Cite web|title=Associate Professor Nikki Turner|url=https://www.cpag.org.nz/about-us/associates/nikki-turner/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131165629/https://www.cpag.org.nz/about-us/associates/nikki-turner/|archive-date=31 January 2022|access-date=21 February 2022|website=Child Poverty Action Group}}</ref> <ref name="GP structures and organisation">{{cite journal | last1=Grant | first1=Cameron C | last2=Turner | first2=Nikki M | last3=York | first3=Deon G | display-authors=2 | title=Factors associated with immunisation coverage and timeliness in New Zealand | journal=British Journal of General Practice | publisher=Royal College of General Practitioners | volume=60 | issue=572 | date=1 March 2010 | issn=0960-1643 | doi=10.3399/bjgp10x483535 | pages=e113–e120 | pmid=20202354 | pmc=2828859 | url=https://bjgp.org/content/60/572/e113 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306004057/https://bjgp.org/content/60/572/e113 | archive-date=6 March 2022 | access-date=9 March 2022 }}</ref> <ref name="Cold chain research">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Nikki |last2=Laws |first2=Athene |last3=Roberts |first3=Loretta |title=Assessing the effectiveness of cold chain management for childhood vaccines |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |date=December 2011 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=278–282 |doi=10.1071/HC11278 |pmid=22132380 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51844796 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216214207/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51844796_Assessing_the_effectiveness_of_cold_chain_management_for_childhood_vaccines |archive-date=16 February 2022|access-date=21 December 2020 |doi-access=free |hdl=2292/20861 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="100 year survey">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Nikki M. |last2=Charania |first2=Nadia G. |title=100 years since the 1918 influenza pandemic progress made, yet questions remain. A synopsis of the 4th New Zealand Influenza Symposium, February 2018 |journal=The New Zealand Medical Journal |date=31 August 2018 |volume=131 |issue=1481 |pages=50–55 |pmid=30161112 |url=https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/100-years-since-the-1918-influenza-pandemic-progress-made-yet-questions-remain-a-synopsis-of-the-4th-new-zealand-influenza-symposium-february-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131033646/https://nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/100-years-since-the-1918-influenza-pandemic-progress-made-yet-questions-remain-a-synopsis-of-the-4th-new-zealand-influenza-symposium-february-2018 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=22 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="Reduced birth rate">{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Nick |last2=Turner |first2=Nikki |last3=Baker |first3=Michael G. |title=One hundred years ago in 1919: New Zealand's birth reduction shock associated with an influenza pandemic |journal=New Zealand Medical Journal |date=13 December 2019 |volume=132 |issue=1507 |pages=57–62 |pmid=31830017 |url=https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/one-hundred-years-ago-in-1919-new-zealands-birth-reduction-shock-associated-with-an-influenza-pandemic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129125203/https://nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/one-hundred-years-ago-in-1919-new-zealands-birth-reduction-shock-associated-with-an-influenza-pandemic |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="Otago University">{{cite news|title=Sharp drop in birth rate as a result of miscarriages in 1918 flu pandemic, study finds|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/wellington/news/otago730000.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210120846/https://www.otago.ac.nz/wellington/news/otago730000.html|archive-date=10 February 2021|agency=University of Otago Wellington Te Whare Wananga o Otago ki Poneke|date=16 December 2019|access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Early pandemic">{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Hannah |title=Coronavirus: Covid-19 vaccine our 'only clear exit strategy', so where is it? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/300004824/coronavirus-covid19-vaccine-our-only-clear-exit-strategy-so-where-is-it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204030524/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/300004824/coronavirus-covid19-vaccine-our-only-clear-exit-strategy-so-where-is-it |archive-date=4 February 2021 |agency=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=6 May 2020 |access-date=29 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="Realistic perspective">{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Willian |title=NZ and the Covid-19 vaccine |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/2018766093/nz-and-the-covid-19-vaccine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116235737/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/2018766093/nz-and-the-covid-19-vaccine |archive-date=16 January 2021 |agency=[[RNZ]] |date=1 October 2020 |access-date=30 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="Well situated">{{cite news |last1=Quinn |first1=Rowan |title=Uncertainty over Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine's arrival, as health staff learn to administer jab |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/uncertainty-over-pfizer-covid-19-vaccines-arrival-health-staff-learn-administer-jab?auto=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203071459/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/uncertainty-over-pfizer-covid-19-vaccines-arrival-health-staff-learn-administer-jab?auto=0 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |agency=[[RNZ]] |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="Preparation">{{cite news |last1=Keogh |first1=Brittany |title=Covid-19: How NZ is preparing for the biggest vaccine roll-out in history |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/123892412/covid19-how-nz-is-preparing-for-the-biggest-vaccine-rollout-in-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125125208/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/123892412/covid19-how-nz-is-preparing-for-the-biggest-vaccine-rollout-in-history |archive-date=25 January 2021 |agency=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=5 January 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="No rush">{{cite news |title=How quickly should NZ rollout the Covid-19 vaccine? |url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/holiday-breakfast/audio/nikki-turner-how-quickly-should-new-zealand-rollout-the-covid-19-vaccine/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205140107if_/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/holiday-breakfast/audio/nikki-turner-how-quickly-should-new-zealand-rollout-the-covid-19-vaccine/|archive-date=5 February 2021 |agency=[[Newstalk ZB]] |date=14 January 2021|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> <ref name="Other countries">{{cite news |last1=Durant |first1=Isabella |last2=Quinlivan |first2=Mark |title=COVID-19: Other countries need coronavirus vaccine more urgently than New Zealand – expert |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2021/01/covid-19-other-countries-need-coronavirus-vaccine-more-urgently-than-new-zealand-expert.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130024702/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2021/01/covid-19-other-countries-need-coronavirus-vaccine-more-urgently-than-new-zealand-expert.html |archive-date=30 January 2021 |agency=[[Newshub]] |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="Unknowns">{{cite news |title='There are still many unknowns': experts on the big NZ vaccine plan |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/science/17-12-2020/there-are-still-many-unknowns-experts-on-the-big-nz-vaccine-plan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202222546/https://thespinoff.co.nz/science/17-12-2020/there-are-still-many-unknowns-experts-on-the-big-nz-vaccine-plan/ |archive-date=2 February 2021 |agency=[[The Spinoff]] |date=17 December 2020 |access-date=30 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="Mammoth task">{{cite news |last1=Daalder |first1=Marc |title=Vaccine rollout will be 'mammoth undertaking' |url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/vaccine-rollout-will-be-mammoth-undertaking |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113200053/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/vaccine-rollout-will-be-mammoth-undertaking |archive-date=13 January 2021 |agency=Newsroom |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="2006 data">{{cite news|title=PRESS RELEASE: Gap between poorest children and the rest continues to widen|url=https://www.cpag.org.nz/assets/Media%20releases/Gap%20widens.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131134210/https://www.cpag.org.nz/assets/Media%20releases/Gap%20widens.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2021|agency=Child Poverty Action Group|date=11 July 2006|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name="2008 CPAG report">{{cite news |title=Major report urges government to prioritise ending child ending child poverty in New Zealand |url=https://www.cpag.org.nz/assets/Media%20releases/LeftBehindreleaed.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206161424if_/https://www.cpag.org.nz/assets/Media%20releases/LeftBehindreleaed.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2022 |agency=Child Poverty Action Group |date=28 April 2008 |format=Press release |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Child Poverty 2012">{{cite book |last1=Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty |title=Solutions to Child Poverty in New Zealand evidence for action |date=December 2012 |publisher=Children's Commissioner |isbn=978-0-909039-38-7 |url=https://www.occ.org.nz/assets/Uploads/EAG/Final-report/Final-report-Solutions-to-child-poverty-evidence-for-action.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119021523/https://www.occ.org.nz/assets/Uploads/EAG/Final-report/Final-report-Solutions-to-child-poverty-evidence-for-action.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=17 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="2013 CPAG news">{{cite news |title=Recommendations largely been ignored by Government |url=https://www.cpag.org.nz/news/media-release-government-response-to-expert/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131133413/https://www.cpag.org.nz/news/media-release-government-response-to-expert/ |archive-date=31 January 2021 |agency=Child Poverty Action Group |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=30 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="NZMA article 2012">{{cite journal |display-authors=2 |last1=D'Souza |first1=Amanda J.D. |last2=Turner |first2=Nikki |last3=Simmers |first3=Don |last4=Craig |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Dowell |first5=Tony |title=Every child to thrive, belong and achieve? Time to reflect and act in New Zealand |url=https://www.cpag.org.nz/assets/Health/120301%20NZMJChildHeath%20NT.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129051000/https://www.cpag.org.nz/assets/Health/120301%20NZMJChildHeath%20NT.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2021 |journal=The New Zealand Medical Journal |date=30 March 2012 |volume=125 |issue=1352 |pages=71–80 |pmid=22472714 |access-date=31 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="Asthma foundation paper">{{cite book |display-authors=2 |last1=Telfar-Barnard |first1=Lucy |last2=Baker |first2=Michael |last3=Pierse |first3=Nevil |last4=Zhang |first4=Jane |title=The impact of respiratory disease in New Zealand: 2014 update |date=April 2015 |publisher=The Asthma Foundation |isbn=978-0-473-32235-9 |url=https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/assets.asthmafoundation.org.nz/documents/The-impact-of-respiratory-disease-in-New-Zealand-2014-update.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209032809/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/assets.asthmafoundation.org.nz/documents/The-impact-of-respiratory-disease-in-New-Zealand-2014-update.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2022 |access-date=31 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="2015 response">{{cite news |last1=News Release |title=New Zealand must address major underlying causes of respiratory disease – poverty and poor housing |url=https://www.cpag.org.nz/news/media-release-nz-must-address-major-underlying/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131133128/https://www.cpag.org.nz/news/media-release-nz-must-address-major-underlying/ |archive-date=31 January 2021 |agency=Child Poverty Action Group |access-date=31 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="One third in poverty">{{cite news |last1=Ashton |first1=Alex |title=A third of NZ children live in poverty |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/292138/a-third-of-nz-children-live-in-poverty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131021029/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/292138/a-third-of-nz-children-live-in-poverty |archive-date=31 January 2021 |agency=[[RNZ]] |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=24 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="Cohort study">{{cite journal |display-authors=2|last1=Petousis-Harris |first1=Helen |last2=Howe |first2=Anna S. |last3=Paynter |first3=Janine |last4=Turner |first4=Nikki |last5=Griffin Jennifer |title=Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Turning the Tide on Inequity: A Retrospective Cohort Study of New Zealand Children Born 2006–2015|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=February 2019 |volume=15 |issue=68(5) |pages=818–826 Cited in Conclusions |doi=10.1093/cid/ciy570 |pmid=30032236 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Migrant inequalities">{{cite journal |display-authors=2|last1=Charania |first1=Nadia A. |last2=Paynter |first2=Janine |last3=Lee |first3=Arier C. |last4=Watson |first4=Donna G. |last5=Turner |first5=Nikki M. |title=Exploring immunisation inequities among migrant and refugee children in New Zealand |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |date=17 August 2018 |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=3026–3033 Cited in Conclusion |doi=10.1080/21645515.2018.1496769 |pmid=30024825 |pmc=6343632 }}</ref> <ref name="Vaccine-preventable">{{cite journal |display-authors=2|last1=Charania |first1=Nadia A. |last2=Paynter |first2=Janine |last3=Lee |first3=Arier C. |last4=Watson |first4=Donna G. |last5=Turner |first5=Nikki M. |title=Vaccine-Preventable Disease-Associated Hospitalisations Among Migrant and Non-migrant Children in New Zealand |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10903-019-00888-4.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220626041130/https://archive.org/details/vaccine-preventable-diseases|archive-date=26 June 2022|journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |date=April 2020 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=223–231 |doi=10.1007/s10903-019-00888-4 |pmid=30945094 |s2cid=92998692 }}</ref> <ref name="2012 study">{{cite journal |display-authors=2|last1=Petousis-Harris |first1=Helen |last2=Grant |first2=Cameron C. |last3=Goodyear-Smith |first3=Felicity |last4=Turner |first4=Nikki |last5=York |first5=Deon |last6=Jones |first6=Rhys |last7=Stewart |first7=Joanna |title=What contributes to delays? The primary care determinants of immunisation timeliness in New Zealand |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |date=March 2012 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–20 |doi=10.1071/HC12012 |pmid=22377545 |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/hc/pdf/HC12012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220629213618/https://www.publish.csiro.au/hc/pdf/HC12012| archive-date=29 June 2022|access-date=29 December 2020 |doi-access=free |hdl=2292/24007 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Mothers' concerns">{{cite journal |display-authors=2 |last1=Goodyear-smith |first1=Felicity |last2=Turner |first2=Nikki |last3=Petousis-harris |first3=Helen |last4=Godinet |first4=Sue |title=Barriers to childhood immunisation among New Zealand mothers |journal=NZPF |date=2002 |volume=29 |pages=396–401 |url=https://www.academia.edu/13749709 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217002334/https://www.academia.edu/13749709 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=30 December 2020 }}</ref> 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220205055/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/107583225/opinion-antivaccine-billboard-highlights-lack-of-trust-in-authorities |archive-date=20 February 2022 |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=20 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="Fears during measles outbreak">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |title='Fears and concerns' – why some Kiwis won't get vaccinated explained by immunisation expert |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/fears-and-concerns-why-some-kiwis-wont-get-vaccinated-explained-immunisation-expert |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207221653/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/fears-and-concerns-why-some-kiwis-wont-get-vaccinated-explained-immunisation-expert |archive-date=7 December 2024 |website=1 News Now |publisher=TVNZ |date=3 September 2019 |access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref> <ref name="Influences on coverage">{{cite journal |last1=Nowlan |first1=Mary |last2=Willing |first2=Esther |last3=Turner |first3=Nikki |title=Influences and policies that affect immunisation coverage—a summary review of literature |journal=New Zealand Medical Journal |date=30 August 2019 |volume=132 |issue=1501 |url=https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/influences-and-policies-that-affect-immunisation-coverage-a-summary-review-of-literature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129125631/https://nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/influences-and-policies-that-affect-immunisation-coverage-a-summary-review-of-literature |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=27 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="Mandatory vaccinations">{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Hannah |title=Mandatory vaccinations not the best way to encourage participation, study finds |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/115365142/mandatory-vaccinations-not-the-best-way-to-encourage-participation-study-finds |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128024854/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/115365142/mandatory-vaccinations-not-the-best-way-to-encourage-participation-study-finds |archive-date=28 January 2021 |agency=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=20 January 2021 }}</ref> <ref name="Allergic reactions">{{Cite news|last=Mulligan|first=Jesse|date=10 December 2020|title=COVID vaccine causes an allergic reaction|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/2018776612/covid-vaccine-causes-an-allergic-reaction|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221005253/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/2018776612/covid-vaccine-causes-an-allergic-reaction|archive-date=21 February 2022|format=Afternoons with Jesse Mulligan|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Approval for children">{{Cite news|last=Dann|first=Corin|date=17 December 2021|title=Covid-19: Expert on jabs for kids approval|work=[[RNZ]]|access-date=17 December 2021|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/morningreport/audio/2018824932/covid-19-expert-on-jabs-for-kids-approval|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216195522/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/morningreport/audio/2018824932/covid-19-expert-on-jabs-for-kids-approval|archive-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> <ref name="Pros and cons">{{Cite news|last=MacDonald|first=Nikki|date=30 October 2021|title=Covid-19: Should we vaccinate the kids?|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/126811054/covid19-should-we-vaccinate-the-kids?cid=facebook.post|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221005636/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/126811054/covid19-should-we-vaccinate-the-kids?cid=facebook.post|archive-date=21 February 2022|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Keep gap for children">{{Cite news |last=Bonnett |first=Gill |date=26 February 2022 |title=Coronavirus: No change on wait between children's COVID-19 vaccines |work=[[Newshub]] |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2022/02/coronavirus-no-change-on-wait-between-children-s-covid-19-vaccines.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227020134/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2022/02/coronavirus-no-change-on-wait-between-children-s-covid-19-vaccines.html |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 }}</ref> <ref name="Cook Feb 2022">{{Cite news |last=Cook |first=Charlotte |date=4 February 2022 |title=COVID-19: Dr Nikki Turner myth busts booster recovery tips |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2022/02/covid-19-dr-nikki-turner-myth-busts-booster-recovery-tips.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204055310/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2022/02/covid-19-dr-nikki-turner-myth-busts-booster-recovery-tips.html |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=[[Newshub]] }}</ref> <ref name="Second booster shot">{{Cite news |last=Morton |first=Jamie |date=29 May 2022 |title=Covid-19: Why are more than a million eligible Kiwis unboosted? |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-why-are-more-than-a-million-eligible-kiwis-unboosted/ITB43SOT365YEIATQDP75JOTDQ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529025831/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-why-are-more-than-a-million-eligible-kiwis-unboosted/ITB43SOT365YEIATQDP75JOTDQ/ |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022 }}</ref> <ref name="Checkpoint Dec 2022">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2022 |title=Immunisation expert on facts of vaccination and blood donation |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/checkpoint/audio/2018869231/immunisation-expert-on-facts-of-vaccination-and-blood-donation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203031958/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/checkpoint/audio/2018869231/immunisation-expert-on-facts-of-vaccination-and-blood-donation |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[RNZ]] |format=Checkpoint }}</ref> <ref name="Newshub re baby issue">{{Cite news |date=30 November 2022 |title=Expert explains why sick baby can't just be given blood from unvaccinated people |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2022/11/expert-explains-why-sick-baby-can-t-just-be-given-blood-from-unvaccinated-people.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203032505/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2022/11/expert-explains-why-sick-baby-can-t-just-be-given-blood-from-unvaccinated-people.html|archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[Newshub]] |format=The Project}}</ref> <ref name="Certificate">{{Cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=Honorary Fellowship Award certificate|url=https://archive.org/details/certificate-of-honorary-fellowship-2021/mode/1up|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220624111640/https://archive.org/details/certificate-of-honorary-fellowship-2021/mode/1up|archive-date=24 June 2022|format=Certificate awarded to Nicole Mary Turner|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> <ref name="NZPH Awards 2020">{{cite web |title=2020 WINNERS |url=https://www.nzphawards.co.nz/2020-winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420073752/https://www.nzphawards.co.nz/2020-winners |archive-date=20 April 2021 |website=NZPH Awards |access-date=27 March 2021 |language=en }}</ref> <ref name="Shivers">{{cite journal |display-authors=2|last1=Huang |first1=Qui Sue |last2=Turner |first2=Nikki |last3=Baker |first3=Michael G. |last4=Williamson |first4=Deborah A. |last5=Wong |first5=Conroy |last6=Webby |first6=Richard |last7=Widdowson |first7=Marc-Alain |title=Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance |journal=Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses |date=March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=179–190 |doi=10.1111/irv.12315 |doi-access=free |pmid=25912617 |pmc=4474494 }}</ref> <ref name="Shorland medal">{{cite web|title=Shorland Medal 2019- SHIVERS team award|url=https://www.esr.cri.nz/our-research/research-projects/shivers-project/shivers-ii-study-contacts-and-documents-2/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126223446/https://www.esr.cri.nz/our-research/research-projects/shivers-project/shivers-ii-study-contacts-and-documents-2/|archive-date=26 January 2021|website=Science for Communities|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9agf310a1kxpbf0291crrju0vt8wb4o 0 54179 744005 723313 2026-11-09T20:44:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744005 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Premana Wardayanti Premadi''' (amụrụ 13 Julaị 1964) bụ onye Indonesian na-enyocha mbara igwe bụ onye prọfesọ na Bandung Institute of Technology . Ọ bụ onye isi Bosscha Observatory kemgbe 2018. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Premadi na Surabaya, East Java na 13 Julaị 1964. <ref name="l6" /> Nna ya Premadi bụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ na nne ya bụ Soewarni Premadi bụ nọọsụ. <ref name="femina" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ obere oge na Palembang maka ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị tupu ọ gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na Jakarta . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mengenal Premana, Perempuan Pertama Kepala Observatorium Bosscha|url=https://kepriprov.go.id/berita/pemprov-kepri/mengenal-premana-perempuan-pertama-kepala-observatorium-bosscha|publisher=Riau Islands Provincial Government|accessdate=19 October 2023|language=id|date=27 December 2019}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Premadi kwuru na a kpaliri ya ịmụ gbasara mbara igwe site n'aka ndị nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ihe oyiyi nke mmemme Voyager zitere. <ref name="cnn" />{{Cite news|title=Kisah Astronom Wanita Pertama RI yang Diabadikan di Asteroid|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210903185611-199-689528/kisah-astronom-wanita-pertama-ri-yang-diabadikan-di-asteroid|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=CNN Indonesia|date=3 September 2021|language=id-ID}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na mbara igwe site na Bandung Institute of Technology na 1988, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta doctorate na Mahadum Texas na Austin na 1996. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Dra. Premana Wardayanti Premadi, Ph.D.|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/staf/profil/premana-wardayanti-premadi|publisher=[[Bandung Institute of Technology]]|accessdate=19 October 2023|language=id}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị Indonesia mbụ nwetara nzere doctorate na nkà mmụta mbara igwe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Premana Premadi, Memberdayakan Masyarakat Lewat Astronomi|url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/premana-premadi-memberdayakan-masyarakat-lewat-astronomi|publisher=[[General Electric]]|accessdate=19 October 2023|language=id|date=19 February 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kepala Observatorium Bosscha, Premana W. Premadi Raih Penghargaan Inspiring Women 2022|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/berita/detail/58648/kepala-observatorium-bosscha-premana-w-premadi-raih-penghargaan-inspiring-women-2022|publisher=[[Bandung Institute of Technology]]|date=21 May 2022|accessdate=19 October 2023|language=id}}</ref> Dị ka Premadi si kwuo, ọ bụkwa naanị nwanyị na Asia na-amụ ihe gbasara mbara igwe na Austin n'oge ya. <ref name="l6" /> Akpọrọ akwụkwọ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya, ''Ọmụmụ nke Mgbasa Ìhè n'ime Eluigwe na Ala Inhomogeneous Iji Ụzọ lensing Gravitational'' . Richard Matzner bụ Premadi onye ndụmọdụ doctoral na Hugo Martel nyere ya ndụmọdụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Premadi |first=Premana Wardayanti |title=The Study of Light Propagation in Inhomogeneous Universes Using the Gravitational Lensing Method |date=December 1996 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |oclc=39186698}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate na [[Texas]], ọ laghachiri Indonesia wee malite nkuzi astronomy na ITB. <ref name="l6">{{Cite news|title=Berkenalan dengan Sosok Perempuan Kepala Observatorium Boscha|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4121685/berkenalan-dengan-sosok-perempuan-kepala-observatorium-boscha?page=2|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=liputan6.com|date=28 November 2019|language=id}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4121685/berkenalan-dengan-sosok-perempuan-kepala-observatorium-boscha?page=2 "Berkenalan dengan Sosok Perempuan Kepala Observatorium Boscha"]. ''liputan6.com'' (in Indonesian). 28 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)]]</ref> O nyere aka n'usoro ọmụmụ gbasara mbara igwe n'ebe ahụ. <ref name="gengsi" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke Bosscha Observatory na Lembang, West Java na 2018. N'okpuru nduzi ya, onye nlekọta ahụ lekwasịrị anya na nlele anyanwụ n'ihi enweghị akụrụngwa dịnụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Leksono|first=Ninok|title=Premana Wardayanti Premadi, Matahari dan Kosmologi|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/tokoh/2023/01/09/premana-wardayanti-premadi-matahari-dan-kosmologi|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=kompas.id|date=9 January 2023|language=id}}</ref> O tinyekwala aka na owuwu nke [[Timau Observatory]] na Timor . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mahbub|first=Amri|title=Observatorium Kupang, Harapan Baru Astronomi Indonesia|url=https://tekno.tempo.co/read/1072959/observatorium-kupang-harapan-baru-astronomi-indonesia|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=Tempo|date=25 March 2018|language=id}}</ref> Ọ na-arụsikwa ọrụ ike na mgbasa ozi sayensị, na-emepụta ngalaba Indonesian nke Universe Awareness na 2007 iji kuziere ụmụntakịrị mbara igwe na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe ruo 2013. <ref name="cnn">{{Cite news|title=Kisah Astronom Wanita Pertama RI yang Diabadikan di Asteroid|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210903185611-199-689528/kisah-astronom-wanita-pertama-ri-yang-diabadikan-di-asteroid|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=CNN Indonesia|date=3 September 2021|language=id-ID}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210903185611-199-689528/kisah-astronom-wanita-pertama-ri-yang-diabadikan-di-asteroid "Kisah Astronom Wanita Pertama RI yang Diabadikan di Asteroid"]. ''CNN Indonesia'' (in Indonesian). 3 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)]]</ref> <ref name="ras">{{Cite web|title=Honorary Fellowship - Dr. Premana Premadi|url=https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2023-01/Honorary%20Fellowship%20-%20Dr.%20Premana%20Premadi.pdf|publisher=[[Royal Astronomical Society]]|accessdate=19 October 2023}}</ref> <ref name="jpl">{{Cite web|title=12937 Premadi (3024 P-L)|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=12937&view=OPDA|publisher=[[JPL Small-Body Database]]|accessdate=19 October 2023}}</ref> Premadi bụ onye isi oche Indonesian Astronomical Association [ id ] n'etiti 2001 na 2010. <ref name="gengsi">{{Cite news|author=Aisyah|first=Novia|title=Kepala Observatorium Bosscha Raih Penghargaan Bergengsi Bidang Astronomi|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/edutainment/d-6518651/kepala-observatorium-bosscha-raih-penghargaan-bergengsi-bidang-astronomi|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=detikedu|date=16 January 2023|language=id-ID|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022184031/https://www.detik.com/edu/edutainment/d-6518651/kepala-observatorium-bosscha-raih-penghargaan-bergengsi-bidang-astronomi|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAisyah2023">Aisyah, Novia (16 January 2023). . ''detikedu'' (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)]]</ref> Emere ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ na mgbanwe n'usoro mbara igwe na ITB n'August 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Selamat dan Sukses Prof. Premana Wardayanti Premadi, Ph.D.|url=https://fgb.itb.ac.id/selamat-dan-sukses-prof-premana-wardayanti-premadi-ph-d/|publisher=Bandung Institute of Technology|accessdate=19 October 2023|language=id|date=29 August 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Yudi Soeharyadi, onye nkuzi na mgbakọ na mwepụ na ITB. N'afọ 2010, a chọpụtara na Premadi nwere ALS . <ref name="femina">{{Cite news|title=Sains, Religi, dan Manusia di Mata Premana Wardayanti Premadi, Doktor Astrofisika Wanita Pertama Indonesia|url=https://www.femina.co.id/profile/sains-religi-dan-manusia-di-mata-premana-wardayanti-premadi?p=4|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=[[Femina (Indonesia)|Femina]]|date=17 June 2017|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000733/http://www.femina.co.id/profile/sains-religi-dan-manusia-di-mata-premana-wardayanti-premadi?p=4|archive-date=19 November 2018|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.femina.co.id/profile/sains-religi-dan-manusia-di-mata-premana-wardayanti-premadi?p=4 "Sains, Religi, dan Manusia di Mata Premana Wardayanti Premadi, Doktor Astrofisika Wanita Pertama Indonesia"]. ''[[Femina (Indonesia)|Femina]]'' (in Indonesian). 17 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)]]</ref> O mechara hiwe ntọala Indonesian ALS, ma na-elekọta ọgbakọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wakil Ketua MPR Tekankan Pentingnya Deteksi Dini untuk Mencegah Penyakit Langka|url=https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1059549/12/wakil-ketua-mpr-tekankan-pentingnya-deteksi-dini-untuk-mencegah-penyakit-langka-1680102227/10|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=SINDOnews Nasional|date=29 March 2023|language=id-ID}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == The main belt asteroid 12937 Premadi, chọpụtara na 1960 site CJ van Houten, aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya na 2017. <ref name="jpl" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Widyanto|first=Untung|title=Astronom ITB Jadi Nama Asteroid 12937 Premadi|url=https://tekno.tempo.co/read/864219/astronom-itb-jadi-nama-asteroid-12937-premadi|accessdate=19 October 2023|work=Tempo|date=9 April 2017|language=id}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-enyocha mbara igwe na Indonesia nwere asteroid aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya. <ref name="cnn"/> Enyere ya onyinye nkwanye ugwu nke [[Royal Astronomical Society]] na 2023. <ref name="ras" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Premadi, Premana}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0ro0xobsbr2y9nncnkg2eioa80xay3n 0 55654 744037 644040 2026-11-10T04:00:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744037 wikitext text/x-wiki Suad Ibrahim Ahmed (Mee 30, 1935 – Disemba 29, 2013) [1] bụ onye ndu na onye otu kọmitii etiti nke Sudan Communist Party. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye ndu n'ọgụ megide nchụpụ ndị Nubian na mpaghara Wadi Halfa kpatara n'ihi nrụnye mmiri mmiri Aswan. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ahmed na May 30, 1935, na Omdurman nye Ibrahim Ahmed, onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emesapụ aka nke jere ozi dị ka Minista ego Sudan na gọọmentị Abdallah Khalil na-edu. A gụrụ akwụkwọ ya na ndị Katọlik nakwa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha. Ọ banyere na Mahadum Khartoum na 1955 dị ka onye na-agụsị akwụkwọ na mahadum ma gụchaa na 1960. N'oge a, ọ na-etinye aka na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, hiwere Society of Music and Drama yana ịrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu. Ọ malitekwara itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee sonye na Democratic Front nke ndị Kọmunist na-edu. Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ nwere ọkwa onye isi na Mahadum Ndị Mmụta Mahadum na 1957. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye osote onye isi oche na ọ bụ ya kpatara imegharịgharị ụkpụrụ iwu nke Union. <ref name="ST30"/><ref name="ST31"/><ref name="DAB"/> == Mgbalị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Ahmed kwagara Wadi Halfa, na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba Statistics nke gọọmentị. N'oge a, ọrụ owuwu malitere na Aswan Dam na Osimiri Naịl, nke ga-eme ka Wadi Halfa mikpuo, na-amanye ndị Nubian bi n'ógbè ahụ ịkwaga. Nke a kpatara ọgba aghara n'ógbè ahụ, nke Ahmed sonyeere. A chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ gọọmentị ya n'ihi ya. Nkwado ndụ ya niile maka ikike nke ndị Nubian n'ihu nchụpụ n'ihi iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri mere ka a kpọọ ya 'Nne nke ndị Nubians' <ref name="ST31">{{Cite news|title=Suad Ibrahim Ahmed: "I am fighting"|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49390|work=Sudan Tribune|author=Magdi El Gizouli|date=December 31, 2013|accessdate=November 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010213612/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49390|archive-date=October 10, 2018|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMagdi_El_Gizouli2013">Magdi El Gizouli (December 31, 2013). [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49390 "Suad Ibrahim Ahmed: "I am fighting""]. ''Sudan Tribune''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="ST30">{{Cite news|title=Veteran Sudanese communist Suad Ibrahim Ahmed dies aged 78|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49375|work=Sudan Tribune|date=December 30, 2013|accessdate=November 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010213604/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49375|archive-date=October 10, 2018|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49375 "Veteran Sudanese communist Suad Ibrahim Ahmed dies aged 78"]. ''Sudan Tribune''. December 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="DAB">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Biography|pages=131–132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 ''Dictionary of African Biography'']. Oxford University Press. 2012. pp.&nbsp;131–132. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5|<bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ahmed sonyeere ndị ọrụ ''Sawt el-Mara'' (The Women's Voice), akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Sudan Women's Union (SWU) bipụtara. Onye dezigharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bụ [[Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim]]. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-akwanyere onye okenye na onye na-agbaso omenala bụ Ibrahim ùgwù, Ahmed ekwenyeghị n'ụzọ doro anya na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, okpukpe na omume ọma na atụmatụ pati. Ọ bụ ezie na Ibrahim kwenyere na enwere ike iji Islam mee ihe dị ka ike na-aga n'ihu megide ndị na-agbaso omenala okpukpe, Ahmed chọrọ ime ka ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ nke ụwa. Ahmed chere na ịnọ n'ime usoro ndị Alakụba ga-amanye ndị na-aga n'ihu ịlụ ọgụ n'ọhịa ndị iro ha.<ref name="ST31"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's Movements in Post-"Arab Spring" North Africa|editor=Sadiqi|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|chapter=Notes on Sudanese Women's Activism, Movements and Leadership|author=Hale|first=Sondra}}</ref> N'afọ 1967, Ahmed bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ a họpụtara na Kọmitii Central nke 33 nke Sudanese Communist Party, tinyere [[Mahasin Abd al-Aal]], [[Naima Babiker al-Rayah]] na Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim.<ref name="ST31"/> == Ihe odide == t0tsxf21he5yx1m753m7of1ps25k7cq 0 58730 743993 723160 2026-11-09T18:24:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743993 wikitext text/x-wiki Ory Okolloh (ma ọ bụ Ory Okolloh Mwangi) bụ onye na-akwado Kenya, onye ọka iwu na onye na-ede blọgụ. Ọ bụ onye mmekọ na Verod-Kepple Africa Ventures, ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego na Pan-Africa nke dabere na Lagos, Nigeria, nwere ụlọ ọrụ na Nairobi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Njanja|first=Annie|date=2024-04-09|title=Pan-African VC Verod-Kepple closes its first fund at $60M|url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/09/verod-kepple-closes-first-fund-at-60m/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kene-Okafor|first=Tage|date=2023-04-12|title=Backed by Japanese investors, Verod-Kepple's fund will invest in Series A and B startups across Africa|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/12/backed-by-japanese-investors-verod-kepples-fund-will-invest-in-series-a-and-b-startups-across-africa/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jackson|first=Tom|date=2024-04-12|title=Verod-Kepple Africa Ventures closes pan-African venture fund at $60m|url=https://disruptafrica.com/2024/04/12/verod-kepple-africa-ventures-closes-pan-african-venture-fund-at-60m/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Disrupt Africa|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa na Omidyar Network, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Group launches initiative for global policy reform to lower Internet access cost|url=http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=11162&catid=31|accessdate=8 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212112/http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=11162&catid=31|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why aren't more wealthy Africans backing the continent's start-ups?|url=https://qz.com/423821/why-arent-more-wealthy-africans-backing-the-continents-start-ups/|accessdate=2015-09-27|author=Mohammed|first=Omar|date=2015-06-09|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] - Africa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=#147notjustanumber aims to name all those slain in Kenya attack|url=https://qz.com/377336/147notjustanumber-is-the-hashtag-that-gives-life-to-each-person-slain-in-the-kenya-attack/|accessdate=2015-09-27|author=Kozlowska|first=Hanna|date=2015-04-06|work=Quartz}}</ref> na dị ka onye njikwa iwu maka Africa na [[Google]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ms. Ory A, Okolloh|url=https://www.stanbicbank.co.ke/kenya/personal/about-us/stanbic-kenya-foundation/|accessdate=2021-04-24|work=www.stanbicbank.co.ke}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=week|first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the|date=2020-12-20|title=Ory Okolloh exits Google for Omidyar Network|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/ory-okolloh-exits-google-for-omidyar-network-2032832|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Business Daily|language=en}}</ref> == Mmụta == O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Pittsburgh ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harvard Law School na 2005 na Juris Doctor . <ref name="about">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenyanpundit.com/about/|title=About|author=Okolloh|first=Ory|work=Kenyan Pundit|accessdate=2009-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021170513/https://www.kenyanpundit.com/about/|archivedate=2009-10-21}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2006, o mebere saịtị ndị omeiwu Mzalendo (Swahili: "Patriot").[1] [2] [3] Saịtị ahụ chọrọ ịbawanye ụgwọ ọrụ gọọmentị site na ịdekọ ụgwọ, okwu okwu, ndị omeiwu, iwu kwụ ọtọ, wdg. <ref name="mcclatchy">{{Cite news|author=Bengali|first=Shashank|title=Native voices blog out of Africa|date=2007-06-21|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/v-print/story/17159.html|work=[[McClatchy Newspapers]]|accessdate=2009-09-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Heavens|first=Andrew|title=The web watchdog biting Kenya's MPs|date=2007-03-14|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6412143.stm|accessdate=2009-09-11}}</ref> Mgbe Kenya rikpuru n'ime ihe ike na-esochi ntuli aka onye isi ala na 2007, Okolloh mebere Ushahidi (Swahili: "Onye akaebe"), webụsaịtị na ngwa ọrụ nke na-anakọta ma dekọọ akụkọ ndị akaebe anya nke ime ihe ike site na iji ozi ederede na Google Maps.[1][2] Emegharịrị teknụzụ ahụ maka ebumnuche gbasaa (gụnyere nleba anya nhoputa ndi ochichi na nleba anya nnweta ọgwụ) ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jay|date=2008-01-09|title=How to Use the Web To Show the Truth|url=https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/how-to-use-the-web-to-show-the-truth/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=The History of the Web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Halliday|first=Josh|date=2010-08-16|title=Ushahidi: giving citizens the power to put news on the map|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/aug/16/ushahidi-haiti-news-map|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Newsweek|date=2010-03-03|title='Ushahidi' Technology Saves Lives in Haiti and Chile|url=https://www.newsweek.com/ushahidi-technology-saves-lives-haiti-and-chile-210262|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> Okolloh nwere blọọgụ nke aka ya, Kenyan Pundit, nke gosipụtara na Global Voices Online . <ref name="voices">{{Cite news|author=Boyd|first=Clark|title=Global voices speak through blogs|date=2005-04-06|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4414247.stm|accessdate=2009-09-11}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nyabola|first=Nanjala|date=2021-03-08|title=In Nairobi, Female Coders Are Flipping the Silicon Valley Trope on Its Head|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/female-coders-from-nairobi|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Vogue|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu maka NGO ma rụọ ọrụ na Covington na Burling, Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, na World Bank . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kantai|first=Wallace|title=Kenyan gives platform for airing post-poll atrocities|date=2009-07-19|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/-/539444/624996/-/view/printVersion/-/h6s6rm/-/index.html|work=Business Daily|publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]|accessdate=2009-09-11|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323223522/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/-/539444/624996/-/view/printVersion/-/h6s6rm/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="about"/> A họpụtara Okolloh na Board nke Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company, òtù na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta nke Thomsonuters Trust Principles na Mee 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ory Okolloh joins Reuters Board of Directors|url=http://www.innovation-village.com/ory-okolloh-joins-reuters-board-of-directors/|work=Innovation Village|accessdate=2015-05-10}}</ref> Ọ lara ezumike nká na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Disemba 2024, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche n'afọ ikpeazụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company appoints Aidan Eyakuze to its Board of Directors|url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/press-releases/2025/january/thomson-reuters-founders-share-company-appoints-aidan-eyakuze-to-its-board-of-directors|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=www.thomsonreuters.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Okolloh jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi onwe ya na Safaricom kemgbe Febụwarị 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kagonye|first=Fred|date=2023-02-27|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001467832/safaricom-appoints-new-board-directors|title=Safaricom appoints new board directors|accessdate=2024-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=week|first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the|date=2023-02-27|title=Safaricom replaces Bitange Ndemo in new board changes|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/safaricom-replaces-bitange-ndemo-in-new-board-changes-4139466|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Business Daily|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Augustine|first=Abraham|date=2023-03-02|title=Ushahidi's Ory Okolloh joins Safaricom board|url=https://techcabal.com/2023/03/02/safaricom-new-board-members/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=TechCabal|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọnọdụ ahụ na Julaị 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-29|title=Major Changes in Safaricom's Board of Directors: Ory Okolloh and Francesco Bianco Exit - Techish Kenya|url=https://tech-ish.com/2024/07/29/major-changes-in-safaricoms-board-of-directors-ory-okolloh-and-francesco-bianco-exit/|accessdate=2025-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na bọọdụ nke Stanbic Bank Foundation Kenya, site n'April 2020 ruo July 2024, na dị ka onye nduzi na-abụghị onye isi na Stanbic Bank ruo na Disemba 2020 mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mbabazi|first=Eunniah|date=2020-12-10|title=Ory Okolloh Resigns from Stanbic Board WEF 9th Dec|url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/ory-okolloh-resigns-from-stanbic-board/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Kenyan Wall Street - Business, Markets & Finance Insights|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Khusoko|date=2020-12-09|title=Stanbic Bank’s Non-Executive Director Ory Okolloh Resigns|url=https://khusoko.com/2020/12/09/stanbic-banks-non-executive-director-ory-okolloh-resigns/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Khusoko - East African Markets|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=week|first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the|date=2020-09-19|title=Omidyar MD Ory Okolloh joins Stanbic board|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/omidyar-md-ory-okolloh-joins-stanbic-board-2282718|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Business Daily|language=en}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2025, a họpụtara ya na bọọdụ nke GSMA Foundation . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Lukhanyu|first=Milcah|date=2025-02-13|title=Ory Okolloh Joins GSMA Foundation Board|url=https://khusoko.com/2025/02/13/ory-okolloh-joins-gsma-foundation-board/|accessdate=2025-02-15|work=Khusoko - East African Markets|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ory bụ onye otu Africa Advisory Board nke Mahadum Harvard's Centre For African Studies . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa Advisory Board|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/africa-advisory-board|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=africa.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=2025-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122110716/https://africa.harvard.edu/africa-advisory-board}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ na-etinye aka na bọọdụ ndị na-esonụ: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ !Nhazi !Ọrụ !Ụbọchị a họpụtara ya !Ihe odide |- |'''Òtù Van Leer''' |''Onye Nlekọta Board'' |Julaị 2020 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ory Okolloh|url=https://vanleerfoundation.org/team/ory-okolloh/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Van Leer Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ecofin|first=Agence|title=Ory Okolloh, la Kenyane qui soutient les entrepreneurs impactant en Afrique via le venture capital|url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/entreprendre/0404-107142-ory-okolloh-la-kenyane-qui-soutient-les-entrepreneurs-impactant-en-afrique-via-le-venture-capital|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Agence Ecofin|language=fr-fr}}</ref> |- |'''Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka Breweries Ltd''' |''Onye isi nchịkwa'' |Ọktoba 2020 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ory Okolloh {{!}} EABL|url=https://www.eabl.com/our-people/ory-okolloh|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=www.eabl.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mbabazi|first=Eunniah|date=2020-10-22|title=EABL Appoints Ms Ory Okolloh as Non-Executive Director|url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/eabl-appoints-ory-okolloh-as-director/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Kenyan Wall Street - Business, Markets & Finance Insights|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya: East African Breweries says it has put strategies to achieve gender balance by 2025|url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/kenya-east-african-breweries-says-it-has-put-strategies-in-place-to-achieve-gender-balance-by-2025/|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=Business & Human Rights Resource Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Ịpụ n'Afrịka''' |''Onye isi nchịkwa'' |June 2021 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa Board {{!}} About Deloitte Africa{{!}} Deloitte Africa|url=https://www.deloitte.com/za/en/about/people/africa-board.html|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=www.deloitte.com|language=en|archivedate=2025-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122110716/https://www.deloitte.com/za/en/about/people/africa-board.html}}</ref> |- |'''Ntọala Adecco Group''' |''Onye otu'' |Julaị 2021 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://www.adeccogroup.com/innovationfoundation/Who-We-Are|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041242/https://www.adeccogroup.com/innovationfoundation/Who-We-Are|archivedate=2024-06-27|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=www.adeccogroup.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovation Foundation|url=https://www.fundraiso.ch/en/organisations/innovation-foundation|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=www.fundraiso.ch|language=en-CH}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><b id="mwAQQ">Ntọala GSMA</b></nowiki> |Onye otu |Febụwarị 2025 |<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=lboulter@gsma.com|date=2025-02-05|title=GSMA Foundation Board welcomes new members|url=https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/all-documents/gsma-foundation-board-welcomes-new-members/|accessdate=2025-02-15|work=Newsroom|language=en-GB}}</ref> |} == Onyinye == == Ihe edeturu == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] n3lt3zc2hvhqfqwknx287x08srckhfv 0 59565 743974 722841 2026-11-09T12:53:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743974 wikitext text/x-wiki Neza Patricia Masozera, [1] [2] (amụrụ 23 Disemba 1984) mara amara site na aha ogbo ya Neza, bụ onye Rwandan-Canadian na-abụ onye na-agụ afropop.[3][4] [5] [6] [7] N'afọ 2017, e nyere ya onyinye nka kachasị mma n'Africa site na All Africa Music Awards . <ref name="mtvbase africa">{{Cite news|title=AFRIMA 2017 WINNERS' LIST|url=https://www.afrima.org/blog/afrima-2017-winners-list/|accessdate=13 November 2018|publisher=[[MTV Base]]|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035519/https://www.afrima.org/blog/afrima-2017-winners-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mbido == Neza nwụnahụrụ nna ya mgbe ọ dị obere ma nne ya di ya nwụrụ zụlitere ya. N’ihi ụnwụ nri e nwere n’obodo ha, bụ́ Zaire, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Rwanda na 1995. Mgbe afọ atọ gachara, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Toronto, Canada n’ihi ọchịchọ nwanne ya nwanyị nwere imere ya ndụ ka mma ma dị nchebe karị..<ref name="tribuneonlineng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/90179/|title=Why I relocated to Lagos —Neza, Canada-based singer|work=tribuneonlineng.com|accessdate=13 November 2018|archivedate=22 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422155656/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/90179/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Neza malitere egwu na mbido afọ 2000, ma kemgbe ahụ ọ malitere ịzụlite n'ime nkà eclectic. N'oge oyi nke afọ 2010, Neza wepụtara egwu 7 nke akpọrọ 'Brand New', nke gosipụtara otu 'Go Gettaz'. E gosipụtakwara egwu ahụ na DJ Charlie Brown's r&b mixtape 'Brown Billz - R&B Edition'.Vidio remix ya maka 'Pop That' nke French Montana wepụtara na Septemba 2012, mepụtara echiche 2000+ n'ime izu 3 mbụ ma gosipụta ya na telivishọn mba na Rwanda. N'afọ 2016, o wepụtara otu egwu na vidiyo: Tambola nke a na-eto nke ukwuu, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla a ga-ahụ ya na ịntanetị.N'afọ 2017, Neza kwagara Lagos, Naịjirịa, onye na-agụ egwú Naịjirị, Mc Galaxy bịanyere aka na akara ya, MCG Empire.<ref name="thenetng">{{Cite news|title=MC Galaxy signs Rwandan singer, Neza|url=http://thenet.ng/mc-galaxy-signs-rwandan-singer-neza/|accessdate=13 November 2018|publisher=[[The Net NIG]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="mtvbase">{{Cite news|title=Rwandan sensation Neza serves us with Vibe ft MC Galaxy|url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/Rwandan-sensation-Neza-serves-us-with-Vibe-ft-MC-Galaxy/q66ypp|accessdate=13 November 2018|publisher=[[MTV Base]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114061729/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/Rwandan-sensation-Neza-serves-us-with-Vibe-ft-MC-Galaxy/q66ypp|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="newtimes">{{Cite news|title=Neza, Massamba to spice up Jazz Junction finale|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/224979|accessdate=13 November 2018|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)]]|language=en}}</ref>Neza wepụtara egwu atọ (Uranyica, Shaba & Vibe) n'okpuru akara ahụ. <ref name="notjustok">{{Cite news|title=VIDEO: Neza – Uranyica|url=https://notjustok.com/videos/video-neza-uranyica/|accessdate=13 November 2018|publisher=[[Notjustok]]|language=en|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210717/https://notjustok.com/videos/video-neza-uranyica/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pmnewsnigeria">{{Cite news|title=Neza Releases "Shaba"|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/04/03/neza-releases-shaba/|accessdate=13 November 2018|publisher=[[Pmnewsnigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> O gosiputara na onye na-ese egwu Naijiria Skales' Album abụọ "Gbe" na "Good Life". <ref name="thecable">{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/skales-releases-mr-love-album/|work=lifestyle.thecable.ng|title=Skales releases 'Mr Love' album, features 17 guest artistes|accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="liveloaded">{{Cite web|url=https://liveloaded.com/2018/07/20/music-skales-good-life-ft-neza/|title=Music: Skales – Good Life ft. Neza|work=LiveLoaded|accessdate=13 November 2018|archivedate=13 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210615/https://liveloaded.com/2018/07/20/music-skales-good-life-ft-neza/}}</ref><ref name="naijatoxic">{{Cite web|url=https://naijatoxic.com.ng/skales-ft-neza-gbe/|title=Skales ft Neza – Gbe|work=Naijatoxic|accessdate=13 November 2018|archivedate=13 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210501/https://naijatoxic.com.ng/skales-ft-neza-gbe/}}</ref> == Nkọwapụta == ; Ndị na-alụbeghị di * "Nwa m" ft MC Galaxy <ref name="deezer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deezer.com/en/album/13442015|title=Neza: My Baby (feat. MC Galaxy) - Music Streaming - Listen on Deezer|work=deezer.com|accessdate=13 November 2018|archivedate=13 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210514/https://www.deezer.com/en/album/13442015}}</ref> * "Shabba" * "Vibe" ft MC Galaxy <ref name="notjustok2">{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/song/neza-ft-mc-galaxy-vibe/|title=Neza ft. MC Galaxy - Vibe - Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs &amp; Video|work=notjustok.com|accessdate=13 November 2018|archivedate=13 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210809/https://notjustok.com/song/neza-ft-mc-galaxy-vibe/}}</ref> * "Gbuo Mama" <ref name="nigeriansounds">{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriansounds.com/2017/10/audio-neza-slay-mama/|author=Run Run Sure|title=Audio:- Neza – Slay Mama|work=NigerianSounds.com|accessdate=13 November 2018|archivedate=13 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113212241/http://nigeriansounds.com/2017/10/audio-neza-slay-mama/}}</ref> * "Nanị Chineke maara"<ref name="youtube">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMbbUm6d6gM|title=Only God Knows by Neza Official Music Video &#91;IKNShow&#93; HD|work=YouTube|accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref> ; Dị ka onye na-ese ihe * "Deejay Pius" - Ihe omuma di nma. Mc Galaxy & Neza * MC Galaxy - "Snapchat" feat. Neza, Kelly Pyle & Musicman TY * MC Galaxy ft Neza - "Jacurb Dance" == Onyinye == === Mmeri === * 2012 African Entertainment Awards, Canada - Best Female Artist of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Hipipo|url=http://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/neza-yerekanye-umusaruro-w-urugendo-yakoreye-i-miami|title=Neza yerekanye umusaruro w'urugendo yakoreye i Miami|date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> * 2017 All Africa Music Awards - Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'Africa <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=AFRIMA|url=https://www.afrima.org/blog/winners-emerge-african-music-stars-glow-afrima-2017/|title=Winners Emerge As African Music Stars Glow At AFRIMA 2017|date=November 14, 2017|accessdate=March 23, 2025|archivedate=November 13, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113212142/https://www.afrima.org/blog/winners-emerge-african-music-stars-glow-afrima-2017/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=AFRIMA|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/afrima-2017-full-list-winners|title=AFRIMA 2017: Full list of winners|date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Bwiza|url=https://bwiza.com/2017/12/07/neza-watwaye-afrima-award-azataramana-na-masamba-muri-kigali-jaz-junction/|title=Neza watwaye Afrima Award azataramana na Masamba muri Kigali Jaz Junction|date=December 7, 2017|accessdate=March 23, 2025|archivedate=April 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154239/https://bwiza.com/2017/12/07/neza-watwaye-afrima-award-azataramana-na-masamba-muri-kigali-jaz-junction/}}</ref> === Nhọpụta === * 2018 All Africa Music Awards - Best Female Artiste na Eastern Africa<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=umuseke|url=https://afrima.org/5th-AFRIMA-Nominees-List.py|title=The 5Th AFRIMA Nominees List|date=November 7, 2018|accessdate=March 23, 2025|archivedate=January 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107080444/https://afrima.org/5th-AFRIMA-Nominees-List.py}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=thelagostimes|url=http://thelagostimes.com/?p=6990|title=AFRIMA 2018: Davido, Tiwa Savage, Wizkid, others among nominees|date=August 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=umuseke|url=https://umuseke.rw/neza-umuhanzi-nyarwanda-mu-bahatanira-ibihembo-bya-afrima-2018.html|title=Neza, Umuhanzi Nyarwanda mu bahatanira ibihembo bya Afrima 2018|date=November 7, 2018|accessdate=March 23, 2025|archivedate=April 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422153906/https://umuseke.rw/neza-umuhanzi-nyarwanda-mu-bahatanira-ibihembo-bya-afrima-2018.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Isimbi Rwanda|url=http://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/neza-yongeye-gutoranywa-mu-bahanzi-bigaragaje-muri-afurika-mu-2018|title=Neza yongeye gutoranywa mu bahanzi bigaragaje muri Afurika mu 2018|date=November 7, 2018}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rhaubv9p4gl61jcqaus8pz7bjsrh6mt 0 60532 743985 209761 2026-11-09T14:32:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743985 wikitext text/x-wiki Nnolim John Nnaji is a Nigerian politician. He is a member representing Nkanu East/Nkanu West Federal Constituency of Enugu State in the Nigerian House of Representatives. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/nnolim-john-nnaji|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=10th National Assembly Members - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation|url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Nnaji-Nnolim-John-2051|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=orderpaper.ng}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A mụrụ Nnolim Nnaji na afọ 28 August 1971 wee si Enugwu steeti. O nwetara nzere bachelọ na ụlọ ọgwụ. na afọ afọ 2019, ọ nọchiri Chime Oji ka a họpụta ya dịka onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu n'okpuru [[Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP), wee họpụta ya ọzọ na afọ 2023 maka oge nke abụọ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria|url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=121|work=www.constrack.ng|accessdate=2025-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INEC releases full list of elected lawmakers for Nigeria's 10th Assembly|url=https://gazettengr.com/inec-releases-full-list-of-elected-lawmakers-for-nigerias-10th-assembly/|work=Peoples Gazette Nigeria|date=2023-03-07|accessdate=2025-05-12|language=en-US|author=ABDULRASHEED YAKUB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228163202/https://gazettengr.com/inec-releases-full-list-of-elected-lawmakers-for-nigerias-10th-assembly/|archive-date=2024-12-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ọrụ ọha na eze, Enugwu steeti site na afọ 1999 ruo afọ 2002. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche Board nke ụlọ obibi Enugu steeti site na afọ 2009 ruo na afọ 2010, yana onye otu, Federal Road Maintenance Agency Governing Board site na afọ 2012 ruo na afọ 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=https://www.nass.gov.ng/mps/single/63|work=www.nass.gov.ng|accessdate=2025-05-12}}</ref> == Ebenside == {{Reflist}}{{NigerianAssembly delegation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nnaji, Nnolim}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cllgznv31jevz740qcmu6ra4ou27xyi 0 67214 744022 708470 2026-11-09T23:29:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rudolf Marloth.jpg|thumb|Rudolf Marloth]]   '''Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf Marloth''' (28 Disemba 1855 Lübben, Germany – 15 Mee 1931 Caledon, Cape Province) bụ onye German bụ ọkachamara n'ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachamara n'ọgwụ na kemistrị nyocha, onye a maara nke ọma maka akwụkwọ ya Flora nke South Africa nke pụtara na mpịakọta isii e sere nke ọma n'etiti 1913 na 1932. Onye dere ya bụ Marloth na-akọwapụta ihe ọkụkụ a mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka aha ihe ọkụkụ..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brummitt|first=R. K.|title=Authors of Plant Names|url=https://archive.org/details/authorsofplantna0000unse|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|year=1992|isbn=1-84246-085-4}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === Marloth gụrụ ọgwụ na Lübben site na 1873-1876. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọgwụ dị iche iche na Germany na Switzerland, mgbe ahụ, ọ ruru eru dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na Mahadum Berlin. N'afọ 1883, e nyere ya nzere doctorate maka edemede ya "The protective mechanisms used by seeds against harmful agents". Ọ bịarutere Cape Town na 30 Disemba 1883 mgbe enyi ya ụlọ akwụkwọ nke biri ebe ahụ gbara ya ume ime otú ahụ. N'ime afọ mbụ ya n'ebe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Wentzel na Schleswig. Cape Town na Table Mountain masịrị ya wee malite ozugbo na nchịkọta osisi, n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ gara ebe ndị dị ka Klein Winterhoek, Du Toitskloof, Bainskloof na Sneeukop. N'oge a, ọ malitere azụmahịa nke ya na Cape Town. N'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka locum na Kimberley, o mere njem nchịkọta site na 1885-1886 gaa n'ógbè ndị gbara ya gburugburu dị ka Kuruman na Northern Cape na South West Africa ebe ọ gara Aus, Lüderitz Bay, Walvis Bay, Usakos, Ubib, Karibib, Otjimbingwe na Okahandja. O wepụtara ma kesaa usoro ihe atụ exsiccata austro-africana. <ref>{{Cite web|title='Exsiccata austro-africana: IndExs ExsiccataID=1160158848|work=IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae|publisher=Botanische Staatssammlung München|url=https://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/DatabaseClients/IndExs/Exsiccatae_IndExs_Details.jsp?ExsiccataID=1160158848|accessdate=22 August 2024}}</ref> Engler na ndị ọzọ nọ na Berlin dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe atụ ya n'okpuru "Plantae Marlothiana". N'afọ 1888, ọ natara ọkwa na ngalaba Kemịstrị na Victoria College (nke mechara bụrụ Mahadum Stellenbosch); obere oge ka nke a gasịrị na 1889, ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ ma nọrọ n'ọkwa a ruo 1892. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kụziri nkuzi na Elsenburg Agricultural School ma n'otu oge ahụ rụọ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ na ọkachamara na kemistrị nyocha na Cape Town. === Ndụ e mesịrị === N'afọ 1891 ọ lụrụ Marian van Wyk nke Clanwilliam. N'ụbọchị ọ bịarutere na Cape Town, ọ rịgooro n'elu Table Mountain. N'ịbụ onye na-etinye oge dị ukwuu na botanising n'ugwu, ọ zutere òtù ndị na-arị ugwu ma keere òkè na ntọala nke Mountain Club nke South Africa na 1891, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche site na 1901-1906 ma nata baajị ọla edo ha na 1906. Ọ nọrọ oge na Groot Winterhoek Peak dị nso na Tulbagh, Michells Pass ma chịkọta na Stellenbosch, Knysna, Matroosberg na Jonkershoek n'etiti 1887 na 1896. N'oge a, ọ chọpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ọhụrụ na ụdị ọhụrụ na ''Gesneriaceae'' nke ọ kpọrọ ''Charadrophila'' Marl. N'afọ 1898, o zutere Andreas Schimper, onye a ma ama na ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na onye na-eme ihe gbasara ọdịdị ala, onye rutere n'ụgbọ mmiri "Valdivia". Ha abụọ gara njem nchịkọta na Montagu na Swartberg passes, wee gaa Knysna. Schimper nwụrụ na 1901 tupu e dee akụkọ ya, nke mere na a gwara Marloth ka o dee akụkọ gbasara ọdịdị ala nke Cape. N'oge ahụ, a kọwara "Cape" ka ọ jupụta n'akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndịda Afrịka. Iji dee akụkọ ahụ, Marloth chere na ọ dị mkpa ịga ogologo njem na Cederberg, Gifberg, Koue Bokkeveld, Swartruggens na Rhodesia. N'oge ọ gara South Africa na 1905, [[Florence, Lady Phillips|Lady Phillips]] nyere Rudolf Marloth ọrụ ime ''Flora nke South Africa'', nnukwu ọrụ e bipụtara na mpịakọta isii n'etiti 1913 na 1932. N'afọ 1917, e bipụtara Dictionary of the Common Names of Plants - nke a bụ mgbakwunye na ''Flora nke South Africa''. Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ Marloth bi bụ Cape Flowers at home (Darter, Cape Town, 1922), The Chemistry of South African Plants and Plant Products (Cape Chemical Society, Cape Town), 1913 ''Das Kapland:insonderheit das Reich der Kapflora, das Waldgebiet und die Karroo, pflanzengeographisch dargestellt'' (Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1908) na Stone-shaped Plants (Speciality Press, Cape Town. A gụrụ ụdị osisi abụọ na-agbasa okooko iji sọpụrụ ya, na 1912 ''Marlothiella'' si Namibia, nke sitere na ezinụlọ Apiaceae, <ref>{{Cite web|title=''Marlothiella gummifera'' H.Wolff {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844895-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=23 October 2021|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026092204/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844895-1|archive-date=26 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> mgbe ahụ na 1928 ''Marlothistella'' si South Africa, nke sitere n'ezinụlọ Aizoaceae. <ref name="POWO">{{Cite web|title=''Marlothistella'' Schwantes {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16246-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=27 May 2021|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821212009/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16246-1|archive-date=21 August 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ụdị ''Aloe marlothii'' aha iji sọpụrụ Marloth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Aloe marlothii'' A.Berger {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:529640-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=23 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa Marloth Park, otu obodo dị mkpa maka nchekwa ihe okike na ezumike na Mpumalanga aha ya bụ onye ọkachamara n'ihe ọkụkụ a ma ama, ewezuga Marloth Nature Reserve na Western Cape. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [[iarchive:floraofsouthafri01marl|Mpịakọta 1 nke 'Flora of South Africa' download]] * [http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1841 Marloth, Prọfesọ Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf. Biographical Database nke Southern African Science] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC&pg=PA244 Nnyocha Botanical Southern Africa] {{Authority control}} fqwyav76km5cvhmfdqarf2iyd490p99 0 73919 744004 698922 2026-11-09T19:38:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Onye mgbanwe ọchịchị nke ndị Ireland (1879–1916)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox person | image = Patrick Pearse cph.3b15294.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | native_name = Pádraig Mac Piarais | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1879|11|10}} | birth_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1916|5|3|1879|11|10}} | death_place = [[Kilmainham Gaol]], Dublin, Ireland | death_cause = [[Execution by firing squad]] | restingplace = [[Arbour Hill Prison]] | mother = [[Margaret Pearse|Margaret Brady]] | other_names = Pádraig Pearse | occupation = {{flatlist| * Onye nkuzi * onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ * ọkaiwu * onye na-akwado ndị otu Republican * onye na-ede uri }} | education = CBS Westland Row | alma_mater = [[University College Dublin]]<br>[[King's Inns]] | signature = Signature of Patrick Pearse.png | module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = [[Irish Republic]] | branch = [[Irish Volunteers]] | branch_label = Service | serviceyears = 1913–1916 | rank = [[Commandant]] | commands = {{ubl|Onyeisi nke Òtù, Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo nke Ireland|Onyeisi ndị agha nke Ireland Republic}} | battles = [[Easter Rising]] | battles_label = Conflicts | memorials = {{ubl|[[Pearse Street]]|[[Dublin Pearse railway station]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/irish-rail-1916-2-2744978-Apr2016/|title=The 15 Irish railway stations named after the executed 1916 leaders|website=thejournal.ie|date=30 Apr 2016|access-date=6 Mar 2026}}</ref>}} }} }} '''Patrick Henry Pearse''' (a makwaara dị ka '''Pádraig''' ma ọ bụ '''Pádraic Pearse'''; {{langx|ga|Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais}}; 10 Nọvemba 1879 – 3 Mee 1916) bụ onye nkuzi Irish, [[ọkaiwu]], [[abụ uri Irish|onye na-ede uri]], onye edemede, [[Ịha mba Ireland|onye na-ahụ maka mba]], [[Irish Republicanism|Republican]] onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye mgbanwe ọchịchị onye so n'ime ndị ndu nke [[Easter Rising]] na 1916. Mgbe e gbusịrị ya na mmadụ iri na ise ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ mmadụ hụrụ Pearse dị ka onye mere nnupụisi ahụ. ==Ndụ mbụ na mmetụta ya== [[File:Birthplace of Patrick and William Pearse.jpg|thumb|27 Pearse Street, ebe amụrụ Patrick na Willie Pearse]] A mụrụ Pearse, nwanne ya nwoke [[Willie Pearse|Willie]], na ụmụnne ya nwanyị [[Margaret Mary Pearse|Margaret]] na Mary Brigid na 27 [[Pearse Street|Great Brunswick Street]], Dublin, okporo ámá a kpọrọ aha ha taa.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Thornley | first = David | title = Patrick Pearse and the Pearse Family | url = https://archive.org/details/studies_autumn-winter-1971_60_239-240/page/332 | journal = Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review | volume = 60 | issue = 239/240 | pages = 332–346 | publisher = Irish Province of the Society of Jesus | location = Dublin | date =Autumn–Winter 1971 | jstor = 30088734 | issn = 0039-3495 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Miller | first = Liam | title = The noble drama of W.B. Yeats | publisher = Dolmen Press | year = 1977 | location = Dublin | page = 33 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KapbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22pearse+street%22+patrick+willie | isbn = 978-0-391-00633-1 | access-date = 16 October 2016 | archive-date = 21 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221123052/https://books.google.com/books?id=KapbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22pearse+street%22+patrick+willie | url-status = live }}</ref> Ọ bụ ebe a ka nna ha, James Pearse, hiwere azụmaahịa nkume n'afọ 1850,<ref>{{Cite book | last = Casey | first = Christine | title = Dublin: the city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park | publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | year = 2005 | location = New Haven and London | page = 62 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AQzYxvX_U8MC&pg=PA62 | isbn = 978-0-300-10923-8 | access-date = 3 October 2020 | archive-date = 18 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120338/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQzYxvX_U8MC&pg=PA62 | url-status = live }}</ref> azụmahịa nke gara nke ọma ma nye Pearses ọzụzụ dị mma maka ndị nọ n'ọkwa etiti.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Stevenson | first = Garth | title = Parallel paths: the development of nationalism in Ireland and Quebec | publisher = [[McGill-Queen's Press]] | year = 2006 | location = Montreal & Kingston | page = 189 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Sao_h6T4cB0C&pg=PA189 | isbn = 978-0-7735-3029-4 | access-date = 3 October 2020 | archive-date = 18 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210418114608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sao_h6T4cB0C&pg=PA189 | url-status = live }}</ref> Nna Pearse bụ onye na-akpụ ihe na onye na-akpụ ihe dị egwu, na mbụ ọ bụ [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] si [[Birmingham]] na England.<ref>[http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/p/Pearse_P/life.htm Patrick Pearse: Life.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063851/http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/p/Pearse_P/life.htm |date=8 January 2018 }} ''Ricorso'', Bruce Stewart. Retrieved 7 January 2011.</ref> Nne ya, [[Margaret Pearse|Margaret Brady]], si Dublin, ezinụlọ nna ya bụkwa ndị na-asụ asụsụ Irish si [[County Meath]]. Ọ bụ nwunye nke abụọ nke James; James mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, Emily na James, site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya (ụmụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nwụrụ mgbe ha bụ nwata). Nna nne Pearse bụ́ Patrick, onye kwadoro mmegharị nke afọ 1848 [[Young Ireland]], ma mesịa bụrụ onye otu [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB). Pearse chetara otu onye na-abụ abụ balad bịara nleta na-abụ abụ ndị Republican n'oge ọ bụ nwata; Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara gburugburu na-achọ ndị agha dị njikere ịlụ ọgụ, mana ọ hụghị nke ọ bụla, o kwuru n'ụzọ dị mwute nye nna nna ya na "ndị [[Fenians]] niile anwụọla". Nwanne nna nne ya, James Savage, lụrụ ọgụ n'agha obodo [[Agha Obodo Amerịka]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=16 Lives: Patrick Pearse |page=17}}</ref> Mmetụta nke nwanne nne Pearse bụ Margaret, onye na-asụ asụsụ Irish, tinyere agụmakwụkwọ ya na CBS Westland Row, tinyere ịhụnanya mbụ ya maka [[asụsụ Irish]] na [[Omenala Ireland|omenala]].<ref name=homelife>"The Home Life of Padraic Pearse" Edited by Mary Brigid Pearse. Published by Mercier Press Dublin and Cork.</ref> Pearse toro n'ime akwụkwọ gbara ya gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Walsh | first = Brendan | title = The pedagogy of protest: the educational thought and work of Patrick H. Pearse | publisher = Peter Lang | year = 2007 | location = Oxford | page = 12 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&pg=PA12 | isbn = 978-3-03910-941-8 | access-date = 3 October 2020 | archive-date = 18 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210418135609/https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&pg=PA12 | url-status = live }}</ref> Nna ya agụghị akwụkwọ nke ọma, mana ọ gụrụ onwe ya akwụkwọ;<ref>{{Cite web | last = Crowley | first = Brian | title = 'The strange thing I am': his father's son? | work = [[History Ireland]] | publisher = History Publications Ltd | year = 2009 | url = http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume14/issue2/news/?id=114021 | access-date = 5 December 2010 | archive-date = 20 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320004027/http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume14/issue2/news/?id=114021 | url-status = dead | accessdate = 20 March 2026 | archivedate = 20 March 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320004027/http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume14/issue2/news/?id=114021 }}</ref> Pearse chetara na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, o kpere ekpere nye Chineke, na-ekwe nkwa ịrara ndụ ya nye nnwere onwe nke ndị Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book |title=16 Lives: Patrick Pearse |page=18}}</ref> Ndị dike mbụ nke Pearse bụ oge ochie [[Irish mythology|ndị dike Gaelic]] dị ka [[Cúchulainn]], ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị siri ike n'ebe ndị ndu nke mmegharị [[Irish Republicanism|Republican]] gara aga nọ, dịka [[United Irishmen]] [[Theobald Wolfe Tone]] na [[Robert Emmet]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitchell |first1=Angus |title=Robert Emmet and 1916 |url=https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/robert-emmet-and-1916/ |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418104034/https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/robert-emmet-and-1916/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Pearse malitere itinye aka na [[mmeghachi omume Gaelic]]. Na 1896, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ sonyeere [[Gaelic League]] (''Conradh na Gaeilge''), na 1903, mgbe ọ dị afọ 23, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''[[An Claidheamh Soluis]]'' ("''The Sword of Light''").<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.minerva.mic.ul.ie//vol1/pearse.html |title=Flanagan, Frank M., "Patrick H. Pearse", ''The Great Educators'', March 20, 1995 |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925125438/http://www.minerva.mic.ul.ie/vol1/pearse.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&dq=an+claidheamh+soluis&pg=PA451 John T. Koch, ''Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia'']</ref> Na 1900, e nyere Pearse nzere B.A. na Asụsụ Ọgbara Ọhụrụ (Irish, Bekee na French) site na [[Royal University of Ireland]], nke ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ya afọ abụọ n'onwe ya na otu n'ime [[University College Dublin]]. N'otu afọ ahụ, e debanyere aha ya dị ka [[Ọkaiwu-iwu]] na [[Ụlọ Nkwari Akụ King]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/pearse.html|title=CELT: Chronology of Patrick Pearse, also known as Pádraig Pearse (Pádraig Mac Piarais)|website=ucc.ie|access-date=9 November 2008|archive-date=11 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511144732/http://www.ucc.ie/celt/pearse.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A kpọrọ Pearse ka ọ bịa n'ụlọ mmanya n'afọ 1901. Na 1905, Pearse nọchitere anya [[Neil McBride (onye na-ede uri)|Neil McBride]], onye na-ede uri na onye na-ede abụ si [[Creeslough|Feymore, Creeslough]], [[County Donegal]], onye a tara ahụhụ maka ide aha ya n'ihe odide "a na-apụghị ịgụta" (ya bụ, Irish) n'ụgbọ ịnyịnya ibu ya. A nụrụ mkpesa ahụ n'ihu [[Ụlọikpe Eze (England)|Ụlọikpe Eze]] dị na Dublin. Ọ bụ nke mbụ Pearse pụtara n'ụlọikpe dịka ọkaiwu. E furu ikpe ahụ mana ọ ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya nke mgba maka nnwere onwe nke ndị Ireland. N'akwụkwọ ya nke June 27, 1905, Pearse dere gbasara mkpebi ahụ, "e kpebiri na asụsụ Irish bụ asụsụ mba ọzọ n'otu ọkwa ya na asụsụ Yiddish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giveitsomesparkle.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/padraig-pearse-the-cart-and-an-old-song-book/|title=Padraig Pearse, the cart and an old song book|date=9 September 2011|website=Sparkle|access-date=10 April 2016|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906041307/https://giveitsomesparkle.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/padraig-pearse-the-cart-and-an-old-song-book/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McGill|first=P.J.|year=1966|title=Pearse Defends Niall Mac Giolla Bhride in Court of King's Bench, Dublin|journal=Donegal Annual|volume=1966|pages=83–85 (from 27 June 1905 article written by Patrick Pearse)|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==St Enda's== [[File:Pearse Brother's Museum - St. Enda's Park.jpg|thumb|[[Ụlọ Akwụkwọ St. Enda|Ụlọ Akwụkwọ St. Enda]], ugbu a Pearse Museum]] Dịka onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma omenala nke [[Ụmụnna Ndị Kraịst Irish]] kụziiri, dịka nwanne ya nwoke nke nta bụ́ Willie, Pearse kwenyere na asụsụ bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara njirimara mba. O kwenyere na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Ireland zụlitere ndị ntorobịa Ireland ka ha bụrụ ezigbo [[England|Ndị Bekee]] ma ọ bụ ndị Ireland na-erube isi, a chọkwara ihe ọzọ. Ya mere, nye ya na ndị ọzọ na-eme ka asụsụ dịghachi ndụ, ịzọpụta [[asụsụ Irish]] pụọ na mbibi bụ ihe kacha mkpa n'ọdịbendị. Isi ihe ga-eme ka asụsụ ahụ dịgide, o chere, bụ usoro mmụta nwere ọmịiko. Iji gosi ụzọ o si malite ụlọ akwụkwọ asụsụ abụọ nke ya maka ụmụ nwoke, [[Ụlọ Akwụkwọ St. Enda]] (Scoil Éanna) na Cullenswood House na [[Ranelagh]], mpaghara dị nso na [[County Dublin]], na 1908.<ref name="nli">{{cite web|url=https://www.nli.ie/1916/exhibition/en/content/sevensignatories/patrickpearse/|title=The Seven Signatories of the Proclamation Patrick Pearse, President of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic|publisher=National Library of Ireland|access-date=6 Mar 2026}}</ref> Echiche Pearse nke enweghị nchekasị mere ka ọ chọọ ebe obibi mara mma karịa maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ya. Ọ hụrụ ya n'ime Hermitage dị na [[Rathfarnham]], County Dublin, ebe obibi nke [[Pearse Museum]] ugbu a. N'afọ 1910, Pearse dere na Hermitage bụ ebe "kachasị mma" n'ihi ịma mma nke ala ahụ, nakwa na ọ bụrụ na ọ nwee ike idobe ya, "ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ga-adị n'ọkwa dị elu na" ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ka guzobere n'oge ahụ dịka "[[Clongowes Wood College]] na [[Castleknock College]]".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&q=patrick+pearse+clongowes&pg=PA288|title=The Pedagogy of Protest: The Educational Thought and Work of Patrick H. Pearse|last=Walsh|first=Brendan|date=2007|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03910-941-8|language=en|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418132447/https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&q=patrick+pearse+clongowes&pg=PA288|url-status=live}}</ref> Pearse sokwa na ntọala nke Scoil Íde (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ St Ita) maka ụmụ agbọghọ, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ebumnuche yiri nke St Enda's.<ref name="nli" /> ==Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo na Iwu Ụlọ== N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1912, onye ndu [[John Redmond]] nke [[Irish Parliament Party]], nke nwere nguzozi nke ike na [[Ụlọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Britain|Ụlọ Ndị Omeiwu]] tinyere aka na ọchịchị nke [[United Kingdom nke Great Britain na Ireland|United Kingdom]] iwebata [[Iwu Ụlọ Ireland]]. Pearse nabatara iwu ahụ nke ọma. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà okwu anọ, gụnyere Redmond, [[Joseph Devlin]] MP, onye ndu nke ndị Northern Nationalists, na [[Eoin MacNeill]] onye otu Gaelic Leaguer a ma ama, onye kwuru okwu n'otu nnukwu ngagharị iwe maka iwu ụlọ na Dublin na ngwụcha Maachị 1912. N'ikwu okwu n'asụsụ Irish, Pearse kwuru na o chere na "enwere ike inweta ezigbo ihe ma ọ bụrụ na anyị enwee obi ike zuru oke", mana ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị, sị, "Ka ndị Bekee ghọta na ọ bụrụ na a ghọgbuo anyị ọzọ, agha ga-adị n'Ayland niile".<ref>Ruth Dudley Edwards, ''Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure,'' (1977) p. 159</ref> Na Nọvemba 1913, a kpọrọ Pearse òkù ịbịa nzukọ mmalite nke [[Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo Irish]]—nke e guzobere n'ihi okike nke [[Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo Ulster]]—onye ebumnuche ya bụ "ichekwa ma chekwaa ikike na nnwere onwe nke ndị Ireland niile nwere".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Foy|first1=Michael|last2=Barton|first2=Brian|title=The Easter Rising|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/easterrising0000foym/page/7 7–8]|isbn=0-7509-3433-6|url=https://archive.org/details/easterrising0000foym/page/7}}</ref> N'isiokwu akpọrọ "Mgbanwe Na-abịa" (Nọvemba 1913) Pearse dere, sị: <blockquote>Banyere ọrụ gị dịka onye Ireland Nationalist, enweghị m ike iche n'echiche; Amaara m ihe nke m ga-abụ, m ga-achọkwa ka unu mara nke unu ma jisie ike na ya. O nwere ike ịbụ (ee e, ọ bụ) na gị na nke m ga-edu anyị gaa n'ebe a na-ezukọ, na n'otu ụbọchị anyị ga-eguzo ọnụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nọ anyị nso, dị njikere maka njem ka ukwuu karịa nke onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị nwetụrụla, ule na mmeri a ga-atachi obi ma nweta n'otu aka ahụ.<ref name="Seán Cronin 1966, pg.15">Seán Cronin, ''Our Own Red Blood'', Irish Freedom Press, New York, 2014, p. 15 {{ISBN?}}</ref> </blockquote> Iwu Ụlọ agafeghị nke [[House of Lords]], mana ike ndị Onyenweanyị belatara n'okpuru [[Iwu Ndị Omeiwu 1911]] pụtara na a pụrụ igbu oge naanị n'iwu ahụ, ọ bụghị ịkwụsị ya. E tinyere ya n'akwụkwọ iwu ya na [[Royal Assent]] na Septemba 1914, mana a kwụsịtụrụ itinye ya n'ọrụ ruo oge [[Agha Ụwa Mbụ]]. John Redmond tụrụ egwu na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nwere ike igbochi "ikike mba" ya, wee kpebie ịnwa ịchịkwa mmegharị ọhụrụ ahụ. N'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka Òtù Ụmụnna Republican nke Ireland, Onye Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo kwetara ịkekọrịta ndị ndu na Redmond ma guzobe kọmitii nkwonkwo. Pearse megidere nke a ma chọọ ide:<ref name="Seán Cronin 1966, pg.15"/> <blockquote>Ndị isi na Ireland fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ha na-ahapụ ndị mmadụ n'oge dị oke mkpa; ha na-ere ha mgbe ụfọdụ. Ndị isi ha hapụrụ otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mbụ ahụ; [[Daniel O'Connell|O'Connell]] gbapụrụ n'ihu egbe ndị agha na [[Daniel O'Connell#Mgbasa Ozi maka iwepụ Union|Clontarf]]; ugboro abụọ n'ime awa nke mgbanwe ọchịchị Ireland mere n'ime ụbọchị [[Young Ireland]], ugboro abụọ ọ kụrụ n'efu, maka [[Thomas Francis Meagher|Meagher]] nwere obi abụọ na [[Waterford]], [[Charles Gavan Duffy (onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Australia)|Duffy]] na [[Thomas D'Arcy McGee|McGee]] nwere obi abụọ na Dublin. [[James Stephens (Fenian)|Stephens]] jụrụ [[James Stephens (Fenian)#Njide na mmegbu|nye okwu ahụ na '65]]; ọ bịaghị n'afọ 1966 maọbụ 1967. Anaghị m ata ndị ikom a ụta; ma gị maọbụ mụ onwe m emeela otu ihe ahụ. Ọ bụ ọrụ dị oke njọ mmadụ ga-arụ n'ahụ nwoke, nke bụ ịgwa onye ahụ ka o kwuo okwu ma wụpụ [[grapeshot]].<ref name="Seán Cronin 1966, pg.15"/></blockquote> Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo kewara, otu n'ime okwu ndị a bụ nkwado maka [[Ndị otu Agha Ụwa Mbụ|Ndị otu]] na mbọ agha Britain. Ọtụtụ mmadụ sochiri Redmond banye na [[Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo Mba]] n'echiche na nke a ga-eme ka Iwu Ụlọ sie ike mgbe ha lọtara. Pearse, onye nwere obi ụtọ maka ihe ndị mere n'agha Yuropu, dere n'otu isiokwu na Disemba 1915: <blockquote>Ọ bụ ịhụ mba n'anya na-akpali ndị mmadụ. Belgium ichebe ala ya bụ dike, otu a ka Turkey dịkwa . . . . . . <br>Ọ dị mma maka ụwa na e kwesịrị ime ihe ndị dị otu a. Ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri mmanya uhie nke ebe a na-alụ agha kpoo obi ochie nke ụwa ọkụ.<br> A dịghị enye Chineke nsọpụrụ dị otú a, nsọpụrụ nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ e ji obi ụtọ nye maka ịhụnanya obodo.<br>Agha bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya, nke a bụkwa agha kachasị njọ. Mana agha a adịghị njọ karịa ihe ọjọọ ndị ọ ga-akwụsị ma ọ bụ nyere aka kwụsị.<ref>"Peace and the Gael", in Patrick H. Pearse, ''Political writings and speeches'', Phoenix, Dublin, (1924) p. 216, [[National Library of Ireland]]</ref></blockquote> ==Irish Republican Brotherhood== [[File:Funeral of O'Donovan Rossa, graveside in Glasnevin Cemetery, St. James's band, crowds (26203288753).jpg|thumb|Pearse (yi uwe agha etiti-aka nri) n'oge olili ozu nke [[O'Donovan Rossa]] nke o ji kwuo okwu n'akụkụ ili.]] [[Image:Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png|thumb|200px|right|[[Mkpọsa nke mba Ireland]], Pearse gụrụ ya n'èzí [[General Post Office (Dublin)|GPO]] na mmalite nke [[Easter Rising]]]] Na Disemba 1913 [[Bulmer Hobson]] ṅụrụ iyi na Pearse ga-abanye n'ihe nzuzo ahụ [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nli.ie/1916/exhibition/en/content/stagesetters/force/hobson-mccullough/img/0388.jpg|title=Padraig Pearse|website=nli.ie|access-date=6 Mar 2026}}</ref> otu nzukọ raara onwe ya nye ịkwatu [[British rule in Ireland]] na nnọchi ya na Ireland Republic. N'oge na-adịghị anya, [[Tom Clarke (onye Republican Ireland)|Tom Clarke]] sonyeere ya na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke IRB.<ref>[[Kathleen Clarke]] says in ''My Fight for Ireland's Freedom'' that it was "towards the end of 1913" when Tom Clarke had Pearse co-opted onto the Supreme Council of the IRB.</ref> Pearse bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị so na IRB na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mgbe ahụ. Mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye isi ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke nzukọ ndị agha na 1914<ref>[[Eoin Neeson]], ''Myths from Easter 1916'', Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-903497-34-0}} p. 87</ref> ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo kachasị elu na ndị otu IRB, ma bụrụkwa ihe dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo maka nzube nnupụisi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1915, ọ nọ na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke IRB, na Kansụl Ndị Agha nzuzo ya, otu ndị isi nke malitere ime atụmatụ maka mmụba ebe agha na-aga n'ihu na Europe [[Western Front (Agha Ụwa Mbụ)|Western Front]]. Na 1 Ọgọst 1915, Pearse nyere [[Ireland unfree agaghị anọ n'udo|okwu ili]] n'olili ozu nke [[Fenian]] [[Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa]]. Ọ bụ onye Republican mbụ e sere ihe nkiri na vidiyo na-ekwu okwu.<ref>{{Cite book |title=16 Lives: Patrick Pearse |page=121}}</ref> O mechiri okwu ndị a: <blockquote>Ndị iro anyị dị ike, mara ihe, na-akpachapụ anya; mana, ha siri ike, mara ihe, na-akpachapụ anya, ha dịkwa mma, ha enweghị ike imebi ọrụ ebube Chineke nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndị ntorobịa kụrụ n'obi ha pụta ìhè. Mkpụrụ ndị ụmụ okorobịa nke afọ 1965 na [[Fenian Rising (1867)|'67]] kụrụ na-eto nke ọma taa. Ndị ọchịchị na ndị na-agbachitere Alaeze ahụ kwesịrị ịkpachara anya ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-akpachara anya megide usoro ndị dị otú ahụ. Ndụ na-esi n'ọnwụ apụta; mba ndị dị ndụ na-esikwa n'ili ndị hụrụ mba n'anya apụta. Ndị Na-agbachitere Alaeze a arụọla ọrụ nke ọma n'ebe nzuzo na n'èzí. Ha chere na ha emeela ka Ireland dị jụụ. Ha chere na ha azụrụla ọkara anyị ma tụọ ọkara nke ọzọ ụjọ. Ha chere na ha ahụla ihe niile, ha chere na ha enyela ihe megide ihe niile; mana, ndị nzuzu, ndị nzuzu, ndị nzuzu! – Ha ahapụla anyị ndị Fenian nwụrụ anwụ, ọ bụ ezie na Ireland ji ili ndị a, Ireland agaghị enwe udo ma ọlị. ([[s:Speech at the Grave of O'Donovan Rossa|''Full text of Speech)'']]</blockquote> ==Easter Rising na ọnwụ== Ọ bụ Pearse, onye nọchitere anya IRB obere oge tupu Ista na 1916, nyere iwu ndị a nye ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo niile dị na mba ahụ maka ụbọchị atọ nke mmegharị ahụ malite na Sọnde Ista, nke bụ ihe mgbaàmà maka nnupụisi n'ozuzu. Mgbe [[Eoin MacNeill]], Onyeisi Ndị Ọrụ nke Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo, Mgbe ọ mụtara ihe a na-eme atụmatụ na-enweghị ngwa agha e kwere nkwa site na Germany, o meghaara iwu ndị ahụ site n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, mere ka IRB nye iwu nkeji ikpeazụ ka o mezuo atụmatụ ahụ n'echi ya, nke na-ebelata ọnụọgụgụ ndị bịara maka mmụba ahụ nke ukwuu. Mgbe [[Mbilite Ista]] mechara malite na Mọnde Ista, 24 Eprel 1916, ọ bụ Pearse gụrụ [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic]] site n'èzí [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Ozi Izugbe (Dublin)|Ụlọ Ọrụ Ozi Izugbe]], isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Rising. Pearse bụ onye kacha hụ maka ide Mkpọsa ahụ, a họpụtakwara ya dịka Onyeisiala nke mba ahụ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patrick Pearse|url=https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/articles/patrick-pearse|website=rte.ie|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị isii nke ọgụ gasịrị, nnukwu ọnwụ nke ndị nkịtị na nnukwu mbibi nke ihe onwunwe, Pearse nyere iwu ka a chịpụ ya. Pearse na ndị ndu iri na anọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nwanne ya nwoke Willie, ka e duziri ma [[ndị otu ịgba egbe egbuo | ndị otu ịgba egbe gburu]]. [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Thomas Clarke]], [[Thomas MacDonagh]] Pearse n'onwe ya bụ onye mbụ n'ime ndị nnupụisi e gburu, n'ụtụtụ nke 3 Mee 1916. Pearse dị afọ iri atọ na isii mgbe ọ nwụrụ. [[Roger Casement]], ndị gbalịrị ịhọpụta ndị agha nnupụisi n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ agha amụrụ na Ireland site na [[16th (Irish) Division|Irish Brigade]] na Germany, a kwụgburu ya na London n'ọnwa Ọgọst sochirinụ.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|Sir John Maxwell]], [[Onyeisi-agha, Ireland]], zigara [[H. H. Asquith]] ozi telegram, mgbe ahụ Praịm Minista, na-adụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara iweghachi ozu ụmụnne Pearse nye ezinụlọ ha, na-asị, "Mmetụta uche nke ndị Ireland ga-eme ka ili ndị a bụrụ ebe nsọ nke ndị nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe ebe a ga-eme ngagharị kwa afọ, nke ga-akpata iwe mgbe niile na mba a."<ref name="P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa 1979">Quotations from P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, Mercier Press, RP 1979, {{ISBN|0-85342-605-8}}</ref> Maxwell gbochiri akwụkwọ ozi Pearse degaara nne ya,<ref>[[q:Author:Patrick Pearse|Author:Patrick Pearse – Wikisource<!-- bot-generated title -->]] at en.wikisource.org</ref> na uri abụọ e dere na 1 Mee 1916. O nyeferekwa otu n'ime ha nye Praịm Minista Asquith, na-ekwu na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe dị na ya "bụ ihe a na-emegide".<ref name="P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa 1979" /> ==Ihe odide== [[File:statue padraig pearse.jpg|thumb|upright|Isi nke Pearse akpuruakpu na [[Tralee]], County Kerry]] Pearse dere akụkọ na uri n'asụsụ Irish na Bekee. Abụ Bekee ya kacha mara amara gụnyere "The Mother", "The Fool", "[[The Rebel (poem)|The Rebel]]" na "The Wayfarer".<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Mercier Companion to Irish literature |author=Seán McMahon and Jo O'Donoghue |year=1998 |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] |location=Cork |isbn=1-85635-216-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/merciercompanion00mcma/page/183 183] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/merciercompanion00mcma/page/183 }}</ref> O dekwara ọtụtụ egwuregwu [[ihe atụ]] n'asụsụ [[Irish]], gụnyere ''Eze'', ''Onye Nkụzi'', na ''Onye Na-abụ Abụ''. Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi ya n'asụsụ Irish gụnyere ''Eoghainín na nÉan'' ("Eoineen of the Birds"), "Íosagán" ("Little Jesus"), ''An Gadaí'' ("Onye ohi"), ''Na Bóitre'' ("Ụzọ"), na ''An Bhean Chaointe'' ("The Keening Woman"). [[Joseph Campbell (onye na-ede uri)|Joseph Campbell]] (n'akwụkwọ "Ọrụ Ndị A chikotara" nke 1917) sụgharịrị ihe ndị a n'asụsụ Bekee.<ref>Patrick Pearse, ''Short Stories''. Trans. [[Joseph Campbell (poet)|Joseph Campbell]]. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin, 2009</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya gbasara agụmakwụkwọ dị n'edemede ya bụ "[[Igwe Igbu Ọchụ (Patrick Pearse)|Igwe Igbu Ọchụ]]". O dekwara ọtụtụ edemede gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na asụsụ, ọkachasị "Mgbanwe Na-abịa" na "Mmụọ". Pearse nwere njikọ chiri anya na nsụgharị ya nke [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] [[Sean-nós na-abụ abụ|sean-nós]], "[[Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile]]", nke o ji dee egwu ndị Republican. Dị ka ''[Innti]]'' onye na-ede uri na [[onye nkatọ akwụkwọ]] [[Louis de Paor]] [[Louis de Paor]] si kwuo, n'agbanyeghị ịnụ ọkụ n'obi Pearse maka "[Conamara Theas]]" olumba [[Connacht Irish]] Mgbe a na-ekwu okwu gburugburu ụlọ ezumike ya dị na [[Rosmuc]] na [[Connemara]], ọ họọrọ ịgbaso omume nkịtị nke [[Gaelic revival]] site n'ide ihe na [[Munster Irish]], nke a na-ewere dị ka obere [[Anglicization|Anglicized]] karịa asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Ireland. Dịka de Paor si kwuo, ịgụ Pearse nke uri nnwale dị egwu nke [[Walt Whitman]] na nke ndị French [[Akara (nkà)|Ndị na-akwado ihe nnọchianya]] dugara ya n'iwebata [[abụ uri ọgbara ọhụrụ]] n'ime [[asụsụ Irish]]. Dịka onye na-akatọ akwụkwọ [[ederede]], Pearse hapụkwara atụmatụ zuru ezu maka [[ịgbanwe ọchịchị]] nke [[akwụkwọ Irish]], ọkachasị n'asụsụ [[Irish]]. De Paor dere na Patrick Pearse bụ "onye kacha enwe nghọta [[onye na-ede akwụkwọ|onye na-akatọ]] na onye kacha nwee ahụmịhe n'ide uri", nke mmalite Gaelic revival na-enye "ụdị ọkaibe maka akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na Irish nke ga-eweghachi njikọ dị ndụ na Gaelic gara aga mgbe ọ na-amaliteghachi mmekọrịta ya na Europe nke oge a, na-agafe mmetụta nke otu onye Bekee."<ref>[[Louis De Paor]] (2016), ''Leabhar na hAthghabhála: Poems of Repossession: Irish-English Bilingual Edition'', [[Bloodaxe Books]]. Page 20.</ref> N'ihi ihe ndị a, de Paor kpọrọ ọnwụ Pearse nnukwu mfu maka [[akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Irish]]. Dị ka de Paor si kwuo, ọ bụ naanị n'afọ 1940 ka a ga-agwọ ọnwụ a site n'abụ abụ modernist nke [[Seán Ó Ríordáin]], [[Máirtín Ó Direáin]], na [[Máire Mhac an tSaoi]]; na akwụkwọ akụkọ modernist ''[[An Béal Bocht]]'' nke [[Flann O'Brien]] na ''[[Cré na Cille]]'' nke [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]]. ==Aha ọma== Mgbe esemokwu malitere na [[Northern Ireland]] na 1969, [[Provisional IRA]] jiri ihe nketa Pearse mee ihe. Seán Farrell Moran ahụla echiche Pearse dị ka nke sitere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme omenala Yuropu dịka akụkụ nke ịjụ [[ihe kpatara ya]] site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Yuropu.<ref>Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', 1989, 4.</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọnọdụ ya n'ime Katọlik, ebe a mara usoro okpukpe ya aka na mbido afọ 1970,<ref>Francis J. Shaw, S.J., "The Canon of Irish History—A Challenge", in ''Studies'', 61, 242, 115–53</ref> e kwuru okwu ya iji gosi na ntọala ozizi Pearse maka echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na-eso omenala dị adị kemgbe na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>Moran, "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology" in ''The Irish Terrorism Experience'', eds. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29</ref> Onye bụbu [[Fianna Fáil]] [[Taoiseach]] [[Bertie Ahern]] kọwara Pearse dị ka otu n'ime ndị dike ya ma gosipụta foto Pearse n'elu tebụl ya na [[Ngalaba nke Taoiseach]].<ref>Bertie Ahern, interviewed about Pearse on [[RTÉ]], 9 April 2006.</ref> Nne Pearse [[Margaret Pearse]] rụrụ ọrụ dị ka [[Teachta Dála | TD]] na [[Dáil Éireann]] na 1920s. Nwanne ya nwanyị [[Margaret Mary Pearse]] rụkwara ọrụ dị ka TD na [[Seanad Éireann|Senator]]. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afọ 2006, ndị ọkachamara n'ọrịa uche [[Michael Fitzgerald (ọkachamara uche)|Michael Fitzgerald]] na Antoinette Walker chepụtara na Pearse nwere [[Asperger syndrome]].<ref name="Fitzgerald and Walker">{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/rebel-pearse-was-no-gay-blade-but-had-autistic-temperment-26410577.html |title=Rebel Pearse was no gay blade but had autistic temperment &#91;sic&#93; |last=Collins |first=Liam |date=9 April 2006 |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116112137/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/rebel-pearse-was-no-gay-blade-but-had-autistic-temperment-26410577.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "Ezughị oke mmekọahụ" nke Pearse, na ụfọdụ omume ya, abụrụla isiokwu nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka [[Ruth Dudley Edwards]], na-ekwu maka ya kemgbe afọ 1970, T. Ryle Dwyer na Seán Farrell Moran, onye chere na ọ na-enwe mmasị n'ebe ụmụ okorobịa nọ.<ref>Ruth Dudley Edwards, ''Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure'', Victor Gollancz, 1977, pp. 52–4</ref><ref>Sean Farrell Moran, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FgZbzSE1kuUC&pg=PA122 Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315182929/https://books.google.com/books?id=FgZbzSE1kuUC&pg=PA122 |date=15 March 2017 }}, 1994, p. 122.</ref> Onye dere akụkọ ndụ ya kacha ọhụrụ, [[Joost Augusteijn]], kwubiri na "o yiri ka o nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-enwe mmasị n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ n'ụzọ a".<ref>Joost Augusteijn, ''Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary'', 2009, p. 62</ref> Fitzgerald na Walker na-ekwusi ike na ọ dịghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke [[nwoke idina nwoke]] ma ọ bụ [[nwata nwoke idina nwoke]]; ha na-ekwu na Pearse enweghị mmasị mmekọahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, na ụdị ndụ ya "na-anaghị enwe mmasị n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ" na nke na-anaghị alụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye kwekọrọ na nchọpụta nke [[ọrịa autism na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma]].<ref name="Fitzgerald and Walker"/> Ọkà akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omenala, Elaine Sisson, ekwuola na mmasị Pearse nwere n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwoke na echiche ya dị iche iche kwesịrị ịdị na "ofufe nwa okorobịa" nke oge Victorian.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=2001 |title=True Lives: P.H. Pearse; Fanatic Heart |medium=television documentary |time=42:23 |location=Dublin |publisher=[[RTÉ]]}}</ref> N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ foto Pearse niile, o mere ka ọ dị n'akụkụ, zoo akụkụ aka ekpe ya. Nke a bụ iji zoo [[strabismus]] ma ọ bụ anya aka ekpe ya, nke o chere na ọ bụ ọnọdụ ihere.<ref>John Spain, [http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pearses-heroic-sideways-pose-he-did-it-to-hide-embarrassing-squint-29524364.html "Pearse's heroic sideways pose? He did it to hide embarrassing squint"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220061957/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pearses-heroic-sideways-pose-he-did-it-to-hide-embarrassing-squint-29524364.html |date=20 December 2016 }}, ''Irish Independent'', 24 August 2013</ref> ==Ncheta== * Ụlọ dị na Rathfarnham, n'akụkụ ndịda Dublin, nke bụbu ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ Pearse, St Enda, bụzi [[Ụlọ ihe ngosi Pearse]]. * A gbanwere aha [[Pearse Street]] na [[Pearse Square]] dị na Dublin n'afọ 1926 iji sọpụrụ Pearse na nwanne ya nwoke Willie, Pearse Street (nke bụbu Great Brunswick Street) bụ ebe amụrụ ha. Enwere ike ịchọta Okporo ụzọ Pearse ndị ọzọ na [[Athlone]], [[Ballina, County Mayo|Ballina]] (nke bụbu Knox Street), [[Bandon, County Cork|Bandon]], [[Cahir]], [[Cavan]], [[Clonakilty]] (mbụ Sovereign Street), [[Gorey]], [[Kilkenny]], [[Kinsale]], [[Mountmellick]], [[Mullingar]], [[Nenagh]] na [[Sallynoggin]] (ebe e nwekwara Pearse Park, Avenue, Road na ojiji ndị ọzọ nke aha ahụ). * E nwere Ụzọ Pearse na [[Ardara, County Donegal]], [[Ballyphehane]] na Cork (nke nwekwara Pearse Place na Square), [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Cookstown (County Wicklow), [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Cranmore, Sligo|Cranmore]] (nke nwekwara Pearse Crescent na Terrace), Dublin 16, [[Enniscorthy]], Graiguecullen (County Carlow), [[Letterkenny]], [[Limerick]] (nke nwekwara Pearse Avenue), [[Sligo]] na [[Tralee]] * E nwere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pearse (okporo ámá obibi) na [[Drogheda]], [[Dundalk]] na [[Tullamore]], na (parkland) na mpụga [[Arklow]] na [[Tralee]] (onye bụbu demesne nke [[Ụlọ Elu Tralee]]). E nwere ụzọ Pearse ndị ọzọ dị na [[Carrickmacross]], [[Ennis]], Mervue dị na [[Galway]] na [[Mallow, County Cork|Mallow]]. [[Carrigtwohill]] nwere Patrick Pearse Place, e nwekwara Pearse Bridge dị na [[Terenure]]. E nwere Ogige Ndị Nwanne Pearse na [[Rathfarnham]] na Pearse Terrace na [[Westport, County Mayo|Westport]]. * [[Longford]] nwere Pearse Drive na Pearse View. [[Crumlin, Dublin|Crumlin]] (Dublin) nwere Ogige Ncheta Pearse. * [[Ballyheigue]] nwere ihe oyiyi e wuru maka ncheta. * Kwa Febụwarị, tupu emume iri nri nke asụsụ Irish kwa afọ na [[King's Inns]], Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwado arụmụka asụsụ Irish ebe a na-enye onye meriri ihe nrite Bonn na Phiarsaigh (ihe nrite Pearse). ===Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ=== Ụlọ Cullenswood, ebe obibi ezinụlọ Pearse dị na Ranelagh ebe Pádraic hiwere St Enda's na mbụ, taa nwere ụlọ praịmarị ''[[Gaelscoil]]'' (ụlọ akwụkwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ site na asụsụ Irish) nke a kpọrọ Lios na nÓg, akụkụ nke mgbalị obodo iji mee ka asụsụ Irish dịghachi ndụ. [[Crumlin, Dublin|Crumlin]] (Dublin) nwere kọleji Pearse nke mmụta ọzọ, ma enwerebu ụlọ akwụkwọ oge okpomọkụ asụsụ Irish na [[Gaoth Dobhair]] akpọrọ Colaiste an Phiarsaigh. Na [Rosmuc]] enwere ụlọ akwụkwọ aka ọrụ Irish-ọkara, Gairmscoil na bPiarsach. Aha P.H. Pearse bụ isi ụlọ nkuzi dị na Cadet School dị na Ireland. Na Septemba 2014, Gaelcholáiste an Phiarsaigh, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke asụsụ Irish ọhụrụ, Emepere ụzọ ya maka oge mbụ n'ụlọ Loreto Abbey mbụ, naanị otu kilomita site na Pearse Museum dị na St Endas Park, Rathfarnham. [[Glanmire]], County Cork na-anya isi ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji kacha mma na-asụ Irish na Ireland, nke a na-akpọ [[Coláiste an Phiarsaigh]], nke a kpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ Patrick Pearse ma hazie ya dabere na nkwenkwe ya. ===Ebe egwuregwu na klọb=== A na-akpọ ọtụtụ klọb [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] na ebe egwuregwu na Ireland aha Pádraic ma ọ bụ Pearses abụọ ahụ: * [[Antrim GAA|Antrim]]: Pearse Park, [[Dunloy GAC|Dunloy]]; [[List of Gaelic games clubs in Ireland#Antrim|Patrick Pearse's GAC]], Belfast * [[Armagh GAA|Armagh]]: [[Annaghmore Pearses GFC]]; [[Pearse Óg GAC]] na ihe ndị dị n'ime ya, [[Pearse Óg Park]], Armagh * [[Cork GAA|Cork]]: [[Na Piarsaigh GAA|CLG Na Piarsaigh]], Cork * [[Derry GAA|Derry]]: [[Kilrea GAC|Pádraig Pearse's GAC]], Kilrea; Pearse's GFC, Waterside, Derry (defunct) * [[Donegal GAA|Donegal]]: Pearse's Park, Ardara * [[Dublin GAA|Dublin]]: [[Ballyboden St. Enda's GAA]] (called after Pearse's school); Pearse's GAC, Rathfarnham (defunct) * [[Galway GAA|Galway]]: [[CLG Na Piarsaigh]], Ros Muc;[[Pádraig Pearse's GAA|Pádraig Pearse's GAC]], Ballymacward & Gurteen; [[Pearse Stadium]], Salthill * [[Kerry GAA|Kerry]]: [[Dromid Pearses GAA|Dromid Pearses GAC]]; [[Kilflynn Pearses]] HC (defunct) * [[Limerick GAA|Limerick]]: [[Na Piarsaigh GAA (Limerick)|CLG Na Piarsaigh]], Limerick * [[Longford GAA|Longford]]: [[Pearse Park (Longford)|Pearse Park]], Longford * [[Louth GAA|Louth]]: [[List of Gaelic games clubs in Ireland#Louth|CPG Na Piarsaigh]], Dundalk * [[Monaghan GAA|Monaghan]]: [[Ballybay Pearse Brothers]], na ihe ndị dị n'ime ya, Pearse Park * [[Roscommon GAA|Roscommon]]: [[Padraig Pearses GAA Roscommon|Pádraig Pearse's GAC]] * [[Tyrone GAA|Tyrone]]: [[Dregish Pearse Og GAC|Pearse Óg GAC]], Dregish; [[Fintona Pearses GAC]]; and [[Galbally Pearses GAC]], na ihe ndị dị n'ime ya, Pearse Park; klọb ochie, [[Owen Roe O'Neill's GAC|Leckpatrick Pearse Óg GAC]] * [[Wexford GAA|Wexford]]: Naomh Eanna GAA (akpọrọ ya aha ụlọ akwụkwọ Pearse); P.H. Pearse's HC, Enniscorthy (defunct) * [[Wicklow GAA|Wicklow]]: [[Pearse Park (Arklow)|Pearses' Park]], Arklow Otú ahụkwa ka ọtụtụ ndị si mba ọzọ dị na Ireland: * [[Australasia GAA|Australasia]]: [[List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland#Victoria|Pádraig Pearse GAC]], Victoria * [[London GAA|London]]: [[List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland#London|Brother Pearse's GAC]], London * [[Scotland GAA|Scotland]]: Pearse Park, Glasgow; Pearse Harps HC (defunct) * [[Yorkshire GAA|Yorkshire]]: [[List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland#Yorkshire|Brothers Pearse GAC]], Huddersfield * [[North American GAA|North America]]: [[List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland#North American Board area (USA outside New York City)|Pádraig Pearse GFC]], Chicago; [[List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland#North American Board area (USA outside New York City)|Pádraig Pearse GFC]], Detroit E nwekwara klọb bọọlụ a na-akpọ Pearse Celtic FC na [[Cork (city)|Cork]] na na [[Ringsend]], Dublin; na Liffeys Pearse FC, otu klọb bọọlụ ndịda Dublin nke e guzobere site na njikọta nke Liffey Wanderers na Pearse Rangers. Otu klọb bọọlụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Pearse Rangers ka dị na Dublin. ===Emume ncheta ndị ọzọ=== * Na 1916, onye na-ede egwu Bekee [[Arnold Bax]], onye zutere nwoke ahụ, dere uri olu nke akpọrọ ''In Memoriam Patrick Pearse''. O nwetara ihe ngosi ọha mbụ ya na 2008.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130419221529/http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2008/interactandreviews/reviews/24jul.shtml BBC Proms] 24 July 2008</ref> * Na [[Belfast]] mgbawa gbawara na Mee 1938 site na Pearse Club dị na King Street.<ref>"Belfast club wrecked", ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]'', p. 1, 26 May 1938</ref> * A gbanwere aha ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Westland Row dị na Dublin [[Ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Dublin Pearse | Ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Pearse]] na 1966 site n'aha ụmụnne Pearse. * Mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha [[Mkpụrụ ego iri nke Ireland]|mkpụrụ ego iri]] e kpụrụ n'afọ 1966 gosiri na ọ bụ Patrick Pearse. Ọ bụ naanị mkpụrụ ego Ireland nke gosipụtara onye ọ bụla metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ireland. * Na [[Ballymun]], a kpọrọ ụlọ elu Patrick Pearse aha ya. Ọ bụ nke mbụ n'ime blọk ụlọ elu Ballymun e bibiri na 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130118163235/http://dublincitypubliclibraries.com/dublin-buildings/seven-towers-ballymun Dublin City Public Libraries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118163235/http://dublincitypubliclibraries.com/dublin-buildings/seven-towers-ballymun |date=18 January 2013 }} history of Ballymun Towers</ref> * Na 1999, afọ 100 nke e tinyere Pearse n'ọkwa dịka onye otu [[Gorsedd]] na Pan Celtic [[Eisteddfod]] nke afọ 1899 na [[Cardiff]] (Mgbe o were [[aha Bardic]] Areithiwr) e mere ka ọ pụta ìhè site n'ikpughe ihe e ji kpuchie ihe e dere n'ụlọ ọrụ Consulate General nke Ireland na Wales.<ref>[http://www.ballinagree.freeservers.com/ppearsegd9.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001938/http://www.ballinagree.freeservers.com/ppearsegd9.html|date=4 March 2016}} Account of Gorsedd commemoration, 1999</ref> * Ndị ọrụ ozi Ireland nyere stampụ ozi maka ncheta Pearse na 1966, 1979 na 2008. * A na-akpọ onye edemede [[Prvoslav Vujcic]] aha ya bụ Pearse site n'aha Patrick Pearse.<ref name="Urban Book Circle">{{cite web |url=https://www.urbanbookcircle.com/prvoslav-ldquopearserdquo-vujcic.html |publisher=Urban Book Circle |title=Prvoslav Vujcic biography |access-date=3 March 2019 |date=16 May 2013 |archive-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210135256/https://www.urbanbookcircle.com/prvoslav-ldquopearserdquo-vujcic.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=20 March 2026 |archivedate=10 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210135256/https://www.urbanbookcircle.com/prvoslav-ldquopearserdquo-vujcic.html }}</ref> * Na 2016 [[Leinster GAA]] malitere ihe nrite Pearse iji gosi ọrụ Pearse dịka osote onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Kọleji nke mpaghara ahụ. A na-enye ndị kacha mma n'egwuregwu bọọlụ na ndị na-agba bọọlụ n'asọmpi Leinster kwa afọ ihe nrite ndị a.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dublin and Kilkenny dominate Leinster Pearse medal nominations|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/gaelic-games/dublin-and-kilkenny-dominate-leinster-pearse-medal-nominations-1.2863485|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112143751/http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/gaelic-games/dublin-and-kilkenny-dominate-leinster-pearse-medal-nominations-1.2863485|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Edensibia== {{Reflist|35em}} ==Isi mmalite== * Joost Augusteijn, ''Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary'', 2009. * [[Tim Pat Coogan]], ''Michael Collins''. Hutchinson, 1990. * [[Ruth Dudley Edwards]], ''Patrick Pearse: the Triumph of Failure'', London: Gollancz, 1977. * [[F. S. L. Lyons]], ''Ireland Since the Famine''. London: Collins/Fontana, 1973. * [[Dorothy Macardle]], ''The Irish Republic''. Corgi, 1968. * Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, ''Irish Political Documents 1916–1949''. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1985 * Seán Farrell Moran, ''Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising 1916'', Washington, Catholic University Press, 1994 ** "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt against Reason", na ''The Journal of the History of Ideas'', 50:4 (1989), 625–43 ** "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology: The Irish Republican Tradition and the Sanctification of Political Self-Immolation" na ''The Irish Terrorism Experience'', ed. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29 * Brian Murphy, ''Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal'', Dublin, James Duffy, 1990. * Ruán O'Donnell, ''Patrick Pearse'', Dublin: O'Brien Press, 2016 * Mary Pearse, ''The Home Life of Pádraig Pearse''. Cork: Mercier, 1971. * Patrick Pearse, ''Short Stories''. Trans. Joseph Campbell. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2009 * Elaine Sisson, "Pearse's Patriots: The Cult of Boyhood at St. Enda's". Cork University Press, 2004, repr. 2005 ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons category|Patrick Pearse}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://www.nli.ie/1916/exhibition/en/content/sevensignatories/patrickpearse/ Patrick Pearse], [[National Library of Ireland]] * [https://www.dib.ie/biography/pearse-patrick-henry-a7247 Patrick Henry Pearse], [[Dictionary of Irish Biography]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20251201204453/http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Dublin/Whitechurch/Haroldsgrange_/57855/ Patrick's census information from 1911 while he was still teaching in St. Enda's School] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260410174335/https://census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000133850/ Patrick's census form part-A] * [https://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900007-001/index.html The Murder Machine] – Pearse's groundbreaking article on contemporary Irish education * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040710220732/http://www.1916rising.com/pic_pearse.html 1916 Walking Tour piece on Pearse] * [https://www.ucc.ie/celt/pearsefic.html The Poetry of Pádraig Pearse] {{DEFAULTSORT:Pearse, Patrick}} [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] b68m1vgrw1iremwim8mh5paayl3zeq6 0 74204 744003 631358 2026-11-09T19:28:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 744003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thelma Catherine''' " '''Pat''' " '''Nixon''' (amụrụ '''Ryan'''; Machị 16, 1912 – Juun 22, 1993) bụ [[Nwunye Mbụ nke United States]] site na 1969 ruo 1974 dịka nwunye [[:en:Richard_Nixon|Richard Nixon]], [[President of the United States|onyeisiala nke iri atọ na asaa nke US]]. Site na 1953 ruo 1961, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ nke mba Amerịka mgbe di ya bụ osote onyeisiala [[:en:Dwight_D._Eisenhower|Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. ==Mbido ndụ ya na agbamakwụkwọ ya== A mụrụ ya na [[Nevada]], ya na ụmụnne ya abụọ tolitere na [[California]], na-agụsị akwụkwọ na {{ill|Excelsior Union High School|en}} na 1929.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kinnard, Judith M.|title=Thelma Ryan's Rise: From White Frame to White House|work=The New York Times|date=August 20, 1971}}</ref> Ọ gara Fullerton Junior College na mgbe e mesịrị na {{ill|University of Southern California|en}}. Ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere onye njikwa ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, onye na-ese redio, na onye na-ere ahịa. Ọ malitere ọrụ malite mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe nne ya nwụchara, mechaakwa papa ya.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Lady Hailed on Return 'Home'|work=The New York Times|date=September 6, 1969|page=18}}</ref><ref name="silentpartner">{{cite magazine|title=The Silent Partner|magazine=Time|date=February 29, 1960|access-date=November 9, 2007|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873226-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612222539/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873226-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 12, 2010}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na California, Pat Ryan zutere Richard Nixon, bụ nwa okorobịa ọkàiwu nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nso nso a na {{ill|Duke University|en}}. Ha abụọ bịara mara ma kwadoo nwa oge tupu ha emechaa lụọ na June 21, 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pat Nixon Biography |url=https://www.nixonfoundation.org/resources/pat-nixon-biography/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706030402/https://www.nixonfoundation.org/resources/pat-nixon-biography/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-03-22 |archivedate=2023-07-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706030402/https://www.nixonfoundation.org/resources/pat-nixon-biography/ }}</ref> ==Oru ndọrọ ọchịchị na dị ka First Lady== A maara dị ka "Nixon otu", Richard na Pat Nixon gbakọrọ aka na mkpọsa ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ya na-aga nke ọma nke 1946 na 1948. A họpụtara Richard Nixon osote onye isi ala na 1952 n'akụkụ General Dwight D. Eisenhower, ebe Pat ghọrọ nwanyị nke abụọ. Pat Nixon mere ọtụtụ ihe iji gbakwunye ihe na ọrụ ahụ, na-ekwusi ike na ileta ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe a na-elekọta ụmụ mgbei, ụlọ ọgwụ, na ahịa obodo ka ọ na-eme ọtụtụ ozi ihu ọma n'ofe ụwa. Mgbe Richard meriri obere ntuli aka 1968, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ. Dị ka nwanyị mbụ, Pat Nixon kwalitere ọtụtụ ọrụ ebere, gụnyere ọrụ afọ ofufo. Ọ na-ahụ maka nchịkọta nke ihe karịrị narị akụkụ 600 nke nka na ihe eji eme akụkọ ihe mere eme maka {{ill|White House|en}}, nnweta karịrị nke nchịkwa ọ bụla ọzọ. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ kacha eme njem na akụkọ ntolite US, ndekọ enweghị atụ ruo mgbe afọ 25 gachara. O so onye isi ala dịka nwunye mbụ gara [[China]] na [[:en:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], ma bụrụ nwunye onye isi ala nke mbụ a ga-ahọpụta onye nnọchi anya [[United States]] na njem naanị ya na [[Africa]] na [[South America]], bụ nke nwetara amara ya dị ka "Madame Ambassador"; ọ bụkwa nwunye mbụ batara na mpaghara ọgụ.<ref name="PN Biography: Richard Nixon Library">{{cite web|url= http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=PNbio|title= Biography of First Lady Pat Nixon|access-date= October 8, 2007|year= 2005|publisher= Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation|archive-date= June 8, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150608135258/http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=PNbio|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Reif, Rita|title=A Decorator for Nixons Gives Julie A Bit of Help|work=The New York Times|date=November 30, 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Bender, Marylin|title=Pat Nixon: A Diplomat in High Heels|work=The New York Times|date=July 28, 1960|page=31}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a họpụtara di ya ọzọ na mmeri dị ukwuu na 1972, oge ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ kwụsịrị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe President Nixon gbara arụkwaghịm n'ime mkparị Watergate.<ref>{{cite book | last=Mason |first=Robert |title=Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority | url=https://archive.org/details/richardnixonques00maso | url-access=limited |publisher=UNC Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8078-2905-6| page=[https://archive.org/details/richardnixonques00maso/page/n37 25]}}</ref> ==Ọnwụ ya== Ọdịdị ihu ọha ya bịara na-esiwanye ike mgbe e mesịrị na ọchịchị. Ya na di ya biri na California, ma mesịa kwaga [[New Jersey]]. Ọ dara ọrịa strok abụọ, otu na 1976 na nke ọzọ na 1983, a chọpụtakwara na ọ nwere ọrịa cancer akpa ume na 1992. Ọ nwụrụ na June 22, 1993 mgbe ọ dị afọ 81, ụmụ ya nwanyị na di ya nọkwa n'akụkụ ya.<ref name="houses">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/06/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/06colnj.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/N/Nixon,%20Richard%20Milhous|title=Final Days for a Moldy Nixon Retreat|access-date=August 2, 2008|date=May 6, 2007|author=Coyne, Kevin|work=The New York Times|archive-date=April 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417101446/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/06/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/06colnj.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/N/Nixon,%20Richard%20Milhous|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D61631F933A15754C0A966958260|author=Apple, R. W. Jr.|title=Another Nixon Summit, At His Library|work=The New York Times|date=July 20, 1990|access-date=November 9, 2007|archive-date=September 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921120102/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/20/us/another-nixon-summit-at-his-library.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration |page=1157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axYYAAAAYAAJ |language=en |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705071255/https://books.google.com/books?id=axYYAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} miahsvu19iy03t5sziwwxcp7sjb7342 0 75315 744016 722887 2026-11-09T22:35:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744016 wikitext text/x-wiki Bacteria dị ebe niile, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-ebi ndụ n'efu na-enwekarị otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha mejupụtara nnukwu ngalaba nke nje ntakịrị ndị na-enwe otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị micromita ole na ole n'ogologo, '''Nje bacteria''' so n'ụdị ndụ ndị mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ma dịrị n'ọtụtụ [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] ya ndị e nwegasịrị. Bacteria na-ebi na ikuku, ala, mmiri, mmiri ndị na-agbapụta na nkume dị n'ụdị asiid, Ihe mkpofu radioactive, na ebe omimi Biosphere nke ụwa. Bacteria na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọkwá nke usoro nkesa nri site na imegharị na ibugharị ihe oriri na nkedo nke nitrogen sitere na ikuku. Usoro mmeghari na mbughari nri gụnyere ire ure nke ozu; nje bacteria na-ahụ maka ọkwa ire ure na usoro a. N'ime obodo ihe ndị dị ndụ dị nke gbara oghere hydrothermal gburugburu nakwa isi mmiri jụrụ oyi, nje bacteria extremophile na-enye ihe oriri dị mkpa iji mee ka ndụ dịgide site na ịgbanwe ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze, dị ka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike. Bacteria na-ebikwa ndụ inwe mmekọrịta onye rie ibe ya erie, onye rie ibe ya ahapụ nakwa nke orim egbum ha na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. A kọwabeghị nke ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ọmụmụ nje bacteria, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha. A maara ọmụmụ nke nje bacteria dị ka bacteriology, alaka nke isi ọmụmụ Microbiology. Dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ niile, ụmụ mmadụ bukwa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu (ihe dị ka 10¹³ ruo 10¹⁴) nke Nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sender|first=Ron|title=Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body|journal=PLOS Biology|date=19 August 2016|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533|pmid=27541692}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'ime eriri afọ, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ n' akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime nje bacteria dị n'ime na n'elu ahụ anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke e dowere n'ọnọdụ a site na mmetụta nchebe nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, bụrụkwa na ọtụtụ n'ime nke ndị a bara uru, ọkachasị ndị dị na eriri afọ.<ref name="McCutcheon">{{Cite journal|title=The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections|journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology|volume=37|issue=1|pages=115–142|date=October 2021|pmid=34242059|doi=10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa, ọkachasị ọtụtụ Ọrịa na-efe efe, gụnyere ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, sifilis, anthrax, ekpenta, ụkwara nta, tetanus na ọrịa bubonic. Ọrịa nje bacteria ndị kachasị njọ bụ ọrịa iku ume. A na-eji ọgwụ nje agwọ ọrịa nje ma na-ejikwa ha n'ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ka iguzogide ọgwụ nje bụrụ nsogbu na-arịwanye elu. Bacteria dị mkpa na ọgwụgwọ nsị na mgbari nke [[Mmanu mmanu|mwufu mmanụ ike]], mmepụta nke cheese na yogọt site na mgbaze, iweghachite ọlaedo, palladium, ọla kọpa na ọla ndị ọzọ na ngalaba ngwupụta ihe (Biomining, Bioleaching), yana na biotechnology, nakwa na mmepụta ọgwụ nje na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. A na-ewebu ha dị ka [[Osisi|akụmakụ]] ndị mejupụtara klas Schizomycetes ("fission fungi"), mana e kenyere ''nje bacteria'' ugbu a dị ka nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ. N'adịghị ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nje ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ, mkpụrụ ndụ nje nwere chromosomes dị gburugburu, enweghị nucleus ma na-adịghị enwekarịkwa organelle ndị membrane na-ejikọta. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu a bụ nje bacteria na-agụnye nje niile ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ, nhazi ga n'ụdị sayensị gbanwere mgbe e mechara nchọpụta nke afọ ndị 1990 na nke ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ (prokaryotes) nwere òtù ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na otu nna nna ochie. A na-akpọ ngalaba evolushọn ndị a Bacteria na Archaea. N'adịghị ka Archaea, nje bacteria nwere lipids ejikọrọ ha na ester na membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Santhosh|first=Poornima Budime|title=Archaeosomes: New Generation of Liposomes Based on Archaeal Lipids for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications|journal=ACS Omega|date=10 January 2023|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1021/acsomega.2c06034|pmid=36643444}}</ref> nweekwa ihe ndị na-eme ka ha gbatịa too ogologo ndị na-eguzogide ADP-ribosylation sitere na nsị diphtheria, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kessel|first=Michael|title=Archaebacterial elongation factor is ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1980-09-18_287_5779/page/250|journal=Nature|date=September 1980|volume=287|issue=5779|pages=250–251|doi=10.1038/287250a0|pmid=6776409}}</ref> na-eji formylmethionine na mmalite nke mmepụta protin <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Falb|first=Michaela|title=Archaeal N-terminal Protein Maturation Commonly Involves N-terminal Acetylation: A Large-scale Proteomics Survey|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|date=October 2006|volume=362|issue=5|pages=915–924|doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.086|pmid=16950390}}</ref> ma nwee ọtụtụ ọdịiche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gụnyere 16S rRNA dị iche.<ref name="pmid37129483">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial Diversity Biased Estimation Caused by Intragenomic Heterogeneity and Interspecific Conservation of 16S rRNA Genes|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=89|issue=5|pages=e0210822|date=May 2023|pmid=37129483|doi=10.1128/aem.02108-22|url=}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Bacillus_subtilis_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Bacillus subtilis'' dị ka osisi igwe ]] Okwu a bụ ''nje ''bacterium'''' (/bækˈtɪəriə/ i; sg.: ''nje bacteria'') bụ ụbara nke ụdị Neo-Latin ya bụ bacterium, nke bụ ịsụgharị ya n'asụsụ Roman nke okwu Grik oge ochie bụ βακτήριον (''baktḗrion''), ụdị obere nke βακτηρία (''baktēría''), nke pụtara 'osisi' ma ọ bụ 'mkpara', n'ihi na ndị mbụ a chọpụtara nwere Ọdịdị osisi. == Ihe ọmụma banyere nje Bacteria == Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ puku iri anọ na atọ nke ụdị nje bacteria ndị a gụrụla aha, mana amụbeghị maka ọtụtụ n'ime ha. N'ezie, naanị ụdị nje bacteria iri mejupụtara ọkara nke akwụkwọ niile a na-ebipụta gbasara nje bacteria, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent iri asaa na ise nke nje bacteria niile a kpọrọla aha enweghị nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ ọbula lekwasịrị ha anya.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /> Ụdị a kacha mụọ maka ha, ''Escherichia coli'', nwere ihe karịrị ọmụmụ narị puku atọ e bipụtara na ha, <ref name="Jensen-2025" /> mana ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ mbipụta ndị a nwere ike iji ya naanị dị ka ihe nlere anya imepụta ụdị yiri ya iji mụọ maka ụdị ndị ọzọ, n'enyeghị nghọta ọ bụla banyere ịdị ndụ ya. Pasent iri itoolu nke ihe ọmụmụ sayensị banyere nje bacteria na-elekwasị anya na ihe na-erughị otu pasent nke ụdị nke ndị e nwegasịrị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụrụ nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa ndị metụtara ahụike mmadụ.<ref name="Jensen-2025" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|title=These are the 20 most-studied bacteria — the majority have been ignored|journal=Nature|date=23 January 2025|volume=637|issue=8047|pages=770–771|doi=10.1038/d41586-025-00038-x|pmid=39794431}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na E. coli bụ ma eleghị anya nje bacteria a kacha mụọ maka ya, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya dị puku anọ ka a na-amụghị nke ọma maka ha ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke a na-amaghị. Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere obere genomes (na-erughi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa narị isii, dịka ''Mycoplasma'') na-enwekarị akụkụ dị ukwuu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha niile nke e mere ka na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị mkpa echekwara n'ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Médigue|first=Claudine|date=December 2007|title=Annotation, comparison and databases for hundreds of bacterial genomes|journal=Research in Microbiology|volume=158|issue=10|pages=724–736|doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.009|pmid=18031997}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite na Mmalite evolushọn == [[Faịlụ:Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg|thumb|Osisi phylogenetic nke Bacteria, Archaea na Eukarya, ya na nna nna ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LUCA) na mgbọrọgwụ <ref name="pmid2112744">{{Cite journal|title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1990-06_87_12/page/4576|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=87|issue=12|pages=4576–79|date=June 1990|pmid=2112744|doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576}}</ref>]] Ndị nna nna nke nje bacteria bụ microorganism ndị nwere naanị otu mkpụrụ ndụ bụ Ụdị ndụ mbụ pụtara n'ụwa, ihe dị ka ijeri afọ anọ gara aga. Ruo ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ, ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ha naanị otu a ga-ejinwu igwe microscope hụ ha, ebe nje bacteria na archaea bụ ụdị ndị dị ndụ kachasị n'ọnụ ọgụ. <ref name="pmid31475212">{{Cite journal|title=Human microbial ecology and the rising new medicine|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=7|issue=14|date=July 2019|pmid=31475212|doi=10.21037/atm.2019.06.56}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1994-07-19_91_15/page/6735|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=91|issue=15|pages=6735–42|date=July 1994|pmid=8041691|doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2001-08_50_4/page/470|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=50|issue=4|pages=470–78|date=August 2001|pmid=12116647|doi=10.1080/106351501750435040}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na fossils nke nje bacteria dị, dị ka stromatolites, enweghị ọdịdị kpọmkwem ha gbochiri iji ha mee nnyocha nke akụkọ mmalite nje, ma ọ bụ iji nye deeti nke oge mmalite nke otu ụdị nje bacteria. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ihe iji wughachi phylogeny nke nje bacteria, ebe ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-egosi na nje bacteria buru ụzọ kewapụ site na usoro archaeal / eukaryotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_1997-12_61_4/page/456|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=61|issue=4|pages=456–502|date=December 1997|doi=10.1128/mmbr.61.4.456-502.1997|pmid=9409149}}</ref> Onye nna ochie kachasị ọhụrụ (MRCA) nke nje bacteria na archaea nwere ike ịbụ hyperthermophile nke biri ihe dị ka ijeri afọ abụọ na ọkara ruo afọ atọ na ụma abụọ gara aga.<ref name="pmid29894297">{{Cite journal|title=Twitch or swim: towards the understanding of prokaryotic motion based on the type IV pilus blueprint|journal=Biological Chemistry|volume=399|issue=7|pages=799–808|date=June 2018|pmid=29894297|doi=10.1515/hsz-2018-0157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_2003-12_57_6/page/721|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=57|issue=6|pages=721–30|date=December 2003|pmid=14745541|doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|date=November 2004|pmid=15535883|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}</ref> Ndụ mbụ e nwere n'ala nwere ike ịbụ nje bacteria ihe dị ka ijeri afọ atọ na ụma iri abụọ na abụọ gara aga.<ref name="NG-20180723">{{Cite journal|title=Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago|date=23 July 2018|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|volume=11|issue=9|pages=665–671|doi=10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9|url=https://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-01901955/file/Homann%20et%20al.%202018%20-%20accepted-1.pdf}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bacteria sonyekwara na akụkọ oke mgbasa ihe e kere eke nke abụọ, nke archaea na nke ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (eukaryotes).<ref name="Gabaldón">{{Cite journal|title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=75|issue=1|pages=631–647|date=October 2021|pmid=34343017|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213}}</ref><ref name="Callier">{{Cite journal|title=Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=8 June 2022|doi=10.1146/knowable-060822-2}}</ref> N'ebe a, ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ malitere mgbe nje bacteria ochie banyere na mmekọrịta endosymbiotic, ha na ndị nna nna ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ, ndị nke n'onwe ha nwere ike ha metụtara Archaea.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes|journal=BioEssays|volume=29|issue=1|pages=74–84|date=January 2007|pmid=17187354|doi=10.1002/bies.20516}}</ref><ref name="Dyall">{{Cite journal|title=Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-04-09_304_5668/page/253|journal=Science|volume=304|issue=5668|pages=253–257|date=April 2004|pmid=15073369|doi=10.1126/science.1094884}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere nlomi nke sitere na proto-eukaryotic cells nke alphaproteobacterial symbionts iji mepụta mitochondria maọbu hydrogenosomes, nke a ka na-ahụ na Eukarya niile a maara (mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdịe mere ka ọ dị nta n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu, ọmụmaatu n'ụdị amitochondrial protozoa).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katiyar|first=Santosh K.|title=Comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences from amitochondrial protozoa: implications for processing, mRNA binding and paromomycin susceptibility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gene_1995-01-11_152_1/page/27|journal=Gene|date=January 1995|volume=152|issue=1|pages=27–33|doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)00677-K|pmid=7828924}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tůmová|first=Pavla|title=Inheritance of the reduced mitochondria of Giardia intestinalis is coupled to the flagellar maturation cycle|journal=BMC Biology|date=December 2021|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-01129-7|pmid=34493257}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwerela mitochondria mitochondria lomiri ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị yiri cyanobacteria, nke wetara mmepụta nke chloroplasts na algae na n'akụmakụ. Nke a ka amaara dịka primary endosymbiosis.<ref name="pmid34018613">{{Cite journal|title=Why is primary endosymbiosis so rare?|journal=The New Phytologist|volume=231|issue=5|pages=1693–1699|date=September 2021|pmid=34018613|doi=10.1111/nph.17478}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Nje bacteria di ebe niile, na-ebi n'ebe ọbula ohere dị n'elu ụwa gụnyere aja, n'okpuru mmiri, n'ime ime ala, ọbụnadị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ahụ dị egwu dị ka mmiri ndị si na nkume agbapụta dị ọkụ ma dịkwa n'ụdị asiid yana n'ebe mkpofu radioactive.<ref name="pmid17331729">{{Cite journal|title=Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=165–171|date=April 2007|pmid=17331729|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005}}</ref><ref name="pmid33114255">{{Cite journal|title=Extremophilic Microorganisms for the Treatment of Toxic Pollutants in the Environment|journal=Molecules|volume=25|issue=21|date=October 2020|pmid=33114255|doi=10.3390/molecules25214916}}</ref> A na-eche na nchịkọta na e nwere 2×10³⁰ nje bacteria n'elu ụwa,<ref name="pmid30760902">{{Cite journal|title=Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=17|issue=4|pages=247–260|date=April 2019|pmid=30760902|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9}}</ref> na-aghọ nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ọ bú naanị akụmakụ ka ha n'ọnụ ọgụ .<ref name="Bar-On">{{Cite journal|title=The biomass distribution on Earth|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=25|pages=6506–6511|date=June 2018|pmid=29784790|doi=10.1073/pnas.1711842115}}</ref> Ha mụbara amụba na mmírí ndị na-adọ adọ nakwa n'osimiri, na arctic ice, yana geothermal springs ebe ha na-enyw nri ndị a chọrọ maka ịdị ndụ site n'igbanwe ihe ndị gbazerela agbaze dịka hydrogen sulphide na methane, ka ha nye ike.<ref name="pmid34203823">{{Cite journal|title=Molecular Physiology of Anaerobic Phototrophic Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=22|issue=12|date=June 2021|pmid=34203823|doi=10.3390/ijms22126398}}</ref> Ha na-ebi n'elu nakwa n'ime akụmakụ na n'ụmụ anumanu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị akpata ọria, bara uru na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ma bụrụ ndị a chọrọ maka ndụ.<ref name="McCutcheon" /> Ala bụ nnukwu isi iyi nke nje bacteria, ebe gram ole na ole nke aja na-enwe agbata nde kwuru ndè nke njé . Ha niile bátá uru nye ọdịdị ala, na-agbari ihe mkpofu ndị nwere nsi, ma na-enughari ike. A na-ahụ ha ọbụnadị na ikuku, ebe otu kubik mita ikuku nwere ndè otu narị nke mkpụrụ ndụ bacteria. Oke osimiri na iyi hanwa nwe gburugburu ọnụ ọgụgụ nje dị 3 &#xD7; 10²⁶ nke na-eweta ihe ruru pasent iri ise nke ikuku ndụ ndị mmadụ na-eku. Naanị agbata pasent abụọ nke ụdị nje dị iche iche e nwere ka amụrụla nke ọma maka ha. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto" |+Nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha !Ebe obibi !Ụdị dị iche iche !Ihe odide |- |Okpomọkụ (ma e wezụga 15 °C Antarctica) &nbsp; |Cryptoendoliths |[48] |- |Okpomọkụ (70-121 °C): isi iyi, ikuku Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru mmiri, mkpo oké osimiri&nbsp;Akpụkpọ ahụ |''Thermus aquaticus'' |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The search for life on Europa: limiting environmental factors, potential habitats, and Earth analogues|journal=Astrobiology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=785–811|date=December 2003|pmid=14987483|doi=10.1089/153110703322736105}}</ref>[47]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Temperature limits to deep subseafloor life in the Nankai Trough subduction zone|journal=Science|volume=370|issue=6521|pages=1230–1234|date=December 2020|pmid=33273103|doi=10.1126/science.abd7934|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5b65v425}}</ref> |- |Rad, 5MRad |''Deinococcus radiodurans'' |[48] |- |nnu, 47% nnu (Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, Great Salt Lake) |ụdị dị iche iche |[47][48] |- |Acid pH 3 |ụdị dị iche iche |<ref name="pmid17331729"/> |- |Alkaline pH 12.8 |betaproteobacteria |[48] |- |Space (afọ 6 na satellite NASA) |''Bacillus subtilis'' |[48] |- |3.2 kilomita n'okpuru ala&nbsp; |ụdị dị iche iche |[48] |- |Nnukwu nrụgide (Mariana Trench - 1200 atm) |Moritella, Shewanella na ndị ọzọ |[48] |} == Ọdịdị == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg|alt=a diagram showing bacteria morphology|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bacteria na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ọdịdị na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ]] '''Nha maọbu ogologo'''. Bacteria na-egosipụta ọdịdị na nha dịgasị iche iche. Mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria bụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic ma na-adịkarị 0.5 ruo 5.0 micrometers n'ogologo. Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụ ụdị ole na ole na anya nkịtị - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' ruru ọkara milimita n'ogologo, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Big bacteria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2001_55/page/105|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=55|pages=105–137|year=2001|pmid=11544351|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105}}</ref> ''Epulopiscium fishelsoni'' ruru 0.7 mm, <ref name="Williams2011">{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=Who are you calling simple?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-scientist_2011-07-16_211_2821/page/38|journal=New Scientist|volume=211|issue=2821|pages=38–41|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61709-0}}</ref> ebe ''Thiomargarita magnifica'' nwere ike iru ọbụna cm abụọ n'ogologo, nke ji okpukpu iri ise karịa nje bacteria ndị ọzọ a maara. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.abb3634|title=A centimeter-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2022-06-24_376_6600/page/1453|date=2022|journal=Science|volume=376|issue=6600|pages=1453–1458|pmid=35737788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Largest bacterium ever found is surprisingly complex|journal=Nature|date=June 2022|pmid=35750919|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01757-1}}</ref> N'etiti ndị kacha obere na nje bacteria bụ ndị òtù ''Mycoplasma'', ndị na-adị naanị 0.3 micrometers, dị obere ka Nje virus kachasị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bacteriology_1975-11_124_2/page/1007|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=124|issue=2|pages=1007–1018|date=November 1975|pmid=1102522|doi=10.1128/JB.124.2.1007-1018.1975}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịdị obere karịa nke a, mana a naghị amụ nke ọma banyere Ultramicrobcteria ndị a.<ref name="Velimirov2001">{{Cite journal|year=2001|title=Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium|journal=Microbes and Environments|volume=16|issue=2|pages=67–77|doi=10.1264/jsme2.2001.67}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ọdịdị''' Ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria dị ma ọ bụghị n'ụdị gbara okirikiri, a na-akpọ ''cocci'' (''otu coccus'', sitere n'asụsụ Greek ''kokkos'', ọka, mkpụrụ), ọ bụrụ n'ụdị osisi, a na-akpọ ''bacilli'' (sing. bacillus, site na Latịn ''baculus'', nkụ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Living at Micro Scale|url=https://archive.org/details/livingatmicrosca0000duse|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03116-6|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=[https://archive.org/details/livingatmicrosca0000duse/page/20 20]–25|language=en}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria, nke a na-akpọ ''vibrio'', na-adị ka osisi ndị gbagọtụrụ agbagọ ma ọ bụ nke dị ka ákàrà rịkọm; ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdị n'ụdị fịkọtụrụ afịkọ a na-akpọ ''spirilla'', ma ọ bụ fịkọsiri ike, nke a kpọrọ ''spirochaetes''. A kọwaala ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọdịdị ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka nje bacteria dị ka kpakpando.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=80|issue=1|pages=187–203|date=March 2016|pmid=26864431|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00031-15}}</ref> Ụdị dịgasị iche iche a ka a na-ekpebi site na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nje na cytoskeleton ma dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imetụta ikike nje bacteria ahụ inweta ihe oriri, ịrapara n'elu ihe, igwu egwu ka na mmiri ma gbapụnahụ ndị na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial cell shape|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=3|issue=8|pages=601–10|date=August 2005|pmid=16012516|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The selective value of bacterial shape|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2006-09_70_3/page/660|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=70|issue=3|pages=660–703|date=September 2006|pmid=16959965|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00001-06}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Relative_scale.svg|thumb|Ụdị nha nke prokaryotes (Bacteria) gosipụtara, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na Biomolecules ]] == Ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ Ya == [[Faịlụ:Prokaryote_cell.svg|alt=Prokaryote cell with structure and parts|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdịdị na ndịnaya nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria Gram-positive (nke a na-ahụ site n'eziokwu na ọ bụ naanị ''otu'' membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị) ]] == Omume == === Ịgagharị === [[Faịlụ:Dvulgaris_micrograph.JPG|thumb|Transmission electron micrograph na-egosi ''Desulfovibrio vulgaris'' na-egosi otu flagellum n'otu nsọtụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ogwe aka bụ 0.5 micrometers n'ogologo]] Ọtụtụ nje bacteria na agagharị agagharị (nke nwere ike ịnọgharị onwe ya) ma mee ya site na iji usoro dịgasị iche iche. Ihe kachasị mma a mụrụ n'ime ndị a bụ flagella, ogologo eriri nke moto na-atụgharị na ala ya iji mepụta mmegharị dị ka propeller.<ref name="Bardy">{{Cite journal|title=Electron microscopic observations of prokaryotic surface appendages|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=55|issue=12|pages=919–26|date=December 2017|pmid=29214488|doi=10.1007/s12275-017-7369-4}}</ref> A na-eji ihe dị ka protein iri abụọ eme flagellum nke nje bacteria, yana ihe dị ka proteins iri atọ ọzọ achọrọ maka nhazi na nchịkọta ya.<ref name="Bardy" /> Flagellum bụ ihe na-agbagharị agbagharị nke a na-eji motor nwere ike ila azụ nke na-eji gradient electrochemical gafee membrane maka ike n'ala ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The bacterial flagellum: reversible rotary propellor and type III export apparatus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bacteriology_1999-12_181_23/page/7149|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=181|issue=23|pages=7149–53|date=December 1999|pmid=10572114|doi=10.1128/JB.181.23.7149-7153.1999}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Flagella.svg|thumb|Ndokwa dị iche iche nke flagella nke bacteria: A-Monotrichous; B-Lophotrichois; C-Amphitrichous, D-Peritrichous]] Bacteria nwere ike iji flagella n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji mepụta ụdị mmegharị dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ nje bacteria (dị ka E. coli) nwere ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ịgagharị: ịga n'ihu (dịka igwu mmiri) na ịsụgharị isi. Nsụgharị isi a na-enye ha ohere ịmegharị ma mee ka ngagharị ha bụrụ njem atọ na-enweghị isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Collective bacterial dynamics revealed using a three-dimensional population-scale defocused particle tracking technique|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2006-07_72_7/page/4987|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=72|issue=7|pages=4987–94|date=July 2006|pmid=16820497|doi=10.1128/AEM.00158-06}}</ref> Ụdị nje bacteria dị iche na-adị iche site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na nhazi nke flagella n'elu ha; ụfọdụ nwere otu flagellum (monotrichous), flagellum na njedebe ọ bụla (''amphitrichous'', ụyọkọ flagella na ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ (''lophotrichous'') ebe ndị ọzọ nwere flagella gbasara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ dum (''peritrichous''). A na-ahụ flagella nke ''otu ụdị'' bacteria, spirochaetes, n'etiti membranes abụọ na oghere periplasmic. Ha nwere ahụ dị iche dị n'ụdị helix nke na-agbagharị ma ọ na-agagharị.<ref name="Bardy" /> A na-akpọ ụdị mmegharị nje abụọ ọzọ twitching motility nke na-adabere na usoro a na-ahụ anya a na-akpọ ụdị IV pilus, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Type IV pili and twitching motility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2002_56/page/289|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=56|pages=289–314|year=2002|pmid=12142488|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160938}}</ref> na gliding motility, nke na-eji usoro ndị ọzọ. Na twitching motility, pilus yiri osisi na-agbatị pụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ, jikọta ụfọdụ ihe, wee laghachi azụ, na-adọta mkpụrụ ndụ n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-09-07_407_6800/page/98|journal=Nature|volume=407|issue=6800|pages=98–102|date=September 2000|pmid=10993081|doi=10.1038/35024105}}</ref> Nje bacteria na-agagharị agagharị na-enwe ndọta ma ọ bụ nchụpụ site na ụfọdụ Ihe na-akpali akpali na omume a na-akpọ ''taxes'': ndị a gụnyere chemotaxis, fototaxisenergy taxes na Magnetotaxis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chemotaxis-guided movements in bacteria|journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine|volume=15|issue=4|pages=207–20|date=July 2004|pmid=15284186|doi=10.1177/154411130401500404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial energy taxis: a global strategy?|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=192|issue=7|pages=507–20|date=July 2010|pmid=20411245|doi=10.1007/s00203-010-0575-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biophysical-journal_1997-08_73_2/page/994|journal=Biophysical Journal|volume=73|issue=2|pages=994–1000|date=August 1997|pmid=9251816|doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78132-3}}</ref> N'otu ìgwè pụrụ iche, myxobacteria, nje bacteria n'otu n'otu na-aga n'otu iji mepụta ọyọkọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-emecha nọrọ iche iche iji mepụta ahụ na-amị mkpụrụ nwere spores.<ref name="Kaiser">{{Cite journal|title=Signaling in myxobacteria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/75|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=75–98|year=2004|pmid=15487930|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620}}</ref> Myxobacteria na-agagharị naanị mgbe ha nọ n'elu ihe siri ike, n'adịghị ka E. coli, nke na-agagharị ma na mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike.<ref name="pmid21910630">{{Cite journal|title=Uncovering the mystery of gliding motility in the myxobacteria|journal=[[Annual Review of Genetics]]|volume=45|pages=21–39|date=2011|pmid=21910630|doi=10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132547}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị Listeria na ''Shigella'' na-agagharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-echekwa ha site na iweghara cytoskeleton, nke a na-ejikarị eme ka organelle ndị dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-emeghari emegharị. Site n'ịkwalite polymeration actin n'otu ogwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha, ha nwere ike ịmepụta ụdị ọdụ nke ga-akwagharị ha site na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ ha nọ na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2001-12_65_4/page/595|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=65|issue=4|pages=595–626, table of contents|date=December 2001|pmid=11729265|doi=10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001}}</ref> == Nchịkọta na njirimara == [[Faịlụ:Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg|alt=blue stain of Streptococcus mutans|thumb|''Streptococcus mutans'' nke e ji Gram stain hụ]] [[Faịlụ:Anillo_de_la_vida.png|thumb|300x300px|Osisi phylogenetic na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche nke Nje bacteria, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. N'ebe a, nnukwu ìgwè atọ na-anọchite anya nje bacteria: CPR Ultramicrobacterium, Bacillati na Gracilicutes dị ka nnyocha genomic nke afọ 2019 <ref name="Zhu">{{Cite journal|title=Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|date=December 2019|pmid=31792218|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13443-4}}</ref>]] Dị ka ọ dị na nkewa nje bacteria, njirimara nke nje bacteria na-ejikarị usoro molecular n'ebe ọ na-abawanye ụba [./Bacteria#cite_note-pmid33809163-202 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] na mass spectroscopy. <ref name="pmid34041492">{{Cite journal|title=MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy Applications in Clinical Microbiology|journal=Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=2021|issue=|date=2021|pmid=34041492|doi=10.1155/2021/9928238|url=}}</ref> A kọwabeghị ọtụtụ nje bacteria ma enwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-apụghị ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha.<ref name="Dudek">{{Cite journal|title=Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=24|pages=3752–62|year=2017|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040|pmid=29153320}}</ref> Nnyocha site na iji ngwaọrụ ndị dabeere na DNA, dị ka polymerase chain reaction, na-ewu ewu n'ihi njirimara ịdị kpọmkwem ha, na ịdị ọsọ ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases|journal=CMAJ|volume=163|issue=3|pages=301–09|date=August 2000|pmid=10951731|doi=10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00220-x}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị a na-enyekwa ohere ịchọpụta na nhọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ "dị ndụ ma a bụghị nke a ga-azụlite" nke na-arụ ọrụ na metabolism ma a dịghị ekewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria|journal=Journal of Microbiology|volume=43 Spec No|pages=93–100|date=February 2005|pmid=15765062|url=http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134|archive-date=2007-09-28|access-date=2026-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032546/http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ụzọ bụ isi iji kọwaa ma kewaa nje bacteria ndị a bụ ikewapụ DNA ha site na ihe nlele gburugburu ebe obibi ma soro ha n'usoro ebe o buru ibu. Usoro a achọpụtala ọtụtụ puku, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndè ụdị. Dabere na atụmatụ ụfọdụ, akọwaala ihe karịrị ụdị nje bacteria puku iri anọ na atọ, mana mgbalị iji tụọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ole ha dị n'ezie nke nje bacteria dị iche iche anọọla n'agbata ụdị 10⁷ ruo 10⁹ - ọbụnakwa atụmatụ ndị a dị iche iche nwere ike ịkwụsị site na ọtụtụ usoro nke ịdị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Estimating prokaryotic diversity and its limits|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2002-08-06_99_16/page/10494|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=99|issue=16|pages=10494–99|date=August 2002|pmid=12097644|doi=10.1073/pnas.142680199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Status of the microbial census|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2004-12_68_4/page/686|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=68|issue=4|pages=686–91|date=December 2004|pmid=15590780|doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.4.686-691.2004}}</ref> == Nkewasị == === Nkewasị ziri ezi === E bipụtara phyla ndị a na-esonụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị n'anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka e gosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike: <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes|journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol|year=2021|volume=71|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.005056|pmid=34694987}}</ref><ref name="Parte-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Parte|first=Aidan C.|date=2020-11-01|title=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5607–5612|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004332|pmid=32701423}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *[[Abditibacteriota]] *[[Acidobacteriota]] *[[Actinomycetota]] *[[Aquificota]] *[[Armatimonadota]] *[[Atribacterota]] *[[Bacillota]] *[[Bacteroidota]] *[[Balneolales|Balneolota]] *[[Caldisericota]] *[[Caldithrix|Calditrichota]] *[[Chlamydiota]] *[[Green sulfur bacteria|Chlorobiota]] *[[Chloroflexota]] *[[Chrysiogenota]] *[[Coprothermobacterota]] *[[Cyanobacteria|Cyanobacteriota]] *[[Deferribacterota]] *[[Deinococcota]] *[[Dictyoglomus|Dictyoglomerota]] *[[Elusimicrobiota]] *[[Fibrobacterota]] *'''[[Fidelibacter]]ota''' *[[Fusobacteriota]] *[[Gemmatimonadota]] *[[Kiritimatiellota]] *[[Lentisphaerota]] *[[Minisyncoccota]] *[[Mycoplasmatota]] *[[Nitrospinota]] *[[Nitrospirota]] *[[Planctomycetota]] *[[Pseudomonadota]] *[[Rhodothermota]] *[[Spirochaete|Spirochaetota]] *[[Synergistota]] *[[Thermodesulfobacteriota]] *[[Thermomicrobiota]] *[[Thermotogae|Thermotogota]] *[[Verrucomicrobiota]] *'''[[Vulcanimicrobiota]]'''{{div col end}} === Phyla a ga-achọ === A tụwo aro phyla ndị a, mana ebipụtabeghị ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka Usoro Prokaryotic si dị; phyla ndị na-anọghị n'alaeze ọ bụla ka egosipụtara na ndị na-achasi ike:<ref name="Parte-2020"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katayama|first=Taiki|date=2024|title=Fidelibacter multiformis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a deep subsurface aquifer and proposal of Fidelibacterota phyl. nov., formerly called Marine Group A, SAR406 or Candidatus Marinimicrobia|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=74|issue=10|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.006558|pmid=39465541}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=170px}} *"[[Acetithermota]]" *'''"[[Aerophobota]]"''' *'''"[[Auribacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Babelota]]"''' *'''"[[Binatota]]"''' *"[[Bipolaricaulota]]" *'''"[[Caldipriscota]]"''' *'''"[[Calescibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Canglongiota]]"''' *"[[Cloacimonadota]]" *'''"[[Cosmopoliota]]"''' *'''"[[Cryosericota]]"''' *'''"[[Deferrimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Dormiibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Effluvivivacota]]"''' *'''"[[Electryoneota]]"''' *'''"[[Elulimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Fermentibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Fervidibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Goldiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Heilongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Hinthialibacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrogenedentota]]"''' *'''"[[Hydrothermota]]"''' *'''"[[Kapaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Krumholzibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Kryptoniota]]"''' *"[[Latescibacterota]]" *'''"[[Lernaellota]]"''' *"[[Lithacetigenota]]" *'''"[[Macinerneyibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Margulisiibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Methylomirabilota]]"''' *'''"[[Moduliflexota]]"''' *'''"[[Muiribacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Nitrosediminicolota]]"''' *'''"[[Omnitrophota]]"''' *'''"[[Parcunitrobacterota]]"''' *'''"[[Peregrinibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Qinglongiota]]"''' *'''"[[Rifleibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Ryujiniota]]"''' *'''"[[Spongiamicota]]"''' *'''"[[Sumerlaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Sysuimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tangaroaeota]]"''' *'''"[[Tectimicrobiota]]"''' *'''"[[Tianyaibacteriota]]"''' *'''"[[Wirthibacterota]]"''' *"[[Zhuqueibacterota]]" *'''"[[Zhurongbacterota]]"'''{{div col end}} == Mmekọrịta ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Bacterial_infections_and_involved_species.png|alt=chart showing bacterial infections upon various parts of human body|thumb|Nchịkọta nke mwakpo nje bacteria na ebe ndị o metụtakarịrị<ref name="Microbiology33">{{Cite book|title=Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series)|url=https://archive.org/details/microbiology0000harv|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Hagerstwon, MD|year=2007|chapter=Chapter 33|pages=[https://archive.org/details/microbiology0000harv/page/367 367]–92|isbn=978-0-7817-8215-9}}</ref>]] N'agbanyeghị na ha yiri ka ha dị mfe, nje bacteria nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya ha na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Enwere ike kewaa njikọ mmekọrịta ndị a n'ụdị orim egbum (parasitism), bụrụ ka m biri (mutualism) na ka m rie ka I nọrọ(commensalism).<ref name="pmid26568407">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking "mutualism" in diverse host-symbiont communities|journal=BioEssays|volume=38|issue=1|pages=100–8|date=January 2016|pmid=26568407|doi=10.1002/bies.201500074}}</ref> === Ndị Mmekọrịta Ka m Rie Ka I Nọrọ (Commensals) === Okwu "commensalism" sitere n'okwu "commensal", nke pụtara "iri n'otu tebụl" na osisi na anụmanụ niile bụ ndị nje bacteria commensal na-achị. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ijeri n'ime ha na-ebi na akpụkpọ ahụ, ụzọ ikuku, eriri afọ na oghere ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora|journal=Anaerobe|volume=11|issue=5|pages=247–51|date=October 2005|pmid=16701579|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid31214175">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal Bacteria: An Emerging Player in Defense Against Respiratory Pathogens|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=10|issue=|date=2019|pmid=31214175|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01203}}</ref> Ndị a na-akpọ ya "nje nkịtị", ma ọ bụ "commensals", nje bacteria ndị a anaghị emerụ ahụ ma ha nwere ike ịwakpo ebe ndị ọzọ n'ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma kpatara ọrịa.<ref name="pmid3074102">{{Cite journal|title=Normal flora and mucosal immunity of the head and neck|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–19|date=March 1988|pmid=3074102|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30163-X|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34329585">{{Cite journal|title=Commensal bacteria and fungi differentially regulate tumor responses to radiation therapy|journal=Cancer Cell|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1202–1213.e6|date=July 2021|pmid=34329585|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.002|url=}}</ref> ''Escherichia coli'' bụ commensal n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ mana ọ nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa ebe e si anyụ mamịrị. <ref name="pmid33575225">{{Cite journal|title=MALT Lymphoma of the Urinary Bladder Shows a Dramatic Female Predominance, Uneven Geographic Distribution, and Possible Infectious Etiology|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|volume=13|issue=|pages=49–62|date=2021|pmid=33575225|doi=10.2147/RRU.S283366}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, streptococci, nke bụ akụkụ nke nje nkịtị nke ọnụ mmadụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa obi.<ref name="pmid33852085">{{Cite journal|title=Infective endocarditis in paediatric population|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|volume=180|issue=10|pages=3089–3100|date=April 2021|pmid=33852085|doi=10.1007/s00431-021-04062-7}}</ref> === Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha === Ụdị nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-egbu ma rie microorganisms ndị ọzọ; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a nje bacteria na-eri ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity|journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=4|issue=5|pages=467–77|date=September 2002|pmid=12432957}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ''Myxococcus xanthus'', nke na-emepụta ụyọkọ mkpụrụ ndụ na-egbu ma na-agbari nje bacteria ọ bụla ha zutere.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Experimental social evolution with Myxococcus xanthus|url=https://archive.org/details/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek_2002_81_1-4/page/155|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|volume=81|issue=1–4|pages=155–64|date=August 2002|pmid=12448714|doi=10.1023/A:1020546130033}}</ref> Nje ndị ọzọ na-eri ibe ha bụ na ha ga-arapara na anụ ahụ nje ha chọrọ iri iji gbarie ha ma mịkọrọ ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ha awakpoo mkpụrụ ndụ ọzọ ma mụbaa n'ime cytosol ya.<ref name="pmid34010833">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial Predation on Cyanobacteria|journal=Microbial Physiology|volume=31|issue=2|pages=99–108|date=May 2021|pmid=34010833|doi=10.1159/000516427}}</ref> A na-eche na nje bacteria ndị a sitere na Saprophagus nke riri microorganisms nwụrụ anwụ, site na mgbanwe nke nyere ha ohere ijide ma gbuo ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name="pmid19174136">{{Cite journal|title=Bacterial predators|journal=Current Biology|volume=19|issue=2|pages=R55–56|date=January 2009|pmid=19174136|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043}}</ref> === Ndị na-akwado ibe ha === Nje bacteria ụfọdụ na-emepụta njikọ chiri anya nke dị mkpa maka ndụ ha. Otu njikọ dị otú ahụ, nke a na-akpọ interspecies Hydrogen transfer, na-eme n'etiti ụyọkọ nje bacteria na-anaghị anọ ebe oxygen dị nke na-eri organic acid, dị ka butyric acid ma ọ bụ propionic acid, ma na-emepụta hydrogen, na methanogenic archaea nke na-erị hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=8|issue=3|pages=371–82|date=March 2006|pmid=16478444|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00989.x}}</ref> Nje bacteria nọ na njikọ a enweghị ike iri acid ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume a na-emepụta hydrogen nke na-agbakọta na gburugburu ha. Naanị njikọ chiri anya ha na archaea na-eri hydrogen na-eme ka hydrogen dị ala iji kwe ka nje ahụ too.<ref name="pmid29411546">{{Cite journal|title=Cross-protection from hydrogen peroxide by helper microbes: the impacts on the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other beneficiaries in marine communities|journal=Environmental Microbiology Reports|volume=10|issue=4|pages=399–411|date=August 2018|pmid=29411546|doi=10.1111/1758-2229.12625}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mutualistic_relationship_between_plants_and_rhizosphere.svg|thumb|320x320px|Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na nje bacteria na-ejikọta nitrogen dị na rhizosphere]] N'ime ala, microorganisms ndị bi na [[rhizosphere]] (ebe gụnyere mgbọrọgwụ na ala nke na-arapara na mgbọrọgwụ mgbe ịma jijiji dị nro mechara) na-etinye nitrogen n'ala, na-agbanwe nitrogen gas ka ọ ghọrọ nitrogen compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2005-07_56_417/page/1761|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=56|issue=417|pages=1761–78|date=July 2005|pmid=15911555|doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197}}</ref> Nke a na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ụdị nitrogen dị mfe mmịrị maka ọtụtụ osisi, nke na-enweghị ike itinyei nitrogen n'onwe ha. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ nje bacteria ndị ọzọ dị ka symbionts na ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụnọ nke ihe karịrị otu puku nke ụdị nje bacteria n'ime eriri afọ mmadụ nwere ike inye aka na mgbochi ọrịa eriri afọ, mepụta vitamin, dị ka folic acid, vitamin K na Biotin, gbanwee shuga ka ọ ghọọ lactic acid (lee Lactobacillus), yana ịgbaze carbohydrates a na-apụghị ịgbari agbari.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The gut flora as a forgotten organ|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=7|issue=7|pages=688–93|date=July 2006|pmid=16819463|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A microbial world within us|journal=Molecular Microbiology|volume=59|issue=6|pages=1639–50|date=March 2006|pmid=16553872|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lactic acid bacteria and human health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-medicine_1990-02_22_1/page/37|journal=Annals of Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=37–41|date=February 1990|pmid=2109988|doi=10.3109/07853899009147239}}</ref> Ọnụnọ nke nje ndị a n'eriri afọ na-egbochi uto nke nje bacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa (na-emekarị site na mwepụ n'ụzọ asọmpi) a ma na-ere nje bacteria ndị a bara uru dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri probiotic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Probiotics that modify disease risk|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_2005-05_135_5/page/1294|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=135|issue=5|pages=1294–98|date=May 2005|pmid=15867327|doi=10.1093/jn/135.5.1294}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Ndụ anụmanụ niile dabeere na nje bacteria maka ịdị ndụ dịka ọ bụ naanị nje bacteria na ụfọdụ archaea nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na enzymes dị mkpa iji mepụta [[vitamin]] B₁₂, nke a makwaara dị ka cobalamin, ma nye ya site na eriri nri. Vitamin B12 bụ vitamin na-agbaze na mmiri nke na-etinye aka na metabolism nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nke ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ cofactor na njikọ DNA na ma fatty acid na amino acid metabolism. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa na ọrụ dị mma nke usoro akwara ahụ site na ọrụ ya na mmepụta myelin.<ref name="pmid29216732">{{Cite journal|title=Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=243|issue=2|pages=148–58|date=January 2018|pmid=29216732|doi=10.1177/1535370217746612}}</ref> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpata Ọrịa === [[Faịlụ:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' na Mkpụrụ ndụ pus sitere na ihe si n'amụ pụta (Gram stain) ]] [[Faịlụ:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|alt=Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of red Salmonella typhimurium in yellow human cells|thumb|Micrograph eletrọn na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (na-acha ọbara ọbara) ka ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ]] A na-anọgide na-ekpughe ahụ nye ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria, gụnyere ndị bara uru na-ebi n'ahụ mmadụ na-adịghi eweta nsogbu, ndị na-eto n'ahụ nakwa na mucous membranes, yana Ndị na-ebi na ihe ndị na-ere ure, ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ala na n'ihe ndị na-emebi emebi. Mmiri ọbara na anụ ahụ nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ zuru ezu iji mee ka ọtụtụ nje bacteria na-eto. Ahụ nwere usoro nchebe nke na-enyere ya aka iguzogide mwakpo ụmụ njé n'ebe dị iche iche na anụ ahụ ma nye ya ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnatarachi ma ọ bụ nguzogide ebumpụta ụwa megide ọtụtụ ụmụ microorganisms. N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ nje, nje bacteria na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe ọtụtụ ọrịa nje na-emekwa n'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-enwe mmekọrịta orim egbum, a na-ahazi ha dịka njé ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na ọrịa mmadụ ma na-akpụ ọrịa dịka tetanus (nke ''Clostridium tetani'' na-akpata), ịba ahụ, diphtheria, syphilis, ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na nri, [[Ekpenta]] (nke Mycobacterium leprae na-akpata) na ụkwara nta (nke Mycebocterium tuberculosis kpatara). Enwere ike ịchọpụta ihe na-akpata ọrịa a ma ama ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, dịka ọ dị maka ''Helicobacter pylori'' na Ọrịa ọnyá afọ.<ref name="pmid34244666">{{Cite journal|title=Helicobacter pylori infection causes both protective and deleterious effects in human health and disease|journal=Genes and Immunity|volume=22|issue=4|pages=218–226|date=July 2021|pmid=34244666|doi=10.1038/s41435-021-00146-4}}</ref> Ọrịa nje bacteria dịkwa mkpa n'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], ebe ọ bụ nje bacteria na-akpata ntụpọ akwụkwọ, ọnya ọkụ na ntụpọ n'ime osisi, yana Ọrịa Johne, mastitis, salmonella na anthrax n'ime anụ ụlọ.<ref name="pmid27660260">{{Cite journal|title=40 years of veterinary papers in JAC – what have we learnt?|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-antimicrobial-chemotherapy_2016-10_71_10/page/2681|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=71|issue=10|pages=2681–90|date=October 2016|pmid=27660260|doi=10.1093/jac/dkw363}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Normal_and_BV_flora.jpg|alt=Gram-stained micrograph of bacteria from the vagina|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Gbasara nje bacteria n'ọ́tụ̀ nwanyị, nje bacteria ndị bara uru n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị (n'elu) ka nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-anọchi (n'okpuru).]] Ụdị nke na-akpata ọrịa nke ọbụla nwere ụdị mmekọrịta dị iche iche ya na ndị mmadụ na-ebu ha. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka ''Staphylococcus'' ma ọ bụ ''Streptococcus'' nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ, oyi ịba n'ahụ, meningitis na sepsis (bụ mgbu na-eko eko nke ahụ na-enwe na-akpata nkụda mmụọ, nnukwu vasodilation na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis|journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy|volume=59|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S13–19|date=February 2002|pmid=11885408|doi=10.1093/ajhp/59.suppl_1.S13}}</ref> Ma ihe ndị a bụkwa akụkụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nje kwesịrị ịdị nkịtị n'ahụ mmadụ mmadụ ma na-adịkarị na akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'imi n'akpataghị ọrịa ọ bụla. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-akpata ọrịa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, dị ka ''Rickettsia'', nke bụ nje na-adịkarị ndụ ma ọ bátá n'akụkụ ahụ mmadụ ụfọdụ nke nwere ike itolite ma mụbaa naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Otu ụdị ''Rickettsia'' na-akpata typhus, ebe nke ọzọ na-akpatara Rocky Mountain spotted fever. ''Chlamydia'', phylum ọzọ nke intracellular parasites, nwere ụdị ndị nwere ike ịkpata oyi ịba n'ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa nke ebe mamịrị dị agafe ma nwee ike itinye aka na Ọrịa obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis|journal=Cellular Microbiology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=117–27|date=February 2004|pmid=14706098|doi=10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị, dị ka ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Burkholderia cenocepacia'', na ''Mycobacterium avium'', bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-adị naanị mgbe ha hụrụ ohere, ma na-akpata ọrịa karịsịa na ndị usoro ahụ ha ji egbochi ọrịa na-adịghịzi ike ma ọ bụ nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Letizia|first=Morgana|date=2025|title=Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ecology, evolution, pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-025-01193-8|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en|volume=23|issue=11|pages=701–717|doi=10.1038/s41579-025-01193-8|pmid=40442328|issn=1740-1534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diseases associated with immunosuppression|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_1982-02_43/page/9|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=43|pages=9–19|date=February 1982|pmid=7037390}}</ref><ref name="Saiman">{{Cite journal|title=Microbiology of early CF lung disease|journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews|volume=5|issue=Suppl A|pages=S367–69|year=2004|pmid=14980298|doi=10.1016/S1526-0542(04)90065-6}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje bacteria na-emepụta nsí, nke na-akpata ọrịa. Ndị a bụ endotoxins, nke sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria mebiri emebi, na exotoxins nke nje bacteria na-emepụta ma wepụta n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Nje bacteria ''Clostridium botulinum'' dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-emepụta exotoxin dị ike nke na-akpata nkwarụ iku ume, ebe ''Salmonellae'' na-emepụta endotoxin nke na-akpata gastroenteritis. Enwere ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ exotoxins ka ha bụrụ Toxoids, nke a na-eji dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi iji gbochie ọrịa ahụ. Enwere ike iji Ọgwụ nje gwọọ ọrịa nje, nke a na-ahazi dịka bacteriocidal ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-egbu nje ma ọ bụ bacteriostatic ma ọ bụrụgodị na ha egbochi uto nje. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ nje, na klas ọ bụla na-egbochi usoro dị iche na nje ahụ na-akpata ọrịa pụọ na nke a hụrụ na onye nwe nke ahụ n'ahụ. Ihe atụ igosi otu ọgwụ nje si emepụta nsị na-ahọrọ ahọrọ bụ chloramphenicol na puromycin, nke na-egbochi nje ribosome, mana ọ bụghị ribosome eukaryotic dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/233|journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]|volume=58|pages=233–51|year=2004|pmid=15487937|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ nje ma n'ịgwọ ọrịa mmadụ ma n'[[ọrụ ugbo siri ike]] iji kwalite uto anụmanụ, ebe ha nwere ike inye aka na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ọgwụ nje na-eguzogide n'etiti ndị nje bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria|journal=CMAJ|volume=159|issue=9|pages=1129–36|date=November 1998|pmid=9835883}}</ref> Enwere ihe mgbochi ọrịa site na usoro ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dịka ihicha ahụ nke ọma tupu ịpịa ya agịga, yana nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke catheter eji anyụ mamịrị. A na-ehichakwa ihe ndị e ji awa ahụ na nke eji agwọ ọrịa ezé nke ọma iji gbochie nje bacteria. A na-eji ihe na-egbu nje dịka bleach egbu nje bacteria ma ọ bụ nje ndị ọzọ na-akpata ọrịa n'elu ebe ndị a na-edokwasi ihe iji gbochie mmetọ ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="pmid28954657">{{Cite journal|title=Disinfection Processes|journal=Water Environment Research|volume=89|issue=10|pages=1206–44|date=October 2017|pmid=28954657|doi=10.2175/106143017X15023776270278}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite nke Ọmụmụ banyere nje bacteria == [[Faịlụ:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg|alt=painting of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, in robe and frilled shirt, with ink pen and paper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), onye mbụ gụrụ microbiology na onye mbụ hụrụ nje bacteria site na iji ígwè microscope n'afọ 1676]] Ọ bụ onye Dutch bụ ọkachamara n'iji ígwè microscope eme nchọpụta ihe bụ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek bụ ụzọ hụ nje bacteria n'afọ 1676, na-eji microscope nwere otu ugogbe nke ọ rụrụ. Leeuwenhoek amataghị nje bacteria dị ka ụdị dị iche iche nke microorganisms, wee kpọọ microorganism niile ọ hụrụ animalcules, gụnyere nje bacteria, protists, na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị oké nta. O bipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara n'usoro akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Royal Society nke London. Bacteria bụ nchọpụta e ji ígwè microscope mee kachasị dị ịrịba ama nke Leeuwenhoek mere. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị n'ókè nke ugogbe microscope ya dị mfe nwere ike ịhụta, na, n'otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị dị ịrịba ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị, ọ dịghị onye ọzọ ga-ahụ ha ọzọ ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Isaac Asimov|year=1982|title=Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology|edition=2nd|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday and Company}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara gụnyekwara protozoans, a tụlekwara nchọpụta ya ọzọ na-adabere na nchọpụta ndị na-adịbeghị anya e mere gbasara ozizi mkpụrụ ndụ. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg webatara okwu "bacterium" na 1828. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbolae Physioe. Animalia evertebrata.|publisher=Decas prima|location=Berlin|date=1828}}</ref> N'ezie, Bacterium ya bụ ụdị nke nwere ''Nje bacteria'' na-abụghị spore-forming rod, dị iche na Bacillus, ụdị nje bacteria na na-emepụta spore nke Ehrenberg kọwara na 1835. <ref name="status">{{Cite journal|title=The Status of the Generic Term Bacterium Ehrenberg 1828|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=31|issue=5|pages=517–18|date=May 1936|pmid=16559906|doi=10.1128/jb.31.5.517-518.1936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes.|language=de|publisher=Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Berlin|year=1835|pages=143–336|oclc=183145833}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Bacteriohopanepolyol * Nje bacteria gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa * Prokaryotes nke mmiri == Edensibịa == == Akwụkwọ Ndị E Degasịrị == * {{Cite book|title=Germs, Genes, & Civilization: how epidemics shaped who we are today|url=https://archive.org/details/germsgenescivili0000clar|publisher=FT Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-13-701996-0|oclc=473120711}} * {{Cite book|title=Deadly Companions: how microbes shaped our history|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900199561444|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-956144-5|oclc=183198723}} * {{Cite book|title=Strickberger's Evolution: the integration of genes, organisms and populations|url=https://archive.org/details/strickbergersevo0000hall|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9|oclc=85814089}} * {{Cite book|title=The Microbial Challenge: a public health perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/microbialchallen0000kras_k6r2|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4496-7375-8|oclc=794228026}} * {{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmi0000jeff_t3s2|edition=10th|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Boston|year=2014|isbn=978-1-284-03968-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Principles of modern microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofmode0000whee|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7637-1075-0|oclc=67392796}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913123627/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ Akwụkwọ ederede n'ịntanetị banyere nje bacteria (2015)] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Bacteria classification}}{{Bacteria}}{{Microorganisms}}{{Life on Earth}}{{Organisms et al.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q10876}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ecawawmh8a3cmz7lo9e8zr9hkv6zpuz 0 75372 744028 698798 2026-11-10T00:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261109sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.7) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 744028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Leading_cause_of_death_world.png|alt=Leading cause of death (2016) (world)|áká_ịkẹngạ|419x419px|Isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ (2016) (ụwa) ]] Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ n'ụwa nile maka afọ dị iche iche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ha jikọtara ọnụ haziri. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị e depụtara na-agụnye ọnwụ gụnyekwara n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'okpuru, na ụfọdụ ihe kpatara ya, ya mere, pasentị nwere ike chịkọta ihe dịka 100%. Ihe ndị a depụtara bụ ihe na-akpata ahụike ozugbo, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ise siga na-ebutekarị ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa cancer, na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ike ịkpata ọdịda imeju ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ụgbọ ala. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na ihe kacha akpata mgbochi, hụ ihe ndị nwere ike igbochi ọnwụ. N'afọ 2002, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri ise na asaa nwụrụ. N'afọ 2005, dị ka World Health Organization (WHO) si kwuo site na iji International Classification of Diseases (ICD), ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 58 nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer|year=2005|author=WHO|title=Cancer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518221722/https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer|archivedate=May 18, 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, dị ka Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation si kwuo, nde mmadụ 52.8 nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–2128|date=December 2012|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|url=https://ipa-world.org/society-resources/code/images/95b1494-Lozano%20Mortality%20GBD2010.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, WHO dekọrọ ọnwụ nde mmadụ 56.7 nke isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ dị ka Ọrịa obi na akwara na-akpata ihe karịrị ọnwụ nde mmadụ 17 (ihe dị ka 31% nke ngụkọta) dịka egosiri na chaatị dị n'akụkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|title=The top 10 causes of death|work=www.who.int}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, e nwere ihe dịka. 68 nde mmadụ nwụrụ n'ụwa niile, dị ka akụkọ WHO si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;á == Site n'oge == Afọ ole a na-anwụ, kwa 100,000, site na ihe kpatara ya, na 2017, na mgbanwe pasent 2007-2017. === Tebụl Nchịkọta === Tebụl mbụ a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụdị na ihe kpatara ya. Isi ihe kpatara ya bụ Ọrịa obi na 31.59% nke ọnwụ niile.  {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Template:Static row numbers/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="template:sticky header/styles.css" />  <templatestyles src="template:row hover highlight/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-datatable sticky-header col1left" {{right}} |+Age-standardised Death Rate (per 100,000) in 2017 !Cause !Rate !% {{br}} total !% {{br}} change {{br}} 2007–2017 |- |All causes |737.7 |100% |−14.2 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |I. Communicable, maternal, neonatal {{br}} and nutritional disorders |143.8 |19.49% |−31.8 |- !Respiratory infections and tuberculosis |50.5 |6.85% |−24.5 |- ![[Tuberculosis]] |14.9 |2.02% |−31.4 |- |Drug-susceptible tuberculosis |13.2 |1.79% |−31.9 |- |Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance |1.6 |0.22% |−28.6 |- |Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis |0.2 |0.03% |−7.7 |- ![[Lower respiratory tract infection|Lower respiratory infections]] |35.4 |4.80% |−21.1 |- ![[Upper respiratory tract infection|Upper respiratory infections]] |0.1 |0.01% |−42.1 |- ![[Otitis media]] |0.0 |0.00% |−50.4 |- ![[Gastrointestinal tract|Enteric]] infections |24.4 |3.31% |−29.9 |- |[[Diarrhea|Diarrhoeal]] diseases |21.6 |2.93% |−30.2 |- |[[Typhoid]] and paratyphoid |1.9 |0.26% |−27.8 |- |(Typhoid fever) |1.6 |0.22% |−29.1 |- |(Paratyphoid fever) |0.3 |0.04% |−18.9 |- |iNTS |0.8 |0.11% |−24.8 |- |Other intestinal infectious diseases |0.0 |0.00% |−44.7 |- !Sexually transmitted infections |13.9 |1.88% |−53.6 |- ![[HIV/AIDS]] |12.1 |1.64% |−56.5 |- |HIV/AIDS – Drug-susceptible Tuberculosis |2.5 |0.34% |−61.1 |- |HIV/AIDS – [[Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis]] {{br}} without extensive drug resistance |0.3 |0.04% |−58.1 |- |HIV/AIDS – [[Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−20.3 |- |HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases |9.3 |1.26% |−55.1 |- !Sexually transmitted infections excluding HIV |1.8 |0.24% |−14.4 |- |[[Syphilis]] |1.7 |0.23% |−14.3 |- |[[Chlamydia|Chlamydial]] infection |0.0 |0.00% |−15.2 |- |[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae|Gonococcal]] infection |0.0 |0.00% |−14.9 |- |Other sexually transmitted infections |0.0 |0.00% |−15.9 |- !Neglected tropical diseases and malaria |10.1 |1.37% |−36.1 |- |[[Malaria]] |8.7 |1.18% |−37.3 |- |[[Chagas disease]] |0.1 |0.01% |−21.1 |- |[[Leishmaniasis]] |0.1 |0.01% |−67.8 |- |(Visceral leishmaniasis) |0.1 |0.01% |−67.8 |- |[[African trypanosomiasis]] (sleeping sickness) |0.0 |0.00% |−82.8 |- |[[Schistosomiasis]] |0.1 |0.01% |−28.5 |- |[[Cysticercosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−27.3 |- |Cystic [[echinococcosis]] |0.0 |0.00% |−41.9 |- |[[Dengue fever|Dengue]] |0.5 |0.07% |40.7 |- |[[Yellow fever]] |0.1 |0.01% |−23.3 |- |[[Rabies]] |0.2 |0.03% |−54.8 |- |Intestinal [[nematode]] infections |0.0 |0.00% |−47.2 |- |([[Ascariasis]]) |0.0 |0.00% |−47.2 |- |[[Ebola]] virus disease |0.0 |0.00% |−98.4 |- |[[Zika fever|Zika]] virus disease |0.0 |0.00% |– |- |Other neglected tropical diseases |0.2 |0.03% |−3.7 |- !Other infectious diseases |11.6 |1.57% |−33.8 |- ![[Meningitis]] |4.0 |0.54% |−27.8 |- |Pneumococcal meningitis |0.6 |0.08% |−22.4 |- |[[Haemophilus influenzae|H influenzae]] type B meningitis |1.1 |0.15% |−40.6 |- |Meningococcal infection |0.4 |0.05% |−37.1 |- |Other meningitis |2.0 |0.27% |−17.3 |- ![[Encephalitis]] |1.2 |0.16% |−14.3 |- ![[Diphtheria]] |0.1 |0.01% |−28.6 |- ![[Whooping cough]] (pertussis) |1.4 |0.19% |−27.1 |- ![[Tetanus]] |0.5 |0.07% |−59.6 |- ![[Measles]] |1.4 |0.19% |−59.3 |- ![[Varicella]] (chickenpox) and [[Shingles|herpes zoster]] (shingles) |0.2 |0.03% |−29.2 |- !Acute [[hepatitis]] |1.6 |0.22% |−24.5 |- |Acute [[hepatitis A]] |0.3 |0.04% |−38.7 |- |Acute [[hepatitis B]] |1.1 |0.15% |−19.6 |- |Acute [[hepatitis C]] |0.0 |0.00% |−32.1 |- |Acute [[hepatitis E]] |0.2 |0.03% |−25.8 |- !Other unspecified infectious diseases |1.1 |0.15% |−13.4 |- !Maternal and neonatal disorders |29.5 |4.00% |−26.6 |- !Maternal disorders |2.5 |0.34% |−30.7 |- |Maternal [[Bleeding|haemorrhage]] |0.5 |0.07% |−56.4 |- |Maternal [[sepsis]] and other pregnancy related infections |0.3 |0.04% |−33.5 |- |Maternal [[Hypertension|hypertensive]] disorders |0.4 |0.05% |−13.0 |- |Maternal obstructed labour and [[uterine rupture]] |0.2 |0.03% |−25.2 |- |Maternal abortive outcome |0.2 |0.03% |−15.7 |- |[[Ectopic pregnancy]] |0.1 |0.01% |−19.2 |- |Indirect maternal deaths |0.4 |0.05% |−12.5 |- |Late maternal deaths |0.0 |0.00% |−9.5 |- |Maternal deaths aggravated by HIV/AIDS |0.0 |0.00% |−32.1 |- |Other maternal disorders |0.3 |0.04% |−16.5 |- !Neonatal disorders |27.1 |3.67% |−26.2 |- |Neonatal [[preterm birth]] |9.9 |1.34% |−28.1 |- |[[Neonatal encephalopathy]] due to [[Perinatal asphyxia|birth asphyxia]] and trauma |8.1 |1.10% |−26.5 |- |[[Neonatal sepsis]] and other [[Neonatal infection|neonatal infections]] |3.1 |0.42% |−14.4 |- |[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn|Hemolytic disease]] and other [[neonatal jaundice]] |0.7 |0.09% |−39.3 |- |Other neonatal disorders |5.3 |0.72% |−25.7 |- ![[Malnutrition|Nutritional deficiencies]] |3.8 |0.52% |−33.6 |- |Protein-energy malnutrition |3.3 |0.45% |−34.6 |- |Other nutritional deficiencies |0.5 |0.07% |−25.8 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |II. Non-communicable diseases |536.1 |72.67% |−7.9 |- ![[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular diseases]] |233.1 |31.60% |−10.3 |- |Rheumatic heart disease |3.7 |0.50% |−21.3 |- |Ischaemic heart disease |116.9 |15.85% |−9.7 |- !Stroke |80.5 |10.91% |−13.6 |- |Ischaemic stroke |36.6 |4.96% |−11.8 |- |Intracerebral hemorrhage |38.2 |5.18% |−15.7 |- |Subarachnoid hemorrhage |5.7 |0.77% |−9.4 |- !Hypertensive heart disease |12.3 |1.67% |7.5 |- !Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease |2.0 |0.27% |−5.3 |- |Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease |1.4 |0.19% |−1.0 |- |Non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease |0.5 |0.07% |−14.0 |- |Other non-rheumatic valve diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−17.8 |- !Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis |4.8 |0.65% |−16.6 |- |Myocarditis |0.6 |0.08% |−13.3 |- |Alcoholic cardiomyopathy |1.1 |0.15% |−40.5 |- |Other cardiomyopathy |3.1 |0.42% |−3.6 |- !Atrial fibrillation and flutter |4.0 |0.54% |2.6 |- !Aortic aneurysm |2.2 |0.30% |−8.5 |- !Peripheral vascular disease |1.0 |0.14% |10.5 |- !Endocarditis |1.1 |0.15% |1.0 |- !Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases |4.7 |0.64% |−7.9 |- ![[Neoplasm|Neoplasms]] |121.2 |16.43% |−4.4 |- |Lip and [[Oral cancer|oral cavity cancer]] |2.4 |0.33% |4.0 |- |[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma|Nasopharynx cancer]] |0.9 |0.12% |−3.0 |- |Other pharynx cancer |1.4 |0.19% |7.9 |- |[[Esophageal cancer|Oesophageal cancer]] |5.5 |0.75% |−14.5 |- |[[Stomach cancer]] |11.0 |1.49% |−17.1 |- |[[Colorectal cancer|Colon and rectum cancer]] |11.5 |1.56% |−4.3 |- |[[Liver cancer]] |10.2 |1.38% |−2.5 |- |(Liver cancer due to hepatitis B) |4.0 |0.54% |−6.2 |- |(Liver cancer due to hepatitis C) |3.0 |0.41% |−2.1 |- |(Liver cancer due to alcohol use) |1.6 |0.22% |0.6 |- |(Liver cancer due to [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|NASH]]) |0.8 |0.11% |7.6 |- |(Liver cancer due to other causes) |0.8 |0.11% |−0.9 |- |[[Gallbladder cancer|Gallbladder]] and [[Cholangiocarcinoma|biliary tract cancer]] |2.2 |0.30% |−6.7 |- |[[Pancreatic cancer]] |5.6 |0.76% |4.8 |- |[[Laryngeal cancer|Larynx cancer]] |1.6 |0.22% |−7.7 |- |Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer |23.7 |3.21% |−2.0 |- |[[Melanoma|Malignant skin melanoma]] |0.8 |0.11% |−5.1 |- |Non-melanoma [[skin cancer]] |0.8 |0.11% |2.7 |- |(Non-melanoma skin cancer ([[Squamous cell carcinoma|squamous-cell carcinoma]])) |0.8 |0.11% |2.7 |- |Breast cancer |7.6 |1.03% |−2.6 |- |[[Cervical cancer]] |3.2 |0.43% |−7.2 |- |[[Uterine cancer]] |1.1 |0.15% |−10.4 |- |[[Ovarian cancer]] |2.2 |0.30% |−1.0 |- |[[Prostate cancer]] |5.5 |0.75% |−2.5 |- |[[Testicular cancer]] |0.1 |0.01% |−9.4 |- |[[Kidney cancer]] |1.8 |0.24% |−1.3 |- |[[Bladder cancer]] |2.6 |0.35% |−5.4 |- |[[Brain tumor|Brain]] and nervous system cancer |3.1 |0.42% |3.8 |- |[[Thyroid cancer]] |0.5 |0.07% |−1.2 |- |[[Mesothelioma]] |0.4 |0.05% |−3.4 |- |[[Hodgkin lymphoma]] |0.4 |0.05% |−16.8 |- |[[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]] |3.2 |0.43% |0.1 |- |[[Multiple myeloma]] |1.4 |0.19% |−0.4 |- ![[Leukemia|Leukaemia]] |4.5 |0.61% |−9.6 |- |[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia|Acute lymphoid leukaemia]] |0.7 |0.09% |−1.5 |- |[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|Chronic lymphoid leukaemia]] |0.5 |0.07% |−10.3 |- |[[Acute myeloid leukemia|Acute myeloid leukaemia]] |1.3 |0.18% |−1.0 |- |[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia|Chronic myeloid leukaemia]] |0.3 |0.04% |−19.9 |- |Other leukaemia |1.8 |0.24% |−15.6 |- !Other malignant cancers |4.6 |0.62% |0.1 |- !Other neoplasms |1.3 |0.18% |7.4 |- |[[Myelodysplastic syndrome|Myelodysplastic]], [[Myeloproliferative neoplasm|myeloproliferative]] and {{br}} other hematopoietic neoplasms |1.3 |0.18% |7.1 |- |Other benign and [[Carcinoma in situ|in situ neoplasms]] |0.1 |0.01% |15.5 |- !Chronic respiratory diseases |51.4 |6.97% |−14.2 |- |Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |42.2 |5.72% |−13.6 |- |Pneumoconiosis |0.3 |0.04% |−16.7 |- |(Silicosis) |0.1 |0.01% |−15.5 |- |(Asbestosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−8.3 |- |(Coal workers pneumoconiosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−26.6 |- |(Other pneumoconiosis) |0.0 |0.00% |−17.5 |- |Asthma |6.3 |0.85% |−23.9 |- |Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis |1.9 |0.26% |11.4 |- |Other chronic respiratory diseases |0.7 |0.09% |−3.2 |- !Digestive diseases |30.3 |4.11% |−10.7 |- !Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases |16.5 |2.24% |−9.7 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B |4.8 |0.65% |−14.3 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C |4.2 |0.57% |−8.4 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to alcohol use |4.1 |0.56% |−8.8 |- |Cirrhosis due to NASH |1.5 |0.20% |−1.4 |- |Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to other causes |1.9 |0.26% |−8.6 |- !Upper digestive system diseases |3.8 |0.52% |−21.6 |- |Peptic ulcer disease |3.1 |0.42% |−23.5 |- |Gastritis and duodenitis |0.7 |0.09% |−11.7 |- !Appendicitis |0.6 |0.08% |−17.0 |- !Paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction |3.2 |0.43% |−5.8 |- !Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia |0.6 |0.08% |−8.9 |- !Inflammatory bowel disease |0.5 |0.07% |−10.5 |- !Vascular intestinal disorders |1.3 |0.18% |−10.2 |- !Gallbladder and biliary diseases |1.5 |0.20% |−5.0 |- !Pancreatitis |1.3 |0.18% |−5.7 |- !Other digestive diseases |1.2 |0.16% |−7.1 |- !Neurological disorders |43.1 |5.84% |0.1 |- |Alzheimer's disease and other dementias |35.4 |4.80% |0.6 |- |Parkinson's disease |4.6 |0.62% |0.8 |- |Epilepsy |1.7 |0.23% |−10.7 |- |Multiple sclerosis |0.3 |0.04% |−3.9 |- |Motor neuron disease |0.4 |0.05% |1.2 |- |Other neurological disorders |0.7 |0.09% |2.0 |- !Mental disorders |0.0 |0.00% |7.5 |- !Eating disorders |0.0 |0.00% |7.5 |- |Anorexia nervosa |0.0 |0.00% |5.5 |- |Bulimia nervosa |0.0 |0.00% |13.5 |- !Substance use disorders |4.3 |0.58% |2.0 |- !Alcohol use disorders |2.3 |0.31% |−16.5 |- !Drug use disorders |2.1 |0.28% |34.1 |- |Opioid use disorders |1.4 |0.19% |49.4 |- |Cocaine use disorders |0.1 |0.01% |19.6 |- |Amphetamine use disorders |0.1 |0.01% |8.7 |- |Other drug use disorders |0.6 |0.08% |11.3 |- !Diabetes and kidney diseases |33.6 |4.55% |1.3 |- !Diabetes mellitus |17.5 |2.37% |1.2 |- |Diabetes mellitus type 1 |4.3 |0.58% |−11.0 |- |Diabetes mellitus type 2 |13.2 |1.79% |5.9 |- !Chronic kidney disease |15.9 |2.16% |1.5 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 1 |0.9 |0.12% |−1.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 |4.5 |0.61% |4.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension |4.6 |0.62% |3.2 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis |2.4 |0.33% |−1.3 |- |Chronic kidney disease due to other and unspecified causes |3.4 |0.46% |−1.4 |- !Acute glomerulonephritis |0.1 |0.01% |−9.5 |- !Skin and subcutaneous diseases |1.3 |0.18% |8.1 |- |Bacterial skin diseases |1.0 |0.14% |12.7 |- |(Cellulitis) |0.2 |0.03% |19.6 |- |(Pyoderma) |0.8 |0.11% |10.5 |- |Decubitus ulcer |0.3 |0.04% |−5.1 |- |Other skin and subcutaneous diseases |0.1 |0.01% |3.3 |- !Musculoskeletal disorders |1.6 |0.22% |−0.1 |- |Rheumatoid arthritis |0.6 |0.08% |−5.9 |- |Other musculoskeletal disorders |1.0 |0.14% |3.9 |- !Other non-communicable diseases |16.3 |2.21% |−11.2 |- !Congenital anomalies |8.7 |1.18% |−18.2 |- |Neural tube defects |0.9 |0.12% |−16.5 |- |Congenital heart anomalies |3.9 |0.53% |−21.8 |- |Orofacial clefts |0.1 |0.01% |−41.9 |- |[[Down syndrome]] |0.4 |0.05% |−5.2 |- |Other chromosomal abnormalities |0.3 |0.04% |0.3 |- |Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies |0.2 |0.03% |−12.8 |- |Urogenital congenital anomalies |0.2 |0.03% |−8.5 |- |Digestive congenital anomalies |0.8 |0.11% |−19.3 |- |Other congenital anomalies |2.1 |0.28% |−15.9 |- !Urinary diseases and male infertility |3.6 |0.49% |5.7 |- |[[Urinary tract infection|Urinary tract infections]] |2.7 |0.37% |10.9 |- |[[Urolithiasis]] (Kidney stone disease) |0.2 |0.03% |−1.2 |- |Other urinary diseases |0.7 |0.09% |−9.9 |- !Gynecological diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−2.6 |- |[[Uterine fibroid|Uterine fibroids]] |0.0 |0.00% |8.1 |- |[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]] |0.0 |0.00% |1.0 |- |Endometriosis |0.0 |0.00% |−3.2 |- |Genital prolapse |0.0 |0.00% |−24.1 |- |Other gynecological diseases |0.1 |0.01% |−3.6 |- !Hemoglobinopathies and [[Hemolytic anaemia|hemolytic anaemias]] |1.4 |0.19% |−11.3 |- |Thalassemias |0.1 |0.01% |−27.9 |- |Sickle cell disorders |0.5 |0.07% |−3.1 |- |G6PD deficiency |0.2 |0.03% |−7.1 |- |Other hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anaemias |0.6 |0.08% |−16.1 |- !Endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disorders |1.9 |0.26% |0.8 |- !Sudden infant death syndrome |0.6 |0.08% |−20.2 |- ! style="background:#ff6;" |III. Injuries |57.9 |7.85% |−13.7 |- !Transport injuries |17.0 |2.30% |−17.0 |- !Road injuries |15.8 |2.14% |−17.1 |- |Pedestrian road injuries |6.2 |0.84% |−21.4 |- |Cyclist road injuries |0.9 |0.12% |−8.8 |- |Motorcyclist road injuries |2.9 |0.39% |−12.4 |- |Motor vehicle road injuries |5.8 |0.79% |−15.6 |- |Other road injuries |0.1 |0.01% |−19.4 |- !Other transport injuries |1.2 |0.16% |−15.5 |- !Unintentional injuries |23.8 |3.23% |−15.3 |- |Falls |9.2 |1.25% |−2.8 |- |Drowning |4.0 |0.54% |−27.3 |- |Fire, heat, and hot substances |1.6 |0.22% |−22.9 |- |Poisonings |0.9 |0.12% |−20.8 |- |(Poisoning by carbon monoxide) |0.5 |0.07% |−26.6 |- |(Poisoning by other means) |0.5 |0.07% |−14.4 |- |Exposure to mechanical forces |1.8 |0.24% |−20.3 |- |(Unintentional firearm injuries) |0.3 |0.04% |−16.4 |- |(Other exposure to mechanical forces) |1.5 |0.20% |−21.0 |- |Adverse effects of medical treatment |1.6 |0.22% |−6.2 |- |Animal contact |1.1 |0.15% |−16.0 |- |(Venomous animal contact) |0.9 |0.12% |−16.0 |- |(Non-venomous animal contact) |0.1 |0.01% |−16.1 |- |Foreign body |1.7 |0.23% |−14.1 |- |(Pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway) |1.6 |0.22% |−13.9 |- |(Foreign body in other body part) |0.1 |0.01% |−15.8 |- |Environmental heat and cold exposure |0.7 |0.09% |−29.4 |- |Exposure to forces of nature |0.1 |0.01% |−45.8 |- |Other unintentional injuries |1.2 |0.16% |−25.8 |- !Self-harm and interpersonal violence |17.1 |2.32% |−7.6 |- !Self-harm |10.0 |1.36% |−14.8 |- |Self-harm by firearm |0.8 |0.11% |−10.3 |- |Self-harm by other specified means |9.2 |1.25% |−15.2 |- !Interpersonal violence |5.2 |0.70% |−11.1 |- |Assault by firearm |2.2 |0.30% |−3.6 |- |Assault by sharp object |1.2 |0.16% |−22.3 |- |Assault by other means |1.8 |0.24% |−11.5 |- !Conflict and terrorism |1.7 |0.23% |98.4 |- !Executions and police conflict |0.2 |0.03% |172.4 |} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left col2left" |+Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ site na ihe kpatara ya. Pasentị nke ọnwụ niile !Ụdị !Ihe kpatara ya !Pasentị !Pasentị |- | rowspan="7" style="max-width:13em;" |'''I. Nsogbu na-efe efe, nke nne, nke nwa ọhụrụ, na nke na-edozi ahụ''' |Ọrịa iku ume na ụkwara nta |6.85 | rowspan="7" |'''19.49%''' |- |Ọrịa na-efe efe |3.31 |- |[[Sexually Transmitted Infection|Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ]] |1.88 |- |Ọrịa ndị na-efe n'ebe okpomọkụ na [[Iba|ịba]] |1.37 |- |Ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-efe efeỌrịa na-efe efe |1.57 |- |Nsogbu [[Ọnwụ nne|Nne]] na nwa ọhụrụNsogbu nwa ọhụrụ |4.00 |- |[[Agụụ|Enweghị nri na-edozi ahụ]] |0.52 |- | rowspan="10" |'''Nke Abụọ. Ọrịa ndị na-adịghị ebute ọrịa''' |'''Ọrịa obi''' |'''31.59''' | rowspan="10" |'''72.67%''' |- |Neoplasms |16.43 |- |Ọrịa iku ume na-adịghị ala ala |6.97 |- |Ọrịa ndị na-agbari nri |4.11 |- |Nsogbu akwara |5.84 |- |Iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe |0.58 |- |Ọrịa shuga na ọrịa akụrụ |4.55 |- |Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ |0.18 |- |Ọrịa Ọkpụkpụ Ọkpụkpụ |0.22 |- |Ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ekwurịta okwu |2.22 |- | rowspan="3" |'''Nke Atọ. Mmerụ ahụ''' |Mmerụ ahụ n'ụgbọ njem |2.30 | rowspan="3" |'''7.85%''' |- |Mmerụ ahụ a na-atụghị anya ya |3.23 |- |Mmerụ onwe onye na ime ihe ike |2.32 |- |'''Ngụkọta''' | |'''100%''' |'''100%''' |- |} === Ndị mepere emepe vs. akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe === [[Faịlụ:Global_number_of_deaths_(A)_and_YLLs_(B),_by_pathogen_and_GBD_super-region,_2019.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ụwa niile (A) na YLLs (B), site na nje bacteria (nke 33) na GBD super-region, 2019 <ref name="Ikuta_2022">{{Cite journal|title=Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10369|pages=2221–2248|date=December 2022|pmid=36423648|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7}}</ref>]] Ihe kachasị akpata ọnwụ, dị ka akụkọ World Health Organization maka afọ kalenda 2001 si kwuo: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php|title=Cause of Death|date=February 18, 2004|work=UC Atlas of Global Inequality|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618212442/http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php|archivedate=June 18, 2014|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ihe kpatara ọnwụ na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe !Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ !Ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na Mba ndị mepere emepe !Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ |- |[[HIV/AIDS|Ọrịa HIV na AIDS]] |2,678,000 | style="background:Pink;" |Ọrịa obi nke Ischaemia |3,512,000 |- | style="background:MistyRose;" |Ọrịa iku ume |2,643,000 |Ọrịa ụbụrụ |3,346,000 |- | style="background:Pink;" |Ọrịa obi nke Ischaemia |2,484,000 | style="background:AntiqueWhite;" |Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume |1,829,000 |- |[[Afọ ọsịsa|Ọsịsa]] |1,793,000 | style="background:MistyRose;" |Ọrịa iku ume |1,180,000 |- |Ọrịa ụbụrụ |1,381,000 |Ọrịa kansa akpa ume |938,000 |- |Ọrịa ụmụaka |1,217,000 |Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ |669,000 |- |[[Iba|Ịba]] |1,103,000 |Ọrịa kansa afọ |657,000 |- | style="background:PowderBlue;" |Ọrịa ụkwara nta |1,021,000 |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu |635,000 |- | style="background:AntiqueWhite;" |Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume |748,000 | style="background:PowderBlue;" |Ọrịa ụkwara nta |571,000 |- |[[Akpata|Nri]] |674,000 |Igbu onwe onye |499,000 |} Tebụl a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu na nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke ihe kpatara afọ 2017. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere oke njehie nke ihe dị ka 5% na nkezi.{{Excerpt|Years of potential life lost|By main cause of death in the United States of America}}{{Excerpt|Aging-associated diseases|paragraphs=2,3}}  == Ihe ndị na-akpata ya == Enwere ike ịhazi ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ n'ime ihe ndị na na-akpatara ọnwụ ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpali ọnwụ, ọnọdụ ndị na-eduga n'ihe kpatara ọnwụ, ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya, na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke nwere ike inye aka na nsonaazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5">{{Cite journal|title=Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|date=February 2021|pmid=33608563|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5}}</ref> Dị ka WHO si kwuo, ihe kpatara ya bụ "ọrịa ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nke malitere ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke ihe omume ndị na-egbu egbu na-eduga n'ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nke ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike nke kpatara mmerụ ahụ na-egbu mmadụ".[s][ies]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cause of death|url=https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases/cause-of-death|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike ịchọpụta nsogbu na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ndụ dị mkpirikpi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/77.extract|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131181721/http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/77.extract|archivedate=2016-01-31|title=Mortality In Second And Third Degree Malnutrition|publisher=Tropej.oxfordjournals.org|date=June 3, 2014|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref> 70% nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (afọ 0-4) na-akọ na ọ bụ n'ihi ọrịa afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa iku ume siri ike, ịba na ọrịa na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, 56% nke ọnwụ ụmụaka ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=73|issue=4|pages=443–448|date=January 24, 2014|pmid=7554015}}</ref> Mmetụta nke nsogbu na-edozi ahụ gụnyere mmụba nke ibute ọrịa, mmebi nke uru ahụ, nkwarụ ọkpụkpụ na igbu oge mmepe akwara. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_1974-06_27_6/page/638|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=27|issue=6|pages=638–646|date=June 1974|pmid=4208451|doi=10.1093/ajcn/27.6.638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Protein energy malnutrition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-10_56_5/page/1055|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1055–1068|date=October 2009|pmid=19931063|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001}}</ref> Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, a na-akpọ ụkọ nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kachasị enye aka n'ọnwụ ụmụaka na ọnwụ nde 36 na 2005 metụtara ụkọ nri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stay informed today|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2008/01/24/the-starvelings|title=Malnutrition: The starvelings|work=The Economist|date=January 24, 2008|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=[[L'Empire de la honte]]|publisher=Librairie générale française|year=2007|isbn=978-2-253-12115-2|oclc=470722796|language=fr}}</ref> E wezụga adịghị edozi ahụ na ụkọ micronutrient, adịghị edozi nri na-edozi ahụ gụnyekwara oke ibu, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheets - Malnutrition|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> nke na-ebute ọtụtụ ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, gụnyere ụdị ọrịa kansa 13, ọrịa obi, na ụdị ọrịa shuga 2. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function|journal=Obesity Facts|volume=10|issue=3|pages=207–215|date=2017|pmid=28564650|doi=10.1159/000471488}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives|journal=Metabolism|volume=92|pages=121–135|date=March 2019|pmid=30445141|doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Physical activity, obesity and sedentary behavior in cancer etiology: epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms|journal=Molecular Oncology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=790–800|date=March 2021|pmid=32741068|doi=10.1002/1878-0261.12772}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity, Diabetes, and Increased Cancer Progression|language=English|journal=Diabetes & Metabolism Journal|volume=45|issue=6|pages=799–812|date=November 2021|pmid=34847640|doi=10.4093/dmj.2021.0077}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies|journal=BMJ|volume=370|date=September 2020|pmid=32967840|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3324}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|volume=143|issue=21|pages=e984–e1010|date=May 2021|pmid=33882682|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973}}</ref><ref name="un-obesity" /> Dị ka WHO si kwuo, ịbụ "ibubiga ibu ókè na oke ibu so n'ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ na nkwarụ na Europe", na atụmatụ na-atụ aro na ha na-akpatara ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 1.2 kwa afọ, nke kwekọrọ na ihe karịrị 13% nke ngụkọta ọnwụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="un-obesity">{{Cite news|title=WHO warns of worsening obesity 'epidemic' in Europe|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117402|accessdate=July 6, 2022|work=UN News|date=May 3, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ụdị Iwu ahụike dị iche iche nwere ike igbochi omume ahụ ma belata oke ibu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The rising prevalence of obesity: part B-public health policy solutions|journal=International Journal of Surgery. Oncology|volume=2|issue=7|date=August 2017|pmid=29177229|doi=10.1097/ij9.0000000000000019}}</ref>&nbsp; Nri, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara oke ibu kamakwa n'ihe oriri, nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ya, na nyocha na-atụ aro na nwoke dị afọ 20 na Europe nke gbanwere na "nri kacha mma" nwere ike inweta nkezi nke ~ 13.7 afọ ndụ na nwanyị dị afọ 60 na US na-agbanwe na "nwụ nri kacha mma" enwere ike inweta nkebi nke ~ 8.0 afọ ndụ. Ọ chọpụtara na a ga-enweta uru kachasị ukwuu site na iri ọtụtụ legumes, ọka zuru oke, na mkpụrụ osisi, na obere anụ na anụ a na-edozi. O nwekwara enweghị ihe ọṅụṅụ shuga (site na "ihe oriri ọdịda anyanwụ" nke 500 g / ụbọchị ruo 0 g / ụbọchị).<ref name="10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889">{{Cite journal|title=Estimating impact of food choices on life expectancy: A modeling study|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=19|issue=2|date=February 2022|pmid=35134067|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889}} Lay summary: {{Cite news|title=Changing your diet could add up to a decade to life expectancy, study finds|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-02-diet-decade-life.html|accessdate=March 16, 2022|work=Public Library of Science|language=en}}</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002">{{Cite journal|title=Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions|language=English|journal=Cell|volume=185|issue=9|pages=1455–1470|date=April 2022|pmid=35487190|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002}}</ref>  === Mmetọ === Nnyocha kwubiri na mmetọ kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ 9 na 2019 (otu n'ime ọnwụ isii, 3⁄4 site na mmetụ ikuku). O kwubiri na enwere ike ịchọpụta obere ọganihu megide mmetọ.<ref name="10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0">{{Cite news|title=Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/pollution-killing-9-million-people-year-africa-hardest-hit-study-2022-05-17/|accessdate=June 23, 2022|work=Reuters|date=May 18, 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pollution and health: a progress update|journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health|volume=6|issue=6|pages=e535–e547|date=June 2022|pmid=35594895|doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0}}</ref> ==== Mmetọ ikuku ==== N'ozuzu, mmetọ ikuku na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka ca. Nde mmadụ 7 n'ụwa niile kwa afọ, ọ bụkwa ihe ize ndụ kachasị n'ụwa, dị ka WHO (2012) na IEA si kwuo (2016).<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015904/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/|archivedate=March 26, 2014|title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution|publisher=[[WHO]]|date=March 25, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|title=Energy and Air Pollution|work=Iea.org|accessdate=March 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011100229/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name="iea-nyt">{{Cite news|title=Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html|date=June 26, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref> IEA na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe na-akpata na ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịchọta na ụlọ ọrụ ike ma na-atụ aro ihe ngwọta dị ka ịla ezumike nká na-emetọ ọkụ ọkụ na-emetọ coal na iji guzobe ụkpụrụ siri ike maka ụgbọ ala. Na Septemba 2020 European Environment Agency kọrọ na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmetọ ikuku na oke okpomọkụ nyere aka na gburugburu 13% nke ọnwụ mmadụ niile na mba EU na 2012 (~ 630,000).[2] Nnyocha ọmụmụ 2021 na-eji ụdị mkpebi dị elu yana ọrụ nzaghachi ntinye uche emelitere na-achọpụta na nde 10.2 n'ụwa niile nwụrụ na 2012 na nde 8.7 na 2018 - ma ọ bụ nke ise [na-akparịta ụka] - bụ n'ihi mmetọ ikuku sitere na ọkụ ọkụ fossil na-ebute, yana mmetụta dị elu karịa nke mbụ. Nnyocha nke afọ 2020 na-egosi na ọnụọgụ ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LLE) site na mmetọ ikuku na 2015 bụ afọ 2.9, karịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, afọ 0.3 site na ụdị ime ihe ike niile, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke LLE dị ka ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere.<ref name="Lelieveld_2020">{{Cite journal|title=Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective|journal=Cardiovascular Research|volume=116|issue=11|pages=1910–1917|date=September 2020|pmid=32123898|doi=10.1093/cvr/cvaa025}}</ref> === Ojiji nke ọgwụ mgbochi akwara === Dị ka WHO si kwuo, n'ụwa niile, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 0.5 nwụrụ n'ihi iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, ihe karịrị 70% n'ime ha nwere njikọ na opioids, na oke ọgwụ bụ ihe kpatara ihe karịrị 30% nke ọnwụ ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opioid overdose|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; Ojiji dị iche iche nke opioids dị iche iche na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ n'ụwa niile, nke a na-akpọ ọrịa opioid. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 75% nke ọnwụ 91,799 nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na 2020 na United States metụtara opioid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic {{!}} CDC's Response to the Opioid Overdose Epidemic {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en-us|date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụghị ọgwụ niile na-emetụta usoro akwara na ihe ize ndụ maka inye aka na ọnwụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụ maka ojiji ndị ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike dochie ọgwụ ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-emerụ ahụ maọbụ wepụ ya site n'enyemaka nke ọgwụ ndị ọzọ - dị ka NAC na modafinil n'ihe gbasara ịdabere na cocaine <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacological treatments for cocaine dependence: is there something new?|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=17|issue=14|pages=1359–1368|date=May 1, 2011|pmid=21524259|doi=10.2174/138161211796150873}}</ref> - nke a na-adịghị ele ojiji ya anya dị ka ihe kpatara ọnwụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ha - gụnyere caffeine - nwere ike inye aka melite ahụike n'ozuzu dịka, n'onwe ya na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ahụike anụ ahụ na ahụike uche ma ọ bụ n'ofe ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke nchịkwa maara ihe. Ịṅụ sịga bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ a na-egbochi na United States. Ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa kansa, ọrịa obi, ọrịa strok, na ọrịa iku ume.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Smoking-attributable mortality by cause of death in the United States: An indirect approach|journal=SSM – Population Health|volume=7|date=April 2019|pmid=30723766|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100349}}</ref> Ịṅụ sịga na-ezo aka na ịṅụ sịga nke ngwaahịa ụtaba. E-siga na-ewetakwa nnukwu ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike.<ref name="whoecig">{{Cite web|title=Tobacco: E-cigarettes|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tobacco-e-cigarettes|work=www.who.int|accessdate=July 10, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Mmetụta ahụike nke ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na-ese siga dị ka ahịhịa dị iche iche na ojiji Ihe nzacha icheku ọkụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Could charcoal filtration of cigarette smoke reduce smoking-induced disease? A review of the literature|journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology|volume=50|issue=3|pages=359–365|date=April 2008|pmid=18289753|doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.001}}</ref> na-enyocha nke ọma, na nyocha dị ugbu a na-atụ aro naanị uru ole na ole karịa ịṅụ sịga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Influence of smoking charcoal filter tipped cigarettes on various biomarkers of exposure|journal=Inhalation Toxicology|volume=18|issue=10|pages=821–829|date=September 2006|pmid=16774872|doi=10.1080/08958370600747945}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-ese siga nwere ike irite uru site na ịgbanwee na vaporizer dị ka ihe Mbelata mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahapụghị, nke nwekwara obere ihe akaebe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mull it over: cannabis vaporizers and harm reduction|journal=Addiction|volume=110|issue=11|pages=1709–1710|date=November 2015|pmid=26471154|doi=10.1111/add.13139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Routes of administration for cannabis use - basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|volume=52|pages=87–96|date=February 2018|pmid=29277082|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Peering Through the Haze of Smoked vs Vaporized Cannabis-To Vape or Not to Vape?|journal=JAMA Network Open|volume=1|issue=7|pages=e184838|date=November 2018|pmid=30646385|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4838}}</ref> Ugboro ole a na-eji ya eme ihe bụ isi ihe na ọkwa nke ihe ize ndụ <ref name="whoecig" /> ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide na oke mmetụta ahụike. Nnyocha chọpụtara na ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụ anwụrụ ọkụ bụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka mmetọ, nke na nyocha ahụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ya.<ref name="10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0">{{Cite news|title=Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/pollution-killing-9-million-people-year-africa-hardest-hit-study-2022-05-17/|accessdate=June 23, 2022|work=Reuters|date=May 18, 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'ụwa niile, iji mmanya na-aba n'anya bụ ihe ize ndụ nke asaa maka ọnwụ na DALY na 2016. Nnyocha chọpụtara na "ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ niile, na nke ọrịa kansa kpọmkwem, na-arị elu na ọkwa na-arịwanye elu nke oriri, na ọkwa oriri nke na-ebelata ọnwụ ahụike bụ efu".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=392|issue=10152|pages=1015–1035|date=September 2018|pmid=30146330|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2}}</ref> === Okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma === Nnyocha chọpụtara na 9.4% nke ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2019 - ~ nde 5 kwa afọ - nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke okpomọkụ na ndị metụtara oyi na-eme ka òkè ka ukwuu ma na-ebelata na ndị metụtara okpomọkụ mejupụtara ~ 0.91% ma na-abawanye. Mmetụta nke nkụchi obi, nkwụsị obi na ọrịa strok na-abawanye n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Extreme temperatures kill 5 million people a year with heat-related deaths rising, study finds|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/08/extreme-temperatures-kill-5-million-people-a-year-with-heat-related-deaths-rising-study-finds|accessdate=August 14, 2021|work=The Guardian|date=July 7, 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study|language=English|journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health|volume=5|issue=7|pages=e415–e425|date=July 2021|pmid=34245712|doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4}}</ref>&nbsp; === Igbochi nje === Na nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ, dabere na ndekọ ahụike, na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]] nwere ike inye aka na ~ 4.95 nde (3.62-6.57) ọnwụ na 2019, na nde 1.3 kpọmkwem - nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe karịrị ọnwụ karịa site na ihe atụ AIDS ma ọ bụ ịba ụba, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Antibiotic resistance killed more people than malaria or AIDS in 2019|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2305266-antibiotic-resistance-killed-more-people-than-malaria-or-aids-in-2019/|accessdate=February 12, 2022|work=New Scientist}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0">{{Cite journal|title=Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10325|pages=629–655|date=February 2022|pmid=35065702|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na a na-eme atụmatụ ịrị elu nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 10, 2020|title='Superbugs' a far greater risk than Covid in Pacific, scientist warns|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/10/superbugs-a-far-greater-risk-than-covid-in-pacific-scientist-warns|accessdate=2020-09-14}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; === Ọrịa ndị na-efe efe, ahụike n'ozuzu, ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrịa na-efefe === Ọrịa ndị na-adị n'otu oge nwere ike ma ọ bụghị na ha na-enye aka n'ọnwụ <ref name="10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1">{{Cite journal|title=Medical Certification of Cause of Death|journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India|volume=60|issue=3|pages=261–272|date=July 2004|pmid=27407646|doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1}}</ref> na ogo dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, comorbidities nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe kpatara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya, na ọtụtụ comorbidity nwere ike ịdị otu ugboro.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities|url=https://archive.org/details/european-respiratory-journal_2006-12_28_6/page/1245|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=28|issue=6|pages=1245–1257|date=December 2006|pmid=17138679|doi=10.1183/09031936.00133805}}</ref> Pandemics<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Place and Underlying Cause of Death During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study of 3.5 Million Deaths in England and Wales, 2014 to 2020|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=96|issue=4|pages=952–963|date=April 2021|pmid=33714592|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.02.007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cardiovascular Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-college-of-cardiology_2021-01-19_77_2/page/159|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=77|issue=2|pages=159–169|date=January 2021|pmid=33446309|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.055}}</ref> and infectious diseases or epidemics can be major underlying causes of deaths. In a small study of 26 decedents,  the pandemized COVID-19 and infection-related disease were "major contributors" to patients' death.<ref name="10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5">{{Cite journal|title=Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|date=February 2021|pmid=33608563|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5}}</ref> Such deaths are sometimes evaluated via excess deaths per capita – the COVID-19 pandemic deaths between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, are estimated to be ~18.2&nbsp;million. Research could help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records|journal=Nature|volume=603|issue=7902|date=March 2022|pmid=35277684|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00708-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|date=April 2022|pmid=35279232|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}</ref> Nsogbu ahụike uche na nsogbu ndị metụtara ya dịka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suicide and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan|journal=Journal of Public Health|volume=44|issue=3|pages=541–548|date=August 2022|pmid=33855451|doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdab113}}</ref> na / ma ọ bụ ojiji dị iche iche nke ọgwụ usoro akwara nwere ike inye aka na ihe ndị dị ka igbu onwe <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suicide-associated comorbidity among US males and females: a multiple cause-of-death analysis|journal=Injury Prevention|volume=13|issue=5|pages=311–315|date=October 2007|pmid=17916887|doi=10.1136/ip.2007.015230}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Youth suicide prevention|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_2008-01-29_178_3/page/282|journal=CMAJ|volume=178|issue=3|pages=282–285|date=January 2008|pmid=18227445|doi=10.1503/cmaj.071315}}</ref> ma ọ bụ ọnwụ metụtara omume dị ize ndụ. Ịdị naanị gị ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na-ezughị ezu bụkwa isi ihe dị n'okpuru, nke nwere ike iji tụnyere ịṅụ sịga ma, dịka otu nyocha meta nke ọmụmụ 148, "karịrị ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ a ma ama maka ọnwụ (dịka, oke ibu, enweghị ọrụ anụ ahụ) ".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=7|issue=7|date=July 2010|pmid=20668659|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316}}</ref> Mmerụ ahụ na ime ihe ike bụ "ihe kachasị akpata ọnwụ n'etiti ụmụaka, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na ndị okenye na-eto eto na US" na ihe ize ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere "obodo na-emebi emebi, ezinụlọ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ onwe onye" nke na-eme ka ohere ime ihe ike dịkwuo elu. Ụdị usoro mgbochi nwere ike ịgụnye nkwado nke "mmepe ahụike nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ezinụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na obodo, na iwulite ikike maka mmekọrịta na mmekọrịta dị mma".[ing]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Communities are not all created equal: Strategies to prevent violence affecting youth in the United States|journal=Journal of Public Health Policy|volume=37|issue=Suppl 1|pages=81–94|date=September 2016|pmid=27638244|doi=10.1057/s41271-016-0005-4}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-eme ka ndụ dị ndụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifestyle Risk Factors {{!}} Tracking {{!}} NCEH {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/tracking/topics/LifestyleRiskFactors.htm|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 8, 2022|language=en-us|date=August 31, 2021}}</ref> - gụnyere enweghị ọrụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States|language=en-us|journal=Preventing Chronic Disease|volume=15|pages=E38|date=March 2018|pmid=29602315|doi=10.5888/pcd18.170354}}</ref> na ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=6|issue=4|date=April 2009|pmid=19399161|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058}}</ref> iri nri dị mma <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States|journal=Preventive Medicine|volume=55|issue=1|pages=23–27|date=July 2012|pmid=22564893|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.016}}</ref> - na / ma ọ bụ ahụike n'ozuzu - gụnyere ahụike karịa nri dị mma na ibu na-adịghị - nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnwale nke ndị okenye US, ~ 9.9% ọnwụ nke ndị okenye dị afọ 40 ruo 69 na ~ 7.8% ndị okenye dị ndụ 70 ma ọ bụ karịa ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọkwa na-ezughị ezu nke mmega ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States|language=en-us|journal=Preventing Chronic Disease|volume=15|pages=E38|date=March 2018|pmid=29602315|doi=10.5888/pcd18.170354}}</ref>   Dị ka omenala si dị, a naghị ele ịka nká anya dị ka ihe na-akpata ọnwụ. Ekwenyere na enwere ihe kpatara ya mgbe niile, ọ na-abụkarị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ọrịa metụtara afọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na, dị ka ihe kpatara ya, usoro ịka nká na-eme ka 2/3 nke ọnwụ niile dị n'ụwa (ihe dị ka 100,000 mmadụ kwa ụbọchị na 2007). Na mba ndị mepere emepe nke ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ a nwere ike iru pasent 90.<ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=Aubrey de Grey|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=[[Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology]]|volume=1|issue=1, Article 5|year=2007|url=http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf|doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> A na-arịọ arịrịọ maka inye ịka nká ọnọdụ nke ọrịa na ịgwọ ya ozugbo (dị ka site na mgbanwe nri na senolytics). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=6|issue=|date=October 4, 2015|pmid=26583032|doi=10.3389/fgene.2015.00326}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy|journal=Aging and Disease|volume=8|issue=5|pages=583–589|date=October 2017|pmid=28966803|doi=10.14336/AD.2017.0130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease|journal=The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology|volume=6|issue=8|date=August 2018|pmid=30053981|doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6|author=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2019-11-01_366_6465/page/576|journal=Science|volume=366|issue=6465|pages=576–578|date=November 2019|pmid=31672885|doi=10.1126/science.aay7319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases|journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development|volume=189|date=July 2020|pmid=32251691|doi=10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230}}</ref> {{Reflist}} === Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na iwu === <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile maka afọ dị iche iche nke a haziri site na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ha. Ihe ụfọdụ na-akpata ya gụnyere ọnwụ ndị a gụnyere na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpali akpali, a na-ewepụkwa ihe ụfọdụ kpatara ya, yabụ pasentị nwere ike ịba naanị ihe dịka 100%. Ihe ndị e depụtara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ahụike ozugbo, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[Tobacco smoking|ịṅụ sịga]] na-akpatakarị ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa kansa, na nsogbu ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi imeju ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ụgbọala. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ihe ndị a na-egbochi, lee ihe ndị a ga-egbochi ọnwụ.</sup> [[Faịlụ:Global_deaths_from_cancers_attributable_to_risk_factors_in_2019_by_sex_and_SDI.jpg|thumb|Ọnwụ ụwa niile site na ọrịa kansa nke sitere na ihe ize ndụ na 2019 site na okike na Social-demographic Index <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref><nowiki>"},"2":{"wt":"a measure of a location's socio-demographic development that takes into account average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwCN4" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> </nowiki>]] [[Faịlụ:Cancer_DALYs_attributable_to_11_Level_2_risk_factors_globally_in_2019.jpg|thumb|DALYs nke ọrịa kansa nke sitere na ihe ize ndụ 11 nke ọkwa 2 n'ụwa niile na 2019 <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref>]] Enwere ike inyocha ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ihe kpatara (ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-enye aka) ọnwụ ma nwee ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe "a na-egbochi" na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Global Burden of Disease Studies dị iche iche na-enyocha ihe ndị dị otú ahụ ma na-atụle mmepe ndị na-adịbeghị anya - otu nyocha dị otú ahụ nyochara Ọganihu (na-abụghị) na ọrịa kansa na ihe kpatara ya n'ime afọ iri nke 2010-19, na-egosi na 2019, ~ 44% nke ọnwụ ọrịa kansa niile - ma ọ bụ ~ 4.5 M ma ọ bụ $ 105 nde ndị nwere nkwarụ - bụ afọ ndụ - bụ n'ihi ihe ndị a maara nke ọma, nke a na-eduga site na ịṅụ sịga, iji mmanya na BMI dị elu.<ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6">{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=400|issue=10352|pages=563–591|date=August 2022|pmid=35988567|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6}}</ref>&nbsp; Ihe ndekọ ahụike eletrọniki, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Validating reported cause of death using integrated electronic health records from a nation-wide database|journal=Journal of Public Health|volume=43|issue=2|pages=341–347|date=June 2021|pmid=31774532|doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdz146}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Causes of Death and Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=9|issue=14|date=July 2020|pmid=32654582|doi=10.1161/JAHA.119.016400}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0">{{Cite journal|title=Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis|language=English|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10325|pages=629–655|date=February 2022|pmid=35065702|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0}}</ref> asambodo ọnwụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Principles and Pitfalls: a Guide to Death Certification|journal=Clinical Medicine & Research|volume=13|issue=2|pages=74–82|date=June 2015|pmid=26185270|doi=10.3121/cmr.2015.1276}}</ref> <ref name="10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1">{{Cite journal|title=Medical Certification of Cause of Death|journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India|volume=60|issue=3|pages=261–272|date=July 2004|pmid=27407646|doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Underlying Cause of Death, 1999-2020 Request|url=https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html|work=wonder.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Underlying and Multiple Cause of Death Codes|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/datalinkage/underlying_and_multiple_cause_of_death_codes.pdf|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref> yana nyocha post-mortem (dị ka post-mortaem computed tomography na ọrịa ndị ọzọ) <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Added value of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) to clinical findings for cause of death determination in adult "natural deaths"|journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine|volume=134|issue=4|pages=1457–1463|date=July 2020|pmid=31853676|doi=10.1007/s00414-019-02219-6}}</ref> nwere ike ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe iji nyochaa ihe kpatara ọnwụ dịka maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ, [5] [6] nke metụtara nyocha ọganihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICD - ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10.htm|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en-us|date=December 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=When the Death Certificate Omits the True Cause of Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/well/death-certificate-cause.html|accessdate=July 7, 2022|work=The New York Times|date=February 14, 2022}}</ref><ref name="govguid">{{Cite web|title=Guidance for doctors completing medical certificates of cause of death in England and Wales (accessible version)|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-notes-for-completing-a-medical-certificate-of-cause-of-death/guidance-for-doctors-completing-medical-certificates-of-cause-of-death-in-england-and-wales-accessible-version|work=GOV.UK|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Mmeziwanye na akụkọ a, ebe dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrịa ụfọdụ na-akọkarị akụkọ na-ezighị ezi ma ọ bụ nkwupụta kpatara ọnwụ (COD) ezighi ezi, nwere ike imeziwanye ahụike ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Death certificates may not adequately report dementia as cause of death|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/death-certificates-may-not-adequately-report-dementia-cause-death|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017211223/https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/death-certificates-may-not-adequately-report-dementia-cause-death|archivedate=October 17, 2020|work=National Institute on Aging|date=October 15, 2020|accessdate=July 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Death Certification Errors and the Effect on Mortality Statistics|journal=Public Health Reports|volume=132|issue=6|pages=669–675|date=November 2017|pmid=29091542|doi=10.1177/0033354917736514}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Common errors in reporting cause-of-death statement on death certificates: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine|volume=82|date=August 2021|pmid=34325081|doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reporting Cause of Death: Quick Reference|url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/reporting-cause-of-death-quick-reference/download|accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Certified causes of death inaccurate in fifth of cases, study suggests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/dec/02/causes-of-death-inaccurate-study|accessdate=July 8, 2022|work=The Guardian|date=December 2, 2012|language=en}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara nke a bụ na site na "echiche ahụike ọha na eze, igbochi ọrịa mbụ a ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ ga-ebute uru ahụike kachasị ukwuu".<ref name="govguid" />  == Site na mba == === United States === ==== Site n'afọ ndụ (U.S.) ==== [[Faịlụ:Leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2018-508-US.pdf|áká_èkpè|thumb|900x900px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ site na afọ na USA, 2018 <ref name="cdc2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2018-508.pdf|title=Leading causes of death by age group: 2018, Both sexes, All ages, All races|publisher=National Center for Injury Prevention and Control|date=2018}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Causes_of_death_by_age_group.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ na United States site na afọ, 2000<ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Causes_of_death_by_age_group_(percent).png|áká_èkpè|thumb|550x550px|Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ na United States, dị ka pasent nke ọnwụ na ọgbọ ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref> Ọnwụ nwa oge (<1 afọ) anaghị adaba na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a.]] [[Faịlụ:Deaths_by_age_group_fixed.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ọnwụ site na afọ dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ kachasị elu <ref name="cdc2002">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: final data for 2000|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=50|issue=15|pages=1–119|date=September 2002|pmid=12382630|doi=|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_15.pdf}}</ref>]] ==== Site n'ebe obibi (U.S.) ==== Na nkezi nke ọnwụ 123.6 kwa 100,000 site na 2003 ruo 2010 ọrụ kachasị ize ndụ na United States bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu Ụlọ elu cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/cell-tower-work-fatalities-methodology|title=Methodology: How We Calculated the Tower Industry Death Rate|date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Selected_occupations_with_high_fatality_rate.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|500x500px|Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, 2011, na United States <ref name="bls2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cfoi_08092007.pdf|work=Bureau of Labor Statistics|title=National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2006|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref>]] == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] an654mi4r0u45hrk4m55slxjc6lahl1 0 77028 743995 721683 2026-11-09T18:25:10Z ~2026-59376-48 67537 /* Nchebe megide ịkpa ókè */ 743995 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="Note" /> [[Faịlụ:20140301-IMG_2325_(12885985534).jpg|thumb|[[Mpako nke Cape Town|Cape Town Pride]] 2014 ndị mere ngagharị iwe iji kwado ikike LGBT na Naịjirịa.]] Ndị lesbian, ndị gay, ndị bisexual, ndị transgender, na ndị queer (LGBTQ) nọ na Naijiria na-eche ihe ịma aka siri ike ihu. Ma nwoke na nwanyị na-egosi homosexuality bụ ihe iwu na-akwadoghị na Naịjirịa ma a na-ata ha ahụhụ ọnwụ n'akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ yana ruo afọ iri na anọ na mkpọrọ na ndịda Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bourbeau|first=Heather|date=December 2019|title=Human Rights|url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1250681/download|journal=Shari'ah Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria|accessdate=24 March 2022|archive-date=4 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404102814/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1250681/download|url-status=dead}}</ref> Enweghị ihe nchebe iwu kwadoro maka ndị LGBTQ na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]—obodo a nke nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 230,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria|archivedate=9 January 2021|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|work=www.cia.gov|date=20 October 2022}}</ref> kewara n'etiti otu ndị Alakụba n'ebe ugwu na otu ndị Kraịst n'ebe ndịda.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Dickson|first=Prince Charles|date=2016-07-30|title=Homophobia unites Muslims and Christians in Nigeria|url=https://api.theworld.org/stories/2016/07/30/homophobia-unites-muslims-and-christians-nigeria|accessdate=2025-07-09|work=The World from PRX|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole LGBTQ na-ekwu okwu gbasara mmekọahụ ha, ebe ọ bụ na ime ihe ike megide ha na-emekarị. Dịka PinkNews si kwuo, ndị ọchịchị Naịjirịa na-etinye anya n'obodo LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Condon|first=Ali|title=Nigeria: Mass LGBTQ+ arrests 'based on assumptions, not investigation', activists say|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/11/01/nigeria-lgbtq-arrests-assumptions-activists/|work=PinkNews|date=November 2023|accessdate=1 November 2023}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Naịjiria LGBTQ na-achọ ebe mgbaba n'obodo ndị nwere iwu na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/metro/from-near-death-to-detention-here-is-edafe-okporos-story-id8580707.html|title=From near death to detention in USA, this is the story of LGBTQ+ activist Edafe Okporo|author=Tayo|first=Ayomide O.|accessdate=29 November 2018|language=en-US|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125204536/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/metro/from-near-death-to-detention-here-is-edafe-okporos-story-id8580707.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-ahụkwa mpụ nke ịnwa ịlụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị n'ime Naịjirịa kemgbe afọ 2013, dịka iwu [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013]] si dị. Ntaramahụhụ kachasị na steeti iri na abụọ nke ugwu site na iwu Shari'a bụ ọnwụ site na ntụgbu nkume. Iwu a metụtara ndị Alakụba niile na ndị kwetara n'afọ ofufo n'okpuru ikike nke ụlọ ikpe Sharia. Agbanyeghị, na ndịda Naịjirịa na n'okpuru iwu mpụ nke ụwa nke ugwu Naịjirịa, ntaramahụhụ kachasị maka mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị bụ mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ, nke na-adịghị njọ karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Nigeria: Anti-LGBT Law Threatens Basic Rights {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/14/nigeria-anti-lgbt-law-threatens-basic-rights|accessdate=2025-11-04|language=en}}</ref> Na 2022, otu ndị ngaghari iwe maka ikike mmadụ na otu na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na Naịjirịa tinyere akwụkwọ n'ụlọikpe na-ekwu na Nkebi nke 4(1), Iwu 5(2), na 5(3) nke Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013 mebiri iwu nke Iwu Naịjirịa. N'otu afọ ahụ, ụlọ ikpe kpebiri na ngalaba ndị a megidere iwu na enweghị ike itinye ha n'ọrụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke mba ahụ, n'ikwe ka òtù na ndị LGBTQ+ dị ma hazie onwe ha nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SSMPA Judgment – Where Love Is A Crime|url=https://whereloveisacrime.org/ssmpa-judgment/|accessdate=2025-11-04|language=en-US}}</ref> == Àgwà == Dịka ọrụ Pew Global Attitudes Project nke afọ 2007 si kwuo, pasentị iri itoolu na asaa (97%) Ndị bi na Naịjirịa kwenyere na nwoke idina nwoke bụ ụzọ ndụ ọha mmadụ ekwesịghị ịnakwere, nke bụ nke abụọ kachasị elu nke enweghị nnabata na mba 45 e nyochara.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf|title="Pew Global Attitudes Project", (pages 35, 83, and 117)|accessdate=3 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214225525/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2010}}</ref> Na 2015, nyocha sitere n'aka otu nzukọ nke [[Bisi Alimi]] hiwere, otu onye otu nwoke idina nwoke na Naịjirịa, onye bi na London kwuru na pasentị a dara ruo pasentị 94. N'ime nnyocha a, dịka ọ dị n'otu oge ahụ, pasentị iri atọ nke ndị Naịjirịa kwenyere na ndị LGBTQ kwesịrị inweta agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ebe obibi. Ọkwa nkwenye ahụ dara ntakịrị ruo pasentị iri itoolu na otu (91%) na ntuli aka Pew Research Center ọzọ mere na 2019.<ref name="pew2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/|title="The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists"|date=25 June 2020|accessdate=3 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/|archivedate=1 July 2022}}</ref> Na 2006, Philip Alston, onye nnọchiteanya pụrụ iche nke mba United Nations, na-ahụ maka igbu mmadụ n'enweghị ikpe ziri ezi, nchịkọta ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ n'enweghị ikpe ziri ezi, nyere nkwupụta ọnụ nye Kansụl Ndị Ikike . N'okwu a, onye nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na UN bụ Joseph Ayalogu, zara na "nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na-edina nwanyị" bụ "mpụ dị oke njọ na omume rụrụ arụ", na ntaramahụhụ siri ike bụ "ntaramahụhụ kwesịrị ekwesị na nke ziri ezi," nakwa na ndị kwenyere na ogbugbu "gafere oke" bụ "ikpe kama ịbụ ihe kpatara ya".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 4, 2008|title=Love, hate and the law: decriminalizing homosexuality|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=pol30%2f003%2f2008&language=en|accessdate=21 August 2019|work=www.amnesty.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2–18, 2008|title=Recognizing human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity at the Human Rights Council, Session 8|url=http://arc-international.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/SOGI-report-HRC8.pdf|accessdate=October 24, 2023|work=ARC International}}</ref> Ime ihe ike nye ndị LGBTQ nke a na-emeso ụmụ nwoke na edina nwoke ibe ha na ụmụ nwanyị transgender jupụtara ebe niile na mba ahụ. A na-akpọ ya ''[[Kito (slang)|Kito]],'' usoro e ji adọta ndị a n'ọnyà ma mee ka ha maa jijiji maka ịbụ ndị nwoke idina nwoke.''<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-05-15|title=The Nigerians lured into a trap and blackmailed for being gay|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65560062|accessdate=2025-11-04|language=en-GB}}</ref>'' Atụmatụ Kito na-agụnyekarị ịpụnara mmadụ ihe, ịpụ apụ, na mmerụ ahụ anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-04|title=US-Based Nigerian Gay Man, Emmanuel Onwe, Recounts Traumatic 'Kito' Experience|url=https://www.talktalknigeria.com/home/2025/9/4/us-based-nigerian-gay-man-emmanuel-onwe-recounts-traumatic-kito-experience|accessdate=2025-11-04|work=Talk Talk Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, òtù dị iche iche dịka [https://minoritywatchnigeria.org/?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAaeo7FsEt2tSpVbWbgDKzXavyB__5Iy-iJBdrTIC5K27kU0SPYU_sLcvNG1paw_aem_qDuSR9_ihIsNt4F7W8TDWw Minority Watch Nigeria] anọwo na-akwado maka nchekwa iwu maka ndị mmadụ na-eche ụdị ịkpa ókè dị otú ahụ ihu. == Iwu nke mmekọahụ nke nwoke na nwoke == A na-eme mpụ megide mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị n'ofe Naịjirịa n'okpuru iwu dị iche iche, gụnyere iwu gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti.<ref name="Ostien">{{Cite web|title=''Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999–2006: A Sourcebook'', authored by Philip Ostien, Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2007, volume IV, chapter 4, part III (republished on the Internet by the University of Bayreuth with permission of the author and publisher)|url=http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/sharia-implementation-in-northern-nigeria/vol_4_4_chapter_4_part_III.pdf}}</ref> Ntaramahụhụ dị iche iche site na mkpọrọ ruo na ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na steeti ụfọdụ dị n'ebe ugwu nke iwu Sharia na-achị.<ref name="Ostien" /> Usoro iwu a na-egosipụta njikọta nke iwu ndị e mere n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, iwu ndị Alakụba, na iwu obodo, na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-egbochi ndị LGBTQ+ na Naịjirịa. === Iwu gọọmentị etiti === * Na ndịda Naịjirịa, Iwu Mpụ Naịjirịa na-eme ka mmekọahụ dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke bụrụ mpụ, a na-atụkwa ha ntaramahụhụ ruo mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ. A na-ata ajọ omume rụrụ arụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ahụhụ ruo afọ atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ọzọkwa, ndị mmadụ n'otu ma ọ bụ òtù dị iche iche na-akwado ikike nke ndị LGBTI nwere ike ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ afọ iri n'okpuru iwu a.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2014|title=Nigeria: Anti-LGBT Law Threatens Basic Rights|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/14/nigeria-anti-lgbt-law-threatens-basic-rights|accessdate=27 November 2023|work=Human Right Watch}}</ref> * Nkebi nke 214 nke iwu mpụ: Iwu a na-eme ka "ihe ọmụma anụ ahụ megide usoro okike" bụrụ mpụ, nke a na-akọwa dị ka ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Section 214 of the Criminal Code Act in Nigeria. Unnatural offences|url=https://jurist.ng/criminal_code_act/sec-214|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=jurist.ng}}</ref> * Nkebi nke 217 nke iwu mpụ: Iwu a na-eme ka "omume rụrụ arụ" bụrụ ihe mpụ nke a na-akọwakwa dị ka ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-08|title=Nigeria|url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/nigeria/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=Human Dignity Trust|language=en}}</ref> * Na ugwu Naịjirịa, Iwu Mpụ amachibidoro "mmekọahụ anụ ahụ megide usoro okike" maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ruo mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ, ntaramahụhụ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. === Iwu Shari'a na steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu === * Steeti iri na abụọ dị n'ebe ugwu na-etinye iwu mpụ dabere na Sharia n'ọrụ metụtara ndị Alakụba na ndị kwenyere n'ikike ụlọ ikpe Sharia.<ref name="Ostien"/> * A na-ata ndị na-eme Sodomy na nwanyị na edina nwanyị ibe ya ahụhụ nke ukwuu, site na ịpịa otu narị utari maọbu ruo na ọnwụ site na ịtụ ha nkume, nke dabere na ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye na ebe ọ dị. * A na-akọwa mmasị nwanyị n'ebe ibe ya nọ dịka omume anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mkpali n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, a na-ata ya ahụhụ site n'ịtụ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịtụ ya ihe n'ọtụtụ steeti, yana ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na [[Kano State|Kano]] na [[Katsina]]. === Òtù okpukpe ndị ọzọ === Okpukperechi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Naịjirịa, ebe okpukperechi Islam na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bụ okpukpe kachasị, na ọtụtụ usoro nkwenye ndị obodo na-enyekwa aka na ọdịdị ime mmụọ. Omume na emume okpukperechi dị n'ime akụkụ dị iche iche nke obodo Naịjirịa, na ụlọ okpukperechi na-arụkarị ọrụ dị mkpa na agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ọdịmma ọha mmadụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Okpukperechi na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ahụmahụ nke ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa.<ref name="Religion on LGBT">{{Cite journal|author=Okwusa|first=Ikechukwu Kenneth|title=Homosexuality and the church: Examining the moral implications of the stand of the church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) against homosexuality|journal=Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities|date=2022|volume=23|issue=1|pages=161–180|doi=10.4314/ujah.v23i1.6}}</ref> Nkọwa ndị Naịjirịa banyere Islam na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na-agbasokarị echiche ọdịnala gbasara mmekọahụ na ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị. Nke a emeela ka a na-akpọ ndị LGBTQ asị ma na-akpa ókè megide ha. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Àgwà ndị ọzọ e mere ka ha bụrụ mpụ === * A na-ata mmadụ ahụhụ iyi uwe dị iche iche na "iṅomi nwoke na nwanyị dị iche" n'ụfọdụ steeti. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Kano na-atụba ruo otu afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ maka ụmụ nwoke ndị yi uwe ma ọ bụ na-akpa àgwà dị ka ụmụ nwanyị. * Ịbụ onye a kpọrọ "onye na-awagharị awagharị" ma ọ bụ "onye na-awagharị awagharị a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe" maka ime ihe nwoke na nwoke ibe ya na-eme ma ọ bụ iyi uwe dị iche iche na-ebu ntaramahụhụ nke mkpọrọ, ipia utari, ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ. === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === A kpọwo aha ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa, nke e guzobere na narị afọ nke 18 na Naịjirịa n'oge ọchịchị ndị Britain, dị ka ndị rụrụ arụ na ndị na-emegbu mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-08-17|title="Everyone's in on the Game"|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/08/17/everyones-game/corruption-and-human-rights-abuses-nigeria-police-force|journal=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> E nwere akụkọ gbasara ndị uwe ojii na-enyocha ndị ha weere dị ka ndị nwoke idina nwoke nke na-eduga n'ịnwụchi, mwakpo, na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe.<ref name="Desmond">{{Cite web|author=Desmond|first=Vincent|date=2020-08-20|title=Nigerian Police Are Extorting People Who 'Look Gay'|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nigerian-police-are-extorting-people-who-look-gay/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=Vice|language=en}}</ref> Iwu a nke na-eme nke kpọrọ nwoke idina nwoke asị bụ iwu dabere na iwu ọchịchị ndị Britain nke e webatara na Naịjirịa na narị afọ nke 19.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-12-17|title=This Alien Legacy: The Origins of "Sodomy" Laws in British Colonialism|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/17/alien-legacy/origins-sodomy-laws-british-colonialism|journal=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Criminalization of Homosexuality in Colonial History, by Dr Joseph O'Mahoney|url=https://blogs.reading.ac.uk/gender-history-cluster/2021/06/17/homosexuality/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=University of Reading|archivedate=2023-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603120406/https://blogs.reading.ac.uk/gender-history-cluster/2021/06/17/homosexuality/}}</ref> Tupu ọchịchị mba ọzọ amalite ịchị mba ahụ, ọ dịghị otu iwu kwuru na ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na Naịjirịa na-eme ihe ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arimoro|first=Augustine Edobor|date=2021-10-01|title=Interrogating the Criminalisation of Same-Sex Sexual Activity: A Study of Commonwealth Africa|journal=Liverpool Law Review|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=379–399|doi=10.1007/s10991-021-09280-5|issn=1572-8625}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, e nwere iwu omenala megide mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ahụ. Gọọmentị Britain webatara iwu ndị mere ka mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke bụrụ ihe ọjọọ, dabere na iwu mpụ nke Britain, nke omume ọma nke Victoria metụtara. Nke kachasị pụta ìhè n'ime iwu ndị a bụ Iwu Mpụ nke 1916, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ mpụ nye "onye ọ bụla nwere ihe ọmụma anụ ahụ banyere onye ọ bụla megidere usoro okike".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-23|title=The Criminal Code Act|url=https://sabilaw.org/the-criminal-code-act/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=SabiLaw|language=en-US}}</ref> E jigidere iwu ndị a mgbe Naịjirịa nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960, wee bụrụ akụkụ nke Iwu Mpụ nke Naịjirịa. Ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na okpukperechi emetụtala ikike ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa, nke a na-emebikarị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aminu|first=Ado|date=2021-02-02|title=LGBT+ discrimination and the politics of being queer in Nigeria » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/lgbt-discrimination-and-the-politics-of-being-queer-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=2018-08-12|title=LGBTQ In Nigeria: Between Law And Love|url=https://guardian.ng/life/lgbtq-in-nigeria-between-law-and-love/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E jigidere iwu ndị a mgbe Naịjirịa nwetara nnwere onwe n'afọ 1960. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, e nweela ụfọdụ oku na ngagharị iwe maka iwepụ iwu ndị a, mana ha ka dị. == Ịmata mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị == Na Jenụwarị 18, 2007, kabinet nke Naịjirịa kwadoro mkpebi [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2006]] ma zigara ya na National Assembly maka ihe ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fulcrum-anglican.org.uk/news/2006/20061121radner.cfm?doc=167#appendix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612181026/http://www.fulcrum-anglican.org.uk/news/2006/20061121radner.cfm?doc=167|title="Appendix: A Bill for an Act To Make Provisions for the Prohibition of Sexual Relationship Between Persons of the Same Sex, Celebration of Marriage By Them And For Other Matters Connected Therewith", reprinted in "Human Rights, Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion: Reflections in Light of Nigeria", ''Fulcrum: Renewing the Evangelical Centre'', authored by Ephraim Radner and Andrew Goddard|archivedate=12 June 2008}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, iwu ahụ emezughị. Na 29 Nọvemba 2011, Sineti Naịjirịa tinyere aka na ntuli aka "Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Bill, 2011". Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa kwadoro iwu a n'abalị iri atọ nke ọnwa Mee afọ 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/nigerian-same-sex-marriage-ban-violates-lgbti-rights|title=Nigerian Same Sex Marriage Ban Violates LGBTI Rights|work=www.freedomhouse.org}}</ref> ma onyeisiala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] bịanyere aka na ya dịka iwu na Jenụwarị 2014 dịka [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act]]. Iwu ahụ: * mere nkwekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ njikọ obodo n'etiti nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị "na-ezighi ezi na iwu akwadoghị na ... enweghị ya dịka ihe ruru eru inweta uru nke alụmdi na nwunye ziri ezi". * emee ka ọ ghara ịdị irè ma bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịmanye na Naịjirịa, nkwekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ njikọ obodo nke e tinyere n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwanyị site na asambodo nke mba ọzọ nyere * amachibidoro itinye alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ njikọ obodo ọ bụla e jikọrọ n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwanyị na ibe ha "n'ebe ofufe ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ ụka ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ alakụba ma ọ bụ n'ebe ọ bụla ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla a kpọrọ na Naịjirịa" * amachibidoro ndebanye aha nke "òtù ndị nwoke idina nwoke, òtù dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche, ihe oriri ha, ngagharị na nzukọ" * machibidoro "igosi mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n'ihu ọha na eze n'etiti nwoke na ibe ya na nwanyị na ibe ya ozugbo ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè" * mere ka onye banyere n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta alụmdi nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-alụ ọgụ maka mkpọrọ afọ 14 * mere ka mmadụ "debanye aha, na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-esonye na klọb ndị nwoke idina nwoke, ọha mmadụ na òtù dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ gosi n'ihu ọha na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya nwoke na nwanyị na Naịjirịa" nwere ike ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri * mere ka mmadụ ma ọ bụ otu ndị mmadụ "na-agba akaebe, na-akwado ma na-enyere aka ime emume nke alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ njikọ obodo, ma ọ bụ na-akwado ndebanye aha, ọrụ na inye ndị otu nwoke idina nwoke, òtù dị iche iche, òtù dị iche iche, ngagharị ma ọ bụ nzukọ na Naịjirịa" ndị a ga-atụ mkpọrọ afọ iri * A kọwara "njikọ obodo" maka ebumnuche nke iwu a ka ọ pụta "nkwekọrịta ọ bụla dị n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwanyị ibi ọnụ dị ka ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, na ... gụnyere nkọwa ndị dị ka mmekọrịta ndị okenye nọọrọ onwe ha, mmekọrịta nlekọta, mmekọrịta obodo, nkwekọrịta ịdị n'otu obodo, mmekọrịta dị n'ime obodo, mmekọrịta ndị ga-erite uru n'otu aka ahụ, mmekọrịta edebanyere aha, mmekọrịta dị mkpa, njikọ kwụsiri ike, wdg."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/74807203/Nigeria-Same-Sex-Marriage-Bill-final|title=Nigeria Same Sex Marriage Bill-final}}</ref> Iwu a na-agbaso iwu yiri nke ahụ emere na Uganda na Disemba 2013, nke na-amachibido mkpọrọ ndụ maka ụdị omume nwoke idina nwoke. == Nchebe megide ịkpa ókè == Iwu nke Federal Republic of Nigeria anaghị echebe ikike LGBTQ kpọmkwem, mana o nwere ọtụtụ iwu na-ekwe nkwa ikike nhata nye ụmụ amaala niile (Nkebi nke 17(2)(a)) yana ikike ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nlekọta ahụike na ahụike zuru oke (Nkebi nke 17(3)(d)) na ohere nhata n'ebe ọrụ (Nkebi nke 17(3)(a)).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm|title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria|work=www.nigeria-law.org|accessdate=2026-06-27|archivedate=2020-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515002448/https://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naịjirịa kpebiri na Nkebi nke 4(1), 5(2), na 5(3) nke Iwu Alụmdi na Nwunye Nwoke na Nwanyị (Mmachibidoro) 2013 mebiri Iwu Naịjirịa, na-ekwe ka òtù na ndị LGBTQ+ dịrị ndụ ma hazie onwe ha. Ụlọọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa nwere amụma mba n'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile dị na Naịjirịa gbasara nchekwa, nchekwa na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-enweghị ime ihe ike, nke na-amachibido ma na-anaghị anabata ịkpa ókè, nke dịka amụma ahụ si dị, pụtara, "Mmeso ọjọọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọdịiche aka ike dabere na agbụrụ mmadụ, mmekọahụ, okpukperechi, mba, agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, nkwarụ, afọ, asụsụ, ebe mmadụ si bịa ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọzọ." Enweghị iwu e tinyere n'iwu na-echebe megide ịkpa ókè ma ọ bụ mmekpa ahụ dabere na mmasị mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ njirimara nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ dịghị otu n'ime pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị na Naịjirịa kwadoro ikike LGBTQ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Abụọ n'ime pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na Mgbakọ Mba, [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] na [[All Nigeria People's Party|All Nigeria Peoples Party]], ha na-emegide ikike ndị LGBTQ nke ukwuu. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pere mpe na ndị nwere nnwere onwe ekwuwokwa okwu megide ikike LGBTQ. == Ọnọdụ obibi ndụ == A na-ewere Naịjirịa dị ka mba na-echekwa echiche nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hancock|first=Edith|title=The 25 most conservative, intolerant, and polluted countries in the world|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-conservative-countries-in-the-world-2017-1|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Okpukperechi dị oke mkpa na Naịjirịa, ebe okpukperechi Islam na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bụ okpukpe ndị kacha pụta ìhè, na nkọwa ndị a ma ama nke ndị Naịjirịa gbasara Alakụba na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na-agbaso echiche ọdịnala gbasara mmekọahụ na ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":5"/><ref name="Religion on LGBT2">{{Cite journal|author=Okwusa|first=Ikechukwu Kenneth|date=2022|title=Homosexuality and the church: Examining the moral implications of the stand of the church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) against homosexuality|journal=Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities|volume=23|issue=1|pages=161–180|doi=10.4314/ujah.v23i1.6}}</ref> E gosipụtara ịkpọasị ọha na eze megide mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-10-20|title="Tell Me Where I Can Be Safe"|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> Tinyere ntaramahụhụ iwu, ụmụ amaala nwoke idina nwoke n'ihu ọha na-enwe mwakpo na ime ihe ike. Kemgbe e tinyere iwu nke Naịjirịa [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act (SSMPA)]] n'afọ 2014, ndị LGBTQ enwetawo mmegbu, ime ihe ike, na mwepu ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Onishi|first=Norimitsu|date=2015-12-20|title=U.S. Support of Gay Rights in Africa May Have Done More Harm Than Good|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/21/world/africa/us-support-of-gay-rights-in-africa-may-have-done-more-harm-than-good.html?smid=url-share|accessdate=2025-01-11|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị ohi, ndị agbata obi, na ndị uwe ojii na-ejikarị iwu eme ihe iji lekwasị anya n'ihe gbasara ndị LGBTQ, ha na-ejikarị mgbasa ozi ọha na eze ejide ndị a metụtara.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Wafula|first=Ian|date=2023-05-15|title=The Nigerians lured into a trap and blackmailed for being gay|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65560062|accessdate=2025-07-08|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> A maara omume nke ịnara ego n'aka ụmụ nwoke ndị na edina nwoke site n'iyi ha egwu dịka "[[Kito (slang)|kito]]".<ref name=":6" /> Njide na mmechuihu ọha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ọtụtụ mmadụ na-atụkwa egwu ịchọ nlekọta ahụike ma ọ bụ ịkọ akụkọ mpụ.<ref name=":4" /> E nwere akụkọ gbasara ndị uwe ojii na-enyocha ndị ha weere dị ka ndị nwoke idina nwoke, nke na-eduga n'ịnwụchi, mwakpo, na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe.<ref name="Desmond"/> Ahụmịhe ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-eme ihe ike na Naịjirịa ka edekọtara n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ''She Called Me Woman''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Seth-Smith|first=Niki|date=2019-03-20|title=Book review: She Called Me Woman|url=https://newhumanist.org.uk/5437/book-review-she-called-me-woman|accessdate=2025-09-03|work=newhumanist.org.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref>'','' onye deziri ya bụ Azeenarh Mohammed, [[Chitra Nagarajan]] na Rafeeat Aliya. Ọ bụ ezie na nkwado mba ọdịda anyanwụ, karịsịa site n'aka mba Amerịka, enyela nkwado ego maka ikike LGBTQ na Naịjirịa na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Africa, ndị nkatọ na-arụ ụka na mgbalị ndị a anọgidela ihe na-esi na ya apụta. <ref name=":4"/> Ọdịdị nke ndị LGBTQ amụbaala, nke na-akpali mmeghachi omume site n'aka ndị otu na-echekwa echiche bụ́ ndị na-ahụ mmegharị ahụ dị ka ụdị nke ọchịchị alaeze ukwu omenala.<ref name=":4" /> Ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ndị Naịjirịa na-atụ aro na nkwado obodo na-aga n'ihu nke ọma bụ ụzọ dị irè karị isi melite ọnọdụ maka obodo LGBTQ.<ref name=":4" /> Iwu a emeela ka ihere mee ka ọtụtụ ndị Naịjirịa na-akpọ ndị LGBTQ asị, ebe ha na-ejikọta ndị mba ọzọ.<ref name=":4"/> Ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị otu ikike mmadụ ekwuola na SSMPA emeela ka ndị nche nwee obi ike ma kwalite ọnọdụ nke ntaramahụhụ maka ime ihe ike megide LGBTQ.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Isaack|first=Wendy|date=2016-10-20|title="Tell Me Where I Can Be Safe"|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act|journal=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nsogbu ndị a, òtù dịka [[The Initiative for Equal Rights|The Initiative For Equal Rights]] nọgide na-enye nkwado na nkwado dị mkpa maka ndị LGBTQ Naijiria.<ref name=":4" /> Agbanyeghị [[Lagos Fashion Week]] na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji ugboro abụọ n'afọ n'ihu ọha, ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ejiji na-ahọrọ ime ihe ngosi nkeonwe iji gbochie ebubo omume rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ iji zere nkagbu oge ikpeazụ site n'aka ndị ọbịa n'etiti nlebara anya na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinwande|first=Bolaji|date=2024-06-13|title=The Nigerian fashion labels feeling forced to show in private|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/13/style/lagos-fashion-lgbtq-inclusivity/index.html|accessdate=2024-06-13|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Atụmatụ nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na mba ahụ dị site na nde iri na ise ruo nde iri abụọ.<ref name="Sussner 2022 pp. 31–53">{{Cite journal|author=Sussner|first=Petra|title=Addressing Heteronormativity: The Not-So-Lost Requirement of Discretion in (Austrian) Asylum Law|journal=International Journal of Refugee Law|volume=34|issue=1|date=2022-03-01|issn=0953-8186|doi=10.1093/ijrl/eeac018|pages=31–53}}</ref><ref name="Adéné 2017 p395">{{Cite web|author=Adéné|first=Ayϙ|title=Nigeria - 42 LGBT persons arrested|work=ZAM|date=2017-08-10|url=https://www.zammagazine.com/arts/780-nigeria-42-lgbt-persons-arrested|accessdate=2023-06-28}}</ref><ref name="Stewart 2009 p. 2-PA98">{{Cite book|author=Stewart|first=C.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide [3 volumes]: [3 volumes]|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-313-34232-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luPNEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA98|accessdate=2023-08-01}}</ref> Nnyocha achọpụtala na ọtụtụ ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa na-amata onwe ha dị ka Ndị Kraịst n'okpukpe dịka Anglicanism.<ref name="Nel 2021 p. 176">{{Cite book|author=Nel|first=M.|title=LGBTIQ + people and Pentecostals: An African Pentecostal hermeneutic perspective|publisher=Lit Verlag|series=Exegese in Unserer Zeit. Kontextuelle Bi Series|year=2021|isbn=978-3-643-91248-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXjlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|accessdate=2023-08-01}}</ref> Ụfọdụ òtù dị na Naịjirịa na-agbalị inyere ndị LGBTQ aka, dịka Ụlọụka Obodo Metropolitan. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị otu a nwere ike itinye ndị mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ mmegbu.<ref name=":0"/> A hụrụ akụkọ ikike mmadụ nke Ngalaba Mba Amerịka nke afọ 2011:<ref name="2011 Report">{{Cite web|title=''2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186441.pdf}}</ref>: ^{<big>50</big>} <blockquote>N'ihi ihe ndị mmadụ na-anaghị anabata gbasara nwoke idina nwoke, ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole gosipụtara mmasị ha n'ebe ọha mmadụ nọ. Ndị [òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị] ... Global Rights na The Independent Project nyere otu ndị otu nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị, na onye nwere okike nwoke na nwanyị (LGBT) ndụmọdụ iwu na ọzụzụ n'ịkwado ndị mmadụ, ọrụ mgbasa ozi, na mmata gbasara HIV/AIDS. </blockquote> == Mkpọrọ na ihe omume == N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ndị uwe ojii steeti Bauchi jidere ụmụ nwoke iri na asatọ ma boo ha ebubo idina nwoke maka iyi uwe dịka ụmụ nwanyị, nke iwu na-akwadoghị dịka iwu Shari'a siri dị.<ref name="2008 HRR">{{Cite web|title=2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State}}</ref> E mechara chụpụ ebubo ndị a n'ime ndị na-anaghị aga ebe ọzọ, a kpọchirikwa ndị ikom ahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ na-eche ka a kpee ha ikpe - nke mechara kwụsị na njedebe nke afọ 2011.<ref name="2011 Report"/>: ⁵¹  Na ụbọchị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 2008, akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ bipụtara aha na adreesị nke mmadụ iri na abụọ nke House of Rainbow Metropolitan Church, ụlọ ụka dị na Lagos nke na-anabata ndị LGBTQ. Ndị mmadụ na-eyi ụfọdụ n'ime ndị otu a egwu, tie ha ihe ma tụọ ha nkume.<ref name="2010 HRR">{{Cite web|title=''2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, page 58|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/160138.pdf}}</ref> Mgbe ihe ndị a gasịrị, chọọchị ahụ kagburu ogbako maka nchegbu gbasara nchekwa nke ndị bịara ya.<ref name="2011 Report"/>: ⁵¹  Na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, ndị ọchịchị steeti [[Kaduna]] nwụchiri ụmụ nwoke iri ise na atọ maka ebubo na ha gbara izu ịga agbamakwụkwọ nwoke na nwoke.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria charges 53 over gay wedding|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/nigeria-charges-53-over-gay-wedding|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=SBS News|language=en}}</ref> E boro ndị a na-ebo ebubo ebubo ime nkwekọrịta, nzukọ iwu na-akwadoghị, na isonye na otu iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=53 Men Arrested in Nigeria for Attending 'Gay Wedding'|author=Broverman, Neal|work=The Advocate|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2017/4/22/53-men-arrested-nigeria-attending-gay-wedding|date=22 April 2017|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: 53 People Charged for 'Same-Sex Marriage Conspiracy'|author=Gaffey, Conor|work=Newsweek|url=http://www.newsweek.com/nigeria-same-sex-marriage-586746|date=20 April 2017|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria 'gay wedding' bust leads to charges|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39654568|date=20 April 2017|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos State]] nwụchiri ụmụ nwoke iri anọ na abụọ maka mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40774930|title=Mass 'homosexual' arrests in Nigeria|work=BBC News|date=31 July 2017}}</ref> Na June 2018, ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa nwụchiri ihe karịrị mmadụ 100 na-aga oriri na nkwari n'otu họtel dị na Asaba, [[Ȯra Delta|Delta State]], n'ebubo na ha bụ ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-edina ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rightsafrica.com/2018/06/11/nigeria-police-arrest-over-50-alleged-gay-and-lesbians/|title=Nigeria: Police arrest over 100 alleged gay and lesbians|date=11 June 2018|work=Rights Africa – Equal Rights, One Voice!|language=en-US|accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Julaị 2018, ha na-eche ebubo gbasara nwoke idina nwoke ihu n'ụlọ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://76crimes.com/2018/07/02/nigeria-100-youths-face-homosexuality-charges-in-court/|title=Nigeria: 100+ youths face homosexuality charges in court|author=Daemon|first=Mike|date=2 July 2018|work=Erasing 76 Crimes|language=en-US|accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> Emere emume ncheta ọmụmụ n'ụlọ nkwari akụ dị na [[Egbeda]], obodo dị n'ime ime obodo na Lagos, Naịjirịa, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, mwakpowe ojii mere ka ọ kwụsịtụrụ, nke mere ka e jide onye ọ bụla ndị uwe ojii nwere ike ịchọta site na gburugburu họtel ahụ. E kwuru na mmadụ iri ise na asaa n'ime ụmụ okorobịa ndị e jidere n'oge mwakpo ahụ bụ ndị malitere ịbanye n'ime otu LGBTQ. N'ime ndị ahụ metụtara bụ [[James Brown (internet personality)|James Brown]], onye Naịjiria nke a maara nke ọma n'asụsụ Naịjirịa "They Didnt Caught Me". Ikpe Egbeda 57 dọtara uche mba na nke ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa ruo afọ abụọ. Na Jenụwarị 2019, Dolapo Badmos, onye na-ekwuchitere ndị uwe ojii steeti Lagos, dọrọ ndị nwoke idina nwoke aka ná ntị ka ha gbapụ na mba ahụ ma ọ bụghị ya a ga-ekpe ha ikpe. O kwuru n'ozi o dere na Instagram: "Ndị ọ bụla nwere mmasị nwoke idina nwoke kwesịrị ịpụ na Naịjirịa ma ọ bụ tinye aka n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpe." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Dolapo Badmos gara n'ihu na-ekwu na e nwere iwu na Naịjirịa nke machibidoro klọb ndị nwoke idina nwoke, a ga-ata onye ọ bụla a hụrụ na ọ na-akpakọrịta na ha ntaramahụhụ ruo afọ iri na ise n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/leave-nigeria-now-or-suffer-police-tell-homosexuals/|title=Leave Nigeria now or suffer, police tell homosexuals|work=[[The Punch]]|date=22 January 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=23 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/99188/nigerian-police-chief-says-gay-people-should-leave-country|title=Nigerian police chief says gay people 'should leave country'|work=The Week UK|date=24 January 2019|language=en|accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ndị uwe ojii wakporo agbamakwụkwọ ndị nwoke idina nwoke na Warri na steeti Delta ma jide ọtụtụ mmadụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|date=2023-10-24|title=Nigeria's paramilitary raids birthday party, arrests 76 gay people|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/24/africa/nigeria-paramilitary-raids-gay-party-intl/index.html|accessdate=2023-10-24|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya dị ka Warri 67, ikpe njide ọha a mere n'ememe ndị a na-akpọ oriri/mmemme alụmdi na nwunye n'otu họtel dị na [[Warri]], obodo dị n'ime ime obodo dị na Delta steeti dị na ndịda Naịjirịa. A kọrọ na a gụrụ ndị ihe metụtara na mwakpo ahụ n'ime otu narị. Agbanyeghị, a kpọgara mmadụ iri isii na asaa n'ime ha n'ụlọ ikpe ka a kpee ha ikpe. N'okwu ndị uwe ojii kwuru mgbe ejidere ya, ha kwuru na ha mere ihe dabere na ozi e nyere n'aka onye a na-akọwaghị gbasara emume agbamakwụkwọ nke na-eme n'ụlọ nkwari akụ nkeonwe. Mana mwakpo ahụ mere ka ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ndị obodo leba anya n'okwu a, ebe ọ bụ na oriri ahụ bụ nke onwe, a na-atụkwa anya na a ga-enye ndị nhazi ya ikike nzuzo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Omonigho|first=Matthew|date=2023-08-29|title=Police arrest 67 gay suspects in Delta hotel|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/08/29/police-arrest-67-gay-suspects-in-delta-hotel/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Adurokiya|first=Ebenezer|date=2023-08-29|title=Police arrest gay suspects at wedding ceremony in Delta|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/police-arrest-gay-suspects-at-wedding-ceremony-in-delta/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 August 2023|title=Police storm gay marriage venue in Delta, arrest couple, 65 others|url=https://dailytrust.com/police-storm-gay-marriage-venue-in-delta-arrest-couple-65-others/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-05|title=100 queer persons arrested at a party in Warri, Delta state, Nigeria|url=https://aqyi.org/discussion-topics/100-queer-persons-arrested-at-a-party-in-warri-delta-state-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-12-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204210825/https://aqyi.org/discussion-topics/100-queer-persons-arrested-at-a-party-in-warri-delta-state-nigeria/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, e jidere mmadụ 76 (ụmụ nwoke 59 na ụmụ nwanyị 17) n'oriri ndị nwoke idina nwoke na steeti Gombe dị na ugwu Naịjirịa ebe ndị uwe ojii kwuru na a ga-eme agbamakwụkwọ ndị nwoke idina nwoke.<ref name=":2"/> A maara ya dịka Gombe 76, ndị otu nchekwa obodo na nchekwa obodo nke Naịjirịa mere mwakpo ahụ na njide ahụ. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa ahụ kwuru na e jidere ya mgbe ha nwetachara ozi gbasara emume ọmụmụ nke nwoke na edina nwoke na agbamakwụkwọ a na-eme atụmatụ ime n'isi obodo steeti ahụ. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa kwuru na mmadụ iri abụọ na otu n'ime ndị ahụ ejidere ekwupụtala na ha bụ ndị nwoke idina nwoke. Agbanyeghị, ndị Amnesty International katọrọ njide ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Babangida|first=Mohammed|date=2023-10-25|title=Amnesty International demands release of suspected gays arrested in Gombe|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/636935-amnesty-international-demands-release-of-suspected-gays-arrested-in-gombe.html|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Security Operatives Arrest 76 Suspects At Same-Sex Wedding In Gombe State {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/10/23/nigerian-security-operatives-arrest-76-suspects-same-sex-wedding-gombe-state|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Opanuga|first=Jimisayo|date=2023-10-23|title=Civil Defence arrests 76 people at same-sex birthday, planned wedding in Gombe|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/civil-defence-arrests-76-people-at-same-sex-birthday-planned-wedding-in-gombe/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204205321/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/civil-defence-arrests-76-people-at-same-sex-birthday-planned-wedding-in-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba == Mmejuputa iwu Naịjirịa [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act]] ọ bụghị naanị na o mere ka alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke megide nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ihe ọjọọ, kamakwa o machibidoro ịkwado, nzukọ, na ngosipụta ịhụnanya n'ihu ọha. Iwu a amanyela ọtụtụ ndị LGBTQ Nigeria ịchọ ebe mgbaba na mba ofesi, gụnyere na United States.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Shakur|first=Fayemi|date=2014-09-26|title=Gay Africans Seeking Asylum in New York|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/gay-africans-seeking-asylum-in-brooklyn/index.html|accessdate=2025-01-09|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=}}</ref> Ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba na-ekwukarị na egwu nke ime ihe ike, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ihe ndị metụtara iwu dịka iwu ụwa na nke Sharia si dị.<ref name=":3" /> Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe egosila nnukwu ihe gbasara ahụike na akụnụba nke iwu ahụ nwere ike ịkpata, ebe ọ na-egbochi ohere ịnweta ọrụ mgbochi HIV ma na-amanye ndị LGBTQ na ndị otu ha ka ha hapụ ọrụ ha na ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ obodo.<ref name=":3" /> Òtù dịka Housing Works na Brooklyn na enye nkwado dị mkpa maka ndị LGBTQ na-achọ ebe mgbaba si Naịjirịa, na-enyere aka n'ịnọchite anya iwu, ebe obibi, na ịnweta nlekọta ahụike.<ref name=":3"/> Ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu ọbụlagodi mgbe ha gbapụrụ na Naịjirịa, gụnyere ihe mgbu nke mgbasa, ihere ọha mmadụ, na nchegbu maka ndị ezinụlọ ha ka nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ụlọ.<ref name=":3" /> Maka ụfọdụ, ohere ibi ndụ n'ihu ọha na-ebelata site n'egwu na-aga n'ihu nke ịbụ onye a na-achọ ịma ma ọ bụ ikpughe ndị ha hụrụ n'anya nye ihe ọjọọ.<ref name=":3" /> == Tebụl Nchịkọta == {| class="wikitable" |Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị iwu |/ (Nchegbu: Ruo ọnwụ na steeti Shari'a; ruo afọ 14 nke mkpọrọ na steeti ndị na-abụghị nke Sahara) [[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]][[Faịlụ:Skull_and_crossbones.svg|15x15px|No]] |- |Afọ nkwenye hà nhata |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ naanị |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'inye ngwaahịa na ọrụ |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè na mpaghara ndị ọzọ niile (gụnyere ịkpa ókè n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, okwu ịkpọasị) |/ Nchebe dị oke ala.[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]][[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |- |Alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị | (Mmachibido iwu kemgbe 2013) [[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Nkwado maka di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Nkuchi nwa site n'aka di na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Nkuchi nke di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |A na-ekwe ka ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha na ndị na-alụ nwanyị ibe ha rụọ ọrụ n'ihu ọha n'ọrụ agha |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Ikike ịgbanwe okike iwu |Crossdressing bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na steeti iri na abụọ dị na Northern Nigeria.[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Ịnweta IVF maka ụmụ nwanyị |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Ịmụ nwa maka ndị nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ha |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |MSM kwere ka ha nye ọbara |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |} == Hụkwa ==   * All the Colours of the World Are Between Black and White, Naijiria film (2023) * [[Abuja Area Mama|Ebe Abuja Mama]], onye na-eyi nwanyị e gburu na Abuja * [[Bobrisky]], nwanyị transgender a ma ama na Naijiria * ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ maka ndina ụdị onwe * ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na Naịjirịa * Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Naịjirịa * Ikike LGBT n'Africa * [[LGBT rights in Northern Nigeria|Ikike LGBT na Northern Nigeria]] * Nkwado maka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na Naịjirịa * [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Iwu Alụmdi na Nwoke (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013]] * The Initiative For Equal Rights, otu nkwado LGBTQ na Naịjirịa == Ihe edeturu == == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act Akụkọ Human Rights Watch banyere mmetụta nke Iwu Alụmdi na Nwoke (Mmachibido Iwu) na ndị Naijiria LGBT] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110427075540/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3 Ndụmọdụ njem gọọmentị UK maka Naijiria: Iwu na omenala obodo]  [[Otú:Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rynvsecsmovwwingqlfcqqtdjfh3f6h 0 77567 743977 698644 2026-11-09T13:29:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == Na omenala== ===Nka na akwụkwọ=== <gallery> File:Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg|Ihe osise ochie a nke ndị Ijipt, "Menna na Ịchụ nta Ezinụlọ n'ime Ala Mmiri", dị n'ime [[Ili Menna]] dị na [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Azụ̀ [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] na-eri.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} File:0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG| [[ala Nilotic]], dị ka mosaic ndị Rom nke narị afọ nke abụọ a, na-egosipụtakarị agụ iyi na hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> File:New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg| ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' bụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl site na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> </gallery> A na-ahụkarị osimiri ahụ na [[Nka nke Ijipt oge ochie | nka Ijipt oge ochie]], ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere ndị eze na-akụ azụ̀ ma ọ bụ na-akụ azụ̀ hippopotamuse.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> A na-akpọ [[eserese ala|Ihe osise ala]] nke gosipụtara osimiri Naịl{{snd}} ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ{{snd}} [[ala nilotic]]. A na-ahụ ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Nilotic site n'osimiri nke gosipụtara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Ijipt. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere papyrus, nkwụ, azụ̀ na nnụnụ mmiri, na {{snd}}nwamba, enwe, na agụ iyi.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|pp=68–69,97,126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53–54}}. }}</ref> A na-egosikwa ala Nilotic n'ihe osise sitere na Gris oge ochie na [[ihe osise ndị Rom|Rom oge ochie]].<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman/> Ihe osise ndị Rom nke oge ochie na-elekwasị anya n'anụmanụ ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke na-agụnyekarị agụ iyi na hippopotamuses.<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Betancourt|2007|pp=93,122,146,190}}. |{{harvnb|Versluys|2002|pp=3–4, 23, 28–30,43–50, 55, 65}}. }}</ref> Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke Naịl n'ihe osise bụ ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl dị ukwuu sitere na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].{{efn|A colossal sculpture is one twice life size or larger.{{sfn|"Colossal", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}}} A na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke na-ehulata n'elu ihe e ji ọka wit mee. N'akụkụ ya bụ [[sphinx]]{{snd}} nke na-anọchite anya Ijipt{{snd}} na ụmụ iri na isii nke na-ezo aka na cubit iri na isii (ogologo kacha mma nke idei mmiri kwa afọ). E nwere agụ iyi, nkịta ndị a na-akpọ pygmi, na ehi mmiri.<ref name=colossal>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|pp=282–289}}. |{{harvnb|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}}. |{{harvnb|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}}. }}</ref> A na-ahụ Osimiri Naịl n'ihe osise ndị nwere nnukwu osimiri anọ n'ụwa: Osimiri Naịl (Afrịka), [[Danube]] (Europe), [[Ganges]] (Asia), na [[Río de la Plata]] (America). Ihe atụ gụnyere eserese ahụ ''[[The Four Continents|The Four Rivers of Paradise]]'' site n'aka [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1615){{sfn|Rosenthal|2005|pp=41-42}} na isi iyi ahụ dị na Rom ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' emebere ya site n'aka [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1651).{{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=289-305}} N'isi iyi Bernini, a na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke kpuchiri isi ya n'ákwà, nke na-anọchite anya ihe omimi nke isi iyi Naịl a na-amaghị ama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|p=302}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=351}}. }}</ref> Ndị Ijipt oge ochie dere ma bụọ [[Abụ a maka Naịl]]; o mere emume maka idei mmiri nke Naịl na uru o wetara n'ọdịbendị Ijipt.{{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} [[Isma'il Pasha]] nyere [[Giuseppe Verdi]] ọrụ ide opera iji mee emume mmeghe nke Suez Canal. E mere opera a, ''[[Aida]]'', n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Royal Opera nke e wuru ọhụrụ [[Egyptian Royal Opera House]] n'afọ 1871. E tinyere ihe nkiri opera nke atọ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=43}} Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ nke Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, ndị egwu Etiopia emepụtala egwu ndị na-eme emume ma na-eto Naịl na dam.{{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} [[William Shakespeare]] nwere agwa [[Marc Antony]] na-akọwa idei mmiri Naịl n'egwuregwu ahụ ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'': "Otu a ka ha si eme, nna m ukwu: ha na-ewere mmiri nke Naịl site na ihe atụ ụfọdụ na pyramid; ha maara, Site n'ịdị elu, ala, ma ọ bụ nke dị ala, ma ọ bụrụ na ụkọ ma ọ bụ foison na-eso: ka Nilus na-eto nke ọma, ka o kwere nkwa karịa: ka ọ na-agbọpụta, onye na-agha mkpụrụ na-agbasasị ọka ya n'elu ala ahịhịa na mmiri ozuzo, Ọ na-abịakwa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi." {{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=59}}{{efn|Quote from ''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Act 2, Scene 7). "Foison" means a rich harvest.}}<!-- The Nile also plays a role in other depictions of [[Cleopatra]] in art, including the 1898 play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=73}} and the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra ]]''.{{cn}} --> [[Agatha Christie]] dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi nke afọ 1937 a ma ama ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', gbasara ogbugbu n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mgbanwe.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=77-78}} ''[[Adrift on the Nile]]'' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Ijipt na onye meriri [[Nobel Laureate|Nobel Prize]] [[Naguib Mahfouz]] dere n'afọ 1966 gbasara otu nwa okorobịa bi n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. Osimiri ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ndụ ọ na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ gbakụta ọha mmadụ azụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=72-73}} Osimiri Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ [[egwuregwu vidiyo]], gụnyere ''[[Civilization VI]]''.{{sfn|Tian|2025|pp=95,100-102}} ===Akụkọ ifo na okpukperechi=== [[File:Hapy_tying.svg|thumb|Chi ndị Ijipt [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] kpatara idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ.<ref name=Hapy/>|alt=A diagram of two identical blue men, facing each other. They are holding green plants.]] [[File:Jozef Geirnaert - Finding of Moses.jpg|thumb|Baịbụl Hibru nwere akụkọ gbasara ebe a napụtara nwa ọhụrụ [[Moses]] n'ime Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}}|alt=A detailed colorful painting, of several men and women alongside a river. A baby is in a basket.]] [[Okpukpe ochie nke ndị Ijipt#Cosmology|Cosmology]] nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie bụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okike: kama ile ndụ anya dị ka ihe nwere mmalite na njedebe, a na-ele ya anya dị ka usoro na-adịgide adịgide. Echiche ndụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere n'ụwa ebumpụta ụwa nke gbara ndị Ijipt gburugburu, ụzọ anyanwụ si agafe kwa ụbọchị, na idei mmiri nke Naịl kwa afọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=104}}. |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 15, 108}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. }}</ref> Chi anyanwụ [[Ra]] na-agafe n'eluigwe kwa ụbọchị site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, usoro atọ nke ụbọchị (ọwụwa anyanwụ, ehihie, na anyanwụ dara) kwekọrọ na usoro ndụ mmadụ: ọmụmụ, ndụ, na ọnwụ. N'ihi nke a, e tinyere ọtụtụ ebe ili ozu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, ebe ha ga-adị nso na anyanwụ na-ada.<ref name=west>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|p= 147 |loc=Article: "Hymns"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp= 123, 376 |loc=Articles: "Re", "Temples" }}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 18, 29, 60}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The west side of the river is where many Egyptian funerary monuments are located, including the [[Giza pyramid complex]], the [[Memphite Necropolis]], and the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name=west/>}} N'ime [[chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie]], ọ dịghị otu chi ọ bụla mere ka osimiri Naịl bụrụ otu ụzọ ahụ chi Ra si mee ka anyanwụ bụrụ otu.{{sfn|Hornung|1982|pp=77–79}} Chi ndị e jikọtara na osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] (chi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ) na [[Khnum]] (chi nke [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataract mbụ]]), ndị jikọrọ aka mee ka idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ala ubi dị n'ime obodo ahụ dị mma.<ref name=Hapy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=61,85–86}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=9}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming|Lothian|1997|pp=30–31}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=14-15}}. }}</ref> Okpukpe ndị Ijipt tinyere isi iyi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ nke Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ [[Agwaetiti Elephantine]] (n'oge mbụ nke cataract) ebe a kwenyere na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ụwa dị n'ala mmụọ na-asọpụta.{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=54-55, 63}} [[Isis]] bụ [[Chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|chi ukwu]] n'okpukpe Ijipt, nke jikọtara ya na Naịl nke ukwuu. Òtù nzuzo ndị dabeere na Isis gbasaa site n'Ijipt gaa Europe na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=1}} Ihe atụ nke mmetụta nke ofufe Isis na Europe bụ [[Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Palestrina]], dị na Rom ma dee ya na narị afọ mbụ Tupu Oge Anyị: mosaic nke mita 4 na 3 na-egosi ala Nilotic zuru ezu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=2}} Na [[akụkọ ifo ndị Gris]], [[Nilus (akụkọ ifo)|Nilus]] bụ chi nke Naịl, otu n'ime ọtụtụ puku ụmụ chi osimiri nke [[Titans]] [[Oceanus]] na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị [[Tethys (akụkọ ifo)|Tethys]]. Nilus bụ nna nke [[naiad]] [[Memphis (nwunye Epaphus)|Memphis]], onye guzobere akụkọ ifo nke obodo [[Memphis, Ijipt|Memphis]].{{sfn| Smith|1878|pp=499, 553-554, 564, 866}} <!-- {{efn|Memphis was an important city in the Ancient Egyptian civilization. It declined during the [[Roman Egypt|Roman rule of Egypt]], and was superseded by [[Cairo]], located about 20 km north of Memphis.}}{{cn}} --> A kpọtụrụ aha Naịl n'ime [[Bible]] ọtụtụ ugboro, gụnyere akụkọ dị na [[Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ]] gbasara nwa ọhụrụ [[Mozis]] e tinyere n'ime nkata n'ime osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-akọwa osimiri [[Gihon]]{{snd}} nke a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Jenesis]] dị ka otu n'ime [[Osimiri Paradaịs]]{{snd}} anọ dị ka Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Akụkọ dị oke mkpa nye [[Ndị Copts|Ndị Copt]] nke Ijipt dị na [[Akwụkwọ Matiu]]: ọ na-akọ akụkọ otú [[Senti Josef|Joseph]] na [[Meri, nne Jizọs|Meri]] [[gbaga Ijipt|gbaga Ijipt]] wee biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ruo ọtụtụ afọ, si otú a zere [[Herọd Ukwu|Herọd]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} {{clear }} ==Edensibia== ===Ihe odide ala ala=== {{notelist}} ===Ntụaka=== {{Reflist}} ===Isi mmalite=== ====Akwụkwọ==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!--{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 749–770 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/749 | chapter = Nile Basin Asymmetries: A Closed Fresh Water Resource, Soil Water Potential, the Political Economy and Nile Transboundary Hydropolitics | first= John | last = Allan }} <!-- {{sfn|Allen |2000 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Allen | first=James P | author-link=James Peter Allen | title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000 | url= https://archive.org/details/middle-egyptian-an-introduction-to-the-language-and-culture-of-hieroglyphs-1999 | isbn=0521774837 }} <!-- {{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience | editor-last1 =Appiah |editor-first1= A. | editor-link1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah | editor-last2= Gates |editor-first2= H.L. | editor-link2 = Henry Louis Gates Jr. | isbn=9780195170559 | url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi | year=2005 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Assmann | first=Jan | author-link=Jan Assmann | others=Lorton, David transl | title=The Search for God in Ancient Egypt | publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] | year=2001 | orig-year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheSearchForGodInAncientEgypt_201807 | isbn=0801487293 }} <!-- {{sfn|Badawi |2003 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Al-Muhit Oxford Study Dictionary: English-Arabic | editor-first= Mohammad | editor-last = Badawi | isbn= 995330050X | year= 2003 | url= https://archive.org/details/20240125_20240125_1408 | publisher= Academia | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Beaumont|1993|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Drylands: Environmental Management and Development | first= Peter | last = Beaumont | isbn= 0415004578 | year= 1993 | url= https://archive.org/details/drylandsenvironm0000beau | publisher= [[Routledge]] | access-date= 13 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Betancourt|2007|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Introduction to Aegean Art |first1= P.P |last1=Betancourt | author-link=Philip Betancourt | isbn= 9781623030841 | year= 2007 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoae0000beta | publisher= [[Institute for Aegean Prehistory]] | access-date= 1 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter = The Egyptian Nile | editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first= Karl M. |first1= Judith |last1= Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages = 43–78 | author-link= Judith Bunbury | isbn= 9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 | year= 2023 | url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 | publisher= [[UNESCO]] | access-date= 10 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =307–333 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/307 | chapter = Nile Basin Climates | first= Pierre | last = Camberlin | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title= The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} The "Bibliographical Essay" (pp. 245{{ndash}}248) lists books about the Nile River. <!--{{sfn|Dumont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 1–22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/1 | chapter = A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | first= Henri | last = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|Eggermont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 243–262 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/883 | chapter = Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the Nile | first= Hilde | last = Eggermont | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 95–124 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/95 | chapter = The Fayum Depression | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy | first2= Henri | last2 = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 125–156 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/125 | chapter = Lake Nasser-Nubia | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy }} <!--{{sfn|El-Sheekh |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 395–406 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/395 | chapter = River Nile Pollutants and Their Effect on Life Forms and Water Quality | first1= Mostafa | last1 = El-Sheekh }} <!-- {{sfn|Embabi |2018 | pp=>? }} --> * {{Cite book |last=Embabi |first=N.S. |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt |year=2018 |isbn=9783319656595 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |url-status=live }} <!-- {{sfn|Faulkner|1964 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Raymond |last = Faulkner |author-link = Raymond O. Faulkner |title= A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |year= 1964 |orig-year= 1962 |publisher = [[Griffith Institute]] |url= https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000faul/ |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fierro | first1 = Pedro | first2 = Evan K. | last2 = Nyer | title = The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781420012583 | url = https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000unse_j5x4 | access-date = 24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fleming | first1 = Fergus | first2 = Alan | last2 = Lothian | title = The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth | publisher = Duncan Baird | year = 1997 | isbn = 0705435032 | url =https://archive.org/details/waytoeternityegy00flem }} <!-- {{sfn|Gardiner|1964|p =?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Alan |last = Gardiner |author-link = Alan Gardiner |title=Egyptian Grammar |year= 1964 |edition =3rd |orig-year= 1927 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press ]] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammar0000alan |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 499–520 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/499 | chapter = The Oligochaeta of the Nile Basin Revisited | first= Samir | last = Ghabbour }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =205–214 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/205 | chapter = The Kyoga Catchment | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 705–720 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/705 | chapter = Birds of the Nile | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=???}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 193–204 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/193 | chapter = Swamps of the Upper White Nile | first1= Jim | last1 = Green | first2= Asim | last2 = El-Moghraby }} <!-- {{sfn|Hamilton |2016|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Luganda Dictionary and Grammar |first1= Alan |last1= Hamilton | isbn= 9780954149611 | year= 2016 | url= https://archive.org/details/lugandadictionar0000hami | publisher= Alan Hamilton | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 75–94 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/75 | chapter = The Nile Delta | first= Waleed | last = Hamza }} <!-- {{sfn|Hart|2005|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=Second |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 0415344956 |url=https://archive.org/details/edg-the-routledge-dictionary-of-egyptian-gods | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Holl|2025|pp=355–375}} * {{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General History of Africa |volume=IX: General history of Africa Revisited |chapter =Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=355–375 |year=2025 |isbn=9789231008092 |chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7 |access-date=2 February 2026 }}--> <!-- {{sfn|Hornung|1982|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hornung |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hornung |translator-first=John |translator-last=Baines |translator-link= John Baines (Egyptologist) |others=Original in German. |title=Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1982 |orig-year= 1971 | isbn=9780801412233 | url= https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofgod0000horn_q6b3 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hughes|1992|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ralph H. |display-authors=etal |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=2013-03-25 |year=1992 |publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=9782880329495 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehman|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =215–242 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/215 | chapter = Lake Victoria | first= John | last = Lehman }} <!-- {{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last= Murray |first= G. W. |title=An English-Nubian Comparative Dictionary |year= 1923 |publisher= [[Humphrey Milford]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnubiancom0004gwmu_4 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Okidi|1994|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Okidi |first=C. O. |editor-first1=P.P. |editor-last1=Howell |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last2=Alan |isbn=9780521450409 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521450409/page/321 |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource |chapter=History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties |pages=321–350 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001 |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume = 2 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume2 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138228 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001a|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001a |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume =3 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138236 }} <!-- {{sfn|Roach|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last= Roach |first= Steven |year= 2025 |chapter=Introduction: Nile Basin Politics and its Challenges |pages=1–16 |title=Nile Basin Politics: From Coordinated to Cooperative Peace |editor-last1= Roach |editor-first1= Steven |editor-last2= Hudson |editor-first2= Derrick |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/book/9781803927176/9781803927176.xml | doi=10.4337/9781803927176 |access-date=15 January 2026 |isbn= 9781803927176 }} <!--{{sfn|Robins|2008|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title= The Art of Ancient Egypt | last =Robins | first= Gay | author-link= Gay Robins | isbn=9780674030657 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD-z8hmdUMIC |access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=2008 | orig-year=1997 | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Rosenthal|2005}} --> * {{cite book |last= Rosenthal |first= Lisa |year= 2005 |title=Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/genderpoliticsal0000rose |access-date=15 December 2025 |isbn= 9780521842440 }} <!-- {{sfn|Said|1993}} --> * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Rushdi |author-link=Rushdi Said |year=1993 |title=The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology, and Utilization |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/rivernilegeology0000said |access-date=11 February 2026 |isbn= 0080418864 }} <!-- {{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |year=1995 |isbn=9780679402558 |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=[[A.A. Knopf]] |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapememory0000scha_k7e4 |access-date=15 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shahin|2002}} --> * {{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=Mamdouh |url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9781402008665 | access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc= articleName }} --> * {{Cite book | title=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture | last=Shoup |first= John A. | display-authors=etal | isbn=9798216123323 | url=https://archive.org/details/the-nile-an-encyclopedia-of-geography-history-and-culture | access-date= 14 February 2026 | year=2017 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] / [[ABC-CLIO]] }} EBook. The hardcover is {{isbn|9781440840401}}. <!-- {{sfn| Siliotti|1997|p=?}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Guide to the Valley of the Kings | last =Siliotti | first= Alberto | author-link = Alberto Siliotti | isbn=9780760733257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owicnQAACAAJ | access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=1997 | publisher=[[Barnes & Noble ]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Smith|1878}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Smith |first= William |author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |url= https://archive.org/details/anewclassicaldi00unkngoog |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography |date= 1878 |publisher= [[Harper & Brothers]] |lccn=04035163 |access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Stokes|2009 |p=??}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Stokes |first= Jamie |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000unse_h6k0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |volume=2 |date= 2009 |isbn=9781438126760 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |access-date=13 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 334–364 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/334 | chapter = The Hydrology of the Nile Basin | first= John | last = Sutcliffe | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 37–60 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/37 | chapter = Cenozoic Evolution of the Nile Basin | first1= Michael | last1 = Talbot | first2= Martin | last2 = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 23–34 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/23 | chapter = History of Scientific Research | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 367–394 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/367 | chapter = Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Tian|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book | title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = [[de Gruyter Oldenbourg]] | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian }} <!-- {{sfn|Tvedt|2021}} --> * {{cite book | title= The Nile: History's Greatest River | last=Tvedt | first= Terje | author-link = Terje Tvedt | isbn= 9780755616800 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=brYsEAAAQBAJ | access-date= 10 December 2025 | year= 2021 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!--{{sfn|Van Damme| Bocxlaer|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 585–630 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/585 | chapter = Freshwater Molluscs of the Nile Basin, Past and Present | first1= Dirk | last1 = Van Damme | first2= Bert | last2 = Bocxlaer }} <!-- {{sfn|Versluys|2002 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1= Versluys |first1= M. J. |year= 2002 |title=Aegyptiaca Romana : Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |url= https://archive.org/details/aegyptiacaromana0000vers |access-date=15 January 2026 | isbn = 9004124403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Vijverberg|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 163–192 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/163 | chapter = Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | first= Jacobus | last = Vijverberg | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. --> * {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110 |url-access=registration }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 61–72 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/61 | chapter = Late Quaternary Environments in Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 771–780 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/771 | chapter = Human Impact on Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 647–676 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 | chapter = Fish Fauna of the Nile | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 723–748 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/723 | chapter = Fisheries of the Nile System | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} {{refend}} ====Akwụkwọ akụkọ na weebụsaịtị==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- {{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam |first1=Mohamed G. |title=The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=177 |pages=742–773 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ESRv..177..742A }} <!-- {{sfn|Abdullah|2020}} * {{cite journal |display-author1=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah|2020}} |last1=Abdullah |first1=Al-Noor |last2=Rahman |first2=Sanzidur |last3=Essex |first3=Stephen |last4=Benhin |first4=James |title=Economic Contributions of Mega-Dam Infrastructure as Perceived by Local and Displaced Communities: A Case Study of Merowe Dam, Sudan |journal=Agriculture |date=12 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=227 |doi=10.3390/agriculture10060227 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abotalib|2023}} |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Abdelhady |first2=Ahmed A. |last3=Heggy |first3=Essam |last4=Salem |first4=Salem G. |last5=Ismail |first5=Esam |last6=Ali |first6=Ahmed |last7=Khalil |first7=Mahmoud M. |title=Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta |journal=Earth's Future |date=March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022EF002987 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002987 |doi-access= free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102987A }} <!-- {{sfn| Alnaqbi|2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Alnaqbi|2022}} |last1=Alnaqbi |first1=Shaima |last2=Alasad |first2=Shamma |last3=Aljaghoub |first3=Haya |last4=Alami |first4=Abdul |last5=Abdelkareem |first5=Mohammad |last6=Olabi |first6=Abdul |title=Applicability of Hydropower Generation and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Energies |date=25 March 2022 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=2412 |doi=10.3390/en15072412 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Angurini|2021}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 | title= Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers | newspaper= [[Daily Monitor]] |date= 2021 |first= Tom | last= Angurini |access-date=8 February 2026 |location= Uganda |oclc= 44216472 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Ayenalem|2023}} |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |last2=Fantini |first2=Emanuele |last3=Van der Zaag |first3=Pieter |title=Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Beck|2018 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Beck|2018}} |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |doi-access=free |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }} <!-- {{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Francis Burton |title=On Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western Lake-Reservoir of the Nile |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=35 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/3698075 |jstor=3698075 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Creasman|) |pp = ?? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Creasman|2010}} |last1=Creasman |first1=Pearce Paul |last2=Doyle |first2=Noreen |title=Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman }} <!-- {{sfn|Driouech |2020}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Driouech|2020}} |last1=Driouech |first1=Fatima |last2=ElRhaz |first2=Khalid |last3=Moufouma-Okia |first3=Willfran |last4=Arjdal |first4=Khadija |last5=Balhane |first5=Saloua |title=Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate |journal=Earth Systems and Environment |date=September 2020 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ESE.....4..477D }} <!-- {{sfn|El Mahmoudi |2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. --> * {{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=A. |last2=Gabr |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |issn=1866-7511}} <!-- {{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} --> * {{Cite news |newspaper= [[Reuters]] |last= Endeshaw |first= Dawit |date= 2025 |title=Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/ |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Griffin| 2018 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735 | title=Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn = 0791-5144 |date= 2018 |first=Dan | last=Griffin |access-date=28 December 2021 |location=Dublin, Ireland }} <!-- {{sfn|Hafez |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hafez|2024}} |last1=Hafez |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Haggag |first2=Mohammed |last3=Wagdy |first3=Ahmad |last4=Radwan |first4=Hany G. |title=Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |date=December 2024 |volume=56 |article-number=102007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5602007H }} <!-- {{sfn|Hailu |2022 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Ashebir Dingeto |title=Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.3934/energy.2022006 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Halsall|1998}} * {{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year = 1998 | website = Ancient History Sourcebook |title=Hymn to the Nile, C. 2100 BCE |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/floodindex.html |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Fordham University }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|1997}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1997 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=December 2007 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |jstor=40743449 }} <!-- {{sfn|Haupt|1926}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Haupt |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Haupt |title=Etymological and Critical Notes |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1926 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.2307/289993 |jstor=289993 }} <!-- {{sfn|Healy|2007|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web | title=Water Budgets: Foundations for Effective Water-Resources and Environmental Management | last =Healy | first= R. W. |display-authors=etal | url=https://water.usgs.gov/watercensus/AdHocComm/Background/WaterBudgets-FoundationsforEffectiveWater-ResourcesandEnvironmentalManagement.pdf |access-date= 14 January 2026 | year=2007 | publisher= [[U.S. Geological Survey]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Hegab|2025}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hegab|2025}} |last1=Hegab |first1=Mahmoud H. |last2=El Sayed |first2=Seliem M. |last3=Ahmed |first3=Nasr M. |last4=Abdel-Aal |first4=Eman I. |last5=Kassem |first5=Doaa A. |last6=Gaber |first6=Khadiga M. |last7=Haroon |first7=Amany M. |last8=Abdel Gawad |first8=Soad S. |last9=Goher |first9=Mohamed E. |last10=Hussian |first10=Abd-Ellatif M. |title=Evaluating the spatial pattern of water quality of the Nile River, Egypt, through multivariate analysis of chemical and biological indicators |journal=Scientific Reports |date=4 March 2025 |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=7626 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-89982-2 |pmid=40038343 |pmc=11880377 |bibcode=2025NatSR..15.7626H }} <!-- {{sfn|Holt|2026}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= Holt |first1= Peter |author-link1=Peter Holt (historian) |display-authors=etal |title=Egypt: Agriculture and Fishing |year= 2026 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Egypt/Agriculture-and-fishing |access-date= 7 February 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hurst|2025}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= Hurst |first1= Harold Edwin |author-link1=Harold Edwin Hurst |display-authors=etal |title=Nile River |year= 2025 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River |access-date=11 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Huyge|2011|pp=??}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Huyge|2011}} |last1=Huyge |first1=Dirk |last2=Vandenberghe |first2=Dimitri A.G. |last3=De Dapper |first3=Morgan |last4=Mees |first4=Florias |last5=Claes |first5=Wouter |last6=Darnell |first6=John C. |title=First evidence of Pleistocene rock art in North Africa: securing the age of the Qurta petroglyphs (Egypt) through OSL dating |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_2011-12_85_330/page/1184 |journal=Antiquity |date=November 2011 |volume=85 |issue=330 |pages=1184–1193 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00061998 }} <!-- {{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=??}} --> * {{Cite journal |last1=İlkbahar |first1=Hasan |last2=Mercan |first2=Muhammed Hüseyin |date=2023 |title=Hydro-Hegemony, Counter-Hegemony And Neoclassical Realism on the Nile Basin: An Analysis of Egypt's Response to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Gerd) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00219096231188953 |journal=[[Journal of Asian and African Studies]] |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]] |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1177/00219096231188953 |issn=0021-9096 |url-access=subscription}} <!-- {{sfn|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |p=??? 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}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Brian E. |title=Guilty as charged: Nile perch was the cause of the haplochromine decline in Lake Victoria |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |date=September 2018 |volume=75 |issue=9 |pages=1542–1559 |doi=10.1139/cjfas-2017-0056 |bibcode=2018CJFAS..75.1542M |hdl=1807/87547 |hdl-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|McCoy|2023}} --> * {{Cite news |last1= McCoy |first1=Terrence |display-authors=etal |title=The Nile is the World's Longest River? The Amazon Would Like a Word |date = 20 June 2023 | newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/12/amazon-nile-longest-river/ |access-date=24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|McKenna|2025}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= McKenna |first1=Amy |display-authors=etal |title=Blue Nile River |year= 2025 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Blue-Nile-River |access-date=31 December 2025 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/09/ethiopia-inaugurates-africa-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egypt-rift-deepens |access-date= 15 February 2026 |title=Ethiopia Inaugurates Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam as Egypt Rift Deepens |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 September 2025 |first=Carlos |last=Mureithi }} <!-- {{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Plummer|2023}} |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Oliver |first2=James S. |last3=Finestone |first3=Emma M. |last4=Ditchfield |first4=Peter W. |last5=Bishop |first5=Laura C. |last6=Blumenthal |first6=Scott A. |last7=Lemorini |first7=Cristina |last8=Caricola |first8=Isabella |last9=Bailey |first9=Shara E. |last10=Herries |first10=Andy I. R. |last11=Parkinson |first11=Jennifer A. |last12=Whitfield |first12=Elizabeth |last13=Hertel |first13=Fritz |last14=Kinyanjui |first14=Rahab N. |last15=Vincent |first15=Thomas H. |last16=Li |first16=Youjuan |last17=Louys |first17=Julien |last18=Frost |first18=Stephen R. |last19=Braun |first19=David R. |last20=Reeves |first20=Jonathan S. |last21=Early |first21=Emily D. G. |last22=Onyango |first22=Blasto |last23=Lamela-Lopez |first23=Raquel |last24=Forrest |first24=Frances L. |last25=He |first25=Huaiyu |last26=Lane |first26=Timothy P. |last27=Frouin |first27=Marine |last28=Nomade |first28=Sébastien |last29=Wilson |first29=Evan P. |last30=Bartilol |first30=Simion K. |last31=Rotich |first31=Nelson Kiprono |last32=Potts |first32=Richard |title=Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus |journal=Science |date=10 February 2023 |volume=379 |issue=6632 |pages=561–566 |doi=10.1126/science.abo7452 |pmid=36758076 |bibcode=2023Sci...379..561P |url=https://hal.science/hal-04001912 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam dispute: implications, negotiations, and mediations |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |date=2 January 2024 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=18–36 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Rose |2000 }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/cairo/history/ancient/ancient.html |access-date= 15 February 2026 |title=Ancient Cairo: 3000 BCE - 200 CE |website= Cairo: Living Past, Living Future |publisher=[[University of Texas]] |year = 2000 |first= Christopher |last= Rose }} --> <!-- {{harvnb|Roussi|2020}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Roussi |first1=Antoaneta |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |journal=Nature |date=23 July 2020 |volume=583 |issue=7817 |pages=501–502 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02124-8 |pmid=32669727 |bibcode=2020Natur.583..501R }} <!-- {{sfn|Sabr|2026}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= Sabr |first1= Mohy el-Din |display-authors=etal |title=Sudan: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing |year= 2026 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Agriculture-forestry-and-fishing |access-date= 7 February 2026 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Senay|2014}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Senay|2014}} |last1=Senay |first1=Gabriel B. |last2=Velpuri |first2=Naga Manohar |last3=Bohms |first3=Stefanie |last4=Demissie |first4=Yonas |last5=Gebremichael |first5=Mekonnen |title=Understanding the hydrologic sources and sinks in the N ile B asin using multisource climate and remote sensing data sets |journal=Water Resources Research |date=November 2014 |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=8625–8650 |doi=10.1002/2013WR015231 |bibcode=2014WRR....50.8625S }} <!-- {{Sfn|Shuka| 2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Shuka|2022}} |last1=Shuka |first1=Kamal Abdelrahim Mohamed |last2=Ke |first2=Wang |last3=Sohail Nazar |first3=Mohammad |last4=Abubakar |first4=Ghali Abdullahi |last5=Shahtahamssebi |first5=AmirReza |title=Impact of Hydrological Infrastructure Projects on Land Use/Cover and Socioeconomic Development in Arid Regions—Evidence from the Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, Kassala, Eastern Sudan |journal=Sustainability |date=15 March 2022 |volume=14 |issue=6 |article-number=3422 |doi=10.3390/su14063422 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Soliman|2006}} |last1=Soliman |first1=A. S. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Stanley |first3=J.-D. |last4=El-Ghawalby |first4=N. |last5=Bondy |first5=M. L. |last6=Ezzat |first6=F. |last7=Soultan |first7=A. |last8=Abdel-Wahab |first8=M. |last9=Fathy |first9=O. |last10=Ebidi |first10=G. |last11=Abdel-Karim |first11=N. |last12=Do |first12=K.-Anh. |last13=Levin |first13=B. |last14=Hamilton |first14=S. R. |last15=Abbruzzese |first15=J. L. |title=Geographical Clustering of Pancreatic Cancers in the Northeast Nile Delta Region of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology_2006-07_51_1/page/142 |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |date=July 2006 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=142–148 |doi=10.1007/s00244-005-0154-0 |pmid=16453066 |hdl=2027.42/48088 |hdl-access=free }} --> <!-- {{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=??}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Key Issues in Uganda's Energy Sector | url=http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16030IIED.pdf | access-date= 7 February 2026 | publisher= [[International Institute for Environment and Development]] | last= Tumwesigye |first =Robert | year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84369-831-9 |display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{Sfn|Van de Moortel|2007 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Van de Moortel |first1=Aleydis |title=Book Review of Sacred and Secular: Ancient Egyptian Ships and Boats, by Cheryl A. Ward |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |date=October 2007 |volume=111 |issue=4 |doi=10.3764/ajaonline1114.VandeMoortel |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}} --> * {{cite web |last=Walubiri |first=Moses | url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1487771/nile-bridge-fifth-africa |title=New Nile Bridge Is Fifth Longest of Its Kind in Africa |access-date=16 October 2018 |date=16 October 2018 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] }} <!-- {{Sfn|Warburg |2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Warburg |first1=Gabriel R. |author-link1=Gabriel Warburg |title=The Search for the Sources of the White Nile and Egyptian-Sudanese Relations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-05_43_3/page/475 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |date=2007 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1080/00263200701246165 |jstor=4284556 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web |last = Waslekar |first = Sundeep |author-link = Sundeep Waslekar |url = http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/11374Nile%20concise.pdf |title = Blue Peace for the Nile |year = 2009 |access-date = 20 January 2026 |publisher = [[Strategic Foresight Group]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130908163426/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/11374Nile%20concise.pdf |archive-date = 8 September 2013 |url-status = dead }} <!-- {{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Wedajo|2024}} |last1=Wedajo |first1=Obsinet Abebe |last2=Fufa |first2=Fekadu |last3=Ayenew |first3=Tenalem |last4=Nedaw |first4=Dessie |title=A review of hydroclimate variability and changes in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Heliyon |date=February 2024 |volume=10 |issue=3 |article-number=e25530 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25530 |pmid=38327459 |pmc=10847645 }} --> <!-- {{Sfn|Younes |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Younes|2024}} |last1=Younes |first1=Gamal |last2=Marriner |first2=Nick |last3=Kaniewski |first3=David |last4=Sheisha |first4=Hader |last5=Chen |first5=Zhongyuan |last6=Salama |first6=Asem |last7=El-Qady |first7=Gad |last8=Morhange |first8=Christophe |title=The pyramid builders' waterways: Reconstructing the ancient topography of Khufu's Pharaonic Harbour at Giza, Egypt |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |date=February 2024 |volume=53 |article-number=104303 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104303 |bibcode=2024JArSR..53j4303Y |url=https://hal.science/hal-04295184 }} {{refend}} ====Onye edemede a na-amaghị==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- {{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress'' }} --> * {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress'' }} |title=Abyssinia, Or the Empire of Prester John |publisher= [[Jodocus Hondius]] |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668727/ |access-date=11 February 2026 |website= [[Library of Congress]] |year=1619 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"Current 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''Copernicus Programme''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}} |url= https://www.copernicus.eu/en/media/image-day-gallery/desert-agriculture-egypt |title=Desert Agriculture in Egypt |date= 3 February 2024 |website= [[Copernicus Programme|Copernicus: Europe's Eyes on Earth]] |publisher = [[European Union Space Programme]] |access-date= 12 February 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}} |url=https://enterpriseam.com/egypt/hardhats/govt-wants-the-private-sector-to-get-in-on-developing-egypts-river-transport/ |title=Gov't Wants the Private Sector to Get in on Developing Egypt's River Transport |website= EnterpriseAM |date= 5 April 2023 |access-date=11 February 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College 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web | ref={{sfnRef|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} |url=https://www.adfd.ae/en/success-stories/merowe-dam-sudan |title=Merowe Dam - Sudan |date= 2024 |website=[[Abu Dhabi Fund for Development]] |access-date=13 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}} |title=Nile |publisher= [[Vatican Museum]] |url= https://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/braccio-nuovo/Nilo.html |access-date= 14 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef| "Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}} |url=https://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1662100.html |title=Nile Basin - Station: Dongola |website=Global Runoff Data Center |publisher=[[University of New Hampshire]] |access-date= 12 February 2026 }} <!-- SAVE FOR POSSIBLE FUTURE USE !!! {{sfn|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}} * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef| "The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative'' }} |title=The Nile Basin |year= 2025 |publisher= [[Nile Basin Initiative]] |url= https://nilebasin.org/nile-basin |access-date=13 March 2026 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef| "Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative'' }} |title=Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt |year= 2005 |publisher= [[Nile Basin Initiative]] |url= https://nilebasin.org/node/12482 |access-date=31 December 2025 }} <!-- {{snf|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}} |title=Personification of the River Nile |publisher= [[Yale Peabody Museum]] |url= https://echoesofegypt.peabody.yale.edu/overview/personification-river-nile |access-date= 14 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef| "Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} |title=Sudan - Roseires |year= 2022 |publisher= [[International Hydropower Association]] |url= https://www.hydropower.org/sediment-management-case-studies/sudan-roseires |access-date=9 February 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Source+Du+Nil/@-3.9151459,29.835292,750m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x19c0dc528139a7dd:0xe40198647c1df0f3!8m2!3d-3.9151459!4d29.8378669!16s%2Fg%2F11sf0fpfmf?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDMxNS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D |title= Source Du Nil |website=[[Google Maps]] |date= 18 March 2026 |access-date=18 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}} |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa/brief/nile-basin-trust-fund |title=The Nile Basin Trust Fund |publisher=[[World Bank Group]] |date= 14 January 2016 |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} |url=https://opecfund.org/where-we-work/list/upper-atbara-dam-complex-project |title=Upper Atbara Dam Complex Project |publisher=[[OPEC Fund for International Development]] |date= 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations''}} --> * {{Cite book | ref={{sfnRef| ''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations'' }} |title=Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin |year= 2020 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] - [[United Nations]] |url= https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9895en |access-date=11 December 2025 |doi= 10.4060/ca9895en |isbn=9789251329825 }} {{refend}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes|}} {{Authority control}} h9xmpa6hc4bepp557zatb8se8yiuesc 0 77694 743996 688477 2026-11-09T18:28:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osimiri Chinko''' (ma ọ bụ '''Osimiri Shinko''') bụ osimiri nke [[Central African Republic]]. Ọ bụ akụkụ aka nri nke [[Osimiri Mbomou]]. ==Gburugburu Ebe Obibi== Oke elu nke osimiri Chinko na-akọwa ókè dị n'etiti mpaghara [[Haute-Kotto]] na [[Haut-Mbomou]]. Ruo ọtụtụ ogologo ya, ọ na-asọfe n'ụzọ SSW site na mpaghara [[Mbomou]] ruo mgbe ọ na-ejikọta ya na [[Osimiri Mbomou]].{{sfn|Relation: Chinko (3249708)}} Ala Mbomu dị larịị nwere elu nke {{convert|500|-|700|m}}, nke gbagọrọ ntakịrị gaa na ndịda, n'elu ugwu Asande dị n'etiti ọdịda mmiri [[Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]] dị n'ebe ugwu na [[Congo Basin]] dị n'ebe ndịda.{{sfn|Runge|2013|p=70}} [[Chinko Nature Reserve]] bụ ebe echekwara n'ime ọdọ mmiri Chinko. Ọ na-ekpuchi {{convert|17600|km2}}.{{sfn|Woods|2016}} Òtù nchekwa mba ofesi [[African Parks]] na-achịkwa ya dịka akụkụ nke [[mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nkeonwe]] na Ministri nke Mmiri, Oke ọhịa, Ịchụ nta na Ịkụ Azụ.{{sfn|African Parks takes over management ...}}{{sfn|Woods|2016}} A hụla [[nkịta ọhịa Afrịka]] n'ebe ndịda nke CAR na Chinko/[[Osimiri Mbari|Mbari]] [[drainage basin]] na 2013.{{sfn|Hickisch|Aebischer|2013|p=8-11}} Dabere na nnyocha e mere n'oge gara aga nke The Wilderness Project mere na mbido afọ 2026, a na-ewere Chinko dị ka otu n'ime ebe mmiri kacha dị ọcha n'Africa. ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== N'ihe dị ka afọ 1800, Kassanga, onye ndu Bandia, hiwere alaeze na ndagwurugwu Shinko, nke e mechara kpọọ alaeze Rafai.{{sfn|Bradshaw|Fandos-Rius|2016|p=lii}} Kassanga bụ nna nna ochie nke [[Sultan Rafai]].{{sfn|Bradshaw|Fandos-Rius|2016|p=365}} E kenyere onye uwe ojii Belgium bụ́ Charles Kéthule de Ryove (1865–1903) ọrụ njem Upper Uele n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1891. Na Maachị 1892, ọ nyochachara mpaghara dị n'etiti osimiri Mbomou na Shinko. O zutere Sultan Rafai, onye kwupụtara na ya na-akwado Congo Free State. Kéthule de Ryove bi n'obí Rafai site na 1892 ruo 1894.{{sfn|Bradshaw|Fandos-Rius|2016|p=367}} O dere n'otu akụkọ n'afọ 1895 ''Le sultanat de Rafaï'' (''Le Congo illustré'') na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile bi ebe ahụ nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ Arabik, gụnyere sultan, ndị isi na ndị agha.{{sfn|Luffin|2004|p=151}} N'afọ 1894, onye Belgium [[Léon Hanolet]] rịgoro [[Osimiri Mbari]], bụ́ otu mmiri ọzọ dị na Bomu, ebe [[Théodore Nilis]] rịgoro Osimiri Chinko.{{sfn|Ergo|2013|p=2}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{notes}}{{reflist|30em}} ==Edensibia== {{refbegin}} *{{citation|url=https://africageographic.com/blog/african-parks-takes-over-management-of-protected-area-in-central-african-republic/|access-date=12 September 2017|title=African Parks takes over management of protected area in Central African Republic|ref={{harvid|African Parks takes over management ...}}|date=12 December 2014|website=Africa Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401073145/http://africageographic.com/blog/african-parks-takes-over-management-of-protected-area-in-central-african-republic/|archive-date=2015-04-01|url-status=dead}} *{{citation |last1=Bradshaw|first1=Richard|last2=Fandos-Rius|first2=Juan|title=Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSxIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |access-date=29 August 2020|date=27 May 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-8108-7992-8}} *{{citation |url=http://abergo1.e-monsite.com/medias/files/postes-fortifies-de-l-uele-fl-1.pdf |access-date=2020-08-27 |chapter=Les postes fortifiés de la frontière Nord de l’État Indépendant du Congo |last=Ergo |first=André-Bernard |title=Histoire du Congo |year=2013 |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525123939/http://abergo1.e-monsite.com/medias/files/postes-fortifies-de-l-uele-fl-1.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |last1=Hickisch |first1=R. |last2=Aebischer |first2=T. |year=2013 |title=Evidence of African wild dogs in the Central African Republic |journal=Canid Biology and Conservation |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=8–11 |url=http://www.canids.org/CBC/16/wild_dogs_in_CAR.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://org.uib.no/smi/sa/15/15Luffin.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418132049/http://org.uib.no/smi/sa/15/15Luffin.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 18, 2016 |access-date=2020-08-27 |journal=Sudanic Africa |volume=15 |year=2004 |pages=145-177 |last=Luffin|first=Xavier|title=The Use Of Arabic As A Written Language In Central Africa The Case Of The Uele Basin (Northern Congo) In The Late Nineteenth Century}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/3249708 |access-date=2020-08-29 |title=Relation: Chinko (3249708) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Chinko (3249708)}} }} *{{citation |last=Runge|first=Juergen|title=New Studies on Former and Recent Landscape Changes in Africa: Palaeoecology of Africa 32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FToTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |access-date=29 August 2020|date=15 November 2013|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-138-00116-9}} *{{citation |archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=live |last1=Woods|first1=Elliott D.|title=The Fight for Chinko|journal=[[Virginia Quarterly Review]]|date=Summer 2016|url=http://www.vqronline.org/reporting-articles/2016/07/fight-chinko |access-date=12 September 2017|publisher=[[University of Virginia]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093648/http://www.vqronline.org/reporting-articles/2016/07/fight-chinko}} {{refend}} {{authority control}} 0yznuyvahd363a692ghzxuuglzjnc3f 0 77835 743998 707666 2026-11-09T18:30:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 743998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Etiti Afrịka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}} [[File:Aerial view of the Congo River near Kisangani.jpg|thumb|300px|Osimiri Kongo dị nso [[Kisangani]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]]] {{Infobox river | name = Congo River<br />''Fleuve Congo''<br />''Rio Congo''<br />''Mto Kongo'' | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Zaire River<br />''Fleuve Zaïre''<br />''Rio Zaire'' | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Congobasinmap.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = The [[drainage basin]] of the Congo River | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 100.1111111000000034r | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length ={{cvt|2,300|km|mi}}<ref name="Congo">{{cite web |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Congo%20000060487867 |title=Congo }}</ref> Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi {{cvt|4,700|km|mi}}; Congo–Lualaba {{cvt|4,374|km|mi}}<ref name="Congo River Basin">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311154427 |title=The Wetland Book |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_92-2 |last1=Ian James |first1=Harrison |last2=Randall E. |first2=Brummett |last3=Melanie L. J. |first3=Stiassny |chapter=Congo River Basin |pages=1–18 |year=2016 |isbn=978-94-007-6173-5 }}</ref> | width_min = {{cvt|200|m}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|1,440|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | width_avg = | width_max = {{cvt|19,000|m}} (mouth) | depth_min = | depth_avg = {{cvt|12|to|75|m}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|5|to|22|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | depth_max = {{cvt|220|m|ft|sp=us}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|50|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | discharge1_location=[[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]] (near mouth) | discharge1_min = {{cvt|23,000|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name=bossche /> | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|1,308|km3/year|m3/s}}<ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |last1=Aiguo |first1=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |date=2002 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D }}</ref><ref name=bossche /> {{cvt|41,860|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ |title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III |last1=Igor Alekseevich |first1=Shiklomanov |isbn=978-1-84826-026-9 |year=2009 |publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{cvt|75,000|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name=bossche /> | discharge2_location= [[Kinshasa]], [[Brazzaville]] | discharge2_min = {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s}} (1905)<ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1902–2019){{cvt|40,500|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> (Period: 1947–2023){{cvt|41,268|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Congo River: Analysis of suspended sediment flux in a multichannel megasystem in Central Africa">{{cite journal |journal=Geography |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387214987 |title=Congo River: Analysis of suspended sediment flux in a multichannel megasystem in Central Africa |last1=Matheus |first1=Silveira de Queiroz |last2=Rogério |first2=Ribeiro Marinho |doi=10.5380/raega.v61i1.96047 |date=2024 |volume=61 |pages=153–172 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | discharge2_max ={{cvt|77,000|m3/s|cuft/s}} (1961)<ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge3_location= [[Kisangani]] | discharge3_min ={{cvt|3,240|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge3_avg =(Period: 1951–2012){{cvt|7,640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge3_max ={{cvt|13,930|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_location=[[Kindu]] | discharge4_min ={{cvt|640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_avg ={{cvt|2,213|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_max ={{cvt|7,640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_location= [[Bukama]] | discharge5_min ={{cvt|52|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_avg ={{cvt|322|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_max ={{cvt|1,229|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | source1 = [[Boyoma Falls]] | source1_location = [[Kisangani]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|0|29|34|N|25|12|25|E}} | source1_elevation ={{cvt|373|m}} | source2 = [[Lualaba River|Lualaba]] | source2_location =[[Katanga Plateau]] | source2_coordinates={{coord|11|45|53|S|26|30|10|E}} | source2_elevation ={{cvt|1,420|m}} | source3 = [[Chambeshi River|Chambeshi]] | source3_location = | source3_coordinates={{coord|9|6|23|S|31|18|21|E}} | source3_elevation ={{cvt|1,760|m}} | mouth = Atlantic Ocean | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|06|04|30|S|12|27|00|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}} | progression = Atlantic Ocean | river_system = Congo River | basin_size = {{cvt|4,014,500|km2}}<ref name=bossche /> | tributaries_left =[[Lubudi River (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]], Lovoi, Luvidjo, Kasuku, [[Lomami River|Lomami]], [[Lulonga River|Lulonga]], [[Ikelemba River|Ikelemba]], [[Ruki River|Ruki]], [[Lake Tumba|Irebu]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]], Lufimi, [[Inkisi River|Inkisi]] | tributaries_right = [[Lufira River|Lufira]], [[Luvua River|Luvua]], [[Lukuga River|Lukuga]], [[Luama River|Luama]], [[Elila River|Elila]], [[Ulindi River|Ulindi]], [[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]], Maiko, [[Lindi River|Lindi]], [[Aruwimi River|Aruwimi]], [[Itimbiri River|Itimbiri]], [[Mongala River|Mongala]], [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]], [[Sangha River|Sangha]], [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]], [[Alima River|Alima]], Nkeni, [[Léfini River|Léfini]], [[Djoué River|Djoué]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-custom = {{maplink| | frame = yes | plain = yes | frame-align = center | frame-width = 300 | frame-height = 240 | frame-latitude = -4.5 | frame-longitude = 22 | zoom = 4 | title1 = Congo | id1 = Q3503 | type1 = line | stroke-color1 = | stroke-width1 = 2 | title2 = Lualaba | id2 = Q836812 | type2 = line | stroke-color2 = #0000FF | stroke-width2 = 2 }} | mapframe-caption = Congo (red) and Lualaba (blue) rivers }} '''Osimiri Congo''',{{efn|{{langx|kg|Nzâdi Kôngo}}, {{langx|sw|Mto Kongo}}, {{langx|fr|Fleuve Congo}}, {{langx|pt|Rio Congo}}}} a makwaara ya na mbụ dị ka '''Osimiri Zaire''', bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na [[Afrịka]], dị mkpụmkpụ karịa [[Naịl]], yana oke osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa [[ndepụta osimiri site na mwepụ | site na mwepụ]], na-eso osimiri [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] na [[Ganges]]–[[Brahmaputra]]. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị omimi n'ụwa, nke nwere omimi gburugburu {{cvt|220|m|ft}}.<ref name="usgs2008">{{cite web |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |first=Kevin |last=Oberg |date=July 2008 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sistemụ Congo–[[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]]–[[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]]–[[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]]–[[Osimiri Chambeshi]] nwere ogologo zuru oke nke {{cvt|4,700|km|mi}}, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nke itoolu n'ụwa -[[Ndepụta osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo]]. Chambeshi bụ [[ndị na-asọba]] nke Osimiri Lualaba, ''Lualaba'' bụkwa aha Osimiri Congo dị n'elu [[Boyoma Falls]], nke gbasaara ruo {{cvt|1,800|km|mi}}. A tụrụ Osimiri Congo ya na Lualaba, bụ́ isi iyi mmiri, ogologo ya bụ {{cvt|4,370|km|mi}}. Ọ bụ naanị nnukwu osimiri gafere [[equator]] ugboro abụọ.<ref>{{harvnb|Forbath|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/rivercongodiscov0000forb/page/6 6]}}. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic.<br /><br />In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> [[Mpaghara Congo]] nwere mkpokọta obosara ihe dị ka {{cvt|4,000,000|km2|mi2}}, ma ọ bụ 13% nke ala Afrịka dum. ==Aha== Aha ahụ bụ ''Congo/Kongo'' sitere na [[Alaeze Kongo]] nke dịbu n'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ. A kpọrọ alaeze ahụ aha ndị Bantu [[ndị Kongo]], nke a maara na narị afọ nke 17 dị ka "Esikongo".<ref>{{cite book |title=Africa's Urban Past |first=David |last=Anderson |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-85255-761-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |page=79 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'ebe ndịda nke Alaeze Kongo dị n'okpuru alaeze a kpọrọ aha [[Kakongo]], nke a kpọtụrụ aha na 1535. [[Abraham Ortelius]] kpọrọ "Manicongo" dị ka obodo dị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ na maapụ ụwa ya nke 1564.{{efn|[[Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[Angola]] and [[Botswana]].}} Aha ebo dị na ''Kongo'' nwere ike ịpụta site na okwu na-egosi nzukọ ọha ma ọ bụ mgbakọ ebo. Aha ndị Kongo ma ọ bụ ''Bakongo'' nke oge a malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Aha ahụ bụ ''Zaire'' sitere na asụsụ Portuguese nke okwu [[Kongo|Kikongo]], {{lang|kg|nzere}} ("osimiri"), mbelata nke {{lang|kg|nzadi o nzere}} ("osimiri na-elo osimiri").{{sfn|Forbath|1979|p=19}} A maara osimiri ahụ dị ka "Zaire" n'oge narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17; "Congo" yiri ka ọ nọchiri "Zaire" nwayọ nwayọ n'asụsụ Bekee n'oge narị afọ nke 18, na "Congo" bụ aha Bekee a kacha mara amara n'akwụkwọ narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụ ezie na ebe a na-akpọ "Zahir" ma ọ bụ "Zaire" ka aha ndị bi ebe ahụ na-akpọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref>{{cite book |author=James Barbot |title=An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700 |date=1746}}<br/>{{*}}{{cite book |author=James Hingston Tuckey |date=1818 |title=Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck |archive-date=21 May 2018 |url-status=live}}<br/>{{*}}{{cite book |quote=Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives |author=John Purdy |title=Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean |date=1822 |page=112 }}</ref> Aha ya bụ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] na [[Republic of the Congo]], dịka [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]] gara aga nke nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 site na [[Belgian Congo]]. Aha osimiri ahụ [[Zaire|Republic of Zaire]] n'afọ 1971–1997 bụkwa aha osimiri ahụ n'asụsụ [[French|French]] na [[Portuguese|Portuguese]]. ==Basin na ụzọ== [[File:Congo River with upstream half of Pool Malebo and Mbamu.jpg|thumb|Foto elu site n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Congo nwere ọkara nke [[Pool Malebo]] na [[Mbamu]] n'elu mmiri]] [[File:2010-03-07-Kinshasa depuis Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|[[Kinshasa]] dịka a hụrụ site na [[Brazzaville]], gafee [[Pool Malebo]]]] [[Drainage basin]] nke Congo na-ekpuchi {{cvt|4,014,500|km2|mi2}},<ref name=bossche/> mpaghara fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hà nhata nke [[European Union]]. [[Ịgbapụta mmiri (hydrology)|ịgbapụta mmiri]] nke Congo na-eru site na {{cvt|23,000|-|75,000|m3/s|sp=us}}, nkezi ya bụ {{cvt|41,000|m3/s|sp=us}}.<ref name=bossche/> Osimiri ahụ na-ebuga nde tọn [[ihe e ji kpuchie ájá]] 86 kwa afọ gaa na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] yana pasentị isii ọzọ nke [[ihe e ji kpuchie ájá]].<ref name="hani">{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |date=2019 |volume=577 |article-number=123968 |s2cid=199099061 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 }}</ref> Osimiri na [[ndị na-asọfe|ndị na-asọfe]] ya na-asọfe site na oké ọhịa Congo, mpaghara oké ọhịa nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, mgbe e mesịrị [[Amazon rainforest]] na South America. Osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu mmiri na-asọpụta (n'ọnụ mmiri 41,860 m³/s), na-eso [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] (219,530 m³/s) na [[Ganges]]–[[Osimiri Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]]–[[Osimiri Meghna|Meghna]] (mkpokọta mmiri na delta 43,950 m³/s) osimiri;<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ |title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III |last1=Igor Alekseevich |first1=Shiklomanov |isbn=978-1-84826-026-9 |year=2009 |publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref> nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ime mmiri mmiri n'ime osimiri ọ bụla, n'azụ Amazon; ọ bụkwa otu n'ime osimiri kachasị omimi n'ụwa, n'ime omimi karịrị {{cvt|220|m|ft}}.<ref name="usgs2008" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Monster Fish of the Congo |work=National Geographic Channel |year=2009 |url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview |archive-date=6 December 2010 }}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ebe mmiri ya na-asọpụta mmiri gụnyere ebe dị iche iche ma n'ebe ugwu ma n'ebe ndịda nke [[Equator]], mmiri ya na-asọpụta nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịkarịa ala otu akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ na-enwe [[oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]].<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html |date=20 October 2017 }}. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.</ref> Isi iyi nke Congo dị n'ugwu na ugwu nke [[East Africa Rift]], yana [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]], nke na-azụ [[Osimiri Lualaba]], nke mechara bụrụ Congo dị n'okpuru [[Boyoma Falls]]. A na-ewerekarị [[Osimiri Chambeshi]] dị na Zambia dị ka isi iyi nke Congo dịka usoro a nabatara n'ụwa niile nke iji mmiri kachasị ogologo, dịka ọ dị na Osimiri Naịl. Congo na-asọba n'ozuzu ya gaa n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Kisangani]] dị n'okpuru mmiri mmiri Boyoma, wee jiri nwayọ gbadaa n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe [[Mbandaka]], isonyere [[Osimiri Ubangi]] wee gbaa ọsọ banye na [[Pool Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[Kinshasa]] (nke bụbu Léopoldville) na [[Brazzaville]] dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke osimiri ahụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri ahụ, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-ada site na ọtụtụ [[Ụdị Mmiri Mmiri#Ụdị Mmiri Mmiri|cataracts]] n'ime ndagwurugwu miri emi (a na-akpọ ya [[Livingstone Falls]]), na-agba ọsọ site na [[Matadi]] na [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]], ma banye n'oké osimiri na [[Moanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Muanda]]. '''Ndịda Kongo''' mejupụtara akụkụ "ala" nke nnukwu osimiri ahụ; nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ site na [[ọnụ osimiri]] na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic|Atlantic Coast]] ruo isi obodo abụọ nke Brazzaville na Kinshasa. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, e nwere ihe abụọ dị mkpa, ma n'akụkụ aka ekpe ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndịda. ''Osimiri Kwilu'' malitere n'ugwu ndị dị nso na [[Angola]]n [[Angola-Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ma banye na Congo ihe dị ka kilomita 100 site na [[Matadi]]. Nke ọzọ bụ [[Osimiri Inkisi]], nke na-asọ site na [[Uíge Province]] dị na Angola gaa na [[confluence]] na Congo na "'Zongo'' ụfọdụ {{cvt|80|km}} n'ala site na isi ala abụọ ahụ. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmiri mmiri, karịsịa [[Livingstone Falls]], akụkụ a nke osimiri anaghị arụ ọrụ mgbe niile site n'ụgbọ mmiri. ==Drainage basin== Ógbè Congo kpuchiri mba iri ma ihe dị ka pasentị iri na atọ nke [[Afrịka]]. Ebe kachasị elu n'ime ala Congo dị na [[Ugwu Ruwenzori]], n'elu ihe dịka {{cvt|4,340|m}} dị n'elu oke osimiri. Nkesa nke mpaghara mmiri Congo n'etiti mba dị iche iche:<ref name="Congo-HYCOS">{{cite web |url=https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |title=Congo-HYCOS |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062153/https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |url-status=live }}</ref> {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable sortable col1left" {{right}} ! rowspan=2 | Country ! colspan=2 | Area ! rowspan=2 | % |- ! {{km2}} ! {{mi2}} |- | ''{{noflag|Congo basin total}}'' | {{convert|3,712,316|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} | 100.00 |- | {{flag|Angola}} || 305,760 || 118,050 || 8.24 |- | {{flag|Burundi}} || 18,728 || 7,231 || 0.50 |- | {{flag|Cameroon}} || 85,300 || 32,900 || 2.30 |- | {{flag|Central African Republic}} || 402,000 || 155,000 || 10.83 |- | {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || 2,307,800 || 891,000 || 62.16 |- | {{flag|Gabon}} || 1,146 || 442 || 0.03 |- | {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} || 248,400 || 95,900 || 6.69 |- | {{flag|Rwanda}} || 382 || 147 || 0.01 |- | {{flag|Tanzania}} || 166,800 || 64,400 || 4.49 |- | {{flag|Zambia}} || 176,600 || 68,200 || 4.76 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Ọdụ mmiri kacha mkpa n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo bụ<ref name="Congo-HYCOS"/> ! rowspan="2" |Station ! colspan="2" |Distance<br />along river ! colspan="2" |Altitude ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="3" |Multiannual<br />average discharge |- !km !mi !m !ft !km² !sq mi !Start<br />year !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="10" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |[[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]] |{{convert|0|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|0|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,730,740|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1915 |{{convert|41,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Inga dams|Inga]] |{{convert|188|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1959 |{{convert|41,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kinshasa]], [[Brazzaville]] |{{convert|498|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|269|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,659,900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1902 |{{convert|40,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="10" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |[[Mossaka]] |{{convert|898|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|289|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,490,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |- |[[Mbandaka]] |{{convert|1,157|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|303|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,683,800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|19,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Yangambi]] |{{convert|2,133|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|371|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,069,100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|8,358|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kisangani]] |{{convert|2,240|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|380|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|974,330|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|7,079|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="10" |'''Upper Congo'''<br />('''[[Lualaba River|Lualaba]]''') |- |[[Boyoma Falls]] |{{convert|2,310|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|400|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1907 |{{convert|6,550|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Ubundu]] |{{convert|2,390|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|418|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1907 |{{convert|6,378|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kindu]] |{{convert|2,705|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|448|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|810,440|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1912 |{{convert|2,213|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Ankoro]] |{{convert|3,455|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|556|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|171,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1935 |{{convert|901|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Bukama]] |{{convert|3,695|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|567|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|63,090|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1933 |{{convert|322|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |} ==Nwepụ== ===[[Kinshasa]] na [[Brazzaville]]=== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Mmiri Osimiri Congo na-asọpụta n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Kinshasa na Brazzaville kemgbe mmalite nke nha (1902 ruo 2021):<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/><ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea"/> ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) |- !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1902/03 |{{convert|30,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1942/43 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1982/83 |{{convert|24,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1903/04 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1943/44 |{{convert|27,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1983/84 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1904/05 |{{convert|22,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1944/45 |{{convert|30,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,890|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1984/85 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1905/06 |{{convert|27,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1945/46 |{{convert|28,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1985/86 |{{convert|24,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1906/07 |{{convert|23,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|45,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1946/47 |{{convert|34,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1986/87 |{{convert|24,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1907/08 |{{convert|28,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1947/48 |{{convert|33,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1987/88 |{{convert|25,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1908/09 |{{convert|35,460|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1948/49 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1988/89 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1909/10 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1949/50 |{{convert|29,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1989/90 |{{convert|24,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1910/11 |{{convert|26,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1950/51 |{{convert|28,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1990/91 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1911/12 |{{convert|30,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1951/52 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1991/92 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1912/13 |{{convert|27,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|42,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1952/53 |{{convert|25,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1992/93 |{{convert|27,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1913/14 |{{convert|26,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1953/54 |{{convert|27,690|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1993/94 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1914/15 |{{convert|25,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1954/55 |{{convert|32,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1994/95 |{{convert|28,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1915/16 |{{convert|27,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1955/56 |{{convert|30,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1995/96 |{{convert|29,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1916/17 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1956/57 |{{convert|32,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,520|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1996/97 |{{convert|28,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1917/18 |{{convert|27,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|43,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1957/58 |{{convert|26,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1997/98 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|71,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1918/19 |{{convert|23,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|44,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1958/59 |{{convert|25,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,720|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1998/99 |{{convert|31,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1919/20 |{{convert|27,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1959/60 |{{convert|35,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1999/00 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1920/21 |{{convert|30,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1960/61 |{{convert|35,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|80,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2000/01 |{{convert|33,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1921/22 |{{convert|25,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1961/62 |{{convert|40,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|55,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|76,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2001/02 |{{convert|29,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1922/23 |{{convert|29,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1962/63 |{{convert|39,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2002/03 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1923/24 |{{convert|30,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,620|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1963/64 |{{convert|32,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,510|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2003/04 |{{convert|25,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1924/25 |{{convert|32,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1964/65 |{{convert|28,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2004/05 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1925/26 |{{convert|31,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1965/66 |{{convert|36,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2005/06 |{{convert|26,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1926/27 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1966/67 |{{convert|31,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2006/07 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1927/28 |{{convert|31,430|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1967/68 |{{convert|36,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2007/08 |{{convert|30,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1928/29 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1968/69 |{{convert|43,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2008/09 |{{convert|29,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1929/30 |{{convert|27,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1969/70 |{{convert|34,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2009/10 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1930/31 |{{convert|28,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1970/71 |{{convert|28,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2010/11 |{{convert|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1931/32 |{{convert|29,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1971/72 |{{convert|29,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2011/12 |{{convert|24,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- ==Obosara na omimi== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Obosara na omimi nke etiti na ala Congo: !rowspan=2| Location !colspan=2| Width !colspan=2| Average depth !colspan=2| Max depth |- !m !ft !m !ft !m !ft |- | colspan="7" | '''Lower Congo''' |- | {{coord|5|08|55.3|S|13|59|20.5|E}} |{{convert|1,070|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|49.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|87.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Ile Soka {{coord|5|08|30.4|S|13|59|27.9|E}} |{{convert|1,020|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|57.4|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|92.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|02|57.3|S|13|59|28.2|E}} |{{convert|450|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | || <!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|165|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bulu {{coord|5|01|49.5|S|14|01|37.2|E}} |{{convert|429|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|62.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|102|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|01|58.6|S|14|01|37.2|E}} |{{convert|384|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|43.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|02|07.8|S|14|01|50.3|E}} |{{convert|388|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|44.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Ile Banza {{coord|5|2|20.6|S|14|02|09.2|E}} |{{convert|540|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|44.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|79.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Luozi]] {{coord|4|56|50.7|S|14|09|21.2|E}} |{{convert|2,190|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Muhambi {{coord|4|55|38.5|S|14|15|16.5|E}} |{{convert|1,010|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|33.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Pioka {{coord|4|54|03.3|S|14|24|18.2|E}} |{{convert|1,460|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|75.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|118|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Kinshasa]]– [[Brazzaville]] {{coord|4|16|47.3|S|15|18|32.8|E}} |{{convert|3,264|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|9.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="7" |'''Middle Congo''' |- | Maloukou {{coord|4|05|24.4|S|15|30|39.1|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|14.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Léchia {{coord|3|52|43.4|S|15|55|11.6|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|21.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|50.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Kounzoulou–Miranda {{coord|3|33|18.7|S|16|05|32.2|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|20.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|45.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Kunzulu {{coord|3|28|52.5|S|16|07|18.3|E}} |{{convert|1,540|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Kwamouth]] {{coord|3|11|23.7|S|16|11|09.6|E}} |{{convert|1,905|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Kasai River|Kasai]] at mouth {{coord|3|10|36.4|S|16|11|41.5|E}} |{{convert|606|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | Congo at [[Kasai River|Kasai]] mouth {{coord|3|09|59.7|S|16|10|51.7|E}} |{{convert|1,851|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.9–15.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Mbali–Mosebwaka {{coord|2|48|33.9|S|16|11|40.1|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.4|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|26.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bouemba {{coord|2|12|22.9|S|16|10|49.0|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Bolobo]] {{coord|2|09|28.5|S|16|12|16.5|E}} |{{convert|4,119|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Yumbi]] {{coord|1|52|15.5|S|16|30|43.4|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bounda {{coord|1|37|55.5|S|16|37|59.4|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Mossaka]] {{coord|1|14|22.2|S|16|47|44.5|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.6|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Lukolela]] {{coord|1|03|13.5|S|17|08|58.0|E}} |{{convert|1,757|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.0–11.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|32.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bweta–Manga {{coord|0|54|39.2|S|17|23|27.1|E}} |{{convert|1,865–5,083|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5.0–6.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | Yambe {{coord|0|43|38.5|S|17|33|02.9|E}} |{{convert|2,468|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Liranga District|Liranga]] {{coord|0|41|00.4|S|17|36|43.7|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|32.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bomenenge–Mikuka {{coord|0|25|58.1|S|17|50|13.3|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.6|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Mbandaka]] {{coord|0|01|17.4|N|18|13|10.9|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|31.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Kisangani]] {{coord|0|30|22.1|N|25|11|03.4|E}} |{{convert|1,440|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.0–7.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- class=sortbottom !scope=row colspan=7 | Sources:<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> |} ==Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ== [[File:CongoLualaba watershed plain political.png|thumb|Ọwara mmiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Congo nwere mba akara akara]] [[File:CongoLualaba watershed topo.png|thumb|Ọwara mmiri na drainage nke Osimiri Congo nwere onyinyo ọdịdị ala]] {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+A na-ahazi osimiri na mmiri ndị bụ isi (n'usoro site n'ọnụ na-aga n'elu mmiri): !rowspan=2| Left tributary !rowspan=2| Right tributary !colspan=2| Length !colspan=2| Basin size !colspan=2| Average discharge |- !km !mi !km² !sq mi !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="2" |''Congo'' |{{convert|4,374|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,712,316|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|41,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Lower Congo'''<br />(river mouth to [[Kinshasa]]) |- | |Luki | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|14.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lué-Grande | rowspan="5" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,786.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Fuila | {{convert|150|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,051.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri M'pozo|M'pozo]] |{{convert|170|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,932.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Osimiri Lufu|Lufu]] |{{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,586.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Kwilu |{{convert|284|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|89.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Lwala | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,322.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|26.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Osimiri Lukunga|Lukunga]] | | {{convert|221|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,166.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Yambi | {{convert|65|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,262.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mpioka | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|31|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|788.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lunzadi | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|753.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Inkisi|Inkisi]] |{{convert|559|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|291.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Foulakary | {{convert|127|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,230.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|51.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Djoué|Djoué]] |{{convert|175|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,225|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|158.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Middle Congo'''<br />([[Kinshasa]] to the [[Boyoma Falls]]) |- |[[Osimiri Ndjili|N'djili]] | rowspan="2" | |{{convert|93|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,258.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|38.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Nsele Valley Park|Nsele]] |{{convert|193|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|77.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Djiri | {{convert|63|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,395.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|31.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Yana | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|663.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lufimi | |{{convert|268|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|199|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Mary | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,529|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|84.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mai Mpili | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|62|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|759.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lidji |{{convert|108|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,686|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Kasai|Kasai]] |{{convert|2,153|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|884,370|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="4" | |Gam-bomba | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,372.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|29.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lefini|Léfini]] |{{convert|418|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|14,951.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|423.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |M'Pouya | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,175.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|21.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |N'Goindi | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,537.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Gampoka | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,036.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | | Nkeni | {{convert|331|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,249.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|209.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nkeme | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,154|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nsolu | rowspan="2" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|4,129|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Sangasi | {{convert|64|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,020.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | | [[Alima]] |{{convert|577|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23,192.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]] |{{convert|615|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69,800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,053.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha]] |{{convert|1,395|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|191,953|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,471|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Pama | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|50|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,202.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Manga | {{convert|43|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,337.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba|Irebu]] |{{convert|35|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7,380|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|105.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Ubangi|Ubangi]] |{{convert|2,299|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|651,918|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,936|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ruki|Ruki]] | rowspan="3" | |{{convert|1,200|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|173,790|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ikelemba|Ikelemba]] |{{convert|345|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12,510|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|222.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lulonga|Lulonga]] |{{convert|705|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|76,950|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Moeko | {{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,346.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|40.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Mongala|Mongala]] | {{convert|663|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|52,200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|708.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lofofe | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,333.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Mioka | {{convert|93|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,872|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Isambi | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,135.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="8" | |Molua |{{convert|71|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,566.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Itimbiri|Itimbiri]] |{{convert|700|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|50,490|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|773.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Makpulu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,279.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Loie | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|682.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Moliba | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,363.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Ikot | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|987.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|20.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mokeke | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|695|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lula | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|582|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lunua | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|612.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Aruwimi|Aruwimi]] |{{convert|1,287|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|116,100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Loleka | rowspan="3" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,349.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukombe | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,931.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|53.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lomami|Lomami]] |{{convert|2,063|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|109,080|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,061.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Lubilu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,222.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|20|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Romée | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|601.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Lubania | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|743.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lindi|Lindi]] |{{convert|797|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|60,300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Upper Congo'''<br />([[Lualaba River|Lualaba]]; upstream from the [[Boyoma Falls]]) |- |Yoko | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|866.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Maiko | {{convert|516|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13,935.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|318.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Oluka | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|495.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Obiautku | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,290.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|33.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lilu | {{convert|281|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,381.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|192.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Ruiki | rowspan="2" | | {{convert|203|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,540.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|125.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lilo | {{convert|202|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,684.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|92.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | | [[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]] |{{convert|615|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|49,590|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,624.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ulindi|Ulindi]] |{{convert|803|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30,240|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|901.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Kasuku | |{{convert|397|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,468.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|175.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | | Ambe | {{convert|96|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,231.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luti | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|771|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Elila|Elila]] |{{convert|670|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27,360|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|678.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lueki | | {{convert|205|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,494.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|58.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Kiha-muwa | {{convert|182|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,362|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kabila | {{convert|70|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,229.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lowe | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|49|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,306.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Ganze | {{convert|25|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,331.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lubutu | {{convert|212|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,419.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|57|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Kunda | {{convert|96|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,749.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|41.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mulongoi | | {{convert|219|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,754.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|21.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="6" | |Lulindi | {{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,515|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Luama|Luama]] |{{convert|741|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25,099.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|221|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luika | {{convert|223|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,214.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luvilo | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,126.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lufutuka | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,792.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lukga|Lukuga]] |{{convert|350|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|271,580|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|271|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lubanzi | rowspan="3" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,045.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kay | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,742|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukuswa | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,822.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Luboy | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,644.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Luvidjo | |{{convert|240|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,312.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | |Kalongwe | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,208.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]] |{{convert|388|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|265,260|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kai | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,142.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lubumbu | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,342.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Kalumen-<br />gongo | {{convert|329|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,069.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|66.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lovoi | | {{convert|385|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19,624.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|185.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Lufira|Lufira]] |{{convert|911|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|51,480|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|502|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lubudi (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]] | |{{convert|490|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|191.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Kalule | {{convert|172|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,208.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|28.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Musonoi | rowspan="2" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,539.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lufupa | {{convert|155|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,070.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | |Kando | {{convert|191|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,455.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nyund-welu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,319.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukonga | {{convert|131|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,721.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mukwishi | | {{convert|61|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,562|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- class=sortbottom !scope=row colspan=8 | Source:<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://hal.science/hal-01671764 |title=Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin (HAL) |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |date=2017 |volume=66 |page=196 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015 |last1=Becker |first1=Melanie |last2=Papa |first2=F. |last3=Frappart |first3=Frédéric |last4=Alsdorf |first4=D. |last5=Calmant |first5=S. |last6=Silva |first6=J. Santos da |last7=Prigent |first7=C. |last8=Seyler |first8=F. |s2cid=6873734 |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/ |title=Topographic maps |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028103810/https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cicos.int/2014/03/ |title=Commission Internationale du Bassin Congo-Oubangui-Sangha (CICOS) |date=2014 |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028103816/https://www.cicos.int/2014/03/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Congo River">{{cite web |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=54&catid=215&Itemid=179 |title=Congo River }}</ref><ref name="Le Fleuve Congo">{{cite web |url=http://congeau.site/fleuvecongo.html |title=Le Fleuve Congo }}</ref><ref name="Congo" /><ref name="Lwalaba">{{cite web |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Lwalaba%20000060489375 |title=Lwalaba }}</ref> |} '''Ndịda Kongo''' (ọnụ osimiri ruo [[Kinshasa]]) N'ala Kinshasa, site n'ọnụ osimiri dị na [[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]], e nwere obere mmiri ole na ole dị mkpa. * [[Osimiri M'pozo|M'pozo]] (aka ekpe) * Kwilu (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Inkisi|Inkisi]] (aka ekpe) * Foulakary (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Djoué|Djoué]] (aka nri) '''Etiti Kọngo''' ([[Kinshasa]] rụọ [[Boyoma Falls]]) * Nsele (aka ekpe) * Lufimi (aka ekpe) * Mary (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Kasai|Kwa–Kasai]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Fimi|Fimi]] *** [[Osimiri Lukenie|Lukenie]] [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|thumb|right|Foto sitere n'elu nke [[Osimiri Lukenie]] ka ọ na-agafe n'ime [[Oke ọhịa dị larịị nke Central Congo]]]] *** Lokoro—[[Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe]] ** [[Osimiri Kwango|Kwango]] *** Culio *** [[Osimiri Wamba|Wamba]] *** [[Osimiri Kwilu|Kwilu]] **** [[Osimiri Kwenge|Kwenge]] **** Inzia ** [[Osimiri Loange|Loange]] ** [[Osimiri Sankuru|Sankuru]] *** Lubilanji *** [[Osimiri Lubefu|Lubefu]] *** [[Osimiri Lubudi (Sankuru tributary)|Lubudi]] ** [[Osimiri Lulua|Lulua]] ** Chicapa ** [[Luachimo Hydroelectric Power Station|Luachimo]] ** Lubembe *** Chiumbe * [[Osimiri Léfini|Léfini]] (aka nri)[[File:Lefini River (25583791878).jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Léfini]]]] * Nkeni (aka nri) *[[Alima]] (aka nri) * [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]]-[[Likouala-Mossaka|Mossaka]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha]] (aka nri) ** [[Likouala-aux-Herbes|Likouala aux Herbes]] ** [[Osimiri Ngogo|Ngoko]] *** [[Osimiri Boumba|Boumba]] ** [[Osimiri Kadéï|Kadéï]] (570&nbsp;km, 41,000&nbsp;km², 466 m³/s) ** Mambéré * [[Osimiri Ubangi|Ubangi]] (aka nri)[[File:Убанги као пут.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Ubangi]]]] ** Giri ** Lua ** [[Osimiri Lobaye|Lobaye]] ** Mbali ** [[Osimiri Ouaka|Ouaka]] ** [[Osimiri Kotto|Kotto]] ** [[Osimiri Mbomou|Mbomou]] [[File:Forward, forward.jpg|thumb|Nwoke nọ n'elu [[Osimiri Mbomou]], n'etiti Bangassou na Ndu]] *** [[Osimiri Chinko|Chinko]] *** [[Osimiri Mbari|Mbari]] *** Bili ** [[Osimiri Uele|Uele]] [[File:Uele rivière Bomokandi.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Uele]]]] *** [[Osimiri Kibali|Kibali]] *** [[Osimiri Dungu (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Dungu]] *** [[Osimiri Bomokandi|Bomokandi]] *** [[Osimiri Uere|Uere]] * Irebu—[[Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba]] (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Ruki|Ruki]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Momboyo|Momboyo]] ** [[Osimiri Busira|Busira]] *** [[Osimiri Salonga|Salonga]] *** [[Osimiri Tshuapa|Tshuapa ma ọ bụ Ruki]] (aka ekpe) **** [[Osimiri Lomela|Lomela]] * [[Osimiri Ikelemba|Ikelemba]] (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lulonga|Lulonga]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Lopori|Lopori]] ** [[Osimiri Maringa|Maringa]] * Moeko (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Mongala|Mongala]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Itimbiri|Itimbiri]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Aruwimi|Aruwimi]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Ituri|Ituri]] [[File:Photo of the day 11.10.2015 (21868921339).jpg|thumb|Osimiri na-asọfe n'ime [[Ituri Rainforest]]]] ** [[Osimiri Nepoko|Nepoko]] * Lukombe (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lomami|Lomami]] (aka ekpe)[[File:Swallowtails on bank of Lomami River at Katopa Camp, Democratic Republic of the Congo (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Osimiri Lomami]]]] * [[Osimiri Lindi|Lindi]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Tshopo|Tshopo]] [[File:Cascades of the Tshopo river.jpg|thumb|Ọgba mmiri nke [[Osimiri Tshopo]]]] * Maiko (aka nri) '''Kọngo Elu''' ([[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]]; site na elu [[Boyoma Falls]]) * Lilu (aka nri) * Ruiki (aka ekpe) * Lilo (aka ekpe) *[[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]] (aka nri) ** Oso *[[Osimiri Ulindi|Ulindi]] (aka nri) ** Lugulu * Kasuku (aka ekpe) * Ambe (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Elila|Elila]] (aka nri) * Loho (aka ekpe) * Lubutu (aka ekpe) * Kunda (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Luama|Luama]] (aka nri) * Luika (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Lukuga|Lukuga]] (aka nri) ** [[Ruzizi River|Rusizi]] ([[Lake Tanganyika]])[[File:Hippos and Bridge, Burundi 067.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Ruzizi]]]] ** [[Osimiri Malagarasi|Malagarasi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]]) *** [[Ogige Mba nke Osimiri Ugalla|Ugalla]] *** Gombe **** Moyowosi * Luvidjo (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Kalungwishi|Kalungwishi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]]) ** [[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]]; 740&nbsp;km, 173,386&nbsp;km², 741 m³/s) *** [[Osimiri Chambeshi|Chambeshi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu]], [[Ala Mmiri Bangweulu|Apịtị Bangweulu]]; 500&nbsp;km, 44,427&nbsp;km², 185 m³/s) * Kalumengongo (aka nri) * Lovoi (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lufira|Lufira]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Lubudi (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]] (aka ekpe) * Lufupa (aka ekpe) ==Mkpa akụ na ụba== [[File:Oxfam East Africa - Mbandaka market.jpg|thumb|Obodo [[Mbandaka]] bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri jupụtara n'ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo.]] [[File:Congo maluku.jpg|thumb|right|Osimiri Congo na [[Maluku (Kinshasa)|Maluku]].]] Ọ bụ ezie na Mmiri Mmiri Livingstone na-egbochi mmadụ ịbanye n'oké osimiri, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Congo dum dị n'elu ha dị mfe [[Navigability|navigable]] n'akụkụ dị iche iche, karịsịa n'etiti Kinshasa na Kisangani. Nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-ekuru mmiri na-arụ ọrụ n'osimiri ahụ ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Osimiri Congo ka bụ ebe obibi n'ala ebe okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè pere mpe.<ref>See, for instance, [[Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/ |date=29 November 2009 }}</ref> Ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agafe isi iyi mmiri atọ dị mkpa ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụmaahịa nke Central Africa na-agafekwa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, gụnyere [[ọla kọpa]], [[mmanụ nkwụ]] (dị ka mkpụrụ osisi), [[shuga]], [[kọfị]], na [[owu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA) |work=AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA) |date=7 October 2016 |url=https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ |access-date=24 April 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri eletrik=== Osimiri Kongo bụ osimiri kachasị ike n'Afrịka. N'oge mmiri ozuzo, ihe karịrị {{convert|50000|m3}} mmiri kwa sekọnd na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic. Ya mere, ohere dị ukwuu maka Osimiri Congo na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya iji mepụta ike mmiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agbakọọla na mpaghara Congo dum bụ pasent iri na atọ nke ike [[hydropower]] zuru ụwa ọnụ. Nke a ga-enye ike zuru oke maka mkpa ọkụ eletrik niile [[Saharan Africa]].<ref name="weetlogs.scilogs.be">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 |date=2 September 2011 }}. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Ugbu a, e nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri iri anọ na Congo Basin. Ndị kacha ibu bụ [[Inga dam]], ihe dị ka {{convert|200|km}} na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Kinshasa. E bidoro ọrụ a na mbido afọ 1970, mgbe e mechara dam mbụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Showers |first=Kate B. |s2cid=145515488 |date=1 September 2011 |title=Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography |language=en |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=193–221 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x |issn=1468-0467 }}</ref> Atụmatụ ahụ (dịka e chepụtara na mbụ) chọrọ ka e wuo dam ise nke ga-enwe ike imepụta ihe ruru megawatt 34,500 (MW). Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị mmiri mmiri Inga I na Inga II ka arụrụla, na-emepụta ike 1,776 MW.<ref name="weetlogs.scilogs.be"/> Na Febụwarị 2005, ụlọ ọrụ ike nke gọọmentị [[South Africa]], [[Eskom]], kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasa ọgbọ site na mmezi na iwuli [[Grand Inga Dam|ọrụ mmiri eletrik ọhụrụ]]. Ọrụ a ga-eme ka mmepụta kachasị elu nke ebe a ruo megawatts 40,000 (MW).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/congo/story/0,12292,1425023,00.html |title=Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa? |work=World news |publisher=The Guardian |location=London |first=Jeevan |last=Vasagar |date=25 February 2005 |access-date=30 April 2010 }}</ref> A na-atụ egwu na ọwa mmiri eletrik ọhụrụ ndị a nwere ike ibute mbibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị sitere na osimiri.<ref name="RoughWaters" /> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike== [[File:Chutes Livingstone.jpg|thumb|Mmalite nke [[Livingstone Falls]] (Lower Congo Rapids) dị nso na [[Kinshasa]]]] Ụzọ Osimiri Congo dị ugbu a malitere n'etiti afọ nde 1.5 na 2 [[Tupu Ugbu a|BP]], n'oge [[Pleistocene]].<ref name="Beadle1981">{{cite book |author=Leonard C. Beadle |title=The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2 April 2011 |year=1981 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-46341-7 }}</ref><ref>Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 |date=10 November 2023 }}. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."</ref> O yikarịrị ka n'oge a, ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu nke Congo [[ihe e ji ejide mmiri site na]] mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya, gụnyere Uele na elu Ubangi site na [[Osimiri Chari|usoro Chari]]<ref>Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395 }}</ref> na Osimiri Chambeshi<ref>Skelton, P.H. 1994. 'Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa', in ''Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes'', Symposium Paradi (G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. ''Annals of the Royal Central African Museum'' (Zoology) No. 275.</ref> tinyere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Kasai site na [[Zambezi|usoro Zambezi]].<ref>Gupta, Avijit (editor); ''Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management'', p. 327 {{ISBN|9780470849873 }}</ref> O nwere ike ịbụ na nhazi Congo mere ka e nwee [[ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]] nke [[bonobo]] na [[chimpanzee]] nkịtị site na [[nna nna ochie ha kacha ọhụrụ]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ |title=Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments |journal=PLOS Genet. |volume=4 |issue=4 |article-number=e1000057 |year=2008 |pmid=18421364 |pmc=2278377 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bonobo bụ [[Endemism|nke jupụtara ebe niile] n'ime oke ọhịa mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ, dịka ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama dịka [[Allen's swamp enwe]], [[dryas enwe]], [[aquatic genet]], [[okapi]], na [[Congo peafowl]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingdon |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Kingdon |year=1997 |title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals |publisher=Academic Press Limited |location=London |isbn=978-0-1240-8355-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2022 |title=''Afropavo congensis'' |article-number=e.T22679430A208189646 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en |access-date=16 December 2023 }}</ref> Maka ihe gbasara ndụ mmiri, Osimiri Congo nwere oke [[ụdị bara ụba]] na otu n'ime ebe kachasị elu a maara nke ọma nke [[ndị na-enweghị isi]].<ref name="Smithsonian2009">{{cite web |title=Evolution in the Deepest River in the World |first=Kyle |last=Dickman |date=3 November 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |work=Science & Nature |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html |access-date=4 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html |archive-date=9 November 2011 |url-status=dead |accessdate=10 July 2026 |archivedate=9 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html }}</ref> {{Ruo | 2009}}, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị azụ 800 ka edekọworo site na Osimiri Osimiri Congo (anaghị agụta [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]], nke jikọtara ọnụ mana ọ dị iche na gburugburu ebe obibi),<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book |author1=Frans Witte |author2=Martien J. P. van Oijen |author3=Ferdinand A. Sibbing |year=2009 |chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile |editor=Henri J. Dumont |title=The Nile |url=https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse |publisher=Springer |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 647]–675 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> a ka na-amụkwa akụkụ buru ibu nke ihe ndị a.<ref name=SudanicCongoOubangi>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 "Sudanic Congo—Oubangi"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a kabeghị ihe nlele ahụ n'akụkụ dị na [[Salonga National Park]], nke dị ihe dị ka nha Belgium, na 2006.<ref name=Schliewen2006>{{cite journal |author1=Schliewen, U.K. |author2=Stiassny, M.L.J. |year=2006 |title=A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1169 |pages=33–46 |s2cid=86533120 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2 }}</ref> A kọwara ụdị azụ ọhụrụ n'ụzọ sayensị site na obere oge site na Osimiri Congo, a makwaara ọtụtụ [[Undescripted taxon|undescribed species]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schwarzer, J. |author2=Misof, B. |author3=Schliewen, U.K. |year=2011 |title=Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=138–148 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x |pmid=22070232 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Congo nwere ụdị azụ̀ kachasị elu karịa usoro osimiri ọ bụla dị n'Africa; ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya, ndị ọzọ bara ọgaranya bụ Niger, [[Osimiri Volta|Volta]] na Naịl nwere ihe dị ka ụdị azụ 240, 140 na 130, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="Witte2009" /><ref name="Winemiller2008">{{cite book |author1=Winemiller, K.O. |author2=A.A. Agostinho |author3=É.P. Caramaschi |chapter=Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams |title=Tropical Stream Ecology |url=https://archive.org/details/tropicalstreamec0000unse |editor=Dudgeon, D. |year=2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tropicalstreamec0000unse/page/107 107]–146 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-088449-0 }}</ref> N'ihi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'etiti mpaghara dị na mpaghara Congo—gụnyere ebe obibi dị ka mmiri mmiri, osimiri miri emi, apịtị, na ọdọ mmiri—a na-ekewa ya n'ọtụtụ [[ecoregion]] (kama iwere ya dị ka otu ecoregion). N'ime mpaghara ndị a dị n'ime ala, cataracts nke Livingstone Falls nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 300,<ref name="weis">{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience |date=12 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030815/https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |archive-date=14 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> gụnyere ihe dị ka endemic iri asatọ<ref name="RoughWaters">{{Cite web |last=Norlander |first=Britt |date=20 April 2009 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708055831/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ |title=Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future |publisher=Science World |accessdate=10 July 2026 |archivedate=19 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119001507/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ }}</ref> ebe akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ (mpaghara osimiri Kasai) nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 200, nke ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ha jupụtara na ya.<ref name="Kasai">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> [[File:Poisson-Tigre Goliath sous les yeux du journaliste halieutique David Mailland - Congo 23.jpg|thumb|[[Hydrocynus goliath|Nnukwu azụ tiger]]]] Ezinụlọ azụ̀ ndị kacha nwee ike ịkụ azụ—ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ osimiri—bụ [[Cyprinidae]] (carp/cyprinids, dịka ọmụmaatụ ''[[Labeo simpsoni]]''), [[Mormyridae]] (elephant fishes), [[Alestidae]] (African tetras), [[Mochokidae]] (squeaker catfishes), na [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids).<ref name="UpperLualaba">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 "Upper Lualaba"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> N'ime ndị bi n'osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu anụ na-eri anụ nke ukwuu [[Hydrocynus goliath|nnukwu azụ tigerfish]]. Atọ n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ ọcha (anaghị [[agba mmiri|agba agba]]) na ''[[Lamprologus lethops]]'' kpuru ìsì, nke a kwenyere na ọ dị ndụ n'ime miri emi dịka {{convert|160|m|ft}} n'okpuru ala,<ref name="RoughWaters" /> ''[[Heterochromis|Heterochromis multidens]]'', nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na cichlids nke Amerịka karịa cichlids ndị ọzọ dị n'Africa,<ref>Kullander, S.O. (1998). ''A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes).'' pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.</ref> na ''[[Caecobarbus|Caecobarbus geertsii]]'', naanị [[azụ mmiri]] a maara na Etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{cite book |author=Proudlove, G. |title=Subterranean fishes of the world |year=2006 |publisher=International Society for Subterranean Biology |isbn=978-2-9527084-0-1 }}</ref> E nwekwara ọtụtụ akịrị na ejula ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="UpperLualaba" /><ref name="LowerCongoRapids">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ ịrụ ọtụtụ [[hydroelectric dam]] n'osimiri ahụ, nke a nwekwara ike ibute [[mkpochapu]] nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="RoughWaters" /> Ọtụtụ ụdị mbe na [[Agụ iyi dị nro|mkpụrụ mmiri dị nro]], [[Agụ iyi dị na Naịl]] na [[agụ iyi dị egwu]] bụ ndị sitere na Osimiri Congo. [[Afrịka manatee]] bi n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Keith Diagne, L. |year=2015 |title=''Trichechus senegalensis'' |errata=2016 |article-number=e.T22104A97168578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en |access-date=16 December 2023 }}</ref> === Idei mmiri === Ndị [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC) na [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]] (RoC) enweela idei mmiri ugboro ugboro n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo na isi iyi mmiri ya n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-akpata mbuze na mbuze ala, ma na-emetụta ebe obibi mmadụ, ọrụ ugbo, na ahụike ọha na eze n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=The World Bank Group |date=2021 |title=Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703150625/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2021 }}</ref> A na-atụ anya na [[mgbanwe ihu igwe]] ga-emetụta Osimiri Congo nke ukwuu ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu, mmiri ozuzo na-arị elu ma n'ike na oge oge.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals |title=Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change |url=https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181136/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2021 }}</ref> Site na Ọktoba 2019 ruo Jenụwarị 2020, oke mmiri ozuzo metụtara mpaghara 16 n'ime 26 nke DRC na ngalaba asatọ n'ime 12 nke RoC, nke butere idei mmiri [[2019–2020 Congo River]]. Mmiri ozuzo ahụ mere ka Osimiri Congo na [[Osimiri Ubangi|Osimiri Ubangi]] ju ebe niile, idei mmiri na ala ọma jijiji mere n'ofe DRC na RoC ma dugara na [[ndị a chụpụrụ n'ime obodo na Democratic Republic of the Congo|mgbapụ]] nke ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-floods-flash-update-n-1-10-december-2019 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |date=10 December 2019 |language=en }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu ọchịchị obodo=== [[File:Congo by Mercator 1623 (3769167).jpg|thumb|Maapụ nke narị afọ nke 17 nke osimiri Congo]] [[File:Routes of European explorers in Africa, to 1853.jpg|thumb|Na maapụ Afrịka a nke afọ 1853, ''Mpaghara A Na-enyochaghị fọdụrụnụ'' kwekọrọ na ala Congo.]] [[Ndị Bantu]] bi na mpaghara Congo dum, e kewara ha n'ime ọtụtụ narị agbụrụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na [[mgbasawanye Bantu]] erutela etiti Congo ihe dị ka afọ 500 Tupu Kraịst na elu Congo na narị afọ mbụ AD. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ndị obodo ahụ chụpụrụ site na njem Bantu, [[Pygmy peoples|Pygmies]]/''[[Twa|Abatwa]]'' nke [[asụsụ Ubangian|Ubangian]] phylum, ka dị n'ime oke ọhịa dị anya nke Congo Basin. Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 13, e nwere njikọ atọ dị mkpa nke steeti dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Congo. N'ọwụwa anyanwụ e nwere [[Alaeze Asaa nke Kongo dia Nlaza]], ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị kacha ochie na ndị kacha ike, nke nwere ike ịgụnye [[Nsundi]], [[Alaeze Mbata|Mbata]], [[Mpangu]], na ikekwe [[Kundi alaeze|Kundi]] na [[Okanga]]. Ndịda nke ndị a bụ [[Mpemba]] nke gbasaara site na [[Angola]] nke oge a ruo Osimiri Congo. Ọ gụnyere alaeze dị iche iche dịka [[Mpemba Kasi]] na [[Vunda]]. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya gafee Osimiri Congo bụ otu mba nke steeti nta atọ jikọrọ aka; [[Vungu]] (onye ndu ya), [[Kakongo]], na [[Ngoyo]].<ref>{{Citation |chapter=The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540 |date=2020 |title=A History of West Central Africa to 1850 |pages=16–55 |editor-last=Thornton |editor-first=John K. |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-west-central-africa-to-1850/development-of-states-in-west-central-africa-to-1540/CE71122CF8DFD7B4B188BA34F8F65BFC |access-date=2024-09-21 |series=New Approaches to African History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-56593-7 }}</ref>{{Rp|pages=24–25}} E guzobere [[Alaeze Kongo]] na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 14 site na njikọta nke alaeze nke [[Mpemba Kasi]] na [[Mbata Kingdom]] n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke Osimiri Congo dị ala. Njikwa ókèala ya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ ka dị naanị n'ihe kwekọrọ na mpaghara [[Kongo Central]] nke oge a. Nlegharị anya ndị Europe na Congo malitere na 1482 mgbe onye na-eme nchọpụta Portuguese [[Diogo Cão]] chọpụtara n'akụkụ osimiri{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} (ikekwe n'August 1482), nke o jiri [[Padrão]], ma ọ bụ ogidi nkume (ka dị, mana naanị n'ime iberibe) wuo n'elu Shark Point. Cão ji ụgbọ mmiri rịgoro osimiri ahụ ruo obere oge, wee malite ịkpọtụrụ Alaeze Kongo. A ka na-amaghị ụzọ zuru oke nke osimiri ahụ n'oge mmalite nke oge a.{{efn|The [[Dieppe maps]] of the mid-16th century show the Congo only as a minor river while having the [[Nile]] run throughout the continent, rising in Southern Africa. The same interpretation is in essence still found in Jan Blaeu's ''[[:File:Congo map 1690.jpg|Atlas Maior]]'' of 1660. Jacques Bellin's [[:File:Congo map 1754.jpg|map of the Congo]] in ''Histoire Generale Des Voyages'' by [[Antoine François Prévost]] (1754) shows awareness of the river reaching further inland, to the provinces of ''Sundi'' and ''Pango'', but has no detailed knowledge of its course.}} Oke osimiri Congo dị n'elu na-aga n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Albertine Rift]].{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} Amaghị njikọ ya na Congo ruo afọ 1877. [[Ndị Nilotic | Mgbasa Nilotic]] ruru oke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala Congo n'oge dị n'etiti narị afọ nke 15 na nke 18, site n'aka ndị nna nna nke [[Asụsụ Ndịda Luo|Ndị Ndịda Luo]] na-asụ [[Ndị Alur]]. [[Francisco de Lacerda]] sooro Zambezi wee ruo n'akụkụ kachasị elu nke ala Congo ([[Kazembe]] dị na ala Luapula dị elu) na 1796. [[Ahịa ohu nke oke osimiri India|Ahịa ohu nke ndị Arab]] rutere n'elu Osimiri Congo na mbụ na narị afọ nke 19. E hiwere [[Nyangwe]] dị ka ebe ndị ohu na-anọ n'ogige ihe dị ka afọ 1860. [[David Livingstone]] bụ onye Europe mbụ rutere Nyangwe na Machị 1871.{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} Livingstone tụrụ aro ka o gosi na Lualaba jikọtara na Naịl, mana na Julaị 15, ọ hụrụ ogbugbu nke ihe dị ka ndị Afrịka 400 site n'aka ndị Arab na-agba ohu na Nyangwe, Ahụmịhe ahụ mere ka ọ tụọ ụjọ ma nwee nkụda mmụọ ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya ịchọta ebe Naịl si apụta, ya mere o laghachiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref name="Livingstone 1871">{{cite book |last=Livingstone |first=David |title=Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary. A Multispectral Critical Edition |year=2012 |publisher=UCLA Digital Library: Los Angeles, CA |url=http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905100511/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ |archive-date=5 September 2014}}></ref><ref name="Jeal 1973">{{cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |year=1973 |title=Livingstone |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=331–335 }}</ref> ===Mmalite nke ọchịchị ndị Europe=== Ndị Yuropu erutebeghị mpaghara etiti nke osimiri Congo site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ruo mgbe [[Henry Morton Stanley]] mere njem 1876–77, nke [[Kọmitii maka Ọmụmụ Ihe nke Upper Congo]] kwadoro. N'oge ahụ, otu n'ime ajụjụ ikpeazụ e jụrụ gbasara [[nyocha Europe nke Afrịka]] bụ ma Osimiri Lualaba ọ̀ na-enye Naịl (ozizi Livingstone), Congo,{{sfn|Jeal|2007|pp=188–219}} ma ọ bụ ọbụna [[Osimiri Naịja]]. E tinyere ego na 1874, [[Njem mbụ Henry Morton Stanley nke trans-Africa | Nnyocha mbụ nke Stanley nke trans-Africa]] malitere na [[Zanzibar]] wee rute Lualaba na 17 Ọktoba 1876. N'elu ala, o rutere Nyangwe, ebe etiti ebe iwu na-anaghị achị nke nwere agbụrụ ndị na-eri anụ ebe [[Tippu Tip]] hiwere ọrụ ohu. Stanley nwere ike were ndị agha Tippu Tip ka ha chebe ya ruo ụbọchị iri itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa. Ndị otu ahụ si n'ime ọhịa Matimba dị oke ọnụ pụọ na Nyangwe. Na ụbọchị iri na itoolu nke ọnwa Nọvemba, ha rutere Lualaba ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na njem dị oke njọ n'ime ọhịa ahụ, Tippu Tip tụgharịrị gaa oriri ya na Disemba 28, wee hapụ Stanley naanị ya, ya na mmadụ 143, gụnyere ụmụaka asatọ na ụmụ nwanyị 16. Ha nwere ụgbọ mmiri iri abụọ na atọ. Nzute mbụ ya na otu ebo obodo ahụ bụ na onye na-eri anụ [[Ndị Tumbuka|Wenya]]. N'ozuzu, Stanley kọrọ na nzukọ iri atọ na abụọ na-adịghị mma n'osimiri ahụ, ụfọdụ na-eme ihe ike, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị ịkparịta ụka n'okporo ụzọ udo. Ma ebo ndị ahụ kpachara anya n'ihi na naanị ihe ha hụrụ bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa ohu. Na ụbọchị isii nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1877, mgbe {{convert|400|mi|km|order=flip}} gasịrị, ha rutere Boyoma Falls (nke a na-akpọ Stanley Falls ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị), nke nwere cataracts asaa nke na-agbasa site na {{convert|60|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} nke ha ga-agafe n'elu ala. O were ha ruo ụbọchị asaa nke ọnwa Febụwarị iji ruo na njedebe nke mmiri ozuzo ahụ. N'ebe a, Stanley nụrụ na aha osimiri ahụ ka a kpọrọ ya ''Ikuta Yacongo'',{{sfn|Jeal|2007|p=199; 7 February 1877}} gosiri ya na o rutela Kongo nakwa na Lualaba anaghị enye Naịl nri. Site n'oge a, ebo ndị ahụ abụghịzi ndị na-eri anụ mmadụ kama ha nwere egbe, o doro anya na ọ bụ n'ihi mmetụta ndị Portugal nwere. Ihe dị ka izu anọ wee ruo {{convert|1200|mi|km|order=flip}} mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rutere Stanley Pool (nke bụzi Pool Malebo), ebe obodo Kinshasa na Brazzaville dị ugbu a. N'akụkụ ala nke ọzọ bụ Livingstone Falls, nke aha ya na-ezighi ezi dịka Livingstone na-agabeghị na Congo: usoro ọdịda 32 na ọsọ mmiri nwere mgbanwe elu nke {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} n'elu {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. Na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Maachị ha malitere ịrịda mmiri ahụ, nke were ọnwa ise ma gbuo ọtụtụ mmadụ. Site na Isangile Falls, mmiri ise si n'ụkwụ gbapụta, ha kwọchara ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri na ''Lady Alice'' wee si n'osimiri ahụ pụọ, na-achọ ebe ndị Portugal na-eche nche nke [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]] site na ala. Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ha rutere n'obodo nta Nsada. Stanley si ebe ahụ zigara mmadụ anọ nwere akwụkwọ ozi gaa Boma, na-arịọ maka nri maka ndị ya agụụ ji. N'abalị asaa nke ọnwa Ọgọst, ndị nnọchiteanya sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa [[Liverpool]] bụ́ Hatton & Cookson zitere enyemaka ahụ. Na 9 Ọgọst ha rutere Boma, ụbọchị 1,001 kemgbe ha hapụrụ Zanzibar na 12 Nọvemba 1874. Ndị otu ahụ nwere mmadụ 108, gụnyere ụmụaka atọ a mụrụ n'oge njem ahụ. O yikarịrị ka (akwụkwọ Stanley n'onwe ya na-enye ọnụọgụgụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe), o furu mmadụ 132 site na ọrịa, agụụ, mmiri iri, igbu mmadụ na mgbahapụ.{{sfn|Jeal|2007|p=217}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Through the Dark Continent |url=https://archive.org/details/throughdarkconti0000stan |last=Stanley |first=Henry M. |year=1988 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-25667-2 |edition=Reprint |orig-date=Originally published: London: G. Newnes, 1899 }}</ref> Stanley hiwere Kinshasa dị ka ebe azụmaahịa n'afọ 1881 ma kpọọ ya Léopoldville iji sọpụrụ [[Leopold nke Abụọ nke Belgium]]. Leopold nke Abụọ kwuru na Kọngo Basin dị ka [[Congo Free State]] n'onwe ya na 1885 ebe e mere ọtụtụ [[Mwakpo dị na Kọngo Free State]] ruo mgbe a kpọrọ mpaghara ahụ [[Belgian Congo]]. <gallery widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Advance Column of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1890.jpg|Henry M. Stanley na ndị ọrụ nke Advance Column, Cairo, 1890. Site n'aka ekpe: Dr. [[Thomas Heazle Parke]], [[Robert H. Nelson (onye na-eme nchọpụta)|Robert H. Nelson]], [[Henry M. Stanley]], [[William G. Stairs]], na [[Arthur J. M. Jephson]] File:Monument aux pionniers belges au Congo 001.jpg|Ihe atụ nke Osimiri Congo site n'aka [[Thomas Vinçotte]].<ref>Brussels, [[Monument to the Belgian Pioneers in Congo|Monument to Congo pionniers]], [[Cinquantenaire|50th Jubileum Park]].</ref> </gallery> ==Leekwa== * [[Ọdachi nke Osimiri Congo nke afọ 2021]] * [[Ndepụta nke ngafe nke Osimiri Congo]] * [[Ndepụta osimiri nke Afrịka]] * [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụta]] * [[Ndepụta osimiri site n'ogologo]] == Ihe ndetu nkọwa == {{notelist}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=bossche>{{cite book |author1=J.P. vanden Bossche |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year=1990 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |pages=338–339 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259217716 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River |year=2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259217410 |title=Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa |year=2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models">{{cite web |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/28130/1/Carr_BA_CivEng_Geography_PhD_20201201.pdf |title=Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models |year=2020 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031001010/https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/28130/1/Carr_BA_CivEng_Geography_PhD_20201201.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa">{{cite journal |title=Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa |last1=Laraque |first1=Alain |last2=Moukandi N'kaya |first2=Guy D. |journal=Water |year=2020 |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=2613 |doi=10.3390/w12092613 |bibcode=2020Water..12.2613L |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02989606 }}</ref> <ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series">{{cite book |title=A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series |last1=Guy D. |first1=Moukandi N'kaya |last2=Laraque |first2=Alain |last3=Paturel |first3=Jean-Emmanuel |last4=Gulemvuga Guzanga |first4=Georges |last5=Mahé |first5=Gil |last6=Tshimanga |first6=Raphael M. |series=Geophysical Monograph Series |year=2022 |pages=121–143 |doi=10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |isbn=978-1-119-65697-5 |s2cid=246986610 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080834/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa">{{cite book |chapter=The Congo River, Central Africa |last1=Jürgen |first1=Runge |title=Large Rivers |year=2007 |pages=293–309 |doi=10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |isbn=978-0-470-72372-2 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080726/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362149801 |title=Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea |last1=Talling |first1=Peter J. |last2=Baker |first2=Megan L. |display-authors=etal |year=2022 }}</ref> }} == Isi mmalite izugbe na ndị e hotara == * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Congo |volume=6 |last=Cana |first=Frank Richardson |author-link= |pages=914–917}} * {{cite book |last=Forbath |first=Peter |year=1979 |title=The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River |place=New York |publisher=E. P. Dutton |isbn=0-525-47573-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/rivercongodiscov0000forb}} * {{cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |year=2007 |title=Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer |url=https://archive.org/details/stanleyimpossibl0000jeal |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |isbn=978-0-571-22102-8}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons and category|Congo River|Congo River}} * The [[Royal Geographical Society#Hidden Journeys|Royal Geography Society's Hidden Journeys project]]: ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120922/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/London-Johannesburg/Congo.aspx The River Congo Basin] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172521/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/Audio%20Slideshows.aspx#level_16 Audio slideshow: The River Congo: Following in Explorer Sir Henry Morton Stanley's Footsteps]—Tim Butcher recounts his trip through the Congo on the route of 19th-century explorer Sir Henry Morgan Stanley. * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]—Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Congo River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * [http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/congo/index_02.html The Congo Project], American Museum of Natural History {{Authority control}} ftnmitwwo5kmdzgkwll8wmh9ae5jjup 1728 81230 744007 742302 2026-11-09T21:40:04Z Akwugo 11031 /* Reviewers */ 744007 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host a series of edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == 18th October to 18th November, 2026 == Reviewers == == Work list == [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MK-WcYV2dKQhHfeufJevPVtSU18POTV4i9WHnyqSV1U/edit?usp=drivesdk List ] == Gallery == == Outcome == rni8v44dfnonmnrlf729zv08x2196xv 744008 744007 2026-11-09T21:42:40Z Akwugo 11031 /* Work list */ . 744008 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host a series of edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == 18th October to 18th November, 2026 == Reviewers == == Work list == [ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wKYfDJDUQHywN1pUVdd_-8Ci0WGfBOcE7xjG7nSh7JA/edit?usp=drivesdk Work list] == Gallery == == Outcome == 1bdn00gxswa5tcbgva5vszo6sw02n1v 744009 744008 2026-11-09T21:43:07Z Akwugo 11031 /* Work list */ . 744009 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host a series of edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == 18th October to 18th November, 2026 == Reviewers == == Work list == [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wKYfDJDUQHywN1pUVdd_-8Ci0WGfBOcE7xjG7nSh7JA/edit?usp=drivesdk Worklist] == Gallery == == Outcome == kd740egkx3c23mulvsewrwnix8l075g 744010 744009 2026-11-09T21:48:48Z Akwugo 11031 . 744010 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host an online and physical meeting, edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == '''Online''' 18th October {{Done}} '''Physical event''' 13th November, 2026 == Venue == Nigeria Book Foundation, Kenneth Dike Library Awka, Anambra State. == Work list == [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wKYfDJDUQHywN1pUVdd_-8Ci0WGfBOcE7xjG7nSh7JA/edit?usp=drivesdk Worklist] == Gallery == == Outcome == lxshmdkyvxn3dmy0jnlg8d7my224s3v 744011 744010 2026-11-09T21:49:04Z Akwugo 11031 added [[Category:Mmemme 2026]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 744011 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host an online and physical meeting, edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == '''Online''' 18th October {{Done}} '''Physical event''' 13th November, 2026 == Venue == Nigeria Book Foundation, Kenneth Dike Library Awka, Anambra State. == Work list == [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wKYfDJDUQHywN1pUVdd_-8Ci0WGfBOcE7xjG7nSh7JA/edit?usp=drivesdk Worklist] == Gallery == == Outcome == [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] kcnj4cbgza17v6blljqsg4xlbb3d7zu 744012 744011 2026-11-09T21:52:54Z Akwugo 11031 Added image 744012 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Igbo Wiktionary event flyer.jpg|thumb|event flyer]] {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host an online and physical meeting, edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == '''Online''' 18th October {{Done}} '''Physical event''' 13th November, 2026 == Venue == Nigeria Book Foundation, Kenneth Dike Library Awka, Anambra State. == Work list == [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wKYfDJDUQHywN1pUVdd_-8Ci0WGfBOcE7xjG7nSh7JA/edit?usp=drivesdk Worklist] == Gallery == == Outcome == [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 8jq21resqaz7t60dyiyfv8uv6mp7r35 744013 744012 2026-11-09T21:53:29Z Akwugo 11031 . 744013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Igbo Wiktionary event flyer.jpg|thumb|frameless]] {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host an online and physical meeting, edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == '''Online''' 18th October {{Done}} '''Physical event''' 13th November, 2026 == Venue == Nigeria Book Foundation, Kenneth Dike Library Awka, Anambra State. == Work list == [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wKYfDJDUQHywN1pUVdd_-8Ci0WGfBOcE7xjG7nSh7JA/edit?usp=drivesdk Worklist] == Gallery == == Outcome == [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 4f0s73qx4cgr6zq3siosgjswfem9i2v 744014 744013 2026-11-09T21:54:50Z Akwugo 11031 /* Gallery */ . 744014 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Igbo Wiktionary event flyer.jpg|thumb|frameless]] {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host an online and physical meeting, edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == '''Online''' 18th October {{Done}} '''Physical event''' 13th November, 2026 == Venue == Nigeria Book Foundation, Kenneth Dike Library Awka, Anambra State. == Work list == [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wKYfDJDUQHywN1pUVdd_-8Ci0WGfBOcE7xjG7nSh7JA/edit?usp=drivesdk Worklist] == Gallery == [[File:Igbo Wiktionary event flyer.jpg|thumb|event flyer]] == Outcome == [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] a893ado3uxtyw1er6mk08r0938qngpr 744015 744014 2026-11-09T21:58:36Z Akwugo 11031 /* Gallery */ . 744015 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Igbo Wiktionary event flyer.jpg|thumb|frameless]] {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} Igbo Wiktionary is an important resource for documenting, preserving, and sharing Igbo vocabulary through free knowledge. As an online dictionary, it is important to ensure that its entries are accurate, consistently structured, properly categorized, and interlinked. The Igbo Wiktionary faces challenges regarding structural consistency, data organization, and linking. This project aims to host an online and physical meeting, edit-a-thons and workshops focused on structuring the Igbo Wiktionary. == '''Activities''' == The core activities will involve creating missing entries, merging duplicate pages, categorizing entries for easier navigation, and interlinking Igbo words with their counterparts in other languages. == Timeline == '''Online''' 18th October {{Done}} '''Physical event''' 13th November, 2026 == Venue == Nigeria Book Foundation, Kenneth Dike Library Awka, Anambra State. == Work list == [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wKYfDJDUQHywN1pUVdd_-8Ci0WGfBOcE7xjG7nSh7JA/edit?usp=drivesdk Worklist] == Gallery == == Outcome == [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 4f0s73qx4cgr6zq3siosgjswfem9i2v 1728 81281 743973 742347 2026-11-09T12:42:18Z Bigcee007 24507 743973 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} [[File:Expending Igbo content on Wikiquote.jpg|thumb|Expending Igbo content on Wikiquote]] '''Expending igbo Content on Wikiquote ''', this project aims to expand Igbo-language content on Wikiquote by documenting and improving properly sourced Igbo quotations, sayings, and notable statements. The project will help preserve written expressions in Igbo and make them more accessible to Igbo speakers, students, researchers, and other Wikimedia users. It will also introduce new contributors to Wikiquote and encourage continued participation in the Igbo Wikimedia community. == Project Timeline == *Event Day- ''' Saturday 5th December 2026 **Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone]) ==Expectations== At the end of this project the following expectations should be met: *Participants will own a global Wikimedia user account to assist in contributing to open knowledge. *New contributors will learn and explore the Wikiquote project. *New Wikiquote will be created on the Igbo Wikiquote, while existing entries will be improved accordingly. ==Worklist== [https://w.wiki/VSoG Work list] ==Outcome== This project brought about the following positive outcomes; * ==Photo speaks== <gallery> </gallery> ==See also== [[Òtù:Mmemme]] [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] mobd1e7xw758tb1dj8072i10cnoqm2z 0 81283 743979 743603 2026-11-09T13:38:40Z Vixissimi 67214 743979 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vincent Olise'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 2, 1960),<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> nke a na-akpọ '''Pa Feelings''', bụ onye Britain-Naịjiria bụbu onye egwuregwu kriket mba ụwa nke gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa site na 1983 ruo 1990. O meriri National Cricket League na [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo State]] na 1985, n'afọ sochirinụ, o nyeere otu ahụ aka imeri asọmpi nke asaa ha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 1986 |title=Oyo Seven Times Cricket Champions |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19860604-01.1.14&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> Olise malitere ọrụ ya na 1977 na-anọchite anya otu egwuregwu kọleji ya na Ughelli. Ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma mana ọ malitere dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ na onye na-agba bọọlụ, wee mechaa bụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke mbụ n'aka nri. Na 1983, Olise mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa. Na asọmpi Quadrangular nke West Africa megide Gambia, o meriri wicket iri niile n'otu innings nke ruru ndekọ mba nke Chris Enahoro setịpụrụ. Olise nọchitere anya mba ahụ n'ụwa niile ruo afọ 1990. Olise kwagara London na 1990 ma nwee ọkpụ egwu n'ime klọb kriket nke Bekee ruo afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 July 2026 |title=Michael Olise: 'My father played cricket for Nigeria' |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920205428/https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 1982 |title=30 Cricket Players Invited for Trials |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19820304-01.1.13&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na kriket, Olise ejeela ozi dịka dikọn na Hayes Town Chapel dị na West London. Ọ bụ nna nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ [[Michael Olise]] na [[Richard Olise]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent & Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=[[Athlon Sports]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1960]] tdqonnez09p02w7zuwz9cm9z6bu1k6x 743980 743979 2026-11-09T13:39:17Z Vixissimi 67214 743980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vincent Olise'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 2, 1960),<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> nke a na-akpọ '''Pa Feelings''', bụ onye Britain-Naịjiria bụbu onye egwuregwu kriket mba ụwa nke gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa site na 1983 ruo 1990. O meriri National Cricket League na [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo State]] na 1985, n'afọ sochirinụ, o nyeere otu ahụ aka imeri asọmpi nke asaa ha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 1986 |title=Oyo Seven Times Cricket Champions |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19860604-01.1.14&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> Olise malitere ọrụ ya na 1977 na-anọchite anya otu egwuregwu kọleji ya na Ughelli. Ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma mana ọ malitere dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ na onye na-agba bọọlụ, wee mechaa bụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke mbụ n'aka nri. Na 1983, Olise mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa. Na asọmpi Quadrangular nke West Africa megide Gambia, o meriri wicket iri niile n'otu innings nke ruru ndekọ mba nke Chris Enahoro setịpụrụ. Olise nọchitere anya mba ahụ n'ụwa niile ruo afọ 1990. Olise kwagara London na 1990 ma nwee ọkpụ egwu n'ime klọb kriket nke Bekee ruo afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 July 2026 |title=Michael Olise: 'My father played cricket for Nigeria' |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920205428/https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 1982 |title=30 Cricket Players Invited for Trials |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19820304-01.1.13&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na kriket, Olise ejeela ozi dịka dikọn na Hayes Town Chapel dị na west London. Ọ bụ nna nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ [[Michael Olise]] na [[Richard Olise]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent & Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=[[Athlon Sports]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1960]] 9cy18w0dtaz09a8g1ij0ud9sheorc44 743981 743980 2026-11-09T13:41:38Z Vixissimi 67214 743981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vincent Olise'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 2, 1960),<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> nke a na-akpọ '''Pa Feelings''', bụ onye Britain-Naịjiria bụbu onye egwuregwu kriket mba ụwa nke gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa site na 1983 ruo 1990. O meriri National Cricket League na [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo State]] na 1985, n'afọ sochirinụ, o nyeere otu ahụ aka imeri asọmpi nke asaa ha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 1986 |title=Oyo Seven Times Cricket Champions |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19860604-01.1.14&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> Olise malitere ọrụ ya na 1977 na-anọchite anya otu egwuregwu kọleji ya na Ughelli. Ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma mana ọ malitere dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ na onye na-agba bọọlụ, wee mechaa bụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke mbụ n'aka nri. Na 1983, Olise mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa. Na asọmpi Quadrangular nke West Africa megide Gambia, o meriri wicket iri niile n'otu innings nke ruru ndekọ mba nke Chris Enahoro setịpụrụ. Olise nọchitere anya mba ahụ n'ụwa niile ruo afọ 1990. Olise kwagara London na 1990 ma nwee ọkpụ egwu n'ime klọb kriket nke Bekee ruo afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 July 2026 |title=Michael Olise: 'My father played cricket for Nigeria' |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920205428/https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 1982 |title=30 Cricket Players Invited for Trials |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19820304-01.1.13&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na kriket, Olise ejeela ozi dịka dikọn na Hayes Town Chapel dị na west London. Ọ lụrụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]], onye sitere na mba France na Algeria, ma bụrụkwa nna nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ [[Michael Olise|Michael]] na [[Richard Olise]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent & Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=[[Athlon Sports]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1960]] lqmq4cvrhp52bncfie3c2uq5gtwgmt7 744038 743981 2026-11-10T04:00:31Z Vixissimi 67214 744038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vincent Olise'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 2, 1960),<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> nke a na-akpọ '''Pa Feelings''', bụ onye Britain-Naịjiria bụbu onye egwuregwu kriket mba ụwa nke gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa site na 1983 ruo 1990. O meriri National Cricket League na [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo State]] na 1985, n'afọ sochirinụ, o nyeere otu ahụ aka imeri asọmpi nke asaa ha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 1986 |title=Oyo Seven Times Cricket Champions |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19860604-01.1.14&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> Olise malitere ọrụ ya na 1977 na-anọchite anya otu egwuregwu kọleji ya na Ughelli. Ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma mana ọ malitere dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ na onye na-agba bọọlụ, wee mechaa bụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke mbụ n'aka nri. Na 1983, Olise mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa. Na asọmpi Quadrangular nke West Africa megide Gambia, o meriri wicket iri niile n'otu innings nke ruru ndekọ mba nke Chris Enahoro setịpụrụ. Olise nọchitere anya mba ahụ n'ụwa niile ruo afọ 1990. Olise kwagara London na 1990 ma nwee ọkpụ egwu n'ime klọb kriket nke Bekee ruo afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 July 2026 |title=Michael Olise: 'My father played cricket for Nigeria' |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920205428/https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 1982 |title=30 Cricket Players Invited for Trials |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19820304-01.1.13&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na kriket, Olise ejeela ozi dịka dikọn na Hayes Town Chapel dị na west London. Ọ lụrụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]], onye sitere na mba France na Algeria, ma bụrụkwa nna nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ [[Michael Olise|Michael]] na [[Richard Olise]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent & Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=[[Athlon Sports]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> ===Nrụtụ aka=== {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1960]] 459ctj60liudl8r6msk1zobtuzf5w1m 744049 744038 2026-11-10T06:13:44Z Vixissimi 67214 744049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vincent Olise'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 2, 1960),<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Musa |date=2 November 2020 |title=Remembering our heroes past...Vincent Olise |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921063635/https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2020/11/02/remembering-our-heroes-past-vincent-olise/ |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[Nigeria Cricket Federation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> nke a na-akpọ '''Pa Feelings''', bụ onye Britain-Naịjiria bụbu onye egwuregwu kriket mba ụwa nke gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa site na 1983 ruo 1990. O meriri National Cricket League na [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo State]] na 1985, n'afọ sochirinụ, o nyeere otu ahụ aka imeri asọmpi nke asaa ha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 1986 |title=Oyo Seven Times Cricket Champions |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19860604-01.1.14&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> Olise malitere ọrụ ya na 1977 na-anọchite anya otu egwuregwu kọleji ya na Ughelli. Ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma mana ọ malitere dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ na onye na-agba bọọlụ, wee mechaa bụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke mbụ n'aka nri. Na 1983, Olise mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka otu egwuregwu kriket mba Naịjirịa. Na asọmpi Quadrangular nke West Africa megide Gambia, o meriri wicket iri niile n'otu innings nke ruru ndekọ mba nke Chris Enahoro setịpụrụ. Olise nọchitere anya mba ahụ n'ụwa niile ruo afọ 1990. Olise kwagara London na 1990 ma nwee ọkpụ egwu n'ime klọb kriket nke Bekee ruo afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 July 2026 |title=Michael Olise: 'My father played cricket for Nigeria' |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920205428/https://guardian.ng/sport/michael-olise-my-father-played-cricket-for-nigeria/ |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 1982 |title=30 Cricket Players Invited for Trials |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/nnda/?a=d&d=nnda19820304-01.1.13&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=6 October 2026 |website=[[New Nigerian]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na kriket, Olise ejeela ozi dịka dikọn na Hayes Town Chapel dị na west London. Ọ lụrụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]], onye sitere na mba France na Algeria, ma bụrụkwa nna nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ [[Michael Olise|Michael]] na [[Richard Olise]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent & Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=[[Athlon Sports]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=[[People Magazine]]}}</ref> == Nrụtụ aka == {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1960]] by1nid3jj6p02a3wq83p5rms70w11ut 2 81286 743982 2026-11-09T13:42:32Z DavisStyles 67531 Jiri 'I am Davis Styles, I like acquiring knowledge <nowiki>{{#babel:ig-N|en-5}}</nowiki>' kere ihü 743982 wikitext text/x-wiki I am Davis Styles, I like acquiring knowledge <nowiki>{{#babel:ig-N|en-5}}</nowiki> ngantypg62ulesjo196d2nrncjqfam7 743983 743982 2026-11-09T13:43:35Z DavisStyles 67531 743983 wikitext text/x-wiki I am Davis Styles, I like acquiring knowledge {{#babel:ig-N|en-5}} bn5vsuap7kor2q1gc5vq53fltpck5lv 2 81287 743984 2026-11-09T13:55:21Z Lasberyjoy 67528 Jiri 'My name is Laa sbery Ihiasota.I am from Umuhu Atta Ikeduru imo state.I am a businessman and also a minister of the gospel.I lived at 42 Agric road Aba Ohanku Aba {{#babel:ig-N|en-5}}' kere ihü 743984 wikitext text/x-wiki My name is Laa sbery Ihiasota.I am from Umuhu Atta Ikeduru imo state.I am a businessman and also a minister of the gospel.I lived at 42 Agric road Aba Ohanku Aba {{#babel:ig-N|en-5}} d026f6ke20246m3c1hzrtwv4elbcbf0 0 81288 744032 2026-11-10T03:06:57Z Vixissimi 67214 Jiri ''''Mina Olise''' bụ onye isi ezinụlọ Olise—ezinụlọ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara egwuregwu—nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ na mba [[France]] na [[Algeria]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=People Magazine}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye si mba France nke nw...' kere ihü 744032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mina Olise''' bụ onye isi ezinụlọ Olise—ezinụlọ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara egwuregwu—nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ na mba [[France]] na [[Algeria]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=People Magazine}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye si mba France nke nwere agbụrụ Algeria, ma nwee ndị ikwu bi na obodo Toulouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why did Michael Olise choose to play for France? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?is=uaF1N7mPvj3cnD7A&v=UO70ZmTWgo4 |access-date=2026-11-10 |website=RTL on YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent & Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=Athlon Sports}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ [[Vincent Olise]], onye bụbu onye egwuregwu cricket mba ụwa si mba Britain na Nigeria; ọ bụkwa nne nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ [[Michael Olise|Michael]] na [[Richard Olise]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title='Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael': Michael Olise's Hayes roots in West London |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/si-en-finale-cest-michael-contre-langleterre-ce-sera-michael-michael-olises-hayes-roots-in-west-london-43115496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920193304/https://onefootball.com/en/news/si-en-finale-cest-michael-contre-langleterre-ce-sera-michael-michael-olises-hayes-roots-in-west-london-43115496 |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=OneFootball |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2026 |title=Who are Michael Olise's parents? All about Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/international-sports/who-are-michael-olises-parents-all-about-vincent-and-mina-olise/articleshow/132380967.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260919205613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/international-sports/who-are-michael-olises-parents-all-about-vincent-and-mina-olise/articleshow/132380967.cms |archive-date=19 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Olise zụlitere ụmụ ya n'ụlọ nwere omenala dị iche iche, ma na-asụ asụsụ French mgbe ọ na-agwa ha okwu.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Michael Olise interview - 'I want to make history with this team' |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2024/12/michael-olise-interview |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=FC Bayern München |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Un tournant, une carrière : comment Olise a surpris tout le monde en choisissant la France plutôt que les trois autres pays qu'il aurait pu représenter |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/Un-tournant-une-carriere-comment-olise-a-surpris-tout-le-monde-en-choisissant-la-france-plutot-que-les-trois-autres-pays-qu-il-aurait-pu-representer/1701115 |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> Ọ kụziiri nwa ya nwoke, Michael, otu esi egwu egwuregwu 'chess' mgbe ọ ka dị obere, ma zipụkwa vidiyo na-egosi nkà egwuregwu ya nye ndị otu na-ahụ maka bọọlụ na France (French Football Federation). Nke a mere e ji kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa gbaa bọọlụ n'ime otu egwuregwu mba France nke ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Un tournant, une carrière : comment Olise a surpris tout le monde en choisissant la France plutôt que les trois autres pays qu'il aurait pu représenter |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/Un-tournant-une-carriere-comment-olise-a-surpris-tout-le-monde-en-choisissant-la-france-plutot-que-les-trois-autres-pays-qu-il-aurait-pu-representer/1701115 |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=James |first=Stuart |date=14 July 2026 |title=France's World Cup star Michael Olise is a very different kind of footballer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7442732/2026/07/14/michael-olise-france-world-cup-different/ |access-date=15 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Olise, onye bi na London, na di ya bụ Vincent na-ahazi mmemme egwuregwu na omenala n'ime na gburugburu obodo Hayes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=15 October 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Gourdol |first=Nathan |date=8 July 2026 |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=7 August 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5dkttqbsqhyat5p3lwti4j5jjlcibp4 744039 744032 2026-11-10T04:00:47Z Vixissimi 67214 744039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mina Olise''' bụ onye isi ezinụlọ Olise—ezinụlọ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara egwuregwu—nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ na mba [[France]] na [[Algeria]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=People Magazine}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye si mba France nke nwere agbụrụ Algeria, ma nwee ndị ikwu bi na obodo Toulouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why did Michael Olise choose to play for France? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?is=uaF1N7mPvj3cnD7A&v=UO70ZmTWgo4 |access-date=2026-11-10 |website=RTL on YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent & Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=Athlon Sports}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ [[Vincent Olise]], onye bụbu onye egwuregwu cricket mba ụwa si mba Britain na Nigeria; ọ bụkwa nne nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ [[Michael Olise|Michael]] na [[Richard Olise]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title='Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael': Michael Olise's Hayes roots in West London |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/si-en-finale-cest-michael-contre-langleterre-ce-sera-michael-michael-olises-hayes-roots-in-west-london-43115496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920193304/https://onefootball.com/en/news/si-en-finale-cest-michael-contre-langleterre-ce-sera-michael-michael-olises-hayes-roots-in-west-london-43115496 |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=OneFootball |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2026 |title=Who are Michael Olise's parents? All about Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/international-sports/who-are-michael-olises-parents-all-about-vincent-and-mina-olise/articleshow/132380967.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260919205613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/international-sports/who-are-michael-olises-parents-all-about-vincent-and-mina-olise/articleshow/132380967.cms |archive-date=19 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Olise zụlitere ụmụ ya n'ụlọ nwere omenala dị iche iche, ma na-asụ asụsụ French mgbe ọ na-agwa ha okwu.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Michael Olise interview - 'I want to make history with this team' |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2024/12/michael-olise-interview |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=FC Bayern München |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Un tournant, une carrière : comment Olise a surpris tout le monde en choisissant la France plutôt que les trois autres pays qu'il aurait pu représenter |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/Un-tournant-une-carriere-comment-olise-a-surpris-tout-le-monde-en-choisissant-la-france-plutot-que-les-trois-autres-pays-qu-il-aurait-pu-representer/1701115 |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> Ọ kụziiri nwa ya nwoke, Michael, otu esi egwu egwuregwu 'chess' mgbe ọ ka dị obere, ma zipụkwa vidiyo na-egosi nkà egwuregwu ya nye ndị otu na-ahụ maka bọọlụ na France (French Football Federation). Nke a mere e ji kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa gbaa bọọlụ n'ime otu egwuregwu mba France nke ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Un tournant, une carrière : comment Olise a surpris tout le monde en choisissant la France plutôt que les trois autres pays qu'il aurait pu représenter |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/Un-tournant-une-carriere-comment-olise-a-surpris-tout-le-monde-en-choisissant-la-france-plutot-que-les-trois-autres-pays-qu-il-aurait-pu-representer/1701115 |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=James |first=Stuart |date=14 July 2026 |title=France's World Cup star Michael Olise is a very different kind of footballer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7442732/2026/07/14/michael-olise-france-world-cup-different/ |access-date=15 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Olise, onye bi na London, na di ya bụ Vincent na-ahazi mmemme egwuregwu na omenala n'ime na gburugburu obodo Hayes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=15 October 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Gourdol |first=Nathan |date=8 July 2026 |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=7 August 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> ===Nrụtụ aka=== {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cimfmwtl4tqvhymlxuel3hur3zee24r 744050 744039 2026-11-10T06:13:54Z Vixissimi 67214 744050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mina Olise''' bụ onye isi ezinụlọ Olise—ezinụlọ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara egwuregwu—nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ na mba [[France]] na [[Algeria]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=People Magazine}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye si mba France nke nwere agbụrụ Algeria, ma nwee ndị ikwu bi na obodo Toulouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why did Michael Olise choose to play for France? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?is=uaF1N7mPvj3cnD7A&v=UO70ZmTWgo4 |access-date=2026-11-10 |website=RTL on YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gamra |first=Fahra Ben |date=9 July 2026 |title=Who Are Michael Olise's Parents? Inside the Lives of Father Vincent & Mother Mina |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921031032/https://athlonsports.com/soccer/who-are-michael-olises-parents-inside-the-lives-of-father-vincent-mother-mina |archive-date=21 September 2026 |access-date=22 September 2026 |website=Athlon Sports}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ [[Vincent Olise]], onye bụbu onye egwuregwu cricket mba ụwa si mba Britain na Nigeria; ọ bụkwa nne nke ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ bụ [[Michael Olise|Michael]] na [[Richard Olise]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title='Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael': Michael Olise's Hayes roots in West London |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/si-en-finale-cest-michael-contre-langleterre-ce-sera-michael-michael-olises-hayes-roots-in-west-london-43115496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920193304/https://onefootball.com/en/news/si-en-finale-cest-michael-contre-langleterre-ce-sera-michael-michael-olises-hayes-roots-in-west-london-43115496 |archive-date=20 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |website=OneFootball |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2026 |title=Who are Michael Olise's parents? All about Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/international-sports/who-are-michael-olises-parents-all-about-vincent-and-mina-olise/articleshow/132380967.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260919205613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/international-sports/who-are-michael-olises-parents-all-about-vincent-and-mina-olise/articleshow/132380967.cms |archive-date=19 September 2026 |access-date=20 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Olise zụlitere ụmụ ya n'ụlọ nwere omenala dị iche iche, ma na-asụ asụsụ French mgbe ọ na-agwa ha okwu.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Michael Olise interview - 'I want to make history with this team' |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2024/12/michael-olise-interview |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=FC Bayern München |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Un tournant, une carrière : comment Olise a surpris tout le monde en choisissant la France plutôt que les trois autres pays qu'il aurait pu représenter |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/Un-tournant-une-carriere-comment-olise-a-surpris-tout-le-monde-en-choisissant-la-france-plutot-que-les-trois-autres-pays-qu-il-aurait-pu-representer/1701115 |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> Ọ kụziiri nwa ya nwoke, Michael, otu esi egwu egwuregwu 'chess' mgbe ọ ka dị obere, ma zipụkwa vidiyo na-egosi nkà egwuregwu ya nye ndị otu na-ahụ maka bọọlụ na France (French Football Federation). Nke a mere e ji kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa gbaa bọọlụ n'ime otu egwuregwu mba France nke ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Un tournant, une carrière : comment Olise a surpris tout le monde en choisissant la France plutôt que les trois autres pays qu'il aurait pu représenter |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/Un-tournant-une-carriere-comment-olise-a-surpris-tout-le-monde-en-choisissant-la-france-plutot-que-les-trois-autres-pays-qu-il-aurait-pu-representer/1701115 |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=James |first=Stuart |date=14 July 2026 |title=France's World Cup star Michael Olise is a very different kind of footballer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7442732/2026/07/14/michael-olise-france-world-cup-different/ |access-date=15 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Olise, onye bi na London, na di ya bụ Vincent na-ahazi mmemme egwuregwu na omenala n'ime na gburugburu obodo Hayes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=15 October 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Gourdol |first=Nathan |date=8 July 2026 |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=7 August 2026 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> == Nrụtụ aka == {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2w4nob9azw5bktolqkti4rle3o665e4 0 81289 744036 2026-11-10T04:00:00Z Vixissimi 67214 Jiri ''''Michael Akpovie Olise''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara. Ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-awakpo maka klọb Bayern Munich nke dị na Bundesliga, yana maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha mma n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2026 |title=Mbappe, Olise and Rodri top Power Rankings |url=https:...' kere ihü 744036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Akpovie Olise''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara. Ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-awakpo maka klọb Bayern Munich nke dị na Bundesliga, yana maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha mma n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2026 |title=Mbappe, Olise and Rodri top Power Rankings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720125304/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PFSA |first=The |date=24 April 2026 |title=The Best Footballers in the World 2026 |url=https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522104143/https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The PFSA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Twomey |first=Liam |date=20 July 2026 |title=Ranking the top 50 players at the 2026 World Cup: The final list |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720142237/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Players From The 2026 World Cup |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260719224951/https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |archive-date=19 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FOX Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalique-Loonat |first=Hamzah |title=Michael Olise: why Bayern Munich star may be Europe's best player |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419065401/https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |archive-date=19 April 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The Times}}</ref><ref name=":FT">{{Cite web |last=Kuper |first=Simon |title=The quiet Londoner turning into a French football great |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9b7a9db9-e5b6-48c6-b0cb-693e0bfb2b4b?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Bate |first=Adam |date=8 April 2026 |title=Michael Olise's masterclass in Bayern Munich's win over Real Madrid underlines world-class ability as he outshines all |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409032743/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |archive-date=9 April 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jung |first1=Marlow |last2=Stern |first2=Karla |last3=Cote |first3=Rachael |date=6 July 2026 |title=25 Hottest Soccer Stars at the 2026 World Cup |url=https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716200758/https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |archive-date=16 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=Variety |language=en-US |quote=the 24-year-old winger — who experts consider one of the greatest players alive — represents the France national team}}</ref> A mụrụ Olise na London; nna ya bụ [[Vincent Olise]] (onye Britain-Nigeria), ebe nne ya bụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]] (onye France-Algeria).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke nke obere aha ya bụ [[Richard Olise|Richard]]. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Olise na-eme ihere ma na-adịkwa jụụ.<ref name=":34">{{cite web |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commolet |first=Clement |date=7 July 2026 |title=TÉMOIGNAGE. « En CE1, il tirait les corners du droit et du gauche » : Michael Olise vu par l'un de ses premiers coaches |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260709164023/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |archive-date=9 July 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 |website=Ouest-France}}</ref> Ọ na-eme ọtụtụ egwuregwu dị iche iche, gụnyere basketball, cricket, na tebụl tennis; o sonyekwara n'asọmpi egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke London (London Youth Games).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2026 |title=World Cup: The origin story of France star Michael Olise |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261010065516/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |archive-date=10 October 2026 |access-date= |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-eleba anya n'ebe Neymar, [[Lionel Messi]], na Zinedine Zidane<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poch |first=Alexis |date=9 September 2024 |title=Neymar et Messi inspirent le nouveau crack de Deschamps ! |url=https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918041623/https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |archive-date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=Le10Sport |language=fr-FR}}</ref> nọ dị ka ndị nlereanya, ma na-arọ nrọ ịbanye n'otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laurens |first=Julien |date=15 June 2026 |title=Why Michael Olise is the key to France's World Cup chances |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616021631/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |archive-date=16 June 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saturnin |first=Hugo |date=3 September 2024 |title=Ligue des Nations : La première réaction de Michael Olise à sa convocation en Bleus |url=https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903190322/https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=fr-fr}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2001]] eai8bh6cgdj5amxxihf7iwgbc5zppdg 744040 744036 2026-11-10T04:00:56Z Vixissimi 67214 744040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Akpovie Olise''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara. Ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-awakpo maka klọb Bayern Munich nke dị na Bundesliga, yana maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha mma n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2026 |title=Mbappe, Olise and Rodri top Power Rankings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720125304/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PFSA |first=The |date=24 April 2026 |title=The Best Footballers in the World 2026 |url=https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522104143/https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The PFSA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Twomey |first=Liam |date=20 July 2026 |title=Ranking the top 50 players at the 2026 World Cup: The final list |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720142237/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Players From The 2026 World Cup |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260719224951/https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |archive-date=19 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FOX Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalique-Loonat |first=Hamzah |title=Michael Olise: why Bayern Munich star may be Europe's best player |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419065401/https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |archive-date=19 April 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The Times}}</ref><ref name=":FT">{{Cite web |last=Kuper |first=Simon |title=The quiet Londoner turning into a French football great |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9b7a9db9-e5b6-48c6-b0cb-693e0bfb2b4b?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Bate |first=Adam |date=8 April 2026 |title=Michael Olise's masterclass in Bayern Munich's win over Real Madrid underlines world-class ability as he outshines all |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409032743/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |archive-date=9 April 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jung |first1=Marlow |last2=Stern |first2=Karla |last3=Cote |first3=Rachael |date=6 July 2026 |title=25 Hottest Soccer Stars at the 2026 World Cup |url=https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716200758/https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |archive-date=16 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=Variety |language=en-US |quote=the 24-year-old winger — who experts consider one of the greatest players alive — represents the France national team}}</ref> A mụrụ Olise na London; nna ya bụ [[Vincent Olise]] (onye Britain-Nigeria), ebe nne ya bụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]] (onye France-Algeria).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke nke obere aha ya bụ [[Richard Olise|Richard]]. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Olise na-eme ihere ma na-adịkwa jụụ.<ref name=":34">{{cite web |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commolet |first=Clement |date=7 July 2026 |title=TÉMOIGNAGE. « En CE1, il tirait les corners du droit et du gauche » : Michael Olise vu par l'un de ses premiers coaches |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260709164023/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |archive-date=9 July 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 |website=Ouest-France}}</ref> Ọ na-eme ọtụtụ egwuregwu dị iche iche, gụnyere basketball, cricket, na tebụl tennis; o sonyekwara n'asọmpi egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke London (London Youth Games).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2026 |title=World Cup: The origin story of France star Michael Olise |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261010065516/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |archive-date=10 October 2026 |access-date= |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-eleba anya n'ebe Neymar, [[Lionel Messi]], na Zinedine Zidane<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poch |first=Alexis |date=9 September 2024 |title=Neymar et Messi inspirent le nouveau crack de Deschamps ! |url=https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918041623/https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |archive-date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=Le10Sport |language=fr-FR}}</ref> nọ dị ka ndị nlereanya, ma na-arọ nrọ ịbanye n'otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laurens |first=Julien |date=15 June 2026 |title=Why Michael Olise is the key to France's World Cup chances |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616021631/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |archive-date=16 June 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saturnin |first=Hugo |date=3 September 2024 |title=Ligue des Nations : La première réaction de Michael Olise à sa convocation en Bleus |url=https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903190322/https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=fr-fr}}</ref> ===Nrụtụ aka=== {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2001]] by2ufrr1tqepblmeixy2xkgszho3fti 744041 744040 2026-11-10T04:02:06Z Vixissimi 67214 744041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Akpovie Olise''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara. Ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-awakpo maka klọb Bayern Munich nke dị na Bundesliga, yana maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha mma n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2026 |title=Mbappe, Olise and Rodri top Power Rankings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720125304/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PFSA |first=The |date=24 April 2026 |title=The Best Footballers in the World 2026 |url=https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522104143/https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The PFSA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Twomey |first=Liam |date=20 July 2026 |title=Ranking the top 50 players at the 2026 World Cup: The final list |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720142237/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Players From The 2026 World Cup |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260719224951/https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |archive-date=19 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FOX Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalique-Loonat |first=Hamzah |title=Michael Olise: why Bayern Munich star may be Europe's best player |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419065401/https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |archive-date=19 April 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The Times}}</ref><ref name=":FT">{{Cite web |last=Kuper |first=Simon |title=The quiet Londoner turning into a French football great |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9b7a9db9-e5b6-48c6-b0cb-693e0bfb2b4b?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Bate |first=Adam |date=8 April 2026 |title=Michael Olise's masterclass in Bayern Munich's win over Real Madrid underlines world-class ability as he outshines all |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409032743/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |archive-date=9 April 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jung |first1=Marlow |last2=Stern |first2=Karla |last3=Cote |first3=Rachael |date=6 July 2026 |title=25 Hottest Soccer Stars at the 2026 World Cup |url=https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716200758/https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |archive-date=16 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=Variety |language=en-US |quote=the 24-year-old winger — who experts consider one of the greatest players alive — represents the France national team}}</ref> A mụrụ Olise na London; nna ya bụ [[Vincent Olise]] (onye Britain-Nigeria), ebe nne ya bụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]] (onye France-Algeria).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke nke obere aha ya bụ [[Richard Olise|Richard]]. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Olise na-eme ihere ma na-adịkwa jụụ.<ref name=":34">{{cite web |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commolet |first=Clement |date=7 July 2026 |title=TÉMOIGNAGE. « En CE1, il tirait les corners du droit et du gauche » : Michael Olise vu par l'un de ses premiers coaches |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260709164023/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |archive-date=9 July 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 |website=Ouest-France}}</ref> Ọ na-eme ọtụtụ egwuregwu dị iche iche, gụnyere basketball, cricket, na tebụl tennis; o sonyekwara n'asọmpi egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke London (London Youth Games).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2026 |title=World Cup: The origin story of France star Michael Olise |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261010065516/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |archive-date=10 October 2026 |access-date= |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-eleba anya n'ebe Neymar, [[Lionel Messi]], na Zinedine Zidane<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poch |first=Alexis |date=9 September 2024 |title=Neymar et Messi inspirent le nouveau crack de Deschamps ! |url=https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918041623/https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |archive-date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=Le10Sport |language=fr-FR}}</ref> nọ dị ka ndị nlereanya, ma na-arọ nrọ ịbanye n'otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laurens |first=Julien |date=15 June 2026 |title=Why Michael Olise is the key to France's World Cup chances |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616021631/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |archive-date=16 June 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saturnin |first=Hugo |date=3 September 2024 |title=Ligue des Nations : La première réaction de Michael Olise à sa convocation en Bleus |url=https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903190322/https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=fr-fr}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Reading FC n'afọ 2017 mgbe o sonyere na usoro mmepe ndị ntorobịa nke nnukwu klọb ndị England dịka Arsenal, Chelsea na Manchester City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Michael Olise: Who be di France player wit Nigerian roots Chelsea wan sign for £35m |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c89r7vwz55go |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221031914/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c89r7vwz55go |archive-date=2024-12-21 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref name="bfmtv">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> O mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Reading FC n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2019, bụ́ egwuregwu asọmpi Championship n'ụlọ ha ebe Leeds United meriri ha 3–0.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="bfmtv2">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> Olise sonyeere klọb Premier League bụ́ Crystal Palace n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2021.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-07 |title=Michael Olise: Crystal Palace close to signing Reading forward |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57746533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318212457/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57746533 |archive-date=2025-03-18 |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crystal Palace s'offre le prometteur Français Michael Olise |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Crystal-palace-s-offre-le-prometteur-francais-michael-olise/1269093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111941/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Crystal-palace-s-offre-le-prometteur-francais-michael-olise/1269093 |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2024, ọ kwagara na Bayern Munich nke na-egwu na Bundesliga.<ref name="bfmtv3">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Ligue des nations. L’équipe de France s’incline logiquement contre l’Italie et ne rassure pas |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ligue-des-nations/direct-france-italie-suivez-le-match-de-ligue-des-nations-en-live-01c1a81e-abe0-4a64-8f2c-480540049429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111945/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ligue-des-nations/direct-france-italie-suivez-le-match-de-ligue-des-nations-en-live-01c1a81e-abe0-4a64-8f2c-480540049429 |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=Ouest-France |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ===Nrụtụ aka=== {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2001]] oqpxfj9z90pf24tjwsfvl7m3173kepy 744042 744041 2026-11-10T04:03:14Z Vixissimi 67214 744042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Akpovie Olise''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara. Ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-awakpo maka klọb Bayern Munich nke dị na Bundesliga, yana maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha mma n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2026 |title=Mbappe, Olise and Rodri top Power Rankings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720125304/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PFSA |first=The |date=24 April 2026 |title=The Best Footballers in the World 2026 |url=https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522104143/https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The PFSA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Twomey |first=Liam |date=20 July 2026 |title=Ranking the top 50 players at the 2026 World Cup: The final list |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720142237/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Players From The 2026 World Cup |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260719224951/https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |archive-date=19 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FOX Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalique-Loonat |first=Hamzah |title=Michael Olise: why Bayern Munich star may be Europe's best player |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419065401/https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |archive-date=19 April 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The Times}}</ref><ref name=":FT">{{Cite web |last=Kuper |first=Simon |title=The quiet Londoner turning into a French football great |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9b7a9db9-e5b6-48c6-b0cb-693e0bfb2b4b?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Bate |first=Adam |date=8 April 2026 |title=Michael Olise's masterclass in Bayern Munich's win over Real Madrid underlines world-class ability as he outshines all |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409032743/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |archive-date=9 April 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jung |first1=Marlow |last2=Stern |first2=Karla |last3=Cote |first3=Rachael |date=6 July 2026 |title=25 Hottest Soccer Stars at the 2026 World Cup |url=https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716200758/https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |archive-date=16 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=Variety |language=en-US |quote=the 24-year-old winger — who experts consider one of the greatest players alive — represents the France national team}}</ref> A mụrụ Olise na London; nna ya bụ [[Vincent Olise]] (onye Britain-Nigeria), ebe nne ya bụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]] (onye France-Algeria).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke nke obere aha ya bụ [[Richard Olise|Richard]]. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Olise na-eme ihere ma na-adịkwa jụụ.<ref name=":34">{{cite web |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commolet |first=Clement |date=7 July 2026 |title=TÉMOIGNAGE. « En CE1, il tirait les corners du droit et du gauche » : Michael Olise vu par l'un de ses premiers coaches |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260709164023/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |archive-date=9 July 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 |website=Ouest-France}}</ref> Ọ na-eme ọtụtụ egwuregwu dị iche iche, gụnyere basketball, cricket, na tebụl tennis; o sonyekwara n'asọmpi egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke London (London Youth Games).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2026 |title=World Cup: The origin story of France star Michael Olise |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261010065516/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |archive-date=10 October 2026 |access-date= |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-eleba anya n'ebe Neymar, [[Lionel Messi]], na Zinedine Zidane<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poch |first=Alexis |date=9 September 2024 |title=Neymar et Messi inspirent le nouveau crack de Deschamps ! |url=https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918041623/https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |archive-date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=Le10Sport |language=fr-FR}}</ref> nọ dị ka ndị nlereanya, ma na-arọ nrọ ịbanye n'otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laurens |first=Julien |date=15 June 2026 |title=Why Michael Olise is the key to France's World Cup chances |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616021631/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |archive-date=16 June 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saturnin |first=Hugo |date=3 September 2024 |title=Ligue des Nations : La première réaction de Michael Olise à sa convocation en Bleus |url=https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903190322/https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=fr-fr}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Reading FC n'afọ 2017 mgbe o sonyere na usoro mmepe ndị ntorobịa nke nnukwu klọb ndị England dịka Arsenal, Chelsea na Manchester City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Michael Olise: Who be di France player wit Nigerian roots Chelsea wan sign for £35m |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c89r7vwz55go |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221031914/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c89r7vwz55go |archive-date=2024-12-21 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref name="bfmtv">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> O mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Reading FC n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2019, bụ́ egwuregwu asọmpi Championship n'ụlọ ha ebe Leeds United meriri ha 3–0.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="bfmtv2">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> Olise sonyeere klọb Premier League bụ́ Crystal Palace n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2021.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-07 |title=Michael Olise: Crystal Palace close to signing Reading forward |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57746533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318212457/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57746533 |archive-date=2025-03-18 |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crystal Palace s'offre le prometteur Français Michael Olise |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Crystal-palace-s-offre-le-prometteur-francais-michael-olise/1269093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111941/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Crystal-palace-s-offre-le-prometteur-francais-michael-olise/1269093 |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2024, ọ kwagara na Bayern Munich nke na-egwu na Bundesliga.<ref name="bfmtv3">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Ligue des nations. L’équipe de France s’incline logiquement contre l’Italie et ne rassure pas |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ligue-des-nations/direct-france-italie-suivez-le-match-de-ligue-des-nations-en-live-01c1a81e-abe0-4a64-8f2c-480540049429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111945/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ligue-des-nations/direct-france-italie-suivez-le-match-de-ligue-des-nations-en-live-01c1a81e-abe0-4a64-8f2c-480540049429 |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=Ouest-France |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Olise ritere ihe nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi Olympic nke oge ọkọchị n'afọ 2024 na Paris, ebe ọ pụtara dị ka onye kacha nye bọọlụ ndị otu ya ga-eji gbaa goolu—na-enye ohere ndị dị otu a ugboro ise—tinyere goolu abụọ o ji aka ya nye.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=From the Olympics to the France squad - meet Michael Olise |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/olympics-france-squad-michael-olise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720115301/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/olympics-france-squad-michael-olise |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref> Olise gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba France (ndị okenye) n'ụbọchị nke 6 n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2024, megide mba Italy.<ref name="bfmtv4">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> O nwere ndekọ nke inye ọtụtụ ohere goolu n'otu asọmpi World Cup—nke ruru ugboro asaa—nke o nwetara n'oge asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top assisters at the World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/most-assists-top-assisters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714061251/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/most-assists-top-assisters |archive-date=14 July 2026 |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Most assists by a football (soccer) player at a FIFA World Cup tournament |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/786438-most-assists-by-a-football-soccer-player-at-a-fifa-world-cup-tournament |website=Guiness World Records}}</ref> ===Nrụtụ aka=== {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2001]] 34as7za8bdhulzzf0yyidzkr0skojw0 744043 744042 2026-11-10T04:05:57Z Vixissimi 67214 744043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Michael Olise France v Senegal 16 June 2026-307 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Olise, 2026]] '''Michael Akpovie Olise''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara. Ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-awakpo maka klọb Bayern Munich nke dị na Bundesliga, yana maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha mma n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2026 |title=Mbappe, Olise and Rodri top Power Rankings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720125304/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PFSA |first=The |date=24 April 2026 |title=The Best Footballers in the World 2026 |url=https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522104143/https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The PFSA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Twomey |first=Liam |date=20 July 2026 |title=Ranking the top 50 players at the 2026 World Cup: The final list |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720142237/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Players From The 2026 World Cup |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260719224951/https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |archive-date=19 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FOX Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalique-Loonat |first=Hamzah |title=Michael Olise: why Bayern Munich star may be Europe's best player |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419065401/https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |archive-date=19 April 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The Times}}</ref><ref name=":FT">{{Cite web |last=Kuper |first=Simon |title=The quiet Londoner turning into a French football great |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9b7a9db9-e5b6-48c6-b0cb-693e0bfb2b4b?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Bate |first=Adam |date=8 April 2026 |title=Michael Olise's masterclass in Bayern Munich's win over Real Madrid underlines world-class ability as he outshines all |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409032743/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |archive-date=9 April 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jung |first1=Marlow |last2=Stern |first2=Karla |last3=Cote |first3=Rachael |date=6 July 2026 |title=25 Hottest Soccer Stars at the 2026 World Cup |url=https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716200758/https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |archive-date=16 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=Variety |language=en-US |quote=the 24-year-old winger — who experts consider one of the greatest players alive — represents the France national team}}</ref> A mụrụ Olise na London; nna ya bụ [[Vincent Olise]] (onye Britain-Nigeria), ebe nne ya bụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]] (onye France-Algeria).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke nke obere aha ya bụ [[Richard Olise|Richard]]. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Olise na-eme ihere ma na-adịkwa jụụ.<ref name=":34">{{cite web |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commolet |first=Clement |date=7 July 2026 |title=TÉMOIGNAGE. « En CE1, il tirait les corners du droit et du gauche » : Michael Olise vu par l'un de ses premiers coaches |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260709164023/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |archive-date=9 July 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 |website=Ouest-France}}</ref> Ọ na-eme ọtụtụ egwuregwu dị iche iche, gụnyere basketball, cricket, na tebụl tennis; o sonyekwara n'asọmpi egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke London (London Youth Games).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2026 |title=World Cup: The origin story of France star Michael Olise |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261010065516/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |archive-date=10 October 2026 |access-date= |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-eleba anya n'ebe Neymar, [[Lionel Messi]], na Zinedine Zidane<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poch |first=Alexis |date=9 September 2024 |title=Neymar et Messi inspirent le nouveau crack de Deschamps ! |url=https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918041623/https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |archive-date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=Le10Sport |language=fr-FR}}</ref> nọ dị ka ndị nlereanya, ma na-arọ nrọ ịbanye n'otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laurens |first=Julien |date=15 June 2026 |title=Why Michael Olise is the key to France's World Cup chances |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616021631/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |archive-date=16 June 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saturnin |first=Hugo |date=3 September 2024 |title=Ligue des Nations : La première réaction de Michael Olise à sa convocation en Bleus |url=https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903190322/https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=fr-fr}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Reading FC n'afọ 2017 mgbe o sonyere na usoro mmepe ndị ntorobịa nke nnukwu klọb ndị England dịka Arsenal, Chelsea na Manchester City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Michael Olise: Who be di France player wit Nigerian roots Chelsea wan sign for £35m |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c89r7vwz55go |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221031914/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c89r7vwz55go |archive-date=2024-12-21 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref name="bfmtv">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> O mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Reading FC n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2019, bụ́ egwuregwu asọmpi Championship n'ụlọ ha ebe Leeds United meriri ha 3–0.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="bfmtv2">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> Olise sonyeere klọb Premier League bụ́ Crystal Palace n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2021.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-07 |title=Michael Olise: Crystal Palace close to signing Reading forward |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57746533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318212457/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57746533 |archive-date=2025-03-18 |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crystal Palace s'offre le prometteur Français Michael Olise |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Crystal-palace-s-offre-le-prometteur-francais-michael-olise/1269093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111941/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Crystal-palace-s-offre-le-prometteur-francais-michael-olise/1269093 |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2024, ọ kwagara na Bayern Munich nke na-egwu na Bundesliga.<ref name="bfmtv3">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Ligue des nations. L’équipe de France s’incline logiquement contre l’Italie et ne rassure pas |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ligue-des-nations/direct-france-italie-suivez-le-match-de-ligue-des-nations-en-live-01c1a81e-abe0-4a64-8f2c-480540049429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111945/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ligue-des-nations/direct-france-italie-suivez-le-match-de-ligue-des-nations-en-live-01c1a81e-abe0-4a64-8f2c-480540049429 |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=Ouest-France |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Olise ritere ihe nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi Olympic nke oge ọkọchị n'afọ 2024 na Paris, ebe ọ pụtara dị ka onye kacha nye bọọlụ ndị otu ya ga-eji gbaa goolu—na-enye ohere ndị dị otu a ugboro ise—tinyere goolu abụọ o ji aka ya nye.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=From the Olympics to the France squad - meet Michael Olise |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/olympics-france-squad-michael-olise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720115301/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/olympics-france-squad-michael-olise |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref> Olise gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba France (ndị okenye) n'ụbọchị nke 6 n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2024, megide mba Italy.<ref name="bfmtv4">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> O nwere ndekọ nke inye ọtụtụ ohere goolu n'otu asọmpi World Cup—nke ruru ugboro asaa—nke o nwetara n'oge asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top assisters at the World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/most-assists-top-assisters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714061251/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/most-assists-top-assisters |archive-date=14 July 2026 |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Most assists by a football (soccer) player at a FIFA World Cup tournament |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/786438-most-assists-by-a-football-soccer-player-at-a-fifa-world-cup-tournament |website=Guiness World Records}}</ref> ===Nrụtụ aka=== {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2001]] jfbp49877guoy43qsv174uw1a8w7v6b 744051 744043 2026-11-10T06:14:07Z Vixissimi 67214 744051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Michael Olise France v Senegal 16 June 2026-307 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Olise, 2026]] '''Michael Akpovie Olise''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara. Ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-awakpo maka klọb Bayern Munich nke dị na Bundesliga, yana maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha mma n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2026 |title=Mbappe, Olise and Rodri top Power Rankings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720125304/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-power-rankings-mbappe-olise-rodri |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PFSA |first=The |date=24 April 2026 |title=The Best Footballers in the World 2026 |url=https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522104143/https://thepfsa.co.uk/the-best-footballers-in-the-world/ |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The PFSA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Twomey |first=Liam |date=20 July 2026 |title=Ranking the top 50 players at the 2026 World Cup: The final list |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720142237/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7457825/2026/07/20/world-cup-2026-ranking-top-50-players-messi-rodri/ |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Players From The 2026 World Cup |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260719224951/https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-2026-top-50-players-ranked |archive-date=19 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=FOX Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalique-Loonat |first=Hamzah |title=Michael Olise: why Bayern Munich star may be Europe's best player |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419065401/https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/michael-olise-bayern-munich-star-europes-best-player-vc0fsp82g |archive-date=19 April 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=The Times}}</ref><ref name=":FT">{{Cite web |last=Kuper |first=Simon |title=The quiet Londoner turning into a French football great |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9b7a9db9-e5b6-48c6-b0cb-693e0bfb2b4b?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Bate |first=Adam |date=8 April 2026 |title=Michael Olise's masterclass in Bayern Munich's win over Real Madrid underlines world-class ability as he outshines all |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409032743/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13529129/michael-olises-masterclass-in-bayern-munichs-win-over-real-madrid-underlines-world-class-ability-as-he-outshines-all |archive-date=9 April 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jung |first1=Marlow |last2=Stern |first2=Karla |last3=Cote |first3=Rachael |date=6 July 2026 |title=25 Hottest Soccer Stars at the 2026 World Cup |url=https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716200758/https://variety.com/lists/world-cup-2026-hottest-soccer-stars-christian-pulisic-jude-bellingham-rodrigo-de-paul/ |archive-date=16 July 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=Variety |language=en-US |quote=the 24-year-old winger — who experts consider one of the greatest players alive — represents the France national team}}</ref> A mụrụ Olise na London; nna ya bụ [[Vincent Olise]] (onye Britain-Nigeria), ebe nne ya bụ [[Mina Olise|Mina]] (onye France-Algeria).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Blackwood |first=Emily |date=16 July 2026 |title=All About French Soccer Player Michael Olise's Parents, Vincent and Mina Olise |url=https://people.com/all-about-michael-olise-parents-12015122 |access-date=15 October 2026 |website=}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke nke obere aha ya bụ [[Richard Olise|Richard]]. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Olise na-eme ihere ma na-adịkwa jụụ.<ref name=":34">{{cite web |date=6 May 2026 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commolet |first=Clement |date=7 July 2026 |title=TÉMOIGNAGE. « En CE1, il tirait les corners du droit et du gauche » : Michael Olise vu par l'un de ses premiers coaches |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260709164023/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/coupe-du-monde/temoignage-en-ce1-il-tirait-les-corners-du-droit-et-du-gauche-michael-olise-vu-par-lun-de-ses-premiers-coaches-3cb336aa-78aa-11f1-980a-970130a57304 |archive-date=9 July 2026 |access-date=1 October 2026 |website=Ouest-France}}</ref> Ọ na-eme ọtụtụ egwuregwu dị iche iche, gụnyere basketball, cricket, na tebụl tennis; o sonyekwara n'asọmpi egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke London (London Youth Games).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=« Si en finale c'est Michael contre l'Angleterre, ce sera Michael » : aux origines d'Olise à Hayes, dans la banlieue de Londres, berceau d'un surdoué |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Article/-si-en-finale-c-est-michael-contre-l-angleterre-ce-sera-michael-aux-origines-d-olise-a-hayes-dans-la-banlieue-de-londres-berceau-d-un-surdoue/1702465 |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2026 |title=World Cup: The origin story of France star Michael Olise |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261010065516/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/videos/cqx1xj41e92o |archive-date=10 October 2026 |access-date= |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-eleba anya n'ebe Neymar, [[Lionel Messi]], na Zinedine Zidane<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poch |first=Alexis |date=9 September 2024 |title=Neymar et Messi inspirent le nouveau crack de Deschamps ! |url=https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918041623/https://le10sport.com/football/equipe-de-france/neymar-et-messi-inspirent-le-nouveau-crack-de-deschamps-712402 |archive-date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=Le10Sport |language=fr-FR}}</ref> nọ dị ka ndị nlereanya, ma na-arọ nrọ ịbanye n'otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laurens |first=Julien |date=15 June 2026 |title=Why Michael Olise is the key to France's World Cup chances |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616021631/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49066914/michael-olise-key-france-world-cup-chances |archive-date=16 June 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saturnin |first=Hugo |date=3 September 2024 |title=Ligue des Nations : La première réaction de Michael Olise à sa convocation en Bleus |url=https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903190322/https://www.beinsports.com/fr-fr/football/ligue-des-nations/articles/ligue-des-nations-la-premi%C3%A8re-r%C3%A9action-de-michael-olise-%C3%A0-sa-convocation-en-bleus-2024-09-03 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=fr-fr}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Reading FC n'afọ 2017 mgbe o sonyere na usoro mmepe ndị ntorobịa nke nnukwu klọb ndị England dịka Arsenal, Chelsea na Manchester City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Michael Olise: Who be di France player wit Nigerian roots Chelsea wan sign for £35m |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c89r7vwz55go |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221031914/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c89r7vwz55go |archive-date=2024-12-21 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref name="bfmtv">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> O mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Reading FC n'ụbọchị 12 nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2019, bụ́ egwuregwu asọmpi Championship n'ụlọ ha ebe Leeds United meriri ha 3–0.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="bfmtv2">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> Olise sonyeere klọb Premier League bụ́ Crystal Palace n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2021.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Burrows |first=Tom |last2=James |first2=Stuart |date=2026-05-06 |title=The making of Michael Olise: The quiet kid who came alive on the pitch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7254915/2026/05/06/michael-olise-the-making-of/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-07 |title=Michael Olise: Crystal Palace close to signing Reading forward |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57746533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318212457/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57746533 |archive-date=2025-03-18 |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crystal Palace s'offre le prometteur Français Michael Olise |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Crystal-palace-s-offre-le-prometteur-francais-michael-olise/1269093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111941/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Crystal-palace-s-offre-le-prometteur-francais-michael-olise/1269093 |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2024, ọ kwagara na Bayern Munich nke na-egwu na Bundesliga.<ref name="bfmtv3">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Ligue des nations. L’équipe de France s’incline logiquement contre l’Italie et ne rassure pas |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ligue-des-nations/direct-france-italie-suivez-le-match-de-ligue-des-nations-en-live-01c1a81e-abe0-4a64-8f2c-480540049429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111945/https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/ligue-des-nations/direct-france-italie-suivez-le-match-de-ligue-des-nations-en-live-01c1a81e-abe0-4a64-8f2c-480540049429 |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |work=Ouest-France |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Olise ritere ihe nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi Olympic nke oge ọkọchị n'afọ 2024 na Paris, ebe ọ pụtara dị ka onye kacha nye bọọlụ ndị otu ya ga-eji gbaa goolu—na-enye ohere ndị dị otu a ugboro ise—tinyere goolu abụọ o ji aka ya nye.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=From the Olympics to the France squad - meet Michael Olise |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/olympics-france-squad-michael-olise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720115301/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/olympics-france-squad-michael-olise |archive-date=20 July 2026 |access-date=18 August 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref> Olise gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba France (ndị okenye) n'ụbọchị nke 6 n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2024, megide mba Italy.<ref name="bfmtv4">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Au coeur d'une bataille France-Angleterre: qui est Michael Olise, l'ailier français sur le point de rejoindre le Bayern Munich? |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609111940/https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/transferts/au-coeur-d-une-bataille-france-angleterre-qui-est-michael-olise-l-ailier-francais-sur-le-point-de-rejoindre-le-bayern-munich_AV-202406220357.html |archive-date=2026-06-09 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=RMC Sport |language=fr}}</ref> O nwere ndekọ nke inye ọtụtụ ohere goolu n'otu asọmpi World Cup—nke ruru ugboro asaa—nke o nwetara n'oge asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top assisters at the World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/most-assists-top-assisters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714061251/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/most-assists-top-assisters |archive-date=14 July 2026 |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Most assists by a football (soccer) player at a FIFA World Cup tournament |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/786438-most-assists-by-a-football-soccer-player-at-a-fifa-world-cup-tournament |website=Guiness World Records}}</ref> == Nrụtụ aka == {{Refbegin|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2001]] cp2il8uct6ib2q7v6kcbsqfwvfcdb39 8 81290 744048 2026-11-10T06:08:56Z King ChristLike 13051 Enabled article guidance 744048 json application/json { "ArticleGuidanceEnabled": true, "ArticleGuidanceRedirectEnabled": false, "ArticleGuidanceRedirectJuniorEditorsOnly": false, "$version": "1.0.0" } fs9bk65g79wt1xi1ucle1o7kxj2hwo2