Hidroheno

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    <title>Hidroheno</title>
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      <text bytes="1586" sha1="7p5fyp23qqw3re4za57w0dwvf6cicbi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox hidroheno}}
[[Papeles:Emissions Spectra.webm|thumb|Pagsulay sa Hydrogen Spectrum]]
Ti '''hidroheno''' ket isu ti [[kimiko nga elemento]] nga addaan iti [[atomiko a numero]] iti 1. Nairepresenta daytoy babaen ti [[kimiko a simbolo|simbolo]] a '''H'''. Nga addan ti natimbengan nga [[atomiko a kadagsen]] iti {{val|1.00794|u=[[atomiko a masa a paset|u]]}} ({{val|1.007825|u=[[atomiko a masa a paset|u]]}} para iti [[hidroheno-1]]), ti hidróheno ket isu ti kalag-anan ken ti [[Kaadu dagiti kimiko nga elemento|kaaduan]] a kimiko nga elemento, a mangbukel ti agarup a 75% ti masa ti kimiko nga elemento iti lawang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|last=Palmer
|first=D.
|title=Ti Hidroheno iti Law-ang
|url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971113i.html
|publisher=[[NASA]]
|date=13 Septiembre 1997
|accessdate=2008-02-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029152908/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971113i.html
|archive-date=2014-10-29
|url-status=dead
}} Paammo a nupay kasta, kaaduan iti masa ti law-ang ket saan ng addaan iti porma kadagiti kimiko nga elemento. Kitaen ti [[nasipnget a banag]] ken [[nasipnget nga enerhia]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ti saan nga [[estelar a tidda|tidda]] a dagiti [[bituen]] ket kangrunaanda a nabuklan iti hidroheno iti bukodda a [[plasma (pisika)|plasma]] a kasasaad. Ti masna a rumrumsua nga elemental a hidroheno ket kadawyan a manmano laeng ditoy Daga.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kompakto a periodiko a lamisaan}}

{{pungol-nangruna}}

[[Kategoria:Hidroheno]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti kimiko nga elemento|Hidroheno]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao nga Asturiano</title>
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      <text bytes="5742" sha1="6sctk7abthl58ybayuds06gusjvqybq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name        =Asturiano
|altname     =Astur-Leonesa
|nativename  =''asturianu'', ''bable''
|states      =[[Espania]]
|region      =[[Autonomo a Komunidad]] ti [[Asturias]]
|speakers    =110,000
|date        =2007
|ref         =e17
|speakers2   =450,000 L2 nga agsasao (1994)
|familycolor =Indo-European
|fam2        =[[Sasao nga italiko|Italiko]]
|fam3        =[[Sasao a Romanse|Romanse]]
|fam4        =[[Sasao a Lumaud a Romanse|Lumaud]]
|fam5        =[[Sasao nga Ibero-Romanse|Ibero-Romanse]]
|fam6        =[[Sasao a Laud nga Ibero|Laud nga Ibero]]
|fam7        =[[Lingguistiko a grupo ti Astur-Leonesa|Astur-Leonesa]]
|dia1        =[[Dialekto ti Leonesa|Leonesa]]
|script      =[[Latin a sinuratan|Latin]]
|agency      =''[[Akademia ti Pagsasao nga Asturiano|Academia de la Llingua Asturiana]]''
|minority    = {{wagayway|Asturias}}&lt;ref name=&quot;eucharter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/languages/L-Asturian_in_Spain-Asturias.htm|title=Asturian in Asturias in Spain|work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research|accessdate=19 Hunio 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|iso2        =ast
|iso3        =ast
|lingua      =51-AAA-ca
|map         =Mapa de la estensión de la llingua asturiana-lleonesa.png
|mapsize     =240
|mapcaption  =Ti lingguistiko a lugar ti Asturiano
}}

Ti '''Asturiano''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|s|ˈ|t|ʊ|ə|r|i|ə|n}};&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Asturian|title=Asturian|work=Dictionary.com Unabridged|publisher=Random House, Inc.|accessdate=15 Marso 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Endonimo|autonimo]]: ''asturianu'' {{IPA-ast|astuˈɾjanu|}},&lt;ref name=&quot;bable/asturiano&quot;&gt;Art. 1 de la [http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/CCAA/as-l1-1998.html Ley 1/1998, de 23 de marzo, de uso y promoción del bable/asturiano/Law 1/93, iti Marso 23, iti Panag-usar ken Panangiyaddang ti Pagsasao nga Asturiano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414102235/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/CCAA/as-l1-1998.html |date=2013-04-14 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; wenno ''bable'' {{IPA-ast|ˈbaβle|}}) ket [[pagsasao a Romanse]] iti [[Sasao a Laud nga Ibero|grupo ti Laud nga Ibero]], [[Sasao nga Astur-Leonesa|subgrupo ti Astur-Leonesa]], nga insasao idiay [[Asturias]] ([[Espania]]). Ti Asturiano ket naamammuan pay a kas ti '''Astur-Leonesa''' wenno '''Asturiano-Leonesa''' tapno mangibaga ti pagsasao iti  [[Pagarian iti Asturias|naipakasaritaanl]] ken agdama a global a panagpaadu. Ti agdam a bilang dagiti agsasao iti Asturiano ket nakarkulo iti agarup a 100,000 nga agsasao a kas ti umuna a pagsasao ken 450,000 nga agsasao a kas maikadua a pagsasao.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ast Reporta ti Ethnologue para iti Asturiano]&lt;/ref&gt; Adda dagiti tallo a predominante a karuay iti asturleonesa a lingguistiko a dominio (Lumaud, Sentral ken Akin-daya), urayno iti kaso ti Asturias, fpara iti naipakasaritaan ken demograpiko a rasrason, ti [[Alagaden a pagsasao|alagaden]] ket naibatay iti [[pagsasao nga Asturiano#Sentral nga Asturiano|Sentral nga Asturiano]]. Ti Asturiano ket addaan iti [[gramatika]], ti [[diksionario]] iti pagsasao nga Asturiano, ken maysa nga [[ortograpia]]. Daytoy ket inalagad babaen ti [[Akademia ti Pagsasao nga Asturiano]], ken urayno daytoy ket saan nga [[opisial a pagsasao]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elcomerciodigital.com/gijon/20090112/local/asturias/miembro-andecha-astur-enfrenta-200901121726.html http://www.elcomerciodigital.com/gijon/20090112/local/asturias/miembro-andecha-astur-enfrenta-200901121726.html]&lt;/ref&gt; daytoy ket nasalakniban babaen ti  [[Linteg ti Autonomia|lehislasion ti linteg ti autonomia]] ken daytoy ket maysa a pagpilia a pagsasao kadagiti eskuela.&lt;ref&gt;See: [http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/asturia/an/i1/i1.html Euromosaic report]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliograpia ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{iti sao|es}} Llera Ramo, F. (1994) ''Los Asturianos y la Lengua Asturiana: Estudio Sociolingüístico para Asturias-1991''. Oviedo: Consejería de Educación y Cultura del Principado de Asturias {{ISBN|84-7847-297-5}}.
* Wurm, Stephen A. (ed) (2001) ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing''. Unesco {{ISBN|92-3-103798-6}}.
* {{iti sao|en}} M.Teresa Turell (2001). Multilingualism in Spain: ''Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups''. {{ISBN|1-85359-491-1}}
* {{iti sao|en}} Mercator-Education (2002): European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education. &quot;The Asturian language in education in Spain&quot; ISSN 1570-1239
{{refend}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{InterWiki}}
* [http://www.academiadelallingua.com/ Academia de la Llingua Asturiana] – ti opisial nga akademia ti pagsasao nga Asturiano
* [http://www.politicallinguistica.org/ Dirección Xeneral de Política Llingüística del Gobiernu del Principáu d'Asturies]
* [http://www.romaniaminor.net/gramatiques/gramatica_asturiana.pdf Gramatika ti Asturiano iti Inggles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011053245/http://www.romaniaminor.net/gramatiques/gramatica_asturiana.pdf |date=2017-10-11 }}
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Asturian-english/ Diksionario ti Asturiano–Inggles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404083624/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Asturian-english/ |date=2004-04-04 }}
* [http://www.exunta.org/ Xunta pola Defensa de la Llingua Asturiana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025065719/http://www.exunta.org/ |date=2005-10-25 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asturiano, Pagsasao}}
[[Kategoria:Pagsasao nga Asturiano]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Espania]]

{{pagsasao-pungol}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amman</title>
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| name                    = Amman
| native_name             = عمّان
| native_name_lang        = ar
| settlement_type         = Siudad
| image_skyline           = AMMAN 2.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_seal              = &lt;!--Ammanlogo.png--&gt;
| image_flag              = Flag of Amman, Jordan (until 2009).svg
| nickname                = 'Ti Puraw a Pagaw', 'Ti Siudad dagiti Agdan'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=wGCGLEO-Vs8C&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=amman%27s+nickname&amp;hl=ar&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CBoQ6AEwAGoVChMI-MutgZGiyAIVyWsUCh22AQRZ#v=onepage&amp;q=amman's%20nickname&amp;f=false|title=The Cities Book: A Journey Through the Best Cities in the World|accessdate=2015-10-01|author= Trent Holden, Anna Metcalfe|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amman's Street Food&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Amman's Street Food|url=http://beamman.com/food-/175-amman-street-food|accessdate=2015-09-26|publisher=BeAmman.com|work=BeAmman.com|archive-date=2015-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926043908/http://beamman.com/food-/175-amman-street-food|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| pushpin_map             = Hordania
| coordinates             = {{coord|31|56|59|N|35|55|58|E|region:JO|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Pagilian
| subdivision_name        = {{wagayway|Hordania}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Dagiti gobernorato ti Hordania|Gobernorato]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Gobernorato ti Amman|Kapitolio ti Gobernorato]]
| established_title       = Napundar
| established_date        = 7250 SK
| established_title2      = Munisipalidad
| established_date2       = 1909
| leader_title            = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name             = Aqel Biltaji
| image_map               = خريطة مدينة عمان.png
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_total_km2          = 1680
| area_land_km2           = 
| elevation_max_m         = 1100
| elevation_min_m         = 700
| population_as_of        = 2014
| population_footnotes    =
| population_total        = 4,007,526&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|accessdate=2016-01-22|work=The Jordan Times|publisher=The Jordan News|date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2  = 2380
| population_note         =
| population_demonym      = Ammani, Taga-Amman
| timezone1               = +2 [[Oras ti Akindaya nga Europa|Pagalagadan nga Oras ti Akindaya nga Europa]]
| timezone1_DST           = +3 Pagalagadan nga Oras ti Arabia 
| postal_code_type        = Kodigo ti koreo
| postal_code             = 11110-17198
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               = +962(6)
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = [http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/en/gam/index.asp Munisipalidad ti Kalatakan nga Amman]
| footnotes               =
}}

Ti '''Amman'''&amp;nbsp;({{lang-ar|عمّان}}) ket ti kapitolio ken ti kaaduan ti populasion a siudad ti [[Hordania]]. Daytoy ket sentro pay ti ekonomia, politika ken kultura.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.arabianbusiness.com/revealed--20-cities-uae-residents-visit-most-590870.html |title= Revealed: the 20 cities UAE residents visit most |publisher= Arabian Business Publishing Ltd |date=2015-05-01 |accessdate= 2015-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mabirukan iti amianan-sentral ti Hordania, ti Amman ketisu ti administrtibo a sentro ti [[Gobernorato ti Amman]]. Daytoy ket addaan iti populasion iti 4,007,526 ken ti daga ket aglawa iti {{pagbaliwen|648.7|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt; Ita nga aldaw, ti Amman ket naikeddeng a maysa kadagiti liberal ken naipalaud a siudad ti Arabo.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;Rt.com&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Daytoy ket nangruna a papanan dagiti turista iti rehion, ken naisangayan kadagiti Arabo ken Europeano a turista.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/number-tourists-dropped-14-2013-%E2%80%94-official-report|title=Number of tourists dropped by 14% in 2013 — official report|publisher=The Jordan News|work=[he Jordan Times|date=2014-02-08|accessdate=2015-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti kasapaan nga ebidensia ti pannakaitaeng ti lugar ket ti lugar ti Neoletiko nga ammo a kas ti [['Ain Ghazal]]. Ti sinarunona ket ammo idi a kas ti &quot;Rabbath Ammon&quot;, ken isu idi daytoy ti kapitolio dagiti [[Ammonitas]], idi a kas &quot;Philadelphia&quot;, ken itikanungpalan a kas Amman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference12&quot; /&gt; Daytoy ket immuna a nabangon iti [[Listaan dagiti siudad a natunton a nabangon kadagiti  pito a turod|pito a turod]] ngem itan ket umabot kadagiti sumurok a 19 a turod a mangitipon kadagiti 7 a distrito,&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference12&quot;&gt;{{cite book| url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&amp;pg=PA35&amp;dq=east+and+west+amman&amp;hl=ar&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMIpd7d0supyAIVQUMaCh2oUwPF#v=onepage&amp;q=east%20and%20west%20amman&amp;f=false| title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia| accessdate=2015-10-04| year=2007| author1=Michael Dumper| author2=Bruce E. Stanley| publisher=ABC-CLIO}}&lt;/ref&gt; nga inadministro babaen ti [[Munisipalidad ti Kalatakan nga Amman]] nga idauluan ababen ti mayor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/aqel-biltaji-appointed-amman-mayor| title=Aqel Biltaji appointed as Amman mayor| publisher=The Jordan News| work=The Jordan Times| date=2013-09-08| accessdate=2015-09-21| archive-date=2015-09-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930055247/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/aqel-biltaji-appointed-amman-mayor| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti lugar ti Amman ket mabalin a nagun-odda dagiti naganda manipud kadagiti turod (Jabal) wenno dagiti ginget (Wadi) a pakabirukanda, kas ti Jabal Lweibdeh ken Wadi Abdoun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference12&quot; /&gt; Ti Daya nga Amman ket kaaduan a napunno kadagitinaipakasaritaan alugar a kankanayon a mangsangsangaili kadagiti aktibidad ti kultura, bayat a ti Laud nga Amman ket modmoderno ken agserbi a kas ti sentro ti ekonomia ti siudad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/west-amman-furnished-apartments-cashing-tourist-influx| title=West Amman furnished apartments cashing in on tour| date=2014-08-12| publisher=The Jordan News| work=The Jordan Times| accessdate=2015-09-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072858/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/west-amman-furnished-apartments-cashing-tourist-influx| archive-date=2016-03-04| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agarup a 1.9 a riwriw a bisbisita ti simmangpet idiay Amman idi 2014, ken mairanggo daytoy a kas maika-84 a kaaduan a mabisbisita a siudad iti lubong ken ti maika-4 a mabisbista nga Arabo a siudad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://brilliantmaps.com/top-100-tourist-destinations/| title=Top 100 International Tourist Destination Cities by Country| accessdate=2015-10-05| work=Euromonitor| date=2015-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Amman ket addaan iti relatibo a napardas nga agrangrang-ay nga ekonomia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethmacbride/2014/12/31/how-a-startup-from-amman-grew-to-1b-views-on-youtube/| title=How a Startup from the Arab World Grabs 1B Views on YouTube| accessdate=2015-09-29|date=2014-12-31| work=Forbes| publisher=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ken nairanggo a Beta− iti pagsurotan ti [[global a siudad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html| title=The World According to GaWC 2012| date=2014-01-13| work=GaWC| accessdate=2015-09-21| archive-date=2014-03-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320212149/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iti pay maipatinayon, daytoy ket nanaganan a kas maysa kasayaatan a siudad ti Tengnga a Daya ken Amianan nga Aprika babaen dagiti banag iti ekonomia, trabaho, enbironmento and socsio-kultura.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=Abu Dhab duke City' in MENA region| author=IANS/WAM| newspaper=sify news| date=2010-11-26| url=http://sify.com/news/abu-dhabi-voted-best-city-in-mena-region-news-international-kl0wuhjcbdc.html| accessdate=2015-09-22| archive-date=2010-11-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130082450/http://sify.com/news/abu-dhabi-voted-best-city-in-mena-region-news-international-kl0wuhjcbdc.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti siudad ket maysa kadagiti kadayegan a lokasion iti Arabo a lubong para iti pangibangonan dagiti rehional nga opisina dagiti multinasional a korporasion, a mairaman ti [[Doha]] ken unaan laeng ti [[Dubai]]. Daytoy ket manamnama a dagiti sumaruno a 10 a tawtawen, dagitoy tallo a siudad ket mangala kadagiti kadakkelan a bingay dagiti aktibidad ti multinasional a korporasion iti rehion.&lt;ref name=&quot;duniafrontier.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://duniafrontier.com/research/doha-amman |title=Dunia Frontier Consultants » Doha, Amman Favored by MNCs as New Regional Hubs |publisher=Duniafrontier.com |date=2012-01-25 |accessdate=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliograpia ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Albala|first1=Ken|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37626-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&amp;pg=PA267&amp;dq=Amman+Bedouin+population&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwi-ur_c9ovIAhXFbB4KHXQPCfQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&amp;pg=PA35&amp;dq=Amman+Cities+of+the+Middle+East&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCYQ6AEwAGoVChMI4-qB_PWLyAIVw9UeCh3eiAxP#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Mari C.|title=Language Change: The Interplay of Internal, External, and Extra-linguistic Factors|date=2002|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017202-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKftmhoP4gYC&amp;pg=PA64&amp;dq=Amman+native+Jordanians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CE8Q6AEwCWoVChMIgu2wzf6LyAIVAiceCh19qwFC#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman%20&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kildani|first1=Hanna|title=Modern Christianity in the Holy Land: Development of the Structure of Churches and the Growth of Christian Institutions in Jordan and Palestine|date=2010|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4490-5285-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrvHHROsgt8C&amp;pg=PA678&amp;dq=Amman+Armenians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAmoVChMI04CFjvaLyAIVyJoeCh0J2g0T#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman%20Armenians&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|last1=Owens|first1=Jonathan|title=The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934409-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IJoAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA260&amp;dq=Amman+native+Jordanians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CDgQ6AEwBWoVChMIgu2wzf6LyAIVAiceCh19qwFC#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|last1=Plascov|first1=Avi|title=The Palestinian Refugees in Jordan 1948–1957|date=1981|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-3120-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daLPXTYcoewC&amp;pg=PA33&amp;dq=Amman+Palestinian+majority&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMI1fn3gP-LyAIVRCQeCh0XhgKR#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Walter |title=The Circassian Genocide |date=2013 |publisher= Rutgers University Press |isbn= 978-0-8135-6069-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC&amp;pg=PA124&amp;dq=Amman+Circassians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAmoVChMIxtbHlPaLyAIVidIeCh3n3gPf#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman%20Circassians&amp;f=false}}
*{{Cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |volume= 4 |page=289 |first1=Trudy |last1=Ring |first2=Robert M. |last2=Salkin |first3=Paul E. |last3= Schellinger |publisher= Taylor &amp; Francis |year=1994 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&amp;pg=PA289&amp;dq=Great+Mosque+of+Gaza |isbn=978-1-884964-03-9 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Le Strange |first1=Guy |title= Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |date=1890 |publisher= Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund |page=391 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4HCPLpB3C8UC&amp;pg=PA391}}
*{{cite book |last1=Suleiman|first1=Yasir|title=A War of Words: Language and Conflict in the Middle East|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54656-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Neu3q8Vt01sC&amp;pg=PA101&amp;dq=Amman+Palestinian+majority&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMI1fn3gP-LyAIVRCQeCh0XhgKR#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Bethany J.|editor1-last=Talmon-Heller|editor1-first=Daniela|editor2-last=Cytryn-Silverman|editor2-first=Katia|title=Material Evidence and Narrative Sources: Interdisciplinary Studies of the History of the Muslim Middle East|date=2015|publisher=Brill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIEcBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA120|chapter=On Archives and Archaeology: Reassessing Mamluk Rule from Documentary Sources and Jordanian Fieldwork}}
{{refend}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Amman}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline}}

{{Listaan dagiti kapitolio ti Asia babaen ti rehion}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

[[Kategoria:Amman| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti kapitolio iti Asia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Porto-Novo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5666" sha1="ak0zjflqgb81w4hgwlkrl82lmre0ewi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = Porto-Novo
|other_name             = Hogbonu, Àjàshé Ilé
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = Siudad ken [[Dagiti komuna ti Benin|komuna]]
|motto                  =
|image_skyline          = Marche ouando porto-novo.jpg
|imagesize              =
|image_caption          = Tiendaan ti Ouando, Porto-Novo
|image_flag             =
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             =
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           =
|shield_size            =
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|map_caption            = Lokasion ti Porto-Novo idiay Benin
|pushpin_map            = Benin
|pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
|pushpin_map_caption    =
|pushpin_mapsize        =
|subdivision_type       = Pagilian
|subdivision_name       = {{wagayway|Benin}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Dagiti departamento ti Benin|Departamento]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Departamento ti Ouémé|Ouémé]]
|subdivision_type2      =
|subdivision_name2      =
|subdivision_type3      =
|subdivision_name3      =
|subdivision_type4      =
|subdivision_name4      =
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =  Mayor
|leader_name            =  Emmanuel Zossou
|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      =  Nabangon
|established_date       = Maika-16 a siglo
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
|established_date2      =
|established_title3     =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           =110 &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2           =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_metro_km2           = 110
|population_as_of               =2009
|population_footnotes           =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;geo=-35&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=1500&amp;pt=c&amp;va=&amp;srt=pnan|title=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=http://archive.is/G1fXy|archivedate=Pebrero 9, 2013|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-date=2013-02-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209123106/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;geo=-35&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=1500&amp;pt=c&amp;va=&amp;srt=pnan|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 267191
|population_density_km2         = auto
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|timezone               =
|utc_offset             =
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|coordinates            = {{coord|6|29|50|N|2|36|18|E|region:BJ|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            = 38
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|website                =  {{Opisial a website|www.villedeportonovo.com}}
|footnotes              =
}}

Ti '''Porto-Novo''' (ammo pay a kas '''Hogbonu''' ken '''Ajashe''') ket ti [[kapitolio]] ti [[Benin]], ken isu pay idi ti kapitolio ti [[Pranses a Dahomey]]. Ti komuna ket sakupenna ti {{pagbaliwen|110|km2|0|abbr=out}} ken manipud idi 2002 addaan daytoy iti populasion iti 223,552 a tattao.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlasbenin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://atlasbenin.africa-web.org/Oueme/Portonovo.htm|title=Porto Novo|publisher=Atlas Monographique des Communes du Benin|accessdate=Enero 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912011322/https://africa-web.org/site/|archive-date=2022-09-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ybj.html|title=Communes of Benin|publisher=Statoids|accessdate=Enero 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daytoy ket kasisigud a napadur-as a kas puerto para iti panagtagilako ti aadipen, ti maysa a nangruna a parte dagiti adu a nga Imperio ti Europa iti dayta a panawen ken mairaman ti [[Imperio ti Portugal]].

Ti Porto-Novo ket puerto iti maysa a sumrekan ti danum iti [[Golpo ti Guinea]], idiay akin-abagatan a daya a parte ti pagilian. Daytoy ti maikadua a kadakkelan a siudad ti Benin, ken uray no ti Porto-Novo ket isu ti opisial a kapitolio, ken isu ti ayan ti tugaw ti gobierno, ti dakdakkel a siudad ti [[Cotonou]] ket ti [[tugaw ti gobierno]], nga ayan a pakabirukan dagiti kaaduan a pasdek ti gobierno ken pagpatarayan dagiti departamento ti gobierno.

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
* {{Cite book |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-1-884964-03-9 |title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |publication-date = 1996 |editor=Noelle Watson |location=UK |chapter=Porto Novo (Oueme, Benin) |author=Sappho Charney |date = 5 Marso 2014 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA588 |page=588+ }}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commons-nailinia}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [http://www.benintourisme.com/en/interne.php?idrub=10&amp;id=79 Opisial a website ti turismo ti Republika ti Benin para iti Porto-Novo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409034549/http://www.benintourisme.com/en/interne.php?idrub=10&amp;id=79 |date=2007-04-09 }}

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Benin-heograpia-pungol}}

[[Katgeoria:Porto-Novo| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti kapitolio iti Aprika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasao a Munda</title>
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      <text bytes="16215" sha1="0lfxnxxi6319nkr1sa0b2vpcdg4d4ga" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name=Munda
|region=[[India]], [[Banglades]]
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatiko
|child1=Kherwari (Amianan)
|child2=Korku (Amianan)
|child3=Kharia–Juang, Khonda
|child4=Koraput (Remo, Savara)
|iso2=mun
|iso5=mun
|glotto=mund1335
|glottorefname=Mundaiko
|map=Munda-Sprachen.png
|mapcaption=Pannakaiwarwaras dagiti agsasao iti Munda idiay India
}}
[[File:OpenSpeaks-juy-Juray-Dinabandhu Gamango-OG-Social Impact of Aadhaar.webm|thumb|Maysa nga agsasao iti Juray, maysa a pagsasao a Munda, ti agsasao maipapan iti biometric ID ti India]]
Ti '''sasao a Munda''' ket ti maysa a [[pamilia ti pagsasao]] nga insasao babaen dagiti agarup a siam a riwriw a tattao idiay tengnga ken akindaya nga [[India]] ken [[Banglades]]. Isuda ket mangbukel ti sanga ti [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|pamilia ti pagsasao ti Austroasiatiko]], ken ti kayatna a sawen daytoy ket maikabagianda kadagiti pagsasao a kas ti [[Pagsasao a Mon|Mon]] ken [[Pagsasao a Khmer|Khmer]] ken ti [[Pagsasao a Bietnamis|Bietnamis]], ken dagiti pay minoridad a pagsasao idiay [[Tailandia]], [[Laos]] ken ti [[Sasao a Pakaniko|Akin-abagatan a Tsina]].&lt;ref&gt;Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic&lt;/ref&gt; Saan nga ammo sagiti nagtaudan ti sasao Munda, ngem inunaanda dagiti sabali a pagsasao ti akindaya nga India. Ti [[Pagsasao a Ho|Ho]], [[Pagsasao a Mundari|Mundari]], ken [[Pagsasao a Santali|Santali]] ket dagiti nadayeg a pagsasao iti daytoy a grupo.&lt;ref name=Sealang&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pinnow|first1=Heinz-Jurgen|title=A comparative study of the verb in Munda language|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/pinnow1966comparative.pdf|website=Sealang.com|accessdate=22 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021023350/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/pinnow1966comparative.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=elanguage&gt;{{cite web|last1=Daladier|first1=Anne|title=Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of &quot;Animate&quot; Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic|url=http://elanguage.net/journals/bls/article/viewFile/752/645|website=elanguage.net|publisher=Elanguage|accessdate=22 Marso 2015|archive-date=2018-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193916/http://elanguage.net/journals/bls/article/viewFile/752/645|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti pamilia ket kadawyan a nabingbingay kadagiti dua a sanga: ti Amianan a Munda, a naisasao idiay [[Banak Chota Nagpur]] ti [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Laud a Bengal]], ken [[Odisha]], ken ti Abagatan a Munda, a naisasao idiay tengnga nga Odisha ken iti igid ti pagbeddengan a pagbaetan  ti [[Andhra Pradesh]] ken Odisha.&lt;ref name=Bhattacharya&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=S.|title=Munda studies: A new classification of Munda|date=1975|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal| volume= 17| issue =1 |issn=1572-8536|pages=97–101|url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/000000075794742852?crawler=true|accessdate=22 Marso 2015| doi=10.1163/000000075794742852}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Languagesgulper&gt;{{cite web|title=Munda languages|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Munda.html|website=languagesgulper.com|accessdate=22 Marso 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti Amianan a Munda, a ti Santali ket isu ti kaaduan a naisasao, ket isu ti dakdakkel a grupo; dagiti pagsasaona ket insasao babaen ti agarup a siam a porsiento iti agsasao iti Munda. Kalpasan ti  Santali, dagiti pagsasao a Mundari ken Ho ket sumarunoda a mairanggo iti bilang dagiti agsasao, sarunuen babaen ti [[Pagsasao a Korku|Korku]] ken [[Pagsasao a Sora|Sora]]. Dagiti nabati a sasao a Munda ken insasao babaen dagiti bassit, isolado a grupo ti tattao ken saan  a nasayaat nga ammo.

Dagiti pakailasinan ti sasao a Munda ket mairaman dagiti tallo a [[grammatikal a bilang]] (bugbugtong, dual ken plural), dagiti dua a [[gramatikal a henero|henero]] (animado ken inanimado), ti maysa a pannakaisalumina a pagbaetan dagiti inklusibo ken eksklusibo nga umuna a persona iti ad-adu ngem maysa a pangsandi ken ti panagusar kadagiti pangsuldong wenno dagiti katukanaynay a mangibaga iti pannakaipasamak ti gramatika.

Kadagiti sistema ti uni ti Munda, dagiti panagsasaruno ti konsonante ket karkarna malaksid iti tengnga ti balikas. Malaksid iti Korku, a dagiti silabana ket mangipakita iti pannakaigiddiat a pagbaetan ti nangato ken nababa nga tono, maipadto ti aweng iti sasao a Munda.

== Pakasaritaan ==
Insingasing ni [[Paul Sidwell]] (2018) a mabalin a simmangpet ti proto-Munda iti aplaya ti [[Orissa]] idi agarup a 3,500-4,000 tawtawen ti napalabas manipud iti [[Indotsina]] ken kanungpalan a naiwaras kalpasan ti [[Gubat ti Kalinga|panagrukma ti Indo-Aryano iti Orissa]].&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503013417/https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 |date=2019-05-03 }}. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Mayo 22, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pannakaidasign ==
Ti Munda ket buklenna dagiti lima a saan a kontrobersial a sanga. Nupay kasta, dagiti panagkakabagianda ket naisuppiatan.

=== Diffloth (1974) ===
Ti dua ti partena a panangidasig ni [[Gérard Diffloth|Diffloth]] (1974) ket adu a nadakdakamat:

*Amianan a Munda
** [[Pagsasao a Korku|Korku]]
**Kherwariano
***Sanga a Kherwari: [[Pagsasao a Bijori|Bijori]], [[Pagsasao a Koraku|Koraku]]
***Sanga a Mundari : [[Pagsasao a Mundari|Mundari]], [[Pagsasao a Bhumij|Bhumij]], [[Pagsasao nga Asuri|Asuri]], [[Pagsasao a Koda|Koda]], [[Pagsasao a Ho|Ho]], [[Pagsasao a Birhor|Birhor]], [[Pagsasao a Kol (Banglades)|Kol]]
***Sanga a Santali: [[Pagsasao a Santali|Santali]], [[Pagsasao a Mahali|Mahali]], [[Pagsasao a Turi|Turi]]
*Abagatan a Munda
**Kharia–Juang: [[Pagsasao a Kharia|Kharia]], [[Pagsasao a Juang|Juang]]
**Koraput Munda
*** Sanga a Remo: [[Pagsasao a Gata|Gata]] (Gta), [[Pagsasao a Bondo|Bondo]] (Remo), [[Pagsasao a Bodo Gadaba|Bodo Gadaba]] (Gutob)
***Sanga a Savara [Sora–Juray–Gorum] : [[Pagsasao a Parengi|Parengi]] (Gorum), [[Pagsasao a Sora|Sora]] (Savara), [[Pagsasao a Juray|Juray]], [[Pagsasao a Lodhi|Lodhi]]

=== Diffloth (2005) ===
Ibatbati ni Diffloth (2005) ti Koraput (linikudan babaen ni Anderson, dita baba) ngem panawanna ti Abagatan a Munda ken ikabilna ti Kharia–Juang kadagiti akin-amianan a pagsasao:

{{klado
|label1=Munda&amp;nbsp;
|1={{klado
   |label1=&amp;nbsp;Koraput&amp;nbsp;
   |1={{klado
      |1=[[Pagsasao a Bonda|Remo]]
      |2=[[Pagsasao a Sora|Savara]]
      }}
   |label2=&amp;nbsp;Bugas&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp;Munda&amp;nbsp;
   |2={{klado
   |1=[[Pagsasao a Kharia|Kharia]]–[[Pagsasao a Juang|Juang]]
   |label2=&amp;nbsp;Amianan&amp;nbsp; a&amp;nbsp;Munda&amp;nbsp;
   |2={{klado
   |1=[[Pagsasao a Korku|Korku]]
   |2=Kherwariano
      }}
      }}
    }}
}}

=== Anderson (1999) ===
Ti singasing ni [[Gregory Anderson (lingguista)|Gregory Anderson]] 1999 ket kas dagiti sumaganad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson1999&quot;&gt;Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). &quot;A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology.&quot; Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.&lt;/ref&gt;

*Amianan a Munda
**[[Pagsasao a Korku|Korku]]
**Kherwariano
***[[Pagsasao a Santali|Santali]]
***[[Pagsasao a Mundari|Mundari]]
*Abagatan a Munda (3 a sangsanga)
**Kharia–Juang
***[[Pagsasao a Juang|Juang]]
***[[Pagsasao a Kharia|Kharia]]
**Sora–Gorum
***[[Pagsasao a Sora|Sora]]
***[[Pagsasao a Gorum|Gorum]]
**Gutob–Remo–Gtaʔ
***Gutob–Remo
****[[Pagsasao a Gutob|Gutob]]
****[[Pagsasao a Bonda|Remo]]
***[[Pagsasao a Gta’|Gta’]]
****Tantanap Gtaʔ
****Turok Gtaʔ

Nupay kasta, idi2001, pinagsina ni Anderson ti Juang ken Kharia manipud iti sanga a Juang-Kharia ken sanna pay nga inraman ti Gtaʔ manipud iti dati a sangana iti Gutob–Remo–Gtaʔ. Isu a, ti singasingna idi 2001 ket mangiraman kadagiti 5 sanga para iti Abagatan a Munda.

=== Anderson (2001) ===
Suroten n i[[Gregory Anderson (lingguista)|Anderson]] (2001) ni Diffloth (1974) makalsid iti pananglikud ti kinaumno ti Koraput. Imbes ket nga insingasingna, iti batayan ti morpolhiko a panangiyasping, a ti Proto-Abagatan a Munda ket dagus a pagsinaaen kadagiti tallo a grupo ti kabsat ni Diffloth, ti Kharia–Juang, Sora–Gorum (Savara), ken Gutob–Remo–Gtaʼ (Remo).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|last=Anderson
|first=Gregory D S
|authorlink=
|editor=
|others=
|title=A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology
|origyear=

|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=Indian Linguistics
|volume=62
|year=2001
|publisher=Linguistic Society of India
|location=Poona
|language=
|isbn=
|oclc=
|doi=
|id=
|pages=21–36
|chapter=
|chapter-url=
|quote=
|ref=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti sanga iti Abagatan a Munda ket aglaon kadagiti lima a sanga, bayat a ti sanga ti Amianan a Munda ket kapada kadagiti bagi da Diffloth (1974) ken Anderson (1999).

{{quote|'''[[Pagsasao a Sora|Sora]]–[[Pagsasao a Gorum|Gorum]]''' &amp;nbsp; '''[[Pagsasao a Juang|Juang]]''' ↔ '''[[Pagsasao a Kharia|Kharia]]''' ↔ '''[[Pagsasao a Gutob|Gutob]]–[[Pagsasao a Bonda|Remo]]''' ↔ '''[[Pagsasao a Gta|Gtaʔ]]'''}}

*''Nota'': &quot;↔&quot; = ket makibinningay kadagiti dadduma nga inobatibo a isogloss (estrutural, leksikal). Iti lingguistika ti Austronesio ken Papuano, daytoy ket tinawtawagan iti &quot;[[Pannakaisilpo (lingguistika)|pannakaisilpo]]&quot; babaen ni [[Malcolm Ross (lingguista)|Malcolm Ross]].

== Pannakaiwarwaras ==
{{Pie chart
|label1=[[Pagsasao a Santali|Santali]]
|value1=45.1
|label2=[[Pagsasao a Ho|Ho]]
|value2=27.6
|label3=[[Pagsasao a Mundari|Mundari]]
|value3=11.3
|label4=[[Pagsasao a Juray|Juray]]
|value4=5.8
|label5=[[Pagsasao a Korku|Korku]]
|value5=3.5
|label6=[[Sora language|Sora]]
|value6=2.3
|label7=[[Pagsasao a Kharia|Kharia]]
|value7=2.1
|label8=Dadduma
|value8=2.3
|caption=Porsiento dagiti agsasao iti Munda babaen ti pagsasao}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Nagan ti pagsasao !! Bilang dagiti agsasao !! Lokasion
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Korku|Korku]] || 478,000 || [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Bijori|Bijori]] || 25,000 || [[Jharkhand]], [[Laud a Bengal]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Koraku|Koraku/Kodaku]] || 15,000 || [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Korwa|Korwa]] || 66,000 || [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Mundari|Mundari]] (inc. Bhumij dialect) || 1,550,000 || [[Jharkhand]], [[Laud a Bengal]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao nga Asuri|Asuri]] || 16,600 || [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Koda|Koda]] || 44,000 || [[Banglades]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Ho|Ho]] || 3,800,000 || [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Assam]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Birhor|Birhor]] || 10,000 || [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[Laud a Bengal]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Santali|Santali]] || 6,200,000 || [[Laud a Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Mahali|Mahali]] || 33,000 || [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Laud a Bengal]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Turi|Turi]] || 2,000 || [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Laud a Bengal]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Kharia|Kharia]] || 294,000 || [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Juang|Juang]] || 50,000 || [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Gataq|Gataq/Gta]] || 3,000 || [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Bondo|Bondo/Remo]] || 9,000 || [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Bodo Gadaba|Bodo Gadaba/Gutob]] || 8,000 || [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Parengi|Parengi/Gorum]] || 6,700 || [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Sora|Sora/Savara]] || 310,000 || [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Juray|Juray]] || 801,000 || [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Pagsasao a Lodhi|Lodhi]] || 25,000 || [[Odisha]], [[Laud a Bengal]]
|}

== Kitaen pay ==
* [[Pagsasao a Nihali]]
* [[Dagiti tattao a Munda]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==

=== Dagiti nota ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Dagiti sapasap a nagibasaran ===
* Diffloth, Gérard. 1974. &quot;Austro-Asiatic Languages&quot;. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. pp 480–484.
* Diffloth, Gérard. 2005. &quot;The contribution of linguistic palaeontology to the homeland of Austro-Asiatic&quot;. In: Sagart, Laurent, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas (eds.). ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics''. RoutledgeCurzon. pp 79–82.

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*{{cite book
|last=
|first=
|authorlink=
|editor=Gregory D S Anderson
|others=
|title=Munda Languages
|origyear=

|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=Routledge Language Family Series
|volume=3
|year=2008
|publisher=Routledge
|location=
|language=
|isbn=0-415-32890-X
|oclc=
|doi=
|id=
|pages=
|chapter=
|chapter-url=
|quote=
|ref=
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Anderson
|first=Gregory D S
|authorlink=
|editor=
|others=
|title=The Munda verb: typological perspectives
|origyear=

|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=Trends in linguistics
|volume=174
|year=2007
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|location=Berlin
|language=
|isbn=978-3-11-018965-0
|oclc=
|doi=
|id=
|pages=
|chapter=
|chapter-url=
|quote=
|ref=
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Donegan
|first=Patricia
|authorlink=
|author2=David Stampe
|editor=
|others=
|title=South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages: Evidence for the Analytic-to-Synthetic Drift of Munda
|origyear=

|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=
|volume=
|year=2002
|publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society
|location=Berkeley, CA
|language=
|isbn=
|oclc=
|doi=
|id=
|pages=
|chapter=
|chapter-url=
|quote=
|ref=
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Śarmā
|first=Devīdatta
|authorlink=
|editor=
|others=
|title=Munda: sub-stratum of Tibeto-Himalayan languages
|origyear=

|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages
|volume=7
|year=2003
|publisher=Mittal Publications
|location=New Delhi
|language=
|isbn=81-7099-860-3
|oclc=
|doi=
|id=
|pages=
|chapter=
|chapter-url=
|quote=
|ref=
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Newberry
|first=J
|authorlink=
|editor=
|others=
|title=North Munda hieroglyphics
|origyear=

|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=
|volume=
|year=2000
|publisher=J Newberry
|location=Victoria BC CA
|language=
|isbn=
|oclc=
|doi=
|id=
|pages=
|chapter=
|chapter-url=
|quote=
|ref=
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Varma
|first=Siddheshwar
|authorlink=
|editor=
|others=
|title=Munda and Dravidian languages: a linguistic analysis
|origyear=

|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=
|volume=
|year=1978
|publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University
|location=Hoshiarpur
|language=
|isbn=
|oclc=25852225
|doi=
|id=
|pages=
|chapter=
|chapter-url=
|quote=
|ref=
}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[http://sealang.net/munda/ SEAlang Munda Languages Project]
**[http://sealang.net/munda/dictionary/ SEAlang Munda Etymological Dictionary]
*[http://www.southasiabibliography.de/index.html Munda Dictionaries Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031062821/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/index.html |date=2018-10-31 }} (Kiel, Peterson)
*[http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/ Donegan &amp; Stampe Munda site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103032630/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/ |date=2021-11-03 }}
*[https://livingtongues.org/projects/asia/india/munda-languages/ Munda languages at Living Tongues]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061001210916/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Austroasiatic/Munda/Munda_-_General/munda_-_general.html bibliograpia]
*[http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/ The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College]
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EE-3@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EE-3@view]] Ti sasao a Munda iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

[[Kategoria:Sasao a Munda| ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="25390" sha1="ddbo2s6dnrn1n1yso9z29ia8ptce20o" xml:space="preserve">== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:50, 5 Oktubre 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31098825 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-42&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Starting October 13, wikis can change the default pattern for [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]] (currently &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). They will be able to use human-readable, content-based reference names that are more helpful to contributors using the source editor (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller2026-1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). VisualEditor reference name patterns can be defined using MediaWiki system messages, JSON, templates and modules ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|more information]]). Admins can enable these changes via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|community configuration]]. This is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to English Wikipedia on October 14 and to remaining Wikimedia Foundation wikis by end of October (likely October 21). The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. This is a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-standing community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304]

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] will be removing the list view of the Watchlist and defaulting everyone to the changelog view. Previously, there were two versions of how the Watchlist is shown to mobile web users: the list view, where editors could see watched articles in a list format, and the changelog view, where editors could see changes to watched articles in a log format, controlled by a user's Advanced Mobile Control settings. This has created issues for code-base maintenance: two different displays means two sets of code to manage. By defaulting to the changelog view, we are simplifying the codebase and avoiding the likelihood of missing bugs.
* The Wikipedia Android app is testing a way to listen to article introductions in the “For you” feed. A text-to-speech model reads the existing article text aloud without rewriting it or adding any content. The 30-day experiment will begin in the Wikipedia Beta app during the third week of September, then move to the regular Wikipedia Android app in October for a limited group of eligible users. A small portion of app users (those with English feeds and at least one topic interest) will have access to the feature. This experiment is part of broader efforts to give app readers options in how they consume content in order to deepen engagement and user retention. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Learn more]] and [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|share feedback]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighting]] was [[phab:T288161|enabled]] by default for all logged out and newly registered users on the English Wikipedia on September 14. With no signs of adverse effects, the same change is being proposed to be made globally across all wikis in a few weeks. If you have concerns or feedback, or if your wiki would like to opt out, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|please see the help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077]
* [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Wikidata mobile statement editing]] of all datatypes will be officially launched on October 13, when it will be removed from Wikidata [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] and become available to all editors. Users can [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|report bugs and share feedback]].
* Last week, language link changes were removed from [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] feeds on Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wiktionary. As no adverse effects have been observed, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] plans to roll out this change globally to all Wikipedias. This is scheduled for October 13 at 07:00 UTC, after which editors will no longer see when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or ask to opt out their wiki on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where accidentally touching the graph while scrolling on the Pageviews tool on mobile could unintentionally zoom in has now been fixed. Click-and-drag zoom is now disabled on touch devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There are three major changes coming to dumps: the legacy content dumps [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ deprecated in January 2026] will now be sunset, the replacement [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports MediaWiki Content File Exports] will be delayed to implement a “safety buffer”, and they are now also available as 7zip-compressed files. Users will need to switch the URL they download their dump from. For more information, timeline and migration instructions, see [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Legacy content dumps sunset].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation discovered unauthorized activity by OpenAI agents on Wikimedia projects, including edits to wikis, attempts to exploit a public note-taking tool, and heavy automated traffic. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Read the blog post on Diff]] for more details about the activity and the Foundation’s response.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon! We’ll be meeting in lovely Tirana, Albania for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] from April 9–11, 2027. Scholarship and staff sponsorship applications are currently being [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ accepted through Pretix] and will close on October 30, 2026. General registration will open in January 2027.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 07:38, 13 Oktubre 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31142468 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-43&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To measure the impact of incorporating some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#November 2025: Ideas and feedback|community-requested features]] on logged-out reader retention, a test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing|Image Carousel]] will be pushed to logged-out readers. With the Image Carousel feature, readers browse community-uploaded images, selected by editors as relevant to specific articles. The test starts on November 20.
* An experimental notice will be pushed to 0.5% of logged-out mobile readers who come to English Wikipedia from Google, asking them to add Wikipedia as a [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/preferred-sources/ Google Preferred Source]. The test is to see if this notice increases reader retention and encourages people who use Google Search to visit Wikipedia more often. It will run from October 15–29 and will be assessed for its impact on retention and referrals.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[quarry:|Quarry]] returned an “Access denied” error when users tried to run SQL queries, preventing queries from running normally, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440966]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Cog-icon-grey.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Due to a long-standing bug, applications that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For_Developers|OAuth 2]] client credentials flow to act on their owners’ behalf are treated as if they are logged out. This will be fixed for new applications registered on or after Monday, October 19. Some affected applications need to re-register. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420297]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A proposal to hold the Wikimedia Hackathon every three years, with regional hackathons in between, [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|has been shared]]. It explores making the event more accessible to technical communities in different regions. Share your feedback on the proposal’s [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|talk page]] before November 6.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W43&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:37, 19 Oktubre 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31178499 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-44&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* An experiment launched on September 29 is testing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Experience/Reading_recommendations|article recommendations]] for new account holders who also identify as readers. By suggesting articles to read, similar to recommendations in the Wikipedia app for logged-in readers, the experiment aims to encourage new account holders to read and return to the website regularly, with the goal of increasing internal referrals by 1%. See the related [[m:Community Wishlist/W505|Community Wishlist]] proposal.
* Several Wikimedia services were taken offline last week because of a [https://www.php.net/archive/2026.php#2026-10-20-1 security vulnerability in PHP]. This is because they need to be updated before they are safe to put back online. This is not a problem just for the Wikimedia movement but affects a lot of websites. You can follow updates on [[wikitech:Incidents/2026-10-21 PHP security update/Community|Wikitech]]. Cloud VPS and Toolforge will take longer to bring back online. This is to make sure that applications which run on Cloud VPS or Toolforge are not affected. Tool developers can see updates and more information on the [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/cloud-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ Cloud-announce mailing list]. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-tools-and-services/][https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-cloud-services/]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Last week we shared]] that to measure the impact of incorporating some community-requested features on logged-out reader retention, a test for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Carousel]] feature would be pushed to logged-out readers. Due to an issue, we will be restarting the test, but it will be live on October 26, not November 20 as initially announced.

'''Updates for editors'''
* A new [[wikitech:KAPOW|bot detection system]] to better identify automated traffic that disguises itself as human visitors, is coming to the Wikimedia wikis. This might cause sudden changes to visitor statistics starting from 26 October, going back to 20 June 2026.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] which renders musical notation inside wiki pages, has been temporarily disabled on all wikis due to a security issue. Affected pages will display a notice instead of musical scores, but the underlying code remains intact. No action is needed from editors, and a fix is in progress. A separate announcement will follow when the extension is re-enabled. Read more on [[phab:T441579|Phabricator]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where CodeMirror syntax highlighter appears to have been enabled in error for existing editors has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T441308]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, October 28 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1793199600 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439703]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship and sponsorship applications for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] will close on Friday, October 30th. Submit your application [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ through Pretix] before the deadline!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W44&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:55, 26 Oktubre 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31199592 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ddbo2s6dnrn1n1yso9z29ia8ptce20o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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