Abagatan a Korea

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="ilo">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>ilowiki</dbname>
    <base>https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuna_a_Panid</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Midia</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Espesial</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Agar-aramat</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Agar-aramat tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Papeles</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Papeles tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Plantilia</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Plantilia tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Tulong</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Tulong tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Kategoria</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Kategoria tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Modulo</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Modulo tungtungan</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Abagatan a Korea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4979</id>
    <revision>
      <id>407172</id>
      <parentid>407018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-23T19:10:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>14943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>407172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23163" sha1="jissdvmiewdsalofpw8wewlth5s6464" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|36|N|128|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox pagilian
| conventional_long_name = Republika ti Korea
| common_name            = Abagatan a Korea
| native_name            = {{unbulleted list|{{patubo a nagan|ko|대한민국|italics=off}}|{{small|''Daehan Minguk''}}}}
| image_flag             = Flag of South Korea.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;
[[Papeles:Seal of South Korea.svg|85px|]]&lt;/div&gt;
| other_symbol_type      = [[Selio ti Abagatan aa Korea|Nailian a selio]]&lt;br /&gt;{{nobold|{{lang|ko|&quot;국새&quot;}}}}
| alt_flag               = Naipatengnga a taegeuk itimaysa a puraw a rektanggulo a mangiraman kadagiti uppat a nangisit a trigramo
| image_coat             = Emblem of South Korea.svg
| alt_coat               = Naipatengnga a taegeuk itimaysa a hibiscus syriacus a napalikmutan babaen dagiti lima a naestilo a petalo ken maysa a ribbon
| symbol_type            = Kayarigan
| national_motto         = &lt;br /&gt;{{lang|ko|&quot;홍익인간&quot;|italics=off}} {{small|(''[[de facto]]'')}} &lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Hongik Ingan]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|&quot;Pagimbagan a nasekkeg ti nagtagitaoan a lubong&quot;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;lie&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cozmiuc |first=Cornelia |date=2010 |title=A New Way of Seeing Country Social Responsibility |url=http://www.fssp.uaic.ro/argumentum/Numarul%2010%20%282%29/Articol%20Cozmiuc.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Argumentum |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925143746/http://www.fssp.uaic.ro/argumentum/Numarul%2010%20%282%29/Articol%20Cozmiuc.pdf |archive-date=25 Septiembre 2013 |access-date=16 Enero 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| anthem                 = &lt;br /&gt;{{lang|ko|&quot;애국가&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[Aegukga]]&quot; &lt;br /&gt;{{small|&quot;Ti Patriotiko a Kanta&quot;}}{{lower|0.2em|[[Papeles:National anthem of South Korea, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav|center]]}}
| image_map              = Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width              = 220px
| alt_map                = 
| map_caption            = Daga a tinengngel babaen ti Abagtan a Korea ket naipakita iti nangisit a berde; daga a tinunton ngem saan a tinengngel ket naipakita iti napusasaw a berde
| capital                = [[Seoul]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|37|33|N|126|58|E|type:city}}
| largest_city           = kapitolio
| official_languages     = [[Pagsasao a Koreano|Koreaon]] ([[Pagalagadan a pagsasao ti Abagatan a Koreano|Pyojuneo]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Pagsasao a Senias ti Korea]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016 |script-title=ko:[시행 2016.8.4.] [법률 제13978호, 2016.2.3., 제정] |trans-title=Enforcement 2016.8.4. Law No. 13978, enacted on February 3, 2016 |url=http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95/(13978,20160203) |access-date=26 Hulio 2017 |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| languages_type         = [[Opisial a sinuratan]]
| languages              = [[Hangul|Koreano]]
| ethnic_groups          = {{plainlist|
* 95.1% Koreano
* 4.9% saan a Koreano
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2019
| ethnic_groups_ref      = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 Pebrero 2020 |title=Foreign Population in Korea Tops 2.5 Million / Gugnae geoju oegug-in ingu 250 manmyeong dolpahaessda |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/07/742_283632.html |website=The Korea Times |language=en,ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space;
  |56.1% Awan relihion
  |27.6% [[Kristianidad]]{{efn|name=Kristiano|19.7% ket [[Protestantismo|Protestante]], 7.9% ket [[Katoliko]]}}
  |15.5% [[Budismo]]
  |0.8% Dadduma
  }}
| religion_year          = 2015
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref name=&quot;Kim-Shon-Chosunilbo2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kim |first=Han-soo 김한수 |last2=Shon |first2=Jin-seok 손진석 |date=20 Disiembre 2016 |title=Sinja su, gaesingyo 1 wi… &quot;jong-gyo eobsda&quot; 56% |script-title=ko:신자 수, 개신교 1위… &quot;종교 없다&quot; 56% |language=ko |work=Chosun Ilbo |url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/12/20/2016122000155.html |access-date=2 Hulio 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC-CLIO&quot; /&gt;
| demonym                = {{hlist|Abagatan a Koreano|Koreano}}
| government_type        = {{nowrap|[[Unitario nga estado|Unitario]] a [[Presidensial a sistema|presidensial]]&lt;br /&gt;a [[batay-linteg]] a [[republika]]}}
| leader_title1          = Presidente
| leader_name1           = [[Moon Jae-in]]
| leader_title2          = Kangrunaan a Ministro
| leader_name2           = [[Kim Boo-kyum]]
| leader_title3          = Tgabitla ti Nailian nga Asemblia
| leader_name3           = [[Park Byeong-seug]]
| leader_title4          = Mangipangulo ti Hustisia
| leader_name4           = [[Kim Myeong-soo]]
| leader_title5          = Presidente ti Korte ti Batay-linteg
| leader_name5           = [[Yoo Nam-seok]]
| legislature            = Nailian nga Asemblia
| sovereignty_type       = Pakasaritaan ti pannakapundar
| established_event1     = [[Gojoseon|Umuna a Pagarian]]
| established_date1      = c. maika-7 a siglo BCE
| established_event2     = {{nowrap|Deklarasion ti wayawaya}}
| established_date2      = 1 Marso 1919
| established_event3     = Probisional a Gobierno
| established_date3      = 11 Abril 1919
| established_event4     = Wayawaya manipud iti [[Imperio ti Hapon|Hapon]]
| established_date4      = 15 Agosto 1945
| established_event5     = Administrasion ti EU iti Korea iti abagatan ti [[maika-38 a paralelo amianan|maika-38 a paralelo]]
| established_date5      = 8 Septiembre 1945
| established_event6     = Nabangon ti Republika ti Korea
| established_date6      = 15 Agosto 1948
| established_event7     = Agdama a batay-linteg
| established_date7      = 25 Pebrero 1988
| established_event8     = Naawat iti [[Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian|UN]]
| established_date8      = {{nowrap|17 Septiembre 1991}}
| area_km2               = 100,363
| area_rank              = Maika-107 &lt;!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| area_sq_mi             = 38,750
| percent_water          = 0.3 (301&amp;nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}}{{\}}116&amp;nbsp;mi{{smallsup|2}})
| population_estimate    = {{increase neutral}} 51,709,098&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kosis 100 dae jipyo |script-title=ko:Kosis 100대 지표 |url=http://kosis.kr/nsportalStats/nsportalStats_0102Body.jsp?menuId=10 |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2019
| population_estimate_rank = Maika-27
| population_density_km2   = 507
| population_density_rank  = Maika-13
| GDP_PPP                  = {{decrease}} $2.293 trilion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOKR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2020 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=542,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2019&amp;ey=2020&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |access-date=14 Oktubre 2020 |website=World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year            = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank            = Maika-14
| GDP_PPP_per_capita      = {{decrease}} $44,292&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOKR&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = Maika-24
| GDP_nominal             = {{decrease}} $1.586 trilion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOKR&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year        = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank        = Maika-10
| GDP_nominal_per_capita  = {{decrease}} $30,644&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOKR&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = Maika-26
| Gini                    = 34.5
| Gini_year               = 2018
| Gini_change             = decrease
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Income Inequality |url=https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |access-date=17 Hulio 2021 |website=OECD Data |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank               = 
| HDI                     = 0.916&lt;!-- Number only, between 0 and 1. --&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2019&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change              = increase&lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                 = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 |last=United Nations Development Programme |date=2020 |language=en |isbn=978-92-1-005516-1 |access-date=15 Disiembre 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = Maika-23
| currency                = [[Won ti Abagatan a Korea|Won ti Republika ti Korea]] (₩)
| currency_code           = KRW
| time_zone               = [[Pagalagadan nga Oras ti Korea]]
| utc_offset              = +9
| date_format             = {{unbulleted list|tttt년 m월 d일|tttt. m. d. ([[Kadawyan a panawen|CE]])}}
| electricity             = 220 V–60 Hz
| drives_on               = kanawan
| calling_code            = +82
| cctld                   = {{hlist|[[.kr]]|[[.한국]]}}
| p1                      = Mikalima a Republika ti Korea
| today                   = 
}}
Ti '''Abagatan a Korea''' ({{Audio|En-us-South Korea.ogg|denggen}}), opisial a ti '''Republika ti Korea''' ([[Pagsasao a Koreano|Koreano]]: ''Daehan Minguk'' {{Audio|Ko-Daehan Minguk.ogg|denggen|help=no}}), ket maysa a [[naturay nga estado]] idiay akin-abagatan a paset iti [[Koreano a Peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;CIA World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; Naipalawag daytoy iti maysa a resolusion ti U.N. idi 1948 a kas daytoy laeng ti nalintegan a gobierno idiay Korea. Ti nagan a &quot;Korea&quot; is ket naala manipud iti [[Goryeo]], maysa a dinastia a nagturay kadagti Tengnga a Panawen.

Dagiti kaarrubana ket ti [[Tsina]] iti laud, ti [[Hapon]] iti daya, ti [[Amianan a Korea]] iti amianan, ken ti [[Baybay Daya a Tsina]] iti abagatan. Ti Abagatan a Korea ket naisadag iti [[Kalalainganna a klima|natemplado a sona ti amianan]] nga daytoy ket addan ti kaaduan kabanbantayan a dagdaga. Naksakup daytoy ti dagup a kalawa a 99,392 kuadrado kilometro&lt;ref name=&quot;kgeography&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 Pebrero 2010 |title=Korea's Geography |trans-title=Ti Heograpia ti Korea |url=http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/geography.htm#TERRITORY |access-date=13 Hulio 2010 |website=Asianinfo.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724134602/http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/geography.htm#TERRITORY |archive-date=2017-07-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ken addaan iti populasion ti agarup a {{Nowrap|51 a riwriw}}. Ti kapitoliona ken kadakkelan a siudad ket ti siudad ti [[Seoul]], nga addaan iti populasion iti 10 a riwriw.

Ti arkeolohia ket mangipakpakita a ti Peninsula ti Korea ket sinakup idi babaen ti [[Akin-baba a Paleolitiko|Akin-baba a Paleolitiko a paset ti panawen]] (2.6 [[Megaannum|Ma]]–300 [[Kiloannum|Ka]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Gallery of Korea |date=12 Disiembre 2005 |publisher=Royal Ontario Museum |url=http://www.rom.on.ca/news/releases/public.php?mediakey=sg1yebpnv8 |language=en |access-date=Abril 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108064155/http://www.rom.on.ca/news/releases/public.php?mediakey=sg1yebpnv8 |archive-date=2010-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prehistoric Korea |trans-title=Prehistoriko a Korea |url=http://www.opm.go.kr/warp/webapp/content/view?meta_id=english&amp;id=35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302014245/http://www.opm.go.kr/warp/webapp/content/view?meta_id=english&amp;id=35 |archive-date=2008-03-02 |website=Office of the Prime Minister |language=en |trans-website=Opisina ti Primo Ministro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[pakasaritaan ti Korea]] ket mangrugi ti pannakapundar ti [[Gojoseon]] idi 2333 SK babaen ti naipakasaritaan a [[Dan-gun]]. Kalpasan ti panagkaykaysa ti [[Tallo a Pagpagarian ti Korea]] babaen ni [[Silla]] AD&amp;nbsp;668, ti Korea ket tinurayan idi babaen ti Dinastia a Goryeo (918–1392) ken [[Dinastia a Joseon]] (1392–1910). Daytoy ket insilpo babaen ti [[Imperio ti Hapon]] isi 1910. Idi patingga ti Maikadua a Gubat ti Sangalubongan, ti Korea ket [[Pannakabingbingay ti Korea|nabingbingay]] idi kadagiti sona a panagsakup ti Sobiet ken Estados Unidos. Ti maysa a panagbubutos ket natengngel idti sona ti Estados Unidos idi 1948 a nakaiturongan ti pannakapartuat ti Republika ti Korea. Uray no ti [[Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]] ket nangipasa iti resolusion a nangirangang a ti Republika laeng ti nainkalintegan a gobierno idiay Korea,&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;UN195&quot; /&gt;--&gt; dagiti Sobiet ket nangipatakderda iti kasuppiat a gobierno idiay Amianan.

Nangrugi ti [[Gubat ti Koreano]] idi 1950 idi rinaut ti Abagatan dagiti puersa manipud iti Amianan. Nagpaut ti gubat iti tallo a tawen ken nairaman ti Estados Unidos, Tsina, ti Kappon ti Sobiet, ken dagiti dadduma pay a pagpagilian. Ti pagbeddengan a nagbaetan kadagitoy dua  a pagilian ket agtultuloy a kas ti kakaruan a napasammakedan iti lubong.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;border&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Kadagiti dekada a simmaruno, ti [[ekonomia ti Abagatan a Korea]] ket dimmakkel unay ken ti pagilian ket nabaliwan iti maysa a [[Dagit kangrunaan nga ekonomia ti G-20|nangruna nga ekonomia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Korea: Economic and Social Developments |trans-title=Abagatan a Korea: Ekonomiko ken dagiti Sosial a Panmagrang-ay |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322280/South-Korea/34997/Economic-and-social-developments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812042820/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322280/South-Korea/34997/Economic-and-social-developments |archive-date=2010-08-12 |access-date=Pebrero 18, 2010 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti sibilian a gobierno ket sinukatanna ti militar a turay idi 1987. Iti agdama, ti Abagatan a Korea ket addaan iti nainget a linteg ti [[panagtengngel ti paltog]] a mairanggo kadagiti pagilian nga addaan iti [[Bilang dagiti paltog tungngal maysa a tao babaen ti pagilian|kabassitan a bilang dagiti armas iti tungngal maysa a tao]].

Ti Abagatan a Korea ket maysa a [[presidensial a sistema|presidensial]] a [[republika]] a mangbukel kadagiti 17 nga [[Administratibo apannakabingbingay ti Abagatan a Korea|administratibo a pannakabingbingay]] ken maysa daytoy a [[narang-ay a pagilian]] nga addaan iti nangato unay nga [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti Pagsurotan ti Panagrang-ay ti Nagtagitaoan|alagaden ti panagbiag]]. Daytoy ti maikapat a kadakkelan nga ekonomia ti Asia ken ti [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti GDP (nominal)|maika-15]] ([[Dagup ti domestiko a produkto|nominal]]) wenno [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti GDP (PPP)|Maika-12]] ([[Pagpadaan ti kapigsa ti panag-gatang]]) a kadakkelan nga ekonomia iti lubong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |trans-title=Reporta para kadagiti Napili a Pagilian ken Suheto |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&amp;ey=2011&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=70&amp;pr1.y=5&amp;c=512,941,914,446,612,666,614,668,311,672,213,946,911,137,193,962,122,674,912,676,313,548,419,556,513,678,316,181,913,682,124,684,339,273,638,921,514,948,218,943,963,686,616,688,223,518,516,728,918,558,748,138,618,196,522,278,622,692,156,694,624,142,626,449,628,564,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,716,321,456,243,722,248,942,469,718,253,724,642,576,643,936,939,961,644,813,819,199,172,184,132,524,646,361,648,362,915,364,134,732,652,366,174,734,328,144,258,146,656,463,654,528,336,923,263,738,268,578,532,537,944,742,176,866,534,369,536,744,429,186,433,925,178,746,436,926,136,466,343,112,158,111,439,298,916,927,664,846,826,299,542,582,967,474,443,754,917,698,544&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430000438/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&amp;ey=2011&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=70&amp;pr1.y=5&amp;c=512,941,914,446,612,666,614,668,311,672,213,946,911,137,193,962,122,674,912,676,313,548,419,556,513,678,316,181,913,682,124,684,339,273,638,921,514,948,218,943,963,686,616,688,223,518,516,728,918,558,748,138,618,196,522,278,622,692,156,694,624,142,626,449,628,564,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,716,321,456,243,722,248,942,469,718,253,724,642,576,643,936,939,961,644,813,819,199,172,184,132,524,646,361,648,362,915,364,134,732,652,366,174,734,328,144,258,146,656,463,654,528,336,923,263,738,268,578,532,537,944,742,176,866,534,369,536,744,429,186,433,925,178,746,436,926,136,466,343,112,158,111,439,298,916,927,664,846,826,299,542,582,967,474,443,754,917,698,544&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |archive-date=2011-04-30 |website=International Monetary Fund |language=en |trans-website=Internasional a Pundo ti Panguartaan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti ekonomia ket pinaadar kadagiti panagiluas, nga adda dagiti pannakaipatenga ti panagpataud kadagiti [[elektronika]], dagiti [[Industria tilugan|lugan]], dagiti panagaramid ti barko, [[makina (mekanikal)|makina]], dagiti [[petrokimiko]] ken [[robotika]]. Ti Abgatan a Korea ket kameng ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian, [[WTO]], ken [[OECD]], ken ti nangpundar a kameng ti  [[APEC]] ken ti [[Pantok ti Daya nga Asia]].

== Etimolohia ==
Ti nagan a ''Korea'' ket nagtaud manipud iti [[Goryeo]], a mangibagbaga ti taga-ugma a pagarian ti [[Goguryeo]], ti immuna a dinastia ti Korea a binisita babaen dagiti agtagtagilako a Persiano a nangibagbaga iti daytoy iti Koryŏ (Goryeo; 고려) a kas Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yunn |first=Seung-Yong |title=Religious Culture In Korea |date=1996 |publisher=Hollym International |page=99 |language=en |trans-title=Relihioso a Kultura ti Korea |chapter=Muslims Earlier Contact with Korea |trans-chapter=Dagiti Nasapa a Pannakaiyasideg dagiti Muslim iti Korea}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti termino a ''Koryŏ'' ket kaaduan pay a nausar tapno mangibaga ti Goguryeo, a bukod a nanginagan kaniana iti ''Koryŏ'' idia maika-5 a siglo. Uray ti kaadda dagiti panangiletra iti ''Corea'' ken ''Korea'' kadagiti pablaak ti maika-19 a siglo, adda met dagiti Koreano a namatmati a ti [[Imperio ti Hapon]], iti dayta a panawen ti panagsakup ti Hapon, ket nangigagara ti naiyalagad a panangiletra iti ''Korea'', a mangaramid ti [[Hapon]] nga umuna nga alpabetiko nga agparang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boston Globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Demick |first=Barbara |date=18 Septiembre 2003 |title=Breaking the Occupation Spell: Some Koreans See Putdown in Letter Change in Name |language=en |work=Boston.com |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2003/09/18/breaking_the_occupation_spell |access-date=2 Septiembre 2013 |archive-date=2013-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114105104/http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2003/09/18/breaking_the_occupation_spell/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babaen ti [[Korea babaen ti turay ti Hapon|turay ti Hapon]], ti &quot;Joseon&quot; ket nagbalin nga opisial a nagan para iti intero a teritorio, ngem saan daytoy a unibersal nga inaw-awat. Idi las-ud ti daytoy a panawen, adda met dagiti nadumaduma a grupo a nakilaban para iti pannakawayawaya, ti kadayegan ket ti  ''Daehan Minguk Imsi Jeongbu''.

Kalpasan ti [[panagsuko ti Hapon]], idi 1945, ti ''Republika ti Korea'' (''Daehan Minguk'') ket naampon idi a kas ti nalinteg a nagan para iti baro a pagilian. Gapu ta ti gobierno ket tinengngelna laeng ti akin-abagatan a paset ti pagilian ti [[Koreano a  Peninsula]], naaramid idi ti inpormal a termino ti ''Abagatan a Korea'' , ken nagbalbalin daytoy a kadawyan iti [[Akinlaud a lubong]]. Nupay kasta, dagiti [[Tattao a Koreano|Koreano]] ket agtultuloyda a a mangibagbaga ti masa ti daga wenno ti intero a peninsula a kas laeng ti ''Hanguk'' (''Korea'') wenno ''Namhan'' (''Abagatan a Korea'').

== Dagiti nota ==
{{notelist}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC-CLIO&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Quinn |first=Joseph Peter |title=Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia |date=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3933-7 |editor-last=Demy |editor-first=Timothy J. |page=365 |language=en |chapter=South Korea |editor-last2=Shaw |editor-first2=Jeffrey M. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA365}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Amsden |first=Alice H. |title=Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization |url=https://archive.org/details/asiasnextgiantso0000amsd |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-505852-6 |language=en |orig-date=&lt;!--First published 1989--&gt;}}
* {{Cite book |last=Breen |first=Michael |title=The Koreans: Who They Are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies |url=https://archive.org/details/00book873865537 |date=2004 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0-312-32609-8 |edition=Rev. and updated |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Dennis |url=https://archive.org/details/fromtraditiontoc00hart |title=From Tradition to Consumption: Constructing a Capitalist Culture in South Korea |date=2001 |publisher=Jimoondang Publishing |isbn=89-88095-44-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |url=https://archive.org/details/koreasplaceinsun00bruc |title=Korea's Place in the Sun |date=1997 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-31681-0 |language=en |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lew |first=Yong Ick |title=The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee's Quest for Independence |date=2013 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nahm |first=Andrew C. |title=Korea: A History of the Korean People |date=1996 |publisher=Hollym |isbn=978-1-56591-070-6 |edition=Maika-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schneidewind |first=Dieter K. |title=Economic Miracle Market South Korea: A Blueprint for Economic Growth in Developing Nations |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-0613-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Sung-chul |title=The North and South Korean Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/northsouthkorean0000yang |date=1999 |publisher=Hollym |isbn=978-1-56591-105-5 |edition=Rev. |location=Seoul |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yonhap News Agency |title=Korea Annual 2004 |date=2004 |isbn=978-89-7433-070-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yuan |first=Robert T. |title=Biotechnology in Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan |date=1988 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |isbn=978-1-349-10768-1 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* {{commons-nailinia}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|South Korea}}
* [http://www.korea.net/ Ti opisial a website ti Republika ti Korea (Korea.net)]
* [http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto Ti Opisial a Sitio ti Alagaden ti Turismo ti Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301031654/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto |date=2017-03-01 }}
*{{CIA World Factbook link|ks|Abagatan a Korea}}
*{{dmoz|Regional/Asia/South_Korea/}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/South_Korea/}}

{{Dagiti pagilian ti Asia}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korea, Abagatan}}
[[Kategoria:Abagatan a Korea| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti nabingbingay a rehion]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian ti Daya nga Asia]]
[[Kategoria:Pagpagilian ti G20]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti republika]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado ken teritorio a nabangon idi 1948]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo]]</text>
      <sha1>jissdvmiewdsalofpw8wewlth5s6464</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>407173</id>
      <parentid>406814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T02:13:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>14943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>407173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42219" sha1="riiq4ps7odh3xlezvhq0xoob6uhdoil" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title=Ariwanas a Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen
| image=[[Papeles:ESO-VLT-Laser-phot-33a-07.jpg|300px]]
| caption=T imahen ti [[Galaktiko a Tengnga]] ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ti rabii a langit ti ngato ti [[Paranal nga Obserbatorio]]
| titlestyle=background: #30D5C8lc;
| headerstyle=background:
| belowstyle=background: #30D5C8;
| labelstyle=background: inherit;
| header1=Datos ti panagpalpaliiw
| label2=[[Morpolohiko a panakaidasig ti Ariwanas|Kita]]
| data2=SBc&lt;ref name=ssr100_1_129 /&gt; ([[nabarasan nga agkuskosikos nga ariwanas]])
| label3=[[Diametro]]
| data3={{Pagbaliwen|100|-|120|kly|kpc|abbr=on|lk=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ask-astro&quot; /&gt;
| label4=Kapuskol
| data4={{Pagbaliwen|1.0|kly|kpc|abbr=on|lk=off}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ask-astro&quot; /&gt;
| label6=Bilang dagiti bitbituen
| data6={{nowrap|300 ± 100 billion}}&lt;ref name=nasa20071129 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ut20081216 /&gt;
| label7=Kadaanan a naamammoan a bituen
| data7=13.2&amp;nbsp;[[Byr|Gyr]]&lt;ref name=&quot;frebel&quot; /&gt;
| label8=Mass
| data8=1.0-1.5{{e|12}}&amp;nbsp;[[solar a masa|M&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;ref name=&quot;McMillan2011&quot; /&gt;
| label9=Kaadayo ti Init iti [[Galaktiko a tengnga]]
| data9={{Pagbaliwen|27.2|+/-|1.1|kly|kpc|abbr=on|lk=off}}&lt;ref name=&quot;apj692_2_1075&quot; /&gt;
| label10=Ti [[Galaktiko a tawen|Panawen ti galaktiko a panagtaytayyek]] ti Init
| data10=250&amp;nbsp;[[Myr]] (negatibo a panagtaytayyek)&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa_worldbook_sun&quot; /&gt;
| label11=[[Teoria ti densidad nga allon|Panawen a panagtaytayyek ti agkuskousikos a tabas]]
| data11=50&amp;nbsp;Myr&lt;ref name=gasdynamics /&gt;
| label12=[[Nabarasan nga agkuskusikos nga ariwanas|Baras a tabas]] a panawen a panagtaytayyek
| data12=15–18&amp;nbsp;Myr&lt;ref name=gasdynamics /&gt;
| label13=Ti kinapardas a mainaig ti [[Kosmiko a mikroaanda a lugar iti likud|CMB]] [[natalna a sukogan]]
| data13={{nowrap|552 ± 6&amp;nbsp;km/s}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dipole&quot; /&gt;
| below=Kitaen pay ti: [[Ariwanas]], [[Listaan dagiti ariwanas]]
}}

Ti '''Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen''' ({{lang-en|Milky Way}}) ket isu ti [[ariwanas]] nga aglaon ti [[Daga (planeta)|Daga]].&lt;ref name=collins_ahsd /&gt;&lt;ref name=context group=nb /&gt; Daytoy a nagan iti Ingles a &quot;Milky Way&quot; ket naala manipud iti panagparangna a kas nalidem a &quot;nagatasan&quot; a sumsumged a banda nga agar-arkos iti ballasiw ti rabii a langit, a ti mata laeng ket saan a makailasin kadagiti agmaymaysa a bitbituen. Ti termino a &quot;Milky Way&quot; ket naipatarus manipud iti [[Klasiko a Latin]] ''via lactea'', manipud iti [[Helenestika a Griego]] ''γαλαξίας κύκλος'' (pr. ''galaxías kýklos'', &quot;nagatasan a sirkulo&quot;).&lt;ref name=eo_galaxy /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jankowski&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schiller&quot; /&gt; Ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket agparang a kasla banda gapu ta daytoy ket nasukog iti disko a patakder a makitkita manipud iti uneg. Ti kinapudno a daytoy a nalidem a banda iti lawag ket buklen dagiti bitbituen napaneknekan idi 1610 idi ni [[Galileo Galilei]] ket naguusar ti teleskopio tapno masolbarna dagiti agmaymaysa abitbituen. Idi panawen ti 1920, ti panagpalpaliiw ti astronomo a ni [[Edwin Hubble]] ket nagiparang a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket maysa laeng kadagiti adu nga ariwanas.

Ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket maysa a [[nabarasan nga agkuskusikos nga ariwanas]] a 100,000–120,000 [[lawag a tawen]] iti diametrona nga aglaon kadagiti 200–400 a bilion a [[bituen|bitbituen]]. Mabalin pay nga aglaon iti kasla kasta a kaadu a planeta, nga adda nakarkulo a 10 a bilion kadagitoy ti agpalpalikmut iti [[mataengan a sona]] kadagiti nagannak kaniada a bitbituen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature-20120111&quot; /&gt; Ti [[Sistema a Solar]] ket mabirukan ti uneg iti daytoy a disko, ti agarup a dua a pagkatlo a kaadayo manipud iti [[Galaktiko a Tengnga]], idiay akin-uneg nga igid iti agkuskusikos a tabas ti nagtitiponan ti alingasaw ken tapok a tinawtawagan a ti  [[Orion–Cygnus nga Ima]]. Dagiti bitbituen ti akin-uneg a ≈10,000 a lawag a tawtawen ket naurnos iti maysa a [[Batukot (astronomia)|batukot]] ken maysa wenno ad-adu pay a baras. Ti katengngaan ket namarkaan babaen ti napeksa a radio a taudan atinawtawagan a ti [[Sagitario A*]] a mabalin a daytoy ket [[nalatak unay a nangisit nga abut]]. Ti Ariwanas ket agtaytayyek ti maminsan tunggal maysa a 15 aginggana ti 50 a riwriw a tawtawen. Ti Ariwanas iti maysa a kabuklan ket aggungunay iti kapardas iti 552 aginggana ti 630&amp;nbsp;km tunggal maysa a segundo, nga agtalged ti mainaig a sukogan iti reperensia. Nakarkulo daytoy ti kadaanan ti agarup a 13.2 bilion a tawen , a gangani  a kasla ti [[Tawen iti law-ang|kadaanan ti Law-ang]]. Daytoy ket linawlawan babaen dagiti nadumaduma a [[Listaan dagiti satelite nga ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen|babbabassit a satelite]] nga ariwanas, ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket paset ti [[Lokal a Grupo]] dagiti ariwanas, a mangbukel ti maysa a subkomponente iti [[Nalatak a Rimpuok ti Virgo]].

== Wagas ==
[[Papeles:Under the Milky Way.jpg|thumb|Ti maysa a panakakita iti Nagririmpuok a bibituen nga agturong idiay Konstelasion [[Sagitario(konstelasion)|Sagitario]] (a mairaman ti [[Galatiko a Tengnga]]) a kas makita manipud iti di-narugitan nga awan lawag a lugar (ti Black Rock Desert, Nevada).]]
No agpalpaliiw ti rabii a langit, ti termino a &quot;Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen&quot; ket isu laeng ti nakudrep a banda iti puraw a lawag nga adda ti 30 a degrado a kalawa nga agararko iti ballasiw ti langit&lt;ref name=pasachoff1994 /&gt; (yray no amin dagiti [[bituen|bitbituen]] a mabalin a makita ti [[mata laeng]] ket paset iti Ariwanas a Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen). Ti lawag iti daytoy a banda ket naggapo manipud iti [[Angular a resolsion|di-nasolbar]] a bitbituen ken dadduma pay a materiales a naisanglad ti kaunegan ti Galaktiko a dalumpinas. Dagiti nasipnget a rehion ti kaunegan ti banda, a kas ti [[Nalatak a Rengngat (astronomia)|Nalatak a Rengngat]] ken ti [[Coalsack Nebulosa|Coalsack]], ket maipada kadagiti luglugar a dagiti lawag manipud kadagiti adayo a bitbituen ket nalappedan babaen ti [[interestelar a tapok]].

Ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket adda ti mainaig nga ababa a [[kalawag ti rabaw]]. Ti pannakakita daytoy ket narigat unay babaen ti lugar iti likud a lawag a kas ti [[panagrugit ti lawag]] wenno naisiasi a lawag manipud iti [[bulan]]. Daytoy ket sisasagana a makita no ti [[mangipatingnga a kadakkel]] ket +5.1 wenno nasaysayaat, bayat nga agipakpakita ti nasayaat a salaysay iti +6.1.&lt;ref name=steinicke_sakiel2007 /&gt; Daytoy ket agpabalin a narigat a makita ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen manipud kadagiti ania man a naraniag a nasilawan a [[Urbano a lugar|urbano]] weno [[suburbano]] lokasion ngem nalaka a makita no kitaen manipud iti maysa nga [[away a lugar]] no ti bulan ket adda ti baba ti horisonte.&lt;ref name=bortle group=nb /&gt;

Ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket lumasat kadagiti paset ti agarup a 30 [[konstelasion]]. Ti [[Galaktiko a Tengnga|tengnga iti Ariwanas]] ket sumanglad iti turong iti [[konstelasion]] a [[Sagitario (konstelasion)|Sagitario]]; isu ditoy ti karaniagan ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen. Manipud ti Sagitario, ti nakudrep a banda iti puraw a lawag ket agparang a lumaslasat nga agpalaud iti [[Galaktiko kontratengnga]] idiay [[Auriga (konstelasionn)|Auriga]]. Ti banda ket agtultuloyton nga agpalaud kadagiti sumakbay a dalan ti lawlaw ti langit ken agsubli idiay [[Sagitarios (konstelation)|Sagitario]]. Ti kinapidno a ti banda ket bingbingayenna ti rabii a langit dagiti dua nga agarup nga agpadpada a [[nainlangitan a globo|hemisperio]] ket mangitudo a ti Sistema Solar ket asideg a naisanglad ti [[Galaktiko a dalumpinas]].

Ti Galaktiko a dalumpinas ket agliklikig babaen ti 60 a degrado ti [[ekliptiko]] (ti dalumpinas ti panagtayyek ti Daga).A minaig ti [[nainlangitan nga ekuador]], a lumasat daytoy ti adadayo ngem aminan a kas iti [[Cassiopeia (konstelasion)|Cassiopeia]] ken ada-dayo ngem abagatan a kas ti konstelasion iti [[Crux]], a mangitudtudo ti nangato a panagliklikig iti [[ekuador (hemisperio)|ekuador a dalumpinas]] ti Daga ken ti dalumpinas iti [[ekliptiko]] a manaig ti Galaktiko a dalumpinas. Ti amianan a Galaktiko nga ungto ket naisanglad iti [[kanawan a panagpangato]] a 12&lt;sup&gt;h&lt;/sup&gt; 49&lt;sup&gt;m&lt;/sup&gt;, [[panagpababa]] a +27.4° ([[B1950]]) ti asideg ti [[beta Comae Berenices]], ken ti abagatan a Galaktiko nga ungto ket asideg ti [[alpha Sculptoris]]. Gapu iti daytoy a nagato a panagliklikig, depende iti oras iti rabii ken tawen, ti arko iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket mabalin nga agparang a kasla nababa wenno nangato iti langit. Para kadagiti agpalpaliiw manipud iti agarup a 65 a grado ti amianan aginggana ti 65 a grado ti abagatan iti rabaw ti Daga ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket mamindua a lumasat iti ngato iti tungngal maysa nga aldaw.

[[Papeles:Milky Way Arch.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Ti [[mata ti ikan a lente]] a mosaiko iti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen nga agararko iti maysa a nangato a panaglikig iti ballasiw ti rabii a langit, a naala manipud iti nasipnget a langit a lokasion idiay Chile.]]

== Kadakkel ken masa ==

{{multiple image
 |direction = vertical
 |align = right
 |width = 220
 |image1= Wide Field Imager view of a Milky Way look-alike NGC 6744.jpg
 |image2= View of the Milky Way over Brantingham Lake.jpg
 |caption1= Ti Ariwanas [[NGC 6744]] ket naikeddeng a nalatak a kapada ti bukodtayo a Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen
 |caption2= Ti pakaimatangan ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen idiay [[Danaw Brantingham ]], New York
 |alt1=Ti retrato ti ariwanas [[NGC 6744]], nga inkeddeng dagiti sientista a nalatak a kapada ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen
}}

Ti estelar a disko ti Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket agarup a {{pagbaliwen|100000|ly|kpc|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} iti diametro, ken daytoy ket iti katibemngan, agarup a {{pagbaliwen|1000|ly|kpc|1|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} iti kapuskol.&lt;ref name=&quot;ask-astro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rix_Bovy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Rix, Hans-Walter | author2=Bovy, Jo | title= The Milky Way's Stellar Disk  | journal= The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review | date=2013 | volume=in press | arxiv=1301.3168|doi = 10.1007/s00159-013-0061-8 |bibcode = 2013A&amp;ARv..21...61R }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kas tarabay iti relatibo a pisikal a [[gantingan (pannakaibagi)|gantingan]] iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen, no mapabassit daytoy iti 100&amp;nbsp;m iti diametro, ti Sistema a Solar, a mairaman ti naipagpagarup a [[ulep Oort]], daytoy ket ad-adunton ngem 1&amp;nbsp;mm iti kaakaba, agarup nga iti kapuskol ti sigpit ti papel. Ti kaasitgan a bituen, ti [[Proxima Centauri]], ket addaanto iti 4.2&amp;nbsp;mm a kaadayo.&lt;ref name=scale group=nb /&gt; Alternatibo met a makitkita, no ti Sistema a Solar aginggana iti [Neptuno]] ket ti kadakkel iti binting ti Estados Unidos (25&amp;nbsp;mm), ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket addanton iti diametro iti 2,628 a kilkilometro, wenno agarup a ti kaakaba ti Estados Unidos manipud iti ngato ti North Dakota aginggana ti ungto ti Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum/howfar/across.html | work= NASA-Smithsonian Education Forum on the Structure and Evolution of the Universe, at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics  | accessdate=Marso 13, 2013 | title=How Big is Our Universe: How far is it across the Milky Way?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--[[Papeles:Milky way profile.svg|left|thumb|Eskimatiko a bariweswes ti bukodtayo nga ariwanas|201x201px]]--&gt;

Dagiti karkulo iti maysa ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket agdumaduma, depende iti pamay-an ken mausar a datos. Iti ababa aiti sakop ti karkulo, thi masa ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket 5.8{{e|11}}&amp;nbsp;[[solar a masa|solar a masmasa]] ({{masa ti solar}}), basbassit met ngem ti [[Ariwanas ti Andromeda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Karachentsevetal2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mass&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;galmass&quot; /&gt; Dagiti panagrukod nga agusar ti [[Very Long Baseline Array]] idi 2009 ket nakabiruk kadagiti kapardas a daddadakkel a kas 254&amp;nbsp;km/s para kadagiti bituen iti igid ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen&lt;ref name=nrao20090105 /&gt; Gapu ta ti orbital a kapardas ket agdepdepende iti dagup a masa iti uneg ti orbital a rayus, daytoy ket mangisingasing a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket dakdakkel unay, ken agarup a mangiada ti masa ti Ariwanas ti Andromeda iti 7{{e|11}}&amp;nbsp;{{masa ti solar}} iti kaunegan ti {{pagbaliwen|160000|ly|kpc|abbr=on}} iti tengngana.&lt;ref name=&quot;reid2009&quot; /&gt; Ti panagrukod idi 2010 iti rayus a kapardas dagiti bakud a bituen ket nakakita ti masa a nakulloong iti uneg ti 80 kilo[[parsec]] ket 7{{e|11}}&amp;nbsp;{{masa ti solar}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;gnedin2010&quot; /&gt; Segun ti panagadal a naipablaak idi 2014, ti masa ti intero a Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket nakarkulo iti 8.5{{e|11}}&amp;nbsp;{{masa ti solar}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorge Peñarrubia2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
    | author=Jorge Peñarrubia | author2=Yin-Zhe Ma | author3=Matthew G. Walker | author4=Alan McConnachie
    | title=A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion
    | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
    | volume=433
    | issue=3
    | pages=2204–2022
    | bibcode=
    | doi=10.1093/mnras/stu879}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nga agarupa a kagudua ti masa ti Ariwanas ti Andromeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorge Peñarrubia2014&quot; /&gt;

Kaaduan ti masa ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket agparang a banag iti saan nga ammo a porma a makitinnignay iti sabali a banag babaen ti grabitasional ngem saan a dagiti elektromagnetiko a puersa, a tinawtawagan ti [[nangisit a banag]]. Ti [[bakud ti nangisit a banag]] ket relatibo a nasayaat a naiwarwaris iti distansia iti sangagasut a kiloparsec manipud iti Sentro ti Galaktiko. Dagiti modelo ti matematika iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket nangisingasing a ti dagup a masa ti intero nga Ariwanas ket adda iti sakop ti 1–1.5{{e|12}}&amp;nbsp;{{masa ti solar}}.&lt;ref name=McMillan2011 /&gt; Dagiti nabibiit a panagadal ket mangibaga a ti masa a dakdakkel a kas 4.5{{e|12}}&amp;nbsp;{{masa ti solar}} &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4013  | accessdate=Pebrero 6, 2014 | title=The mass of the Milky Way and M31 using the method of least action}}&lt;/ref&gt; and as small as 0.8{{e|12}}&amp;nbsp;{{masa ti solar}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.1787 | accessdate=Agosto 8, 2014 | title=On the shoulders of Giants: Properties of the Stellar Halo and the Milky Way mass distribution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti linaon ==
Ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket aglaon kadagiti saan a basbassit ngem 100&amp;nbsp;bilion a planeta&lt;ref name=villard20120111 /&gt; ken ti nagbaetan dagiti 200 ken 400&amp;nbsp;bilion a bituen.&lt;ref name=frommert_kronberg2005 /&gt;&lt;ref name=wethington2010 /&gt; Ti eksakto a pigura ket depende iti ababa unay a masa,wenno dagiti [[ansisit a bituen]], a narigat dagitoy  amaduktalan, naipangpangruna kadagiti adayo a distansia iti ad-adu ngem {{pagbaliwen|300|ly|pc|-1|abbr=on}} manipud iti Init. Kas panangiyasping, ti kaarruba nga Arianas ti Andromeda ket aglaon ti nakarkulo a maysa a trilion (10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;) a bitbituen.&lt;ref name=young2006 /&gt; Mapunno daytoy ti espasion a nagbaetan dagiti bituen ket ti disko iti alingasaw ken tapok a tinawtawagan ti [[interestelar a medio]]. Daytoy a disko ket addaan iti saan a basbassit a maiyasping a gay-at ti rayus kadagiti bituen,&lt;ref name=science312_1773 /&gt; bayat a ti kapuskol ti tuon ti alingasaw ket sumakop kadagiti ginasut a lawag a tawtawen para kadagiti nalamlamiis a bituen aginggana ti rinibo a lawag a tawtawen para kadagiti napudpudot nga alingasaw.&lt;ref name=araa28_215 /&gt;&lt;ref name=apj702_1472 /&gt; Dagiti [[grabitasional a mikrolensing]] ken dagiti panagpalpaliiw ti panaglasat ti planeta ket mangipakita a mabalin nga adda met dagiti saan a basbassit a kaadu dagiti planeta a naibedbed kadagiti bituen a kas dagiti  met bituen iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature-20120111&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=borenstein2011 /&gt; ken dagiti mikrolensing a panagrukod ket nangipakpakita nga adda dagiti ad-adu a [[rogue a planeta]] a saan a naibedbed iti agsangaili a bitbituen ngem ti kaadda met dagiti bituen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors=1| last1 = Sumi | first1 = T. | last2 = Kamiya | first2 = K. | last3 = Bennett | first3 = D. P. | last4 = Bond | first4 = I. A. | last5 = Abe | first5 = F. | last6 = Botzler | first6 = C. S. | last7 = Fukui | first7 = A. | last8 = Furusawa | first8 = K. | last9 = Hearnshaw | first9 = J. B. | last10 = Itow | first10 = Y.| last11 = Kilmartin | first11 = P. M.| last12 = Korpela | first12 = A.| last13 = Lin | first13 = W.| last14 = Ling | first14 = C. H.| last15 = Masuda | first15 = K.| last16 = Matsubara | first16 = Y.| last17 = Miyake | first17 = N.| last18 = Motomura | first18 = M.| last19 = Muraki | first19 = Y.| last20 = Nagaya | first20 = M.| last21 = Nakamura | first21 = S.| last22 = Ohnishi | first22 = K.| last23 = Okumura | first23 = T.| last24 = Perrott | first24 = Y. C.| last25 = Rattenbury | first25 =  N.| last26 = Saito | first26 = To.| last27 = Sako | first27 = T.| last28 = Sullivan | first28 = D. J.| last29 = Sweatman | first29 = W. L.| last30 = Tristram | first30 = P. J.| last31 = Udalski | first31 = A.| last32 = Szymański | first32 = M. K.| last33 = Kubiak | first33 = M.| last34 = Pietrzyński | first34 =  G.| last35 = Poleski | first35 = R.| last36 = Soszyński | first36 = I.| last37 = Wyrzykowski | first37 = Ł.| last38 = Ulaczyk | first38 = K.| doi = 10.1038/nature10092 | title = Unbound or distant planetary mass population detected by gravitational microlensing | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2011-05-19_473_7347/page/349| journal = Nature | volume = 473 | issue = 7347 | pages = 349–352 | year = 2011 | bibcode = 2011Natur.473..349S| arxiv = 1105.3544| pmid =  21593867| pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nasa20110526 /&gt; Ti Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket aglaon ti saab a basbasit ngem maysa a planeta iti tunggal maysa a bituen, a pagresultaan dagiti 100–400 a bilion a planetas, segun ti panagadal idi Enero 2013 kadagiti sistema ti lima a planeta a bituen ti [[Kepler-32]] iti obserbatorio ti esoasio ti [[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler]]. Ti sabali met a panagusig idi Enero 2013 ti datos ti Kepler ket nakarkulo a saan a basbassit ngem 17 bilion dagiti [[Terestrial a planeta|kadakkel iti Daga]] nga [[eksoplaneta]] ket adda iti Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Space-20130107&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |title=17 Billion Earth-Size Alien Planets Inhabit Milky Way |url=http://www.space.com/19157-billions-earth-size-alien-planets-aas221.html |date=Enero 7, 2013 |publisher=Space.com|accessdate=Enero 8, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095334/http://www.space.com/19157-billions-earth-size-alien-planets-aas221.html |archivedate=6 Oktubre 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idi Nobiembre 4, 2013, inreporta dagiti astronomo, a naibatay iti datos ti [[Kepler (spacecraft)|mision ti espasio ti ''Kepler'']], a mabalin nga adda dagiti ad-adu ngem 40 a bilion a kadakkel ti Daga a [[ekstrasolar a planeta|planeta]] a mangliklikmut kadagiti [[mataengan a sona]] dagiti [[Solar nga analogo|kasla init a bituen]] ken dagiti [[nalabbasit nga ansisit]] iti uneg ti Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20131104&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Overbye |first=Dennis |title=Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html |date=Nobiembre 4, 2013 |work=New York Times |accessdate=Nobiembre 5, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PNAS-20131031&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Petigura |first1=Eric A. |last2=Howard |first2=Andrew W. |last3=Marcy |first3=Geoffrey W. |title=Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/31/1319909110 |date=Oktubre 31, 2013 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |doi=10.1073/pnas.1319909110 |accessdate=Nobiembre 5, 2013 |arxiv=1311.6806 |bibcode=2013PNAS..11019273P |archive-date=2013-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010831/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/31/1319909110 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='nov2013_planet_estimate' /&gt; 11 bilion kadagitoy a nakarkulo aplaneta ket mabalin a mangliklikmut dagiti kasla Init a bituen.&lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes-20131104&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Amina |title=Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105,0,2673237.story |date=4 Nobiembre 2013 |work=[Los Angeles Times |accessdate=5 Nobiembre 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti kaasitgan iti kastoy a palneta ket mabalin a 12 a lawag a tawtawen iti kaadayo, segun kadagiti sientista.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20131104&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PNAS-20131031&quot; /&gt; Dagiti kasta a kasla Daga ti kadakkel a planeta ket mabalin nga ad-adu ngem dagiti higante nga alingasaw.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature-20120111&quot; /&gt;  Malaksid daiti eksoplaneta, naduktalan pay dagiti &quot;[[eksokometa]]&quot;, dagiti [[kometa]] iti labes ti Sistema a Solar, ken mabalin a kadawyan dagitoy Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Space-201301072&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |title='Exocomets' Common Across Milky Way Galaxy |url=http://www.space.com/19156-exocomets-alien-solar-systems.html |date=Enero 7, 2013 |publisher=Space.com] |accessdate=Enero 8, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916085824/http://www.space.com/19156-exocomets-alien-solar-systems.html |archivedate=16 Septiembre 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dagiti disko ti bituen iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket awanan iti natadem nga igid iti labes dagiti awanan kadagiti bituen. Imbes ket, ti konsentrasion dagiti bituen ket bumassit iti distansia manipud iti tengnga ti  Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen. Para kadagiti rason a saan a maawatan, iti labes ti rayus ti agarup a 40,000 ly (13 kpc) manipud iti tengnga, ti bilang dagitbituen iti tunggal maysa a kubikon [[parsec]] ket pumarpardas a bumassit iti rayus.&lt;ref name=arxiv0909.3857 /&gt; Ti mangpalikmut ti galaktiko a disko ket ti esperikal a [[Galaktiko a Bakud]] dagiti bituen ken [[globular a rimpuok]] a gumay-at nga agpaadayo ngem limitado iti kadakkel babaen dagiti panagtayyek dagiti dua a satelite ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen, ti Bassit ken Dakkel  nga [[Ul-ulep Magallanes]], a ti [[Apsis|kaasitgan nga arngianna]] iti Galaktiko a Tengnga ket agarup a {{pagbaliwen|180000|ly|kpc|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=mnras371_1_108 /&gt; Iti daytoy a distansia wenno iti labes, dagiti pagtayyekan iti kaaduan dagiti bakud a banag ket guluento babaen ti Ul-ulep Magallanes. Isu a, dagiti kasta a banag ket mabalin a palsuten manipud iti kaarrubayan ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen. Ti naitiptipon a [[absoluto a bisual magnitud]] ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket nakarkulo iti −20.9.&lt;ref name=coffey /&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed-hover&quot; heights=&quot;155px&quot;&gt;
Papeles:Milkyway pan.jpg|Ti 360-grado panorama a pakaimatangan ti Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen (ti maysa a naaramid a mosaiko dagiti retrato)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist|group=nb|refs=
&lt;ref name=context&gt;Adda dagitoy taudan nga agtengtengngel a ti, nainget a panagsao, ti termino a ''Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen'' ket nasken a mangitudo laeng ti banda ti lawag a buklen ti ariwanas iti [[rabii a langit]], bayat a ti ariwanas ket nasken a makaala ti napno a nagan nga ''Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen'', wenno ti sabali pay a kas ''ti Ariwanas''. Nupay kasta, saan a nalawag no kasano ti kawatiwat daytoy a pagalagadan, ken ti termino a ''Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen'' ket kankanayon a maus-usar kadagitoy a kontesto. Kitaen ti:

* {{cite book | last1=Freedman | first1=Roger A. | last2= Kaufmann | first2=William J. | title=Universe | url=https://archive.org/details/universe0008edfree | publisher=WH Freeman &amp; Co. | year=2007 | isbn=0-7167-8584-6 | page=[https://archive.org/details/universe0008edfree/page/605 605] }}

* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Dagiti Ariwanas&amp;nbsp;— Ariwanas a Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | volume=19 | pages=618 | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | year=1998}}

* {{cite book | last=Pasachoff | first=Jay M. | authorlink=Jay Pasachoff | title=Astronomia: Manipud ti Daga aginggana ti Law-ang | publisher=Harcourt School | year=1994 | isbn=0-03-001667-3 | page=500 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bortle&gt;Kitaen pay ti [[Bortle Nasipnget a Langit a Gantingan]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=scale&gt;Ti gantingan ket 1&amp;nbsp;mm dagup 1&amp;nbsp;ly.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;ask-astro&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last1=Christian | first1=Eric | last2=Safi-Harb | first2=Samar | publisher=NASA: Damagen ti maysa nga Astropisiko | title = Kasano ti kadakkel ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen? | url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980317b.html | accessdate = 2007-11-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ssr100_1_129&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Gerhard | first1 = O. | title = Mass distribution in our Galaxy| journal = Space Science Reviews | volume = 100 | issue=1/4| pages = 129–138 | doi = 10.1023/A:1015818111633 | bibcode=2002astro.ph..3110G| arxiv=astro-ph/0203110| year = 2002 | pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=nasa20071129&gt;{{cite web | title=NASA&amp;nbsp;– Ariwanas | publisher=Nasa.gov | work=NASA and World Book | date=Nobiembre 29, 2007 | url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/galaxy_worldbook.html | accessdate=2010-08-10 | archive-date=2005-05-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508093645/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/galaxy_worldbook.html | url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508093645/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/galaxy_worldbook.html |date=2005-05-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ut20081216&gt;{{cite web | author=Staff | date=Disiembre 16, 2008 | title=Mano ti Bilang dagiti Bitbituen iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen? | publisher=Ti Law-ang tatta nga Aldaw | url=http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/milky-way/how-many-stars-are-in-the-milky-way/ | accessdate=2010-08-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;frebel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors=1| last1 = Frebel | first1 = A. | last2 = Christlieb | first2 = N. | last3 = Norris | first3 = J. E. | last4 = Thom | first4 = C. | last5 = Beers | first5 = T. C. | last6 = Rhee | first6 = J. | doi = 10.1086/518122 | title = Discovery of HE 1523-0901, a strongly ''r''-process-enhanced metal-poor star with detected uranium | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 660 | issue = 2 | pages = L117 | year = 2007 | bibcode=2007ApJ...660L.117F| arxiv=astro-ph/0703414| pmid =  | pmc = 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=McMillan2011&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = McMillan | first1 = P. J. | title = Mass models of the Milky Way | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18564.x | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 414 | issue = 3 | pages = 2446–2457 | date=Hulio 2011 | bibcode=2011MNRAS.414.2446M| pmid =  | pmc = |arxiv = 1102.4340 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=apj692_2_1075&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors=1| doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075 | last1 = Gillessen | first1 = S. | last2 = Eisenhauer | first2 = F. | last3 = Trippe | first3 = S. | last4 = Alexander | first4 = T. | last5 = Genzel | first5 = R. | last6 = Martins | first6 = F. | last7 = Ott | first7 = T.| title=Monitoring stellar orbits around the massive black hole in the Galactic Center| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-02-20_692_2/page/1075| journal = Astrophysical Journal| volume = 692 | issue = 2| pages = 1075–1109| arxiv=0810.4674 | year = 2009| bibcode=2009ApJ...692.1075G}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa_worldbook_sun&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ti Init | work=World Book at NASA | publisher=[[NASA]] | url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/sun_worldbook.html | accessdate=2010-03-22 | quote=Ti Init ket maysa kadagiti sumurok a 100 bilion a bitbituen iti Ariwanas a Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen. Daytoy ket agarup a 25,000 a lawag a tawtawen manipud iti tengnga iti Ariwanas, ket agtaytayyek ti maminsan ti lawlaw ti Tengnga a Galaktiko iti tunggal maysa a 250 a riwriw a tawtawen. | archive-date=2005-02-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217044235/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/sun_worldbook.html | url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217044235/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/sun_worldbook.html |date=2005-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gasdynamics&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Bissantz | first1 = N. | last2 = Englmaier | first2 = P. | last3 = Gerhard | first3 = O. | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06358.x | title = Gas dynamics in the Milky Way: second pattern speed and large-scale morphology | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 340 | issue = 3 | pages = 949 | year = 2003 | bibcode=2003MNRAS.340..949B| arxiv=astro-ph/0212516| pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=collins_ahsd&gt;{{cite web | title=Collins nga Elementario Ingles a Disksionario&amp;nbsp;– Kompleto ken saana Nakissayan 1991–2003 – Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen | work=Ti Tinawtawid a Siensia ti Amerikano a Diksionario | year=2005 | url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Milky+Way | publisher=thefreedictionary.com | accessdate=2012-05-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Jankowski&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wp6E3y-58LkC&amp;pg=PT6 | first1=Connie | last1=Jankowski | title=Pionero iti Lawag ken Uni | page=6 | isbn=0-7565-4306-1 | publisher=Compass Point Books | year=2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;dipole&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1 = Kogut | first1 = A. | last2 = Lineweaver | first2 = C. | last3 = Smoot | first3 = G. F. | last4 = Bennett | first4 = C. L. | last5 = Banday | first5 = A. | last6 = Boggess | first6 = N. W. | last7 = Cheng | first7 = E. S. | last8 = De Amici | first8 = G. | last9 = Fixsen | first9 = D. J. | last10=Hinshaw | first10=G. | last11=Jackson | first11=P. D. | last12=Janssen | first12=M. | last13=Keegstra | first13=P. | last14=Loewenstein | first14=K. | last15=Lubin | first15=P. | last16=Mather | first16=J. C. | last17=Tenorio | first17=L. | last18=Weiss | first18=R. | last19=Wilkinson | first19=D. T. | last20=Wright | first20=E. L.| title = Dipole anisotropy in the COBE differential microwave radiometers first-year sky maps | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1993-12-10_419_1/page/1 | doi = 10.1086/173453 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 419 | pages = 1 | year = 1993 | bibcode=1993ApJ...419....1K| arxiv=astro-ph/9312056| pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eo_galaxy&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ariwanas | first1=Douglas | last1=Harper | title=ariwanas | work=Online a Diksionario ti Etimolohia | accessdate=2012-05-20 | archive-date=2015-06-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603013354/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ariwanas | url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603013354/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ariwanas |date=2015-06-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Schiller&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nbnEjck_N84C&amp;pg=PA163 | first1=Jon | last1=Schiller | title=Big Bang ken dagiti Nangisit nga Abut | page=163 | publisher=CreateSpace | year=2010 | isbn=1-4528-6552-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature-20120111&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors = 1| last1 = Cassan | first1 = A. | last2 = Kubas | first2 = D. | last3 = Beaulieu | first3 = J. -P. | last4 = Dominik | first4 = M. | last5 = Horne | first5 = K. | last6 = Greenhill | first6 = J. | last7 = Wambsganss | first7 = J. | last8 = Menzies | first8 = J. | last9 = Williams | first9 = A. | last10 = Jørgensen | doi = 10.1038/nature10684 | first10 = U. G. | last11 = Udalski | first11 = A. | last12 = Bennett | first12 = D. P. | last13 = Albrow | first13 = M. D. | last14 = Batista | first14 = V. | last15 = Brillant | first15 = S. | last16 = Caldwell | first16 = J. A. R. | last17 = Cole | first17 = A. | last18 = Coutures | first18 = C. | last19 = Cook | first19 = K. H. | last20 = Dieters | first20 = S. | last21 = Prester | first21 = D. D. | last22 = Donatowicz | first22 = J. | last23 = Fouqué | first23 = P. | last24 = Hill | first24 = K. | last25 = Kains | first25 = N. | last26 = Kane | first26 = S. | last27 = Marquette | first27 = J. -B. | last28 = Martin | first28 = R. | last29 = Pollard | first29 = K. R. | last30 = Sahu | first30 = K. C. | title = One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-01-12_481_7380/page/167| journal = Nature | volume = 481 | issue = 7380 | pages = 167–169 | date=Enero 11, 2012| pmid =  22237108| bibcode=2012Natur.481..167C| pmc = |arxiv = 1202.0903 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=pasachoff1994&gt;{{cite book | last1=Pasachoff | first1=Jay M. | authorlink=Jay Pasachoff | title=Astronomia: Manipud ti Daga aginggana ti Law-ang | publisher=Harcourt School | year=1994 | isbn=0-03-001667-3 | page=500 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=steinicke_sakiel2007&gt;{{cite book | first1=Wolfgang | last1=Steinicke | first2=Richard | last2=Jakiel | title=Dagiti ariwanas ken ti kasano a panagpalaliiw kaniada| series=Dagiti pagsurotan ti panagpalpaliiw ti astronomo | publisher=Springer | year=2007 | isbn=1-85233-752-4 | page=94 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GZLnxIRHKvAC&amp;pg=PA94 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Karachentsevetal2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Karachentsev | first1 = I. D. | last2 = Kashibadze | first2 = O. G. | doi = 10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 | title = Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysics_january-march-2006_49_1/page/3 | journal = Astrophysics | volume = 49 | issue = 1| pages = 3–18| year = 2006 | bibcode = 2006Ap.....49....3K| pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;mass&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last1=Vayntrub | first1=Alina | date=2000 | url =http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/AlinaVayntrub.shtml | title=Mass of the Milky Way | work=The Physics Factbook | accessdate=2007-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813125916/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/AlinaVayntrub.shtml |archivedate=13 Agosto 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;galmass&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors = 1| last1 = Battaglia | first1 = G. | last2 = Helmi | first2 = A. | last3 = Morrison | first3 = H. | last4 = Harding | first4 = P. | last5 = Olszewski | first5 = E. W. | last6 = Mateo | first6 = M. | last7 = Freeman | first7 = K. C. | last8 = Norris | first8 = J. | last9 = Shectman | first9 = S. A. | title = The radial velocity dispersion profile of the Galactic halo: Constraining the density profile of the dark halo of the Milky Way | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09367.x | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | pages = 433–442| year = 2005 | arxiv = astro-ph/0506102| bibcode = 2005MNRAS.364..433B| pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=nrao20090105&gt;{{cite press release | first1=Dave | last1=Finley | first2=David | last2=Aguilar | title=Milky Way a Swifter Spinner, More Massive, New Measurements Show | publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory | date=Enero 5, 2009 | url=http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2009/mwrotate/ | accessdate=2009-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808002256/http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2009/mwrotate/ |archivedate=8 Agosto 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;reid2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors = 1| last1 = Reid | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Menten | first2 = K. M. | last3 = Zheng | first3 = X. W. | last4 = Brunthaler | first4 = A. | last5 = Moscadelli | first5 = L. | last6 = Xu | first6 = Y. | last7 = Zhang | first7 = B. | last8 = Sato | first8 = M. | last9 = Honma | first9 = M. | title = Trigonometric parallaxes of massive star-forming regions. VI. Galactic structure, fundamental parameters, and noncircular motions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-07-20_700_1/page/137| doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 700 | pages = 137–148| year = 2009 | bibcode = 2009ApJ...700..137R| arxiv = 0902.3913| pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;gnedin2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors = 1 | last1 = Gnedin | first1 = O. Y. | last2 = Brown | first2 = W. R. | last3 = Geller | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Kenyon | first4 = S. J. | title = The mass profile of the Galaxy to 80 kpc | doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L108 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 720 | pages = L108 | year = 2010 | bibcode = 2010ApJ...720L.108G| arxiv = 1005.2619| pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=villard20120111&gt;{{cite news | first=Ray| last=Villard| title=The Milky Way Contains at Least 100 Billion Planets According to Survey | publisher=HubbleSite.org | date=Enero 11, 2012 | url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/07/full/ | accessdate=2012-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723213047/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/07/full/ |archivedate=23 Hulio 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=frommert_kronberg2005&gt;{{cite web | last1=Frommert | first1=H. | last2=Kronberg | first2=C. | date=Agosto 25, 2005 | url=http://messier.seds.org/more/mw.html | title=The Milky Way Galaxy | publisher=SEDS | accessdate=2007-05-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=wethington2010&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/milky-way/how-many-stars-are-in-the-milky-way/ | title=How Many Stars are in the Milky Way? | first1=Nicholos | last1=Wethington | accessdate=2010-04-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=young2006&gt;{{cite web | last=Young | first=Kelly | date=Hunio 6, 2006 | url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9282-andromeda-galaxy-hosts-a-trillion-stars.html | title=Andromeda Galaxy hosts a trillion stars | publisher=NewScientist | accessdate=2006-06-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=science312_1773&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Levine | first1 = E. S. | last2 = Blitz | first2 = L. | last3 = Heiles | first3 = C. | doi = 10.1126/science.1128455 | title = The spiral structure of the outer Milky Way in hydrogen | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-06-23_312_5781/page/1773 | journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5781 | pages = 1773–1777 | year = 2006 | bibcode = 2006Sci...312.1773L| arxiv = astro-ph/0605728| pmid =  16741076| pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=araa28_215&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Dickey | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Lockman | first2 = F. J. | doi = 10.1146/annurev.aa.28.090190.001243 | title = H I in the Galaxy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-astronomy-and-astrophysics_1990_28/page/215 | journal = Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 28 | pages = 215 | year = 1990 | bibcode=1990ARA&amp;A..28..215D| pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=apj702_1472&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Savage | first1 = B. D. | last2 = Wakker | first2 = B. P. | doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/1472 | title = The extension of the transition temperature plasma into the lower galactic halo | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-09-10_702_2/page/1472 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 702 | issue = 2 | pages = 1472 | year = 2009 | bibcode=2009ApJ...702.1472S| pmid =  | pmc = |arxiv = 0907.4955 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=borenstein2011&gt;{{cite news | last=Borenstein | first=Seth | archivedate=2011-02-21 | date=Pebrero 19, 2011 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5wg3VVKg4 | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/19/AR2011021902211.html | title=Cosmic census finds crowd of planets in our galaxy | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The Washington Post }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=nasa20110526&gt;{{cite web | url=http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/freePlanet.cfm | title=Free-Floating Planets May be More Common Than Stars | date=Pebrero 18, 2011 | publisher=NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory | location=Pasadena, CA | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209115031/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/freePlanet.cfm | archivedate=2011-12-09 | quote=The team estimates there are about twice as many of them as stars. | access-date=2015-01-27 | url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209115031/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/freePlanet.cfm |date=2011-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name='nov2013_planet_estimate'&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.nbcnews.com/science/8-8-billion-habitable-earth-size-planets-exist-milky-way-8C11529186 | title = 8.8 billion habitable Earth-size planets exist in Milky Way alone | last = Borenstein | first = Seth | date = 2013-11-04 | work = The Associated Press | publisher = NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=arxiv0909.3857&gt;{{Cite journal | display-authors = 1| last1 = Sale | first1 = S. E. | last2 = Drew | first2 = J. E. | last3 = Knigge | first3 = C. | last4 = Zijlstra | first4 = A. A. | last5 = Irwin | first5 = M. J. | last6 = Morris | first6 = R. A. H. | last7 = Phillipps | first7 = S. | last8 = Drake | first8 = J. J. | last9 = Greimel | first9 = R. | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15746.x | title = The structure of the outer Galactic disc as revealed by IPHAS early A stars | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 402 | issue = 2 | pages = 713–723| year = 2010 | bibcode=2010MNRAS.402..713S| pmid =  | pmc = |arxiv = 0909.3857 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=mnras371_1_108&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Connors | first1 = Tim W. | last2 = Kawata | first2 = Daisuke| last3 = Gibson | first3 = Brad K. | title = N-body simulations of the Magellanic stream | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10659.x | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 371 | issue = 1| pages = 108–120| year = 2006 | arxiv = astro-ph/0508390| bibcode = 2006MNRAS.371..108C| pmid =  | pmc = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=coffey&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/the-universe/absolute-magnitude/ | title=Absolute Magnitude | first1=Jerry | last1=Coffey | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913181441/http://www.universetoday.com/41041/absolute-magnitude/ | archive-date=2011-09-13 | url-status=dead | access-date=2015-01-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
* Thorsten Dambeck in ''Sky and Telescope'', &quot;Gaia's Mission to the Milky Way&quot;, Marso 2008, p.&amp;nbsp;36–39.
* [http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay20/Chiappini-MilkyWay.pdf Cristina Chiappini, The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way, American Scientist, Nobiembre/Disiembre 2001, pp. 506–515]

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Milky Way Galaxy|Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen}}
{{Wikiquote-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205070558/http://www.3dgalaxymap.com/Galaxy/ 3D a Mapa ti Ariwanas]

[[Kategoria:Ariwanas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti agkuskosikos nga ariwanas]]
[[Kategoria:Galaktiko nga astronomia]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]]</text>
      <sha1>riiq4ps7odh3xlezvhq0xoob6uhdoil</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uyokan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>407177</id>
      <parentid>398213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T08:46:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>14943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged]] (20261024sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
      <origin>407177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2483" sha1="47ctjhvf8nazfei835ylarokxer2mic" xml:space="preserve">{{automatic taxobox
| name= Uyokan
| fossil_range = [[Nasapa a Kretasio]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Holoseno|Agdama]], {{fossilrange|100|0}}
| image = Osmia ribifloris bee.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Osmia ribifloris]]'' (uyokan ti Blueberry)
| display_parents=3
| taxon= Anthophila
| authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Dagiti pamilia
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
*[[Andrenidae]]
*[[Apidae]]
*[[Colletidae]]
*[[Halictidae]]
*[[Megachilidae]]
*[[Melittidae]]
*[[Stenotritidae]]}}
| synonyms = '''Apiformes''' (manipud iti Latin ''[[wikt:apis#Etymology|'apis']]'')
}}

Dagiti '''uyokan''' ket dagiti agtaytayab nga [[insekto]] nga asideg a kabagian dagiti [[alumpipinig]] ken dagiti [[kuton]], ken dagitoy ket ammo para iti papelda iti [[polinasion]] ken para iti panagpataud ti [[diro]] ken [[allid]]. Dagiti uyokan ket [[monopiletiko]] a tinaudan iti kaunegan ti nalatak a pamilia ti [[Apoidea]], nga agdama a naidasig babaen ti di nairanggo a nagan nga '''Anthophila'''. Adda dagiti agarup a 20,000 nga ammo a sebbangan dagiti uyokan kadagiti pito aginggana ti siam kadagiti mabigbigan a pamilia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Danforthetal2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Danforth BN|author2= Sipes S|author3= Fang J|author4= Brady SG |title=Ti pakasaritaan dagiti nasapa a dibersipikasion ti uyokan a naibatay kadagiti lima a henero ken mainayon iti morpolohia |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=103 |issue=41 |pages=15118–23 |date=Oktubre 2006|pmid=17015826 |pmc=1586180 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0604033103 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-10-10_103_41/page/15118}}&lt;/ref&gt; urayno adu kadagitoy ket saan a naipalpalawagan ken ti husto a bilang ket mabalin nga ad-adu.  Dagitoy ket mabirukan kadagiti amin a kontinente malaksid iti [[Antartika]], iti amin a pagtaengan iti planeta nga aglaon kadagiti napolinasion ti insekto nga [[agsabsabong a mula|agsabsabong a mulmula]].

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*O'Toole, Christopher, ken ni Raw, Anthony. (1991). ''Dagiti Uyokan iti Lubong''. New York: Facts on File.
*Michener, Charles D. (2007). ''Dagiti Uyokan iti Lubong'', maikadua nga edision. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{wikiquote-inline|Bees}}
{{commonscat-inline|Anthophila}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Apoidea}}
* [http://cache.ucr.edu/~heraty/beepage.html Dagiti henero ti Uyokan iti Lubong]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7391}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{pungol-nangruna}}

[[Kategoria:Dagiti uyokan| ]]</text>
      <sha1>47ctjhvf8nazfei835ylarokxer2mic</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Listaan dagiti henero ti Poaceae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>407176</id>
      <parentid>369946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T08:24:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>14943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged]] (20261024sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
      <origin>407176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24128" sha1="rbu68gq79ltfjkpkhykmbwstsr28veb" xml:space="preserve">[[Papeles:Brome stérile003.jpg|thumb|alt=Inflorenscence of a grass with long awns on a white background|Ti culm ti ''[[Bromus sterilis]]'', a mangipakita ti kadawyan a morpolohia ti ruot nga addaan kadagiti kasla blade a bulong ken dagiti inploressia kas dagiti bassit-tirad a naurnos kadagiti [[panikula]]]]

Dagiti '''pudno a ruot''' ('''[[Poaceae]]''') ket maysa kadagiti kadakkelan a pamilia ti mula, nga agraman kadagiti agarup a 12,000 a sebbangan ken dagiti agarup nga 800 a henero.&lt;ref name=&quot;SorengPeterson2015&quot; /&gt; Aglaonda, kadagiti dadduma, dagiti sebbangan ti apit a [[sereal]] ken dagiti dadduma a mula a nangruna iti ekonomia, kas dagiti [[kawayan]], ken dagiti nadumaduma a dakes a ruot.

Mabalin a nagtaud dagiti ruot kadagiti sirok ti tropikal a katuduan a bakir iti [[Naladaw a Kretasio]], ngem manipud iti daytan nangsakupdan kadagiti nadumaduma a kita ti habitat.&lt;ref name=&quot;EdwardsSmith2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=E. J.|last2=Smith|first2=S. A.|title=Phylogenetic analyses reveal the shady history of C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; grasses|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-02-09_107_6/page/2532|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=6|year=2010|pages=2532–2537|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.0909672107|pmid=20142480|pmc=2823882}} {{nawaya a maserrekan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ChristinSpriggs2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Christin|first1=P.-A.|last2=Spriggs|first2=E.|last3=Osborne|first3=C. P.|last4=Stromberg|first4=C. A. E.|last5=Salamin|first5=N.|last6=Edwards|first6=E. J.|title=Molecular Dating, Evolutionary Rates, and the Age of the Grasses|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=63|issue=2|year=2013|pages=153–165|issn=1063-5157|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syt072|pmid=24287097}} {{nawaya a maserrekan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagitoy ket kaaduan a sebbangan kadagiti karuotan a daga, dagiti wayang a habitat a mangsakup iti maysa a pagkalima iti naindagaan a rabaw iti daga.&lt;ref name=&quot;EdwardsSmith2010&quot; /&gt; Nagbalbaliw ti [[C4 photosynthesis|C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; potosintetiko a dalan]] iti saan a basbassit a nawaya a 22 a beses kadagiti ruot; Dagiti sebbangan ti C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; ket ad-adud a makaisalisal ngem dagiti mula a C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; kadagiti wayang a habitat nga agraman iti adu nga intensidad iti lawag kendagiti nabara a temperatura.&lt;ref name=&quot;GWPGII&quot; /&gt;

Ti naun-uneg a panagkakabagian iti pamilia ket nasolbaren babaen ti kaudian a [[molekular a pilohenetiko]] nga obra.&lt;ref name=&quot;GWPGII&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grass Phylogeny Working Group II| title=New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; origins | journal=New Phytologist |volume=193 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=304–312 |issn=0028-646X |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x |pmid=22115274| hdl=2262/73271 }} {{nawaya a maserrekan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naipatarusen daytoy itimaysa a moderno a pannakaidasig a mangbingbingay kadagiti ruot kadagiti sangadosena a  [[subpamilia]] ken dagiti bilang dagiti [[tribu (biolohia)|tribu]], ken dagiti pay tribu ket nabingbingayda met kadagiti subtribu.&lt;ref name=&quot;SorengPeterson2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Soreng |first1=Robert J. |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul M. |last3=Romschenko |first3=Konstantin |last4=Davidse |first4=Gerrit |last5=Zuloaga |first5=Fernando O. |last6=Judziewicz |first6=Emmet J. |last7=Filgueiras |first7=Tarciso S. |last8=Davis |first8=Jerrold I. |last9=Morrone |first9=Osvaldo |title=A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=53 |issue=2 |year=2015 |pages=117–137 |issn=1674-4918 |doi=10.1111/jse.12150}} {{nawaya a maserrekan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti [[Anomochlooideae]], [[Pharoideae]] ken [[Puelioideae]] ket dagiti nasapa nga agbalbaliw a linia nga agloan laeng kadagiti bassit a sebbangan. Kaaduan kadagiti dibersidad ket maiyetnag kadagiti dua a dakkel a a klado ti [[Klado ti BOP|BOP]] ken [[Klado ti PACMAD|PACMAD]], nga iti tunggal maysa ketaglaon iti agarup a kagudua kadagiti sebbangan ti pamilia. Dagiti linia ti C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; ket nagbalbaliwda laeng iti klado ti PACMAD, bayat nga adu kadagiti linia ti klado ti BOP ket nagbalbaliwda kadagiti panagampon iti nalamiis a klima.

Bayat a ti nagatngato nga agpang a pannakaidasig dagiti ruot ket relatibo itan a nasayaat a maawatan, dagiti taksonomiko a ganetget ket agtultuloy kadagiti agpang ti sebbangan ken henero, ken kadagiti agtultuloy a pilohenetiko a panagsukisok, mabalin nga agbaliw dagiti adu a bilang a nagnagan.&lt;ref name=VorontsovaSimons2012&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vorontsova|first1=Maria S. |last2=Simon |first2=Bryan K. |title=Updating classifications to reflect monophyly: 10 to 20 percent of species names change in Poaceae |journal=Taxon |volume=61 |issue=4 |year=2012 |pages=735–746|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260285689|doi=10.1002/tax.614003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isu a ti listaan dagiti henero dita ket mabalin nga agbaliw gapu kadagiti masakbayan a panagadal.

== Dagiti henero ==
[[Papeles:Pharus parvifolius Nash ssp. parvifolius Judz. (14730968949).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Inploressensia ti akaba iti bulong a ruot|''[[Pharus parvifolius]]'', ti maysa a nasapa nga agbalbaliw a ruot iti subpamilia ti [[Pharoideae]], nga agtubtubo iti sirok ti tropikal a katuduan a bakir]]
[[Papeles:Rice 02.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ti mannalon nga agparparintumeng iti talon ti pagay nga agpidpidut kadagiti mula pagay|Panagtalon iti pagay, ''[[Oryza sativa]]'' ([[Oryzoideae]]: [[Oryzeae]]), idiay Cambodia]]
[[Papeles:Briza media - keskmine värihein.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Imploressensia ti ruot nga addaan iti bassit a sukog puso a babassit a tirad|Inploressensia dagiti ruot (''[[Briza media]]'', [[Pooideae]]: [[Poeae]])]]
[[Papeles:Arundinaria gigantea.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Sarsaringit ti kawayan|''[[Arundinaria gigantea]]'', ti maysa a temperado a natarikayo a kawayan ([[Bambusoideae]]: [[Arundinarieae]])]]
[[Papeles:Tragus roxburghii W IMG 1725.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Inploressensia nga agraman kadagiti nasiitan a babassita tirad|Inploressensia ti ''[[Tragus roxburghieae]]'', ti maysa a C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; a ruot iti subpamilai ti [[Chloridoideae]]]]
[[Papeles:Cortaderia selloana - El rio San Pedro lleva mucha agua by tomasero - 001.jpg|thumb|alt=Ladawan ti daga nga agraman kadagiti bato, dagiti magmagna, ken ti ruot a pampas|Ruot a Pampas (''[[Cortaderia selloana]]'', [[Danthonioideae]]) a mangmarka iti ladawan ti daga iti [[Desierto Atacama]], [[Chile]]]]
[[Papeles:Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Dagiti ungkay ti rubo nga agraman iti rabaw ti danum ti likudan|[[Kadawyan a runo]] ([[Arundinoideae]]: [[Arundineae]]), nga agtubtubo iti igid ti danaw]]
[[Papeles:Corncobs edit1.jpg|thumb|alt=Dagiti ambuligan ti mais kadagiti maris iti duyaw aginggana iti nalabbasit.|Dagiti naimuyongan a kita ti mais (''[[Zea mays]]'', [[Panicoideae]]: [[Andropogoneae]])]]
[[Papeles:Kolbenhirse.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Ruot iti maralabbasit-kayumanggi, nasamek a panikula|Foxtail millet (''[[Setaria italica]]'', [[Panicoideae]]: [[Paniceae]])]]

{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
*''[[Acamptoclados]]''
*''[[Achlaena (mula)|Achlaena]]''
*''[[Achnatherum]]''
*''[[Aciachne]]''
*''[[Acidosasa]]''
*''[[Acostia]]''
*''[[Acrachne]]''
*''[[Acritochaete]]''
*''[[Acroceras]]''
*''[[Actinocladum]]''
*''[[Aegilops]]''
*''[[Aegopogon]]''
*''[[Aeluropus]]''
*''[[Afrotrichloris]]''
*''[[Agenium]]''
*''[[Agnesia]]''
*''[[Agropyron]]''
*''[[Agropyropsis]]''
*''[[Agrostis]]''
*''[[Aira]]''
*''[[Airopsis]]''
*''[[Alexfloydia]]''
*''[[Alloeochaete]]''
*''[[Allolepis]]''
*''[[Alloteropsis]]''
*''[[Alopecurus]]''
*''[[Alvimia]]''
*''[[Amblyopyrum]]''
*''[[Ammochloa]]''
*''[[Ammophila (mula)|Ammophila]]''
*''[[Ampelodesmos]]''
*''[[Amphibromus]]''
*''[[Amphicarpum]]''
*''[[Amphipogon]]''
*''[[Anadelphia]]''
*''[[Ancistrachne]]''
*''[[Ancistragrostis]]''
*''[[Andropogon]]''
*''[[Andropterum]]''
*''[[Anemanthele]]''
*''[[Aniselytron]]''
*''[[Anisopogon]]''
*''[[Anomochloa]]''
*''[[Anthaenantiopsis]]''
*''[[Anthaenantia]]''
*''[[Anthephora]]''
*''[[Anthochloa]]''
*''[[Anthoxanthum]]''
*''[[Antinoria]]''
*''[[Apera]]''
*''[[Aphanelytrum]]''
*''[[Apluda]]''
*''[[Apochiton]]''
*''[[Apoclada]]''
*''[[Apocopis]]''
*''[[Arberella]]''
*''[[Arctagrostis]]''
*''[[Arctophila (mula)|Arctophila]]''
*''[[Aristida]]''
*''[[Arrhenatherum]]''
*''[[Arthragrostis]]''
*''[[Arthraxon]]''
*''[[Arthropogon]]''
*''[[Arthrostylidium]]''
*''[[Arundinaria]]''
*''[[Arundinella]]''
*''[[Arundo]]''
*''[[Arundoclaytonia]]''
*''[[Asthenochloa]]''
*''[[Astrebla]]''
*''[[Athroostachys]]''
*''[[Atractantha]]''
*''[[Aulonemia]]''
*''[[Australopyrum]]''
*''[[Austrochloris]]''
*''[[Austrodanthonia]]''
*''[[Austrofestuca]]''
*''[[Austrostipa]]''
*''[[Avellinia]]''
*''[[Avena]]''
*''[[Axonopus]]''
*''[[Bambusa]]''
*''[[Baptorhachis]]''
*''[[Bealia]]''
*''[[Beckeropsis]]''
*''[[Beckmannia]]''
*''[[Bellardiochloa]]''
*''[[Bewsia]]''
*''[[Bhidea]]''
*''[[Blepharidachne]]''
*''[[Blepharoneuron]]''
*''[[Boissiera]]''
*''[[Boivinella]]''
*''[[Borinda]]''
*''[[Bothriochloa]]''
*''[[Bouteloua]]''
*''[[Brachiaria]]''
*''[[Brachyachne]]''
*''[[Brachychloa]]''
*''[[Brachyelytrum]]''
*''[[Brachypodium]]''
*''[[Briza]]''
*''[[Bromuniola]]''
*''[[Bromus]]''
*''[[Brylkinia]]''
*''[[Buchloe (mula)|Buchloe]]''
*''[[Buchlomimus]]''
*''[[Buergersiochloa]]''
*''[[Calamagrostis]]''
*''[[Calamovilfa]]''
*''[[Calderonella]]''
*''[[Calosteca]]''
*''[[Calyptochloa]]''
*''[[Camusiella]]''
*''[[Capillipedium]]''
*''[[Castellia]]''
*''[[Catabrosa]]''
*''[[Catabrosella]]''
*''[[Catalepis]]''
*''[[Catapodium]]''
*''[[Cathestecum]]''
*''[[Cenchrus]]''
*''[[Centotheca]]''
*''[[Centrochloa]]''
*''[[Centropodia]]''
*''[[Cephalostachyum]]''
*''[[Chaboissaea]]''
*''[[Chaetium]]''
*''[[Chaetobromus]]''
*''[[Chaetopoa]]''
*''[[Chaetopogon]]''
*''[[Chaetostichium]]''
*''[[Chamaeraphis]]''
*''[[Chandrasekharania]]''
*''[[Chasechloa]]''
*''[[Chasmanthium]]''
*''[[Chasmopodium]]''
*''[[Chevalierella]]''
*''[[Chikusichloa]]''
*''[[Chimonobambusa]]''
*''[[Chionachne]]''
*''[[Chionochloa]]''
*''[[Chloachne]]''
*''[[Chloris (mula)|Chloris]]''
*''[[Chlorocalymma]]''
*''[[Chrysochloa]]''
*''[[Chrysopogon]]''
*''[[Chumsriella]]''
*''[[Chusquea]]''
*''[[Cinna (mula)|Cinna]]''
*''[[Cladoraphis]]''
*''[[Clausospicula]]''
*''[[Cleistachne]]''
*''[[Cleistochloa]]''
*''[[Cliffordiochloa]]''
*''[[Cockaynea]]''
*''[[Coelachne]]''
*''[[Coelachyropsis]]''
*''[[Coelachyrum]]''
*''[[Coelorachis]]''
*''[[Coix]]''
*''[[Colanthelia]]''
*''[[Coleanthus]]''
*''[[Colpodium]]''
*''[[Commelinidium]]''
*''[[Cornucopiae]]''
*''[[Cortaderia]]''
*''[[Corynephorus]]''
*''[[Cottea]]''
*''[[Craspedorhachis]]''
*''[[Crinipes]]''
*''[[Crithopsis]]''
*''[[Crypsis (genus)|Crypsis]]''
*''[[Cryptochloa]]''
*''[[Ctenium]]''
*''[[Ctenopsis]]''
*''[[Cutandia]]''
*''[[Cyathopus]]''
*''[[Cyclostachya]]''
*''[[Cymbopogon]]''
*''[[Cymbosetaria]]''
*''[[Cynodon]]''
*''[[Cynosurus]]''
*''[[Cyperochloa]]''
*''[[Cyphochlaena]]''
*''[[Cypholepis]]''
*''[[Cyrtococcum]]''
*''[[Dactylis]]''
*''[[Dactyloctenium]]''
*''[[Daknopholis]]''
*''[[Dallwatsonia]]''
*''[[Danthonia]]''
*''[[Danthoniastrum]]''
*''[[Danthonidium]]''
*''[[Danthoniopsis]]''
*''[[Dasyochloa]]''
*''[[Dasypoa]]''
*''[[Dasypyrum]]''
*''[[Davidsea]]''
*''[[Decaryella]]''
*''[[Decaryochloa]]''
*''[[Dendrocalamus]]''
*''[[Dendrochloa]]''
*''[[Deschampsia]]''
*''[[Desmazeria]]''
*''[[Desmostachya]]''
*''[[Deyeuxia]]''
*''[[Diandrochloa]]''
*''[[Diandrolyra]]''
*''[[Diandrostachya]]''
*''[[Diarrhena]]''
*''[[Dichaetaria]]''
*''[[Dichanthelium]]''
*''[[Dichanthium]]''
*''[[Dichelachne]]''
*''[[Diectomis]]''
*''[[Dielsiochloa]]''
*''[[Digastrium]]''
*''[[Digitaria]]''
*''[[Digitariopsis]]''
*''[[Dignathia]]''
*''[[Diheteropogon]]''
*''[[Dilophotriche]]''
*''[[Dimeria]]''
*''[[Dimorphochloa]]''
*''[[Dinebra]]''
*''[[Dinochloa]]''
*''[[Diplachne]]''
*''[[Diplopogon]]''
*''[[Dissanthelium]]''
*''[[Dissochondrus]]''
*''[[Distichlis]]''
*''[[Drake-Brockmania]]''
*''[[Dregeochloa]]''
*''[[Drepanostachyum]]''
*''[[Dryopoa]]''
*''[[Dupontia (mula)|Dupontia]]''
*''[[Duthiea]]''
*''[[Dybowskia]]''
*''[[Eccoilopus]]''
*''[[Eccoptocarpha]]''
*''[[Echinaria]]''
*''[[Echinochloa]]''
*''[[Echinolaena]]''
*''[[Echinopogon]]''
*''[[Ectrosia]]''
*''[[Ectrosiopsis]]''
*''[[Ehrharta]]''
*''[[Ekmanochloa]]''
*''[[Eleusine]]''
*''[[Elionurus]]''
*''[[Elymandra]]''
*''[[Elymus (mula)|Elymus]]''
*''[[Elytrigia]]''
*''[[Elytrophorus]]''
*''[[Elytrostachys]]''
*''[[Enneapogon]]''
*''[[Enteropogon]]''
*''[[Entolasia]]''
*''[[Entoplocamia]]''
*''[[Eragrostiella]]''
*''[[Eragrostis]]''
*''[[Eremium]]''
*''[[Eremochloa]]''
*''[[Eremopoa]]''
*''[[Eremopogon]]''
*''[[Eremopyrum]]''
*''[[Eriachne]]''
*''[[Erianthecium]]''
*''[[Erianthus (mula)|Erianthus]]''
*''[[Eriochloa]]''
*''[[Eriochrysis]]''
*''[[Erioneuron]]''
*''[[Euclasta (mula)|Euclasta]]''
*''[[Eulalia (mula)|Eulalia]]''
*''[[Eulaliopsis]]''
*''[[Eustachys]]''
*''[[Euthryptochloa]]''
*''[[Exotheca]]''
*''[[Fargesia]]''*''[[Acamptoclados]]''
*''[[Achlaena (mula)|Achlaena]]''
*''[[Achnatherum]]''
*''[[Aciachne]]''
*''[[Acidosasa]]''
*''[[Acostia]]''
*''[[Acrachne]]''
*''[[Farrago (mula)|Farrago]]''
*''[[Fasciculochloa]]''
*''[[Festuca]]''
*''[[Festucella]]''
*''[[Festucopsis]]''
*''[[Filgueirasia]]''
*''[[Fingerhuthia]]''
*''[[Froesiochloa]]''
*''[[Garnotia]]''
*''[[Gastridium]]''
*''[[Gaudinia]]''
*''[[Gaudinopsis]]''
*''[[Germainia]]''
*''[[Gerritea]]''
*''[[Gigantochloa]]''
*''[[Gilgiochloa]]''
*''[[Glaziophyton]]''
*''[[Glyceria]]''
*''[[Glyphochloa]]''
*''[[Gouinia]]''
*''[[Gouldochloa]]''
*''[[Graphephorum]]''
*''[[Greslania]]''
*''[[Griffithsochloa]]''
*''[[Guaduella]]''
*''[[Gymnachne]]''
*''[[Gymnopogon]]''
*''[[Gynerium]]''
*''[[Habrochloa]]''
*''[[Hackelochloa]]''
*''[[Hainardia]]''
*''[[Hakonechloa]]''
*''[[Halopyrum]]''
*''[[Harpachne]]''
*''[[Harpochloa]]''
*''[[Helictotrichon]]''
*''[[Helleria]]''
*''[[Hemarthria]]''
*''[[Hemisorghum]]''
*''[[Henrardia]]''
*''[[Hesperostipa]]''
*''[[Heterachne]]''
*''[[Heteranthelium]]''
*''[[Heteranthoecia]]''
*''[[Heterocarpha]]''
*''[[Heteropholis]]''
*''[[Heteropogon]]''
*''[[Hibanobambusa]]''
*''[[Hickelia]]''
*''[[Hierochloe]]''
*''[[Hilaria (mula)|Hilaria]]''
*''[[Hitchcockella]]''
*''[[Holcolemma]]''
*''[[Holcus]]''
*''[[Homolepis]]''
*''[[Homopholis (mula)|Homopholis]]''
*''[[Homozeugos]]''
*''[[Hookerochloa]]''
*''[[Hordelymus]]''
*''[[Hordeum]]''
*''[[Hubbardia]]''
*''[[Hubbardochloa]]''
*''[[Humbertochloa]]''
*''[[Hyalopoa]]''
*''[[Hydrochloa]]''
*''[[Hydrothauma]]''
*''[[Hygrochloa]]''
*''[[Hygroryza]]''
*''[[Hylebates]]''
*''[[Hymenachne]]''
*''[[Hyparrhenia]]''
*''[[Hyperthelia]]''
*''[[Hypogynium]]''
*''[[Hypseochloa]]''
*''[[Hystrix (mula)|Hystrix]]''
*''[[Ichnanthus]]''
*''[[Imperata]]''
*''[[Indocalamus]]''
*''[[Indopoa]]''
*''[[Indosasa]]''
*''[[Isachne]]''
*''[[Isalus]]''
*''[[Ischaemum]]''
*''[[Ischnochloa]]''
*''[[Ischnurus]]''
*''[[Iseilema]]''
*''[[Ixophorus]]''
*''[[Jansenella]]''
*''[[Jardinea]]''
*''[[Jouvea]]''
*''[[Joycea]]''
*''[[Kampochloa]]''
*''[[Kaokochloa]]''
*''[[Karroochloa]]''
*''[[Kengia]]''
*''[[Kengyilia]]''
*''[[Kerriochloa]]''
*''[[Koeleria]]''
*''[[Lagurus (mula)|Lagurus]]''
*''[[Lamarckia]]''
*''[[Lamprothyrsus]]''
*''[[Lasiacis]]''
*''[[Lasiorhachis]]''
*''[[Lasiurus (mula)|Lasiurus]]''
*''[[Lecomtella]]''
*''[[Leersia]]''
*''[[Lepargochloa]]''
*''[[Leptagrostis]]''
*''[[Leptaspis]]''
*''[[Leptocarydion]]''
*''[[Leptochloa]]''
*''[[Leptochloris]]''
*''[[Leptocoryphium]]''
*''[[Leptoloma]]''
*''[[Leptosaccharum]]''
*''[[Leptothrium]]''
*''[[Lepturella]]''
*''[[Lepturidium]]''
*''[[Lepturopetium]]''
*''[[Lepturus]]''
*''[[Leucophrys (mula)|Leucophrys]]''
*''[[Leucopoa]]''
*''[[Leymus]]''
*''[[Libyella]]''
*''[[Limnas]]''
*''[[Limnodea]]''
*''[[Limnopoa]]''
*''[[Lindbergella]]''
*''[[Linkagrostis]]''
*''[[Lintonia]]''
*''[[Lithachne]]''
*''[[Littledalea]]''
*''[[Loliolum]]''
*''[[Lolium]]''
*''[[Lombardochloa]]''
*''[[Lophacme]]''
*''[[Lophatherum]]''
*''[[Lopholepis]]''
*''[[Lophopogon]]''
*''[[Lophopyrum]]''
*''[[Lorenzochloa]]''
*''[[Loudetia]]''
*''[[Loudetiopsis]]''
*''[[Louisiella]]''
*''[[Loxodera]]''
*''[[Luziola]]''
*''[[Lycochloa]]''
*''[[Lycurus]]''
*''[[Lygeum]]''
*''[[Maclurolyra]]''
*''[[Maillea]]''
*''[[Malacurus]]''
*''[[Maltebrunia]]''
*''[[Manisuris]]''
*''[[Megalachne]]''
*''[[Megaloprotachne]]''
*''[[Megastachya]]''
*''[[Melanocenchris]]''
*''[[Melica]]''
*''[[Melinis]]''
*''[[Melocalamus]]''
*''[[Melocanna]]''
*''[[Merostachys]]''
*''[[Merxmuellera]]''
*''[[Mesosetum]]''
*''[[Metasasa]]''
*''[[Metcalfia]]''
*''[[Mibora]]''
*''[[Micraira]]''
*''[[Microbriza]]''
*''[[Microcalamus]]''
*''[[Microchloa]]''
*''[[Microlaena]]''
*''[[Micropyropsis]]''
*''[[Micropyrum]]''
*''[[Microstegium]]''
*''[[Mildbraediochloa]]''
*''[[Milium (mula)|Milium]]''
*''[[Miscanthidium]]''
*''[[Miscanthus]]''
*''[[Mnesithea]]''
*''[[Mniochloa]]''
*''[[Molinia]]''
*''[[Monachather]]''
*''[[Monanthochloe]]''
*''[[Monelytrum]]''
*''[[Anadelphia|Monium]]''
*''[[Monocladus]]''
*''[[Monocymbium]]''
*''[[Monodia (mula)|Monodia]]''
*''[[Mosdenia]]''
*''[[Muhlenbergia]]''
*''[[Munroa]]''
*''[[Myriocladus]]''
*''[[Myriostachya]]''
*''[[Narduroides]]''
*''[[Nardus]]''
*''[[Narenga (mula)|Narenga]]''
*''[[Nassella]]''
*''[[Nastus]]''
*''[[Neeragrostis]]''
*''[[Neesiochloa]]''
*''[[Nematopoa]]''
*''[[Neobouteloua]]''
*''[[Neohouzeaua]]''
*''[[Neostapfia]]''
*''[[Neostapfiella]]''
*''[[Nephelochloa]]''
*''[[Neurachne]]''
*''[[Neurolepis]]''
*''[[Neyraudia]]''
*''[[Notochloe]]''
*''[[Notodanthonia]]''
*''[[Ochlandra]]''
*''[[Ochthochloa]]''
*''[[Odontelytrum]]''
*''[[Odyssea]]''
*''[[Olmeca]]''
*''[[Olyra (mula)|Olyra]]''
*''[[Ophiochloa]]''
*''[[Ophiuros]]''
*''[[Opizia]]''
*''[[Oplismenopsis]]''
*''[[Oplismenus]]''
*''[[Orcuttia]]''
*''[[Oreobambos]]''
*''[[Oreochloa]]''
*''[[Orinus]]''
*''[[Oropetium]]''
*''[[Ortachne]]''
*''[[Orthoclada]]''
*''[[Oryza]]''
*''[[Oryzidium]]''
*''[[Oryzopsis]]''
*''[[Otachyrium]]''
*''[[Otatea]]''
*''[[Ottochloa]]''
*''[[Oxychloris]]''
*''[[Oxyrhachis]]''
*''[[Oxytenanthera]]''
*''[[Panicum]]''
*''[[Pappophorum]]''
*''[[Parafestuca]]''
*''[[Parahyparrhenia]]''
*''[[Paraneurachne]]''
*''[[Parapholis]]''
*''[[Paratheria]]''
*''[[Parectenium]]''
*''[[Pariana]]''
*''[[Parodiolyra]]''
*''[[Pascopyrum]]''
*''[[Paspalidium]]''
*''[[Paspalum]]''
*''[[Pennisetum]]''
*''[[Pentameris]]''
*''[[Pentapogon]]''
*''[[Pentarrhaphis]]''
*''[[Pentaschistis]]''
*''[[Pereilema]]''
*''[[Periballia]]''
*''[[Peridictyon]]''
*''[[Perotis (mula)|Perotis]]''
*''[[Perrierbambus]]''
*''[[Perulifera]]''
*''[[Peyritschia]]''
*''[[Phacelurus]]''
*''[[Phaenanthoecium]]''
*''[[Phaenosperma]]''
*''[[Phalaris (mula)|Phalaris]]''
*''[[Pharus (mula)|Pharus]]''
*''[[Pheidochloa]]''
*''[[Phippsia]]''
*''[[Phleum]]''
*''[[Pholiurus]]''
*''[[Phragmites]]''
*''[[Phyllorachis]]''
*''[[Phyllostachys]]''
*''[[Pilgerochloa]]''
*''[[Piptatherum]]''
*''[[Piptochaetium]]''
*''[[Piptophyllum]]''
*''[[Piresia]]''
*''[[Piresiella]]''
*''[[Plagiantha]]''
*''[[Plagiosetum]]''
*''[[Planichloa]]''
*''[[Plectrachne]]''
*''[[Pleiadelphia]]''
*''[[Pleioblastus]]''
*''[[Pleuropogon]]''
*''[[Plinthanthesis]]''
*''[[Poa]]''
*''[[Pobeguinea]]''
*''[[Podophorus]]''
*''[[Poecilostachys]]''
*''[[Pogonachne]]''
*''[[Pogonarthria]]''
*''[[Pogonatherum]]''
*''[[Pogoneura]]''
*''[[Pogonochloa]]''
*''[[Pohlidium]]''
*''[[Poidium]]''
*''[[Polevansia]]''
*''[[Polliniopsis]]''
*''[[Polypogon]]''
*''[[Polytoca]]''
*''[[Polytrias]]''
*''[[Pommereulla]]''
*''[[Porteresia]]''
*''[[Potamophila]]''
*''[[Pringleochloa]]''
*''[[Prionanthium]]''
*''[[Prosphytochloa]]''
*''[[Psammagrostis]]''
*''[[Psammochloa]]''
*''[[Psathyrostachys]]''
*''[[Pseudanthistiria]]''
*''[[Pseudarrhenatherum]]''
*''[[Pseudechinolaena]]''
*''[[Pseudobromus]]''
*''[[Pseudochaetochloa]]''
*''[[Pseudocoix]]''
*''[[Pseudodanthonia]]''
*''[[Pseudodichanthium]]''
*''[[Pseudopentameris]]''
*''[[Pseudophleum]]''
*''[[Pseudopogonatherum]]''
*''[[Pseudoraphis]]''
*''[[Pseudoroegneria]]''
*''[[Pseudosasa]]''
*''[[Pseudosorghum]]''
*''[[Pseudostachyum]]''
*''[[Pseudovossia]]''
*''[[Pseudoxytenanthera]]''
*''[[Pseudozoysia]]''
*''[[Psilathera]]''
*''[[Psilolemma]]''
*''[[Psilurus]]''
*''[[Pterochloris]]''
*''[[Ptilagrostis]]''
*''[[Puccinellia]]''
*''[[Puelia]]''
*''[[Racemobambos]]''
*''[[Raddia]]''
*''[[Raddiella]]''
*''[[Ratzeburgia]]''
*''[[Redfieldia]]''
*''[[Reederochloa]]''
*''[[Rehia]]''
*''[[Reimarochloa]]''
*''[[Reitzia]]''
*''[[Relchela]]''
*''[[Rendlia]]''
*''[[Reynaudia]]''
*''[[Rhipidocladum]]''
*''[[Rhizocephalus]]''
*''[[Rhomboelytrum]]''
*''[[Rhynchelytrum]]''
*''[[Rhynchoryza]]''
*''[[Rhytachne]]''
*''[[Richardsiella]]''
*''[[Robynsiochloa]]''
*''[[Rottboellia]]''
*''[[Rytidosperma]]''
*''[[Saccharum]]''
*''[[Sacciolepis]]''
*''[[Sartidia]]''
*''[[Sasa (mula)|Sasa]]''
*''[[Sasaella]]''
*''[[Sasamorpha]]''
*''[[Saugetia]]''
*''[[Schaffnerella]]''
*''[[Schedonnardus]]''
*''[[Schenckochloa]]''
*''[[Schismus]]''
*''[[Schizachne]]''
*''[[Schizachyrium]]''
*''[[Schizostachyum]]''
*''[[Schmidtia]]''
*''[[Schoenefeldia]]''
*''[[Sclerachne]]''
*''[[Sclerochloa]]''
*''[[Sclerodactylon]]''
*''[[Scleropogon (mula)|Scleropogon]]''
*''[[Sclerostachya]]''
*''[[Scolochloa]]''
*''[[Scribneria]]''
*''[[Scrotochloa]]''
*''[[Scutachne]]''
*''[[Secale]]''
*''[[Sehima]]''
*''[[Semiarundinaria]]''
*''[[Sesleria]]''
*''[[Sesleriella]]''
*''[[Setaria]]''
*''[[Setariopsis]]''
*''[[Shibataea]]''
*''[[Silentvalleya]]''
*''[[Simplicia (mula)|Simplicia]]''
*''[[Sinarundinaria]]''
*''[[Sinobambusa]]''
*''[[Sinochasea]]''
*''[[Sitanion]]''
*''[[Snowdenia]]''
*''[[Soderstromia]]''
*''[[Sohnsia]]''
*''[[Sorghastrum]]''
*''[[Sorghum]]''
*''[[Spartina]]''
*''[[Spartochloa]]''
*''[[Spathia]]''
*''[[Sphaerobambos]]''
*''[[Sphaerocaryum]]''
*''[[Spheneria]]''
*''[[Sphenopholis]]''
*''[[Sphenopus]]''
*''[[Spinifex (mula)|Spinifex]]''
*''[[Spodiopogon]]''
*''[[Sporobolus]]''
*''[[Steinchisma]]''
*''[[Steirachne]]''
*''[[Stenotaphrum]]''
*''[[Stephanachne]]''
*''[[Stereochlaena]]''
*''[[Steyermarkochloa]]''
*''[[Stiburus]]''
*''[[Stilpnophleum]]''
*''[[Stipa]]''
*''[[Stipagrostis]]''
*''[[Streblochaete]]''
*''[[Streptochaeta]]''
*''[[Streptogyna]]''
*''[[Streptolophus]]''
*''[[Streptostachys]]''
*''[[Styppeiochloa]]''
*''[[Sucrea]]''
*''[[Suddia]]''
*''[[Swallenia]]''
*''[[Swallenochloa]]''
*''[[Symplectrodia]]''
*''[[Taeniatherum]]''
*''[[Taeniorhachis]]''
*''[[Tarigidia]]''
*''[[Tatianyx]]''
*''[[Teinostachyum]]''
*''[[Tetrachaete]]''
*''[[Tetrachne]]''
*''[[Tetrapogon]]''
*''[[Tetrarrhena]]''
*''[[Thamnocalamus]]''
*''[[Thaumastochloa]]''
*''[[Thelepogon]]''
*''[[Thellungia]]''
*''[[Themeda]]''
*''[[Thinopyrum]]''
*''[[Thrasya]]''
*''[[Thrasyopsis]]''
*''[[Thuarea]]''
*''[[Thyridachne]]''
*''[[Thyridolepis]]''
*''[[Thyrsia (mula)|Thyrsia]]''
*''[[Thyrsostachys]]''
*''[[Thysanolaena]]''
*''[[Torreyochloa]]''
*''[[Tovarochloa]]''
*''[[Trachypogon]]''
*''[[Trachys (mula)|Trachys]]''
*''[[Tragus (mula)|Tragus]]''
*''[[Tribolium (mula)|Tribolium]]''
*''[[Tricholaena]]''
*''[[Trichoneura (mula)|Trichoneura]]''
*''[[Trichopteryx (mula)|Trichopteryx]]''
*''[[Tridens (mula)|Tridens]]''
*''[[Trikeraia]]''
*''[[Trilobachne]]''
*''[[Triniochloa]]''
*''[[Triodia (mula)|Triodia]]''
*''[[Triplachne]]''
*''[[Triplasis]]''
*''[[Triplopogon]]''
*''[[Tripogon]]''
*''[[Tripsacum]]''
*''[[Triraphis]]''
*''[[Triscenia]]''
*''[[Trisetum]]''
*''[[Tristachya]]''
*''[[Wheat|Triticum]]''
*''[[Tuctoria]]''
*''[[Uniola]]''
*''[[Uranthoecium]]''
*''[[Urelytrum]]''
*''[[Urochloa]]''
*''[[Urochondra]]''
*''[[Vahlodea]]''
*''[[Vaseyochloa]]''
*''[[Ventenata]]''
*''[[Vetiveria]]''
*''[[Vietnamochloa]]''
*''[[Vietnamosasa]]''
*''[[Viguierella]]''
*''[[Vossia (mula)|Vossia]]''
*''[[Vulpia]]''
*''[[Vulpiella]]''
*''[[Whiteochloa]]''
*''[[Willkommia]]''
*''[[Xerochloa]]''
*''[[Yakirra]]''
*''[[Ystia]]''
*''[[Yushania]]''
*''[[Yvesia]]''
*''[[Teosinte|Zea]]''
*''[[Zenkeria]]''
*''[[Zeugites]]''
*''[[Zingeria]]''
*''[[Wild rice|Zizania]]''
*''[[Zizaniopsis]]''
*''[[Zonotriche]]''
*''[[Zotovia]]''
*''[[Zoysia]]''
*''[[Zygochloa]]''
{{div col end}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist|24em}}

[[Kategoria:Poaceae|.]]
[[Kategoria:Ruruot|Henero ti Poaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>rbu68gq79ltfjkpkhykmbwstsr28veb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sorghum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>67798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>407174</id>
      <parentid>404310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T04:50:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>14943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>407174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12322" sha1="11dak6gkqcet738ujq87voj80mtxrkg" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Sorghum.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]''
|display_parents = 4
|taxon = Sorghum
|authority = [[Conrad Moench|Moench]] 1794, nakonserba a nagan saan a ''Sorgum'' [[Michel Adanson|Adanson]] 1763
|type_species = ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]''
|type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Conrad Moench|Moench]]
|synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=j&gt;{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=443224|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|publisher=|accessdate=4 Septiembre 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms =
* ''Blumenbachia'' &lt;small&gt;Koeler 1802, nalikudan a nagan saan a Schrad. 1825 ([[Loasaceae]])&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sarga'' &lt;small&gt;Ewart&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Vacoparis'' &lt;small&gt;Spangler&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Andropogon'' subg. ''Sorghum'' &lt;small&gt;Hackel.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

Ti '''''Sorghum''''' ket ti henero dagiti [[agsabsabong a mula]] iti pamilia ti ruot iti [[Poaceae]]. Sangapulo ket pito kadagiti 25 a sebbangan ket patneng iti [[Australia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sally L. Dillon |author2=Peter K. Lawrence |author3=Robert J. Henry |author4=Larry Ross |author5=H. James Price |author6=J. Spencer Johnston |display-authors=3 |title=Sorghum laxiflorum and S. macrospermum, the Australian native species most closely related to the cultivated S. bicolor based on ITS1 and ndhF sequence analysis of 28 Sorghum species |url=http://epubs.scu.edu.au/cpcg_pubs/244/ |website=Southern Cross Plant Science |publisher=Southern Cross University |accessdate=28 Pebrero 2016 |archive-date=2018-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223318/https://epubs.scu.edu.au/cpcg_pubs/244/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:420835|title=Sorghum – Atlas of Living Australia|first=Atlas of Living|last=Australia|publisher=|accessdate=4 Septiembre 2016|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085726/http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:420835|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ken adda met dagiti sumagmamano a sumakup manipud iti [[Aprika]], [[Asia]], [[Mesoamerika]], ken dagiti dadduma nga isla iti [[Taaw Indiano]] ken [[Taaw Pasipiko|Pasipiko]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40002210 |title=Tropicos, ''Sorghum'' Moench |publisher=Tropicos.org |date= |accessdate=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;china&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=130722 |title=Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 600 高粱属 gao liang shu ''Sorghum'' Moench, Methodus. 207. 1794 |publisher=Efloras.org |date= |accessdate=2018-05-31 |archive-date=2016-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231185626/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=130722 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Naimulmula ti maysa a sebbangan para iti [[bukbukel]], bayat nga adu dagiti sabali a naus-usar a kas pakan ti ayup a mula, a naimuyongan kadagiti nabara a klima iti sangalubongan wenno [[naturalisasion (biolohia)|naturalisado]] kadagiti daga ti [[pagaraban]].&lt;ref&gt;{{BONAP|ref|genus=Sorghum|accessdate=4 Septiembre 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti ''Sorghum'' ket adda iti subpamilia ti [[Panicoideae]] ken ti tribu ti [[Andropogoneae]] (ti tribu ti [[Andropogon gerardi]] ken [[unas]]).

== Panangimuyong ken dagiti usar ==
Ti maysa a sebbangan, ti ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1007/s10722-009-9466-7 |volume= 57 |issue= 2 |pages= 243–253 |last1= Mutegi |first1= Evans |first2= Fabrice |last2= Sagnard |first3= Moses |last3= Muraya |first4= Ben |last4= Kanyenji |first5= Bernard |last5= Rono |first6= Caroline |last6= Mwongera |first7= Charles |last7= Marangu |first8= Joseph |last8= Kamau |first9= Heiko |last9= Parzies |first10= Santie |last10= de Villiers |first11= Kassa |last11= Semagn |first12= Pierre |last12= Traoré |first13= Maryke |last13= Labuschagne |title= Ecogeographical distribution of wild, weedy and cultivated Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in Kenya: implications for conservation and crop-to-wild gene flow |journal= Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |date= 2010-02-01 |display-authors= 3 |url= http://oar.icrisat.org/2032/1/GRCE57_243-253__2010.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200306102838/http://oar.icrisat.org/2032/1/GRCE57_243-253__2010.pdf |archive-date= 2020-03-06 |access-date= 2020-03-25 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a patneng iti Aprika nga adu itan iti porma a naimuyongan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Sorghum- and millet-legume cropping systems |url= http://africasoilhealth.cabi.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/392-ASHC-English-Sorghum-BW-A4-lowres.pdf |author= Stefan Hauser |author2= Lydia Wairegi |author3= Charles L. A. Asadu |author4= Damian O. Asawalam |author5= Grace Jokthan |author6= Utiang Ugbe |publisher= CABI and Africa Soil Health Consortium |accessdate= 7 Oktubre 2018 |date= 2015 |archive-date= 2020-01-31 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200131224733/http://africasoilhealth.cabi.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/392-ASHC-English-Sorghum-BW-A4-lowres.pdf |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ket maysa a nangruna nga apit iti sangalubongan, nga inaus-usar a kas [[makan]] (ka sbukbukeln ken iti [[Nasam-it a sorghum|sirup a sorghum wenno &quot;arnibal a sorghum&quot;]]), pakanti ayup, ti panagpataud kadagiti mainum ng arak, ken dagiti bio-sungrod. Kaaduan kadagiti kita ket ti makaibtur iti [[xerophyte|tikag]]- ken pudot, ken naipangpangruna kadagiti namaga a rehion, a ti bukbukel ket maysa kadagiti kangrunaan a makan para kadagiti napanglaw ken tattao ti away. Dagitoy akita ket mangbukel kadagiti nangruna a komponente iti pakan ti ayup kadagiti adua a tropikal a rehion. Ti ''S. bicolor'' ket maysa nagruna apit ti makan iti [[Aprika]], [[Tengnga nga Amerika]], ken [[Abagatan nga Asia]], ken ti maikalima a kangrunaan a naimulmul nga apit a [[sereal]] iti lubong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/dec/15/sorghum-wonder-grain-american-food-quinoa|title=Move over, quinoa: sorghum is the new 'wonder grain'|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 Disiembre 2015|author=Tove Danovich|accessdate=31 Hulio 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kadagiti nasapa nga agpang iti panagtubo ti mula, adda dagiti sumagmamano a sebbangan ti sorghum a mabalin a makalon kadagiti agpang ti [[hydrogen cyanide]], [[hordenine]], ken dagiti nitrato a makapatay kadagiti agar-arab nga ayup. No madagsenan babaen ti tikag wenno pudot, mabalin pay nga aglaon dagiti mula iti makasabidong nga agpang ti cyanide ken dagiti nitrato kadagiti kamaudian nga agpang iti panagtubo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyanide (prussic acid) and nitrate in sorghum crops Primary industries and fisheries. Queensland Government. |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/animal-industries/animal-health-and-diseases/protect-your-animals/poisonings-of-livestock/cyanide-and-nitrate-poisoning |accessdate=2018-10-15 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009053007/https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/animal-industries/animal-health-and-diseases/protect-your-animals/poisonings-of-livestock/cyanide-and-nitrate-poisoning |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sorghum |url=http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/beef/feeding-and-nutrition/sorghum |accessdate=2018-10-15 |archive-date=2019-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002184304/http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/beef/feeding-and-nutrition/sorghum |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti sangubongan a demanda para iti sorghum ket nakaro nga immadu iti baetan idi 2013 ken 2015 idi nangrugrugi a gimmatang ti [[Tsina]] kadagiti apit ti sorghum ti Estados Unidos tapno mausar a kas pakan dagiti dingoen a kas maysa a pangisukat para iti domestiko a naimulmula a [[sereal|mais]]. Gimmatang ti Tsina iti agarup a $1-bilion a dagup ti sorghum  ti Amerika iti tinawen aginggana idi Abril 2018 idi nagibales ti Tsina kadagiti panangiyutang iti sorghum  ti Amerika a kas parte ti suppiat ti panagtagialako dagiti dua a pagilian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-sorghum-china-20180418-story.html|title=Sorghum, targeted by tariffs, is a U.S. crop China started buying only five years ago|newspaper=LA Times|date=Abril 18, 2018|accessdate=28 Enero 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dibersidad ==
;Dagiti maawat a sebbangan&lt;ref name=TPL&gt;{{cite web |title=The Plant List: ''Sorghum'' |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=sorghum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden |accessdate=28 Pebrero 2017 |archive-date=2019-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801105323/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Sorghum |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Sorghum amplum]]'' – amianan akinlaud nga Australia
* ''[[Sorghum angustum]]'' – Queensland
* ''[[Sorghum arundinaceum]]'' – Aprika, Subkontinente Indiano, Madagascar, is-isla ti akinlaud a Taaw Indiano
* ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]''&amp;nbsp;– naimuyongan a sorghum, masansan a makunkuna a sorghum, ammo pay akas durra, jowari, wenno milo. Patneng iti rehion ti Sahel ti Aprika; naturalisado kadagiti adu a lugar
* ''[[Sorghum brachypodum]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio ti Australia
* ''[[Sorghum bulbosum]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio, Akinlaud nga Australia
* ''[[Sorghum burmahicum]]'' – Tailandia, Myanmar
* ''[[Sorghum controversum]]'' – India
* ''[[Sorghum × drummondii]]'' – Sahel ken laud nga Aprika
* ''[[Sorghum ecarinatum]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio, Akinlaud nga Australia
* ''[[Sorghum exstans]]'' –  Australia
* ''[[Sorghum grande]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio, Queensland
* ''[[Johnson grass|Sorghum halepense]]''&amp;nbsp;– Johnson grass – Amianan nga Aprika, is-isla ti akindaya nga Atlantiko, akin-abagatan nga Asia manipud iti Lebanon aginggana iti Bietnam; naturalisado iti Daya nga Asia, Australia, ti Kaamerikaan
* ''[[Sorghum interjectum]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio, Akinlaud nga Australia
* ''[[Sorghum intrans]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio, Akinlaud nag Australia
* ''[[Sorghum laxiflorum]]'' – Filipinas, Is-isla Basbassit a Sunda, Sulawesi, Baro a Guinea, akin-amianan nga Australia
* ''[[Sorghum leiocladum]]'' – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria
* ''[[Sorghum macrospermum]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio ti Australia
* ''[[Sorghum matarankense]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio, Akinlaud nga Australia
* ''[[Sorghum nitidum]]'' – Daya nga Asia, Subkontinente Indiano, Abagatan a daya nga Asia, Baro a Guinea, Mikronesia
* ''[[Sorghum plumosum]]'' – Australia, Baro a Guinea, Indonesia
* ''[[Sorghum propinquum]]'' – Tsina, Subkontinente Indiano, Abagatan a daya nga Asia, Baro a Guinea, Isla ti Paskua, Mikronesia, Is-isla Cook
* ''[[Sorghum purpureosericeum]]'' – Sahel manipud iti Mali aginggana iti Tanzania; Yemen, Oman, India
* ''[[Sorghum stipoideum]]'' – Akin-amianan a Teritorio, Akinlaud nga Australia
* ''[[Sorghum timorense]]'' – Is-isla Basbassit a Sunda, Maluku, Baro a Guinea, akin-amianan nga Australia
* ''[[Sorghum trichocladum]]'' – Mehiko, Guatemala, Honduras
* ''[[Sorghum versicolor]]'' – akindaya ken akin-abagatan nga Aprika manipud iti Etiopia aginggana iti Namibia; Oman
* ''[[Sorghum virgatum]]'' – dagiti namaga a rehion manipud iti Senegal aginggana iti Lebante.
}}

;Dati a nairaman
Adu kadagiti sebbangan a dati a parte ti ''Sorghum'', ket naikeddeng itan a nasaysayaat a maikabil kadagiti sabali a henero: ''[[Andropogon]], [[Arthraxon]], [[Bothriochloa]], [[Chrysopogon]], [[Cymbopogon]], [[Danthoniopsis]], [[Dichanthium]], [[Diectomis]], [[Diheteropogon]], [[Exotheca]], [[Hyparrhenia]], [[Hyperthelia]], [[Monocymbium]], [[Parahyparrhenia]], [[Pentameris]], [[Pseudosorghum]], [[Schizachyrium]], ''ken'' [[Sorghastrum]]''.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |title=Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-521-24711-X}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Sorghum}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Sorghum |volume=25 |short=x}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q12111}}

[[Kategoria:Sorghum| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti sereal]]
[[Kategoria:Tropikal nga agrikultura]]</text>
      <sha1>11dak6gkqcet738ujq87voj80mtxrkg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Teresa Akenga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>407175</id>
      <parentid>405538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T05:19:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>14943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>407175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4148" sha1="6982u26d73cj1hxveux86hv7zj7vdlv" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Kenyan Academic}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name        = Teresa Akenga
| image       =
| caption     = 
| birth_date  = 
| birth_place = Ebubayi, Bunyore, Kenya
| education   = {{ubl|[[Unibersidad ti Kenyatta]] (BEd, MSc)|[[Unibersidad ti Baro nga Abagatan a Gales]] (PhD)|[[Unibersidad ti KCA]] (MBA) }}
| occupation  = Chemist, akademiko nga administrador
| title       = Nangipasdek a [[Bise-chancellor|Bise-Chancellor]].
| term_start  = 10 Hunio 2013
| term_end    = 11 Hunio 2023
| predecessor = 
| successor   =  
}}
Ni '''Teresa Ayuko Oduor Akenga''' ket maysa a Kenya a kemiko ken akademiko nga administrador a nagserbi a kas ti nangibangon a [[Bise-kanselor|Bise-Kanselor]] ti [[Unibersidad ti Eldoret]] manipud idi 10 Hunio 2013 aginggana idi 11 Hunio 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Vice Chancellor 2013 - 2023 |url=https://archive.uoeld.ac.ke/vice-chancellor-2013-2023 |website=University of Eldoret |access-date=4 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Prof. Teresa Akenga, Chair, FAWoVC |url=https://repository.ruforum.org/AGM2023/speakers/prof-teresa-akenga-chair-fawovc |website=RUFORUM |access-date=4 December 2025}} {{Natay a silpo|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isu ket maysa a propesor ti organiko a kimika ken agserserbi pay a kas Chair ti Forum for African Women Vice-Chancellors (FAWoVC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The challenge of the girl child begins at birth, University of Eldoret VC Professor Teresa Akenga |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/achieving-woman/article/2001254507/the-challenge-of-the-girl-child-begins-at-birth-university-of-eldoret-vc-professor-teresa-akenga |website=The Standard |date=15 March 2018 |access-date=4 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasapa a panagbiag ken edukasion ==
Ni Akenga ket naipasngay idiay Ebubayi, [[Bunyore]], Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kabaji |first=Egara |chapter=Teresa Ayuko Akenga |editor=Kabaji, Egara |title=The Petite Dark Girl Who Grew Up to Become... |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781003294924 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003294924-16/teresa-ayuko-akenga-egara-kabaji |access-date=4 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinaregta ni tatangna ti panangsurot kadagiti asignatura iti siensia, a saan unay a gagangay kadagiti babbalasitang iti dayta a tiempo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Isu ket nakagun-od ti Bachelor of Education (Siensia, Kimika a major) nga addaan kadagiti Umuna a Klase a Pammadayaw ken ti Master ti Siensia iti Kimika manipud iti [[Unibersidad ti Kenyatta]]. Naturpos ni Akenga ti programa ti Master’s Qualifying ken PhD iti Organic Chemistry (Synthesis) idiay [[University of New South Wales]] idiay Australia. Isu ket nakagun-od idi agangay ti Master ti Administrasion ti Negosio (Panagturay ti Korporasion) manipud iti [[Unibersidad ti KCA]] idiay Nairobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Akademiko ken administratibo a karera ==
Ni Akenga ket maysa a lektura ti chemistry ken matematika. Ni Akenga ket nagtagtaginayon kadagiti nangato nga akem a mairaman ti Deputy Vice-Chancellor para iti Akademiko, Panagsukisok, ken Ekstension idiay Unibersidad ti Panagmanehar ti Aprika ken Diputado a Prinsipal para kadagiti Akademiko nga Affairs idiay Kolehio ti Unibersidad ti Bondo (ita [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Unibersidad ti Siensia ken Teknolohia]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Premio ken pannakaikameng ==
Isu ket nakaawat ti Moran ti Burning Spear manipud kenni Presidente Uhuru Kenyatta idi 2013 para kadagiti kontribusion iti edukasion ken panagsukisok. Idi 2020, isu ket napadayawan a kas ti Kasayaatan a Babai iti Panangidadaulo ti Edukasion idiay Daya nga Aprika babaen ti Asiano a Konpederasion dagiti Negosio ken Sangalubongan a Kongreso ti Edukasion. Isu ket kameng ti Nailian a Kagimongan ti Kimika (MRSC), Kagimongan ti Kimika ti Kenya (KCS), Kagimongan ti Aglawlaw a Toksikolohia ken Kimika (SETAC), ken ti Organisasion para kadagiti Babbai iti Siensia para iti Narangrang-ay a Lubong (OWSD).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Dagiti Reperensia==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akenga, Teresa Ayuko Oduor}}</text>
      <sha1>6982u26d73cj1hxveux86hv7zj7vdlv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>