Estados Unidos iti Amerika

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    <title>Estados Unidos iti Amerika</title>
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{{Infobox pagilian
| conventional_long_name = Estados Unidos iti Amerika
| native_name            = United States of America
| common_name            = Estados Unidos
| image_flag             = Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg
| image_coat             = US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg
| symbol_type            = Nalatak a Selio
| national_motto         = [[In God We Trust]]{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;(opisial)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;({{lang-ilo|Ni Apo Dios iti pagtalekanmi}})&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{lang|la|[[E pluribus unum|E Pluribus Unum]]}}{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;(tinawtawid)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;({{lang-ilo|Aggapu iti Adu, Maymaysa}})&lt;/small&gt;
| image_map              = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width              = 220px
| national_anthem        = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner|Ti Nabituenan a Wagayway]]&quot;{{brk|2}}[[Papeles:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg|center]]
| official_languages     = Awan iti pederal nga agpang{{Ref label|engoffbox|a|}}
| languages_type         = Nailian a pagsasao
| languages              = [[Pagsasao nga Ingles|Ingles]] (''[[de facto]]''){{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}}
| capital                = [[Washington, D.C.]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|{{coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|display=inline}}}}
| largest_city           = [[Siudad ti New York]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|{{coord|40|43|N|74|00|W|display=inline}}}}
| government_type        = [[Pederalismo|Pederal]] a [[Presidensial a sistema|presidensial]] a [[batay-linteg a republika]]
| leader_title1          = [[Presidente ti Estados Unidos|Presidente]]
| leader_name1           = [[Donald Trump]] ([[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|R]])
| leader_title2          = [[Bise Presidente ti Estados Unidos|Bise Presidente]]
| leader_name2           = [[J.D. Vance]] ([[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|R]])
| leader_title3          = {{nowrap|[[Tagabitla ti Kamara dagiti Panakabagi iti Estados Unidos|Tagabitla ti Kamara]]}}
| leader_name3           = [[Mike Johnson]] ([[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|R]])
| leader_title4          = [[Ehekutibo a Hustisia iti Estados Unidos|Ehekutibo a Hustisia]]
| leader_name4           = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature            = [[Kongreso ti Estados Unidos|Kongreso]]
| upper_house            = [[Senado ti Estados Unidos|Senado]]
| lower_house            = [[Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi ti Estados Unidos|Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[Pananggulo a Gubat ti Amerika|Panagwaywayas]]
| sovereignty_note       = manipud iti [[Pagarian ti Nalatak a Britania]]
| established_event1     = [[Panangiyebkas ti Estados Unidos iti Panagwaywayas|Nairangrang]]
| established_date1      = Hulio 4, 1776
| established_event2     = [[Tulag ti Paris (1783)|Nabigbigan]]
| established_date2      = Septiembre 3, 1783
| established_event3     = [[Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos|Ti agdama a Batay-linteg]]
| established_date3      = Hunio 21, 1788
| area_footnote          = {{Ref label|areabox|c|}}
| area_sq_mi             = 3794101
| area_km2               = 9826675
| area_rank              = Maika-3/Maika-4
| percent_water          = 6.76
| population_estimate    = {{formatnum:{{data United States | Poptoday }} }}&lt;ref name=&quot;POP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|title=U.S. POPClock Projection}} automatiko a mapabaro ti karkulo.&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2011
| population_estimate_rank = Maika-3
| population_density_km2 = 33.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 87.4
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2011
| GDP_PPP                = $15.065 trillion&lt;ref name=IMF_GDP&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&amp;ey=2016&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=111&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr1.x=49&amp;pr1.y=17|title=Estados Unidos|publisher=Internasional a Pundo ti Panguartaan|accessdate=2011-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank           = Umuna
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = $48,147&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_GDP&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = Maika-8
| GDP_nominal            = $15.065 trilion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_GDP&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_rank       = Umuna
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2011
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $48,147&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_GDP&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = Maika-15
| Gini_year              = 2013
| Gini_change            = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini                   = 38.0 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OECD Income Distribution Database: Gini, poverty, income, Methods and Concepts|url=http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/income-distribution-database.htm|website=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global inequality: How the U.S. compares|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/19/global-inequality-how-the-u-s-compares/|website=Pew Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Income Distribution and Poverty : by country – INEQUALITY|url=http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=46189|website=OECD|access-date=2015-06-25|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093506/http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=46189|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2013&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change             = steady&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI                    = 0.914 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=Hulio 27, 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = Maika-5
| currency               = [[Doliar ti Estados Unidos]] ($)
| currency_code          = USD
| utc_offset             = −5 aginggana ti −10
| utc_offset_DST         = −4 aginggana ti −10
| cctld                  = [[.us]] [[.gov]] [[.mil]] [[.edu]]
| calling_code           = [[Plano a Panagnumero ti Amianan nga Amerika|+1]]
| date_format            = m/d/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])
| drives_on              = kanawan
| demonym                = Amerikano/Amerikana
| footnotes              = {{note|engoffbox}}a. Ti Ingles ket opisial a pagsasao kadagiti 28 nga estado—adu pay dagiti nagtaudan ng agit-ited ti nangatngato a karkulo, a naibatay iti sabsabali a panagipalpalawag iti &quot;opisial&quot;. Ti Ingglés ken [[Pagsasao a Hawayano|Hawayano]] dagitoy dua ket opisial a pagsasao ti estado iti [[Hawaii]].

{{note|engfactobox}}b.Ti Ingles ket isu ti ''de facto'' a pagsasao ti gobierno ti Amerika ken isu laeng ti pagsasao ti sangkabalayan babaen ti 80% kadagiti Amerikano nga agtawen iti lima ken nangatngato. Ti Españiol ket isu ti maikadua a kaaduan a bilang a pagsasao.

{{note|areabox}}c. Wenno saan a ti Estados Unidos wenno ti [[Tsina]] ket dakdakel ket naisuppiat. Ti bilang ket manipud iti [[Central Intelligence Agency]] it Estados Unidos ''[[World Factbook]]''. Ti sabsabali a pagtaudan ket nagited ti basbassit a bilang. Dagiti naturayan a bilang iti kaddakkel iti daytoy a pagilian ket kadagiti 50 nga estado ken Distrito iti Columbia laeng, saan a naited dagiti territorio.

{{note|popbox}}d. Ti karkulo kadagiti bilang ti umili ket nairaman dagiti tattao a kadawyan a nagtaeng kadagiti 50 nga estado ken ti Distrito iti Columbia, a nairaman dagiti saan nga umili. Saan a nairaman dagiti nagtaeng kadagiti territorio, nga addaan iti sumurok a &amp;nbsp;riwriw nga umili iti Estados Unidos (kaaduan idiay [[Puerto Rico]]), wenno dagiti umili ti Estados Unidos a nagtaeng iti ruar ti Estados Unidos.
}}

Ti '''Estados Unidos iti Amerika''' ({{lang-en|United States of America}}), wenno kaadduan ket masao nga &quot;Amerika&quot; laeng, ket pagilian a pederal a naibatay ti linteg a republika, mabirukan iti tengnga ti kontinente ti [[Amianan nga Amerika]], a naisadagan dagiti 48 a kontinental nga estado ken [[Washington, D.C.]], a kapitoliona, ket naisadagan pay a nagbaetan ti [[Taaw Pasipiko]] ken [[Taaw Atlantiko]], nabeddengan ti [[Kanada]] iti amianan ken [[Méhiko]] iti abagatan. Ti estado iti [[Alaska]] ket adda idiay amianan a laud iti kontinente, nga addaan iti Kanada iti daya ken [[Rusia]] iti laud, iti ballasiw ti [[Nailet a Baybay Bering]]. Ti estado iti [[Hawaii]] ket maysa a [[purpuro]] idiay tennga a Pasipiko. Daytoy a pagilian ket addaan pay kadagiti territoriona idiay Pasipiko ken [[Karibe]]. Limapulo nga estado ti mangbukbukel daytoy a pagilian, saan a nairaman kadagiti dadduma a teritoriona.

Iti 3.79 kuadrado milia (9.83&amp;nbsp;riwriw km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) ken addaan iti sumurok a 312 riwriw a tattao, ti Estados Unidos ket isu ti maika-3 wenno maika-4 a kadakkelan a pagilian iti dagup a kalawa ti dagana, ken ti maika-3 a kadakkelan baben ti kalawa ti daga ken bilang dagiti umili. Daytoy ket maysa kadagiti kaaduan ti sabsabali nga etnisidad ket sabsabali a kultura a pagilian, ti nagbanagan daytoy ti kaaduan a panag-imigrasion manipud kadagiti sabsabali a pagilian.&lt;ref name=&quot;DD&quot;&gt;Adams, J. Q., ken Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. {{ISBN|0-7872-8145-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;Ti ekonomia ti Estados Unidos ket isu ti kadakkelan a nailian nga ekonomia iti lubong, nga addan ti nakarkulo a 2011[[GDP]] iti $15.1 trilion.

[[Dagiti patneng a tattao iti Kaamerikaan|Dagiti patneng a tattao]] ket nagtaudda manipud kadagiti [[dagiti Paleo nga Indio]] nga asino dagitoy ket naggapuda idiay [[Pagtaengan dagiti Amerika|Asia]] a nagnaedanda iti ribribo a taw-tawen nga ti tattan ket ti kangrunaan a daga ti Estados Unidos. Daytoy a [[Dagiti patneng nga Amerikano iti Estados Unidos|bilang dagiti umili a patneng nga Amerikano]] ket nalatak a nakissayan babaen kadagiti saksakit ket gubgubat kalpasan ti panagkolonia ti Europa. Ti Estados Unidos ket naibangon babaen kadagiti [[Sangapulo ket tallo a Kolonia]] a mabirukan iti [[Daya nga Aplaya iti Estados Unidos]]. Idi [[Hulio 4]], [[1776]] ket nagisayasay da ti [[Panagyebkas ti Estados Unidos iti Panagwaywayas]], a daytoy ket nagparangarang ti [[kinabukod a panagturay]] ken ti pannakaipatakder ti panagtintinnulongan a kappon. Dagiti nagsuppiat nga estado ket inabakda ti [[Imperio a Britaniko]] iti [[Rebolusionario a Gubat ti Amerika]], daytoy ti immuna a nagballigi iti kolonia a gubat iti panagwaywayas.&lt;ref&gt;Dull, Jonathan R. (2003). &quot;Diplomasia iti Rebolusion, aginggana ti 1783&quot;, p. 352, chap. iti ''Ti Kadua ti Amerikano a Rebolusion'', ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole. Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell, pp. 352–361. {{ISBN|1-4051-1674-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti agdama a [[Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]] ket naampon idid Septiembre 17, 1787; ti panakatalgedan na iti sumaganad a tawen ket pinakabaelan na dagiti estado a paset iti nagkaykaysa a republika nga addaan iti napigsa a tengnga a gobierno. Ti [[Pateg dagiti Karbengan]], ket naglaon kadagiti sangapulo a [[Listaan dagiti pannakapasayaat ti Batay-linteg iti Estados Unidos|a pannakapasayaatan ti Batay-linteg]] nga ag-garantia kadagiti kaaduan a [[Dagiti nakaisugud ken naikalintegan a karbengan|nakaisugud ken naikalintegan a karbengan]], ket napatalgedan idi 1791.

Lumapus iti maika-19 a siglo ti Estados Unidos ket inyallatyiw na dagiti patneng a tribu, naala na ti [[Pananggatang ti Louisiana|territorio ti Louisiana]] manipud iti [[Pransia]], [[Adams-Oní a Tulag|Florida]] manipud iti [[Espania]] ken paset ti [[Pagilian nga Oregon]] manipud iti [[Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian]], [[Panag-ibbetan ti Méhiko|Alta California ken New Mexico]] manipud iti Méhiko, ken [[Pananggatang ti Alaska|Alaska]] manipud iti Russia, ken innala na ti [[Republika iti Texas]] ken ti [[Republika iti Hawaii]]. Ti suppiatan a baetan ti [[Abagatan nga Amerika]] ken ti [[Amianan nga Amerika]] iti panag-padakkel ti [[Pannakaadipen idiay Estados Unidos|patakder iti pannakaadipen]] ken dagiti [[Karbengan dagiti estado|karbengan ti estado]] napungtoten na ti [[Sibil a Gubat ti Amerikano|Sibil a Gubat]] iti panawen nga 1860. Ti panangabak ti Amianan ket napawilan na ti agnayon a panaggudua iti daytoy a pagilian ken nagbanagan ti pannakagibus ti [[Maika-sangapulo ket tallo a pannakapasayaat ti Batay-linteg iti Estados Unidos|nailintegan a panagtagabu]] idiay Estados Unidos. Babaen ti panawennga 1870, ti nailian nga ekonomia na ket isun ti kadakkelan iti sangalubongan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Maddison, Angus|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_09-2008.xls|title=Pakasaritaan dagiti Estadistika para iti Ekonomia ti Lubong|publisher=The Groningen Growth and Development Centre, Economics Department of the University of Groningen|year=2006|accessdate=2008-11-06|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205205145/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_09-2008.xls|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ti [[Kastila-Amerikano a Gubat]] ken [[Umuna a Sangalubongan a Gubat]] ket nagpasingked iti daytoy a pagilian ti kasasaadna a kas maysa a napigsa a militar. Rimmuar manipud iti [[Maikadua a Sangalubongan a Gubat]] nga isu ti [[Dagiti nuklear nga armas ken ti Estados Unidos|immuna a pagilian nga addaan iti nuklear nga armas]] ken agnanayon a kameng iti [[Talinaay a Konsilo Dagiti Nagkaykaysa a Pagilian]], ken kultural a puersa iti sangalubongan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Cohen, Eliot A.|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower|title=History and the Hyperpower|work=Foreign Affairs|date=Hulio 2004|accessdate=2006-07-14}} {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm|title=Bariweswes ti Pagilian: Estados Unidos iti Amerika|publisher=BBC News|date=2008-04-22|accessdate=2008-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimolohia ==
Idi 1507, maysa nga Aleman a managararamid ti mapa nga agnagan ti [[Martin Waldseemüller]] ket nagaramid ti mapa iti lubong nga nainagananna ti Akinlaud a Hemisperio iti &quot;[[Amerika]]&quot; nainaganan daytoy iti maysa nag Italino a managsukisuk ken managararamid ti mapa a ni [[Amerigo Vespucci]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-24-america-turns-500_N.htm?csp=34|title=Dagiti kartograpo ket inkabilda ti 'Amerika' iti Mapa idi napalabas a 500 a tawtawen|work=USA Today|date=2007-04-24|accessdate=2008-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ti akinsakbay kadagiti kolonia ti Britania ket inus-usar da daytoy baro a nagan ti pagilian idi 1776 a [[Panagyebkas ti Estados Unidos iti Panagwaywayas|panagirangarang ti panagwaywayas]], &quot;ti nagtutunos a Panagyebkas kadagiti sangapulo ket tallo a nakkaykysa nag Estado iti Amerika&quot;.&lt;!--Saan nga ipadakkel ti letra ti &quot;nagkaykaysa&quot; ditoy: naipabassit a letra idiay Panagyebkas--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters.html|title=Ti Dokumento ti Linteg ti Wayawaya|publisher=Nailian nga Arkibo|accessdate=2007-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624075829/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters.html|archive-date=2013-06-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Idi Nobiembre 15, 1777, ti [[Maikadua a Kontinental a Kongreso]] ket inampon na ti [[Dagiti Artikulo iti Konpederasion]], a nangisao, &quot;Ti Patakder iti daytoy a Konpedarasion ket isunto ti &quot;Ti Estados Unidos iti Amerika&quot;. Ti Pranko-Amerikano a tul-tulag iti 1778 ket nag-usar ti &quot;Estados Unidos iti Amianan nga Amerika&quot;, ngem manipud idi Hunio 11, 1778, ti &quot;Estados Unidos iti Amerika&quot; ket ti nausar kadagiti [[Dagiti kuenta iti pannagsukat|kuenta iti pannagsukat]] iti daytoy a pagilian, ken nagbalin nga opisial daytoy manipud idin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=McClure, James|url=http://www.ydr.com/ci_9569289|title=Pangyuna: Ti Suppiat nga 'Umuna a Kapitolio'|publisher=YDR.com|date=2008-06-12|accessdate=2010-07-26|archive-date=2013-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725004522/http://www.ydr.com/ci_9569289|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti nababa a porma &quot;Estados Unidos&quot;(United States) ket maysa pay a pagalagadan. Dagiti sabbali pay a porma ket ti &quot;E.U.&quot; (U.S), ti &quot;EUA&quot; (USA), ken &quot;Amerika&quot;. Ti pangsarsarita pay a nagan ket mairaman ti &quot;E.U. iti A&quot; (U.S. of A) ken, it sabsabali a lugar iti lubong, ti &quot;States&quot; (dagiti estado). Ti &quot;Columbia&quot;, idi ket maysa a nasikat a nagan para iti Estados Unidos, a nainaganan kenni [[Christopher Columbus]]; apparang daytoy iti nagan a &quot;[[Washington, D.C.|Distrito iti Columbia]]&quot;.

Ti pagalagadan a panagtawag kadagiti umili iti Estados Unidos ket ka ti &quot;[[Dagiti Amerikano|Amerikano]]&quot;. Nupay a ti &quot;Estados Unidos&quot; ket isu ti opisial a panagsuppiat a termino, ti &quot;Amerikano&quot; ken &quot;U.S.&quot; ket kadawyan a maus-usar a panagitudo a pangilasin ti pagilian (&quot;Dagiti Amerikano a kapategan&quot;, &quot;dagiti puersa ti U.S.&quot;). Ti &quot;[[Amerikano (balikas)|Amerikano]]&quot; ket saan unay a maus-usar iti Ingles a mangitudo kadagiti tattao a saana naikonekta iti Estados Unidos.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). ''Ti Columbia a Pagsurotan ti Amerikano nga Ingles''. New York: Unibersidad ti Columbia a Pagmalditan, pp. 27–28. {{ISBN|0-231-06989-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti panangisao nga &quot;Estados Unidos&quot; ket kasisigud idi a natrato a kas ad-adu ngem maysa a kas ti, &quot;dagiti Estados Unidos ket&quot;—a nairaman iti [[Maikasangapulo ket tallo a Panagpasayaat ti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]], a napasingkedan idi 1865. Daytoy ket kadaywan a nagbalin a natrato a kas maymaysa laeng a ks ti, &quot;ti Estados Unidos ket&quot;—kalpasan ti gibus iti Sibil a Gubat. Ti maymaysa a porma ket pagalagadan tattan; ti ad-adu ngem maysa a porma ket naibati iti idioma a &quot;dagitoy Estados Unidos&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002663.html |author=Zimmer, Benjamin |date=Nobiembre 24, 2005 |title=Ti Biag Kadagitoy, Uh, Daytoy Estados Unidos |publisher=Unibersidad ti Pennsylvania—Listaan ti Pagsasao |accessdate=Pebrero 22, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Heograpia ken enbironmento ==
{{Nangruna|Heograpia iti Estados Unidos|Klima iti Estados Unidos|Enbironmento iti Estados Unidos}}
Ti kalawa ti daga iti [[kasigkay nga Estados Unidos]] ket agarup a {{pagbaliwen|1900|e6acre|km2}}. Ti Alaska, a nailasin manipud iti kasigkay nga Estados Unidos babaen ti Kanada, ket isu ti kadakkelan nga estado iti {{pagbaliwen|365|e6acre|km2}}. Ti Hawaii, a sumaksakop ti maysa a purpuro idiay tengnga a Pasipiko, nga abagatan a laud ti Amianan nga Amerika, ket adda ti sumurok a {{pagbaliwen|4|e6acre|km2}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Lubowski |first=Ruben |last2=Vesterby |first2=Marlow |last3=Bucholtz |first3=Shawn |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter1/1.1/ |title=AREI a Kapitulo 1.1: Panagusar ti Daga |publisher=Serbisio ti Panagsukisok ti Ekonomia |date=Hulio 21, 2006 |accessdate=Marso 9, 2009 |archive-date=2006-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808222823/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter1/1.1/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Estados Unidos ket isu ti maikatlo wenno maikapat a [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti kalawa|kadakkelen a pagilian babaen ti dagup a kalawa]] iti lubong (daga ken danum), a nairanggo daytoy iti likud ti Rusia ken Kanada ken nangatngato bassit ngem wenno ti baba ti [[Tsina]]. Ti pannakairanggo ket agdumaduma segun ti panagibilang kadagiti dua a teritorio a supsupiaten babaen ti Tsina ken [[India]] ken kasano ti panagrukod ti dagup a kadakkel ti Estados Unidos: ti panagkarkulo ket sumakop manipud iti {{pagbaliwen|3676486|sqmi|km2|0}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States |title= Estados Unidos |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=Marso 25, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; aginggana iti {{pagbaliwen|3717813|sqmi|km2|0}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf |title=Populasion babaen ti sekso, Gatad ti Panagdakkel ti Populasion, Kalawa ti Rabaw ken Densidad |publisher=Dibision dagiti Estadistika ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian |work= Demographic Yearbook 2005 |accessdate=Marso 25, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; aginggana ti {{pagbaliwen|3794101|sqmi|km2|0}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;WF&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=Estados Unidos |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=Septiembre 30, 2009 |accessdate=Enero 5, 2010 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226055200/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; No mairaman laeng ti kadakkel ti daga, ti Estados Unidos ket isu ti maikatlo a likudan ti Rusia ken Tsina, ken sango bassit ti Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20080208233209rn_1/education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/countrycompare/area/3d.html |title=World Factbook: Tabla a Pagiparisan ti Kalawa ti Pagilian |publisher=Yahoo Edukasion |accessdate=Pebrero 28, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Papeles:Haliaeetus leucocephalus2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ti [[Pultak nga Agila]], ti nailian a billit iti Estados Unidos manipud idi 1782]]

Ti aplaya a tanap iti Atlantiko a pantar ket agpastrek kadagiti ada-dayo a dagdaga dagiti [[agtintinnag ti bulong]]na a kabakiran ken dagiti agtultulatid a turod iti [[Piedmont (Estados Unidos)|Piedmont]]. Ti [[Banbantay Appalachia]] ket bingayenna ti dumaya a pantar manipud iti [[Nalatak a Danaw]] ken dagiti karuotan iti [[Akinlaud a tengnga ti Estado Unidos|tenga a laud]]. Ti [[Karayan Mississippi|Mississippi]]–[[Karayan Missouri]], ti [[Listaan dagti karayan babaen ti kaatiddog|maikapat a kaatiddogan sistema ti karayan]] iti lubong, ket kangrunaan nga agayos ti amianan-abagatan babaen ti pusod daytoy a pagilian. Ti nadalumpinas, nalames a [[tay-ak]] iti [[Nalatak a Tanap]] ket maibistrad iti laud, a tubngaren babaen ti [[Kaunegan a Kabanbantayan ti Estados Unidos|rehion a kabanbantayan]] iti abagatan adaya. Ti [[Kabatbatuan a Kabanbantayan]], iti lumaud nga igid iti Nlatak a Tanap, ket gumay-ay iti amianan aginggana ti abagatan iti ballasiw daytoy a pagilian, nga umababot ti kanagto a nagatngato ngem 14,000&amp;nbsp;a pié (4,300&amp;nbsp;m) idiay [[Colorado]].Iti pay adadayo a laud ket dagiti kabatbatuan a [[Nalatak a labneng]] ken dagiti desierto a kas ti [[Disierto ti Chihuahua|Chihuahua]] ken [[Disierto ti Mojave|Mojave]]. Ti [[Sierra Nevada (Estados Unidos.)|Sierra Nevada]] ken [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] a kabanbantayan ket umasideg ti [[Laud nga Aplaya iti Estados Unidos|aplaya ti Pasipiko]]. Nga iti 20,320&amp;nbsp;pié (6,194&amp;nbsp;m), ti [[Bantay McKinley]] ti Alaska ket isu ti katayagan a tuktok iti pagilian ken ti Amianan nga Amerika. Dagiti aktibo a [[bulkan]] ket kadaywan kadagiti [[Purpuro ti Alehandro|Alehandro]] ti Alaska ken [[Is-isla ti Aleutia]], ken ti Hawaii ket buklen dagiti isla ti bulkan. Ti [[nalatak a bulkan]] a pinasirokan ti [[Nailian a Parke ti Yellowstone]] idiay Rockies ket daytoy ti kadagkelan a langa ti bulkan iti kontinente.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |title=Nalatak a Bulkan: Ania ti adda ti sirok ti Yellowstone? |author=O'Hanlon, Larry |publisher=Discovery Channel |accessdate=Hunio 13, 2007 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525210051/http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html |archivedate=2012-05-25 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti Estados Unidos, nga adda ti nawatiwat a kadakkelna ken ti nadumaduma a heograpiko, ket mangiraman kadagiti adu a kita ti klima. Ti daya iti [[Maika-100 a meridiano ti laud|maika-100 a meridiano]], ti klima ket sumakop manipud iti [[nadam-eg a kontinental a klima|nadag-eg a kontinental]] iti amianan aginggana ti [[nadam-eg a subtropikal a klima|nadam-eg a subtropikal]] iti abagatan. Ti akin-abagatan nga ungto iti [[Florida]] ket tropikal, ken kasta met ti Hawaii. Ti Nalatak a Tanap a laud ti maika-100 a meridiano ket namaga bassit. Kaaduan kadagiti Lumaud a kabanbantayan ken [[alpino a klima|alpino]]. Ti klima ti Nalatak a Labneng ket namaga,ti desierto idiay Abagatn a luad, ti [[Mediteraneo a klima|Mediteraneo]] idiay [[aplaya ti California]], ken [[naintaawan a klima|naintaawan]] idiay aplaya ti [[Oregon]] ken [[Washington (estado ti Estado sUnidos)|Washington]] ken abagatan nga Alaska. Kaaduan ti Alaska ket subartiko wenno polar. Ti nakaro a tiempo ket kadaywan kadagiti naibeddeng nga estado iti [[Golpo ti Mehiko]] ken daytoy ket kanayon a makasansanay kadagiti [[Tropikal nga alipugpog|alawig]], ken kaaduan kadagiti [[alipugpog]] iti lubong ket rumsua iti uneg iti daytoy a pagilian, a nagnangruna idiay [[Bettang ti alipuglog]] ti Tengnga a laud.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Perkins, Sid |url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp |archivedate=2007-07-01 |title=Bettang ti alipugpug, USA |accessdate=Septiembre 20, 2006 |date=Mayo 11, 2002 |work=Siensia a Damdamag |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti ekolohia ti Estados Unidos ket naikapnunotan a &quot;[[megadibersio a pagpagilian|megadibersio]]&quot;: agarup a 17,000 a sebbangan dagiti [[vascular a mulmula]] oket rumsua iti kasigkay nga Estados Unidos ken Alaska, ken sumurok a 1,800 a sebbangan dagiti [[agsabsabong a mula]] ket mabirukan idiay Hawaii, ken bassit kadagitoy ti rumsua idiay kangrunaan a daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= Morin, Nancy |url= http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title= Dagiti vascular a Mulmula iti Estados Unidos |publisher= Serbiso ti Nailian a Biolohiko |work= Mulmula |accessdate= Oktubre 27, 2008 |archive-date= 2013-07-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Estados Unidos ket pagtaengan kadagiti ad-adu ngem 400 a sebbangan ti mamalia, 750 billit, ken 500 reptilia ken ampibio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/TxTab4x1.html |title= Sangalubongan a Kamudingan dagiti Napilia Patneng a Mula ken Sebbangan ti Ayup iti Estados Unidos |publisher=Grupo ti SDI |date=Pebrero 9, 2001 |accessdate=Enero 20, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agarup a 91,000 a sebbangan ti insekto ket nainagananen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Dagiti Bilang ti Insekto (Dagiti Sebbangan ken Agmaymaysa) |publisher=Instituto ti Smithsonia  |accessdate=Enero 20, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[Tignay ti Nadangran a Sebbangan]] iti 1973 ket mangsalaknib kadagiti naipangta ken nadangran a sebbangan ken dagiti pagtaenganda, a dagitoy ket palpaliiwen ti [[Serbiso ti Ikan ken Kaatapan ti Estados Unidos]]. Adda dagiti sangapulo ket walo a [[Listaan dagiti lugar iti Sistema ti Nailian a Parke ti Estados Unidos|nailian aparke]] ken ginasot kadagiti sabali pay a tinartarapato ti pederal a parke, kabakiran, ken [[langalang]] a luglugar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639 |title=Ti Nailaian a Serbisio ti Parke ket Nagirangarang ti Panakainayon ti Dua a Baro a Unit |publisher=Nailian aSerbisio ti Parke |date=Pebrero 28, 2006 |accessdate=Hunio 13, 2006 |archive-date=2006-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001195645/http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; No mairaman amin dagitoy, ti gobierno ket agtagikua iti 28.8% iti kadakkel a lugar ti pagilian.&lt;ref name=FL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://johnshadegg.house.gov/rsc/Federal%20Land%20Ownership--May%202005.pdf |title=Pederal a Daga ken dagiti Patakder a Panagtagikua |publisher=Komite ti Republikano a Panagadal |date=Mayo 19, 2005 |accessdate=Marso 9, 2009 |archive-date=2009-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309172818/http://johnshadegg.house.gov/rsc/Federal%20Land%20Ownership--May%202005.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaaduan kadagitoy ket [[nasalakniban alugar|nasalakniban]], ngem adda dagiti naipaupa para iti panagkulukol ti lana, panagmina, panagtarikayo, wenno panagrantso ti baka; Ti 2.4% ket maus-usar para kadagiti militar a kapanggepan.&lt;ref name=FL /&gt;

== Politiko a panakabingbingay ==
{{Nangruna|Estado ti Estados Unidos}}
{{Sumaruno|Teritorio nga ebolusion iti Estados Unidos|Dagiti panagala ti teriorio iti Estados Unidos}}
Ti Estados Unidos ket maysa a [[Pederasion|pederal a kappon]] kadagiti limapulo nga estdo. Dagiti kasisigud a sangapulo ket tallo nga estado ket dagiti simmaruno kadagiti [[Dagiti sangapulo ket tallo a kolonia|sangapulo ket tallo a kolonia]] a nagrebelde iti Britaniko a panagturay. Iti nasapa a pakasaritaan iti daytoy a pagilian, adda dagiti tallo a baro nga estado a naurnong iti teritorio a naisina para kadagiti panagtunton kadagiti addan nga estado: ti [[Kentucky]] manipud iti [[Virginia]]; [[Tennessee]] manipud iti [[North Carolina]]; ken [[Maine]] manipud iti [[Massachusetts]]. Kaaduan kadagiti dadduma nga estado ket naukiran manipud kadagiti teritorio a naala babaen ti gubat wenno panaggatang babaen ti gobierno ti Estados Unidos. Maysa kadagiti malaksid nga agasmang ket buklen ti [[Vermont]], [[Texas]], ken [[Hawaii]]: tunggal maysa kadagitoy ket nawaya a republika sakbayda a timmipon iti kappon. Idi panawen ti [[Sibil a Gubat ti Amerikano]], ti [[West Virginia]] ket nakisina manipud iti Virginia. Ti kabaroan nga estado ti Hawaii ket nakagun-od ti panagestado idi Agosto 21, 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/10/18/special/story4.html |title='Ti Pagtungpalan idi ket Demokrasia para iti Amin |work= Honolulu Star-Bulletin |author=Borreca, Richard |date=Oktubre 18, 1999 |accessdate=Pebrero 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagti estado ket [[Texas v. White|awananda ti karnegan]] a [[sumina]] manipud iti kappon.

Dagiti estado ket buklen ti nawatiwat a masa ti daga ti Estados Unidos; dagiti sabali pay a dua a lugar a naipanunotan nga importante a paset iti daytoy a pagilian ket dagiti Distrito iti Columbia, ti [[pederal a distrito]] nga adda ditoy ti pakabirukan ti kapitolio ti Washington; ken ti [[Palmyra Atol]], a daytoy ket awan dagiti agtaeng ngem [[Dagiti teritorio iti Estados Unidos|nainkorporado a teritorio]] idiay taaw Pasipiko. Ti Estados Unidos ket agtagikua pay kadagiti nagruna a teritorio ti ballasiw-taaw: ti [[Puerto Rico]] ken ti [[Is-isla ti Birhen ti Estados Unidos]] idiay Karibe; ken [[Amerikano a Samoa]], [[Guam]], ken ti [[Akin-amianan nga Is-isla ti Mariana]] idiay Pasipiko.&lt;ref&gt;Kitaen ti 8 U.S.C. §&amp;nbsp;1101(a)(36) ken 8 U.S.C. §&amp;nbsp;1101(a)(38) Pederal a Kodigo ti Estados Unidos, Tignay ti Imigrasion ken Pannakiilian. {{USC|8|1101a}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti naipasngay kadagiti nangruna a teritorio (malaksid ti Amerikano a Samoa) ket agtagikuada ti [[Karbengan ti panakaipasngay a pannakaumili iti Estados Unidos|pannakaumili iti Estados Unidos]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL30527.pdf| title = Panagbutos ti Presidente idiay Estados Unidos: Maysa a Pangyuna (Panid 7)| accessdate = Enero 18, 2010| date = Abril 17, 2000| publisher = Serbiso ti Kongresional a Panagsukisok ti Estados Unidos}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti umili ti Amerika nga agtaeng kadagitoy a teritorio ket adda dagiti karbengan ken responsibilidad a kapadpada dagiti umili nga agteng kadagiti estado; nupay kasta, isuda ket malaksid kadagiti pederal a panagbuis ti matgedan, saan a makabutos para iti presidente, ken adda laeng ti [[Delegado (Kongreso ti Estados Unidos)|saan a makabutos a pannakabagi iti Kongreso ti Estados Unidos]].&lt;ref&gt;Raskin, James B. (2003). ''Pangsuppiat ti Demokrasia: Ti Kangatuan a Korte Vs. ti Amerikano a Tattao''. Londres ken Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 36–38. {{ISBN|0-415-93439-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Kalalainganna nga imagemap ti USA nga adda dagiti nagan ti estado}}

== Pakasaritaan ==
{{Nangruna|Pakasaritaan iti Estados Unidos}}

=== Patneng nga Amerikano ken Europeano a pagtaengan ===
Dagiti [[Dagiti patneng a tattao iti Kaamerikaan|patneng a tatto]] iti kangrunaan a daga ti Estados Unidos, a mairanan [[dagiti patneng ti Alaska]], ket naipammati a dagitoy ket [[Dagiti modelo ti panagakar iti Baro a Lubong|immakar manipud iti Asia]], a nagrugi ti nagbaetan ti 40,000 ken 12,000 a tawtawen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm|archivedate=2007-11-28|title=Dagiti Tattao ti Kaamerikaan|publisher=Intituto ti Smithsonian, Nailian a l Museo iti Masna a Pakasaritaan|date=Hunio 2004|accessdate=Hunio 19, 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adda dagiti, a kas dagiti [[sakbay ti Columbia]] a [[kultura ti Mississippi]], ket nakaparang-ay dagitoy ti masakbayan nga agrikultura, grande nga arkitektura, ken estado a lessaad ti kagimongan. Kalpasan ti [[Panagkolonia ti Europeano iti Kaamerikaan|panagrugi a panagtalinaed dagiti Europeano ti Kaamerikaan]], [[Pakasaritaan ti populasion dagiti patneng a tattao iti Kaamerikaan|adu dagiti riwriw a patneng a tattao ti Kaamerikaan ket natay]] manipud kadagiti peste a kas ti burtong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meltzer, D.J.|year=1992|title=Kasano a Pinasakit ni Columbus ti Baro a Lubong: No Apay a dagiti Patneng nga Amerikano ket Madanarda kadagiti Sakit nga insangpet dagiti Europeano a Nagtalinaed?|journal=Baro a Sientista|page=38|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618424.700-how-columbus-sickened-the-new-world-why-were-nativeamericans-so-vulnerable-to-the-diseases-european-settlers-brought-with-them.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Papeles:Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor, by William Halsall.jpg|thumb|Ti ''[[Mayflower]]'' a nagitransporta dagiti [[Peregrino (Plymouth a Kolonia)|Peregrino]] iti Baro a Lubong idi 1620, a kas inladawan ti ''Ti Mayflower idiay Plymouth a Sangladan'' ni [[William Halsall]] idi 1882 ]]
Idi 1492, ti [[Henoba|Henobes]] nga ekplorador a ni [[Christopher Columbus]], nga adda ti kontrata ti balangat ti Kastila, ket nakaabut kadagiti adu nga is-isla ti Karibe, a makaaramid daytoy ti [[immuna a panaginnasideg (antropolohia)|immuna a panaginnasideg]] kadagiti patneng a tattao. Idi April&amp;nbsp;2, 1513, ti maysa aKastila a kongkistador a ni [[Juan Ponce de León]] ket simmanglad ti tinawtawaganna a ti &quot;[[Pakasaritaan iti Florida|La Florida]]&quot;—ti immuna a nadokumentuan a isasangpet ti agbalinton a ti kangrunaan nga adda iti Estados Unidos. Dagiti natalinaedan ti Kastila a rehion ket sinaruno babaen dagiti tatta nga aldawen a [[abagatan a laud ti Estados Unidos]] a nakaawis kadagiti rinibo manipud iti Mehiko. Dagiti Pranses nga agkomkomersio ti nalamuyot a dutdot ket nangibangonda kadagiti baro a pagpuestuan ti [[Baro a Pransia]] ti lawlaw ti Nalatak a Danaw; Ti Pransia ket timmunton kadagiti kaaduan a kaunegan ti Amianan nga Amerika, aginggana idiay Golpo iti Mehiko. Dagiti immuna a nagballigi a nagtalinaedan dagiti Ingles ket dagiti [[Kolonia iti Virginia]] idiay [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] idi 1607 ken ti [[Plymouth a Kolonia]] dagiti [[Peregrino (Plymouth a Kolonia)|Peregrino]] idi 1620. Ti 1628 a panagdokumento babaen ti linteg ti [[Luek ti Massachusetts a Kolonia]] ket nagbanagan kadagiti adu nga allon ti panagakar; babaen idi 1634, ti [[New England]] ket pagtaenganen babaen dagiti 10,000 a kaadu dagiti [[Puritano]]. Ti nagbaetan ti naladaw a panawen ti 1610 ken ti Amerikano a Rebolusion, agarup a 50,000 a naibalbalud ket naipan kadagiti Amerikano a kolonia ti Britania. Iti rugi ti 1614, dagiti Danes ket tinalinaedanda ti baba ti [[Karayan Hudson]], a mairaman ti [[Baro nga Amsterdam]] idiay [[Manhattan|Isla ti Manhattan]].

Idi 1674, dagiti Danes ket insinada dagiti teritorioda nga Amerikano iti Inglatera; ti probinsia iti [[Baro nga Olanda]] ket pinanaganan idi ti New York. Adu kadagiti baro nga imigrante, nangnangruna [[Pakasaritaan iti Akin-abagatan nga Estados Unidos|ti Abagatan]], ket nakontrato nga agserserbi a dagitoy ket dua a pagkatlo kadagiti amin nga imigrante ti Virginia ti nagbaetan ti 1630 ken 1680.&lt;ref&gt;Russell, David Lee (2005). ''Ti Amerikano a Rebolusion kadagidiay Akin-abagatan a Kolonia''. Jefferson, N.C., ken Londres: McFarland, p. 12. {{ISBN|0-7864-0783-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Babaen idi buelta ti maika-18 a siglo, dagiti [[Panagtagabu iti Estados Unidos a Kolonia|Aprikano a tagabu]] ket nagbalbalinen a ti kangrunaan a taudan iti napiansaan a panagtrabaho. Iti 1729 a panagbingbingay [[dagiti Carolina]] ken ti 1732 a panagkolonia iti [[Georgia (Estado iti Estados Unidos)|Georgia]], dagiti [[Dagiti Sangapulo ket tallo a Kolonia|sangapulo ket tallo a kolonia ti Britaniko]] a dagitoy ket ti nagbalin nga Estados Unidos ket napabangonda. Amin dagitoy ket adda ti lokal a gobierno a mabalin ti agbutos para kadagiti kaaduana anawaya a tao, ti panagpaadu to panaruknoy iti taga-ugma a [[karbengan dagiti Ingles a tao]] ken ti maysa a kapanunutan iti bukod a panagturay ket nagparugso ti panagsuporta ti republikanismo. Amin dagitoy ket nanglegado ti [[komersio ti Aprikano a tagabo]]. Ti kaadu ti gatad dagiti naipasngay, nababa agatad ti pnakatay, ken ti agtaltalinaed nga imigrasion, ti populasion ti kolonia ket napardas a dimakkel. Ti tignay a [[Kristiano a panagpabaro]] iti panawen ti 1730 ken 1740s a naamammoan a kas ti [[Immuna a Nalatak a Panagriing|Nalatak a Panagriing]] ket nagsungrod ti panagayat iti relihion ken relihioso a panagwaya. Iti [[Pranses ken Indiano a Gubat]], dagiti puersa ti Britaniko ket tiniliwda ti Kanada manipud kadagiti Pranses, ngem ti [[prankopono]] a populasion ket nabati a naisina babaen ti politiko manipud kadagiti akin-abagatan a kolonia. No saan a mairaman dagiti [[Dagiti patneng nga Amerika iti Estados Unidos|Patmeng nga Amerikano]] (nadayeg nga ammo kas dagiti &quot;Ameriko nga Indiano&quot;), a dagitoy ket naipatpatalaw, dagita a sangapulo ket tallo a kolonia ket adda idi ti populasion iti2.6&amp;nbsp;a riwriw idi 1770, agarup a maysa a pagkatlo iti Britania; gangani maysa iti lima nga Amerikano ket dagiti nangisit a tagabu.&lt;ref&gt;Blackburn, Robin (1998). ''Ti Panagaramid ti Baro a Lubong ti Panagtagabu: Manipud ti Barok aginggana ti Moderno, 1492–1800''. Londre ken Nueva York: Verso, p. 460. {{ISBN|1-85984-195-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ngen [[Awan ti panagbuis nga awan ti pannakabagi|ngem suheto ti Britaniko a panagbuisn]], dagiti kolonia nga Amerikano ket awananda ti pannakabagi iti [[Parlamento iti Gran Britania]].

== Gobierno ken dagiti politiko ==
[[Papeles:Capitol Building Full View.jpg|thumb|Ti laud a sango ti [[Kapitolio ti Estados Unidos]], a balayan daytoy ti [[Kongreso ti Estados Unidos]]]]
{{Nangruna|Pederal a gobierno iti Estados Unidos|dagiti estado a gobierno iti Estados Unidos|panagbutos iti Estados Unidos}}
Ti Estados Unidos ket isu ti kadaanan a sibibiag a [[pederasion]] iti lubong. Daytoy ket maysa a [[batay-linteg a republika]] ken [[representatibo a demokrasia]], &quot;a ti [[pangturay ti kaaduan]] ket timnemplado babaen ti [[karbengan dagiti minoridad]] a sinalakniban babaen ti [[Linteg iti Estado Unidos|linteg]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Scheb, John M., ken John M. Scheb II (2002). ''Pangyuna ti Amerikano a Sistema ti Legado''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. {{ISBN|0-7668-2759-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti gobierno ket timtimbengan babaen ti sistema a [[panagsisina dagiti bileg|panagkita ken gantingan]] nga inpalpalawagan babaen ti Batay-linteg nti Estados unidos, a daytoy ket agserbi a kas ti kangatuan a legado a dokumento iti daytoy a pagilian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm | title=Batay-linteg iti Estados Unidos | publisher=Ti Opisina iti Sekretario iti Senado | work=Ti Opisina iti Sekretario iti Senado | accessdate=Pebrero 11, 2012 | author=Killian, Johnny H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iti [[Pederalismo#Estados Unidos|Amerikano a pederalista a sistema]], dagiti umili ket kadawyan a suheto dagiti [[Politikal apanakabingbingay iti Estados Unidos|tallo nga lessaaad iti gobierno]], pederal, estado, ken lokal; dagiti rebbeng ti [[Lokal a gobierno iti Estadoso Unidos|lokal a gobierno]] ket kadawyan a a biningbingay ti nagbaetan ti [[Kondado (Estados Unidos)|kondado]] ken ti munisipio a gobierno. Iti gangani amin a kaso, dagiti ehekutibo ken lehislatibo nga opisial ket mabutosan babaen ti maysa nga [[ad-adu ngem maysa a sistema ti panagbubutos|ad-adu ngem maysa a panagbubutos]] dagiti umili babaen dagiti distrito. Awan ti [[maibagay a pannakabagi]] iti lessaad a pederal, ken wan unay kadagiti nababbaba a lessaad.

[[Papeles:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|thumb|left|Ti abagatan a sanguanan ti [[White House]], pagtaengan ken pagtrabahoan ti [[Presidente iti Estados Unidos]]]]
Ti pederal a gobierno ket buklen dagiti tallo a sangsanga:
* [[Lehislatura|Lehislatibo]]: Ti [[bikameralismo|dua a kamara]] a [[Kongreso iti Estados Unidos|Kongreso]], a buklen ti [[Senado ti Estados Unidos|Senado]] ken ti [[Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi iti Estados Unidos|Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi]], nga agaramid kadagiti [[pederal a linteg]], [[deklarasion iti gubat|agdeklara tigubat]], agpasingked kadagiti tulag, adda ti [[bileg iti supot]], ken adda ti bileg iti [[panagidarum]], a babaen daytoy ket makaikkat kadagiti agtugtugaw a kameng iti gobierno.
* [[Ehekutibo (gobierno)|Ehekutibo]]: Ti [[Presidente iti Estados Unidos|presidente]] ket isu ti [[agbilbilin a daulo]] iti milisia, mabalin nga agbeto [[bilin (maipaltiing a linteg)|lehislatibo a bilbilin]] sakbay nga agbalinda a linteg, ken mangidutok kadagiti [[Gabinete ti Estados Unidos|kameng iti Gabinete]] (suheto ti panagpasingked ti Senado) kendagiti nadumaduma pay nga opisial, nga agtaripato ken mangipatungpal kadagiti pederal a linteg ken annuroten.
* [[Ukom]]: Ti [[Kangatuan a Korte iti Estados Unidos|Kangatuan a Korte]] ken dagiti nababbaba a [[Dagiti pederalal korte iti Estados Unidos|korte ti pederal]], a dagiti huesna ket naidutokan babaen ti presidente a pasingkedan ti Senado, ket ibuksilanna dagiti linteg ken ibaliktadna dagiti mabirukanna a [[panakabatay-linteg|a saan naibatay ti batay-linteg]].

[[Papeles:USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG|thumb|Ti laud a sango iti [[Pasdek ti Kangatuan a Korte iti Estados Unidos]]]]
Ti Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi ket addaanda kadagiti 435 nga agbutbutos a kamkamemng, ti tunggal maysa ket agreprepresenta ti maysa a [[kongresional a distrito]] para iti dua a tawen a panagturay. Dagiti tugaw ti kamara ket dagiti [[Kongresional a panakbingay ti Estados Unidos|pannakabingay]] kadagiti estado babaen ti populasion iti tunggal sangapulo a tawen. A kas ti [[Senso ti Estado sUnidos, 2000|2000 a senso]], pito kadagiti estado ket addaanda ti kabassitan a maysa a panankabagi, bayat a ti California, ti kaaduan ti populasion nga estado, ket addan ti limapulo ket tallo. Ti Senado ket addaan dagiti 100 a kameng nga titunggal maysa nga estado ket addaan iti dua a senador, a nabutosan [[iti sapasap]] iti innem a tawen a panagturay; maysa apgkatlo kadagiti tugaw ti Senado ket agbalin a mabutosan iti tunggal maysa a sabali a tawen. Ti presidente ket agserbi ti uppat a tawen a panagturay ken saa amabalin a mabutosan [[Patingga ti panagturay iti Estados Unidos|iti ad-adu ngen dua]]. Ti presidente ket [[Panagbutos ti presidente iti Estados Unidos|saan a mabutosan ti dagus a panagbutos]], ngem babaen ti saan a dagus [[Elektoral a Kolehio ti Estados Unidos|elektoral a kolehio]] a sistema a dagiti mangikeddeng a butos ket mabingbingay kadagiti estado ken ti [[Distrito iti Columbia]]. Ti Kangatuan a Korte, nga indauloan babaen ti [[Pangulo a Hustisia iti Estados Unidos]], ket addaan iti siam a kameng, nga asserbi iti amin a panawen ti panagbiagda.

== Ekonomia ==
=== Dagiti kadakkelan a siudad ===
{|align=right
|[[Papeles:Panorama clip3.jpg|thumb|right|245px|Siudad ti New York, New York]]
|-
|[[Papeles:DowntownLosAngeles.jpg|thumb|right|245px|Los Angeles, California]]
|-
|}

Addaan iti kangrunaan a siudsiudad iti Estados Unidos, mainayon ti tallo a kadakkelan ti pagilian ken lubong: [[Ciudad ti New York]], [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], ken [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]. Ti sumagand ket ti tabla dagiti duapulo a kadakkelan a siudad iti Estados Unidos, maibatay iti senso idi 2004:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right; margin-left:60px width=50% border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;&quot;
|-
! # !! align=center |Siudad !! Bilang dagiti umili !! Rehion
|-
| 1. ||align=left | [[Siudad ti New York]], New York || 8,168,388 || [[Amianan-daya iti E.U.]]
|-
| 2. ||align=left | [[Los Angeles, California]] || 3,845,541 || [[Pasipiko]]-[[Laud iti E.U.]]
|-
| 3. ||align=left | [[Chicago, Illinois]] || 2,862,244 || [[Tengnga-laud iti E.U.]]
|-
| 4. ||align=left | [[Houston, Texas]] || 2,012,626 || [[Abagatan-tengnga iti E.U.]]
|-
| 5. ||align=left | [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] || 1,470,151 || [[Amianan-daya iti E.U.]]
|-
| 6. ||align=left | [[Phoenix, Arizona]] || 1,418,041 || [[Abagatan-laud iti E.U.]]
|-
| 7. ||align=left | [[San Diego, California]] || 1,263,756 || [[Laud iti E.U.]]
|-
| 8. ||align=left | [[San Antonio, Texas]] || 1,236,249 || [[Abagatan-tengnga iti E.U.]]
|-
| 9. ||align=left | [[Dallas, Texas]] || 1,210,393 || [[Abagatan-tengnga iti E.U.]]
|-
|10. ||align=left | [[San Jose, California|San José, California]] || 904,522 || [[Laud iti E.U.]]
|-
|11. ||align=left | [[Detroit, Michigan]] || 900,198 || [[Tengnga-laud iti E.U.]]
|-
|12. ||align=left | [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] || 784,242 || [[Tengnga-laud iti E.U.]]
|-
|13. ||align=left | [[Jacksonville, Florida]] || 777,704 || [[Abagatan-daya iti E.U.]]
|-
|14. ||align=left | [[San Francisco, California]] || 744,230 || [[Laud iti E.U.]]
|-
|15. ||align=left | [[Columbus, Ohio]] || 730,008 || [[Tengnga-laud iti E.U.]]
|-
|16. ||align=left | [[Austin, Texas]] || 681,804 || [[Abagatan-tengnga iti E.U.]]
|-
|17. ||align=left | [[Memphis, Tennessee]] || 671,929 || [[Abagatan iti E.U.]]
|-
|18. ||align=left | [[Baltimore, Maryland]] || 636,251 || [[Abagatan iti E.U.]]
|-
|19. ||align=left | [[Fort Worth, Texas]] || 603,337 || [[Abagatan-tengnga iti E.U.]]
|-
|20. ||align=left | [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] || 596,974 || [[Tengnga-laud iti E.U.]]
|}
&lt;br clear=left /&gt;

=== Kataoan ===

== Puli ==
== Relehion ==

Mapattapatta nga 85 porsiento dagiti [[Amerikano]] ket maibilang a [[Kristiano]] iti nadumaduma nga klase. Ti mabatbati nga kinse porsiento ket aggapu kadagiti [[Kinahudio]], [[Islam]], [[Budismo]], ken kadagiti awan relihionna.

Kuna ti 2004 nga [[Gallup poll]], kas 44 porsiento dagiti Amerikano ket minagsimba uray maminsan laeng iti lawas. Daytoy ket kadkadaywan kadagiti agnaed ti makuna nga &quot;bible belt&quot; iti umabagatan ken agpatengnga nga es-estado iti E.U.A. Dagiti [[Baptista]] ket kadakkelan nga grupo idiay abagatan, santo dagiti [[Metodista]]. Dagiti [[Romano Katoliko]] ket kaaduan idiay amianan-daya.

'''Pinagilaksid ti Relihion dagiti Nataengan nga Tattao iti Estados Unidos: 1990 ken 2001 [http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320221156/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |date=2007-03-20 }}'''

Amin nga porsiento ket nai-adjust kadagiti tattao nga saan manginagan iti relihionna, manipud 2.3% idi 1990 ket 5.4% idi 2001

{|border=1 align=center cellpadding=4 style=&quot;text-align:right; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 50px;&quot;
|+ align=bottom | '''Senso ti E.U.A [http://www.census.gov/prod/www/religion.htm]'''
! !! [[1990]] !! [[2001]] !! Paggiddiatan &lt;br /&gt; iti porsiento&lt;br /&gt;!!Pinagsabali (%)
|-
!align=left |Kadagupan a Kristiano
! 88.3%|| 79.8%|| -8.5%|| +5.3%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| [[Romano Katoliko]]
| 26.8%|| 25.9%|| -1.0%|| +10.6%
|-
!align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| Nadumaduma nga Kristiano
! 61.4%|| 54.0%|| -7.5%|| +0.8%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Baptista]]
| 19.8%|| 17.2%|| -2.6%|| -0.4%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Metodismo|Metodista]]
| 8.3%|| 7.2%|| -1.1%|| -0.2%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| Kristiano – saan naginagan iti simbaan
| 4.7%|| 7.2%|| +2.5%|| +75.3%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Luteranismo|Luterano]]
| 5.3%|| 4.9%|| -0.4%|| +5.2%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Presbiterianismo|Presbiteriano]]
| 2.9%|| 2.8%|| -0.1%|| +12.3%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| Protestante – saan naginagan ti simbaan
| 10.0%|| 2.4%|| -7.7%|| -73.0%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Pentekostal]]/Karismatiko
| 1.9%|| 2.2%|| +0.4%|| +38.1%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Episkopal]]iano/[[Anglikanismo|Anglikano]]
| 1.8% || 1.8%|| --|| +13.4%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Mormon]]
| 1.5%|| 1.4%|| --|| +12.1%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Simsimbaan ni Kristo]]
| 1.0%|| 1.3%|| +0.3%|| +46.6%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Nagtipon nga Simbaan ni Kristo]]
| 0.3%|| 0.7%|| +0.4%|| +130.1%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Saksi ni Yehoba]]
| 0.8%|| 0.7%|| -0.1%|| -3.6%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Um-ummong ni Apo Dios]]
| 0.4%|| 0.6%|| +0.2%|| +67.6%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Ebanhelikalismo|Ebanhelikal]]
| 0.1%|| 0.5%|| +0.4%|| +326.4%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Simbaan ni Apo Dios]]
| 0.3%|| 0.5%|| +0.2%|| +77.8%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Simbaan ti Adbentista ti Maikapito nga Aldaw]]
| 0.4%|| 0.4%|| --|| +8.4%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| [[Simbaan ti Akindaya nga Ortodokso|Akindaya nga Ortodokso]]
| 0.3%|| 0.3%|| --|| +28.5%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:40px&quot;| Dadduma pay a Kristiano (kas 0.3% da wenno nababbaba)
| 1.6%|| 1.9%|| +0.3%|| +40.2%
|-
!align=left|Dagup ti nadumaduma nga relihion
! 3.5% || 5.2% || +1.7%||+69.1%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| [[Hudismo|Hudio]]
| 1.8%|| 1.4%|| -0.4%||-9.8%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| Saan naginagan
| 0.1%|| 1.3%|| +1.2%||+1,176.4%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| [[Islam|Muslim]]
| 0.3%|| 0.6%|| +0.3||+109.5%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| [[Budismo|Budista]]
| 0.2%|| 0.5%|| +0.3%||+169.8%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| [[Hinduismo|Hindu]]
| 0.1%||0.4%||+0.3%||+237.4%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| [[Unitariano a Unibersalismo|Unitarian Unibersalista]]
| 0.3%||0.3%|| --||+25.3%
|-
|align=left style=&quot;text-indent:15px&quot;| Dadduma pay (kas 0.07% da wenno nababbaba)
| 0.6%||0.7%|| +0.1%||+25.4%
|---
!align=left |Awan relihion/Ateista/Agnostiko
!  8.4%|| 15.0%|| +6.6%|| +105.7%
|---
|}

&lt;br clear=all /&gt;

== Pagsasao ==
Awan ti ofisial a pagsasao iti Estados Unidos nga ikalintegan ti gobierno a pederal. Maipagarup laeng nga [[Pangsasao nga Ingles|Ingles]] wenno [[Ingles ti Amerika]] ti umuna wenno agmaymaysa a pagsasao ti kaaduan a katatao iti pagilian. Isu ti maar-aramat a pagsasao ti gobierno, korte, eskuelaan, midia, ken dadduma pay.

Duapulo ket pito (27) nga estado ket nagpataud iti Ingles kas opisial a lengguaheda, ngem tallo kaniada ti naginagan iti maikadua nga opisial nga pagsasaoda — [[Hawaii]], [[Louisiana]], ken [[New Mexico|Baro a Mexico]], masurot ti [[Pagsasao a Hawaii|Hawayano]], [[Pagsasao a Pranses|Pranses]], ken [[Pagsasao nga Espaniol|Espaniol]] ti napili.

Ti Espaniol ket kadakkelan a minoridad a pagsasao, aggapu gamin kadagiti managbaniaga iti [[Latin nga Amerika]] ken iti pakasaritaan a dakkel a paset ti Amerika idi, kas agpaabagatan ken agpalaud, ta isuda idi ket bagi ti [[Mehiko]] (a nagbagi ti Espania). Sa maysa pay, Espaniol iti umuna nga pagsasao ti [[Puerto Rico]], teritorio ti Estados Unidos.

Ti kangrunaan a pagsasao nga insenial ket [[Senial a Pagsasao ti Estados Unidos]] (ASL).

Manipud idi 2004, adda ag-336 nga lengguahe iti Estados Unidos, 176 kaniada ket patneng nga pagsasao iti Amerika, idiay pagsasao dagiti [[Patneng nga Amerikano]].

== Edukasion ==
== Kultura ==

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commons-nailinia|United States|Estados Unidos}}
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Opisial a Web Portal ti Gobierno ti Estados Unidos] Pangirugian a mapan kadagiti sitio ti gobierno
* [http://www.house.gov/ Kamara] Opisial a sitio ti Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi ti Estados Unidos
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senado] Opisial a sitio ti Senado ti Estados Unidos
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Opisial a sitio ti Presidente ti Estados Unidos

{{Estados Unidos}}

[[Kategoria:Estados Unidos| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado ken teritorio a nabangon idi 1776]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti dati a kompederasion]]
[[Kategoria:Pagpagilian ti G8]]
[[Kategoria:Pagpagilian ti G20]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti republika]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti dati a kolonia ti Britaniko]]</text>
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{{Aldaw}}

== Paspasamak ==

== Naipasngay ==
* [[1932]] &amp;ndash; [[Peter O'Toole]], Briton-Irlandes nga aktor (pimmusay [[2013]])

== Pimmusay ==
* [[1921]] &amp;ndash; [[Enrico Caruso]], Italiano a tenor (naipasngay [[1873]])
* [[1922]] &amp;ndash; [[Alexander Graham Bell]], naiyanak nga Eskoses nga imbentor (naipasngay [[1847]])
* [[1923]] &amp;ndash; [[Warren G. Harding]], maika-29 a Presidente ti Estados Unidos (naipasngay [[1865]])
* [[2004]] &amp;ndash; [[Arturo Tolentino]], Filipino a politiko (naipasngay [[1910]])

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060813223228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/2 BBC: On This Day]
*[http://www.tnl.net/when/8/2 Today in History: August 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028020429/http://www.tnl.net/when/8/2 |date=2005-10-28 }}

{{pungol}}

{{Dagiti bulan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agosto 02}}
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{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name=Austroasiatiko
|altname=Mon–Khmer
|region=[[Abagatan nga Asia|Abagatan]] ken [[Abagatan a daya nga Asia]]
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|family=Maysa kadagiti kangrunaan a [[pamilia ti pagsasao]] iti lubong
|protoname=[[Pagsasao a Proto-Austroasiatiko|Proto-Austroasiatiko]]
|child1=[[Sasao a Munda|Munda]]
|child2=[[Sasao a Khasiko|Khasi]]–[[Sasao a Palaungiko|Palaungiko]]
|child3=[[Sasao a Khmuiko|Khmuiko]]
|child4=[[Sasao a Pakaniko|Pakaniko]]
|child5=[[Sasao a Vietiko|Vietiko]]
|child6=[[Sasao a Katuiko|Katuiko]]
|child7=[[Sasao a Bahnariko|Bahnariko]]
|child8=[[Pagsasao a Khmer|Khmer]]
|child9=[[Sasao a Peariko|Peariko]]
|child10=[[Sasao a Nicobares|Nicobares]]
|child11=[[Sasao nga Asliano|Asliano]]
|child12=[[Sasao a Moniko|Moniko]]
|child13=[[Pagsasao a Shompen|Shompen]]?
|iso5=aav
|glotto=aust1305
|glottorefname=Austroasiatic
|map=Austroasiatic-en.svg
|mapcaption=Sasao nga Austroasiatiko
}}

Ti '''sasao nga Austroasiatiko''',&lt;ref&gt;Sagpaminsan pay a makunkunnga '''Austro-Asiatiko''' wenno '''Austroasiano'''.&lt;/ref&gt; iti kaudian a pannakaidasig ken sinonimo iti '''Mon–Khmer''',&lt;ref&gt;Bradley (2012) notes, ''MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic.''&lt;/ref&gt; ket ti dakkel a [[pamilia ti pagsasao]] ti kontinental nga [[Abagatan a daya nga Asia]], ken naiwarwaras pay idiay [[India]], [[Banglades]], [[Nepal]] ken ti akin-abagatan a pagbeddengan ti [[Tsina]]. Ti nagan nga ''Austroasiatiko'' ket nagtaud manipud kadagiti balikas ti [[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]] para iti &quot;abagatan&quot; ken &quot;Asia&quot;, isu a ti &quot;Abagatan nga Asia&quot;. Kadagitoy a pagsasao, ti laeng [[pagsasao a Bietnamis|Bietnamis]], [[Pagsasao a Khmer|Khmer]], ken [[Pagsasao a Mon|Mon]] ti addaan iti napaut a napundar a nairehistro a pakasaritaan, ken ti laeng Bietnamis ken Khmer iti addaan iti opisial a kasasaad a kas dagiti moderno a [[nailian a pagsasao]] (iti [[Bietnam]] ken [[Cambodia]]. Iti agpang a subnasional, ti [[Pagsasao a Khasi|Khasi]] ket addaan iti opisial a kasasaad idiay [[Meghalaya]] bayat a ti [[Pagsasao a Santali|Santali]] ken [[Pagsasao a Mundari|Mundari]] ket dagiti [[opisial a pagsasao]] ti [[Jharkhand]]. Idiay [[Myanmar]], ti [[pagsasao a Wa]] ket ti de facto nga opisial a pagsasao ti [[Estado ti Wa]]. Dagiti nabati a pagsasao ket insasao babaen dagiti minoridad a grupo ken awananda iti opisial a kasasaad.

Inpalawag ti ''[[Ethnologue]]'' dagiti 168 a sasao nga Austroasiatiko. Dagitoy ket mangporma kadagiti sangapulo ket tallo a napundar a pamilia (mabalin pay a mainayon ti [[Pagsasao a Shompen|Shompen]], a saan unay a nasayaat a napasingkedan, a kas ti maika-sangapulo ket uppat), a tradisonal a naigrupo iti dua, a kas Mon–Khmer ken [[Sasao a Munda|Munda]]. Nupay kasta, ti maysa a kaudian a pannakaidasig ket mangipagarup a husto kadagiti talo a grupo (Munda, Nuklear a Mon-Khmer ken [[Sasao a Khasi–Khmuiko|Khasi–Khmuiko]])&lt;ref&gt;Diffloth 2005&lt;/ref&gt; bayat a ti sabali ket pinanawanna ti Mon–Khmer a kas takson, ken mangaramid daytoy a sinonimo iti dakdakkel a pamilia.&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti sasao nga Austroasiatiko ket adaan iti di naisilpo ken naiduma a pannakaiwaras iti ballasiw ti India, Banglades, Nepal ken Abagatan a daya nga Asia, nga insinsina babaen ti rehion iti ayan iti lugar a naisasao dagiti sabali a pagsasao. Agparangda a dagiti indihenio a pagsasao ti Abagatan a daya nga Asia, nga iti kaarruba a [[sasao nga Indo-Aryano]], [[Sasao a Tai–Kadai|Tai–Kadai]], [[Sasao a Dravidiano|Dravidiano]], [[Sasao nga Austronesio|Austronesio]], ken [[Sasao a Sino-Tibetano|Sino-Tibetano]] a kas resulta dagiti naud-udi a migrasion.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;SidwellBlench2011&quot; /&gt;--&gt;

&lt;!--== Dagiti nota ==
{{reflist|group=note}}--&gt;

== Kitaen pay==
*[[Sasao nga Austriko]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti taudan ==
{{refbegin}}
* Adams, K. L. (1989). ''Systems of numeral classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian subfamilies of Austroasiatic''. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. {{ISBN|0-85883-373-5}}
* Bradley, David (2012). &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/1542763/Languages_and_Language_Families_in_China Languages and Language Families in China]&quot;, in Rint Sybesma (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics''.
* Chakrabarti, Byomkes (1994). ''A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali''.
* {{Citation | last1 =Chaubey | display-authors =etal | year =2011 | title =Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic Speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sex-Specific Admixture | journal =Mol Biol Evol (2011) 28 (2): 1013–1024 | doi =10.1093/molbev/msq288 }}
*Diffloth, Gérard (2005). &quot;The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austro-Asiatic&quot;. in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.'' 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon. {{ISBN|0-415-32242-1}}
* Filbeck, D. (1978). ''T'in: a historical study''. Pacific linguistics, no. 49. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. {{ISBN|0-85883-172-4}}
* Hemeling, K. (1907). ''Die Nanking Kuanhua''. (Pagsasao nga Aleman)
* Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''[http://www.brill.com/products/reference-work/handbook-austroasiatic-languages-2-vols The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages]''. Leiden: Brill.
* Peck, B. M., Comp. (1988). ''An Enumerative Bibliography of South Asian Language Dictionaries''.
* Peiros, Ilia. 1998. ''Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia.'' Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 142. Canberra: Australian National University.
* Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). ''[https://www.academia.edu/11344550/A_Mon-Khmer_comparative_dictionary A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary]''. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-570-3}}
* Shorto, H. L. ''Bibliographies of Mon–Khmer and Tai Linguistics''. London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
* Sidwell, Paul (2005). &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2005proto.pdf Proto-Katuic Phonology and the Sub-grouping of Mon–Khmer Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2005proto.pdf |date=2022-10-09 }}&quot;. In Sidwell, ed., ''SEALSXV: papers from the 15th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society.''
*Sidwell, Paul (2009a). [http://www.jolr.ru/files/%2851%29jlr2010-4%28117-134%29.pdf The Austroasiatic Central Riverine Hypothesis]. Keynote address, SEALS, XIX.
* Sidwell, Paul (2009b). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073527/https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art |date=2019-03-24 }}''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
* Zide, Norman H., and Milton E. Barker. (1966) ''Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics'', The Hague: Mouton (Indo-Iranian monographs, v. 5.).
* {{Citation | last1 =Zhang | display-authors =etal | year =2015 | title =Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent | journal =Nature Scientific Reports | volume =5 | page =1548 | doi =10.1038/srep15486 | url =http://www.nature.com/articles/srep15486 }}
{{refend}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Linguistic%20Clusters%20of%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20A%20Description%20of%20the%20Clusters.pdf Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073521/http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Linguistic%20Clusters%20of%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20A%20Description%20of%20the%20Clusters.pdf |date=2019-03-24 }} Chiang Mai: Payap University.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Austroasiatic languages}}
*[[wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists for Austro-Asiatic languages|Dagiti listaan ti Swadesh para iti sasao nga Austroasiatiko]]
*[http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/languages.html Mon–Khmer.com: Dagiti lektura babaen ni Paul Sidwell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322035535/http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/languages.html |date=2011-03-22 }}
*[http://sealang.net/monkhmer/ Proyekto ti Sasao a Mon–Khmer iti SEAlang
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66A4-2@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66A4-2@view]] Dihital nga arkibo ti RWAAI

{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Austroasiatiko}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao nga Austroasiatiko| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monaco</title>
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      <text bytes="11308" sha1="cz3oyp4e5i1cikk6aydylb1m4jq1lj2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagilian
|conventional_long_name  = Prinsipalidad ti Monaco
|common_name = Monaco
| native_name  = {{patubo a nagan|fr|Principauté de Monaco|nbsp=omit}}&lt;small&gt;{{efn|name=a|Kadagiti sabali a pagsasao ti Monaco:
*{{lang-it|Principato di Monaco}}
*[[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]]: ''Principatu de Múnegu''
*{{lang-oc|Principat de Mónegue}}}}&lt;/small&gt;
|image_flag = Flag of Monaco.svg
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Monaco.svg
|national_motto = {{patubo nga insasao|la|&quot;Deo Juvante&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt; {{smaller|&quot;Iti Itutulong ti Dios&quot;}}
|national_anthem = &quot;[[Hymne Monégasque]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt; {{smaller|&quot;Nailian a kanta ti Monégasque&quot;}}
&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[Papeles:Monaco National Anthem.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = Location Monaco Europe.png
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=berde |region=Europa |region_color=berde ken nangisit a kolor dapo }}
|image_map2 = 
|map2_width = 
|capital = Monaco (siudad-estado){{ref label|infoboxa|a|}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Monaco |title=United-Nations data, country profile |date= |accessdate=29 Oktubre 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://en.gouv.mc/Government-Institutions/Institutions/Constitution-of-the-Principality#eztoc1036069_10 |title=Constitution of Monaco (art. 78): ''The territory of the Principality forms a single commune.'' |date= |accessdate=29 Oktubre 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|coordinates = {{Coord|43|44|N|7|25|E|type:city}}
|largest_settlement = [[Monte Carlo]]
|largest_settlement_type = ''Quartier''
|official_languages = [[Pagsasao a Pranses|Pranses]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |accessdate=22 Mayo 2008 |url=http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&amp;3Gb |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170607/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&amp;3Gb |archivedate=22 Hulio 2011 |title=Constitution de la Principauté |publisher=Council of Government (Monaco) |url-status=dead |df=dmy |access-date=2015-06-26 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091747/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&amp;3Gb }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170607/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&amp;3Gb |date=2011-07-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|languages_type = [[Lingua franca|Kadawyan a sasao]]
|languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Dialekto a Monegasko|Monegasko]] |[[Pagsasao nga Italiano|Italiano]] |[[Pagsasao nga Oksitano|Oksitano]]}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |[[Tatao a Monegasko|Monegasko]] |[[Tattao nga Italiano|Italiano]] | [[Tatao a Pranses|Pranses]], [[Tattao nga Oksitano|Oksitano]]}}
|demonym = {{unbulleted list |Monegasko |Monacano{{ref label|infoboxc|c|}}}}
|government_type = [[Unitario nga estado|Unitario]] a [[parlamentario a sistema|parlamentario]] a [[batay-linteg a monarkia]]
|leader_title1 = [[Monarko ti Monaco|Monarko]]
|leader_name1 = [[Albert II, Prinsipe ti Monaco|Albert II]]
|leader_title2 = [[Ministro ti Estado (Monaco)|Ministro ti Estado]]
|leader_name2 = [[Pierre Dartout]]
|legislature = [[Nailian a Konseho (Monaco)|Nailian a Konseho]]
|sovereignty_type = Wayawaya
|established_event1 = [[Kamara ti Grimaldi]] (babaen ti turay ti [[Republika ti Genoa]])
|established_date1 = 1297
|established_event2 = manipud iti[[Alpes-Maritimes|Imperio a Pranses]]
|established_date2 = 17 Mayo 1814
|established_event3 = manipud iti panagsakop iti [[Maikanem a Koalision]]
|established_date3 = 17 Hunio 1814
|established_event4 = [[Tulag ti Franco-Monegasque]]
|established_date4 = 1861
|established_event5 = [[Batay-linteg ti Monaco|Batay-linteg]]
|established_date5 = 1911
|area_km2 = 2.02
|area_rank = Maika-194
|area_sq_mi = 1.26 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|percent_water = bassit laeng&lt;ref name=&quot;monacodata&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f7f005dbe6e/e1201ddb4e532285c125702a004775bc/$FILE/Pocket%202009.pdf |title=Monaco en Chiffres |accessdate=15 Nobiembre 2009 |url-status= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115210931/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f7f005dbe6e/e1201ddb4e532285c125702a004775bc/$FILE/Pocket%202009.pdf |archivedate=15 Nobiembre 2009 |df=dmy }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115210931/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f7f005dbe6e/e1201ddb4e532285c125702a004775bc/$FILE/Pocket%202009.pdf |date=2009-11-15 }}, Principauté de Monaco. Naala idi 7 Hunio 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate = 38,400&lt;ref name=&quot;imsee.mc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.monacostatistics.mc/IMSEE/Publications/monaco-statistics-pocket|title=Monaco Statistics / IMSEE&amp;nbsp;— Monaco IMSEE |language= Pranses |publisher=Imsee.mc |date= |accessdate= 3 Agosto 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census = 37,308&lt;ref name=&quot;monacodata&quot; /&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2015
|population_estimate_rank = Maika-217
|population_census_year = 2016
|population_density_km2 = 18,713
|population_density_sq_mi = 48,462 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank = Umuna &lt;!--Note: Macau is more dense, but is a dependency, not a country--&gt;
|GDP_nominal = $7.1&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;unsd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/selCountry.asp |title=National Accounts Main Aggregates Database |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |accessdate=8 Oktubre 2012 |archive-date=2014-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729095122/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/selCountry.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year = 2014{{ref label|infoboxb|b|}}
|GDP_nominal_rank = Maika-148
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $187,650&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Monaco|title=UNdata – country profile – Monaco|website=data.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = Umuna
|Gini =  &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|Gini_year = 
|Gini_change =  &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|Gini_ref = 
|Gini_rank =
|currency = [[Euro]] (€)
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Oras ti Tengnga nga Europa|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|time_zone_DST = [[Oras ti Kalgaw ti Tengnga nga Europa|CEST]]
|drives_on = kanawan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://whatsideoftheroad.com/ |title=What side of the road do people drive on? |publisher=Whatsideoftheroad.com |date= |accessdate=28 May 2012 |archive-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413182951/http://whatsideoftheroad.com/ |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413182951/http://whatsideoftheroad.com/ |date=13 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|calling_code = +377
|cctld = [[.mc]]
|footnote_a = {{note|infoboxa}} Nupay kasta, dagiti opisian ti gobierno ket mabirukan iti ''Quartier'' ti [[Monaco-Ville]].
|footnote_b = {{note|infoboxb}} Ti karkulo ti GDP per capita ket mairaman dagiti saan nga agtataeng nga agtrabtrabaho manipud iti Pransia ken Italia.
|footnote_c = {{note|infoboxc}} ''Monacan'' is the term for residents.
|map2_caption =
|religion = Romano Katolisismo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://en.gouv.mc/Gouvernement-et-Institutions/Les-Institutions/La-Constitution-de-la-Principaute#eztoc1036069_2 |title=Monaco Constitution Chapter 1, Article 9 |date= |accessdate=18 Hulio 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ateismo]]
}}

Ti '''Monaco''' opisial a ti '''Prinsipalidad ti Monaco''' ({{lang-fr|Principauté de Monaco}} ({{IPA-fr|pʁɛ̃sipoteˈ də monakoˈ}}); [[Dialekto a Monegasko|Monegasko]]: ''Principatu de Múnegu''; {{lang-it|Principato di Monaco}}; {{lang-oc|Principat de Mónegue}}), ket ti naturay a [[siudad-estado]] ken [[mikroestado]], a mabirukan idiay [[French Riviera|Aplaya ti Azure]] idiay [[Akinlaud nga Europa]]. Beddengan ti [[Pransia]] ti pagilian kadagiti tallo a bangir ket ti sabali a bangir ket beddengan ti [[Baybay Mediteraneo]]. Ti Monaco ket addaan iti kalawa iti {{pagbaliwen|2.02|km²|abbr=on}} ken ti populasion iti 36,371; daytoy ti [[Listaan dagiti pagilian ken territorio babaen ti dagup a kadakkel|maikadua a kabassitan]] ken ti [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti densidad ti populasion|kapusekan ti populasion a pagilian iti lubong]]&lt;!--Note: Macau is more dense, but is a dependency, not a country--&gt;. Ti Monaco ket addaan iti [[pagbeddengan a daga]] iti {{pagbaliwen|4.4|km|abbr=on}}, ti aplaya iti {{pagbaliwen|4.1|km|abbr=on}}, ken ti kaakaba nga agdumaduma iti baetan ti {{pagbaliwen|1700|and|349|m|abbr=on}}. Ti kangatuan a punto ti pagilian ket ti akikid a dalan a nanaganan iti [[Chemin des Révoires]] kadagiti bakras ti [[Bantay Agel]], idiay ''Ward'' ti  [[Les Révoires]], a daytoy ket {{pagbaliwen|161|m|ft|abbr=off}} iti [[Pantar ti baybay|ngato ti pantar ti baybay]]. Ti kapusekan ti populasion ti Monaco a ''Quartier'' ket ti [[Monte Carlo]] ken ti kapusekan ti populasion a ''Ward'' ket ti [[Larvotto]]/Bas Moulins. Babaen ti [[reklamasion ti daga]], ti masa ti daga ti Monaco ket [[Reklamasion ti daga idiay Monaco|dimmakkel babaen ti duapulo a porsiento]].

== Dagiti nota ==
{{notelist}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commons-nailinia|Monaco}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Monaco}}
* [http://www.gouv.mc/ Opisial a Portal ti Gobierno]
* [http://www.palais.mc/ Opisial a website ti Palasio ti Prinsipe ti Monaco]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/monaco.html Dagiti Kameng ti Pangulo ti Estado ken Gabinete] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108162611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/monaco.html |date=2011-11-08 }}
* [http://www.gouv.mc/content/download/175997/2030403/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202014.pdf stadistika ti Monaco – 2014 nga edisiso]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|mn|Monaco}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/monaco.htm Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085244/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/monaco.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} manipud ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Monaco}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17615784 Monaco] manipud ti BBC News
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090519225951/http://monaco.me/ Monaco] pakaammo a maipanggep ti Monaco
* [http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Monaco:_Primary_Documents Pakasaritaan ti Monaco: Dagiti kangrunaan a dokumento]
* {{Wikiatlas|Monaco}}

{{Europa}}
{{Listaan dagiti Europeano a kapitolio babaen ti rehion}}

{{Coord|43|44|N|7|25|E|type:city(31000)|display=title}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{pungol-heograpia}}

[[Kategoria:Monaco| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti kapitolio iti Europa]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti siudad-estado]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti batay-linteg a monarkia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian ti Baybay Mediteraneo]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian idiay Europa]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian ken teritorio nga agsasao ti Pranses]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian ken teritorio nga agsasao ti Italiano]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti La Francophonie]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Kappon para iti Mediteraneo]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti prinsipalidad]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado ken teritorio a nabangon idi 1297]]
[[Kategoria:Akinlaud nga Europa]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Espania</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Infobox pagilian
|coordinates = {{Coord|40|26|N|3|42|W|type:city}}
|native_name = {{patubo a nagan|es|Reino de España|icon=no}}
|conventional_long_name = Pagarian ti Espania
|common_name = Espania
|image_flag = Flag of Spain.svg
|image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
|image_map=EU-Spain.svg
|map_caption={{map caption|location_color=nangisit a berde|region=[[Europa]]|region_color=nangisit a kolordapo|subregion=ti [[Kappon ti Europa]]|subregion_color=berde|legend=EU-Spain.svg}}
|national_motto = {{lang|la|&quot;[[Plus ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]&quot;}}{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;([[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;({{lang-ilo|Sumaruno iti Labes}})&lt;/small&gt;
|national_anthem = {{lang|es|&quot;[[Marcha Real]]&quot;}}{{spaces|2}}&lt;small&gt;([[Pagsasao nga Espaniol|Espaniol]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref group=paammo&gt;Agserbi pay daytoy a kas ti [[Naarian a kanta]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;({{lang-ilo|Naarian a Martsa}})
|official_languages = [[Pagsasao nga Espaniol|Espaniol]]&lt;ref group=paammo&gt;Dagiti dadduma a [[Dagiti naturay a komunidad iti Espania|naturay a komunidad]], [[Pagsasao a Katalan|Katalan]], [[Pagsasao a Balensiano|Balensiano]], [[Pagsasao a Galego|Galego]], [[Pagsasao a Basko|Basko]] ken [[Aranes]] ([[Pagsasao nga Oksitano|Oksitano]]) ket dagiti kumadua nga opisial a pagsasao. [[Pagsasao nga Aragones|Aragones]], [[Pagsasao nga Asturiano|Asturiano]] ken [[Pagsasao a Leones|Leones]] ket addaan iti bassit nga opisial a pannakabigbig&lt;/ref&gt;
|regional_languages = [[Pagsasao a Basko|Basko]], [[Pagsasao a Katalan|Katalan/Balensiano]], [[Pagsasao a Galego|Galego]] ken [[Aranes]] ([[Pagsasao nga Oksitano|Oksitano]])
|demonym = [[Tattao nga Espaniol|Espaniol]], [[Tattao nga Espaniol|Kastila]]
|capital = [[Madrid]]
|largest_city = kapitolio
|government_type =[[Unitario nga estado|Unitario]] a [[Parlamentario a sistema|parlamentario]] a [[batay-linteg a monarkia]]
|leader_title1 = [[Espaniol a monarkia|Ari]]
|leader_title2 = [[Kangrunaan a Ministro iti Espania|Kangrunaan a Ministro]]
|leader_name1 = [[Juan Carlos I iti Espania|Juan Carlos I]]
|leader_name2 = [[Mariano Rajoy]]
|legislature = [[Cortes Generales]]
|upper_house = [[Senado iti Espania|Senado]]
|lower_house = [[Kongreso dagiti Deputado iti Espania|Kongreso dagiti Deputado]]
|sovereignty_type = Pannakabangon
|sovereignty_note = Maika-16 a siglo
|established_event1 = {{spaces|2}}Tinawtawid a petsa
|established_date1 = 569 (panagpangato idiay trono ni [[Liuvigild]])
|established_event2 = {{spaces|2}}[[Dinastia|Dinastiko]]
|established_date2 = [[Dagiti Katoliko a Monarkia|1479]]
|established_event3 = {{spaces|2}}''[[De facto]]''
|established_date3 = [[Carlos I ti Espania|1516]]
|established_event4 = {{spaces|2}}''[[De jure]]''
|established_date4 = [[Nueva Planta a Bilbilin|1715]]
|established_event5 = {{spaces|2}}''[[Nailian nga estado]]''
|established_date5 = [[Espaniol a batay-linteg iti 1812|1812]]
|established_event6 = {{spaces|2}}[[Espaniol a pannakaipapan ti demokrasia|Batay-linteg a demokrasia]]
|established_date6 = [[Espaniola batay-linteg iti 1978|1978]]
|area_km2 = 504,030
|area_sq_mi = 195,364 &lt;!--Saan nga ikkaten [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|area_rank = Maika-51
|percent_water = 1.04
|population_estimate = 46,030,109&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&amp;type=db&amp;divi=EPOB&amp;idtab=2|title=Opisial a Bilbilang ti Populasion ti Espania. Ti populasion idi 1&amp;nbsp;Abril 2010|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España|accessdate=5 Hulio 2010|archive-date=2012-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115207/http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&amp;type=db&amp;divi=EPOB&amp;idtab=2|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2010
|population_estimate_rank = Maika-27
|population_density_km2 = 93
|population_density_sq_mi = 231 &lt;!--Saan nga ikkaten [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
|population_density_rank = Maika-106
|GDP_PPP_year = 2011
|GDP_PPP = $1.413&amp;nbsp;trilion&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&amp;ey=2016&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=184&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr1.x=48&amp;pr1.y=14|title=Espania|publisher=Internasional a Pundo ti Panguartaan|accessdate=5 Nobiembre 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank = Maika-13
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,622&lt;ref name=imf2 /&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = Maika-28
|GDP_nominal = $1.536&amp;nbsp;trilion&lt;ref name=imf2 /&gt;
|GDP_nominal_rank = Maika-12
|GDP_nominal_year = 2011
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $33,298&lt;ref name=imf2 /&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = Maika-26
| Gini_year                   = 2013
| Gini_change                 = 32 &lt;!--Increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini                        = 33.7 &lt;!--Number only--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = &lt;ref name=eurogini&gt;{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalized disposable income (source: SILC)|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer|accessdate=22 Hulio 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045123/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2013 &lt;!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = steady &lt;!--Increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI                         = 0.869 &lt;!--Number only--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     = &lt;ref name=HDI&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report |date=14 Marso 2013 |accessdate=27 Hulio 2014 | pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = Maika-27
|currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro a senial|€]])&lt;ref group=paammo&gt;Sakbay ti 1999 (babaen ti linteg, 2002) : [[Espaniol a Peseta]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Oras ti Tengnga nga Europa|CET]]&lt;ref group=paammo&gt;Malaksid ti [[Is-isla ti Kanario]], a mangsursurot ti [[Oras ti Akinlaud nga Europa|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) iti nalamiis a tiempo.&lt;/ref&gt;
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = [[Kalgaw nga Oras ti Tengnga nga Europa|CEST]]&lt;ref group=paammo&gt;Malaksid ti [[Is-isla ti Kanario]], a mangsursurot ti [[Kalgaw nga Oras ti Akinlaud nga Europa|WEST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1) iti kalgaw a tiempo.&lt;/ref&gt;
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|DST_note = Pakaammo a ti [[Is-isla ti Kanario]] ket addaan iti sabali a sona ti oras
|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy (Espaniol; [[Kadawyan a Panawen|CE]])
|drives_on = kanawan
|cctld = [[.es]]&lt;ref group=paammo&gt;Ti [[.eu]] a turayan ket maus-usar pay, a pinakibinbinningay kadagiti kameng nga estado ti [[Kappon ti Europa]]. Ti pay, [[.cat]] a pagturayan ket naus-usar kadagiti teritorio nga agsasao ti Katalan.&lt;/ref&gt;
|calling_code = [[Dagiti numero ti telepono iti Espania|34]]
}}

Ti '''Espania'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite-Rubino|Espania|page=186}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{lang-es|España}}, {{IPA-es|esˈpaɲa|pron|Es-España.ogg}}), opisial a ti '''Pagarian ti Espania''' ({{lang-es|Reino de España}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;paammo&quot;&gt;Idiay Espania, [[Dagiti pagsasao iti Espania|dagiti sabsabali a pagsasao]] ket opisial a mabigbigan a maitunos ti linteg a [[patneng a pagsasao|patneng]] a [[rehional a pagsasao|(rehional) a pagsasao]] babaen ti [[Europeano a Dokumento ti linteg para iti Rehional wenno dagiti Rehional a Pagsasao]]. Iti tunggal maysa kadagitoy, ti opisial a nagan ti Espania ket dagiti sumaganad:
* {{lang-an|Reino d'Espanya}}, {{IPA-esdia|ˈreino ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}};
* {{lang-ast|Reinu d'España}}, {{IPA-ast|ˈreinu ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}};
* {{lang-eu|Espainiako Erresuma}} {{IPA-eu|espaɲako eres̺uma|IPA}};
* {{lang-ca|Regne d'Espanya}}, {{IPA-ca|ˈreŋnə ðəsˈpaɲə|IPA}}{{IPA-ca|ˈreŋne ðasˈpaɲa|alt}};
* {{lang-gl|Reino de España}}, {{IPA-gl|ˈreino ðe esˈpaɲa|IPA}};
* {{lang-ext|Réinu d'España}}, {{IPA-ext|ˈreinu ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}};
* {{lang-oc|Reialme d'Espanha}}, {{IPA-oc|reˈjalme ðesˈpaɲɔ|IPA}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ti Espaniol a Batay-linteg ket saan nga agipatakder ti ania man a nagan para iti Espania, nupay ti balikas nga ''Espania'', ''Estado español'' (Estado nga Espaniol) ken ''Nación española'' (Pagilian nga Espaniol) ket maus-usar kadagiti dokumento. Uray ngarud, ti Espaniol a Ministro iti Ganganaet a Pannakibiang ket nangipatakder ti maysa a bilin a naipablaak idi 1984 a ti denominasion nga ''Espania'' ken ''Reino de Espania'' (Pagarian ti Espania) ket agpadpada a umisu a mangidutoken iti Espania kadagiti internasional a tultulag. Daytoy a balikas, Pagarian iti Espania, ket kaaduan nga inus-usar babaen dagiti gobierno kadagiti amin a nailian ken internasional a pannakibiang, a mairaman dagiti gangganaet a tulag ken dagiti pay opisial a nailian a dokumento, nga isu daytoy ket mabigbigan a kas ti opisial a nagan babaen dagiti adu nga internasionaland nga organisasion. [http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/ai281209-aec.html Acuerdo entre el Reino de de España y Nueva Zelanda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831012228/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/ai281209-aec.html |date=2016-08-31 }}, [http://www.mir.es/SGACAVT/derecho/ac/ac13021992.html Acuerdo entre el reino de España y el reino de Marruecos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720002802/http://www.mir.es/SGACAVT/derecho/ac/ac13021992.html |date=2011-07-20 }}}; [http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:POLvL-tJBq8_KM:http://www.motoradictos.com/images/2010/05/permiso-conducir-espana1.jpg&amp;t=1 lisensia] [http://sbrabogados.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/carnet_conducir.jpg pammalubos] [http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/tue.t6.html Tratado de la Unión Europea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929033302/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/tue.t6.html |date=2015-09-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ket maysa a [[naturay nga estado]] ken maysa a [[kameng nga estado iti Kappon ti Europa|kameng iti Kappon ti Europa]] a mabirukan idiay [[Akin-abagatan nga Europa|abagatan a laud nga Europa]] idiay [[Iberiko a Peninsula]]. Ti kangrunaan a dagana ket nabeddengan iti abagatan ken daya babaen ti [[Baybay Mediteraneo]] malaksid ti bassit a daga a nagbeddengan ti [[Ballasiw Taaw a Teritorio ti Britaniko]] iti [[Gibraltar]]; iti amianan babaen ti [[Pransia]], [[Andorra]], ken ti [[Luek Biskaya]]; ken iti amianan a laud ken laud babaen ti [[Taaw Atlantiko]] ken [[Portugal]].

Ti Espaniol a teritorio ket mairaman pay ti [[Is-isla ti Balear]] idiay Mediteraneo, ti [[Is-isla ti Kanario]] idiay Taaw Atlantiko idiay pantar ti Aprika, ken dagiti dua a [[Dagiti naturay a siudad iti Espania|naturay a siudad]] idiay [[Amianan nga Aprika]], [[Ceuta]] ken [[Melilla]], a nabeddengan ti [[Morocco]]. Maysa pay, ti ili iti [[Llívia]] ket maysa nga Espaniol nga [[exclave]] a naisanglad ti uneg ti Pranses a teritorio. Nga addaan iti kalawa a {{convert|504030|km2}}, isu daytoy ti maikadua a kadakkelan a pagilian iti [[Akinlaud nga Europa]] ken ti [[Kappon ti Europa]] kalpasan ti Pransia, ken ti maikapat a kadakkelan a pagilian idiay [[Europa]] kalpasan ti [[Rusia]], [[Ukrania]] ken [[Pransia]].

Gapu ti lokasionna, ti teritorio ti Espania ket suheto ti adu nga akinruar nga impluensia manipud dagiti [[prehistoria]] a panawen ken aginggana ti panakabalinna a maysa a pagilian. Ti Espania ket rimsua a kas maysa a naipagtitipon a pagilian idi maika-15 a siglo, kalpasan ti panagasawa iti [[Katoliko a Monarkia]] ken ti panakalpas ti panagparukma manen, wenno ''[[Reconquista]]'', iti Iberiko a peninsula idi 1492. Daytoy ket nangruna pay a nagtaudan iti impluensia kadagiti sabsabali a rehion, naipangpangruna idi agdama a [[moderno a panawen]], idi nagbalin a [[Espaniol nga Imperio|globo nga imperio]] a nangibati kadagiti legado iti sumurok a 500&amp;nbsp;a riwriw a [[Hispano|nga agsasao ti Espaniol]] tatta nga aldaw, a makaaramid daytoy ti [[Listaan dagiti pagsasao babaen ti bilang dagiti patneng nga agsasao|maikadua a kaaduan ti mangisasao nga umuna a pagsasao]].

Ti Espania ket maysa a demokrasia a naurnong iti porma iti maysa a parlamentario a gobierno babaen ti maysa a batay-linteg a [[Monarkia iti Espania|monarkia]]. Daytoy ket maysa a [[narang-ay a pagilian]] nga addaan iti [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti GDP (nominal)|maika sangapulo ket dua a kadakkelan nga ekonomia iti lubong]] babaen ti nominal a GDP, ken nangato unay a [[pagalagadan ti panagbiag]], a mairaman a ti maikasangapulo a kangatuan a [[Pagsurotan ti Kasayaat iti Panagbiag|ranggo ti pagsurotan ti kasayaat ti panagbiag]] iti lubong, manipud idi 2005. Kameng daytoy iti [[Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]], [[Kappon ti Europa]], [[NATO]], [[OECD]], ken ti [[Gunglo ti Komersio ti Lubong|WTO]].

== Etimolohia ==
Ti pudno a naggapuan ti nagan nga ''Espania'' ken  &quot;Espaniol&quot; ket nasuppiatan. Ti [[taga-ugma a Roma]]no a nagan para iti Iberiko, ''[[Hispania]]'', ket naala manipud iti naidaniw a balikas a ''Hesperia'' a mangitudo ti Espania, nga agiballatek ti [[Taga-ugma a Gresia|Griego]] puot iti [[Italia]] a kas maysa a &quot;akinlaud a daga&quot; wenno &quot;daga iti lumlumnek nga init&quot; (''Hesperia'', ''Εσπερία'' iti [[Pagsasao a Griego|Griego]]) ken Espania, a daytoy ket adadayo pay ngem ti laud, a kas ti ''Hesperia ultima''.&lt;ref name=anthon&gt;{{Cite book
| last = Anthon
| first = Charles
| authorlink =
| title = Maysa a sistema iti taga-ugma ken mediebal a heograpia para iti panagusar kadagiti pagadalan ken kolehio
| publisher=Harper &amp; Brothers
| year = 1850
| location = New York
| page = 14
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=hm0rAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq=hesperia&amp;q=hesperia
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daytoy ket baka kapadpada pay ti [[Puniko]] ''Ispanihad'', a kayat na a sawen ket &quot;daga dagiti koneho&quot; wenno &quot;igid&quot;, maysa a reperensia iti lokasion ti Espania idiay gibus ti Mediterraneano; Ti Romana a naaramid a sensilio iti daytoy a rehion manipud iti panagturay ni [[Emperador Hadrian|Hadrian]] ket agipakpakita ti maysa a babai a langa nga addaan iti [[koneho]] iti sakana.&lt;ref name=burke&gt;{{Cite book
| last = Burke
| first = Ulick Ralph
| authorlink =

| title = Maysa a pakasaritaan ti Espania manipud kadagiti Umuna a Panawen aginggana ti ipupusay ni Fernando ti Katoliko, Tomo 1
| publisher=Longmans, Green &amp; Co
| date = 2008
| location = Londres
| page = 14
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=DuiyyWGg-KEC&amp;pg=PA410&amp;dq=spain+hispania&amp;q=hispania
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =978-1-4437-4054-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adda pay dagiti agibagbaga a ti balikas nga ''Espania'' ket naala manipud iti [[Pagsasao a Basko|Basko]] a balikas nga ''Ezpanna'' a kayatna a sawen ket ti &quot;igid&quot; wenno &quot;nagbeddengan&quot;, maysa pay a reperensia a ti kinapudno a ti Iberiko a peninsula ket buklenna ti abagatan a laud iti kontinente ti Europa.&lt;ref name=anthon /&gt;

Ti humanista a ni [[Antonio de Nebrija]] ket nangigay-at a ti balikas a ''Hispania'' ket naggapu ti [[Pagsasao nga Iberiko|Iberiko]] a balikas a [[Hispalis]], a kayatna a sawen ket ti &quot;siudad iti akinlaud a lubong&quot;. Ni Jesús Luis Cunchillos ket nangisuppiat a ti ramut ti balikas a ''span'' ket ti Penisia a balikas ti ''spy'', a kayatna a sawen ket ti &quot;agpanday kadagiti metal&quot;. Ngarud ket ti ''i-spn-ya'' ket kayatna a sawen ket &quot;ti daga a pagpandayan kadagiti metal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;# ↑ Linch, John (direktor), Fernández Castro, María Cruz (del segundo tomo), Historia de España, El País, volumen II, La península Ibérica en época prerromana, pg. 40. Dossier. La etimología de España; ¿tierra de conejos?, {{ISBN|978-84-9815-764-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paammo ==
&lt;references group=&quot;paammo&quot; /&gt;
== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commons-nailinia}}
* [http://www.andalucia.com/spain/government/ Pakasaritaan ken pakaammo a maipapan iti gobierno ti Espania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628020025/http://www.andalucia.com/spain/government/ |date=2006-06-28 }}
* [http://www.spain.info/ Turismo ti Espania]
* [http://eltiempo.growiktionary.org/ El Tiempo]{{Natay a silpo|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Union ti Europa}}
{{Europa}}

[[Kategoria:Espania| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti adda ti dua a kontinente a pagilian]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti batay-linteg a monarkia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian a nagbeddengan ti Taaw Atlantiko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian ti Baybay Mediteraneo]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian idiay Europa]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti NATO]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Kappon ti Europa]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Kappon para iti Mediteraneo]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian ken teritorio nga agsasao ti Espaniol]]
[[Kategoria:Akinlaud nga Europa]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Washington, D.C.</title>
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      <text bytes="13046" sha1="kpw0skwh40n5t45bxa4we3k7p709o5p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagtaengan
|name = Washington, D.C.
|official_name = Distrito ti Columbia
|settlement_type = [[Pederal a distrito]]
|motto = ''Justitia Omnibus''{{spaces|2}}(Hustisia para iti Amin)
|image_skyline = DCmontage4.jpg
|image_caption = Kanigid a ngato: [[Healy Hall]] idiay [[Unibersidad ti Georgetown]]; ngato a kanawan: [[Kapitolio ti Estados Unidosl|Kapitolio ti E.U.]]; tengnga: [[Monumento Washington]]; kanigid a baba: [[Frederick Douglass a Nailian a Naipakasaritaan a Lugar]]; baba a kanigid: [[Paglaglagipan ti Sibil a Gubat]] ti Aprikano Amerikano 
|image_flag = Flag of Washington, D.C.svg
|image_seal = Seal of the District of Columbia.svg
|image_map = Washington,_D.C._locator_map.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Lokasion ti Washington, D.C., idiay Estados Unidos ken mainaig ti estado iti [[Maryland]] ken [[Virginia]].
|subdivision_type = Pagilian
|subdivision_name = Estados Unidos
|subdivision_type1 = [[Pederal distrito]]
|subdivision_name1 = Distrito iti Columbia
|established_title = [[Residennsia a Tignay|Napasingkedan]]
|established_date = Hulio 16, 1790
|established_title1 = [[Organiko a Tignay ti Distrito iti Columbia ti 1801|Naurnos]]
|established_date1 = 1801
|established_title2 = [[Organiko a Tignay ti Distrito iti Columbia ti 1871|Naitipon]]
|established_date2 = 1871
|established_title3 = [[Alagaden ti Kamara a Tignay ti Distrito iti Columbia|Naikkan ti napatinggaan a bukod a panagturay]]
|established_date3 = 1973
|leader_title = [[Mayor ti Distrito iti Columbia|Mayor]]
|leader_title1 = [[Konsilo ti Distrito iti Columbia|Konsilo ti D.C.]]
|leader_name = [[Vincent C. Gray]]&amp;nbsp;([[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|D]])
|leader_name1 = [[Phil Mendelson]]&amp;nbsp;(D), Mangipangulo
|named_for = [[George Washington]]
|area_total_km2 = 177.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 68.3
|area_land_km2 = 159.0
|area_land_sq_mi = 61.4
|area_water_km2 = 18.0
|area_water_sq_mi = 6.9
|population_as_of = 2011 a karkulo
|population_total = 617,996 ([[Listaan dagiti siudad ti Estados Unidos babaen ti populasion|Maika-25 a siudad ti E.U.]])
|population_metro = 5.58&amp;nbsp;a riwriw ([[Tabla ti Estados Unidos a Metropolitano nga Estadistiko a Luglugar|Maika-7 idiay E.U.]])
|population_blank1_title = [[Nagan dagiti umili]]
|population_blank1 = Washingtonian, Taga-Washington
|population_footnotes =&lt;!--&lt;ref name=PopEstUS/&gt;&lt;ref name=MetroPop /&gt;--&gt;
|population_density_km2 = 3,886
|population_density_sq_mi = 10,065
|timezone = [[Akindaya a Sona ti Oras|EST]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Dumaya a Sona ti Oras|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|postal_code_type         = [[Kodigo ti koreo]]
|postal_code              = 20001-20098, 20201-20599
|area_code                = [[Kodigo ti lugar a 202|202]]
|coordinates              = {{coord|38|54|17|N|77|00|59|W|region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_ft = 0–409
|elevation_m = 0–125
|website = [http://www.dc.gov/ www.dc.gov]
}}
Ti '''Washington, D.C.''', pormal a ti '''Distrito iti Columbia''' ken kadawyan a naibagbaga a kas ti '''Washington''', &quot;'''ti Distrito'''&quot;, wenno ti '''D.C.''', ket isu ti [[kapitolio a siudad|kapitolio]] ti [[Estados UNidos]]. Idi Hulio 16, 1790, ti [[Residensia a Tignay]] ket nagpasingked ti pannakapartuat ti maysa a [[kapitolio a distrito]] a kas pinalubosan babaen ti [[Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]]. Ti Distrito ket babaen ti ekslusibo a pannakaturayan ti [[Kongreso ti Estados Uniudos]] ken isu a daytoy ket saan a paset ti aniaman nga [[estado ti Estados Unidos]].

Dagiti estado ti [[Maryland]] ken [[Virginia]] nangisagutda kadagiti daga ti igid ti [[Karayan Potomac]] tapno makaporma ti pederal a distrito; nupay kasta, ti [[Distrito iti Columbia a panagisubli ti daga|Kongreso ket insublina ti bingay a paset ti Virginia]] idi 1846. Ti Siudad ti Washington, a mabirukan idiay daya ti sigud a puerto ti [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]], ket nabangon idi 1791 tapno agserbi a kas ti baro a nailian a kapitolio. Ti Kongreso ket nangtipon ti sibubukel a Distrito babaen ti maysa a [[Organiko a Tignay ti Distrito iti Columbia ti 1871|maymaysa a munisipal a gobierno]] idi 1871. Ti siudda ken ti E.U. nga estado ti  [[Washington (Estado iti Estados Unidos)|Washington]], a daytoy ket adda idiay Pasipiko nga aplaya ti pagilian, ket nanaganan dagitoy dua a kas pammadayaw kenni [[George Washington]].

Ti Washington, D.C., ket adda ti nakarkulo a populasion ti 617,996 in 2011, ti [[Listaan dagiti siudad ti Estados Unidos babaen ti populasion|maika-25 a kaaduan ti populasion a lugar]] idiay Estados Unidos. Dagiti agluglugan manipud ti suborbia ti lawlaw ti Maryland ken Virginia ket mangipangato ti populasion ti siudad ti sumurok a maysa a&amp;nbsp;riwriw ti las-ud ti panagtrabaho a lawas. Ti [[Metropolitano a Lugar ti Washington]], a pakaipasetan ti Distrito, ket adda ti gangani a populasion ti 5.6&amp;nbsp;a riwriw, ti [[Tabla ti Estados Unidos a Metropolitano nga Estadistiko a Luglugar|maikapito a kadakkelan]] a [[Metropolitano a lugar ti Estados Unidos|metropolitano a lugar]] iti daytoy a pagilian.

Dagiti sentro kadagiti amin a tallo a  sangsanga ti [[pederal a gobierno ti Estados Unidos]] ket adda ti daytoy a Distrito, a mairaman ti Kongreso, [[Presidente iti Estados Unidos|Presidente]], ken [[Kangatuan a Korte iti Estados Unidos|Kangatuan aKorte]]. Ti Washington ket balayan kadagiti adu a nailian a [[Listaa dagiti museo idiay Washington, D.C.|monumento ken museo]], a dagitoy ket kangrunaan a naisanglad idiay wenno ti lawlaw ti [[National Mall]]. Ti siudad ket mangisangaili kadagiti 176 a [[Listaan dagiti diplomatiko a mision idiay Estados Unidos|ganganaet nga embahada]] ken ti adu pay a kuartel dagiti sanglubongan nga organisason, komersio a kapkappon, dagiti di agganganansia nga organisasion, dagiti mangipatakderan a grupo, ken dagiti propesional nga organisasion.

Ti lokal a nabutosan a [[Mayor ti Distritio ti Columbia|mayor]] ken 13 a kameng ti [[Konseho ti Distrito ti Columbia|konseho ti siudad]] ket nangituray ti daytoy a Distrito manipud idi 1973; nupay kasta, ti Kongreso ket mangtartaripatu ti kangatuan a turay para iti siudad ken mabalinda ti mangsukat kadagiti lokal a linlinteg. Isu a dagiti agtaeng ti D.C. ket addaanda ti [[balay nga alagaden ti Distrito iti Columbia|basbassit a bukod a panagturay]] ngem dagiti agtaeng kadagiti estado ti Estados Unidos. Ti Distrito ket adda ti maysa a [[panagbutos a karbengan ti Distrito iti Columbia|di makabutos]], sapasap a [[Delegado (Kongreso ti Estados Unidos)|Kongresional a delegado]], ngem awan kadagiti senador.  Ti [[Duapulo ket tallo a Panagpasayaat iti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]], a napasingkedan idi 1961, ket mangite iti Distrito ti [[Elektoral a Kolehio (Estados Unidos)|tallo nga elektoral a butos]] kadagiti panagbutos ti presidente.

== Pakasaritaan ==
{{Nangruna|Pakasaritaan iti Washington, D.C.}}
Dagiti agsasao ti [[Tattao nga Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] a tattao a naam-ammuan a kas dagiti [[Nacotchtank]] ket nagtaeng kadagiti lugar ti lawlaw ti [[Karayan Anacostia]] idi immuna a simmangpet dagiti Europeano idi maika-17 a siglo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McAtee|first=Waldo Lee|title=Ti Panakailadawan ti Pakasaritaan ti Distrito iti Columbia|publisher=H.L. &amp; J.B. McQueen, Inc.|location=Washington, DC|year=1918|page=7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=v-BmnyhbDekC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nupay kasta, dagiti tattao a Nacotchtank ket kaaduan kadagitoy ti pimmanaw babaen idi maika-18 a siglo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Burr|first=Charles|title=Ti Ababa a Pakasaritaan ti Anacostia, Ti Naganna, Nagtaudan ken Panagrang-ay|journal=Dagiti rehistro ti Naipakasaritaan a kagimongan ti Columbia|year=1920|volume=23|page=170|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WFW1gSS0MhAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iti &quot;[[Pederalista Bilang. 43]]&quot;, a naipablaak idi Enero 23, 1788, ni [[James Madison]] ket nangisuppiat a ti baro a pederal a gobierno ket makasapul ti turay para iti nailian a kapitolio tapno makaited para iti bukodna a panakataripatu ken pannakatalged.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/home/fedpapers/fed_43.html |title=Ti Pederalista Bilang. 43 |accessdate=2011-09-05 |last=Madison |first=James |work=Ti Nawaya a Warnakan |publisher=Biblioteka iti Kongreso |archive-date=2013-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914085128/http://thomas.loc.gov/home/fedpapers/fed_43.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Idi sakbayan ti lima a tawen, iti pasamak a naamammoan a kas ti [[Yaalsa ti Pennsylvania idi 1783]], ti maysa a sangkatiponan dagiti di natgedan a soldado ket linakubda ti Kongreso bayat a dagiti kamkamengna ket adda idiay timpuyog ti Philadelphia. To gobierno ti Pennsylvania ket nagmadi a kimmiddaw a pumilit a papunawen dagiti agprotprotesta, a nagiyunayunay ti kammasapulan para iti nailian a gobierno a saan nga agtaltalek kadagiti aniaman nga estado para iti bukodna a seguridad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Crew |first=Harvey W. |last2= Webb |first2=William Bensing |last3=Wooldridge|first3= John |title=Sentenario a Pakasaritaan ti Siudad iti  Washington, D. C.|chapter=IV. Ti Washington ket Nagbalin a Kapitolio|publisher=United Brethren Publishing House |year=1892 |location=Dayton, Ohio |url=http://books.google.com/?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ |page=66}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti [[Umuna nga Artkulo ti Batay-linteg iti Estados Unidos#Paset 8: Dagiti Bileg ti Kongreso|Umuna nga Artikulo, Walo a Paset]] iti [[Batay-linteg iti Estados Unidos]] ket mangipalubos ti pannakabangon iti maysa a &quot;Distrito (ti saan a sumurok ti sangapulo a&amp;nbsp;kuadrado&amp;nbsp;milia) a kas ti, babaen ti panagited dagiti naisangsangayan nga estado, ken ti panagawat iti Kongreso, ket agbalin a tugaw ti gobierno ti Estados Unidos.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html |title=Batay-linteg iti Estados Unidos |accessdate=2008-07-22 |publisher=Dagiti Nailian nga Arkibo ken Administrasion dagiti Rehistro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819235454/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html |archive-date=2011-08-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nupay kasta, ti Batay-linteg ket saan a nangibaga ti lokasion ti kapitolio. A ti nagbalinan kalpasan daytoy ti naam-ammuan a kas ti [[Kompromiso iti 1790]], ni Madison, ni [[Alexander Hamilton]], kenni [[Thomas Jefferson]] ket immannurotda a ti pederal a gobierno ket agbayad kadagiti nabatbati a nga Utang ti Rebolusionario a Gubat ti tunggal maysa nga estado a sukat daytoy ti panagipatakder ti baro a nailian a kapitolio idiay [[Akin-abagatan nga Estados Unidos]].&lt;ref name=Crew124&gt;{{cite book|last=Crew|first=Harvey W.|last2=Webb|first2=William Bensing |last3=Wooldridge |first3= John |title=Sentenario a Pakasaritaan ti Siudad iti Washington, D. C.|publisher=United Brethren Publishing House |year=1892 |location=Dayton, Ohio |url=http://books.google.com/?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ|page=124 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Ref|debts|[a]}}

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=60em}}
{{note|debts|[a]}} Babaen idi 1790, dagiti Akin-abagatan nga estado ket nakabayaddan kadagiti ballasiw taaw nga utangda manipud ti Rebolusionario a Gubat. Dagiti Akin-amianan nga estado ket saanda pay a nakabayad, ken kayatda a ti pederala  gobierno ti mangbayad kadagitoy nga utang. A ti kayatna asaoen daytoy ket dagiti Akin-abagatan nga estado ket makibingay kadagiti utang ti Akin-amainan, ti Abagatan ket nangipatakderan para iti nailian a kapitolio nga asasideg a mabirukan kadagiti teritorioda nga agtaktagikua kadagiti tagabu.&lt;ref name=Crew124 /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{note|geog|[b]}}Ti Residensia Tignay ket nangipalubos ti Presidente ti panagpili ti lokasion ti uneg ti Maryland ket ti adadayo ngem ti Karayan Anacostia. Nupay kasta, ni Washington ket nangisukat ti pagbeddengan ti pederal a teritorio idiay abagatan a daya tapno mairaman ti siudad ti Alexandria idiay akin-abagatan nga ungto ti Distrito. Idi 1791, ti Kongreso ket binaliwanna ti Residensia a Tignay tapno mapasingkedanna ti baro a lugar, a mairaman ti teritorio nga inibbatan babaen ti Virginia.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=Crew89 /&gt;--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{note|popdata|[c]}}Aginggana idi 1890, ti Opisina ti Senso ti Estados Unidos ket nangibilang ti Siudad ti Washington, Georgetown, ket dagiti saan a naikorporado a Kondado ti Washington a kas tallo a sabsabali a luglugar. Ti datos a naited iti datoy nga artikulo ken naipud tidi sakbayan ti 1890 ket nakarkulo a kasla idi ti Distrito iti Columbia ket maysa nga agmaymaysa a munisipalidad a kas iti tatta nga aldaw. Ti datos ti populasion para iti tunggal maysa a siudad sakbay ti 1890 ket mabalin a magun-od&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html |title=Populasion dagiti 100 a Kadakkelan a Siudad ken dagiti Dadduma nga Urbano a Lugar idiay Estados Unidos: 1790 to 1990 |accessdate=2008-07-29 |last=Gibson |first=Campbell |date=Hunio 1998|publisher=Opisina ti Senso ti Estados Unidos}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Refend}}

==Dagiti nagibasaran==
{{Reflist}}

{{Estados Unidos}}
{{Dagiti kapitolio nga estado ti Estados Unidos}}

[[Kategoria:Washington, D.C.]]
[[Kategoria:Estados Unidos|Washington, D.C.]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo]]</text>
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Ni '''Rowan Sebastian Atkinson''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] {{Kabibiag|NAILINIA|dmy}} ket Ingles nga aktor, komidiante, ken dramaturgo a kaaduan nga ammo para iti obrana kadagiti [[sitcom]] ti ''[[Blackadder]]'' ken ''[[Mr. Bean]]''. Isu ket inlista ti ''[[The Observer]]'' a kas maysa kadagiti 50 a nakakatkatawa nga aktor iti Briton a komedia&lt;ref&gt;[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1101477,00.html &quot;The A-Z of laughter (part one)&quot;, ''The Observer''], 7 Disiembre 2003. Naala idi 7 Enero 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; ken maysa kadagiti 50 a kalaingan a komediante.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4141019.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Cook voted 'comedians' comedian'|date=2 Enero 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Rowan Atkinson}}
* {{IMDb nagan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090930190111/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/571262/index.html Biograpia ni Rowan Atkinson iti BFI Screenonline]

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{bio-pungol}}

{{Kabibiag|KATEGORIA|Atkinson, Rowan}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tengnga a Daya</title>
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| abovestyle = padding:.5em;
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| above     = Tengnga a Daya
| image     = [[Papeles:Middle East (orthographic projection).svg|230px|Tengnga a Daya]]
| caption1  = Mapa ti Tengnga a Daya (berde).
| label1    = Pagpagilian
| data1     = 18
| label2    = Dagiti pagsasao
| data2     =  [[Pagsasao nga Arabiko|Arabiko]], [[Sasao a Neo-Arameo|Arameo]], [[Pagsasao nga Armenio|Armenio]], [[Pagsasao nga Aserbaian|Aserbaian]], [[Pagsasao a Balochi|Balochi]], [[Pagsasao a Hebreo|Hebreo]], [[Pagsasao a Kurdo|Kurdo]], [[Pagsasao a Persiano|Persiano]], [[Pagsasao a Somali|Somali]], [[Pagsasao a Turko|Turko]]
| label3    = Dagiti sona ti oras
| data3     = [[UTC+2:00]], [[UTC+3]]:00, [[UTC+3:30]], [[UTC+4:00]], [[UTC+4:30]]
| label4    = Dagiti kadakkelan a siudad
| data4     = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{wagaywayikono|Turkia}} [[Istanbul]] |{{wagaywayikono|Ehipto}} [[Cairo]] |{{wagaywayikono|Iran}} [[Tehran]] |{{wagaywayikono|Irak}} [[Baghdad]] |{{wagaywayikono|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]]}}}}

Ti '''Tengnga a Daya''' ket maysa a [[rehion]] a mangbukel ti [[Akinlaud nga Asia]] ken [[Akin-abagatan nga Aprika]]. Daytoy a balikas ket naipanunotan a [[Eurosentriko]] ken inus-usar a kapadpada ti [[Asideg a Daya]], iti kasumbangir iti [[Adayo a Daya]].

Ti [[pakasaritaan iti Tengnga a Daya]] ket napetsado manipud idi taga-ugma a panawen, ken ti kadagupan ti pakasaritaanna, ti Tengnga a Daya ket sentro daytoyen kadagiti kangrunaan a pannakibiang iti lubong. Nupay kasta iti konteksto ti taga-ugma a pakasaritaan, ti balikas nga Asideg a Daya ket kadawyan a maus-usar. Ti Tengnga a Daya ket isu pay ti pakasaritaan a naggapuan kadagiti kangrunaaan a relihion a kas ti [[Hudaismo]], [[Kristianidad]], ken [[Islam]]. Ti Tengnga a Daya ket sapasap nga addaan iti maysa a [[namaga]] ken napudot a klima, nga addaan kadagiti nangruna a karayan a mangit-ited kadagti [[panagsibog]] tapno makasuporata iti [[agrikultura]] kadagiti limitado a luglugar. Adu kadagiti pagilian a mabirukan iti kalikmutan ti [[Golpo Persiano]] ket addaan iti adu a reserba iti [[krudo a lana]]. Iti moderno a panawen ti Tengnga a Daya ket agtagtaginayon a maysa a managrikna a rehion ti estratehia, ekonomia, politika, kultura ken relihion. Ti maipadtu nga idadakkel ti panagrangrang-ay ti Tengnga a Daya ket agarup a 4.1% para iti 2010 ken 5.1% idi 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/pdf/c2.pdf IMF WEO Okt. 2010] Naala idi 15-10-2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Terminolohia ==
Ti termino a &quot;Tengnga a Daya&quot; ket mabalin a nagtaud kadagiti tawen ti 1850 iti Britaniko nga Opisina ti India.{{Sfn | Beaumont | Blake | Wagstaff | 1988 | p = 16}}  Nupay kasta, daytoy ket nagbalin a kaaduan nga ammo idi ti [[Estados Unidos|Amerikano]] nga estratehiko a marino a ni [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]] ket nagusar iti termino idi 1902&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last =Koppes | first = CR |title = Captain Mahan, General Gordon and the origin of the term &quot;Middle East&quot; |journal=Middle East Studies |volume=12 |pages= 95–98 |year= 1976 |doi = 10.1080/00263207608700307}}&lt;/ref&gt; tapno &quot;mangidesignado ti lugar a nagbaetan ti Arabia ken India&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Bernard | title= The Middle East and the West |year= 1965 |page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last =Fromkin | first = David |title=A Peace to end all Peace | url =https://archive.org/details/peacetoendallpea0000from |year= 1989|page= [https://archive.org/details/peacetoendallpea0000from/page/224 224] |isbn= 0-8050-0857-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iti las-ud ti daytoy a panawen dagiti imperio ti [[Imperio a Britaniko|Britaniko]] ken [[Ruso nga Imperio|Ruso]] ket nagal-ala iti impluensia idiay [[Tengnga nga Asia]], ti agkaribal a nagbalin nga ammo a kas ti [[Ti Nalatak nga Ay-ayam]]. Ni Mahan ket naibanagna a saan laeng a ti estratehiko a kina-importante ti rehion, ngem iti pay sentrona, ti [[Golpo Persiano]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last = Melman | first = Billie | url = http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol052178140x_CCOL052178140XA010 | publisher = Cambridge | title = Companion to Travel Writing | volume = 6 The Middle East/Arabia | series = Collections Online | accessdate = Enero 8, 2006}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Palmer, Michael A. ''Guardians of the Persian Gulf: A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf, 1833–1992.'' New York: The Free Press, 1992.  {{ISBN|0-02-923843-9}} pp. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ninagananna ti nakapalikmut a lugar ti Golpo Persiano iti Tengnga a Daya, ken kinunana a kalpasan ti [[Kanal Suez]], daytoy ti kangrunaan a pasahe para a tenglen ti Britania tapno malappedan nga agabanse dagiti Ruso idiay [[Britaniko a Raj|Britaniko nga India]].&lt;ref&gt;Laciner, Dr. Sedat. &quot;[http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=2117  Is There a Place Called 'the Middle East'?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006020301/http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=2117 |date=2015-10-06 }}&quot;, ''The Journal of Turkish Weekly'', Hunio 2, 2006. Naala idi Enero 10, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  Immuna nga inusar ni Mahan ti termino iti artikulona iti &quot;The Persian Gulf and International Relations&quot;, a naipablaak idi Septiembre 1902 iti ''[[National Review (Londres)|National Review]]'', ti maysa a Britaniko a warnakan.
{{Quote | Ti Tengnga a Daya, no amponek koma ti termino a saanko pay a nakita, iti masakbayan ket makasapulto iti bukodna a Malta, ken ti pay bukodna a Gibraltar; no saana pay a suroten dayta ket idiayto Golpo Persiano.  Ti puersa ti marina ket addaan iti kalidad ken ti mobilidad a mangawit daytoy iti pribilehio kadagiti temporario a kaawan; ngem nasken a mangsapul iti tunggal maysa a senario iti operasion ti naipatakder a kuartel a pagsukatan, iti paay, ken iti kaso ti didigra, iti seguridad. Ti Marina ti Britaniko ket nasken nga addaan iti pasilidad tapno mangikonsentrado iti puersa no rumsua iti kasta a pasamak, a maipanggep iti Aden, India, ken ti Golpo Persiano.{{Sfn | Adelson | 1995 | pp = 22–23}}}}

Ti artikulo ni Mahan a ket naiprenta manen iti ''[[The Times]]'' ken sinaruno idi Oktubre dagiti 20 a serye ti artikulo a natituluan iti &quot;The Middle Eastern Question,&quot; insurat babaen ni Apo [[Ignatius Valentine Chirol]].  Iti las-ud dagitoy a serye, Ni Apo Ignatius ket pinadakkelna ti panangipalawag iti ''Tengnga a Daya'' tapno mairaman &quot;dagiti rehion ti Asia a sumakop kadagiti pagbeddengan ti [[India]] wenno dagiti pagserrekan ti India.&quot;{{Sfn | Adelson | 1995 | p = 24}}  Kalpasan ti panagpatingga dagiti serye idi 1903, ti ''The Times'' ket inikkatna dagiti marka ti insasao manipud kadagiti simmaruno a panagusar iti termino.{{Sfn | Adelson | 1995 | p = 26}}

Aginggana idi [[Sangalubongan a Gubat II]], daytoy ket kustomario a mangibaga iti lugar iti likmut ti [[Turkia]] ken ti akindaya nga aplaya ti Mediteraneo a kas ti &quot;[[Asideg a Daya]]&quot;, bayat a ti &quot;[[Adayo a Daya]]&quot; a naisentro iti [[Tsina]],&lt;ref name=&quot;davison&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last =Davison | first = Roderic H. |title= Where is the Middle East? | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_1960-07_38_4/page/665 |journal= Foreign Affairs | volume = 38 |pages=665–75 |year=1960 |doi=10.2307/20029452 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ken ti Tengnga a Daya ket kaibuksilanna idi ti lugar manipud iti [[Mesopotamia]] aginggana idiay [[Burma]], kadagiti lugar a nagbaetan ti Asideg a Daya ken ti Adayo a Daya. Idi naladaw a tawtawen ti 1930, dagiti Britaniko ket nangipatakder ti [[Bilin ti Tengnga a Daya]], a naikuartel idi idiay [[Cairo]], para kadagiti puersana iti militar iti dayta a rehion.  Kalpasan iti dayta a panawen, ti termino a &quot;Tengnga a Daya&quot; ket nakagun-od iti ad-adu a panagusar idiay Europa ken idiay Estados Unidos, a ti napundar nga [[Instituto ti Tengnga a Daya]] idiay [[Washington, D.C.]] idi 1946, ket maysa kadagiti dadduma pay a panagusar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last =Held | first = Colbert C. |title=Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics | url =https://archive.org/details/middleeastpatter0000held_u2w5 |publisher=Westview Press |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/middleeastpatter0000held_u2w5/page/7 7] |isbn= 0-8133-8221-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kritisismo ken panagusar ===
[[Papeles:Middle East.ogv|thumb|Ti Amerikano a pelikula idi 1957 a maipanggep iti Tengnga a Daya]]
Ti termino a ''Tengnga a Daya'' ket nauyawen a kas nalawag nga [[Eurosentriko]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Shohat | first = Ella | title = Redrawing American Cartographies of Asia | url = http://commposite.uqam.ca/videaz/docs/elshen.html | publisher = City University of New York | accessdate = 2007-01-12 | archive-date = 1999-10-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19991023092500/http://commposite.uqam.ca/videaz/docs/elshen.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hanafi |first=Hassan |title=The Middle East, in whose world? |url=http://www.smi.uib.no/pao/hanafi.html |publisher=Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies |accessdate=2007-01-12 |archive-date=2013-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018151834/http://www.smi.uib.no/pao/hanafi.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iti kontemporaneo nga akademiko ken midia iti pagsasao nga Ingles, ti termino ket inus-usar babaen dagiti Europeano ken saan nga Europeano.

Ti deskripsion a ''Tengnga'' ket nakaiturongan kadagiti dadduma a pannakaallilaw kadagiti agbalbaliw a panangipalawag. Sakbay ti [[Sangalubongan a Gubat I|Umuna a Gubat ti Sangalubongan]], ti &quot;Asideg a Daya&quot; ket inus-usar idi iti Ingles a mangibaga ti [[Balkan]] ken ti [[Otomano nga Imperio]], bayat a ti &quot;Tengnga a Daya&quot; ket mangibagbaga iti [[Iran]], ti [[Kaukaso]], [[Apganistan]], Sentral nga Asia, ken ti [[Turkestan]]. Iti pannakaigiddiat, ti &quot;Adayo a Daya&quot; ket mangibagbaga kadagiti pagilian ti [[Daya nga Asia]] (kas ti [[Tsina]], [[Hapon]], [[Formosa]], [[Korea]], [[Hong Kong]], kdpy.)

Iti pannakaawanen ti Otomano nga Imperio idi 1918, ti &quot;Asideg a Daya&quot; ket kaaduanen a saan a naus-usar iti Ingles, bayat a ti &quot;Tengnga a Daya&quot; ket nagbalinen a naipakpakat kadagiti runrumsua manen a pagilian iti [[Islamiko a lubong]]. Nupay kasta, ti panagusar iti &quot;Asideg a Daya&quot; ket natalinaay idi babaen dagiti nadumaduma a a disiplina ti akademia, a mairaman iti [[arkeolohia]] ken [[taga-ugma a pakasaritaan]], a mangipalawag ti maysa a lugar a kapada ti termino iti ''Tengnga a Daya'', a saan nga inus-usar babaen dagitoy a disiplina (kitaen ti [[Taga-ugma nga Asideg a Daya]]).

Ti immmuna nga opisial a panagusar ti termino a &quot;Tengnga a Daya&quot; babaen ti [[Pederal a Gobierno ti Estados Unidos|gobierno ti Estados Unidos]] ket idi [[Doktrina Eisenhower]] idi 1957, a nanginaig iti [[Didigra ti Suez]]. Inpalawag ni Sekretario ti Estado [[John Foster Dulles]] ti Tengnga a Daya a kas &quot;ti lugar a naisanglad iti nagbaetan ken mairaman ti [[Libya]] iti laud ken ti [[Pakistan]] iti daya, ti [[Siria]] ken [[Irak]] iti amianan ken ti Arabiano a peninsula iti abagatan, ken maipatinayon pay ti [[Sudan]] ken [[Etiopia]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;davison&quot; /&gt; Idi 1958, ti [[Departamento ti Estado ti Estados Unidos|Departamento ti Estado]] ket inpalawagna dagiti termino ti &quot;Asideg a Daya&quot; ken &quot;Tengnga a Daya&quot; ket mabalin a pagsinnukaten dagitoy, ken impalawagna ti rehion a kas mangiraman laeng ti [[Ehipto]], [[Siria]], [[Israel]], [[Lebanon]], [[Hordania]], [[Irak]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], ken [[Katar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= 'Near East' is Mideast, Washington Explains |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70E10FC3D59127A93C6A81783D85F4C8585F9&amp;scp=1&amp;sq='Near%20East'%20is%20Mideast,%20Washington%20Explains&amp;st=cse |newspaper=The New York Times |date=Agosto 14, 1958 |accessdate=2009-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti libro ti estilo ti [[Associated Press]] ket imbagbagana ti Asideg a Daya a dati a nangibagbaga kadagiti ad-adayo a laud a pagilian bayat a ti Tengnga a Daya ket mangibagbaga kadagiti akindaya, ngem itan ket agpapada dagitoyen. Mangibagbaga nga:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Usaren ti ''Middle East'' malaksid no ti ''Near East'' ket inusar babaen ti taudan ti istoria. Ti ''Mideast'' ket mabalin pay a maawat, ngem ti ''Middle East'' ket kaykayat.&lt;ref&gt;Goldstein, Norm. ''The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law''. New York: Basic Books, 2004. {{ISBN|0-465-00488-1}} p. 156&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Iti [[Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]], dagiti nadumaduma a dokumento ken dagiti resolusion a maipanggep iti Tengnga a Daya ket iti kinapudno ket maipanggp iti  [[Suppiat ti Arabo–Israeli]], a naisangayan ti [[suppiat ti Israeli–Palestina]], ken, isu a dagitoy dagiti uppat nga estado ti [[Lebante]]. Ti termino nga Asideg a Daya ket sagpaminsan a mangmangeg idiay Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian a mangibagbaga iti daytoy a rehion.

=== Dagiti patarus ===
Adda met dagiti kapada a termino iti ''Asideg a Daya'' ken ''Tengnga a Daya'' kadagiti sabali a pagsasao ti Europa, ngem gapu ta daytoy ket relatibo a deskripsion, dagiti kaibuksilan ket depende iti pagilian ken sapasap a sabali dagitoy manipud iti Ingles a termino. Iti [[Pagsasao nga Aleman|Aleman]] ti termino a ''[[:de:Naher Osten|Naher Osten]]'' (Asideg a Dayat) ket kadawyan pay laeng a maus-usar (ita nga aldaw ti termino a ''Mittlerer Osten'' ket umad-adun a termino kadagiti teksto ti warnakan a naipatarus manipud kadagiti Ingles, ngem adda met iti naisangayan a kaibuksilan) ken iti [[Pagsasao a Ruso|Ruso]] ti [[:ru:Ближний Восток|Ближний Восток]] wenno ''Blizhniy Vostok'', ti  [[Pagsasao a Bulgaro|Bulgaro]] ti [[:bg:Близък Изток|Близкия Изток]], ti [[Pagsasao a Polako|Polako]]  ti ''[[:pl:Bliski Wschód|Bliski Wschód]]'' wenno ti [[Pagsasao a Kroata|Kroata]] ti ''[[:hr:Bliski istok|Bliski istok]]'' (a ti kaibuksilan ket ''Asideg a Daya'' kadagiti amin nga uppat nga Eslobako a pagsasao) ket agtaltalinaay a kas ti maitunos a termino para iti rehion. Nupay kasta, adda met dagiti pagsasao nga awan kapada iti &quot;tengnga a Daya&quot;, kas ti [[Pagsasao a Pranses|Pranses]] ti [[:fr:Moyen-Orient|Moyen-Orient]], ti [[Pagsasao a Sueko|Sueko]] ti [[:sv:Mellanöstern|Mellanöstern]], ti [[Pagsasao nga Espaniol|Espaniol]] ti [[:es:Oriente Medio|Oriente Medio wenno Medio Oriente]], ken ti [[Pagsasao nga Italiano|Italiano]] ti [[:it:Medio Oriente|Medio Oriente]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Iti Italiano, ti panangiyebkas iti &quot;Vicino Oriente&quot; (Asideg a Daya) ket kaaduan met idi a naus-usar a mangiba iti Turkia, ken ti ''Estremo Oriente'' (Adayo a Daya wenno Patingga a Daya) tapno mangibaga iti amian nga Asia iti daya ti Tengnga a Daya&lt;/ref&gt;

Baka mabalin a gapu ti impluensia iti Akinlaud a warnakan, ti Arabiko a kapada ti ''Tengnga a Daya'' (Arabiko: الشرق الأوسط  ''ash-Sharq al-Awsaṭ''), ket nagbalinen a pagalagadan a panagusar iti kaaduan a warnakan nga Arabiko, ken mangibagbaga iti isu met laengen a kaibuksilan a kas ti termino iti &quot;Tengnga a Daya&quot; iti panagusar idiay Amianan nga Amerika ken Akinlaud nga Europa. Ti pananginagan iti ''[[Mashriq]]'', manipud pay iti ramut nga Arabiko para iti ''daya'', ket mangibaga pay kadagiti nadumaduma a naipalawag a rehion iti likmut ti Lebante, ti akindaya a paset ti agsasao iti Arabiko a lubong (a maigiddiat iti ''[[Maghreb]]'', ti akinlaud a paset).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Anderson |author2= Ewan W. |author3= William Bayne Fisher |title=The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |pages=12–13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[Pagsasao a Persiano|Persiano]] a kapada para iti Tengnga a Daya ket ti خاورمیانه (''Khāvar-e miyāneh'').

== Dagiti teritorio ken dagiti rehion ==

=== Tradisional a panangipalawag ti Tengnga a Daya ===
Dagiti sumaganad a pagilian ket tradisional a mairaman iti uneg ti Tengnga a Daya:
* {{wagayway|Bahrain}}
* {{wagayway|Cyprus}}
* {{wagayway|Ehipto}}
* {{wagayway|Iran}}
* {{wagayway|Irak}} kakuyogna ti autonomo a {{wagayway|Kurdistan}}
* {{wagayway|Israel}}
* {{wagayway|Hordania}}
* {{wagayway|Kuwait}}
* {{wagayway|Lebanon}}
* {{wagayway|Oman}}
* {{wagayway|Palestina|name=Estado ti Palestina}}
* {{wagayway|Katar}}
* {{wagayway|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{wagayway|Siria}}
* {{wagayway|Turkia}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html The World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |date=2017-09-20 }}. Cia.gov. Naala idi 2013-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{wagayway|Dagiti Nagkaykaysa nga Emirato nga Arabo}}
* {{wagayway|Yemen}}

=== Dagiti dadduma pay a panangipalawag ti Tengnga a Daya ===
Dagiti nadumaduma a konsepto ket masansan a maipadpada iti Tengnga a Daya, ti kaaduan ket ti Asideg a Daya, ti [[Nalames nga Immindayon]] ken ti Lebante. ti Asideg a Daya, Lebante ken ti Nalames nga Immindayon ket dagiti heograpiko a konsepto, ken dagitoy ket mangibagbaga kadagiti dakkel a paset ti moderno a a Tengnga a Daya, a ti Asideg a Daya ti kaasitgan iti Tengnga a Daya iti heograpiko a kaibuksilanna.

Dagiti pagilian ti [[Abagatan a Kaukaso]]—[[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], ken [[Georgia (pagilian)|Georgia]]—ket sagpaminsan a mairamraman kadagiti panangipalawag iti Tengnga a Dayat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2000/12/novikova.pdf|title=Armenia and the Middle East|publisher=Middle East Review of International Affairs|date=Disiembre 2000|first=Gayane|last=Novikova|accessdate=14 Agosto 2014|archive-date=2014-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821001515/http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2000/12/novikova.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti [[Kalatakan a Tengnga a Daya]] ket ti maysa a maipatinayon nga Eurosentriko a konsepto,naipayammo daytoy idiay Laud kadagidi tawen ti 1990,ken mangibagbaga kadagiti kaaduan nga Islamiko a rehion ti Amianan nga Aprika, Akinlaud nga Asia ken Sentral nga Asia; nupay kasta ti panagusar ti &quot;Kalatakan a Tengnga a Daya&quot; ket marginal ken saan unayen a maus-usar.

== Pakasaritaan ==
{{Nangruna|Pakasaritaan ti Tengnga a Daya}}
[[Papeles:Jerusalem kotel mosque.jpg|thumb|upright|Ti [[Bantay Templo]] idiay [[Herusalem]]]]
[[Papeles:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|thumb|Ti [[Kaaba]], a mabirukan idiay [[Meka]], [[Saudi Arabia]]]]

Ti Tengnga a Daya ket mabirukan idiay pagsabtan ti [[Eurasia]] ken [[Aprika]] ken ti [[Baybay Mediteraneo]] ken ti [[Taaw Indiano]].Daytoy ti nakaipasngayan ken ti [[Espiritualidad|espiritual]] a sentro dagiti relihion a kas ti [[Kristianidad]], [[Islam]], [[Hudaism]], [[Manikueismo]], [[Yezidi]], [[Drusos]], [[Yaresanismo]] ken [[Mandeismo]], ken idiay Iran, [[Mitraismo]], [[Soroastrianism]], [[Manikueismo]], ken ti [[Bahaismo]]. Iti amin a paset ti pakasaritaanna ti Tengnga a Daya ket nangrunan a sentro dagiti banag iti lubong; ti estratehia, ekonomia, politika, kultura, ken relihioso.

Dagiti kasapaan a sibilisasion iti lubong, ti Mesopotamia ([[Sumer]], [[Akadio nga Imperio|Akadio]], [[Asiria]] ken [[Babilonia]]) ken ti [[taga-ugma nga Ehipto]], ket nagtaud manipud iti Nalames nga Immindayon ken dagiti rehion ti Ginget ti [[Nilo]] iti taga-ugma nga Asideg a Daya. Dagitoy ket sinaruno pay babaen dagiti sibilisasion ti [[Hititas]], [[Tattao a Griego|Griego]] ken [[Pagsasao nga Urartia|Urartia]] ti [[Asia Menor]], ti [[Elam]] iti sakbay ti Irani a Persia, ken dagiti pay sibilisasion ti [[Pakasaritaan ti Lebante|Lebante]] (a kas ti [[Ebla]], [[Ugarit]], [[Canaan]], [[Aram (biblikal a rehion|Aramea]], [[Penisia]] ken Israel), dagiti sibilisasion ti [[Pakasaritaan ti Iran|Persiano]] ken [[Mediana]] idiay Iran, ti [[Amianan nga Aprika]] ([[Kartago]]/Penisia) ken ti [[Arabiano a Peninsula]] ([[Magan (sibilisasion)|Magan]], [[Pagarian ti Saba|Saba]], [[Siudad dagiti pilares|Ubar]]). Ti Asideg a Daya ket immuna idi a kaaduan a naikaykaysa babaen ti [[Neo Asiriano nga Imperio]], kalpasanna ti [[Akuemenidad nga Imperio]] ken kalpasanna sinaruno ti [[Masedonia nga Imperio]] ken kalpasan daytoy iti bassit babaen dagiti [[Pakasaritaan ti Iran|imperio ti Iran]] (ti [[parto nga Imperio|Parto]] ken dagiti [[Sasanida nga Imperio]]), ti [[Romano nga Imperio]] ken ti [[Bisantino nga Imperio]]. Nupay kasta, dagitinto naududi a [[Kalipato|Arabo a Kalipato]] ti [[Tengnga a Panpanawen]], wenno [[Islamiko a Nabalitokan a Panawen]] a nagrugi iti panagrukma ti rehion ti Arabo idi maika-7 a silo AD, daytanto ti umuna a panangikaykaysa ti Tengnga a Daya a kas naisangayan a rehion ken agpartuat iti naturay nga [[Islam]]iko nga [[Tattao nga Arabo|identidad ti etniko]] a kaaduan (ngem saan nga eksklusibo) nga adda ita nga aldaw. Dagiti [[Tattao a Mongol|Mongol]], dagiti [[Tattao a Turko|Turko]] a [[Selyusida nga Imperio|Selyusida]] ken dagiti Otomano nga Imperio, dagiti [[Sapabida a Dinastia|Sapabida]] ken ti Britaniko nga Imperio ket kanungpalan pay a nangituray iti rehion.

Ti moderno a Tengnga a Daya ket nangrugi kalpasan ti [[Sangalubongan a Gubat I]], idi ti Otomano nga Imperio, a kimmaddua idi iti [[Sentral a Bilbileg]], ket inabak idi babaen ti Britaniko nga Imperio ken dagiti kaduada ken ti  [[pannakabingay ti Otomano nga Imperio|nabingay]] kadagiti nadumaduma a naisinsina a pagilian, iti immuna babaen dagiti Bilin ti Britania ken Pransia. Dagiti sabali pay a nangsikko a paspasamak ket mairaman ti pannakabangon ti Israel idi 1948 ken ti kanungpalan nga ipapanaw dagiti bileg ti Europa, a naisangayan ti [[Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian]] ken [[Pransia]] babaen idi patingga ti tawtawen ti 1960. Dagitoy ket nabaliwan bassit babaen ti dimmakdakkel nga impluensia ti Estados Unidos manipud dagiti tawtawen ti 1970 ken ti masakbayan.

Idi maika-20 a siglo, ti adu a penpen ti [[krudo a lana]] ti rehion ket nakaited daytoy iti baro a kinapangruna iti estratehia ken ekonomia. Ti adu a panagpataud ti lana ket nangrugi idi 1945, a ti Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Irak, ken ti [[Dagiti Nagkaykaysa nga Emirato nga Arabo|Nagkaykaysa nga Emirato nga Arabo]] ket addaan kadagiti adu a kantidad iti lana.&lt;ref&gt;Goldschmidt (1999), p. 8&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti nakarkulo a reserba ti lana, a naipangpangruna idiay Saudi Arabia ken Iran, ket isu dagitoy ti kaaduan iti lubong, ken ti internasional a kartel ti lana ti [[OPEC]] ket inturayan babaen dagiti pagilian ti Tengnga a Daya.

Idi lasud ti Nalamiss a Gubat, ti Tengnga a Daya ket teatro idi ti ideolohikal a salisal a nagabetan dagiti dua a nalatak a bileg ken dagiti kumaduaanda: ti [[NATO]] ken ti Estados Unidos iti maysa a bangir, ken ti [[Kappon ti Sobiet]] ken ti [[Warsaw Pact]] iti sabali, ket nagsasalisalda iti impluensia dagiti kumaduaan iti rehion. Malaksid kadagiti politikal a rason adda pay ti &quot;ideolohikal a suppiat&quot; a nagbaetan dagiti dua a sistema. Iti pay maipatinayon, a kas insupsuppiat babaen ni [[Louise Fawcett]], kadagiti adu a nangruna a banag iti suppiatan, wenno mabalin nga ad-adu a napudno iti gagar, ket dagidi immuna, dagiti ganetget dagiti nalatak a bileg ti pannakagun-od iti estratehiko a panangatiw  iti rehion, ti maiakdua, ti kinapudno a ti rehion ket aglaon kadagiti dua a pagkatlo dagiti reserba ti lana iti lubong ket nagbalbalinenn a nangruna iti ekonomia iti Akinlaud a lubong  […]&lt;ref&gt;Louise, Fawcett. ''International Relations of the Middle East''. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2005)&lt;/ref&gt; Iti uneg daytoy a batayan iti konteksto, ti Estados Unidos ket nagsapul a nangilingay ti Arabo a lubong manipud iti impluensia ti Sobiet. Kadagiti amin a paset ti panawen ti maiak-20 ken maiak-21 a sigsiglo, ti rehion ket nakasanay kadagiti paset ti panawen iti relatibo a kappia ken panagibtur ken dagiti paset ti panawen iti suppiat a naisangayan iti nagabetan dagiti [[Sunni]] ken dagiti [[Shiite]].

== Ekonomia ==
{{Nangruna|Ekonomia ti Tengnga a Daya}}

Dagiti ekonomia ti Tengnga a Daya sumakop manipud iti napanglaw unay (a kas ti Gaza ken Yemen) aginggana kadagiti nabaknang unay a pagilian (a kas ti Katar ken UAE). Iti amin-amin, manipud idi 2007, segun ti CIA World Factbook, amin a pagilian idiay Tengnga a Daya ket mangitartaripato iti positibo a gatad iti idudur-as.

Segun dagiti database ti ''Panangipakita ti Panagdur-as iti Lubong'' ti [[Banko ti Lubong]] a naipablaak idi Hulio 1, 2009, dagiti tallo a kadakkelan nga ekonomia ti Tengnga a Daya idi 2008ket ti Turkia ($794,228,000,000), Saudi Arabia ($467,601,000,000) ken Iran ($385,143,000,000) kadagiti termino ti [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti GDP (nominal)|Nominal a GDP]].&lt;ref name=WB-GDP-Nominal&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf The World Bank: World Economic Indicators Database. ''GDP (Nominal) 2008.''] Datos para iti 2008. Naudi a napabaro idi Hulio 1, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; No maigapu iti nominal a GDP iti tunggal maysa a tao, dagiti kangatuan a nairanggo a pagilian ket ti Katar ($93,204), ti UAE ($55,028), Kuwait ($45,920) ken Cyprus ($32,745).&lt;ref&gt;Ti Datos ket mangibaga iti 2008. [http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=26&amp;pr.y=9&amp;sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPDPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= World Economic Outlook Database-October 2009], [[International Monetary Fund]]. Naala idi Oktubre 1, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; ti Turkia ($1,028,897,000,000), Iran ($839,438,000,000) ken Saudi Arabia ($589,531,000,000) ket addaan kadagiti kadakkelan nga eknomia kadagiti termino iti [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti GDP (PPP)|GDP-PPP]].&lt;ref name=WB-GDP-PPP&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf The World Bank: World Economic Indicators Database. ''GDP (PPP) 2008.''] Datos para iti 2008. Naudi a napabaro idi Hulio 1, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; No maibatay iti tunggal maysa a tao a matgedan a naibatay iti (PPP), dagiti kangatuan a nairanggo a pagilian ket ti Katar ($86,008), Kuwait ($39,915), ti UAE ($38,894), Bahrain ($34,662) ken Cyprus ($29,853). Dagiti kababaan a nairanggo a pagilian idiay Tengnga a Daya, kadagiti termino ti matgedan ti tunggal maysa a tao (PPP), ket ti autonomo a Turay ti Palestina ti Gaza ken ti West Bank ($1,100).

Ti estruktura ti ekonomia dagti pagilian ti Tengnga a Daya ket ketmaigiddiat iti kapanunotan a bayat nga adda met dagiti pagilian nga agdepdepende kadagiti produkto a mainaig iti lana (kas ti Saudi Arabia, ti UAE ken Kuwait), dagiti dadduma ket addaan iti dibersio a batayan ti ekonomia (kas ti Cyprus, Israel, Turkia ken Ehipto). Dagiti industria ti rehion ti Tengnga a Daya Middle ket mairaman ti lana ken dagiti produkto a mainaig iti lana, agrikultura, kapas, baka, kagatasan, abel, dagiti produkto ti lalat, dagiti instrumento ti siruhia, alikamen iti depensa (dagiti paltog,bala, tangtangke, dagiti submarino, dagiti pakilaban nga eroplano, dagiti UAV, ken dagiti misil). Ti panagibanko ket nangruna pay a sektor dagiti ekonomia, a naipangpangruna kadagiti kaso ti UAE ken Bahrain.

Malaksid ti Cyprus, Turkia, Ehipto, Lebanon ken Israel, ti turismo ket saan unay a nadur-as a lugar ti ekonomia, gapu ti kasasaad ti sosial a konserbatibo iti rehion ket ti pay politikal a riribok kadagiti dadduma arehion iti Tengnga a Daya. Kadagiti naudi a tawen, nupay kasta, dagiti pagilian a kas ti UAE, Bahrain, ken Hordania ket nangrugrugin a mangawis kadagiti ad-adu a bilang dagiti turista gapu ti pannakapasayaat dagiti pasilidad ti turista ken dagiti panangipalag-an dagiti makagawid nga annuroten a mainaig iti turismo.

Adu dagiti awan trabaho idiay rehion ti Tengnga a Daya ken Amianan nga Aprika, a naisangayan dagiti ubbing nga agtawen iti 15–29, ti demograpia a mangirepresenta ti 30% iti dagup a populasion ti rehion. Ti dagup a gatad dagiti awan ti trabaho iti rehion idi 2005, segun ti [[International Labor Organization]], ket 13.2%,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&amp;subsecID=900003&amp;contentID=254026 |title=Unemployment Rates Are Highest in the Middle East |publisher=Progressive Policy Institute |date=Agosto 30, 2006 |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427023740/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&amp;subsecID=900003&amp;contentID=254026 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ken kadagiti ubbing ket nangatngato a kas 25%,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Navtej Dhillon, Tarek Yousef |url=http://shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/623/1 |title=Inclusion: Meeting the 100 Million Youth Challenge |publisher=Shabab Inclusion |year=2007 |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202100030/http://shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/623/1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; aginggana ti 37% idiay [[Morocco]] ken 73% idiay [[Siria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/558/1 |author=Hilary Silver |title=Social Exclusion: Comparative Analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth |work=Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper |date=Disiembre 12, 2007 |publisher=Shabab Inclusion |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-date=2008-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820065906/http://www.shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/558/1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; &gt;
|[[Amman]] – Hordania
Papeles:Haifa street, as seen from the medical city hospital across the tigres.jpg|[[Baghdad]] – Irak
Papeles:Zaitunay Bay, Downtown Beirut, Lebanon.jpg|[[Beirut]] – Lebanon
Papeles:Cairo by night.jpg|[[Cairo]] – Ehipto
Papeles:Barada river in Damascus (April 2009).jpg|[[Damascus]] – Siria
Papeles:Dubai night skyline.jpg|[[Dubai]] – U.A.E
Papeles:K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay Square in Ankara, Turkey.JPG|[[Ankara]] – Turkia
Papeles:Abu Dhabi Skyline fron Corniche Rd.JPG|[[Abu Dhabi]] – U.A.E
Papeles:Manama Cityline.jpg|[[Manama]] – Bahrain
Papeles:Magnificent Nicosia skylines by night Republic of Cyprus.jpg|[[Nicosia]] – Cyprus
Papeles:Bank Of Palestine - Ramallah.jpg|[[Ramallah]] – Palestina
|[[Riyadh]] – Saudi Arabia
Papeles:San'a03 flickr.jpg|[[Sana'a]] – Yemen
Papeles:DohaSkyline 2.jpg|[[Doha]] – Katar
Papeles:North Tehran Towers.jpg|[[Tehran]] – Iran
Papeles:Westernwall2.jpg|[[Herusalem]] – Israel
Papeles:Old yaffo 3.JPG|[[Tel Aviv]] – Israel
Papeles:Kuwait City cropped.jpg|[[Siudad ti Kuwait]] – Kuwait
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dagiti nota ==
{{reflist |group=&quot;note&quot;}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==

=== Dagiti dakamat ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sapasap ===
* {{cite book | last = Adelson | first = Roger |title=London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922. | url = https://archive.org/details/londoninventiono00adel |publisher=Yale University Press | year =1995 |isbn= 0-300-06094-7}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Anderson | first1 = R | last2 = Seibert | first2 = R | last3 = Wagner | first3 = J. | title = Politics and Change in the Middle East |edition = 8th | publisher = Prentice-Hall |year= 2006}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Barzilai | first1 = Gad | first2 = Klieman | last2 = Aharon | first3 = Shidlo | last3 = Gil|title=The Gulf Crisis and its Global Aftermath| url =https://archive.org/details/gulfcrisisitsglo0000unse | publisher = Routledge |year=1993 |isbn= 0-415-08002-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Barzilai | first = Gad | title = Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order| url = https://archive.org/details/warsinternalconf0000barz |publisher= State University of New York Press |year=1996 |isbn = 0-7914-2943-1}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Beaumont | first1 = Peter | first2 = Gerald H | last2 = Blake | first3 = J. Malcolm | last3 = Wagstaff  |title=The Middle East: A Geographical Study |publisher=David Fulton |year=1988 |isbn=0-470-21040-0}}
* {{cite book |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryofthirdedition0000gold | last =Goldschmidt | first = Arthur Jr |publisher=Westview Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-8133-0471-7}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
* Cressey, George B. (1960). ''Crossroads: Land and Life in Southwest Asia''. Chicago, IL: J.B. Lippincott Co. xiv, 593 p., ill. with maps and b&amp;w photos.
* Freedman, Robert O. (1991). ''The Middle East from the Iran-Contra Affair to the Intifada'', in series, ''Contemporary Issues in the Middle East''.  1st ed. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. x, 441 p. {{ISBN| 0-8156-2502-2}} pbk.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{commons-nailinia|Middle East|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/}}

{{Tengnga a Daya}}
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[[Kategoria:Tengnga a Daya]]
[[Kategoria:Heograpia ti Akinlaud nga Asia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti rehion ti Asia]]
[[Kategoria:Akinlaud nga Asia]]
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    <title>Ariwanas</title>
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      <text bytes="37021" sha1="lqyors83tiu6fqkps1hl0746r457500" xml:space="preserve">{{Napili nga artikulo}}[[Papeles:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|300px|thumb|[[NGC 4414]], ti maysa a tipiko nga agkusikos nga ariwanas idiay [[konstelasion]] a [[Coma Berenices]], ket agarup a 55,000&amp;nbsp;[[lawag a tawen]] iti diametrona ken agarup a 60 a riwriw a lawag a tawtawen ti kaadayona manipud iti Daga.]]

Ti '''ariwanas''' ket mays a nawatiwat, a [[grabitasinal|grabitasion a panakaibedbed]] a sistema a buklen dagiti [[bituen]] ken dagiti [[estelar a tidda]], maysa a [[interestelar a pamay-an]] iti alingasaw ken [[kosmiko a tapok|tapok]], ken nagruna ngem saan unay a maawawatan a komponente a pangpadasanna a nanaganan ti [[nangisit a banag]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sparkegallagher2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=nasa060812 /&gt; Ti balikas nga  ariwanas ket naala manipud iti [[Pagsasao a Griego|Griego]] a ''galaxias'' ({{lang|el|γαλαξίας}}), literal a kayatna a sawen ket &quot;nagatasan&quot;, ti maysa a panagreperensia ti [[Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen]] nga ariwanas. Dagiti kas pagarigan dagiti ariwanas ket sumakop manipud dagiti [[ansisit nga ariwanas|ansisit]] nga adda dagiti basbassit ngem sangapulo a riwriw(10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;) a bitbituen&lt;ref name=eso000503 /&gt; aginggana kadagiti higante nga addaan dagiti ginasut a [[Trilion (ababa a gantingan)|trilion]] (10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;) a bitbituen,&lt;ref name=science250_4980_539 /&gt; a ti tunggal maysa ket palpalikmutanna ti bukod ti ariwanasna a [[tengnga iti masa]].

Ti ariwanas ket agloan kadagiti nadumaduma a bilang dagiti [[bituen a sistema]], dagiti [[bituen a rimpuok]] ken ti kita dagiti [[interestelar nga ulep]]. Iti nagbaetan dagitoy a banbanag ket ti maysa a naingpis nga [[interestelar a pamay-an]] iti alingasaw, tapok, ken dagiti [[kosmiko nga anaraar]]. Ti [[nangisit a banag]] ket agparang ti pannakaibilang para iti agarup a 90% iti [[masa]] kadagiti kaaduan nga ariwanas. Dagiti napalpaliiw a datos ket agipaltiing a dagiti [[nawatiwat unay a nangisit nga abot]] ket baka rumsuada iti tengnga kadagiti adu, wenno baka amin, nga ariwanas. Naipanunotan dagitoy a nagnangruna a mangiturturong iti [[aktibo a galaktiko a katengngaan|aktibo a galaktiko a tengnga]] a mabirukan iti bugas kadagiti ariwanas. Ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen nga ariwanas ket agparang a mangisanglad iti maysa a kastoy a banag.&lt;ref name=&quot;smbh&quot; /&gt;

Ti ariwanas ket naipakasaritaan a naikategoria segun kadagiti makitkita a sukogda; a kadaywan a maitudtudo kadagiti bukodda a makitkita a morpolohia. Ti kadaywan a porma ket ti [[eliptiko nga ariwanas]],&lt;ref name=uf030616 /&gt; nga adda ti [[basikaw nga immitlog]] a sukog a lawag a bariweswes. Dagiti [[agkusikos nga ariwanas]] ket nasukogda a kasla disko nga adda ti natapokan, nga agkilkillo a dagiti ima. Dagiti rinagis wenno karnarna a sukog ket naamammon dagitoy a kas dagiti [[rinagis nga ariwanas]] ken kadaywan a nagtaud manipud iti panaggulo babaen ti grabitasional a panagguyod kadagiti kaarubana nga ariwanas. Dagiti kastoy a pannakitignay a nagbaetan dagiti ariwanas, a mabalin a pagbanagan dagiti panagtitipon, a sagpaminsan nga inaramid ti naisangsangayan a panagpaadu  dagiti aramid a [[panagporma ti bituen]] a magipapan dagiti [[agbettak a bituen nga ariwanas]]. Dagiti basbassit nga ariwanas ket awananda kadagiti nasupnet a patakder a maipadpatudo a kas dagiti [[rinagis nag ariwanas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IRatlas&quot; /&gt;

Adda ngata dagiti agarup a 170&amp;nbsp;bilion ({{nowrap|1.7 × 10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;}}) nga ariwanas a [[mapalpaliiw a law-ang]],&lt;ref name=apj624_2 /&gt;&lt;ref name=kackie020201 /&gt; ken posible nga ad-adyu pay kadagiti nawatwatiwat a teoretiko a [[multiberso]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z7uFxViR19oC&amp;pg=PT234&amp;dq=%22galaxies%22+multiverse&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=xQjMT9aMIsSc8gPft4gE&amp;ved=0CGEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22galaxies%22%20multiverse&amp;f=false Ti Pabrika iti Kinapudno] David Deutsch – 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Kaaduan ket 1,000 to 100,000&lt;ref name=&quot;M101&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;a dagiti [[parsec]] iti diametro ken kadaywan a naisina babaen ti kaadayo iti urno s iti riwriw iti parsecs (wenno megaparsecs).&lt;ref name=gilman_ch4 /&gt; Ti [[Intergalaktiko a limbang]] (ti limbang a nagbaetan dagiti ariwanas) ket napnoda kadagiti naingpis nga alingasaw iti natimbengan a densidad iti basbassit ngem maysa nga [[atomo]] iti tunggal maysa a kubiko metro. Kaaduan kadagiti ariwanas ket naurnosda kadagiti pagurnosan iti asosasion nga ammo a kas dagiti [[grupo ti ariwanas ken rimrimpuok|grupo ken rimpuok]], a daytoy ket, a kadawyan daytoy nga agbalin dagiti dakdakkel a [[nalatak a rimpuok]]. Iti [[Dakkel a gantingan a kadakkel iti kosmos|kadakkelan a gantingan]], dagitoy nga asosasion ket sapasap dagitoy a maur-urnos kadagiti [[ariwanas a pilamento|sabanas ken pilamento]], a napalikmutan babaen dagiti nakadakdakkel a [[kodapis (astronomia)|vkodapsi]].&lt;ref name=camb_lss /&gt;

== Etimolohia ==
Ti balikas nga ''ariwanas'' ket nagtaud iti [[Pagsasao a Griego|Griego]] a termino para iti bukodtayo nga aríwánas, ''galaxias'' (''γαλαξίας'', ''&quot;milky one&quot;''), wenno ''[[kyklos]] (&quot;sirkulo&quot;) galaktikos (&quot;nagatasan&quot;)''&lt;ref name=oed/&gt; para iti langana iti langit. Iti [[Griego a mitolohia]],, ni [[Zeus]] ket inkabilna ti anakna a lalaki a naipasngay babaen ti mortal a babai, ti maladaga [[Herakles]], iti suso ni [[Hera]] bayat nga isu ket nakaturturog tapno ti maladaga ket inumenna ti nadiosan a gatas ti mortal a babai ken iti gapu daytoy ket agbalinto a saan a matay. Ni Hera ket nakariing bayat nga agsussuso ken nakitana nga agayaywan ti dina ammo a maladaga: induronna ti maladaga ken pimmsuak ti gatasna iti rabii a langit, a nagpataud daytoy ti nakusnaw a lawag a natawtawaganen a kas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen.&lt;ref name=waller_hodge2003 /&gt;&lt;ref name=konean2006 /&gt;

Iti astronomiko a literatura, ti naipadakkel a balikas ti 'Ariwanas' ket maus-usar a mangitudo ti bukodtayo nga ariwanas, ti [[Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen]], tapno mailasin manipud kadagiti bilion a sabsabali nga ariwanas. Ti Ingles a termino a ''Milky Way'' ket masurot manipud iti sarita babaen ni [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]]:
{{Quote|&quot;See yonder, lo, the Galaxyë&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Which men clepeth the Milky Wey,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;For hit is whyt.&quot;|Geoffrey Chaucer. ''[[Ti Balay iti Dayaw]]'', ''c.'' 1380.&lt;ref name=oed /&gt;}}

Idi inaramid ni [[William Herschel]] ti bukodna a [[Katologo iti Nebulosa|katologo]] dagiti nauneg a banag iti langit idi 1786, isu ket nagusar tinagan a ''[[agkusikos a nebulosa]]'' para kadagiti naisangayan a banag aka ti [[Andromeda nga Ariwanas|M31]]. Dagitoy ket mabigbiganto a dagiti nakadakdakkel a nagtitiponan dagiti bitbituen, idi ti husto a kaadayo dagitoy  abanag ket narugian a maiyamanan, ken materminodanto a ka dagiti ''iisla a law-ang.'' Nupay kasta, ti balikas a ''Law-ang'' ket naawawatan a ti kayatna a sawen ket ti intero nga irurumsua, so nga daytoy nga insao ket saan unayen a maus-usar ken dagiti banbanag ket nagbalin nga ammo a kas dagiti ariwanas.&lt;ref name=rao2005 /&gt;

== Panagpalpaliiw a pakasaritaan ==
Ti realisasion a datayo ket agtaeng iti maysa nga ariwanas, ken adda idi, iti kinapudno, nga adda dagiti sabsabali nga ariwanas, dagiti paralelo a panakaduktalan a naaramid a maipanggep ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ken dagiti dadduma a [[nebula]] iti rabii a langit.

=== Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ===
{{Nangruna|Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen}}
[[Papeles:Milky Way Galaxy and a meteor.jpg|[[Galaktiko a Tengnga]] iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen|thumb]]
Ti [[Griego a pilosopia|Griego]] a pilosopo a ni [[Democritus]] (450–370 BC) ket nagipaltiing a dagiti naraniag a banda iti rabii a langit a tinawtawagan a Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket baka buklen dagiti adayo a bitbituen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plutarch&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Ti Kompleto nga Obra Tomo 3: Dagiti Salaysay ken Nadumaduma |publisher=Echo a Biblioteka | author=Plutarch | authorlink= | year=2006 | at=panid 66, kapitulo 3 | isbn=978-1-4068-3224-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Aristoteles]] (384–322 BC), nupay kasta, namatmati a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket naaramid babaen ti &quot;ti panaggangat iti immapuy a panagisang-aw kadagiti bituen a dagitoy ket dadakkel, adu ken nagiinnnasidegda&quot; ken ti &quot;panaggangat ket maaramid idiay ngato a paset iti [[tangatang]], idiay [[Sublunario a globo|rehion iti lubong nga agtultuloy kadagiti panaggunay dagiti nainlangitan]].&quot;&lt;ref name=Montada&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Montada |first1=J. P.
 |date=2007-09-28
 |title=Ibn Bajja
 |work=Stanford nga Ensiklopedia iti Pilosopia
 |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja
 |accessdate=2008-07-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[Neoplatonismo|Neoplatonista]] a pilosopo a ni [[Olympiodorus the Younger]] (c. 495–570 AD) ket sientipiko idi a kritiko iti daytoy a kapanunutan, a sumupsupiat a no ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket sublinario daytoy ket nasken nga agparang a sabali kadagiti sabsabali a panawen ken luglugar iti Daga, ken daytoy ket nasken nga adda iti [[paralahe]], na daytoy ket awan. Iti panunutna, ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen ket maysa a nailangitanl. Daytoy a kapanunotan ket kalpasanto a makaimpluensia iti [[Muslim a lubong|Islamiko a lubong]].&lt;ref name=heidarzadeh23 /&gt;

Segun kenni Mohani Mohamed, ti [[Islamiko nga astronomia|Arabiano]] nga astronomo a ni [[Alhazen]] (965–1037) ket nagaramid ti immuna a panagpalpaliiw ken panagrukod paralahe ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen,&lt;ref name=mohamed /&gt; ken isu ket &quot;naikeddengna a ti gapuanan ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket awan ti paralahe, adayo unay iti Daga ken saan a tagikuaen ti tangatang.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Bouali |first1=H.-E.
 |last2=Zghal |first2=M.
 |last3=Lakhdar |first3=Z. B.
 |year=2005
 |title=Pannakaidayeg iti Optikal a Penomena: Panangipatakder ti Immuna a Ibn Al-Haytham a Pagobraan iti Potograpia
 |publisher=Ti Edukasion ken Panagsanay kadagit Optiko ken Potoniko a Komperensia
 |url=http://spie.org/etop/ETOP2005_080.pdf
 |accessdate=2008-07-08
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[Tattao a Persiano|Persiano]] nga astronomo a ni [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] (973–1048) ket nagipaltiing a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen nga ariwanas ket dagiti &quot;umnong dagiti adu a tidda iti masna iti nebulosa a bitbituen.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Biruni|title=Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=al_biruni /&gt; Ti [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] nga astronomo a ni [[Ibn Bajjah]] (&quot;Avempace&quot;, d. 1138) ket nagipaltiing a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket naaramid kadagiti adu a bitbituen a gangani nga agaasideg ken agparang ngaagtultuloy nga imahen gapu ti nagbanagan ti to be a [[repraksion]] manipud kadagiti sublunario a materiales,&lt;ref name=Montada /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;heidarzadeh25&quot; /&gt; a nagdakamat kadagiti panagpalpaliiwna iti [[Pangsilpo (astronomia ken astrolohia)|pangsilpo]] iti Hupiter ken Marte a kas ebidensia iti daytoy nga irurumsua no ti dua a banag ket aginnasidegda.&lt;ref name=Montada /&gt; Idi maika-14 a siglo, ti Taga-Siri a naipasngay a ni [[Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya]] ket nagipaltiing a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen nga ariwanas ket &quot;reprep dagiti babassit a bitbituen a naipenpen iti maysa a globo dagiti natalinaed a bitbituen&quot;.&lt;ref name=Livingston&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Livingston |first1=J. W.
 |year=1971
 |title=Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: Ti Maika-14 a siglo a Salaknik iti Astrolohiko a Pannakailangitan ken Alkemiko a Transmutasion
 |journal=Warnakan iti Amerikano nga Oriental a Kagimongan
 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=96–103 [99]
 |doi=10.2307/600445
 |jstor=600445
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti pudno a paneknek ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen a buklen dagiti adu a bitbituen ket manipud idi 1610 idi ni [[Galileo Galilei]] ket nagusar ti maysa a [[optiko a teleskopio|teleskopio]] tapno maadalna ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ken naduktalanna a daytoy ket buklen dagiti adu unay a bilbilang dagiti nakusnaw a bitbituen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J.
 |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F.
 |date=Nobiembre 2002
 |title=Galileo Galilei
 |url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html
 |publisher=Unibersidad ti St. Andrews
 |accessdate=2007-01-08
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idi 1750 ni [[Thomas Wright (astronomo)|Thomas Wright]], iti bukodna a ''Maysa a kasisigud wenno baro a hipotesis iti Law-ang'', ket nagsirmata a (napudno) ti ariwanas ket mabalin a agliklikmut a bagi dagiti nawatiwat a bilbilang dagiti bituen a tinengtengngel babaen ti [[grabitasion]]al a puersa, a kaparis ti sistema a solar iti dakdakkel a gantingan. Ti nagbanagan dagiti disko dagiti bitbituen ket makita a kas banda iti langit manipud iti perspektibo iti uneg ti disko.&lt;ref name=&quot;our_galaxy&quot; /&gt; Iti maysa a tratado idi 1755, ni [[Immanuel Kant]] inpasayaatna ti kapanunotan ni Wright a maipanggep ti patakder iti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen.

[[Papeles:Herschel-Galaxy.png|thumb|left|Ti sukog iti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen a kas naipakissayan a bituen a bilbilang babaen ni William Herschel idi 1785; ti sistema solar ket naipagarup nga adda idiay asideg ti tengnga.]]

Ti immuna a panagpadas ti panagipalpalawag ti sukog iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ken ti puestona iti [[Init]] ket inaramid ni [[William Herschel]] idi 1785 babaen ti naannad a panagbilang dagiti bituen kadagiti sabsabali a rehion iti langit. Isu ket napakataud iti diagrama iti sukog iti ariwanas iti sistema a solar nga asideg ti tengnga.&lt;ref name=paul1993 /&gt; A nagusar iti napasayaat nga arngian, ni [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] idi 1920 ket nakasangpet iti ladawan iti bassit nga (diametto ti agarup a 15&amp;nbsp;kiloparsecs) basikaw nga immitlog nga ariwanas nga adda ti Init nga asideg ti tengnga. Ti sabali pay a pamay-an ket babaen ni [[Harlow Shapley]] a naibatay ti panagkatologo dagiti [[globular a rimpuok]] a nagiturong daytoy ti naisangsangayan a sabali a ladawan: ti maysa a dalumpinas a disko nga adda ti diametro ti agarup a 70&amp;nbsp;kiloparsecs ken ti Init ket adayo manipud iti tengnga.&lt;ref name=&quot;our_galaxy&quot; /&gt; Dagitoy dua a panagusig ket napaay ti panangala ti [[panagawan (astronomia)|panagsagepsep iti lawag]] babaen ti [[kosmiko a tapok|interestelar a tapok]] nga adda ti [[galaktiko a dalumpinas]], ngem kalpasan ni [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] ket inbilangna daytoy a nagbanagan idi1930 babaen ti panagadalna dagiti [[nalukatan a rimpuok]], ti agdama a ladawan ti bukod tayo nga ariwanas, ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen, ket rimsua.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Trimble |first1=V.
 |year=1999
 |title=Robert Trumpler ken ti (Awan) panakasarang iti Limbang
 |journal=Pakdaar iti Amerikano nga Astronomiko a kagimongan
 |volume=31 |issue=31 |pages=1479
 |bibcode=1999AAS...195.7409T
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pannakailasin manipud kadagiti sabali a nebulosa ===
[[Papeles:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Pannakailadawan iti [[Alikuno nga Ariwanas|Messier 51]] baen ni [[William Parsons, Maika-3 a Konde iti Rosse|Apo Rosse]] idi 1845, nga ammo kalpasan daytoy iti Alikuno nga  Ariwanas]]

Idi maika-10 a siglo, ti Persiano nga astronomo, a ni [[Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi]] (naamammoan iti laud a kas ni ''Azophi''), ket nangaramid ti kasapaan a nairehistro a panagpalpaliiw iti [[Andromeda nga Ariwanas]], a nangipalpalawag a daytoy ket &quot;bassit nga ulep&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NSOG&quot; /&gt; Ti Andromeda nga Ariwanas ket nawaya a naduktalan manen babaen ni [[Simon Marius]] idi 1612.&lt;ref name=&quot;NSOG&quot; /&gt; Ni Al-Sufi ketnainagananna pay ti [[Dakkel a Magallanes nga Ulep]], a makita daytoy manipud idiay [[Yemen]], ngem saan a makita idiay [[Isfahan]]; daytoy ket saan a nakita dagiti Europeano aginggana idi nagbaniaga ni [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]] idi maika-16 a siglo.&lt;ref name=&quot;obspm&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Abd-al-Rahman Al Sufi (Disiembre 7, 903 – Mayo 25, 986 A.D.)
 |url=http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/Bios/alsufi.html
 |publisher=Observatoire de Paris
 |accessdate=2007-04-19
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416144810/http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/Bios/alsufi.html
 |archive-date=2007-04-16
 |url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;obspm2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Ti Dakkel a Magalanes nga Ulep, LMC
 |url=http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/ngc/lmc.html
 |publisher=Observatoire de Paris
 |accessdate=2007-04-19
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622160536/http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/ngc/lmc.html
 |archive-date=2017-06-22
 |url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagitoy ti immuna nga ariwanas a saan a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen a napalpaliiw manipud iti Daga. Ni Al-Sufi ket nagipablaak kadagitoy a panagsukusokna iti librona a ''[[Libro dagiti Natalinaed a Bituen]]'' idi 964.

Idi 1750 ni [[Thomas Wright (astronomo)|Thomas Wright]], iti bukodna a ''Maysa a kasisigud a teoria wenno baro a hipotesis iti Law-ang'', naisipanna (a husto) a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket nadalumpinas a disko dagiti bituen, ken adda dagiti [[nebulosa]] a makita iti rabii a langit ket mabalin a dagiti sabsabali a Naririmpuok a Bitbituen.&lt;ref name=&quot;our_galaxy&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Evans
 |first1=J. C.
 |date=1998-11-24
 |title=Ti Ariwanas tayo
 |url=http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm
 |publisher=Unibersidad ti George Mason
 |accessdate=2007-01-04
 |archive-date=2016-04-14
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414004141/http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kitaen ti inadaw a sinao manipud iti ''Maysa a kasisigud a teoria wenno baro a hipotesis iti Law-ang'' ni Wright idiay {{Cite book
 |last1=Dyson |first1=F.
 |year=1979
 |title=Panagdisturbo ti Law-ang
 |url=https://archive.org/details/disturbinguniver0000dyso_x9c5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/disturbinguniver0000dyso_x9c5/page/245 245]
 |publisher=Pan a Liblibro
 |isbn=0-330-26324-2
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idi 1755, ni [[Immanuel Kant]] ket nangipaammo ti termino nga &quot;isla a law-ang&quot; para kadagitoy a adayo a nebulosa.

Ti pakaipanan ti maika-18 a siglo, ni [[Charles Messier]] ket nagumnong ti maysa a [[Messier a banag|katologo]] a naglaon kadagiti 109 a karanigan a nebulosa (nainlangitan a banbanag nga agparang a kasla nebulosa), kalpasan daytoy ket sinaruno ti dakdakkel a katologo dagiti 5,000 a nebulosa nga inurnong babaen ni William Herschel.&lt;ref name=&quot;our_galaxy&quot; /&gt; Idi 1845, ni [[William Parsons, Maika-3 a Konde iti Rosse|Apo Rosse]] ket nagaramid ti maysa  a baro a teleskopio ken nakabael a nangilasin ti paggiddiatan ti basikaw nga immitlog ken agkusikos a nebulosa. Isu ket nakabael pay a nakakita ti agmaymaysa a punto a nagtaudan kadagitoy a nebulosa, a daytoy ket nangted ti panagpasingked kadagiti nasapa kapanunutan ni Kant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Abbey |first1=L.
 |title=Ti Konde iti Rosse ken ti Lebiatano iti Parsontown
 |url=http://labbey.com/Telescopes/Parsontown.html
 |accessdate=2007-01-04
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idi 1912, ni [[Vesto Slipher]] ket nagaramid kadagiti espektrograpiko a panagadal kadagiti karanigan a nagkusikos a nebulosa tapno maikeddengna no dagitoy ket naaramid manipud kadagiti kimiko a manamnama kadagiti planetario a sistema. Nupay kasta, ni Slipher ket naduktalanna a ti nagkusikos a nebulosa ket adda dagiti nagato a nalabbaga panagsukat, a daytoy ket mangitudo a dagitoy ket umadadayo iti naparpardas a gatad ngem ti [[panagtalaw a kinapardas]] ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen. Nga isu ngarod a dagitoy ket saan a naibedbed ti grabidad ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen, ken dagitoy mabalin a saan a paset iti ariwanas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Slipher |first1=V. M.
 |year=1913
 |title=Ti raniag a kinapardas iti Andromeda a Nebulosa
 |journal=Pakdaar ti Lowell nga Obserbatorio
 |volume=1 |pages=56–57
 |bibcode=1913LowOB...2...56S
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Slipher |first1=V. M.
 |year=1915
 |title=Spektrograpiko a Panagpalpaliiw iti Nebulosa
 |journal=Nadayeg nga Astronomia
 |volume=23 |pages=21–24
 |bibcode=1915PA.....23...21S
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idi 1917, ni [[Heber Curtis]] ket nakapalpaliiw ti nova a [[S Andromedae]] ti kaunegan ti &quot;Nalatak nga [[Andromeda (kontelasion)|Andromeda]] Nebulosa&quot; (a kas ti Andromeda nga Ariwanas, ti [[Messier a banag]] a [[Andromeda nga Ariwanas|M31]], nga ammo). Iti panagbirbirukna kadagiti potograpiko a rehistro, isu ket nakabiruk pay kadagiti 11 a [[nova]]. Ni Curtis ket napaliiwna a dagiti nova ket, iti katimbengan, a 10 [[kinadakkel (astronomia)|kinadakkel]] a nakuskusnaw ngem dagiti rimsua iti bukodtayo nga ariwanas. A kas ti nagbanagan daytoy isu ket nakapabael a nakaaramid ti panagkarkulo ti kaadayo kadagiti 150,000&amp;nbsp;a [[parsec]]. Isu ket nagipatakder kadagiti makunkuna a &quot;isla a law-ang&quot; a hipotesis, nga agibagbaga a ti agkusikos a nebulosa ket dagiti nawaya nga ariwanas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last=Curtis |first1=H. D.
 |year=1988
 |title=Dagiti nova iti Agkusikos a Nebulosa ken ti Teoria nga Isla a Law-ang
 |journal=Dagiti Pablaak iti Astronomiko a kagimongan iti Pasipiko
 |volume=100 |pages=6
 |bibcode=1988PASP..100....6C
 |doi=10.1086/132128
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Papeles:Pic iroberts1.jpg|thumb|left|Ladawan iti &quot;Nalatak nga Andromeda Nebulosa&quot; manipud idi 1899, a kalpasan daytoy ket nainaganan a kas ti [[Andromeda nga Ariwanas]]]]
Idi 1920 ti nakunkuna a [[Ti Nalatak a Suppiat|Nalatak a Suppiat]] ket naaramid a naggiddiatan ni [[Harlow Shapley]] ken [[Heber Curtis]], ti kaipapanan ti kasasaad iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen, ti agkusikos nebulosa, ken dagiti rukod iti law-ang. Tapno masuportaranna iti daytoy a pangtunton a ti Nalatak nga Andromeda Nebulosa ket maysa nga akin-ruar nga ariwanas, ni Curtis ket nagisurat a ti langa dagiti nagisit a bet-ang a kapadpada dagiti tapok nga ulep idiay Naririmpuok a Bitbituen, ken ti pay naisangsangayan a [[Doppler a pagangayan|Doppler a panagsukat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Weaver |first1=H. F.
 |title=Robert Julius Trumpler
 |url=http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/rtrumpler.html
 |publisher=Nailian nga Akademia dagiti Siensia ti Estados Unidos
 |accessdate=2007-01-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daytoy a banag ket naipatingga a naikeddeng idi nasapa a panawen ti 1920.
Idi 1922, ti astronomo a ni [[Ernst Öpik]] ket nagited ti kaadayo a panangikeddeng a nagsuporta ti teoria a ti Andromeda Nebulosa ket maysa nga adayo a naisangsangayan a galaktiko a banag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Öpik |first1=E.
 |year=1922
 |title=Maysa a karkulo iti kaadayo iti Nebulosa
 |journal=Astropisikal a Warnakan
 |volume=55 |pages=406
 |bibcode=1922ApJ....55..406O
 |doi=10.1086/142680
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti panagus-usar ti 100&amp;nbsp;a pulgada a [[Bantay Wilson nga Obserbatorio|Bantay Wilson]] a teleskopio, ni [[Edwin Hubble]] ket nakapabael a mangsulbar dagiti akin-ruar a paset dagiti agkusikos a nebulosa a kas urnong dagiti nagmaymaysa a bituen ken nanginagan kadagiti  [[Cepheid a panagdumaduma]], a daytoy ket nangpalubos kaniana ti panagkarkulo ti kaadayo dagiti nebulosa: dagitoy ket adayoda unay nga sabali a paset iti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Hubble |first1=E. P.
 |year=1929
 |title=Ti agkusikos a nebulosa a kas maysa a nailangitan a sistema, Messier 31
 |journal=Astropisiskal a Warnakan
 |volume=69 |pages=103–158
 |bibcode=1929ApJ....69..103H
 |doi=10.1086/143167
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idi 1936 ni Hubble nagpataud ti maysa a pannakaidasig ti sistema para kadagiti ariwanas a maus-usar iti tatta pay nga aldaw, ti [[Galaxy morpolohiko a panakaidasig|Hubble a panagsasaruno]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Sandage |first1=A.
 |year=1989
 |title=Edwin Hubble, 1889–1953
 |journal=Warnakan iti Naarian a Kagimongan ti Astronomiko iti Kanada
 |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=
 |url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/1996/sandage_hubble.html
 |accessdate=2007-01-08
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Moderno a panagsukisok ===
[[Papeles:GalacticRotation2.svg|thumb|[[Killo a panagtayyek ti Ariwanas|Killo a panagtayyek]] iti kadaywan nga agkusikos nga ariwanas: naipadto (A) ken napalpaliiw (B). Ti kaadayo ket manipud iti galaktiko a bugas.]]
[[Papeles:UDFy-38135539.jpg|thumb|Ti maikadua a kaadaywan nga ariwanas: [[UDFy-38135539]]]]

Idi 1944, ni [[Hendrik C. van de Hulst|Hendrik van de Hulst]] ket nagipadto a ti [[mikroaanda]] a radision iti [[hidroheno a linia|kaatiddog ti allon iti 21 sm]] a nagbanagan manipud iti interestelar nga atomiko a [[hidroheno]] nga alingasaw;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Tenn
 |first1=J.
 |title=Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst
 |url=http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/vandeHulst/
 |publisher=Estado a Unibersidad ti Sonoma
 |accessdate=2007-01-05
 |archive-date=2012-05-29
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529/http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/vandeHulst/
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; daytoy a radiasion ket napaliiw idi 1951. Daytoy a radiasion ket nangpalubos para iti naiparang-ay a panagdal ti Ariwanas ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen, gapu ta daytoy ket saan a naapektaran babaen ti panagsspsep ti tapok ket ti bukod a Doppler a panagsukat ket mabalin nga usaren ti panangimapa dagiti panaggunay ti alaingasaw idiay Ariwanas. Dagitoy a panagpalpaliiw ket nangiturong ti postulasion iti agtaytayyek a [[barado nga agkusikos nga ariwanas|baras a patakder]] iti tengnga ti Ariwanas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=López-Corredoira |first1=M.
 |year=2001
 |title=Panagbirbiruk para iti nadalumpinas a Galaktiko a baras ken singsing idiay  DENIS
 |journal=Astronomia ken Astropisika
 |volume=373
 |issue=1 |pages=139–152
 |bibcode=2001A&amp;A...373..139L
 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010560
|arxiv = astro-ph/0104307 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nga adda dagiti napasayaat a [[radio a teleskopio]], ti alingasaw a hidroheno ket mabalin a masurot kadagiti sabsabali nga ariwanas

Idi panawen ti 1970 naduktalan kadagiti panagadal ni [[Vera Rubin]] iti [[killo a panagtayyek ti ariwanas|kapardas ti panagtayyek]] iti alingasaw kadagiti ariwanas nga adda dagiti dagup a makita a masa ket (manipud kadagiti bituen ken alingasaw) saan nga husto ti panakaibilang para iti pardas iti agtaytayyek nga alingasaw. Daytoy a problema ti ariwanas a panagtayyek ket naikapanunotan a naipalpalawag babaen ti kaadda kadagiti adu a kantidad iti saan a makita a [[nangisit a banag]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Rubin |first1=V. C.
 |year=1983
 |title=Nangisit a banag kadagiti agkusikos nga ariwanas
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1983-06_248_6/page/96 |journal=Sientipiko nga Amerikano
 |volume=248
 |issue=6 |pages=96–106
 |bibcode=1983SciAm.248...96R
 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0683-96
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Rubin |first1=V. C.
 |year=2000
 |title=Sangagasut a Tawen dagiti Agtaytayyek nga Ariwanas
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-society-of-the-pacific-publications_2000-06_112_772/page/747 |journal=Dagiti Pablaak iti AStronimiko a Kagimongan iti Pasipiko
 |volume=112 |issue=772 |pages=747–750
 |bibcode=2000PASP..112..747R
 |doi=10.1086/316573
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iti rugi ti panawen ti 1990, ti [[Hubble a Teleskopio ti Limbang]] ket nakapataud kadagiti napasayaat a panagpalpaliiw. Ken dagiti pay nadumaduma a banbanag, daytoy ket nangipatakder a ti napukaw a nangisit a banag iti bukod tayo nga ariwanas ket saan a buklen laeng dagiti nakusnaw ken babassit a bituen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |title=Ti Hubble Nagpaay ti Pangyuna a Panagilawlawag para iti Nangisit a Banag
 |publisher=Hubble News Desk
 |date=1994-10-17
 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1994/41/text/
 |accessdate=2007-01-08
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[Hubble a Nauneg a Lugar]], ti maysa nga atiddog unay a panangiparang iti maysa nga awan ti linaon a paset iti langit, ket nakaited ti ebidensia nga adda dagiti agarup a 125 bilion ({{val|1.25|e=11}}) nga ariwanas iti law-ang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |date=2002-11-27
 |title=Mano pay ti kaadu dagiti ariwanas?
 |url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/021127a.html
 |publisher=NASA
 |accessdate=2007-01-08
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti panagpasayaat ti teknolohia ti panagduktal ti [[elektromagnetiko nga espektro|espektra]] a saan a makita ti tao (radio a telekopio, inpraroho a kamera, ken [[x-ray nga astronomia|x-ray a teleskopio]]) ket mangpalubos ti panagduktal kadagiti sabsabali nga ariwanas a saan a maduktalan babaen ti Hubble. A naisangsangayan ti, panagsukisok ti ariwanas idiay [[Pagliklikan a Sona]] (ti rehion iti langit a nalapdanbabaen ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen) ket nagpakita kadagiti adu a baro nga ariwanas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Kraan-Korteweg |first1=R. C.
 |last2=Juraszek |first2=S.
 |year=2000
 |title=Panagmapa dagiti Nailemmeng a Law-ang: Ti panakaiwarwaras ti ariwans idiay Pagliklikan a Sona
 |journal=Dagiti Pablaak iti Astronomiko a Kagimongan iti Australia
 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=6–12
 |bibcode=1999astro.ph.10572K
|arxiv = astro-ph/9910572 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;sparkegallagher2000&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sparke|Gallagher III|2000|p=i}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;heidarzadeh23&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Heidarzadeh|2008|pp=23–25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;heidarzadeh25&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Heidarzadeh|2008|p=25, Table 2.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=paul1993&gt;{{harvnb|Paul|1993|pp=16–18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=al_biruni&gt;{{harvnb|Al-Biruni|2004|p=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=mohamed&gt;{{harvnb|Mohamed|2000|pp=49–50}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NSOG&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Kepple|Sanner|1998|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=waller_hodge2003&gt;{{harvnb|Waller|Hodge|2003|p=91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=nasa060812&gt;{{cite web
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 |last3=Watzke
 |first3=M.
 |date=2006-08-12
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 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html
 |publisher=NASA
 |accessdate=2007-04-17
 |archive-date=2020-03-28
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328193824/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eso000503&gt;{{cite web
 |date=2000-05-03
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 |url=http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html
 |publisher=ESO
 |accessdate=2007-01-03
 |archive-date=2012-07-29
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 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=science250_4980_539&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Uson |first1=J. M.
 |last2=Boughn |first2=S. P.
 |last3=Kuhn |first3=J. R.
 |year=1990
 |title=Ti tengnga nga ariwanas iti Abell 2029 – Ti maysa a daan nalatak a higante
 |journal=Siensia
 |volume=250 |issue=4980 |pages=539–540
 |bibcode=1990Sci...250..539U
 |doi=10.1126/science.250.4980.539
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;M101&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |date=2006-02-28
 |title=Ti Kadakkelan a Nailadawan nga Ariwanas ni Hubble ket Mangidaton ti Baro a Nangato a Panagilawlawagan a Panakakita
 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_spiral_m10.html
 |publisher=NASA
 |accessdate=2007-01-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uf030616&gt;{{cite news
 |last1=Hoover
 |first1=A.
 |date=2003-06-16
 |title=Dagiti UF nga Astronomo: Ti Law-ang Nasimsimple Bassit ngem ti Nanamnama
 |url=http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/
 |publisher=Hubble News Desk
 |accessdate=2011-03-04
 |archive-date=2011-07-20
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720083835/http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/
 |url-status=dead
 }} Based upon:
*{{Cite journal
 |last1=Graham |first1=A. W.
 |last2=Guzmán |first2=R.
 |year=2003
 |title=HST Potometrio dagiti Ansisit nga Basikaw nga Immitlog nga Ariwanas idiay Coma, ken ti Panagipalpalawag para iti naipasingked a Patakder a Dikotomia a nagbaetan ti Ansisit ken Naraniag a Basikaw nga Immitlog nga Ariwanas
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2003-06_125_6/page/2936 |journal=Astronomiko a Warnakan
 |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=2936–2950
 |bibcode=2003AJ....125.2936G
 |doi=10.1086/374992
|arxiv = astro-ph/0303391 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IRatlas&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Jarrett |first1=T. H.
 |title=Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas
 |url=http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/
 |publisher=Instituto ti Teknolohia ti California
 |accessdate=2007-01-09
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=apj624_2&gt;{{cite journal
 |last1=Gott III |first1=J. R.
 |year=2005
 |title=Mapa iti law-ang
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2005-05-10_624_2/page/463 |journal=Astropisikal a Warnakan
 |volume=624 |issue=2 |pages=463–484
 |bibcode=2005ApJ...624..463G
 |doi=10.1086/428890
|arxiv = astro-ph/0310571 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=kackie020201&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Mackie
 |first1=G.
 |date=2002-02-01
 |title=Ti panagkita ti Law-ang iti maysa a  bukel iti Taranaki a Darat
 |url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html
 |publisher=Unibersidad ti Swinburne
 |accessdate=2006-12-20
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514195451/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html
 |archive-date=2026-05-14
 |url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=gilman_ch4&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Gilman
 |first1=D.
 |title=Dagiti Ariwanas: Isla dagiti Bitbituen
 |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/ch4-7.html
 |publisher=NASA/WMAP
 |accessdate=2006-08-10
 |archive-date=2012-08-02
 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20120802/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/ch4-7.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=camb_lss&gt;{{cite web
 |title=Rimpuok ti Arwanas ken Dakkel a Gantingan a Patakder
 |url=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_lss.html
 |publisher=Unibersidad ti Cambridge
 |accessdate=2007-01-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;smbh&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Finley |first1=D.
 |last2=Aguilar |first2=D.
 |date=2005-11-02
 |title=Dagiti astronomo ket nakaala ti kaasitgan a pannakakita itiMisterioso a Bugas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen
 |url=http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2005/sagastar/
 |publisher=Obserbatorio ti Nailian a Radio nga Astronomia
 |accessdate=2006-08-10
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=konean2006&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Koneãn˘
 |first1=Lubomír
 |url=http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf
 |title=Emblematiko, Agrikultura, ken Mitograpia Ti Nagtaudan ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen
 |publisher=Akademia dagiti Siensia iti Republika ti Tseko
 |accessdate=2007-01-05
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720204104/http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf
 |archivedate=2006-07-20
 |url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=oed&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Harper |first1=D.
 |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=galaxy
 |title=galaxy|work=Online Etymology Dictionary
 |accessdate=2011-11-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=rao2005&gt;{{cite web
 |last1=Rao |first1=J.
 |date=2005-09-02
 |title=Sukisuken ti Pagturayan ti Pumapana
 |url=http://www.space.com/spacewatch/050902_teapot.html
 |publisher=Space.com
 |accessdate=2007-01-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}} &lt;!-- Gibus: refs= --&gt;

== Bibliograpia ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book 
 |last=Al-Biruni
 |others=R. Ramsay Wright (transl.)
 |year=2004
 |title=The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology
 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VbPna7GOoIEC&amp;pg=PA87
 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing
 |isbn=0-7661-9307-1
}}
*{{Cite book 
 |last1=Belkora |first1=L.
 |year=2003
 |title=Minding the Heavens: the Story of our Discovery of the Milky Way
 |url=https://archive.org/details/mindingheavensst0000belk |publisher=CRC Press
 |isbn=0-7503-0730-7
}}
*{{Cite book 
 |last1=Bertin |first1=G.
 |last2=Lin |first2=C.-C.
 |year=1996
 |title=Spiral Structure in Galaxies: a Density Wave Theory
 |url=https://archive.org/details/spiralstructurei0000bert |publisher=MIT Press
 |isbn=0-262-02396-2
}}
*{{Cite book
 |last1=Binney |first1=J.
 |last2=Merrifield |first2=M.
 |year=1998
 |title=Galactic Astronomy
 |url=https://archive.org/details/galacticastronom0000binn |publisher=Princeton University Press
 |isbn=0-691-00402-1
 |oclc=39108765
}}
*{{Cite book
 |last1=Dickinson |first1=T.
 |year=2004
 |title=The Universe and Beyond
 |url=https://archive.org/details/universebeyond0004dick |edition=4th
 |publisher=Firefly Books
 |isbn=1-55297-901-6
 |oclc=55596414
}}
*{{Cite book 
 |last1=Heidarzadeh |first1=T.
 |year=2008
 |title=A History of Physical Theories of Comets, from Aristotle to Whipple
 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofphysica0000heid |publisher=Springer
 |isbn=1-4020-8322-X
}}
*{{Cite book 
 |last1=Kepple |first1=G. R.
 |last2=Sanner |first2=G. W.
 |year=1998
 |title=The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 1
 |publisher=Willmann-Bell
 |isbn=0-943396-58-1
}}
*{{Cite book 
 |last1=Mohamed |first1=M.
 |year=2000
 |title=Great Muslim Mathematicians
 |publisher=Penerbit UTM
 |isbn=983-52-0157-9
 |oclc=48759017
}}
*{{Cite book 
 |last1=Paul |first1=E. R.
 |year=1993
 |title=The Milky Way Galaxy and Statistical Cosmology, 1890–1924
 |url=https://archive.org/details/milkywaygalaxyst0000paul |publisher=Cambridge University Press
 |isbn=0-521-35363-7
}}
*{{Cite book 
 |last1=Sparke |first1=L. S.
 |last2=Gallagher III |first2=J. S.
 |year=2000
 |title=Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction
 |url=https://archive.org/details/galaxiesinuniver0000spar |publisher=Cambridge University Press
 |isbn=0-521-59740-4
}}
*{{cite book 
 |last1=Van den Bergh |first1=S.
 |year=1998
 |title=Galaxy Morphology and Classification
 |publisher=Cambridge University Press
 |isbn=0-521-62335-9
}}
*{{cite book 
 |last1=Waller |first1=W. H.
 |last2=Hodge |first2=P. W.
 |year=2003
 |title=Galaxies and the Cosmic Frontier
 |url=https://archive.org/details/galaxiescosmicfr0000wall |publisher=Harvard University Press
 |isbn=0-674-01079-5
}}
{{refend}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{commonscat-inline|Galaxies|Kategoria:Ariwanas}}

[[Kategoria:Dagiti ariwanas]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]]</text>
      <sha1>lqyors83tiu6fqkps1hl0746r457500</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galileo Galilei</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged]] (20261101) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="37255" sha1="slb9ur94gs8orqtf2lm6k8e2q68vjek" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox sientista|name = Galileo Galilei
|image = Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg
|caption = Ladawan ni Galileo Galilei babaen ni [[Giusto Sustermans]]
|birth_date = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1564|2|15|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|last=O'Connor|first=J. J.|author2=Robertson, E. F.
|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html |publisher=[[Unibersidad iti St Andrews]], Eskosia
|work=Arkibo ti MacTutor a Pakasaritaan ti Matematika
|title=Galileo Galilei|accessdate=2007-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_place = [[Pisa]],&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt; [[Dukado iti Florensia]], Italia
|residence = [[Nalatak a Dukado iti Toskana]], Italia
|nationality = Italiano (Toskano)
|death_date = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|df=yes|1642|1|8|1564|2|15}}&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt;
|death_place = [[Arcetri]],&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt; [[Nalatak a Dukado iti Toskana]], Italia
|field = Astronomia, pisika ken matematika
|work_institutions = [[Unibersidad iti Pisa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Unibersidad iti Padua]]
|alma_mater = Unibersidad iti Pisa
|academic_advisors = [[Ostilio Ricci]]&lt;ref&gt;F. Vinci, ''Ostilio Ricci da Fermo, Maestro di Galileo Galilei'', Fermo, 1929.&lt;/ref&gt;
|notable_students = [[Benedetto Castelli]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mario Guiducci]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vincenzo Viviani]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu.id.php?id=134975 NODAK.edu]{{Natay a silpo|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|known_for = [[Kinematiko]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Analitiko a dinamika|Dinamika]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Panagpalpaliiw ti teleskopio nga astronomia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Heliosentrismo]]
|signature = Galileo Galilei Signature 2.svg
|footnotes = Ti amana ket maysa a musikero [[Vincenzo Galilei]]. Ti kamalala ni Galileo Galilei a ni [[Marina Gamba]] (1570&amp;nbsp;– 21 Agosto 1612?) ket nangiyanak ti dua a babbbai ([[Maria Celeste]] (Virginia, 1600–1634) ken Livia (1601–1659), a dagitoy du a ket nagbalinda a madre) ken maysa nga anak a lalaki a ni [[Vincenzo Gamba|Vincenzo]] (1606–1649), a [[laudista]].
}}

Ni '''Galileo Galilei''' ({{IPA-it|ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi}}; 15 Pebrero 1564&lt;ref name=birthdate&gt;[[#Reference-Drake-1978|Drake (1978, p. 1).]] Ti petsa a panakaiyanak ni Galileo ket naited segun ti [[Kalendario a Huliano]], a daytoy ti inus-usar kadagiti amin a pagturayan ti Kristiano. Idi 1582 daytoy ket nasukatan iti [[Kalendario a Gregoriano]] idiay Italia ken dagiti dadduma pay a Katoliko a pagilian. No saan a sabali ti naibaga, dagiti petsa ti daytoy nga artikulo ket naited segun ti kalendario a Gregoriano.&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;– 8 Enero 1642),&lt;ref&gt;{{ws|&quot;[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Galileo Galilei|Galileo Galilei]]&quot; itie 1913 ''Katoliko nga Ensiklopedia''}} babaen ni John Gerard. Naala idi 11 Agosto 2007&lt;/ref&gt; ket maysa idi nga Italiano a [[pisisista]], [[matematiko]], [[astronomo]], ken [[pilosopo]] nga isu ket adda ti nangruna a papel iti [[Sientipiko a Rebolusion]]. Dagiti nagun-odanna ket mairaman ti pannakapasayaat ti [[teleskopio]] ken dagiti nagbanagan ti astronomiko a panagpalpaliiw ken ti panagsuporta para iti [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Kopernikanismo]]. Ni Galileo ket tinawtawagan idin a kas ti &quot;ama ti moderno a [[mapalpaliiw nga astronomia astronomia]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite document|title = Ti Ababa a Pakasaritaan ti Siensia iti Maikasangapulo ket sian a Siglo|first = Charles|last = Singer|year = 1941|publisher = Clarendon Press|url = http://www.google.com/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pgis=1|page =217}}&lt;/ref&gt; i &quot;ama ti moderno a [[pisika]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Einstein&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Weidhorn|first=Manfred|title=Ti Tao iti Milenio: Ti Naisalsalumina nga Impakto ni Galileo iti Pakasaritaan ti Lubong|url=https://archive.org/details/personofmillenni0000weid|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=0-595-36877-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/personofmillenni0000weid/page/155 155]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ti &quot;ama ti siensia&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Einstein&quot; /&gt; ken &quot;ti Ama ti Moderno a Siensia&quot;.&lt;ref name=finocchiaro2007&gt;[[#Reference-Finocchiaro-2007|Finocchiaro (2007)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Dagiti naipaeawagna iti mapalpaliiw nga astronomia ket mairaman ti teleskopia a pannakapasingked  [[dagiti paset ti Benus]], ti panakaduktal kadagiti uppat a kadakkelan a satelite ti  [[Hupiter]] (a nanaganan ti [[Galileo a bulbulan]] a pammadayaw kaniana), ken ti pannakapalpaliiw ken panagusig [[dagiti turik ti init]]. Ni Galileo ket nagobra pay iti naipakat a siensia ken teknolohia, isu ket nagparnuay ken nangpasayaat iti [[Sektor (instrumento)|kompas ti militar]] ken dagiti nadumaduma pay nga instrumento.

Ti panangipatakderan ni Galileo ti [[heliosentrismo]] ket kontrobersial idi kadagiti panawen ti kabibiagna, idi kaaduan ti umananamong iti [[heosentrismo]] wenno ti [[Tycho a sistema]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Pantin 1999&quot;&gt;Isabelle Pantin (1999), &quot;Ti Baro a Pilosopia ken dagiti Daan nga Ilem: Dagiti Aspeto ti Pagawatan ti Kopernikanismo iti Nabingbingay a Europa&quot;, Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 30: 237–262&lt;/ref&gt; Isu ket sinuppiat dagiti adu nga astronomo, a nagdudua ti heliosentrismo gapu ti kaawan ti napaliiw a [[estelar a paralahe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Pantin 1999&quot; /&gt; Daytoy a banag ket sinukisok babaen ti [[Romano a Panagsukisok]] idi 1615, ken nangipatinggada a mabalin a masuportaran a daytoy ket kasla posibilidad laeng, a saan a naipatakderan a kinapudno.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Pantin 1999&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;contrary to scripture&quot;&gt;[[#Reference-Sharratt-1994|Sharratt (1994, pp. 127–131)]], [[#Reference-McMullin-2005a|McMullin (2005a)]].&lt;/ref&gt; Kalpasan daytoy ni Galileo ket inkaluyana dagitoy a kapanunotanna idiay ''[[Dialogo a Maipanggep ti Dua a Kangrunaan a Sistema ti Lubong]]'', a kasla nangipakpakita a nangiraut kenni Papa [[Urbano VIII]] ken isu ket nangisina kaniana ken [[dagiti Hesuita]], a dagitoy dua ket nagsuporta kenni Galileo aginggana ti daytoy a punto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Pantin 1999&quot; /&gt; Isu ket naidarum babaen ti Panagsukisok, ken napabasol ti &quot;nakaro a panakasuspetsa ti erehia&quot;, ken napilit a nagisubli kadagiti inbagana, ken naibalod idiay pagtaengan kadagiti sumaganad a kabibiagna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=ewKMpRsF4Y8C&amp;pg=PA47 Finocchiaro (1997), p. 47].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=KBKSyHOLzZAC&amp;pg=PA96 Hilliam (2005), p. 96].&lt;/ref&gt; Idi naibalod idiay pagtaenganna a ni Galileo ket nagsurat iti maysa a kapintasan nga obrana, ''[[Dua a Baro a Siensia]]'', nga iti daytoy ket inpabuklanna ti inobrana kadagiti napalabas nga uppat a pulo a tawtawen, kadagiti dua a siensia a tattan ket tinawtawagan a kas ti [[kinematika]] ken [[kapigsa dagiti materiales]].&lt;ref name=JoCarney&gt;{{cite book| first=Jo Eldridge |last=Carney |year=2000 |title=Renasimiento ken Repormasion, 1500–1620: a| url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancerefor0000unse_t1p6 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-30574-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Allan-Olney 1870&quot;&gt;Allan-Olney (1870)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasapa a biag ==
[[File:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition.jpg|thumb|220px|left|]]
Ni Galileo ket naipasngay idi idiay [[Pisa]] (a paset idi ti [[Dukado iti Florensia]]), Italia, ti kaunaan kadagiti innem nga annak ni [[Vincenzo Galilei]], timaysa a nadayeg a [[laudista]], kompositor, ken [[teoria ti musika|teorista ti musika]]; kenni Giulia Ammannati. Ni Galileo ket nagbalin pay a maysa a nadayeg a laudista ket nasapa a nakaadal kenni amana ti nasalun-at nga eskeptisismo para iti naipatakder a turay,&lt;ref&gt;John Gribbon. ''Ti Kumaduaan: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton ken ti Sarita ti Sientiko a Rebolusion''. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 26&lt;/ref&gt; ti pateg ti nasayaat a pannakarukod wenno naaduan a panag-eksperimento, tipanagayat para iti periodiko wenno musiko a panagrukod ti oras wenno kumpas, ken ti pay naipalpalawagan a nagbanagan ti manamnama manipud iti panagtipon ti matematika ken eksperimento. Tallo kadagiti lima a kakabsat ni Galileo ket nagbiagda, ken ti kaubingan a ni Michelangelo (wenno [[Michelagnolo Galilei|Michelagnolo]]) ket nagbalin paya nadayeg a laudista ken kompositor, nupay isu ket nagparawad ti kinarigat ti busbos idi laus-ud ti ubing a kinaagtutubo ni Galileo. Ni Michelangelo ket saan idi a nakabael nga agparawad ti bingayna para iti naikari a palab-ong ti amana a para kadagiti kayongda, a kalpasan daytoy ket nagsukisok ti legado a pamuspusan para iti daytoy nga utang. Ni Michelangelo ket sagpaminsan pay nga immututang kenni Galileo para iti panagsuporta para kadagiti musika nga obrana. Dagiti a panagsagsagaba ti busbos ket nagparawad kenni Galileo ti panagayat ti panagparang-ay kadagiti maparnuay a magiyeg kaniana ti nayon ti matgedanna.

Ni Galileo ket nainaganan manipud iti puonan a kabagianna, a ni Galileo Bonaiuti, nga isu ket maysa a mangngagas, manursuro iti unibersidad ken politiko a nagtaeng idiay Florensia manipud idi 1370 aginggan idi 1450; iti dayta a paset ti panawen ti naladaw a maika-14 a siglo, ti apelyido ti pamiliana ket nasukatan manipud iti Bonaiuti (wenno Buonaiuti) iti Galilei. Ni Galileo Bonaiuti ket naipunpon iti isu met laeng a simbaan, ti [[Basilika iti Santa Croce, Florensia|Basilika iti Santa Croce idiay Florensia]], nga iti agarup 200 a tawtawen ti napalabas ti nakaipunponan met laeng ti nadaydayeg a kaputotanna a ni Galileo Galilei. Idi agtawen ti 8 ni Galileo Galilei, ti pamiliana ket immalis idiay [[Floresia, Italia|Florensia]], ngem isu ket naibati kenni Jacopo Borghini para iti dua a tawen.&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt; Isu ket nagadal idiay Camaldolese a Monasterio idiay [[Vallombrosa]], 35&amp;nbsp;km nga abagatan a daya ti Florensia.&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt;

[[Papeles:Suor maria celeste.jpg|thumb|upright|Ti anak a babai ni Galileo, Virginia ([[Madre]] [[Maria Celeste]]), ket naisangsangayan a nagay-ayat idi iti amana. Isu ken ti amana ket naipuponda idiay [[Basilika iti Santa Croce, Florensia]].]]
Nupay isu ket maysa a reliohiosa a Romano Katoliko,&lt;ref&gt;[[#Reference-Sharratt-1994|Sharratt (1994, pp. 17, 213)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Galileo ket nakaputo ti tallo nga annak babaen ti kamalalana a ni [[Marina Gamba]]. Adda dua nga annakda a babbai, ni Virginia idi 1600 kenni Livia idi 1601, ken maysa nga anak a lalaki, a ni [[Vincenzo Gamba|Vincenzo]], idi 1606. Gapu ti panakaanakda ti ruar, ti amada ket pinanunotanna a dagitoy dua a bababei ket saan a mabalin a makiasawa, ngem no saan daytoy ket mangited ti parikut ti nagina a panagsuporta wenno dagiti palab-ong, a daytoy ket kapadpadanto  dagiti dati a parikut ti busbos dagiti dua a kakabsatna a babbai.&lt;ref&gt;John Gribbon. ''Ti Kumaduaan: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton ken ti Sarita ti Sientipiko a Rebolusion''. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 42&lt;/ref&gt; Ti napateg laeng nga alternatiboda ket ti relihioso a biag. Dagitoy dua a babbai ket naipatulodda idiay konbento iti San Matteo idiay [[Arcetri]] ken nagtaengda idiay kadagiti dagup a panagbiagdaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;daughters unmarriageable&quot;&gt;[[#Reference-Sobel-2000|Sobel (2000, p. 5)]] [http://www.galileosdaughter.com/firstchapter.shtml Kapitulio 1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510012932/http://www.galileosdaughter.com/firstchapter.shtml |date=2000-05-10 }} Naala idi 26 Agosto 2007. &quot;Gaputa isu ket saana met nga inasawa ti ina ni Virginia, naipanunotanna a daytoy a babai ket saan a mabalin a makiasawa. Kalpasan ti maika-13 a kasangayanna, isu ket nangipatulod kaniana idiay Konbento iti San Matteo idiay Arcetri.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Virginia ket nangala ti nagan a [[Maria Celeste]] idi simrrek idiay konbento. Ni Virginia ket pimmusay idi 2 Abril 1634, ken naipunpon a kaduna ni Galileo idiay [[Basilicka iti Santa Croce, Florensia]]. Ni Livia ket nanagal ti nagan a Madre Arcangela ken managsakit para kadagiti kaaduan a kabibiagna. Ni Vincenzo ket naipalegado a kas ti legado a tumawid kenni Galileo, ken inasawana ni Sestilia Bocchineri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference| last=Pedersen|first=O.|title=Relihion ni Galileo| booktitle=Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science| publisher = Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.| pages=75–102|date=24–27 Mayo 1984|location=Cracow| bibcode=1985gamf.conf...75P}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paammo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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|year= 1968
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*{{cite book |last=Clavelin |first=Maurice |title=The Natural Philosophy of Galileo |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalphilosoph00maur |publisher=MIT Press |year=1974}}
*{{cite journal |last=Coffa |first=J. |title=Galileo's Concept of Inertia |journal=Physis Riv. Internaz. Storia Sci. |year=1968 |volume=10 |pages=261–281}}
*{{cite book |last=Consolmagno |first=Guy |last2=Schaefer |first2=Marta |year=1994 |title=Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science |location=Englewood, New Jersey |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=0-13-964131-9}}
*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book |editor-last=Drabkin |editor-first=Israel |editor2-last=Drake |editor2-first=Stillman |title=On Motion and On Mechanics |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1960 |isbn=0-299-02030-4}}
*{{cite book
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*{{cite book |ref=Reference-Drake-1957 |last=Drake |first=Stillman |year=1957 |title=Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveriesopini00gali_0 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday &amp; Company |isbn=0-385-09239-3}}
*{{cite book
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|year= 1960
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite journal |last=Drake |first=Stillman |year=1973 |title=Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1973-05_228_5/page/84 |journal=Scientific American |volume=228 |issue=5 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0573-84}}
*{{cite book |ref=Reference-Drake-1978 |last=Drake |first=Stillman |year=1978 |title=Galileo At Work |url=https://archive.org/details/galileoatwork00stil |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-16226-5}}
*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite journal |last1=Drake |first1=Stillman|last2=Kowal|first2=C. T. |year=1980 |title=Galileo's Sighting of Neptune |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1980-12_243_6/page/74 |journal=Scientific American |volume=243 |issue=6 |pages=74–81 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1280-74}}
*{{cite book |last=Dugas |first=René |title=A History of Mechanics |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmechani0000duga_i9m2 |origyear=1955 |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1988 |isbn=0-486-65632-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Duhem |first=Pierre |title=Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci |url=https://archive.org/details/tudessurlonardd00vincgoog |year=1906–13}}
*{{cite book |last=Duhem |first=Pierre |title=Le Systeme du Monde |url=https://archive.org/details/lesystemedumonde0009duhe |year=1913}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duhem |first=Pierre |title=History of Physics |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia}}
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|title= Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale
|url= http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO
|language= Italiano
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}} A searchable online copy is available on the [http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html Institute and Museum of the History of Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114183333/http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html |date=2008-11-14 }}, Florence, and a brief overview of ''Le Opere'' is available [https://web.archive.org/web/20110103231202/http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm here].
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|year= 1995
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*{{cite book |last=Fillmore |first=Charles |origyear=1931 |edition=17th |date=Hulio 2004 |title=Metaphysical Bible Dictionary |location=Unity Village, Missouri |publisher=Unity House |isbn=0-87159-067-0}}
*{{cite book
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|publisher= University of California Press
|year= 1997
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*{{cite book
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|author= Finocchiaro, Maurice A.
|publisher= University of California Press
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|year= 1989
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*{{Cite journal
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|date = Fall 2007
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*{{cite book
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|year= 1960
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*Galilei, Galileo ''Galileo: Two New Sciences'' (Translation by Stillman Drake of Galileo's 1638 ''Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences'') University of Wisconsin Press 1974 {{ISBN|0-299-06400-X}}
*{{cite book
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|year= 2010
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*{{cite book
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*Geymonat, Ludovico (1965), ''Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science'', translation of the 1957 Italian edition, with notes and appendix by [[Stillman Drake]], McGraw-Hill
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*{{cite journal |last=Graney |first=Christopher M.|title=The Telescope Against Copernicus: Star Observations by Riccioli Supporting a Geocentric Universe |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |year=2010 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=453–467|bibcode = 2010JHA....41..453G}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Graney |first1=Christopher M.|last2=Grayson|first2=Timothy P.|title=On the Telescopic Disks of Stars: A Review and Analysis of Stellar Observations from the Early Seventeenth through the Middle Nineteenth Centuries|journal=[[Annals of Science]] |year=2011 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=351–373 |doi=10.1080/00033790.2010.507472}}
*Grant, Edward ''Aristotle, Philoponus, Avempace, and Galileo's Pisan Dynamics'' Centaurus, 11, 1965–7
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*Humphreys, W. C. ''Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes. An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares'' 'British Journal of History of Science' 1967
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*[[Koyré]], Alexandre ''A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton'' Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, 1955
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*Kuhn, T. ''The Copernican Revolution'' 1957
*Kuhn, T. ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'' 1962
*Lattis, James M. (1994). ''Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology'', Chicago: the University of Chicago Press
*{{cite book
|title= Galileo, Science and the Church
|author= Langford, Jerome K.
|publisher= St. Augustine's Press
|edition= third
|year= 1998
|origyear= 1966
|isbn= 1-890318-25-6
|ref=Reference-Langford-1998}}. Original edition by Desclee (New York, NY, 1966)
*Lessl, Thomas, &quot;[http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html The Galileo Legend] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927233952/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0138.html |date=2013-09-27 }}&quot;. ''New Oxford Review'', 27–33 (June 2000).
*{{cite book
|title= From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy
|url= https://archive.org/details/fromeudoxustoein0000lint
|author= Linton, Christopher M.
|publisher= Cambridge University Press
|year= 2004
|location= Cambridge
|isbn= 978-0-521-82750-8
|ref=Reference-Linton-2004}}
*Losee, J. ''Drake, Galileo, and the Law of Inertia'' American Journal of Physics, 34, p.&amp;nbsp;430-2 1966
*{{cite book
|title= The Church and Galileo
|url= https://archive.org/details/churchgalileo0000unse
|author= McMullin, Ernan
|publisher= University of Notre Dame Press
|year= 2005
|location= Notre Dame, IN
|isbn= 0-268-03483-4
|ref=Reference-McMullin-2005}}
*{{cite book
|title= The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616
|author= McMullin, Ernan
|others= In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 150–190)]]
|year= 2005a
|ref=Reference-McMullin-2005a}}
*Mach, Ernst. ''The Science of Mechanics'' 1893
*Machamer, Peter (Ed) ''The Cambridge Companion to Galileo'' Cambridge University Press 1998
*{{cite book
|title= Rhetoric &amp; dialectic in the time of Galileo
|first1= Jean Dietz
|last1= Moss
|first2= William
|last2= Wallace
|url= http://books.google.com/?id=Lw50esHmgacC
|publisher= CUA Press
|year= 2003
|location= Washington D.C.
|isbn= 0-8132-1331-2
|ref= Reference-Moss&amp;Wallace-2003
}}
*Naylor, Ronald H. (1990). &quot;Galileo's Method of Analysis and Synthesis&quot;, ''Isis'', 81: 695–707
*Newall, Paul (2004). [http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html &quot;The Galileo Affair&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509101230/http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.html |date=2009-05-09 }}
*{{Cite journal
|last = Ondra
|first = Leos
|title = A New View of Mizar
|journal = Sky &amp; Telescope
|pages = 72–75
|date= Hulio 2004
|ref = Reference-Ondra-2004}}
*{{cite news|publisher=TimesOnline News|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5612996.ece|title=Catholic Church abandons plan to erect statue of Galileo|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2011-04-22|location=London|first1=Richard|last1=Owen|archive-date=2011-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814140428/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5612996.ece|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news|publisher=TimesOnline News|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece|title=Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2009-03-02|location=London|first1=Richard|last1=Owen|first2=Sarah|last2=Delaney|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007065245/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |last=Remmert |first=Volker R. |year=2005 |chapter=Galileo, God, and Mathematics |editor-last=Koetsier |editor-first=Teun |editor2-last=Bergmans |editor2-first=Luc |title=Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier |pages=347–360}}
*{{cite book
|title= Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World—Assessment and Forecast
|url= https://archive.org/details/turningpointfore0000bene
|author= Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal
|authorlink= Pope Benedict XVI
|others= translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil
|publisher= Ignatius Press
|year= 1994
|location = San Francisco, CA
|isbn= 0-89870-461-8
|oclc= 60292876
|ref= Reference-Ratzinger-1994}}
*{{cite book
|last=Reston
|first=James
|year=2000
|title=Galileo: A Life
|publisher=Beard Books
|isbn=1-893122-62-X
|ref=Reference-Reston-2000}}
*{{cite book
|title= Galileo Galilei, his life and his works
|url= https://archive.org/details/galileogalileihi0000unse_u0u3
|author= Seeger, Raymond J.
|publisher= Pergamon Press
|year= 1966
|location= Oxford
|ref= Reference-Seeger-1966
|isbn= 0-08-012025-3}}
*{{cite journal |ref=Reference-Settle-1961 |last=Settle |first=Thomas B. |year=1961 |title=An Experiment in the History of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1961-01-06_133_3445/page/19 |journal=Science |volume=133 |pages=19–23 |doi=10.1126/science.133.3445.19 |pmid=17759858 |issue=3445|bibcode = 1961Sci...133...19S}}
*{{cite book |ref=Reference-Sharratt-1994 |last=Sharratt |first=Michael |year=1994 |title=Galileo: Decisive Innovator |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-56671-1}}
*Shapere, Dudley ''Galileo, a Philosophical Study'' University of Chicago Press 1974
*{{cite book
|title= Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius
|url= https://archive.org/details/galileoinromeris00shea
|author= Shea, William R. |author2= Artigas, Mario
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|year= 2003
|location= Oxford
|isbn= 0-19-516598-5
|ref= Reference-Shea&amp;Artigas-2003}}
*{{cite book
|title= Galileo's Daughter
|url= https://archive.org/details/galileosdaughter0614sobe_KO053
|author= Sobel, Dava
|publisher= Fourth Estate
|year= 2000
|location= London
|origyear= 1999
|isbn= 1-85702-712-4
|ref= Reference-Sobel-2000}}
*{{cite book
|title= The Beginnings of Modern Science from 1450 to 1800
|editor1-first= René
|editor1-last= Taton
|publisher= Thames and Hudson
|origyear= 1958
|year= 1964
|location= London
}}
*{{cite book
|title= Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton
|editor1-first= René
|editor1-last= Taton
|editor2-first= Curtis
|editor2-last= Wilson
|publisher= Cambridge University Press
|year= 1989
|location= Cambridge
|isbn= 0-521-24254-1
|ref=Reference-Taton&amp;Wilson-1989}}
*{{cite book
|title= Tycho Brahe
|first= Victor E.
|last=Thoren
|others= In [[#Reference-Taton&amp;Wilson-1989|Taton and Wilson (1989, pp. 3–21)]]
|year= 1989
|ref=Reference-Thoren-1989
|isbn= 0-521-35158-8}}
*{{cite book
|title= Galileo, telescopic astronomy, and the Copernican system
|first= Albert
|last=Van Helden
|others= In [[#Reference-Taton&amp;Wilson-1989|Taton and Wilson (1989, pp. 81–105)]]
|year= 1989
|ref=Reference-Vanhelden-1989}}
*{{cite book
 |first= Albert
 |last= Van Helden
 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=L-yb7GX9mQIC&amp;printsec=frontcover
 |title= Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley
 |year= 1985
 |publisher= University of Chicago Press
 |isbn= 0-226-84881-7
 }}
*Wallace, William A. (1984) ''Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo's Science,'' (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr.), {{ISBN|0-691-08355-X}}
*{{cite book
|title= Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo
|last = Wallace
|first = William A.
|publisher= Ashgate Publishing
|year= 2004
|location= Aldershot
|isbn= 0-86078-964-0
|ref= Reference-Wallace-2004}}
*{{cite book
|title= Ti Nabalitokan a panawen ti Mapalpaliiw nga Astronomia
|last = Walusinsky
|first = G.
|others= Iti [[#CITEREFTaton1964|Taton (1964, pp. 268–286)]]
|origyear= 1958
|year= 1964
}}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=Andrew Dickson |year=1898 |url=http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/White/ |title=A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton and Company |isbn=0-7905-8168-X }}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=Michael |year=2007 |title=Galileo: Antichrist: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/galileoantichris0000whit |publisher=Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-297-84868-4}}
*{{cite journal |last=Wisan |first=Winifred Lovell |year=1984 |title=Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation |journal=Isis |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.1086/353480}}
*{{cite journal |last=Zik |first=Yaakov |title=Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century |journal=Perspectives on Science |year=2001 |season=Fall |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=259–284 |doi=10.1162/10636140160176143}}
{{Refend}}

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galileo Galilei}}
[[Kategoria:Galileo Galilei| ]]
[[Kategoria:1564 a pannakaipasngay]]
[[Kategoria:1642 nga ipupusay]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Listaan dagiti presidente iti Estados Unidos</title>
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      <text bytes="93625" sha1="4nmp54t1pdqgrykfxjjb470854ka0qd" xml:space="preserve">[[Papeles:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|thumb|Ti [[White House]], ti opisial a pagtaengan ti presidente ken ti sentro ti administrasion]]

Babaen ti [[Batay-linteg iti Estados]], ti [[presidente iti Estados Unidos]] ket isu ti [[daulo iti Estado]] ken [[daulo iti gobierno]] ti [[Estados Unidos]]. A kas ti pangulo ti ehekutibo a sanga ken daulo ti sibubukel a [[Pederal a gobierno iti Estados Unidos|pederal a gobierno]], ti kinapresidente ket isu ti kangatuan ti politiko nga opisina idiay Estados Unidos babaen ti pannakainpluensia ken pannakabigbigan. Ti presidente ket isu pay ti [[commander-in-chief|agbilbilin a pangulo]] ti [[Siiigam a Buyot ti Estado Unidos]]. Ti presidente ket [[Di dagus a panagbutos|saan a dagus a nabutosan]] iti uppat a [[Termino iti opisina|termino]] babaen ti maysa a [[Elektoral a kolehio (Estados Unidos)|Elektoral a Kolehio]] (wenno babaen ti [[Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi ti Estados Unidos|Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi]] no mapaay ti Elektoral a Kolehio a mangigungguna ti patingga a kaaduana buto s ti sinoman). Manipud ti panaksingkedan ti [[Maikaduapulo ket dua a Panagpasayaat iti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]] idi 1951, awan ti sinoman a mabaln a mabutosan ti opisina ti Presidente (wenno Bise Presidente) a nagserbi idin ti innem a tawen a kas Presidente (uray no isu ket nabutosan a kas Presidente wenno simmaruno ti opisina ti Presidente kalpasan ti ipupusay, panagikkat, wenno ti pannakaikkat ti dati a Presidente). Ken ti pay maipatinayon, awan ti sinoman a nagserbi ti ad-adu ngem dua a termino — ti sinoman a sabali a nabutosan — ket mabalin a mabutosan ti ad-adu ngem maysa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html|title=Ti Batay-linteg: Dagiti panagpasayaat 11–27|publisher=[[Dagiti Nailian nga Arkibo kenAdministrasion dagiti Rehistro]]|accessdate=Oktubre 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526170111/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html|archive-date=2013-05-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalpasan ti ipupusay, panagikkat, wenno panakaikkat iti opisina ti agdama a Presidente, ti [[Bise Presidente iti Estados Unidos|Bise Presidente]] ket isu ti mangikeddeng ti kinapresidente. Ti Presidente ket nasken nga agtawen ti 35 ken maysa a &quot;natural a naipasngay&quot; nga umili ti Estados Unidos.

Daytoy a listaan ket agiraman laeng kadagiti tattao a naisapata ti opisina a kas presidente kalpasan ti panakasingked iti [[Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]], a nagrugi idi Marso 4, 1789. Para kadagiti Amerikano a daulo sakbay ti daytoy a panakapasingked, kitaen ti [[Presidente iti Kontinental a Kongreso]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.harrold.org/rfhextra/PresidentsForgotten.html |title=Dagiti bassit a naal manipud iti &quot;Dagiti Nalipatan a Presidente&quot; – Ti Manual dagiti Patriota, babaen ni George Grant |publisher=Harrold.org |date= |accessdate=Agosto 8, 2011 |archive-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205190727/http://www.harrold.org/rfhextra/PresidentsForgotten.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti listaan ket saan nga agiraman kadagiti ania man nga [[Agtigtignay a Presidente iti Estados Unidos|Agtigtignay a Presidente]] babaen ti [[Maikaduapulo ket lima a Panagpasayaat iti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]].

Adda idin dagiti 43 a tattao a naisapata ti opisina, ken dagiti 44 a kinapresidente, a ni [[Grover Cleveland]] ken nagserbi ti dua a di nagsasaruno a termino ken naikronolohia a naibilang a kas dagiti maika-22 ken maika-24 a presidente. Kadagiti agmaymaysa a nabutosan a kas presidente, uppat ti pimmusay iti opisina gapu kadagiti natural a gapuanan ([[William Henry Harrison]],&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cleaves|1939|p=152}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Zachary Taylor]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Zachary Taylor, Virginia Univ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/6 |title=Ti Ipupusay iti Presidente |last=Ingersoll |first=Jared |publisher=Miller a Sentro ti Publiko a Pannakibiang ti Unibersidad iti Virginia |accessdate=Nobiembre 2, 2010 |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtEVCLc?url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/6 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116134014/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/6 |date=2014-01-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Warren G. Harding]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Francis |year=1962 |title=The Shadow of Blooming Grove—Warren G. Harding in His Times |publisher=Easton Press |isbn=0-07-054338-0 |page=591}}&lt;/ref&gt; ken ni [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]), uppat kadagitoy ket [[Listaan dagiti panagipadas a panakaasasinado ken kumplot ti presidente iti Estados Unidos|naasasinado]] ([[Abraham Lincoln]],&lt;ref name=&quot;smithsonianmag1&quot;&gt;Martin, Paul [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html &quot;Ti Napukaw nga Agsalsalaknib ken ni Lincoln&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229052424/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html |date=2013-12-29 }}, ''Smithsonian Magazine'', bril 8, 2010, Naala idi Nobiembre 15, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; [[James A. Garfield]],&lt;ref name=&quot;smithsonianmag1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Donald|Donald (1996)]], p. 597.&lt;/ref&gt; [[William McKinley]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/parker_and_mckinley.html |title=Ti Dakkel a ni Ben Parker ken ti Panakaasasinado ni Presidente McKinley |publisher=Math.buffalo.edu |date= |accessdate=Agosto 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; aken [[John F. Kennedy]]) ken maysa a nagikkat ([[Richard Nixon]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3.html |title=Nagikkat ni Nixon |accessdate=Disiembre 31, 2008 |work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ni [[George Washington]], ket isu ti immuna a presidente, ken inaugurado idi 1789 kalpasan ti nagtutunos a butos ti  [[Elektoral a Kolehio (Estados Unidos)|Elektoral a Kolehio]]. Ni William Henry Harrison ket isu ti kabassitan ti pautna iti opisina iti 32 nga alaldaw idi 1841, ken ni Franklin D. Roosevelt ket isu ti kabayagan iti duapulo ket dua a tawtawen, ngem kellaat a natay idi maikapat a terminona idi 1945. Isu laeng ti presidente a nagserbi ti ad-adu ngem dua a termino ken naipasa ti [[Maikaduapulo ket dua a Panagpasayaat iti Batay-linteg ti Estads Unidos|batay=linteg a panagpasayaat]] tapno mapawilan ti panakaulit daytoy. Ni Andrew Jackson, ti maikapito a presidente, ket isu idi ti immuna a bnabutosan babaen ti amain a klase ti tao idi 1828 kalpasan ti panakaikkat dagiti linteg a mangpawil ti panagbutos dagiti sana nagtagtagikua ti daga. Ni  Warren Harding ket isu ti immuna a nabutosan kalpasan ti panakagun-od dagiti babbai ti karbengan a makabutos idi 1920. Idi 1964 ni Lyndon Johnson, in 1964, ket nabutosan kalpasan dagiti reporma ti Sibil a Karkarbengan a Panawen ket nakaikkat kadagiti linteg a nagipasardeng ti panagbutos dagiti minoridad. Ti pakasaritaan ket nakarehistro kadagiti uppat a presidente -ni John Q Adams, ni Rutherford B. Hayes, ni Benjamin Harrison ken ni George W Bush- a naabak ti nadayeg a butos ngem nangabak ti elektoral a kolehio ken nagtakem ti opisina. Ni John F. Kennedy ket isisu pay laeng ti namatmati ti [[Katoliko a Simbaan|Romano Katoliko]] , ken ti agdama a presidente, a ni [[Barack Obama]], ket isu ti immuna nga [[Aprikano Amerikano]] presidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm|title=Ni Obama ket nangabak ti naipakasaritaan a panagbutos idiay Estados Unidos|publisher=BBC|date=Nobiembre 5, 2008|accessdate=Nobiembre 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Listaan dagiti presidente ==
; Dagiti partido
{{legend2|#EEEEEE|[[Nawaya (politiko)|Awan partido]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{Federalist Party (United States)/meta/color}}|[[Partido Pederalista|Pederalista]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}}|[[Partido Demokratiko-Republikano|Demokratiko-Republikano]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}}|[[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{Whig Party (United States)/meta/color}}|[[Partido Whig (Estados Unidos)|Whig]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}}|[[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! Bilang&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;num&quot; /&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Presidente iti Estados Unidos|Presidente]]
! Nagtakem iti opisina
! Pimmanaw iti opisina
! Partido
! Termino&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;num&quot; /&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bise Presidente iti Estados Unidos|Bise Presidente]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Pinakapresidente ni George Washington|1]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Gilbert Stuart, George Washington (Lansdowne portrait, 1796).jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:16%;&quot;| '''[[George Washington]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1732–1799)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/ |title=Biograpia ni George Washington |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |author=Ti [[White House]] |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233926/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/washington |title=George Washington – awan ti Politikal a Partido – Immuna a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/gwashington.asp |title=George Washington (Pebrero&amp;nbsp;22, 1732 – Disiembre&amp;nbsp;14,&amp;nbsp;1799) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=[[Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag]] |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtHxke4?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/gwashington.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Abril 30, 1789
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1797
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | awan partido
| 1 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1788–1789|1789]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: no party;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[John Adams]]
|-
| 2 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1792|1792]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Federalist Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni John Adams|{{color|white|2}}]]
| [[Papeles:Adamstrumbull.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[John Adams]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1735–1826)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnadams/ |title=Biograpia ni John Adams |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233613/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnadams/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/adams |title=John Adams – Partido Pederalista – Maika-2 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=2 |title=John Adams (Oktubre&amp;nbsp;30, 1735 – Hulio&amp;nbsp;4,&amp;nbsp;1826) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtKdowY?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1797
| Marso 4, 1801
| [[Partido Pederalista|Pederalista]]
| 3 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1796|1796]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Thomas Jefferson]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni Thomas Jefferson|{{color|white|3}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1743–1826)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson/ |title=Biograpia ni Thomas Jefferson |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233849/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/jefferson |title=Thomas Jefferson – Partido Demokratiko-Republikano – Maika-3 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=3 |title=Thomas Jefferson (Abril&amp;nbsp;13, 1743 – Hulio&amp;nbsp;4,&amp;nbsp;1826) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1801
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1809
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko-Republikano|Demokratiko-&lt;br /&gt;Republikano]]
| 4 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1800|1800]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Aaron Burr]]
|-
| 5 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1804|1804]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[George Clinton (bise presidente)|George Clinton]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|4}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Papeles:James Madison.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''[[James Madison]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1751–1836)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmadison/ |title=Biograpia ni James Madison |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233519/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmadison/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/madison |title=James Madison – Partido Demokratiko-Republikano – Maika-4 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=4 |title=James Madison (Marso&amp;nbsp;16, 1751 – Hunio&amp;nbsp;28,&amp;nbsp;1836) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtP8HS7?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=4 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Marso 4, 1809
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Marso 4, 1817
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko-Republikano|Demokratiko-&lt;br /&gt;Republikano]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 6 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1808|1808]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[George Clinton (bise presidente)|George Clinton]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marso 4, 1809 – Abril 20, 1812&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Abril 20, 1812 – Marso 4, 1813&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 7 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1812|1812]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
|[[Elbridge Gerry]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marso 4, 1813 – Nobiembre 23, 1814&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Nobiembre 23, 1814 – Marso 4, 1817&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|5}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:jm5.gif|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[James Monroe]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1758–1831)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe/ |title=Biograpia ni James Madison |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233643/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/monroe |title=James Monroe – Partido Demokratiko-Republikano – Maika-5 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=5 |title=James Monroe (Abril&amp;nbsp;28, 1758 – Hulio&amp;nbsp;4,&amp;nbsp;1831) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtROLpq?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=5 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1817
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1825
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko-Republikano|Demokratiko-&lt;br /&gt;Republikano]]
| 8 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1816|1816]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Daniel D. Tompkins]]
|-
| 9 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1820|1820]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|6}}
| [[Papeles:John Quincy Adams by GPA Healy, 1858.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1767–1848)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnquincyadams/ |title=Biograpia ni John Quincy Adams |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233538/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnquincyadams/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/johnqadams |title=John Quincy Adams – Pederalista, Demokratiko-Republikano, Nailian a Republikano, Partido WHIG – Maika-6 a Presidente – agiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=6 |title=John Quincy Adams (Hulio&amp;nbsp;11, 1767 – Pebrero&amp;nbsp;23,&amp;nbsp;1848) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtU9WHs?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1825
| Marso 4, 1829
| [[Partido Demokratiko-Republikano|Demokratiko-&lt;br /&gt;Republikano]]
| 10 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1824|1824]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic-Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[John C. Calhoun]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|7}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Papeles:Andrew jackson head.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''[[Andrew Jackson]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1767–1845)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjackson/ |title=Biograpia ni Andrew Jackson |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233706/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjackson/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/jackson |title=Andrew Jackson – Partido Demokratiko-Republikano – Maika-7 a Presidente – Dagiti Anerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=7 |title=Andrew Jackson (Marso&amp;nbsp;15, 1767 – Hunio&amp;nbsp;8,&amp;nbsp;1845) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtWP8qw?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=7 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Marso 4, 1829
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Marso 4, 1837
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 11 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1828|1828]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[John C. Calhoun]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;resigned&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marso 4, 1829 – Disiembre28, 1832&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''vacant''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; Disiembre 28, 1832 – Marso 4, 1833&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| 12 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1832|1832]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Martin Van Buren]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|8}}
| [[Papeles:mb8.gif|100px]]
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1782–1862)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/martinvanburen/ |title=Biograpia ni Martin Van Buren |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2013-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622142140/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/martinvanburen |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/vanburen |title=Martin Van Buren – Demokratiko-Republikano, Demokratiko, ken Patido ti Nawaya a Daga – Maika-8 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=8 |title=Martin Van Buren (Disiembre&amp;nbsp;5, 1782 – Hulio&amp;nbsp;24,&amp;nbsp;1862) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtYbjRS?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=8 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1837
| Marso 4, 1841
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| 13 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1836|1836]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Richard Mentor Johnson]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Whig Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | 9
| [[Papeles:William Henry Harrison by James Reid Lambdin, 1835.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1773–1841)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/ |title=Biograpia ni William Henry Harrison |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233458/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/williamhenryharrison |title=William Henry Harrison – Partido WHIG – Maika-9 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=9 |title=William Henry Harrison (Pebrero&amp;nbsp;9, 1773 – Abril&amp;nbsp;4,&amp;nbsp;1841) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtaoZNG?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=9 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1841
| Abril 4, 1841&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;
| [[Partido Whig (Estados Unidos)|Whig]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 14 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1840|1840]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Whig Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[John Tyler]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Whig Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | 10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;John_Tyler&quot; /&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Papeles:WHOportTyler.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[John Tyler]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1790–1862)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johntyler/ |title=Biograpia ni John Tyler |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233544/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johntyler/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/tyler |title=John Tyler – Awan Partido – Maika-10 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=10 |title=John Tyler (Marso&amp;nbsp;29, 1790 – Enero&amp;nbsp;18,&amp;nbsp;1862) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtd3SxS?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=10 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Abril 4, 1841
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1845
| [[Partido Whig (Estados Unidos)|Whig]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Abril 4, 1841 – Septiembre&amp;nbsp;13,&amp;nbsp;1841&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''bakantet''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[John Tyler#Dagiti annuroten|awan partido]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;John_Tyler-party&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Septiembre&amp;nbsp;13,&amp;nbsp;1841 – Marso 4, 1845&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|11}}
| [[Papeles:James Knox Polk by GPA Healy, 1858.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[James K. Polk]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1795–1849)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamespolk/ |title=Biograpia ni James Polk |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122224735/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamespolk/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/polk |title=James Polk – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-11 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=11 |title=James K. Polk (Nobiembre&amp;nbsp;2, 1795 – Hunio&amp;nbsp;15,&amp;nbsp;1849) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtfJD3p?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1845
| Marso 4, 1849
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| 15 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1844|1844]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[George M. Dallas]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Whig Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | 12
| [[Papeles:Zachary Taylor by Joseph Henry Bush, c1848.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1784–1850)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/zacharytaylor/ |title=Biograpia ni Zachary Tyler |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2013-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001011504/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/zacharytaylor |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/taylor |title=Zachary Taylor – Partido WHIG – Maika-12 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente|accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=12 |title=Zachary Taylor (Nobiembre&amp;nbsp;24, 1784 – Hulio&amp;nbsp;9,&amp;nbsp;1850) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biagt |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWthTpid?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=12 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1849
| Hulio 9, 1850&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;
| [[Partido Whig (Estados Unidos)|Whig]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 16 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1848|1848]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Whig Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Millard Fillmore]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Whig Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | 13
| [[Papeles:Millard Fillmore by George PA Healy, 1857.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1800–1874)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/millardfillmore/ |title=Biograpia ni Millard Fillmore |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122005520/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/millardfillmore/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/fillmore |title=Millard Filmore – Partido WHIG – Maika-13 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidete |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=13 |title=Millard Fillmore (Enero&amp;nbsp;7, 1800 – Marso&amp;nbsp;8,&amp;nbsp;1874) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtjyWQ5?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=13 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Hulio 9, 1850
| Marso 4, 1853
| [[Partido Whig (Estados Unidos)|Whig]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|14}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Franklin Pierce by GPA Healy, 1858.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Franklin Pierce]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1804–1869)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklinpierce/ |title=Biograpia ni Franklin Pierce |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233712/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklinpierce/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/pierce |title=Franklin Pierce – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-14 a Presidente– Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente|accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=14 |title=Franklin Pierce (Nobiembre&amp;nbsp;23, 1804 – Oktubre&amp;nbsp;8,&amp;nbsp;1869) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtmGptU?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=14 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1853
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1857
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 17 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1852|1852]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[William R. King]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marso 4, 1853 – Abril 18, 1853&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''vacant''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Abril 18, 1853 – Marsoh 4, 1857&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|15}}
| [[Papeles:JamesBuchanan crop.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[James Buchanan]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1791–1868)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesbuchanan/ |title=Biograpia ni James Buchanan |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233655/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesbuchanan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/buchanan |title=James Buchanan – Partido Demokratikoy – Maika-15 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=15 |title=James Buchanan (Abril&amp;nbsp;23, 1791 – Hunio&amp;nbsp;1,&amp;nbsp;1868) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtoaD9m?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1857
| Marso 4, 1861
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| 18 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1856|1856]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[John C. Breckinridge]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|16}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Lincoln by George H Story c1915.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1809–1865)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/abrahamlincoln/ |title=Biograpia ni Abraham Lincoln |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233609/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/abrahamlincoln/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/lincoln |title=Abraham Lincoln – Republika, Partido ti Nailian a Kappon – Maika-16 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=16 |title=Abraham Lincoln (Pebrero&amp;nbsp;12, 1809 – Abril&amp;nbsp;15,&amp;nbsp;1865) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtqg1bA?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1861
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Abril 15, 1865&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;assassinated&quot; /&gt;
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| 19 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1860|1860]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Hannibal Hamlin]]
|-
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Partido ti Nailian a Kappon (Estados Unidos)|Nailian a Kappon]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;union&quot; /&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 20 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1864|1864]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Andrew Johnson]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|17}}
| [[Papeles:aj17.gif|100px]]
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1808–1875)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjohnson/ |title=Biograpia ni Andrew Johnson |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233702/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjohnson/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/andrewjohnson |title=Andrew Johnson – Partido ti Nailian a Kappon – Maika-17 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17 |title=Andrew Johnson (Disiembre&amp;nbsp;29, 1808 – Hulio&amp;nbsp;31,&amp;nbsp;1875) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HWtsrSxV?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Abril 15, 1865
| Marso 4, 1869
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Partido ti Nailian a Kappon (Estados Unidos)|Nailian a Kappon]]&lt;/small&gt;;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;union&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Andrew Johnson|awan partido]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;Andrew_Johnson-party&quot; /&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''bakante''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni Ulysses S. Grant|{{color|white|18}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Papeles:Ugrant.jpeg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1822–1885)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ulyssessgrant/ |title=Biograpia ni Ulysses S. Grant |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233733/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ulyssessgrant/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/grant |title=Ulysses S. Grant – Partido ti Nailian a Kappon – Maika-18 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=18 |title=Ulysses S. Grant (Abril&amp;nbsp;27, 1822 – Hulio&amp;nbsp;23,&amp;nbsp;1885) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0AUFiC?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=18 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Marso 4, 1869
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Marso 4, 1877
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| 21 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1868|1868]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Schuyler Colfax]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 22 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1872|1872]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Henry Wilson]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marso 4, 1873 – Nobiembre 22, 1875&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Nobiembre 22, 1875 – Marso 4, 1877&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|19}}
| [[Papeles:Daniel Huntington - Rutherford Birchard Hayes - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1822–1893)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/rutherfordbhayes/ |title=Biograpia ni Rutherford B. Hayes |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233906/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/rutherfordbhayes/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/hayes |title=Rutherford B. Hayes – Partido Republikano – Maika-19 a Presidentw – Dagiti Amerikano a presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=19 |title=Rutherford B. Hayes (Oktubre&amp;nbsp;4, 1822 – Enero&amp;nbsp;17,&amp;nbsp;1893) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0CymXI?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=19 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1877
| Marso 4, 1881
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| 23 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1876|1876]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[William A. Wheeler]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|20}}
| [[Papeles:James Garfield portrait.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1831–1881)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesgarfield/ |title=Biograpia ni James Garfield |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233941/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesgarfield/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/garfield |title=James Garfield – Partido Republikano – Maika-20 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=20 |title=James A. Garfield (Nobiembre&amp;nbsp;19, 1831 – Septiembre&amp;nbsp;19,&amp;nbsp;1881) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0FS2ZX?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1881
| Septiembre 19, 1881&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;assassinated&quot; /&gt;
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 24 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1880|1880]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Chester A. Arthur]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|21}}
| [[Papeles:Chester A Arthur by Daniel Huntington crop.jpeg|100px]]
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1829–1886)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/chesterarthur/ |title=Biograpia ni Chester Arthur |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233930/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/chesterarthur/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/arthur |title=Chester A. Arthur – Partido Republikano – Maika-21 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=21 |title=Chester A. Arthur (Oktubre&amp;nbsp;5, 1829 – Nobiembre&amp;nbsp;18,&amp;nbsp;1886) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0Hjtxy?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=21 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Septiembre 19, 1881
| Marso 4, 1885
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|22}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Grover Cleveland portrait2.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Grover Cleveland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1837–1908)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HIS-grover&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/cleveland |title=Grover Cleveland – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-22 ken maika-24 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP=grover&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=22 |title=Grover Cleveland (Marso&amp;nbsp;18, 1837 – Hunio&amp;nbsp;24,&amp;nbsp;1908) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0JLX1L?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=22 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1885
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marcso 4, 1889
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 25 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1884|1884]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marso 4, 1885 – Nobiembre 25, 1885&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''vacant''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Nobiembre 25, 1885 – Marso 4, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|23}}
| [[Papeles:Eastman Johnson - Benjamin Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1833–1901)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/benjaminharrison/ |title=Biograpia ni Benjamin Harrison |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233755/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/benjaminharrison/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/benjaminharrison |title=William Henry Harrison – Partido Whig – Maika-23 Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=23 |title=Benjamin Harrison (Agosto&amp;nbsp;20, 1833 – Marso&amp;nbsp;13,&amp;nbsp;1901) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0ZAJMK?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=23 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1889
| Marso 4, 1893
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| 26 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1888|1888]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Levi P. Morton]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|24}}
| [[Papeles:Grover Cleveland portrait2.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1837–1908)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HIS-grover&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP=grover&quot; /&gt;
| Marso 4, 1893
| Marso 4, 1897
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| 27 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1892|1892]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Adlai Stevenson I]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|25}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Papeles:Official White House portrait of William McKinley.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''[[William McKinley]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1843–1901)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williammckinley/ |title=Biograpia nif William McKinley |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233617/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williammckinley/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/mckinley |title=William McKinley – Partido Republikano – Maika-25 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente|accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=24 |title=William McKinley (Enero&amp;nbsp;29, 1843 – Septiembre&amp;nbsp;14,&amp;nbsp;1901) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0bPGay?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=24 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Marso 4, 1897
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Septiembre 14, 1901&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;assassinated&quot; /&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 28 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1896|1896]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Garret Hobart]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marso 4, 1897 – Nobiembre21, 1899&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Nobiembre 21, 1899 – Marso 4, 1901&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 29 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1900|1900]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni Theodore Roosevelt|{{color|white|26}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:John Singer Sargent - Theodore Roosevelt - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1858–1919)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt/ |title=Biograpia ni Theodore Roosevelt |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233759/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/teddyroosevelt |title=Theodore Roosevelt – Republikano, Partido Bull Moose– Maika-26 aPresidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=25 |title=Theodore Roosevelt (Oktubre&amp;nbsp;27, 1858 – Enero&amp;nbsp;6,&amp;nbsp;1919) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0dd4J6?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Septiembre 14, 1901
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1909
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 30 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1904|1904]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Charles W. Fairbanks]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|27}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Anders Zorn - Portrait of William Howard Taft (1911).jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[William Howard Taft]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1857–1930)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhowardtaft/ |title=Biograpia ni William Howard Taft |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 13, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233911/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhowardtaft/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/taft |title=William Howard Taft – Partido Republikano – Maika-27 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=26 |title=William Howard Taft (Septiembre&amp;nbsp;15, 1857 – Marso&amp;nbsp;8,&amp;nbsp;1930) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0foxkE?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=26 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1909
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1913
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 31 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1908|1908]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[James S. Sherman]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Marso 4, 1909 – Oktubre 30, 1912&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''vacant''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Oktubre 30, 1912 – Marso 4, 1913&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|28}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Ww28.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1856–1924)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson/ |title=Biograpia ni Woodrow Wilson |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 13, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233839/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson |title=Woodrow Wilson – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-28 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=27 |title=Woodrow Wilson (Disiembre&amp;nbsp;28, 1856 – Pebrero&amp;nbsp;3,&amp;nbsp;1924) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0i3VkD?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1913
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso 4, 1921
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| 32 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1912|1912]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Thomas R. Marshall]]
|-
| 33 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1916|1916]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|29}}
| [[Papeles:wh29.gif|100px]]
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1865–1923)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/warrenharding/ |title=Biograpia ni Warren G. Harding |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225140136/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/warrenharding/%20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson |title=Warren Harding – Partido Republikano – Maika-29 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=28 |title=Warren G. Harding (Nobiembre&amp;nbsp;2, 1865 – Agosto&amp;nbsp;2,&amp;nbsp;1923) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0kVnjC?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1921
| Agosto 2, 1923&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 34 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1920|1920]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Calvin Coolidge]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|30}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Calvin Coolidge.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1872–1933)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/calvincoolidge/ |title=Biograpia ni Calvin Coolidge |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 13, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233449/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/calvincoolidge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson |title=Calvin Coolidge – Partido Republikano– Maika-30 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=29 |title=Calvin Coolidge (Hulio&amp;nbsp;4, 1872 – Enero&amp;nbsp;5,&amp;nbsp;1933) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX0nks1I?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=29 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agosto 2, 1923
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Marso4, 1929
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 35 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1924|1924]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Charles G. Dawes]]
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|31}}
| [[Papeles:Herbert Clark Hoover by Greene, 1956.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1874–1964)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/herberthoover/ |title=Biograpia ni Herbert Hoover |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 13, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2011-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916005426/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/herberthoover |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson |title=Herbert Hoover – Partido Republikano – Maika-31 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente|accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=30 |title=Herbert Hoover (Agosto&amp;nbsp;10, 1874 – Oktubre&amp;nbsp;20,&amp;nbsp;1964) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5RTl1v?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Marso 4, 1929
| Marso 4, 1933
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| 36 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1928|1928]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Charles Curtis]]
|- class=&quot;vevent&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|32}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Papeles:Froosevelt.jpeg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1882–1945)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt/ |title=Biograpia niFranklin D. Roosevelt |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 20, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2013-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018145555/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-32 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=31 |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt (Enero&amp;nbsp;30, 1882 – Abril&amp;nbsp;12,&amp;nbsp;1945) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5Vf8Rr?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=31 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{Start date|1933|03|04}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{End date|1945|04|12}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot; /&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;category&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| 37 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1932|1932]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;John_Nance_Garner-term&quot; /&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[John Nance Garner]]
|-
| 38 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1936|1936]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| 39 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1940|1940]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Henry A. Wallace]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 40 &lt;small&gt;([[United States presidential election, 1944|1944]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Harry S. Truman]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|33}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:HarryTruman.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Harry S. Truman]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1884–1972)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman/ |title=Biograpia ni Harry S Truman |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233649/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr |title=Harry S Truman – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-33 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente|accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=32 |title=Harry S Truman (Mayo&amp;nbsp;8, 1884 – Disiembre&amp;nbsp;26,&amp;nbsp;1972) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5X2OP7?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=32 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Abril 12, 1945
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 1953
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 41 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1948|1948]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Alben W. Barkley]]
&lt;small&gt;1949–1953&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni Dwight D. Eisenhower|{{color|white|34}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1890–1969)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower/ |title=Biograpia ni Dwight D. Eisenhower |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233750/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/eisenhower |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-34 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=33 |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower (Oktubre&amp;nbsp;14, 1890 – Marso&amp;nbsp;28,&amp;nbsp;1969) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5b1ZOe?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=33 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 1953
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 1961&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;Dwight_Eisenhower-term&quot; /&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| 42 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1952|1952]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Richard Nixon]]
|-
| 43 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1956|1956]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Linia a pagorasan ti kinapresidente ni John F. Kennedy|{{color|white|35}}]]
| [[Papeles:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1917–1963)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy/ |title=Biograpia ni John F. Kennedy |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621062319/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy |title=John F. Kennedy – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-35 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=34 |title=John F. Kennedy (Mayo&amp;nbsp;29, 1917 – Nobiembre&amp;nbsp;22,&amp;nbsp;1963) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5eWrya?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=34 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Enero 20, 1961
| Nobiembre 22, 1963&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;assassinated&quot; /&gt;
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 44 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1960|1960]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|36}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1908–1973)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy |title=Lyndon B. Johnson – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-36 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=35 |title=Lyndon B. Johnson (Agosto&amp;nbsp;27, 1908 – Enero&amp;nbsp;22,&amp;nbsp;1973) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5fBxbG?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=35 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nobiembre 22, 1963
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 1969
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''vacant''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 45 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1964|1964]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Hubert Humphrey]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|37}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Papeles:Richard M. Nixon, ca. 1935 - 1982 - NARA - 530679.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''[[Richard Nixon]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1913–1994)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon/ |title=Richard M. Nixon |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730022127/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/nixon |title=Richard Nixon – Partido Republikano – Maika-37 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente|accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=36 |title=Richard M. Nixon (Enero&amp;nbsp;9, 1913 – Abril&amp;nbsp;22,&amp;nbsp;1994) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5hThSH?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=36 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Enero 20, 1969
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Agosto 9, 1974&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;resigned&quot; /&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| 46 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1968|1968]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Spiro Agnew]]&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;resigned&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Enero 20, 1969 – Oktubre 10, 1973&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 47 &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1972|1972]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Oktubre 10, 1973 – Disiembre 6, 1973&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Gerald Ford]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Disiembre 6, 1973 – Agosto 9, 1974&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | {{color|white|38}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Papeles:Gerald Ford.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Gerald Ford]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1913–2006)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/ |title=Biograpia ni Gerald R. Ford |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233716/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/ford|title=Gerald Ford – Partido Republikano – Maika-38 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=37 |title=Gerald R. Ford (Hulio&amp;nbsp;14, 1913 – Disiembre&amp;nbsp;26,&amp;nbsp;2006) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5jkj77?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=37 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agosto 9, 1974
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 1977
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''bakante''&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Agosto 9, 1974 – Disiembre 19, 1974 &lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Nelson Rockefeller]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Disiembre 19, 1974 – Enero 20, 1977&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|{{color|white|39}}]]
| [[Papeles:Jimmy Carter.jpg|99px]]
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1924–2024)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jimmycarter |title=Biograpia ni Jimmy Carter |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122234202/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jimmycarter/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/ford|title=Jimmy Carter – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-39 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=38 |title=Jimmy Carter (Oktubre&amp;nbsp;1, 1924&amp;nbsp;– ) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5lCs4l?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=38 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Enero 20, 1977
| Enero 20, 1981
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| [[Pannakapresidente ni Jimmy Carter|48]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1976|1976]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Walter Mondale]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni Ronald Reagan|{{color|white|40}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Papeles:Ronald Reagan 1981 presidential portrait.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Ronald Reagan]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1911–2004)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan/ |title=Biograpi ani Ronald Reagan |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Hunio 25, 2008 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122181836/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan/ |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122181836/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan/ |date=2009-01-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/ford|title=Ronald Reagan – Partido Republikano – Maika-40 aPresidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=39 |title=Ronald Reagan (Pebrero&amp;nbsp;6, 1911 – Hunio&amp;nbsp;5,&amp;nbsp;2004) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5mg2Dh?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=39 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 1981
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero20, 1989
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| [[Ronald Reagan#Umuna a termino, 1981–1985|49]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1980|1980]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[George H. W. Bush]]
|-
| [[Ronald Reagan#Makadua a termino, 1985–1989|50]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1984|1984]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni George H. W. Bush|{{color|white|41}}]]
| [[Papeles:George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1924–2018)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgehwbush/ |title=Biograpia ni George Herbert Walker Bush |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233824/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgehwbush/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/georgebush |title=George H. W. Bush – Partido Republikano – Maika-41 a Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=40 |title=George Bush (Hunio&amp;nbsp;12, 1924&amp;nbsp;– ) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5oy2SO?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=40 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Enero 20, 1989
| Enero 20, 1993
| [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| [[Panakapresidente ni George H. W. Bush|51]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1988|1988]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Dan Quayle]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni Bill Clinton|{{color|white|42}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Bill Clinton.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Bill Clinton]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1946– )&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamjclinton/ |title=Biograpi ani William J. Clinton |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Marso 12, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722104326/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamjclinton/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/billclinton |title=Bill Clinton – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-42 aPresidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=41 |title=Bill Clinton (Agosto&amp;nbsp;19, 1946&amp;nbsp;– ) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5rD3KE?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=41 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 1993
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 2001
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| [[Bill Clinton#Umuna a termino, 1993–1997|52]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1992|1992]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Al Gore]]
|-
| [[Bill Clinton#Maikadua atermino, 1997–2001|53]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 1996|1996]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni George W. Bush|{{color|white|43}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:George-W-Bush.jpeg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[George W. Bush]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1946– )&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewbush/ |title=Biograpia ni President George W. Bush |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |date=Pebrero 25, 2007 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |archive-date=2009-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626223537/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewbush/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/georgewbush |title=George W. Bush – Partido Republikano – Maika-43 aPresidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=42 |title=George W. Bush (Hulio&amp;nbsp;6, 1946&amp;nbsp;– ) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5tTlzq?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=42 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 2001
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)|Republikano]]
| [[Umuna a ternimo ni George W. Bush a kas ti Presidente iti Estados Unidos|54]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 2000|2000]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Dick Cheney]]
|-
| [[Maikadua a termino ni George W. Bush a kas ti Presidente iti Estados Unidos|55]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 2004|2004]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Panakapresidente ni Barack Obama|{{colour|white|44}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Papeles:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Barack Obama]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1961– )&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;whouseobama&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/|title=Presidente Barack Obama|accessdate=Enero 20, 2009|publisher=Whitehouse.gov|date=Enero 20, 2009|archive-date=2009-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122102439/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122102439/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/ |date=2009-01-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/presidents/obama |title=Barack Obama – Partido Demokratiko – Maika-44 Presidente – Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Pakasaritaan (kanal ti telebison ti Estados Unidos)|Pakasaritaan]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=43 |title=Barack Obama (Agosto&amp;nbsp;4, 1961&amp;nbsp;– ) |accessdate=Enero 12, 2009 |work=Dagiti Amerikano a Presidente: Dagiti nailadawan a Biag |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HX5vlQeP?url=http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=43 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Enero 20, 2017
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| [[Umuna a ternimo ni Barack Obama a kas ti Presidente iti Estados Unidos|56]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 2008|2008]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Joe Biden]]
|-
| [[Maikadua a termino ni Barack Obama a kas ti Presidente iti Estados Unidos|57]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 2012|2012]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party  (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Pannakapresidente ni Donald Trump|{{colour|white|45}}]]
| [[Papeles:Donald Trump Pentagon 2017.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Donald Trump]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1946– )&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=President Donald J. Trump|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|website=[[WhiteHouse.gov]]|accessdate=Enero 20, 2017|date=Enero 20, 2017|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225140417/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225140417/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump |date=2018-12-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/donald-trump |title=Donald Trump&amp;nbsp;– U.S. Presidents |accessdate=Enero 20, 2017 |publisher=History }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Enero 20, 2017
| Enero 20, 2021
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| [[Panakapresidente ni Donald Trump|58]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 2016|20216]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| [[Mike Pence]]
|-
|-
! style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; | [[Pannakapresidente ni Joe Biden|{{colour|white|46}}]]
| [[Papeles:Joe Biden official portrait 2013 cropped (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Joe Biden]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1942– )&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/| website=whitehouse.gov| title=Presidents| publisher=[[White House]]| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=Pebrero 20, 2020| archive-date=2014-12-01| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201032051/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnadams/| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States| url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/057_chron.html| publisher=Prints and Photographs Division, [[Library of Congress]]| location=, Washington, D.C.| access-date=Pebrero 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last=Kelly| first=Martin| date=Pebrero 17, 2020| title=Chart of the Presidents and Vice Presidents| url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidents-and-vice-presidents-chart-4051729| website=thoughtco.com| publisher=[[Dotdash]]| location=New York, New York| access-date=Pebrero 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Enero 20, 2021
| Enero 20, 2025
| [[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|Demokratiko]]
| [[Pannakapresidente ni Joe Biden|59]] &lt;small&gt;([[Panagbutos iti presidente ti Estados Unidos, 2020|2020]])&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;background: {{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}};&quot; |
| |[[Kamala Harris]]
|}

== Dagiti sibibiag a dati a presidente ==
{{Manipud idi|2024|12}}, adda dagiti uppat a sisibiag a dati a presidente iti Estados Unidos (ni Bill Clinton, ni George W. Bush, ni Barack Obama, ken ni Donald Trump). Ti kinaudi nga ipupusay iti dati a presidente ket ni  [[Jimmy Carter]] (1977–1981), idi Disiembre 29, 2024.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Presidente
!Termino ti opisina
!Petsa ti panakaipasngay
|-
|[[Bill Clinton]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1993–2001
|{{birth date and age|mf=yes|1946|8|19}}
|-
|[[George W. Bush]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2001–2009
|{{birth date and age|mf=yes|1946|7|6}}
|-
|[[Barack Obama]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2009–2017
|{{birth date and age|mf=yes|1961|8|4}}
|-
|[[Donald Trump]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2017–2021
|{{birth date and age|mf=yes|1946|6|14}}
|}

== Paammo ==
{{Reflist| group=&quot;n&quot;| refs =
&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;num&quot;&gt;Ti panakapresidente ket naipalpalawag a kas ti nagsasaruno a panawen iti panagserbi ti babaen ti agmaymaysa a tao. kas pagarigan, ni [[George Washington]] ket nagserbi ti dua a nagsasaruno a termino ket naibilang a kas ti immuna a presidente (a saan a ti immuna ken maikadua). Ni [[Gerald Ford]] ket nagtakem ti kinapresidente kalpasan ti panagikkat ni [[Richard Nixon]], a nagserbi ti nabati a maikadua a termino ni Nixon. Ti gapuana a saan a nabutosan ni Ford iti opisina ket saa a mabanagan ti panakaibilang, a maakaaramid kaniana ti maika-38 a presidente. Iti maipatinayon, babaen ti daytoy a panagibilang, ni [[Grover Cleveland]] ket naibilang ti dua a sabali a panakapresidente, nga isu ket nagserbi ti dua a saan a nagsasaruno a termino.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;died&quot;&gt;Pimmusay iti opisina gapu tu natural a gapuanan.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;25th Amend&quot;&gt;Sakbay ti panaksingked ti [[Maikaduapulo ket lima a Panagpasayaat iti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]] idi 1967, awan dagiti probision ti panagpunno ti bakante nga opisina para iti Bise Presidente. Ni Richard Nixon ket isu idi ti immuna a nangipunno ti kastoy a panagbakante babaen kadagiti probision ti Maikaduapulo ket lima a Panagpasayaat idi indutokna ni Gerald Ford. Kalpasan daytoy ni Ford ket nagbalin ti maikadua a presidente ti nangpunno ti bakante a pinaka bise presidente idi indutokna ni Nelson Rockefeller tapno masasaruno kaniana.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;resigned&quot;&gt;Nagikkat.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;John_Tyler&quot;&gt;Nnga isu ti immuna a Bise Presidente a a nagtaken ti kinapresidente, ni Tyler ket nangirugi a ti bise presidente nga agtakem ti opisina ti presidente ket agbalin a napno nga agtigtignay a presidente nga adda ti bukodna a pinakapresidente, a saan a kas ti laeng mangitartaripato ti presidentea. Dagiti politiko a kinasuppiat ket pinadpadasda a tinawtawgan isuna akas ti &quot;Agtigtignay a Presidente&quot;, ngem isu ket saan a nagpalubos daytoy. Ti [[Maikaduapulo ket lima a Panagpasayaat iti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]] ket nangikabil ti inrugi ni Tyler iti Batay-linteg.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;John_Tyler-party&quot;&gt;Ti dati a Demokrata a nagtaray para iti Bise Presidente iti etiketa a Whig. Nakisinnupiat kadagiti Whig a daulo ti kongreso ken napatalaw idi manipud iti Partido Whig idi 1841.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;assassinated&quot;&gt;Naasasinado.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;union&quot;&gt;Ni [[Abraham Lincoln]] ken ni [[Andrew Johnson]] ket, Republikano ken Demokrata a timmaray iti etiketa ti Nailian a Kappon idi 1864.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;Andrew_Johnson-party&quot;&gt;Ni Andrew Johnson ket saan a kimmaapon kadgiti dua a kangrunaan a partido bayat nga isu ket presidente ken nangpadas ken napaay a nagipatakder ti partido dagiti loyalista babaen ti etiketa a Nailian a Kappon. Ti panakapaayna a nagipatakder ti agpayso a Partido ti Nailian a Kappon ket nangibati ken ni Johnson nga awan ti partidona.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;John_Nance_Garner-term&quot;&gt;Ti termino ket napabassit ti 43 nga alaldaw gapu ti panakaikeddeng ti [[Maikaduapulo a Panagpasayaat iti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]] , a nagiyalis ti [[inaugurasion ti presidente ti Estados Unidosn|inaugurasion nga aldaw]] manipud iti Marso 4 a napan iti Enero 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; name=&quot;Dwight_Eisenhower-term&quot;&gt;Ni Dwight Eisenhower ket isu ti immuna a presidente a legado a naiparitan nga agsukisok ti maikatlo a termino babaen ti [[Maikaduapulo ket dua a Panagpasayaat iti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos]].&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{commons-nailinia}}
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ Whitehouse.gov: Dagiti Presidente] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006034811/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents |date=2010-10-06 }}
* [http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/ Ti Hauenstein a Sentro para kadagiti Panagadal dagiti Presidente] –[[Estado nga Unibersidad ti Grand Valley]]
* [http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/ POTUS: PDagiti presidente iti Estados Unidos] – [[Internet a Publiko a Biblioteka]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Estados Unidos, Listaan dagiti Presidente iti}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti presidente ti Estados Unidos|*]]

[[he:נשיא ארצות הברית#רשימת הנשיאים]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Digital object identifier</title>
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      <text bytes="3018" sha1="o3gnw4oxtk6wn7aiysyjn6njsyf7tco" xml:space="preserve">Ti '''digital object identifier''' ('''DOI''') wenno ti pagsasao nga [[pagsasao nga Ilokano|Ilokano]] ket '''dihital a panagilasin ti banag''' ket maysa a [[kuerdas ti karakter]] (ti &quot;dihital a panagilasin&quot;) a mausar ti naisangsangayan a panagilasin ti banag a kas ti [[elektroniko a dokumento]]. Ti [[metadata]] a maipanggep ti banag ket naipenpen a mainaig ti DOI a nagan ken daytoy a metadata ket mabalin a mangiraman ti lokasion, a kas ti maysa a [[URL]], nga isu daytoy ti panabirukan ti banag. Ti DOI para ti maysa a dokumento ket agtagtaginayon, ngem ti lokasionna ken dagiti dadduma a metadana ket mabalin nga agbalbaliw. Ti panagitudo ti online a dokumento babaen ti bukodna a DOI ket mangted ti nataltalna a panagisilpo ngen ti panagitudo laeng ti bukodna a URL, gapu ket no agablbaliw ti bukodna a URL, ti nangipablaak ket pabaroenna laeng ti metadata para iti DOI tapno makasilpo ti baro a URL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Witten |first=Ian H. |title=How to Build a Digital Library |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900123748576 |last2=Bainbridge |first2=David |last3=Nichols |first3=David M. |date=2010 |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann |isbn=978-0-12-374857-7 |edition=Maika-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900123748576/page/352 352]–253 |language=en |trans-title=Kasano ti Agaramid ti Dihital a Biblioteka}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Langston |first=Marc |last2=Tyler |first2=James |date=2004 |title=Linking to Journal Articles in an Online Teaching Environment: The Persistent Link, DOI, and OpenURL |trans-title=Ti Panagisilpo kadagiti Warnakan nga Artikulo iti Online a Lugar ti Pagisuroan: Ti Agtagtaginayon a Panilpo, DOI, ken OpenURL |journal=The Internet and Higher Education |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=51–58 |doi=10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.11.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001-07-23 |title=How the &quot;Digital Object Identifier&quot; Works |trans-title=Kasano ti Panakabalin ti 'Dihital a Panagilasin ti Banag' |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_30/b3742032.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002070758/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_30/b3742032.htm |archive-date=2010-10-02 |access-date=2010-04-20 |website=BusinessWeek |language=en |quote=Assuming the publishers do their job of maintaining the databases, these centralized references, unlike current web links, should never become outdated or broken |trans-quote=No maipagarup a dagiti agipabpablaak ket taripatuenda dagiti databases, dagitoy a naisentro a reperensia, asaan a kasla dagiti agdama a panilpo ti Web, ket saanto a matukkol wenno mabaak. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti paammo ken dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* {{official website|http://doi.org/}}
* [http://www.doi.org/factsheets/DOIIdentifierSpecs.html Kinapudno a sabanas: Ti DOI a Sistema ken dagiti Panakaidasig ti Internet a Panagilasin]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dihital a Panagilasin ti Banag}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti dokumento nga elektroniko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti panagilasin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Danubio</title>
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      <text bytes="9471" sha1="efrju5lfyjxf6hbtt65kul948xf6uku" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox karayan
| name               = Danubio
| name_native        = 
| name_native_lang   = 
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
| image              = Neue Donau mit der Fußgängerbrücke Ponte Cagrana in Wien.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = Ti Danubio idiay [[Vienna]]
| map                = Danubemap.png
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = Kurso ti Danubio, namarkaan iti nalabbasit
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
| subdivision_type1  = Pagilian
| subdivision_name1  = [[Alemania]], [[Austria]], [[Eslobakia]], [[Hungaria]], [[Kroasia]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Moldova]], [[Ukrania]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = Dagiti siudad
| subdivision_name5  = [[Ulm]], [[Ingolstadt]], [[Regensburg]], [[Linz]], [[Vienna]], [[Bratislava]], [[Győr]], [[Budapest]], [[Dunaújváros]], [[Vukovar]], [[Novi Sad]], [[Zemun]], [[Belgrade]], [[Pančevo]], [[Smederevo]], [[Drobeta Turnu-Severin]]
| length             = {{pagbaliwen|2850&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Danube-River&lt;/ref&gt;|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= sakbay ti [[Delta ti Danubio|delta]]
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = {{pagbaliwen|7000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max     = 
| discharge2_location= [[Passau]]&lt;br /&gt;30km sakbay iti ili
| discharge2_min     = 
| discharge2_avg     = {{pagbaliwen|580|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max     = 
| discharge3_location= [[Vienna]]
| discharge3_min     = 
| discharge3_avg     = {{pagbaliwen|1900|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge3_max     = 
| discharge4_location= [[Budapest]]
| discharge4_min     = 
| discharge4_avg     = {{pagbaliwen|2350|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge4_max     = 
| discharge5_location= [[Belgrade]]
| discharge5_min     = 
| discharge5_avg     = {{pagbaliwen|4000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge5_max     = 
| source1            = [[Breg (karayan)|Breg]]
| source1_location   = [[Furtwangen|Martinskapelle]], [[Nangisit a Bakir]], [[Alemania]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|48|05|44|N|08|09|18|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = {{pagbaliwen|1078|m|abbr=on}}
| source2            = [[Brigach]]
| source2_location   = [[Sankt Georgen im Schwarzwald|St. Georgen]], [[Nangisit a Bakir]], [[Alemania]]
| source2_coordinates= {{coord|48|06|24|N|08|16|51|E|display=inline}}
| source2_elevation  = {{pagbaliwen|940|m|abbr=on}}
| source_confluence            = 
| source_confluence_location   = [[Donaueschingen]]
| source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|47|57|03|N|08|31|13|E|display=inline}}
| source_confluence_elevation  = 
| mouth              = [[Delta ti Danubio]]
| mouth_location     = [[Romania]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|45|13|3|N|29|45|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = 
| progression        = 
| waterfalls         = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = {{pagbaliwen|801463|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}
Ti '''Danubio''' ({{IPA-en|ˈdænjuːb}} {{respell|DAN|yoob}}) ket maysa a karayan idiay [[Tengnga nga Europa]], ti maikadua a kaatidogan iti [[kontinente]] kalpasan ti [[Volga]].

Naidasig a kas [[dalanan a danum ti sangalubongan]], daytoy ket mangrugi idiay ili ti [[Donaueschingen]] idiay [[Nangisit a Kabakiran]] iti [[Alemania]] idiay [[confluence|pagsasabtan]] ti karayan [[Brigach]] ken [[Breg (karayan)|Breg]]. Ti Danubio ket agayuston ti abagatan a daya para iti {{pagbaliwen|2,872|km|mi|abbr=on}}, ken lumabas kadagiti uppat a kapitolio ti [[Tengnga nga Europa]] sakbay a maibusan idiay  [[Baybay Nangisit]] babaen ti [[Danubio Delta]] idiay [[Romania]] ken [[Ukrania]].

Maysa daytoy idi a napaut a sitatakder a prontiero ti [[Imperio a Romano]], ti karayan ket labsanna wenno asitganna dagiti pagbeddengan ti sangapulo a pagilian: [[Romania]] (29.0% iti labneng a lugar), [[Hungaria]] (11.6%), [[Serbia]] (10.2%), [[Austria]] (10.0%), [[Alemania]] (7.0%), [[Eslobakia]] (5.9%), [[Bulgaria]] (5.9%), [[Kroasia]] (4.4%), [[Ukrania]] (3.8%), ken [[Moldova]] (1.6%)&lt;ref name=icpdr&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.icpdr.org/icpdr-pages/countries.htm|title=Dagiti Pagilian ti Labneng ti Karayan Danubio|publisher=Internasional a Komision para iti panagsalaknib ti Karayan Danubio|accessdate=2010-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nga ad-adu ngem ti ania man a karayan. Ti [[pagayusan a labneng|pagayusanna a labneng]] ket gumay-at pay kadagiti siam.

== Nagnagan ken etimolohia ==
Ti Danubio ket naamammoan idi ti [[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]] a kas ti {{lang|la|Danubius, Danuvius, Ister}}, iti [[Taga-ugma a Griego]] a kas ti Ἴστρος (''Istros''). Ti [[Pagsasao a Dacian|Dacian]]/[[Pagsasao a Trasia|Trasia]] a nagan idi ket  Τάναις/''Donaris''/''Donaris'' (akin-ngato a Danubio) ken ''Istros'' (akin-baba a Danubio).&lt;ref name=&quot;KaticicRadoslav&quot;&gt;[[Radoslav Katičić|Katičić, Radoslav]]. ''Dagiti Taga-ugma a Pagsasao ti Balkan, Umuna a Paset''. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Thraco-[[Pagsasao a Prihio|Prihio]] a naganidi ket ''Matoas'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40266286?uid=3739008&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=4&amp;sid=21100741675271 |title=Matoas, ti Thraco-Prigio a nagan para iti Danubio, ken ti IE a ramut *madų |first=Robert |last=Dyer |page=91 |journal=Glotta |volume=52 |year=1974 |issue=1/2 |publisher=Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht (GmbH &amp; Co. KG)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ti mangiyeg iti gasat&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Šašel2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Marjeta |last=Šašel Kos |language=Eslobeno, Ingles |url=http://iza.zrc-sazu.si/pdf/Sasel_Kos_Ukrocena_lepotica.pdf |pages=42–50 |chapter=Reka kot božanstvo – Sava v antiki |editor-first=Jožef |editor-last=Barachini |title=Ukročena lepotica: Sava in njene zgodbe |isbn=978-961-92735-0-0 |year=2009 |place=Sevnica |publisher=Javni zavod za kulturo, šport, turizem in mladinske dejavnosti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041135/http://iza.zrc-sazu.si/pdf/Sasel_Kos_Ukrocena_lepotica.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-08-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti nagan a ''Dānuvius'' ket naipagarup a dinawat manipud iti Keltiko a ([[Pagsasao a Galo|Galo]]), wenno mabalin nga Iraniko. Daytoy ket maysa kadagiti nagan ti karayan a naala manipud iti maysa a [[Pagsasao a Proto-Indo-Europeano]] a balikas ti ''*dānu'', a naipagarupan a termino para iti &quot;karayan&quot;, ngem mabalin pay maysa nga un-unana a panawen a kosmiko a karayan, ken ti maysa a Vedic a diosen ti karayan (kitaen ti [[Danu (Asura)]]), a mabalin a nanipud ti ramut a ''*dā'' &quot;agayus/naapges, napardas, naranggas, awan disiplina.&quot;
Dagiti dadduma pay a nagan ti karayan nga adda ti kapadpadana a etimologo ket mairaman ti [[Karayan Don (Rusia)|Don]], [[Donets]], [[Dnieper]] ken [[Dniestr]].
Ti Dniepr,(sakbay ti Eslabo Danapir babaen ti Gotiko a historiador a ni [[Jordanes]])  ken ti Dniestr, manipud iti ''Danapris'' ken ''Danastius'', ket naipagarupan dagitoy a nanipud ti [[Pagsasao nga Essita|Essita]] Iraniko ''*Dānu apara'' &quot;likudan a karayan&quot; ken ''*Dānu nazdya-'' &quot;sanguanan a karayan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;.
[[Julius Pokorny]] (1959):  ''dā-'' &quot;banag nga agayus, agayus&quot;,  ''dānu-'' f. &quot;karayan&quot;;
Mallory, J.P. and D.Q. Adams. ''Ti Ensiklopedia ti Indo-Europeano a Kultura''. Londres: Fitzroy ken Dearborn, 1997: 486.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti Taga-ugma a Griego nga ''Istros'' ket nadawat idi manipud iti [[Pagsasao a Trasia|Trasia]]/[[Pagsasao a Dacian|Dacian]] a kayatna a sawen ket &quot;napigsa, naapges&quot;, a mainaig ti [[Sanskrito]] a ''iṣiras'' &quot;naapges&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KaticicRadoslav&quot; /&gt;

Manipud idi [[Normando a nagrukma iti Inglatera]], ti pagsasao nga Ingles ket nagus-usar ti naala ti Latin a balikas ti ''Danube''.
Kadagiti pagsasao ti moderno a pagilian a pagayusan ti karayan, daytoy ket:

*{{lang-bg|Дунав}} (transliterado: ''Dunav'')
*{{lang-hr|Dunav}}
*{{lang-de|Donau}} {{IPA-de|ˈdoːnaʊ̯|pron}}
*{{lang-hu|Duna}} {{IPA-de|ˈdunɒ|pron}}
*{{lang-ro|Dunărea}} {{IPA-ro|ˈdunəre̯a|pron}}
*{{lang-sr|Дунав}}, {{lang|sr-Latn|Dunav}} {{IPA-sh|dǔnav̞|pron}} wenno {{IPA-sh|dûnaːv̞|}}
*{{lang-sk|Dunaj}}
*{{lang-uk|Дунай}} {{IPA-uk|duˈnɑj|pron}} (transliterado: ''Dunai'')

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commons-nailinia|Danube|Danubio}}

[[Kategoria:Danubio| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Serbia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Bavaria]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Austria]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Bulgaria]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Kroasia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Alemania]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Hungaria]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Moldova]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Romania]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Eslobakia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan ti Ukrania]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti sangalubongan a karayan ti Europa]]
[[Kategoria:Pagbeddengan ti Bulgaria–Romania]]
[[Kategoria:Pagbeddengan ti Kroasia–Serbia]]
[[Kategoria:Pagbeddengan ti Hungaria–Eslobakia]]
[[Kategoria:Pagbeddengan ti Romania–Ukrania]]
[[Kategoria:Pagbeddengan ti Romania–Serbia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti karayan a pagbeddengan]]
[[Kategoria:Tengnga nga Europa]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo]]</text>
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    <title>Jorge Luis Borges</title>
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      <text bytes="35730" sha1="qwessrqywx2nxt8d14qo7e4o6uo7dc1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mannurat
| name          = Jorge Luis Borges
| image         = Jorge Luis Borges 1951, by Grete Stern (full).jpg
| alt           = Ni Jorge Luis Borges idi 1951
| caption       = Ni Borges idi 1951, babaen ni Grete Stern
| language      = [[Pagsasao nga Espaniol|Espaniol]]
| birth_name     = Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo
| birth_date     = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|df=yes|1899|8|24}}
| birth_place    = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Arhentina]]
| death_date     = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|df=yes|1986|6|14|1899|8|24}}
| death_place    = [[Hinebra]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]]
| occupation    = Mannurat, mannaniw, kritiko, bibliotekario
|nationality      = [[Arhentina|Arhentino]]
| influences    = [[Spinoza]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[G. K. Chesterton]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Stevenson]], [[Thomas de Quincey|De Quincey]], [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]], [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], [[Luís de Camões|Camões]], [[Francisco de Quevedo|Quevedo]], [[Gustav Meyrink]], [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]], [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]], [[H. P. Lovecraft]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Victor Hugo|Hugo]], [[Paul Valéry]], [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]], [[Plato]], [[Virgil]], [[Shakespeare]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Giovanni Papini|Papini]], [[Heraclitus]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[Euclides da Cunha]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Macedonio Fernández]], [[Sangaribu ken Maysa a Rabrabii]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares|Casares]], [[Rafael Cansinos-Assens]], [[William Blake]]. [[John Keats]], [[Ambrose Bierce]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]
| influenced = [[César Aira]], [[Paul Auster]], [[Ricardo Piglia]], [[Jean Baudrillard]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], [[Roberto Bolaño]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]], [[Giannina Braschi]], [[Italo Calvino]], [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Philip K. Dick]], [[Umberto Eco]], [[Michel Foucault]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Danilo Kis]], [[Gilles Deleuze]], [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Stanisław Lem]], [[Orhan Pamuk]], [[Georges Perec]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], [[José Saramago]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bfaf51ba-e05a-11de-8494-00144feab49a.html#axzz1L3wH1OFW FT.com &quot;Small Talk: José Saramago&quot;]. &quot;Amin a nabasbasak ket nakaimpluensia kaniak iti ania man a banag. Urayno naibagak dayta, ni Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes ket kankanayon kakadua.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[W. G. Sebald]], [[Enrique Vila-Matas]], [[Gene Wolfe]], [[William Gibson]], [[David Foster Wallace]], [[Mark Z. Danielewski]], [[Harlan Ellison]], [[Kyle Muntz]], [[John Barth]], [[Jeff VanderMeer]], [[Peter LaSalle]]}}

Ni '''Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges''' (24 Agosto 1899 – 14 Hunio 1986), ammo a kas ni '''Jorge Luis Borges''' ({{IPA-es|ˈxorxe ˈlwis ˈborxes|lang}} {{Audio|Jorge Luis Borges.ogg|audio}}), ket maysa idi nga [[Arhentina|Arhentino]] a mannurat ti ababa a sarita, manalaysay, mannaniw ken agipatpatarus a naipasngay idiay [[Buenos Aires]]. Dagiti obrana ket arakupenna ti &quot;karakter ti saan a kinapudno kadagiti amin a literatura&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Jozef, Bella. &quot;Borges: linguagem e metalinguagem&quot;. Iti: ''O espaço reconquistado''. Petrópolis, [[Rio de Janeiro|RJ]]: Vozes, 1974, p.43.&lt;/ref&gt; Daggiti naindayegan a liblibrona, ''[[Ficciones]]'' (1944) ken ''[[Ti Aleph (urnong ti ababa a sarita)|Ti Aleph]]'' (1949), ket ururnong dagiti ababa a sarita a naisilsilpo babaen dagiti sapasap a tema a kas dagiti tagtagainep, labirinto, dagiti biblioteka, sarsarming, ay-ayup, piksional a manmannurat, pilosopia, relihion ken Dios. Dagiti obrana ket nakaiparawad iti pilosopiko a literatura ken ti pay pantasia ken dagiti kita ti [[salamangka a realismo]]. Ti kita ti ket nagtigtay a sumupiat ti realismo salamangka/[[Naturalismo (ar-arte)|naturalismo]] ti maikasangapulo ket siam a siglo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MasinaFive&quot;&gt;{{iti sao|pt}} Masina, Lea. (2001) &quot;Murilo Rubião, o mágico do conto&quot;. In: ''O pirotécnico Zacarias e outros contos escolhidos''. Porto Alegre: L &amp; PM, p5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{iti sao|pt}}__, &quot;O maravilhoso no Novo Mundo: ecologia e discurso&quot;, (1992) ''Ecologia e discurso''. Rio de Janeiro, Tempo Brasileiro pp. 115–129.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Theo L. D’Haen (1995) &quot;Salamangka aRealismo ken Kalpasan a modernismo: Pannakaikkat ti Sentro kadagiti Pribilihio a Sentro&quot;, iti: Louis P. Zamora ken Wendy B. Faris, ''Salamangka a Realismo: Teoria, Pakasaritaan ken Komunidad''. Duhan ken Londres, Unibersidad ti Duke a Pagmalditan pp. 191–208.&lt;/ref&gt; Iti kinapudno, ti kritiko a ni Angel Flores, ket isu ti immuna a nagusar ti termino, ket nangiyuna ti panangirugi ti daytoy a tignay iti ''Historia universal de la infamia ([[Ti Sangalubongan a Pakasaritaan ti Inpamia]])'' ([[1935 iti literatura|1935]]) ni Borges .&lt;ref&gt;Iti konperensiana ti &quot;Naisalamangka a Realismo iti Espaniol Amerikano&quot; (Nova York, MLA, 1954), nasakbayan a naipablaak iti ''Hispania'', 38 (2), 1955. Nupay kasta, adda dagiti kritiko a mangipanunot kenni Borges iti sinarunona ken saan a maysa apudnoa salamangka realista.&lt;/ref&gt; Adu dagiti eskolar a nagisingasing a ti nagkarkaro a panagbulsek ni Borges ket timmulong kaniana nga agpartuta kadagiti nipabpabaro a simbolo ti literario babaen ti panagpanpanunot.&lt;ref&gt;Iti ababa, ti kinabulsek ni Borges ket nangiturong kaniana a nagparabor ti daniw ken dagiti ababa a salaysay ngem kadagiti nobela. ''Ferriera'', Eliane Fernanda C. &quot;O (In) visível imaginado em Borges&quot;. Iti: Pedro Pires Bessa (ed.). ''Riqueza Cultural Ibero-Americana''. Campus de Divinópolis-UEMG, 1996, pp. 313–314.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti naladaw a panakisinnao ti daniwna nga adda dagiti kultural a pigura a kas ni [[Spinoza]], [[Luís de Camões|Camões]], ken [[Virgil]].

Idi 1914 ti pamiliana ket immalisda idiay [[Suisa]] nga idiay ket simmrek a nagadal, a nakagun-od ti baccalauréat manipud iti [[Collège de Genève]] idi 1918. Ti pamilian ket kanayonda a nagbanbaniaga idiay Europa, a mairamin kadagiti ipapan idiay [[Espania]]. Idi isubsublina idiay Arhentina idi 1921, ni Borges ket nangrugrugi a nagipabalaak kadagiti daniwna ken dagiti salaysay iti [[surrealista]] a literario a warwarnakan. Isu ket nagtrabaho pay a kas bibliotekero ken lektor ti publiko. Idi 1955 isu ket naidutok a kas ti direktor ti [[Nailian a Biblioteka ti Arhentino a Republika|Nailian a Publiko a Biblioteka]] (''Biblioteca Nacional'') ken propesor ti Literatura idiay [[Unibersdad ti Buenos Aires]]. Idi 1961 isu ket naamammoan ti sangalubongan apanakaikaskaso idi nakaawat ti immuna ken maymaysa laeng a ''[[Prix Formentor|Prix Internasional]]'', a nakibinningay ti daytoy a gunguna kenni [[Samuel Beckett]]. Idi 1971 isu ket nangabak ti [[Premio Herusalem]]. Dagiti obrana ket naipatarus ken nawatiwat a naipabpablaak idiay Estados Unidos ken idiay Europa. Ni Borges ket nalaing kadagiti nadumaduma a pagsasao. Ni Borges ket nangiruknor ti naudi nga obrana, ''Los Conjurados'' (''Dagiti Konspirador''), iti siudad ti Hinebra, Suisa, ken isu idiay, idi 1986, ti nagpilianna a pakatayan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://southerncrossreview.org/48/borges-barili.htm Ni Borges iti Biag ken Patay] Entrebista babaen ni Amelia Barili&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti sangalubongan a pammadayawna ket naipagtitipon idi tawtawen ti 1960, a tinulongan babaen ti &quot;[[Latino Amerikano a Rang-ay]]&quot; ken ti panagballigi ti ''Cien Años de Soledad'' (''[[Sangagasut a Tawtawen a Pangmaymaysa]]'') ni [[Gabriel García Márquez]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MasinaFive&quot; /&gt; Ti mannurat ken mannalaysay a ni [[J. M. Coetzee]] ket nangibaga kaniana ti: &quot;Isu, ngem ad-adu ngem sinoman, ket nagipabaro ti pagsasao ti piksion ken isu ti nanglukat ti dalan ti maysa a naisangsangaya a sangkaputotan dagiti Espaniol Amerikano a nobelista.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Coetzee, J.M. &quot;Borges's Dark Mirror&quot;, ''New York a Panagreprepaso ti Liblibro'', Tomo 45, Bilang 16. Oktubre 22, 1998&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biag ken pagsapulan ==
=== Nasapa biag ket edukasion ===
[[Papeles:Borges 1921.jpg|thumb|Ni Jorge Luis Borges idi 1921 iti edad a 22]]

Ni Jorge Luis Borges ket naipasngay iti maysa nga na-edukado a tengnga a klasea pamilia idi Agosto 1899. Nasayaat ti biagda ngem saanda met a nabaknang tapno makataengda idiay puseg ti ili ti Buenos Aires. Isuda ket nagtaengda idiay [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]], ti napangpanglaw idi a suburbo ti siudad. Ti ina ni Borges, a ni Leonor Acevedo Suárez, ket nagtaud ti maysa a tradisional a taga-Uruguay a pamilia iti &quot;puro&quot; a [[Tatto a Criollo|criollo]] (Espaniol) a kaputotan. Ti pamilia ti inana ket nairamanda idi kadagidi Europeano a panagtaeng iti Abagatan nga Amerika, ken kankanayon ti inana a nangisarsarita kadagiti kinatured a tigtignayda.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Ti 1929 a libro ni Borges a ''Cuaderno San Martín'' ket nairaman ti daniw nga &quot;Isidoro Acevedo,&quot; a nangilaglagip iti apongna a lalaki, a ni Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida, ti maysa a soldado ti Buyot ti Buenos Aires. Ti kaputotan ti Arhentino nga anogado a ni [[Francisco Narciso de Laprida]], Acevedo ket nakilablaban idi kadagiti gubat iti [[ubat ti Cepeda (1859)|Cepeda]] idi 1859, ti [[Gubat ti Pavón|Pavón]] idi 1861, ken ti [[Gubat ti Los Corrales|Los Corrales]] idi 1880. Ni Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida ket pimmusay ti pulmunia idiay nakaipasngayan a balay ti apokona alalalki a ni Jorge Luis Borges. Ni Borges ket dimmakkel a nakangkangeg ti naiwagwag a maipanggep ti gloria ti pamilia. Ti ama ni Borges, a ni Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam, ket paset ti kaputotan ti Espaniol, paset a kaputotan ti Portuges, ken guddua nga Ingles, ket anak pay a lalaki ti maysa a koronel. Ni Borges Haslam, nga ti inana ket maysa nga Ingles, ket dimmakkel nga nagsasao iti Ingles idiay balayda ken kankanayon nga innal-alana ti pamialiana a nagbanbaniaga idiay Europa. Ti [[Inglatera]] ken Ingles kaaduan a nagusgustuan iti balay ti pamila.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt;

Idi agtawen ti siam, ni Jorge Luis Borges ket inpatarusna ti ''[[Ti Naragsak a Prinsipe ken Dadduma pay a Sarsarita#&quot;Ti Naragsak a Prinsipe&quot;|Ti Naragsak a Prinsipe]]'' ni [[Oscar Wilde|Wilde]] iti Espaniol. Daytoy ket naipablaak iti maysa a lokal a warnakan, ngen dagidi gayyemna ket inpagarupanda a ti agpayso a nagsurat idi ket ti amana.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Bloom (2004) ''Jorge Luis Borges'' (Biokritiko ni Bloom) Infobase Publishing {{ISBN|0-7910-7872-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Borges Haslam ket maysa idi nga abogado ken manursuro ti sikolohia a nagsangsanglad kadagiti literario nga aspirasion. Ti kinun-kuna ni Borges iti amana &quot;nangpadas nga agbalin a maysa a mannurat ken napaay iti daytoy a panagpadas.&quot; Nangisurat ti, &quot;kaaduan kadagiti tattaok ket soldadoda ken Ammok a saanakto a kasta, Nababainanak, iti kasapsapaan, a nagayayat iti libro a tao ken saan a tao iti aksion.&quot;&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt;

Ni Borges ket nsursruan idi idiay balayda aginggana idi agtawen ti sangapulo ket maysa, makasasao ti dua, nagbasbasa iti Shakespeare iti Ingles idi agtawen iti sangapulo ket dua.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Ti pamilian ket nagtataeng iti maysa a dakkel a balay nga adda iti maysa nga Ingles a biblioteka nga adda kadagiti sumurok a sanagaribu a tomo ti liblibro; Ni Borges ker nangibagbaga idi a &quot;no masalsaludsod kaniak ti kangrunaan a pasamak iti biagko, Maibagbagak a ti biblioteka ti amak.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Borges, Jorge Luis, &quot;Dagiti autobiograpiko a notal&quot;, ''The New Yorker'', 19 Septiembre 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; Ni tattangna ket nagsardeng a nagsansanay iti linteg gapu ta saan unayen a makakita a dumtenganto a sakit ti anakna a lalaki. Idi 1914, ti pamilia ket immalisda idiay [[Hinebra]], Suisa, ken nagyanda idiay kadagiti simmaruno a dekada idiay Europa.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Ni Borges Haslam ket inagagasan idi babaen ti maysa nga espesialista iti mata idi Hinebra, bayat a ti anakna a lalaki ken ti anakna a babai a ni [[Norah Borges|Norah]] ket nagbasbasada, nga idiay a nakaadal ti Pranses ni Borges junior. Isu ket nagbasbasa ti [[Thomas Carlyle|Carlyle]] iti Ingles, ken nangrugrugi a nagbasbasa iti pilosopia iti Aleman. Idi 1917, idi isu ket agtawen iti 18, naamammuanna ni Maurice Abramowicz ken narugi ti maysa a literario a pannakaigayyem a agpautto idi amin a kabibiagna.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Isu ket nakagun-od iti [[baccalauréat]] manipud idiy [[Collège de Genève]] idi 1918.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oHzs8vuBQU8C&amp;pg=PA16&amp;dq=borges++Coll%C3%A8ge+de+Gen%C3%A8ve+baccalaur%C3%A9at&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=G-PDULCbCMK30QXuroD4Dg&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=borges%20%20Coll%C3%A8ge%20de%20Gen%C3%A8ve%20baccalaur%C3%A9at&amp;f=false ''Ni Borges ken ti Piksionna: Ti Alagaden iti Isipna ken Arte'']
(1999) Gene H. Bell-Villada, Unibersidad ti Texas a Pagmalditan, p.&amp;nbsp;16 {{ISBN|978-0-292-70878-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group='Nota' name='f'&gt;Ni Edwin Williamson ket nangisingsingasing iti ''Borges'' (Viking, 2004) a ni Borges ket saan idi a nakaturpos iti ''baccalauréat'' (pp.&amp;nbsp;79-80): &quot;isu idi ket mabalin a saan a nagikaskaso iti ''baccalauréat,'' gapu ta ginurgurana ken nagbutbuteng ti panageksamen. (iti kinapudno, isu ket saan a nakaturpos ti panagadalna ti nanagato nga eskuela).&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Borges a pamilia ket nangikeddeng, a gapu kadagiti politikal a riribok idiay Arhentina, nagtultuloyda a nangnaed idi Suisia idi las-ud ti gubat, a naggigianda idiay aginggana idi 1921. Kalpasan ti [[Sangalubongan a Guat I]], ti pamilia ket ket naggigianda kadagiti nadumaduma a siudad iti tallo a tawen: ti [[Lugano]], Barcelona, [[Majorca]], Seville, ken Madrid.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt;

Iti dayta apanawen, ni Borges ket nakaduktal kadagiti sinursurat ni [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] ken ti ''[[The Golem (Meyrink)|The Golem]]'' (1915) ni [[Gustav Meyrink]] a nagbalinan kadagiti nakaimpluensiaan kadagiti obrana. Idiay Espana, ni Borges ket nagbalin a kameng ti literario a tignay ti [[avant-garde]], kontra-Modernista a [[Ultraismo|Ultraista]], nga inpatakder babaen ni [[Apollinaire]] ken ni [[Marinetti]], nga aside kadagiti [[Imagista]]. Ti immuna adaniwna, &quot;Himno iti Baybay,&quot; a naisurat iti estilo ni [[Walt Whitman]], ket naipablaak idi iti magasin a ''Grecia''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jason|title=Jorge Luis Borges|url=https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges0000wils_g4b1|page=[https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges0000wils_g4b1/page/37 37]|isbn=1-86189-286-1|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayat nga adad idi idiay Espana, isu ket nakasarungkar kadagiti naidayegan nga Espaniol a mannurat, a mairaman ni [[Rafael Cansinos Assens]] ken ni [[Ramón Gómez de la Serna]].

=== Nasapa a panagsursurat a pagsapulan ===
Idi 1921, ni Borges ket nagsubli ken ti pamiliana idiay Buenos Aires. Bassit laeng ti pormal nga edukasionna, awan dagiti kualipikasionna ket bassit laeng dagiti gayyemna. Nangisursurat iti maysa agayyemna a ti Buenos Aires ket &quot;tinurayanen babaen dagiti arriviste, babaen dagiti husto nga agtutbo nga awanan kadagiti maipapan ti isip nga alikamen, ken dagiti balasang a nadekorasionan&quot;.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt; --&gt;Intugotna ti doktrina iti [[Ultraista a tignay|Ultraismo]] ken nangirugi ti pagsapulanna, a nagipabpablaak kadagiti sureal a daniw ken dagiti salaysay kadagiti literario a warnakan. Idi 1930, ni Nestor Ibarra ket tinawtawaganna ni Borges ti &quot;Nalatak nga Apostol ti [[Criollismo]],&quot; a nagramrambak ti rehionalismo ti Latin nga Amerika.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.borges.pitt.edu/english.php Sentro ti Borges, Unibersidad ti Pittsburgh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110140812/http://www.borges.pitt.edu/english.php |date=2019-01-10 }}. Naala idi 2010-08-16&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Borges ket nangipablaak kadagiti immuna anaipablaak a daniwna, ti ''Fervor de Buenos Aires'', idi 1923 ken nagiparawad ti avant-garde a panagrepaso iti ''[[Martín Fierro (magasin)|Martín Fierro]]''. Ni Borges ket kimmaddua a nangipatakder kadagiti warnakan ti ''Prisma'', ti warnakan a naiwarwaras babaen ti panagikabil kadagiti kopia kadagiti diding ti Buenos Aires, ken ''Proa''. Iti kinaudi a biagna, ni Borges ket nagbabbabawi kadagitoy a nasapa a pablaak, ken nagpanpadas a gimmatang kadagiti amina a naamammuan a kopia tapno dagitoy ket makednganda a madadael.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exboroth.html ''Borges: Dagiti Dadduma a Panagsuksukimat 1937–1952''. Napno a Pangyuna babaen ni James Irby. Unibersidad ti Texas] {{ISBN|978-0-292-76002-8}} Naala idi 2010-08-16&lt;/ref&gt;

Babaen ti tengnga ti tawtawen ti 1930, isu ket nangrugrugi a nagsuksukimat kadagiti eksistensial a saludsod ken piksion. Nagob-obra iti maysa nga estilo a tinawtawagan ni Ana María Barrenechea iti &quot;Irrealidad.&quot; Adu pay dagiti dadduma a mannurat ti Latin Amerika, a kas ni[[Juan Rulfo]], [[Juan José Arreola]], ken ni [[Alejo Carpentier]], ket nagsuksukimatda paya kadagitoy a tema, a naimpluensiaan babaen ti [[Penomenolohia (pilosopia)|penomolohia]] ni [[Husserl]] ken ni [[Heidegger]] ken ti [[eksistentialismo]] ni [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. Iti daytoy nga urat, ti biograpona a ni Williamson ket nangiyunayunay iti pannakadangran iti panangibatay iti maysa a nairaem iti autobiograpiko para iti linaon wenno tono kadagiti naisangsangayan nga obrana: liblibro, pilosopia ken panagpanpanunot ket kaaduan a nagtaudan kadagiti pudno nga inspirasion kaniana a kasla dagiti nasanay a panagbiagna.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Manipud iti immuna a pablaak, ni Borges ket kankanayon idi a nagparparawad iti ''[[Sur (magasin)|Sur]]'' (''Abagatan''), a nabangon idi 1931 babaen ni [[Victoria Ocampo]]. Daytoy idi ti kangrunaan a literario a warnakan ti Arhentina ken timmulong kenni Borges a makabiruk ti pammadayawna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.villaocampo.org/ing/historico/cultura_1.htm |title=Ivonne Bordelois, &quot;The Sur Magazine&quot; Villa Ocampo Website |publisher=Villaocampo.org |date= |accessdate=2011-08-24 |archive-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102084814/http://www.villaocampo.org/ing/historico/cultura_1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Ocampo ket nangipayammo kenni Borges kenni [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], ti sabali pay a nadayeg a pigura iti [[Arhentino a literatura]], nga isu ket agbalinto a kankanayon a kummaduan ken gayyemna. Isuda a dua nagsursuratda kadagiti adu nga obra, nga adda babaen dagiti nom de plume [[H. Bustos Domecq]], a mairaman dagiti serye ti detektibo a parodia ken dagiti pantasia a sarsarita. Idi las-ud dagitoy a tawen, ti maysa a gayyem ti pamilia a ni  [[Macedonio Fernández]] ket nagbalin a nagruna nga impluensia kenni Borges.  Dagitoy dua ketnagituronda kadagiti pakisinnaritaan kadagidi café, away a papanan, wenno idiay bassit nga apartamento ni Fernández idiay distrito ti [[Balvanera]] district. Isu ket nagparparang iti naganna iti &quot;[[Dialogo a maipanggep ti Dialogo]] ni Borges,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Borges, Jorge Luis. Trans. Mildred Boyer ken ni Harold Morland. ''Dreamtigers''. Unibersidad ti Texas a Pagmalditan, 1985, p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; a ditoy a nakisinnarita dagitoy dua ti immortalidad ti kararua.

Idi 1933, ni Borges ket nakagun-od ti editorial a pannkaidutok iti literario a suplemento ti warnakan ti ''Crítica'', nga idiay ket immuna a nangipablaak kadagiti pirgis a kalpasanna ket naurnong a aks ti ''Historia universal de la infamia'' (''[[Ti Sangalubongan a Pakasaritaan ti Inpamia]]'', 1936).&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Ti libro ket nangiraman ti dua akita ti panagsurat. Ti immuna ket iti baetan dagiti salaysay a saan a piksion ken dagiti ababa a sarita, a nagus-usar kadagiti maipapaan ti piksion a pamay-ay a mangibaga kadagiti pudno a sarita. Ti maikadua ket buklen dagiti literario a palso, nga immununa nga inpasa ni Borges a kas dagiti pannkaipatarus dagiti annamong manipud iti nadayeg ngem saan unay a nabasbasa nga ob-obra. Kadagiti simmarsaruno a tawen, isu ket nagserbi a kas maysa a literario nga agbalbalakad para iti kamara pagipablaakan iti ''[[Emecé Editores]]'' ken linawas a nagsursurat kadagiti pablaak para iti ''El Hogar'', a nairuar manipud idi 1936 aginggana idi 1939. Idi 1938, ni Borges ket nakabiruk ti trabaho a kas ti umuna a katakunaynay iti Munisipio a Bilioteka ti Buenos Aires idiay Miguel Cané, ti maysa a nagtrabtrabaho a klase a lugar. Bassit laeng dagiti libro idiay, a naibaga kaniana a ti papangkatologo ti ad-adu ngem sangasut a libro iti tunggal maysa nga aldaw, ket awanen ti maibati a maaramid para kadagiti dadduma nga empleado ken makitanto a kasla dakes daytoy. Ti trabaho ket inaramidna laeng iti maysa nga oras iti tunggal maysa nga aldaw ken dagiti nabati nga orasna ket naggigian idiay sirok iti biblioteka, a nagsursurat kadagiti artikulo, dagiti ababa a sarita ken dagiti pananagipatarus.&lt;!--&lt;ref Name=&quot;LRB&quot; /&gt;--&gt;

=== Kinaudi a pagsapulan ===
[[Papeles:JorgeLuisBorges.jpg|thumb|Ni Jorge Luis Borges idi tawtawen ti 1940, retrato a naala manipud iti &quot;Historia de la Literatura Argentina Tomo II&quot; (1968)]]

Ti ama ni Borges ket pimmusay idi 1938. Daytoy idi ket partikular a tradehia para iti mannurat gapu ta asideg idi dagitoy dua. Idi bisperas ti Paskua iti dayta a tawen, ni Borges ket nagsagaba iti nakaro a dunor iti ulo; idi las-ud iti panangagas, gangani pimmusay isuna iti [[sepsis]]. Bayat idi umim-imbag manipud iti aksidente, ni Borges ket nangrugrugi a nangpadpadas iti baro nga estilo iti panagsurat nga isunto iti pagbalinan a nadayeg. Ti immuna a sarita nga insurat kalpasan ti aksidentena, &quot;[[Pierre Menard, Author of The Quixote|Pierre Menard, Mannurat Ti ''Quixote'']]&quot; ket naiparuar di Mayo 1939. Maysa daytoy kadagiti kadayegan nga obrana, ti &quot;Menard&quot; ket mangkita ti kasasaad ti panagsurat, ken ti pay pannakaikabagian a baetan ti maysa a mannurat ken ti bikodna a historikal a kontesto. Ti immuna nga urnosna kadagiti ababa a sarita, ti ''El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' (''Ti Hardin dagiti Tenedor ti Dalan''), ket nagparang idi 1941, ken kaaduan a naisurat kadagiti obra a dati a naipablaak idiay ''Sur''. Ti titulo ti sarita ket maipanggep ti Insik a propesor idiay Inglatera, ni Dr. Yu Tsun, a nag-espia para iti Alemania idi las-ud ti Sangalubongan a Gubat I, iti maysa a panagpadas a mangpasayaat kadagiti autoridad a ti maysa a taga-Asia a tao ket makabael a mangala ti pakaammo a birbirukenda. Ti kombinasion ti libro ken bugbugto, daytoyket mabalin a mabasa kadagiti adu a waya. Babaen ti daytoy, ni Borges ket awan suppiat a nagparnuay ti [[hipertesto a piksion fiction|hipertesto]] a nobela ken nangipalawag pay ti teoria iti uniberso a naibatay iti estruktura iti kasta a nobela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |last1=Bolter |first1=Jay David |last2=Joyce |first2=Michael |title=Hypertext and Creative Writing |book-title=Hypertext '87 Papers |year=1987 |publisher=ACM |pages=41–50 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=317431 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Moulthrop |first=Stuart |editor1-last=Delany |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Landow |editor2-first=George P. |title=Hypermedia and Literary Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/hypermedialitera0000dela |chapter=Reading From the Map: Metonymy and Metaphor in the Fiction of 'Forking Paths' |publisher=The MIT Press |year=1991 |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti walo a sarita ket nakausar kadagiti ad-adu ngem innem a pulo a pampanid, ti libro ket kadawyan a nasayaat a naawat, ngem ti ''El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' ket napaay a nakaited kaniana kadagiti literario a premio a ninamnama dagiti sirkulona.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/poetry-criticism/borges-jorge-luis|title=Borges, Jorge Luis (Vol.32)|publisher=enotes|accessdate=2008-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wardrip-Fruin, Noah &amp; Montfort, Nick (2003). ''The New Media Reader''. MIT Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nota ==
{{reflist|group=&quot;Nota&quot;}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book | last = Agheana | first = Ion | title = The Meaning of Experience in the Prose of Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/meaningofexperie0071aghe | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | year = 1988 | isbn = 0-8204-0595-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Agheana | first = Ion | title = The Prose of Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/proseofjorgeluis0000aghe | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | year = 1984 | isbn = 0-8204-0130-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Aizenberg | first = Edna | title = The Aleph Weaver: Biblical, Kabbalistic and Judaic Elements in Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/alephweaverbibli0000aize | publisher = Scripta Humanistica | location = Potomac | year = 1984 | isbn = 0-916379-12-4 }}
*{{cite book | last = Aizenberg | first = Edna | title = Borges and His Successors | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = Columbia | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-8262-0712-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Alazraki | first = Jaime | title = Borges and the Kabbalah | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeskaballahot0000alaz | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1988 | isbn = 0-521-30684-1 }}
*{{cite book | last = Alazraki | first = Jaime | title = Critical Essays on Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/criticalessayson00alaz | publisher = G.K. Hall | location = Boston | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-8161-8829-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Balderston | first = Daniel | title = Out of Context | url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontext0000dani | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-8223-1316-2 }}
*{{cite book | last = Barnstone | first = Willis | title = With Borges on an Ordinary Evening in Buenos Aires | url = https://archive.org/details/withborgesonordi0000barn | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-252-01888-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Barrenechea | first = Ana María | title= Borges the Labyrinth Maker. Edited and Translated by Robert Lima | publisher = New York University Press | location = New York City | year = 1965 }}
*{{cite book | last = Bell-Villada | first = Gene | title = Borges and His Fiction | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction0000bell | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | location = Chapel Hill | year = 1981 | isbn = 0-8078-1458-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Bioy Casares | first = Adolfo | title = Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/borges0000bioy | publisher = Destino Ediciones | location = City | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-950-732-085-9 }}
*{{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges00bloo | publisher = Chelsea House Publishers | location = New York | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-87754-721-1 }}
*{{cite book | last1 = Bulacio | first1 = Cristina | first2=Donato |last2=Grima | title = Dos Miradas sobre Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/dosmiradassobreb0000bula | publisher = Ediciones de Arte Gaglianone | location = Buenos Aires | year = 1998 | isbn = 950-554-266-6 }} Illustrated by Donato Grima.
*Burgin, Richard (1969) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations'', Holt Rhinehart Winston
*Burgin, Richard (1998) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations'', University Press of Mississippi
*{{cite book | last = De Behar | first = Block | title = Borges, the Passion of an Endless Quotation | url = https://archive.org/details/borgespassionofe0000bloc_y9s0 | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = Albany | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-4175-2020-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Di Giovanni | first = Norman Thomas | title = The Borges Tradition | url = https://archive.org/details/borgestradition0000unse | publisher = Constable in association with the Anglo-Argentine Society | location = London | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-09-473840-8 }}
*{{cite book | last = Di Giovanni | first = Norman Thomas | title = The Lesson of the Master | url = https://archive.org/details/lessonofmasteron0000digi | publisher = Continuum | location = London | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-8264-6110-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Dunham | first = Lowell | title = The Cardinal Points of Borges | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | location = Norman | year = 1971 | isbn = 0-8061-0983-1 }}
*{{cite book | last = Fishburn | first = Evelyn | title = Borges and Europe Revisited | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeseuroperevi0000unse | publisher = Univ of London | location = City | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-900039-21-4 }}
*{{cite book | last = Frisch | first = Mark | title = You Might Be Able to Get There from Here | url = https://archive.org/details/youmightbeableto0000fris | publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | location = Madison | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8386-4044-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Kristal | first = Efraín | title = Invisible Work | publisher = Vanderbilt University Press | location = Nashville | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-585-40803-3 }}
*Laín Corona, Guillermo. &quot;Borges and Cervantes: Truth and Falsehood in the Narration”. ''Neophilologus'', 93 (2009): 421-37.
*Laín Corona, Guillermo. &quot;Teoría y práctica de la metáfora en torno a ''Fervor de Buenos Aires'', de Borges”. ''Cuadernos de Aleph. Revista de literatura hispánica'', 2 (2007): 79-93. http://cuadernosdealeph.com/revista_2007/A2007_pdf/06%20Teor%C3%ADa.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024915/http://cuadernosdealeph.com/revista_2007/A2007_pdf/06%20Teor%C3%ADa.pdf |date=2012-01-05 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Lima | first=Robert | title=Borges and the Esoteric | journal=Crítica hispánica | volume=15 | series=Special issue | issue=2 | date=30 Marso 2014 | publisher=Duquesne University | issn=0278-7261}}
*{{cite book | last = Lindstrom | first = Naomi | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborgess00lind | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-8057-8327-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Manguel | first = Alberto | title = With Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/liang.withborges0001mang | publisher = Telegram | location = City | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-84659-005-4 }}
*Manovich, Lev,  [http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-intro-manovich-excerpt.pdf New Media from Borges to HTML, 2003]
*{{cite book | last = McMurray | first = George | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges00mcmu | publisher = Ungar | location = New York | year = 1980 | isbn = 0-8044-2608-2 }}
*{{cite book | last = Molloy | first = Sylvia | title = Signs of Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/signsofborges00moll | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-8223-1406-1 }}
* Murray, Janet H.,  [http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-intro-murray-excerpt.pdf Inventing the Medium, 2003]
*{{cite book | last = Núñez-Faraco | first = Humberto | title = Borges and Dante | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-03910-511-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Racz | first = Gregary | title = Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) as Writer and Social Critic | publisher = Edwin Mellen Press | location = Lewiston | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-7734-6904-4 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rodríguez | first = Monegal | title = Jorge Luis Borges | publisher = Dutton | location = New York | year = 1978 | isbn = 0-525-13748-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rodríguez-Luis | first = Julio | title = The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic | url = https://archive.org/details/contemporaryprax0000rodr | publisher = Garland | location = New York | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-8153-0101-4 }}
*{{cite book | last = Sarlo | first = Beatriz | title = Jorge Luis Borges: a Writer on the Edge | publisher = Verso | location = London | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84467-588-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Shaw | first = Donald | title = Borges' Narrative Strategy | url = https://archive.org/details/borgesnarratives0000shaw | publisher = Francis Cairns | location = Liverpool | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-905205-84-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Stabb | first = Martin | title = Borges Revisited | url = https://archive.org/details/borgesrevisited00stab | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-8057-8263-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Sturrock | first = John | title = Paper Tigers | url = https://archive.org/details/papertigersideal0000stur | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1977 | isbn = 0-19-815746-0 }}
*{{cite book | last = Todorov | first = Tzvetan | title = Introduction à la littérature fantastique | url = https://archive.org/details/introductionlali0000unse_l3d4 | publisher = Seuil | location = Paris | year = 1970 }}
*{{cite book | last = Toro | first = Alfonso | title = Jorge Luis Borges | publisher = Vervuert | location = Frankfurt Am Main | year = 1999 | isbn = 3-89354-217-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Volek | first = Emil | title = ''&quot;Aquiles y la Tortuga: Arte, imaginación y realidad según Borges&quot;. In:'' Cuatro claves para la modernidad. Analisis semiótico de textos hispánicos. | location = Madrid | year = 1984 }}
*{{cite book | last = Waisman | first = Sergio | title = Borges and Translation | publisher = Bucknell University Press | location = Lewisburg Pa. | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8387-5592-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Williamson | first = Edwin | title = Borges: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/liang.borgeslife0001will | publisher = Viking | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-670-88579-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Wilson | first = Jason | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges0000wils_g4b1 | publisher = Reaktion Books | location = London | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-86189-286-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Woscoboinik | first = Julio | title = The Secret of Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/secretofborgesps0000wosc | publisher = University Press of America | location = Washington | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7618-1238-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Mualem | first = Shlomy | title = Borges and Plato: A Game with Shifting Mirrors | publisher =  Iberoamericana/Vervuert | location = Madrid and Frankfurt | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-8484895954  }}
=== Dagiti dokumentario ===

*{{Cite video
  | people = Eduardo Montes-Bradley (Mannurat/Direktor)
  | title = Harto The Borges
  | medium = Feature Documentary
  | publisher = Patagonia Film Group, US
  | location = USA
  | date = 1999 }}
*{{Cite video | people = Ricardo Wullicher (Direktor) | date = 1978 | title = Borges para millones | location  = Arhentina | medium = Feature Documentary }}
*{{Cite video | people = David Wheatley (Direktor) | title = Profile Of A Writer: Borges and I | url = http://ubu.com/film/borges_portrait.html | medium = Feature Documentary | publisher = Arena | date = 1983 }}
{{refend}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commons-nailinia}}
{{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4331/the-art-of-fiction-no-39-jorge-luis-borges| title=Jorge Luis Borges, Ti Arte ti piksion Bi. 39| journal=Paris Review| date=1967| author=Ronald Christ | volume=Winter-Spring 1967| issue=40}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0076182 BBC Radio 4 a pakitungtungan a programa] manipud iti In Our Time (BBC Radio 4). (Mangeg iti 45 a minuto)
*[http://www.themodernword.com/borges/index.html Jorge Luis Borges iti Moderno a Lubong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130011634/http://themodernword.com/borges/index.html |date=2010-11-30 }}
*[http://www.borges.pitt.edu/ Sentro nii Borges, Unibersidad ti Pittsburg].
*[http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ Dagiti Gayyem ni Jorge Luis Borges Sangalubongan a kagimongan ken dagiti Kumaduaan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214061811/http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ |date=2006-02-14 }}

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borges, Jorge Luis}}
[[Kategoria:Jorge Luis Borges| ]]
[[Kategoria:1899 a pannakaipasngay‏]]
[[Kategoria:1986 nga ipupusay]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akbar</title>
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      <text bytes="13965" sha1="fgdpkv9f44ws29ubqz732w6u7f1vmof" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox kaarian
|name = Akbar
|title =
|image = Portrait of Akbar by Manohar.jpg
|caption = Naladaw a maika-16 a siglo a pannakailadawan ni Akbar babaen ni [[Manohar Das|Manohar]]
|succession =[[Papeles:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|border|22x20px]] Maika-3 a [[Dagiti Mogol nga emperador|Mogol nga Emperador]]
|reign =11 Pebrero 1556 – 27 Oktubre 1605&lt;ref name=Eraly04&gt;{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors|year=2004|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=9780753817582|pages=115, 116|edition=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Akbar (Mughal emperor)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11421/Akbar|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica Online|accessdate=18 Enero 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|coronation =14 Pebrero 1556&lt;ref name=Eraly04/&gt;
|Full title = Ti Nagayed nga Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Imam-i-'Adil, Sultan ul-Islam Kaffat ul-Anam, Emir ul-Mu'minin, Malik-e-Hindustan, Khalifat ul-Muta'ali Sahib-i-Zaman, Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah ['Arsh-Ashyani], Shahanshah-E-Sulatanat Wal Mughaliya,&lt;ref name=&quot;South&quot;&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=23 Mayo 2008|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Dec2000/Akbar.htm|title=Akbar|publisher=The South Asian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|predecessor = [[Humayun]]
|successor = [[Jahangir]]
|regent = [[Bairam Khan]] (1556–1561)
|spouses=[[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]]&lt;br&gt;[[Salima Sultan Begum]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum]]&lt;br&gt;Khandeshi Begum&lt;br&gt;Begum Raj Kanwari Bai&lt;br&gt;Begum Nathi Bai&lt;br&gt;Qismiyah Banu Begum&lt;br&gt;Kashmiri Begum&lt;br&gt;Qazwini Begum&lt;br&gt;Mughli Begum&lt;br&gt;maysa nga asawa a saan a nainaganan&lt;br&gt;'''kamalala:'''&lt;br&gt;Salima Sultana Bibi&lt;br&gt;Daulat Shad Bibi&lt;br&gt;maysa a sabali a kamalala
|spouses-type=Assawa
|issue =Hassan&lt;br&gt;Hussain&lt;br&gt;[[Jahangir]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prinsipe Murad|Murad]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prinsipe Daniyal|Daniyal]]&lt;br&gt;Aram Banu Begum&lt;br&gt;Shakr-un-Nissa Begum&lt;br&gt;Shahzadi Khanum
|full name = Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar
|house = [[Timurid da Dinastia|Kamara ti Timur]]
|father = [[Humayun]]
|mother = [[Hamida Banu Begum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com.pk/imgres?q=akbarnama&amp;hl=en&amp;biw=1024&amp;bih=673&amp;tbm=isch&amp;tbnid=ZV3LjbwYAx0Q1M:&amp;imgrefurl=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O9283/painting-akbars-mother-travels-by-boat/&amp;docid=roKrcHUoKz9a5M&amp;w=498&amp;h=768&amp;ei=VIiFTrXVPMPf4QTGspWHDw&amp;zoom=1&amp;iact=hc&amp;vpx=316&amp;vpy=157&amp;dur=12469&amp;hovh=279&amp;hovw=181&amp;tx=129&amp;ty=197&amp;page=3&amp;tbnh=143&amp;tbnw=95&amp;start=41&amp;ndsp=21&amp;ved=1t:429,r:9,s:41 |title=Google Images |publisher=Google.com.pk |date= |accessdate=2014-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_name = Jalal ud-Din Muhammad
|birth_date = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1542|10|14|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.historyorb.com/birthdays/october/15 | title=Famous Birthdays on 15th October | accessdate=21 Oktubre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_place = [[Umerkot]], [[Sindh]]
|death_date = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|1605|10|27|1542|10|14|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra]]
|date of burial =
|place of burial = [[Sikandra, Agra]]
|religion = [[Islam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne : The Saga of the Great Mughals|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorsofpeacoc0000eral|year=2000|publisher=Penguin books|isbn=9780141001432|page=[https://archive.org/details/emperorsofpeacoc0000eral/page/189 189]|edition=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]), [[Din-e-Illahi]]
}}

Ni '''Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar''', popular nga ammo a kas ni '''Akbar''' ({{IPA-ur|əkbər|IPA}}, literal a &quot;ti natan-ok&quot;; 14 Oktubre 1542 – 27 Oktubre 605), ammo pay a kas ni '''Akbar thi Natan-ok''' wenno '''Akbar I''',&lt;ref name=&quot;iranicaonline1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/akbar-i-mughal-india |title=Akbar I|publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica|date=2011-07-29 |accessdate=2014-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-209 |title=Akbar I |publisher=Oxford Reference |date=2012-02-17 |accessdate=2014-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ket isu idi ti [[Dagiti Mogol nga emperador|Mogol nga Emperador]] manipud idi 1556 aginggana idi pimusay. Isu idi ti maikatlo ken maysa kadagiti nalatak a nagturturay iti [[Mogol a Dinastia]] idiay India. Ni Akbar sinarunona ti amana, ni [[Humayun]], babaen ti rehente, a [[Bairam Khan]], a nangtulong ti ubing nga emperador a nangpadakkel ken nangikaykaysa dagiti dominio ti Mogol idiay India. Ti napigsa ti personalidad ken naballigi a heneral, ni Akbar ket nagin-inut a nagpadakkel ti Moggol nga Imperio tapno mairaman iti gangani amin nga [[Indiano a Subkontinente]] iti amianan ti karayan [[Godavari]]. Ti bileg ken impluensiana, nupay kasta, ket naigay-at iti intero a pagilian gapu ti kinaturay ti militar, politikal, kultural, ken ekonomia ti Mogol. Tapno maikaykaysa tinawatiwat ng estado ti Mogol, ni Akbar ket nangbangon ti setralisado a sistema ti administrasion iti amin a paset ti imperio ken nangampon ti annuroten iti panagikappia dagiti naparukama a nagturturay babaen ti pannakiassawa ken diplomasia. Tapno mapreserba ti kappia ken urnos iti agdumaduma iti relihion ken kultura nga imperio, isu ket nangampon kadagiti annuroten a nakaala kaniana iti suporta kadagiti saan a muslim a suheto. Binalbaliwanna dagiti piansa ti tribu ken identidad ti Islamiko nga estado, ni Akbar ket nangregget iti panangikaykaysa kadagiti adayo a daga iti pagturayanna babaen ti tulnog, a naiyebkas babaen ti Persiano a kultura, iti bagina a kas maysa nga emperador nga addaan idi iti gangani a nainlangitan a kasasaad.

Ti Mogol nga India ket nakaparang-ay iti napigsa ken natalinaay nga ekonomia, ken nakaiturongan daytoy ti panagpadakkel ti komersio ken ti ad-adu a panagsurot iti kultura. Ni Akbar met idi ket patron ti arte ken kultura a patron. Isu ket nagay-ayat iti literatura, ken nagpartuat iti biblioteka kadagiti sumurok a 24,000 tomtomo iti naisurat iti [[Sanskrito]], [[Pagsasao a Hindi|Indostaniko]], [[Pagsasao a Persiano|Persiano]], [[Pagsasao a Griego]], [[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]], [[Pagsasao nga Arabiko|Arabiko]] ken [[Pagsasao a Kashmiri|Kashmiri]], nga addaan kadagiti empleado dagiti eskolar, agipatpatarus, dagiti artista, [[kaligrapia|kaligrapo]], dagiti agsursurat, dagiti agur-urnos iti libro ken dagiti agbasbasa. Dagiti nasantuan a tattao kadagiti adu a pammati, dagiti mannaniw, dagiti arkitekto ken dagiti artisano ket nangarkos ti kortena manipud kadagiti amina a paset ti lubong para iti panagadal ken pannakitungtung. Dagiti korte ni Akbar idiay [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], ken [[Fatehpur Sikri]] ket nagbalin dagitoy a sentro dagiti arte, letletra, ken panagadal. Ti kultura ti Perso-Islamiko ket nangrugi a naitipon ken nailaok kadagit indehenio nga indiano nga elemento, ken ti naisalunima nga [[Indo-Persiano a kultura]] ket rimsua a nailaslasin babaen ti estilo dagiti arte ti Mogol, [[Mogol a pinintaan|pinintaan]], ken ti [[Mugol nga arkitektura|arkitektura]]. Napukpukaw iti pakinakem iti ortodokso nga Islam ken mabalin a nagnamama a makaited iti panagkaykaysa ti relihion iti uneg ti imperiona, ni Akbar ket nangiragpat iti [[Din-i-Ilahi]], ti sinkretiko a kredo a naala manipud ti [[Islam]], [[Hinduismo]], [[Soroastrianismo]], ken [[Kristianidad]]. Ti nalaka, monoteistiko a kulto, managbaybay-a iti panangisakbay, daytoy ket naisentro kenni Akbar a kas propeta, a daytoy ket nakapungtotan ti [[ulema]] ken dagiti ortodokso a Muslim.

Ti turay ni Akbar ket adu a nakaimpluensia ti kurso ti pakasaritaan ti India. Iti las-ud ti panagturayna, ti imperio ti Mogol nagpamitlo iti kadakkelna ken kabaknang. Isuket nangpartuat iti nabileg a sistema ti militar ken nangipatakder kadagiti epektibo a reporma iti politika ken sosial. Babaen ti panagikkat iti [[Jizya|sekteriano a buis]] kadagiti saan a Muslim ken ti panangidutok kaniada kadagiti nangato a puesto ti sibil ken militar, isu idi ti immuna a nagturay a Mogol iti nakaala iti talek ken tulnog  kadagiti patneng a suheto. Isu ket nagipatarus iti [[Sanskrito a literatura]], nakibinglay kadagiti patneng a piesta, ken pinampanunotna a ti natalinaay nga imperio ket agdepdepende iti panagtitinnulong ken naimbag a pammati kadagiti suhetona. Isu a dagiti pundasion para iti multikultural nga imperio babaen ti turay ti Mogol ket naipundar iti las-ud iti panagturaynaa. Ni Akbar ket sinaruno idi a kas emperador babaen ti anakna a lalaki a ni [[Jahangir]].

==Dagiti nota==
{{Reflist}}

==Dagiti nagibasaran==
* {{cite book|title=Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalindiastudi0000atha|first=M. Athar|last=Ali|year=2006|publisher=[Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569661-5 }}
* {{cite book|title=History of Medieval India|first=Satish|last=Chandra|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Akbar and His India|url=https://archive.org/details/akbarhisindia0000unse|first=Irfan|last=Habib|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563791-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Religion, State and Society in Medieval India|first=Nurul|last=Hasan|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-569660-8}}
* {{cite book|title=People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India|url=https://archive.org/details/peopletaxationtr0000moos|first=Shireen|last=Moosvi|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-569315-7}}
* {{cite book|title=History of Mughal Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmughala0000nath|first=R.|last=Nath|year=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-159-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Sangari |first=Kumkum |editor-first=J.S.| editor-last=Grewal |title=The State and Society in Medieval India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |pages=475–501 |chapter=Akbar: The Name of a Conjuncture|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-566720-2 }}
* {{cite book|title=A History of Jaipur|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|year=1984|publisher=Orient Longman|place=New Delhi|isbn=81-250-0333-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC}}
* {{cite book|title=The Oxford History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smit|first=Vincent A.|last=Smith|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561297-4}}

==Adu pay a mabasbasa==
* Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak ''Akbar-namah'' Edited with commentary by Muhammad Sadiq Ali (Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–3 Three Vols. ([[Pagsasao a Persiano|Persiano]])
* Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak ''Akbarnamah'' Edited by Maulavi Abd Al-Rahim|Abd al-Rahim. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. ([[Pagsasao a Persiano|Persiano]])
* Henry Beveridge (Trans.) ''The Akbarnama of Ab-ul-Fazl'' Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1897 Three Vols.
* Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari ''Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari)'' edited &amp; Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi &amp; Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi (Rampur Raza Library) 1962 ([[Pagsasao a Persiano|Persiano]])
* Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. &quot;Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature&quot;, ''Word, Image, Text: Studies in Literary and Visual Culture'', ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2009. {{ISBN|978-81-250-3735-4}}
* Satyananda Giri, ''Akbar'', Trafford Publishing, 2009, {{ISBN|978-1-4269-1561-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Augustus|first=Frederick|author2=(tr. by  Annette Susannah Beveridge)|title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1)|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up|year=1890|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta}}
* {{cite book|last=Augustus|first=Frederick|author2=(tr. by  Annette Susannah Beveridge)|editor= Gustav von Buchwald|title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2)|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00augugoog#page/n4/mode/1up|year=1890|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta}}
* {{cite book|last=Malleson|first=Colonel G. B.|title=Akbar And The Rise Of The Mughal Empire|series=Rulers of India series|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/rulersofindiaakb009177mbp#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1899|publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Garbe|first=Dr. Richard von |title=Akbar - Emperor of India. A Picture of Life and Customs from the Sixteenth Century|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/akbaremperorofin00garb#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1909|publisher=The Opencourt Publishing Company, Chicago}}
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14134 ''Akbar, Emperor of India'' by Richard von Garbe 1857-1927 - (ebook)]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18307 ''The Adventures of Akbar'' by Flora Annie Steel, 1847-1929 -(ebook)]
* {{cite book|last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024056503#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1917|publisher=Oxford at The Clarendon Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Havell|first=E. B.|title=The History of Aryan Rule In India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofaryanru00have#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1918|publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Moreland|first=W. H.|title=India at the death of Akbar: An economic study |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022895001#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1920|publisher=Macmillan &amp; Co., London}}
* {{cite book|last=Monserrate|first= Father Antonio|title=The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/commentaryoffath00monsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1922|publisher=Oxford University Press}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Kategoria ti Commons-nailinia}}

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar}}
[[Kategoria:Akbar]]
[[Kategoria:1542 a pannakaipasngay]]
[[Kategoria:1605 nga ipupusay]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo]]</text>
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    <title>Pelikula</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged]] (20261101) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="5875" sha1="7h67lhyfmauyql8et5ljex3dizpp7ae" xml:space="preserve">Ti '''pelikula''', wenno makunkuna pay ti '''sine''' ket dagiti panagsasaruno dagiti natalinaay a ladawan a no maipakita iti pagbuyaan daytoy ket agpartuat kadagiti alliaw dagiti aggungunay a ladawan. Ti pelikula timapartuat babaen ti [[potograpia|panagretrato]] kaagiti pudno a senario iti maysa a [[kamera ti sine|kamera ti aggungunay a ladawan]]; babaen ti panagretrato kadagiti panangiladawan wenno dagiti bassit usit a modelo nga usaren dagiti tradisional a pamay-an ti [[animasion]]; babaen ti pamay-an ti [[pinartuat ti kompiuter a ladawan|CGI]] ken [[animasion ti kompiuter]]; wenno babaen ti panagtitipon ti mano kadagitoy wenno amin kadagitoy a pamay-an ken dagiti dadduma pay a [[dagiti makita a panagibanagan|makita a pangibanagan]].  Ti proseso ti [[panagaramid ti pelikula]] ket [[arte]] ken maysa nga [[industria ti pelikula|industria]]. Dagiti pelikula ket kasisigud idi a mangirekord iti plastik a kulapot a naipabpabuya idi babaen ti [[proyektor ti sine]] iti dakkel a pagbuyaan; dagiti kabarbaro a pamay-an ket mabalinda nga agusar laeng ti dihital a panagaramid ti sine ken panagipenpen, kasla iti kamera ti [[The Red One (kamera)|Red One]] a mangirekord iti hard-disk wenno flash cards.

==Dagiti nota==
{{Reflist}}

==Dagiti nagibasaran==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Acker |first=Ally |title=Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema, 1896 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/reelwomenpioneer00acke |date=1991 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-0499-5 |location=New York |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Basten |first=Fred E. |title=Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow |url=https://archive.org/details/glorioustechnico0000bast |date=1980 |publisher=AS Barnes &amp; Company |isbn=0-498-02317-6 |location=Cranbury, NJ |language=en}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0274530/ |title=Glorious Technicolor |date=1998 |last=Basten, Fred E. (writer); Peter Jones (director and writer); Angela Lansbury (narrator) |language=en |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |medium=Documentary}}
* {{Cite book |last=Casetti |first=Francesco |title=Theories of Cinema, 1945-1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/theoriesofcinema0000case |date=1999 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-71207-3 |location=Austin, TX |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Pam |title=The Cinema Book |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemabookedbypa0000unse |date=2007 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-1-84457-193-2 |edition=Maika-3 |location=London |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Faber, Liz |title=Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/animationunlimit0000fabe |last2=Walters |first2=Helen |date=2003 |publisher=Laurence King, in association with Harper Design International |isbn=1-85669-346-5 |location=London |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hagener |first=Malte |title=Film: An International Bibliography |last2=Töteberg |first2=Michael |date=2002 |publisher=Metzler |isbn=3-476-01523-8 |location=Stuttgart |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hill, John |title=The Oxford Guide to Film Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900198711246 |last2=Gibson |first2=Pamela Church |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-871124-7 |location=Oxford; New York |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=King |first=Geoff |title=New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/newhollywoodcine00king_0 |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-12759-6 |location=New York |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ledoux |first=Trish |title=Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/completeanimegui0000ledo_f8d6 |last2=Ranney |first2=Doug |last3=Patten, Fred |date=1997 |publisher=Tiger Mountain Press |isbn=0-9649542-5-7 |location=Issaquah, WA |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Merritt |first=Greg |title=Celluloid Mavericks: A History of American Independent Film |url=https://archive.org/details/celluloidmaveric00merr |date=2000 |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |isbn=1-56025-232-4 |location=New York |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey |title=The Oxford History of World Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-874242-8 |location=Oxford; New York |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rocchio, Vincent F. |title=Reel Racism: Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/reelracismconfro0000rocc_y4i2 |date=2000 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=0-8133-6710-7 |location=Boulder, CO |language=en}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Schrader |first=Paul |date=1972 |title=Notes on Film Noir |magazine=Film Comment |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=8–13}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0256908/ |title=The Making of 'Jurassic Park' |date=1995 |last=Schultz |first=John (writer and director); James Earl Jones (narrator) |language=en |publisher=Amblin Entertainment |medium=Documentary}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thackway |first=Melissa |title=Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film |url=https://archive.org/details/africashootsback0000thac |date=2003 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-85255-576-8 |location=Bloomington, IL |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vogel |first=Amos |title=Film as a Subversive Art |url=https://archive.org/details/filmassubversive0000voge |date=1974 |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-394-49078-9 |location=New York |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{commons-nailinia}}
* [http://www.allmovie.com Allmovie]
* [http://www.filmsite.org Film Site]&amp;nbsp;– Panagrepaso dagiti klasiko a pelikula
* {{dmoz|Arts/Movies/}}
* [http://imdb.com/ Ti Internet a Batayn ti Datos ti Pelikula (IMDb)]
{{pungol-nangruna}}

[[Kategoria:Pelikula| ]]
[[Kategoria:Midia ti arte]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Parbo a saririt</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="14887" sha1="mllfucshl7ihai885772av76z9hapr0" xml:space="preserve">Ti '''parbo a saririt''' (wenno artipisial nga intelihensia '''AI''') ket teknolohia ken sanga ti [[siensia ti kompiuter]] nga agadal ken agparang-ay kadagiti nasaririt a makina ken sopwer. Dagiti kangrunaan nga agsuksukisok ti AI ken dagiti libro ti pagobraan a kas ti &quot;panagadal ken daremdem dagiti nasaririt nga ahente&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition of AI&quot; /&gt; nga iti maysa a [[nasaririt nga ahente]] ket ti sistema a mangipagarup ti enbironmentona ken agtignay a mangpaadu iti gasatna nga agballigi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Intelligent agents&quot; /&gt; Ni [[John McCarthy (sientista ti kompuiter)|John McCarthy]], nga isu ti nagaramid iti daytoy a panangibaga idi 1955,&lt;ref name=&quot;Coining of the term AI&quot; /&gt; ket mangipalpalawag iti daytoy a kas &quot;ti siensia ken inhennieria iti panagaramid kadagiti nasaririt a makina&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy's definition of AI&quot; /&gt;

Ti panagsukisok ti AI ket teknikal unay ken espesialisado, ken nauneg a nabingbingay kadagiti pagobraan a paset a masansan a napaay a makisinnarita iti tunggal maysa kaniada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fragmentation of AI&quot; /&gt; Dagitoy a panagsisina ket gapu ti sosial ken kultural a banbanag: dagiti paset ti pagobraan ket dimmakkel iti lawlaw dagiti naisangayan a patakder ken dagiti obra dagiti agmaymaysa nga agsuksukisok. Ti AI a panagsukisok ket nabingbingay pay babaen dagiti nadumaduma a teknikal a banag. Adda met dagiti paset a pagobraan a naipatengaan ti isip kadagiti pakailawlawagan iti naisangayan a [[#Gangandat|problema]], iti maysa kadagiti mabalin nga [[#Dagiti arngian|arngian]], iti panagusar ti aggigiddiat a [[#Ramramit|ramramit]] ken para iti pannakatungpal kadagiti naisangayan a [[#Dagiti panangipakat|panangipakat]].

Dagiti sentral a problema (wenno gangandat) ti AI a pangsukisok ket mairaman ti panagrason, pannakaammo, panagplano, panagadal, komunikasion, [[panangipagarup]] ken ti abilidad nga aggunay ken panangiturong kadagiti banag.&lt;ref name=&quot;Problems of AI&quot; /&gt; Ti sapasap a sairit (wenno &quot;[[napigsa a parbo a saririt|napigsa nga AI]]&quot;) ket isu pay laeng dagiti napaut a gangandat iti pagobraan.&lt;ref name=&quot;General intelligence&quot; /&gt; Dagiti agdama a nadayeg nga arngian ket mairaman dagiti [[#Estatistiko|estatistiko a pamay-an]], [[#Sub-simboliko|pagbilanagn a saririt]] ken [[#Simboliko|tradisional a simboliko nga AI]]. Adda dagiti adu unay a bilang dagiti ramit nga inus-usar iti AI, mairaman dagiti bersion ti [[#Panagbiruk ken optimisasion|panagbiruk ket matematiko nga optimisasion]], [[#Lohika|lohika]], dagiti [[#Dagiti probabilidad a pamay-an para iti di nalawag a panagrason|pamay-an a naibatay iti probabilidad ken ekonomika]], ken dagiti adu pay a dadduma.

Ti pagobraan ket napundar idi iti panagtunton a ti sentral nga abilidad ti tattao, ti saririt—ti [[sapiensia|kalaing]] dagiti ''[[Homo sapiens]]''—ket mabalin a nalawag a maipalawag a mabalin a maparugso babaen ti maysa a makina.&lt;ref&gt;Kitaen ti [[Dartmouth a konperensia|Dartmoutha singasing]], babaen ti [[#Pilosopia|Pilosopia]], dita baba.&lt;/ref&gt; Daytoy ket mangiyaon ti banag a maipanggep ti kasasaad ti [[isip]] ken ti etika iti panagpartuat kadagiti parbo a parsua, dagiti banag a naibagaan idi babaen ti [[Pakasaritaan ti AI#Ti AI iti mito, piksion ken pannagipagarup|mito]], [[parbo a saririt iti piksion|piksion]] ken [[pilosopia ti AI|pilosopia]] maipud idi kina-ugma.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCorduck's thesis&quot; /&gt; Ti parbo a saririt ket suheto idin ti nakaro a nakanamnama a kapanunotan&lt;ref&gt;Ti nakanamnama a kapanunotan a naibagbaga ket mairaman dagiti padto dagiti nasap a nagsuksukisok ti AI (kitaen ti [[Pakasaritaan ti AI#Ti nakanamnama a kapanunotan|nakanamnama a kapanunotan iti pakasaritaan ti AI]]) ken dagiti pay kapanunotan dagiti moderno a [[transhumanismo|transhumanista]] a kas ni [[Ray Kurzweil]].&lt;/ref&gt; ngem nakasagsagaba kadagiti nakakaskasdaaw a [[kalamiisan ti AI r|pannakapaay]].&lt;ref&gt;Dagiti &quot;pannakapaay&quot; a naibagbaga ket mairaman ti [[kalamiisan ti AI #Makina apanangipatarus ken ti ALPAC a reporta iti 1966|reporta ti ALPAC ]] idi 1966, ti panagpanaw kadagiti [[perseptron]] idi 1970, [[kalamiisan ti AIr#Ti Lighthill a reporta| Lighthill a Reporta]] idi 1973 ken ti [[kalamiisan ti AI#Ti pannakarebba ti pagtagilakuan ti Lisp a makina idi 1987|pannakarebba ti pagtagilakuan ti Lisp a makina]] idi 1987.&lt;/ref&gt; Tatta nga aldaw daytoy ket nabalinen a kammasapulan a parte ti industria teknolohia ken kaaduan kadagiti karigatan aproblema iti siensia ti kompiuter.&lt;ref name=&quot;AI widely used&quot; /&gt;

== Pakasaritaan ==
Dagiti agpanpanunot a makina ken dagiti artipisial a parsua ket nagparparang kadagiti [[Griego a mitolohia]], a kas iti [[Talos]] ti [[Kreta]], ti bronse a robot ni [[Hapesto]], ken ti [[Galatea (mitolohia)|Galatea]] ni [[Pigmalion (mitolohia)|Pigmalion]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AI in myth&quot; /&gt; Dagiti kayarigan ti tao a naipamatmatian nga addan ti kasirib ket napartuat kadagiti amin a nangruna a sibilisasion: dagiti animado a [[ladawan ti kulto]] ket rinaraeman idiay [[Ehipto]] ken [[Gresia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cult images as artificial intelligence&quot; /&gt; ken dagiti kasla tao nga [[automaton]] ket pinartuat idi babaen ni [[Ari Mu ti Zhou#Automaton|Yan Shi]], [[Bannuar ti Alehandria]] ken [[Al-Jazari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Humanoid automata&quot; /&gt; Daytoy ket kaaduan pay a naipammatian a dagiti artipisial a parsua ket pinartuat idi babaen ni [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]], [[Judah Loew]] ken ni [[Paracelsus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Artificial beings&quot; /&gt; Babaen dagiti siglo ti maika-19 a siglo ken  maika-20, dagiti artipisial a parsua ket nagbalbalindan a kadawyan a langa iti piksion, a kas iti ''[[Frankenstein]]'' ni [[Mary Shelley]] wenno ti ''[[R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)]]'' ni [[Karel Čapek]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AI in early science fiction&quot; /&gt; Ni [[Pamela McCorduck]] ket nangisupsuppiat a dagitoy amin ket kas pagarigan ti taga-ugma a gatuguten, a kas ti impalplawagna, &quot;tapno pandayen dagiti dios&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCorduck's thesis&quot; /&gt; Dagiti sarita kadagitoy a parsua ken dagiti nagbanaganda ket mamngitungtung kadagiti isu met laeng a namnama, butbuteng ken [[etika ti parbo a saririt|etikal a pagdanagan]] nga irepresenta babaen ti parbo a saririt.

Ti mekanikal wenno [[pormal a panagrason|&quot;pormal&quot; a panagrason]] ket naparang-ayen babaen dagiti pilosopo ken dagiti matematiko manipud idi kinaugma. Ti panagadal ti lohika ket nakaiturongan ti pannakaparnuay ti [[kompiuter|maprograma a dihital nga elektroniko a kompiuter]], a naibatay ti obra ti matematiko a ni [[Alan Turing]] ken dagiti dadduma pay. Ti [[teria ti komputasion]] ni Turing ket nangisingasing a ti maysa a makina, babaen ti panangiyakar-akar kadagiti simbolo a kas ti &quot;0&quot; ken ti &quot;1&quot;, ket mabalin a mangtulad ti aniaman a mapanunot a tignay iti matematiko a panagkissay.&lt;ref&gt;Daytoy a panirigan, a dagiti dihital a kompiuter ket mabalinda a mangtulad ti aniaman a proseso iti pormal a panagrason, ket ammo a kas ti [[tesis ni Church–Turing]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Formal reasoning&quot; /&gt; Daytoy, a kakuyog dagiti agdama a naduktalan iti [[neurolohia]], [[teoria ti pakaammo]] ken dagiti [[sibernatika]], ket nangaw-awis kadagiti bassit a grupo dagiti agsuksukisok tapno mangrugida ti serioso a panangikeddeng ti posibilidad iti panagpartuat ti maysa nga elektroniko nga utek.&lt;ref name=&quot;AI's immediate precursors&quot; /&gt;

==Kitaen met==
*[[Kuantum a panagkomputar]]

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition of AI&quot;&gt;Pannakaipalplawag ti AI a kas ti panagadal kadagiti [[nasaririt nga ahente]]:
* {{Harvnb|Poole|Mackworth|Goebel|1998|loc=[http://people.cs.ubc.ca/~poole/ci/ch1.pdf p. 1]}}, mangited ti bersion nga inus-usar iti daytoy nga artikulo. Laglagipen nga inus-usarda ti pannangibaga a  &quot;panagbilanga a saririt&quot; a kas sinonimo para iti parbo a saririt.
* {{Harvtxt|Russell|Norvig|2003}} (a nagayayat ti panangibaga iti &quot;rasional ng aahente&quot;) ken nagsurat ti &quot;Ti sibubukel nga ahente apanirigan ket kaaduanen a naawawat iti pagobraan &quot; {{Harv|Russell|Norvig|2003|p=55}}.
* {{Harvnb|Nilsson|1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Intelligent agents&quot;&gt;Ti paradigma ti [[nasaririt nga ahente]]:
* {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003|pp=27, 32–58, 968–972}}
* {{Harvnb|Poole|Mackworth|Goebel|1998|pp=7–21}}
* {{Harvnb|Luger|Stubblefield|2004|pp=235–240}}
Ti inusar a panangipalplawag iti daytoy nga artikulo, iti panangibagbaga kadagiti gandat, tigtignay, pannagipagarup ken enbironmento, ket gapu ti {{Harvtxt|Russell|Norvig|2003}}. Dagiti dadduma pay a panangipalplawag ket mangiraman pay ti pannakaammo ken panagadal a kas tradisional a kriteria.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Coining of the term AI&quot;&gt;Urayno adda met dagiti kontrobersia iti daytoy a panirigan (kitaen ti {{Harvtxt|Crevier|1993|p=50}}), [[John McCarthy (sientista ti kompiuter)|McCarthy]] ket awan dudua a nangibagbaga a &quot;Siak ti nagparnuay daytoy a termino&quot; iti maysa apannakisinnarita iti c|net. {{Harv|Skillings|2006}} Ni McCarthy ket immuna a nagusar ti termino iti singasing para iti [[Dartmouth a konperensia]], a nagparang idi 1955. {{Harv|McCarthy|Minsky|Rochester|Shannon|1955}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy's definition of AI&quot;&gt;Panangipalplawag ti Ai babaen ni [[John McCarthy (sientista ti kompiuter)|McCarthy]]:
* {{Harvnb|McCarthy|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Fragmentation of AI&quot;&gt;Ni Pamela {{Harvtxt|McCorduck|2004|pp=424}} ket insuratna &quot;ti nakaro a pannakawarwara ti AI kadagiti paset apagobraan ti panagkita, masna apagsasao, teoria ti panangikeddeng, dagiti henetiko nga algoritmo, robotika&amp;nbsp;... ken dagitoy iti bukod a sanga sanga ti pangobraan amarigatan unay a mangibaga iti animan unay iti tunggal maysa kaniada.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Problems of AI&quot;&gt;Daytoy a listaan dagiti nasaririt ngaugali ket naibatay kadagiti topiko a sinakupan babaen dagiti nangruna alibro ti AI, a mairaman ti:
* {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003}}
* {{Harvnb|Luger|Stubblefield|2004}}
* {{Harvnb|Poole|Mackworth|Goebel|1998}}
* {{Harvnb|Nilsson|1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;General intelligence&quot;&gt;Ti sapasap a saririt ([[napigsa a parbo a saririt|napigsa nga AI]]) ket naitungtungan kadagiti nadayeg a pangyuna iti AI:
* {{Harvnb|Kurzweil|1999}} and {{Harvnb|Kurzweil|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;McCorduck's thesis&quot;&gt;Daytoy ket sentral a kapanuotan ti ''Dagiti Makina Makapanunot'' ni [[Pamela McCorduck]], Insuratna ti: &quot;Kayatko a mapanunot nga iti parbo a saririt a kas ti sientipiko nga apeotesis ti naranga a kultural a tradision.&quot; {{Harv|McCorduck|2004|p=34}} &quot;Ti parbo a saririt iti maysa a porma wenno iti sabali ket maysa a kapanunotan a naipasagepsep ti Akinlaud a pakasaritaan ti kinasirib, ti tagtagainep itimaganganat a kammasapulan iti pannakatungpal.&quot; {{Harv|McCorduck|2004|p=xviii}} &quot;Ti pakasatitaantayo ket napnmo kadagiti panagpadas—mauyong, misterioso, nakakatkatawa, nagagar, naisaritaan ken pudno—tapno makaaramid ti parbo a saririt, tano makapataud iti makunkuna a kmmasapulan kadatayo—nga aglablabas kadagiti ordiario a pamay-an. Agsisinnubli iti baetan ti mito ken kinapudno, dagiti mapattapattatayo ket agit-ited kadagiti saan a maited ti pagobraantayo, nakibinglaytayon iti napaut apanaweniti daytoy a datdatlag a porma iti bukod reproduksion.&quot; {{Harv|McCorduck|2004|p=3}} Sinurotna ti essem manipud kadagiti [[Helenistiko]] ramut ken tinawtawagann daytoy ti essem iti &quot;pandayen dagiti Dios.&quot; {{Harv|McCorduck|2004|pp=340–400}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AI widely used&quot;&gt;Dagiti pannagipakat ti AI a kaaduan a naus-usar iti likudan dagiri senario:
* {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003|p=28}}
* {{Harvnb|Kurzweil|2005|p=265}}
* {{Harvnb|NRC|1999|pp=216–222}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AI in myth&quot;&gt;AI iti mito:
* {{Harvnb|McCorduck|2004|pp=4–5}}
* {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003|p=939}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cult images as artificial intelligence&quot;&gt;Dagiti [[ladawan ti kulto]] a kas artipisial a saririt:
* {{Harvtxt|Crevier|1993|p=1}} (estatua ni [[Amun]])
* {{Harvtxt|McCorduck|2004|pp=6–9}}
Dagitoy idi dagiti immuna a makina a naipammatian nga addaan ti pudno a saririt ken konsiensia. Inyenkas ni [[Hermes Trismegistus]] ti kadawyan a pammati a dagitoy nga estatua, dagiti nagob-obra ket nakaaramidda &quot;ti pudno a katutubo dagiti dios&quot;, dagiti bukodda a ''sensus'' ken ''spiritus''. Ni McCorduck ken mangaramid ti pannakaikapet a nagabetan dagiti sagrado nga automaton ken [[Dagiti 613 a Bilin|Mosaiko a linteg]] (a naparang-ay iti lawlaw iti isu met laeng a panawen), a mangiparit ti panangiyebkas ti panagraem kadagiti robot {{Harv|McCorduck|2004|pp=6–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Humanoid automata&quot;&gt;Kasla tao nga automata:&lt;br /&gt;
[[King Mu ti Zhou|Yan Shi]]:
* {{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=53}}
[[Bannuar ti Alehandria]]:
* {{Harvnb|McCorduck|2004|p=6}}
[[Al-Jazari]]:
* {{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html |title=T Maika Sangaulo ket Tallo a Siglo a Maprograma a Robot |publisher=Shef.ac.uk |accessdate=25 Abril 2009 |archive-date=2007-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html |url-status=dead }}
[[Wolfgang von Kempelen]]:
* {{Harvnb|McCorduck|2004|p=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Artificial beings&quot;&gt;Dagiti artipisial a parsua:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jābir ibn Hayyān]]'s [[Takwin]]:
* {{Cite journal |author=O'Connor, Kathleen Malone |title=Ti alkemikal a pannakapartuat ti biag (takwin) ken dagiti dadduma pay a konsepto iti Henesis iti mediebal nga Islam |publisher=Unibersidad ti Pennsylvania |year=1994 |url=http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9503804 |accessdate=10 Enero 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205222650/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9503804/ |archive-date=2019-12-05 |url-status=dead }}
Ti [[Golem]] ni [[Judah Loew]]:
* {{Harvnb|McCorduck|2004|pp=15–16}}
* {{Harvnb|Buchanan|2005|p=50}}
Ti Homunculus ni [[Paracelsus]]:
* {{Harvnb|McCorduck|2004|pp=13–14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AI in early science fiction&quot;&gt;AI iti nasapa a piksion ti siensia.
* {{Harvnb|McCorduck|2004|pp=17–25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Formal reasoning&quot;&gt;Pormal a panagrason:
* {{cite book | first = David | last = Berlinski | year = 2000 | title =Ti isasangpet ti Algoritmo| publisher = Harcourt Books |author-link=David Berlinski | isbn=0-15-601391-6 | oclc = 46890682 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AI's immediate precursors&quot;&gt;Dagiti dagus a sinaruno ti AI:
* {{Harvnb|McCorduck|2004|pp=51–107}}
* {{Harvnb|Crevier|1993|pp=27–32}}
* {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003|pp=15, 940}}
* {{Harvnb|Moravec|1988|p=3}}
Kitaen pay ti [[Pakasaritaan ti parbo a saririt#Sibernatika ken dagiti nasapa a neural a network|Sibernatika ken dagiti nasapa a neural a network]]. Kadagiti agsuksukisok a nangiyuna kadagiti pundasion ti AI ket ni [[Alan Turing]], [[John Von Neumann]], [[Norbert Wiener]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Warren McCullough]], [[Walter Pitts]] ken ni [[Donald Hebb]].&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* {{commons-nailinia}}
* [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html Ania kadi ti parbo a saririt?]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parbo a saririt}}
[[Kategoria:Parbo a saririt| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pormal a siensia]]
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  <page>
    <title>Listaan dagiti kapitulo ti Wikimedia</title>
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      <text bytes="8170" sha1="d6skql34wjj5fsircsnteenp8eu0ut6" xml:space="preserve">Dagiti '''kapitulo ti Wikimedia''' ket dagiti nailian wenno paset ti nailian dagiti saan nga agganganansia a gunglo a napartuat tapno maiyaddang ti interesado dagiti lokal a gandat ti Wikmedia. Dagiti kapitulo ket nainkalinteganda a nawaya manipud ti [[Pundasion ti Wikimedia]], ken nakitunos kadagiti &quot;Kapitulo a Tulagan&quot; iti Pundasion kalpasan ti panagawat babaen ti Komite dagiti Kapitulo, ken awan ti pannakaturayda kadagiti website ti Pundasion. Dagiti gunglo ket agurnosda kadagiti rehional a konperensia, serbisio para iti komunidad ken sangalubongan a paspasamak a kas iti [[Wikimania]].&lt;ref name=Konieczny/&gt;&lt;ref name=Morell/&gt; Manipud idi Abril 2013, adda metten dagiti 39 a mabigbig a kapitulo ti Wikimedia.&lt;ref name=Fontanills/&gt;&lt;ref name=Meta/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;
|-
! Lugar
! Titulo
! URL
! Nangrugi
|-
| {{WP|Argentina}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Argentina|Wikimedia Argentina]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.org.ar/ wikimedia.org.ar]
| {{dts|2007-9-1}}
|-
| {{WP|Armenia}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Armenia|Վիքիմեդիա Հայաստան]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.am/ wikimedia.am] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922171431/http://www.wikimedia.am/ |date=2017-09-22 }}
| {{dts|2013-3-26}}
|-
| {{WP|Australia}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Australia|Wikimedia Australia]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.org.au/ wikimedia.org.au]
| {{dts|2008-3-1}}
|-
| {{WP|Austria}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Österreich|Wikimedia Österreich]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.at/ wikimedia.at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826095905/http://www.wikimedia.at/ |date=2020-08-26 }}
| {{dts|2008-2-26}}
|-
| {{WP|Bangladesh}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]
| [http://wikimedia.org.bd/ wikimedia.org.bd]
| {{dts|2011-10-3}}
|-
| {{WP|Belgium}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Belgium|Wikimedia Belgium]]
| [//be.wikimedia.org bd.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|format=mdy|2008|Marso|1}}
|-
| {{WP|Canada}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Canada|Wikimedia Canada]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.ca/ wikimedia.ca]
| {{dts|2011-5-24}}
|-
| {{WP|Chile}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Chile|Wikimedia Chile]]
| [http://www.wikimediachile.cl/ wikimedia.cl]
| {{dts|2011-7-16}}
|-
| {{WP|Czech Republic}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Czech Republic|Wikimedia Česká republika]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.cz/ wikimedia.cz]
| {{dts|2008-3-6}}
|-
| {{WP|Denmark}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Danmark|Wikimedia Danmark]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.dk/ wikimedia.dk]
| {{dts|2009-7-3}}
|-
| {{WP|Estonia}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Eesti|Wikimedia Eesti]]
| [//et.wikimedia.org/ et.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2010-8-31}}
|-
| {{WP|Finland}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Suomi|Wikimedia Suomi]]
| [//fi.wikimedia.org/ fi.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2009-9-21}}
|-
| {{WP|France}}
| [[m:Wikimédia France|Wikimédia France]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.fr/ wikimedia.fr]
| {{dts|2004-10-23}}
|-
| {{WP|Germany}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.de/ wikimedia.de]
| {{dts|2004-6-13}}
|-
| {{WP|Hong Kong}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Hong Kong|香港維基媒體協會]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.hk/ wikimedia.hk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708143648/https://wikimedia.hk/ |date=2013-07-08 }}
| {{dts|2008-3-1}}
|-
| {{WP|Hungary}}
| [[m:Wikimédia Magyarország|Wikimédia Magyarország]]
| [http://wiki.media.hu/ wikimedia.hu]
| {{dts|2008-9-27}}
|-
| {{WP|India}}
| [[m:Wikimedia India|Wikimedia India]]
| [http://wikimedia.in/ wikimedia.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006232924/http://www.wikimedia.in/ |date=2014-10-06 }}
| {{dts|2011-1-3}}
|-
| {{WP|Indonesia}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Indonesia|Wikimedia Indonesia]]
| [http://wikimedia.or.id/ wikimedia.or.id]
| {{dts|2008-10-7}}
|-
| {{WP|Israel}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Israel|Wikimedia Israel]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.org.il/ wikimedia.org.il]
| {{dts|2007-6-26}}
|-
| {{WP|Italy}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Italia|Wikimedia Italia]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.it/ wikimedia.it]
| {{dts|2005-6-17}}
|-
| {{WP|Macau}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Macau|澳門維基媒體協會]]
| [http://wikimedia.org.mo/ wikimedia.org.mo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731201514/http://wikimedia.org.mo/ |date=2012-07-31 }}
| {{dts|2011-4-24}}
|-
| {{WP|Amianan a Macedonia}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Macedonia|Викимедија Македонија]]
| [//mk.wikimedia.org/ mk.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2009-9-21}}
|-
| {{WP|Mexico}}
| [[m:Wikimedia México|Wikimedia México]]
| [//mx.wikimedia.org/ mx.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2011-8-3}}
|-
| {{WP|Netherlands}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Nederland|Wikimedia Nederland]]
| [//nl.wikimedia.org/ nl.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2006-3-27}}
|-
| {{WP|Norway}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Norge|Wikimedia Norge]]
| [//no.wikimedia.org/ no.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2007-6-23}}
|-
| {{WP|Philippines}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Philippines|Wikimedia Philippines]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.org.ph/ wikimedia.org.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513222914/http://www.wikimedia.org.ph/ |date=2012-05-13 }}
| {{dts|2010-4-12}}
|-
| {{WP|Poland}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Polska|Wikimedia Polska]]
| [//pl.wikimedia.org/ pl.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2005-11-18}}
|-
| {{WP|Portugal}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Portugal|Wikimedia Portugal]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.pt/ wikimedia.pt]
| {{dts|2009-7-3}}
|-
| {{WP|Russia}}
| [[wmru:|ru.wikimedia.org]]
| [http://wikimedia.ru/ wikimedia.ru]
| {{dts|2008-5-24}}
|-
| {{WP|Serbia}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Serbia|Wikimedia Serbia]]
| [//rs.wikimedia.org/ rs.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2005-12-3}}
|-
| {{WP|South Africa}}
| [[m:Wikimedia South Africa|Wikimedia South Africa]]
| [http://wikimedia.org.za/ wikimedia.org.za]
| {{dts|2012-2-27}}
|-
| {{WP|Spain}}
| [[m:Wikimedia España|Wikimedia España]]
| [http://wikimedia.org.es/ wikimedia.org.es]
| {{dts|2011-2-7}}
|-
| {{WP|Sweden}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Sverige|Wikimedia Sverige]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.se/ wikimedia.se]
| {{dts|2007-12-11}}
|-
| {{WP|Switzerland}}
| [[m:Wikimedia CH|Wikimedia CH]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.ch/ wikimedia.ch]
| {{dts|2006-5-14}}
|-
| {{WP|Taiwan}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.tw/ wikimedia.tw]
| {{dts|2007-7-4}}
|-
| {{WP|Ukraine}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Ukraine|Вікімедіа Україна]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.org.ua/ wikimedia.org.ua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209173902/http://www.wikimedia.org.ua/ |date=2013-12-09 }}
| {{dts|2009-7-3}}
|-
| {{WP|United Kingdom}}
| [[m:Wikimedia UK|Wikimedia UK]]
| [http://wikimedia.org.uk/ wikimedia.org.uk]
| {{dts|2009-1-12}}
|-
| {{WP|Venezuela}}
| [[m:Wikimedia Venezuela|Wikimedia Venezuela]]
| [http://www.wikimedia.org.ve/ wikimedia.org.ve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030155039/http://www.wikimedia.org.ve/ |date=2014-10-30 }}
| {{dts|2011-10-4}}
|-
| {{WP|New York City}}
| [[m:Wikimedia New York City|Wikimedia New York City]]
| [//nyc.wikimedia.org/ nyc.wikimedia.org]
| {{dts|2009-1-12}}
|-
| {{WP|Washington, D.C.}}
| [[m:Wikimedia District of Columbia|Wikimedia District of Columbia]]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20200709073446/http://wikimediadc.org/ wikimediadc.org]
| {{dts|2011-9-12}}
|}

==Dagiti nagibasaran==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=Morell&gt;Morell (2011), p. 332&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Konieczny&gt;Konieczny (2009)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Fontanills&gt;Fontanills (2012), p. 81&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Meta&gt;Chapters of Wikimedia&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

===Bibliograpia===
* {{cite book|author=Fuster Morell, Mayo|chapter=The Wikimedia Foundation and the Governance of Wikipedia’s Infrastructure|author2=Geert Lovink|author3= Nathaniel Tkacz|title=Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/criticalpointofv00unse|publisher=Institute of Network Cultures|year=2011|isbn=978-90-78146-13-1}}
* {{cite journal|author=Konieczny, P|title=Wikipedia: Community or Social Movement|journal=Interface|date=Nobiembre 2009|volume=1|edition=2|pages=212–232}}
* {{cite journal|author=Fontanills|author2= David Gómez|pages=77–87|title=Academic research into Wikipedia|number=14|journal=Digithum|issn=1575-2275|date=Mayo 2012}}
* {{cite web|url=//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters|title=Wikimedia chapters|author=Various|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}

{{Pundasion ti Wikimedia}}

[[Kategoria:Dagiti kapitulo ti Wikimedia| ]]</text>
      <sha1>d6skql34wjj5fsircsnteenp8eu0ut6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gitara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged]] (20261101) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3618" sha1="av71tazcu1rtoi71zx79yhf975p9hed" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox instrumento
|name=Gitara
|names=
|image=GuitareClassique5.png
|image_capt=Ti [[klasikal a gitara]] (nailon a kuerdas)
|background=kuerdas
|classification=[[Instrumento ti kuerdas]]
|hornbostel_sachs=321.322
|hornbostel_sachs_desc=Komposito a [[kordopono]]
|range= [[Papeles:Range guitar.svg|130px|center]]&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;(ti pagalagadan a natempla a gitara)&lt;/div&gt;
|related=*Dagiti instrumento ti [[Instrumento ti naibai a kuerdas|naibai]] ken [[Instrumento ti makutengteng a kuerdas|makutengteng]] a kuerdas
|articles=}}
Ti '''gitara''' ket ti nadayeg nga [[instrumento ti musika]] a makaaramid iti uni babaen ti panagay-ayam kadagiti (kadawyan) innem a kuerdasna ket aguni babaen ti akostiko wenno babaen ti [[amplipikador|elektroniko nga amplipikador]] (para iti maysa nga [[akostiko a gitara]] wenno ti maysa nga [[elektroniko a gitara]]).  Daytoy ket kadawyan nga inay-ayam babaen ti panagkutengteng wenno panagkettel kadagiti kuerdas iti kanawan nga ima bayat a kulilien dagiti kuerdas iti kanigid nga ima.  Ti gitara ket tipo ti [[kordopono]], ken tradisional a naaramid manipud iti kayo ken naikkan a nakuerdasan iti nailon wenno paslep ken maisalumina manipud kadagiti sabali a kodopona babaen ti pannakaaramidna ken panagtempla. Ti moderno a gitara ket inyunaan babaen ti [[lute]], ti [[vihuela]], ti uppat a [[kurso (musika)|kurso]] a [[Renasimiento]] a gitara, ken ti lima a kurso a baroko a gitara, amin dagitoy ket nakaited iti panagrang-ay ti moderno nga instrumento iti innem a kuerdas.

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
*{{Cite book
|title=The Guitar Handbook
|url=https://archive.org/details/guitarhandbook0000deny_k9a4
|first=Ralph
|last=Denyer
|others=Dagiti naipangruna a kontributor – Isaac&amp;nbsp;Guillory ken kada Alastair&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;Crawford
|pages=
|chapter=
|isbn=0-330-32750-X
|location=Londres ken Syndey
|publisher=Pan Books
|edition=Napno a nabaliwan ken napabaro
|year=1992}}
* Gioia, Joe. ''The Guitar and the New World: A Fugitive History'' 254 pp.
*{{Cite book
|title=Technology of the Guitar
|first=Richard Mark
|last=French
 |pages=
|chapter=
|isbn=978-1-4614-1920-4
|location=New York; Heidelberg
|publisher=Springer Verlag
 |year=2012}}
* {{cite web|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=William&amp;nbsp;A.|last=Sethares|year=2011|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alternatetunings.html|publisher=Unibersidad ti Wisconsin; Departamento ti Inhenieria ti Elektriko|location=Madison, Wisconsin|accessdate=19 Mayo 2012|id=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf 2010&amp;nbsp;PDF a bersion babaen ni Bill&amp;nbsp;Sethares]}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* {{commons-nailinia}}
*[http://www.bsmny.org/features/iidguitar/index.php Adu a pakaammo para iti gitara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612173823/http://www.bsmny.org/features/iidguitar/index.php |date=2011-06-12 }}
*[http://www3.uakron.edu/gfaa/stalking.html Panagsiim ti Kaduogan a Nakuerdasan ti Innem a Gitara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507044440/http://www3.uakron.edu/gfaa/stalking.html |date=2012-05-07 }}
*[http://www.bsharp.org/physics/guitar Dagiti pisika ti gitara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209191707/http://bsharp.org/physics/guitar |date=2010-12-09 }}
*[http://library.csun.edu/igra/ Arkibo ti Internasional a Panagsukisok ti Gitara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719135326/http://library.csun.edu/igra/ |date=2011-07-19 }}
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/guit/hd_guit.htm Ti Gitara],

{{Commons|Guitar}}

{{pungol-nangruna}}

[[Kategoria:Dagiti gitara| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Piano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged]] (20261101) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3924" sha1="c936tvtaxc4er0qwyw2w9q868ikdkym" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox instrumento
|name                  = Piano
|image                 = Two pianos - grand piano and upright piano.jpg
|image_capt            = Ti gran piano (kanigid ken ti maysa a nakatakder a piano (kanawan)
|background            = teklado
|hornbostel_sachs      = 314.122-4-8
|hornbostel_sachs_desc = Simple a [[kordopono]] nga addaan iti [[teklado ti musika|teklado]] nga ipauni dagiti martilio
|inventors             = [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]]
|developed             = Nasapa a maika-18 a siglo
|range                 = [[Image:Range of piano.svg|200px|center]]
}}
Ti '''piano''' ket [[instrumento ti musika]] a maay-ayam nga agusar ti [[teklado ti musika|teklado]]. Daytoy ket kaaduan a maus-usar iti [[Klasiko a musika|klasikal]] ken musika a [[jazz]] para kadagiti solo [[panagpabuya]], grupo a panag-usar, [[musika ti kamara]] ken [[akompania]] ken para iti [[komposision ti musika|panagpartuat]] ken [[ensayo]]. Urayno ti piano ket saan a nalaka a mabagkat ken masansan a nangina, ti bersatilidadna ket kadayegna ket nakaaramid daytoy ti maysa kadagiti kaaduan a naamammuan nga intrumento ti musika iti lubong.

Ti piano ket kadawyan nga adaan iti kayo a kaha a mangpalikmut ti kaha ti aweng ken dagiti metal a a kuerdas. Dagiti metal a kuerdas ket mapuntaan (babaen dagiti akin-uneg a naikabit a muton ti kayo) no dagiti tekla ket maipababa a mapandagan. Ngem no ti naisangayan a tekla ket ibbatan ti agpiano, ti panagpigerger ti kuerdas ket agsardengto, ken kanungpalan a mangpasardeng ti uni nga araramiden dayta a tekla.  Ti nota ket mabalin a maipaatiddog babaen ti panag-usar kadagiti pedal (kadawyan a dagiti piano ket addaan kadagiti dua wenno tallo a pedal) a naikabit iti bababa ti piano iti asideg ti saka ti agpiano. 

Ti panagpandag ti tekla iti teklado ti piano  ket gapuanan ti nataparan a (kadawyan nga iti [[pieltro]]) a martilio ti mangpunta kadagiti [[paslep]] a [[kuerdas (musika)|kuerdas]]. Dagiti martilio ket agballatekda, ken dagiti kuerdas ket agtuloyda nga agpigerger iti bukodda a [[Aweng|prekuensia ti aweng]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kiehl |first=John |date=2011 |title=Hammer Time |url=http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/HammerTime |website=Wolfram Demonstrations Project |language=en |trans-website=Panangipakita a Gandat ti Wolfram}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagitoy a panagpigerger ket maipan babaen ti [[Rangtay (instrumento)|rangtay]] iti [[kaha ti aweng]] a nasaysayaat a [[Panangisilpo (pisika)|panangisilpo]] ti akostika nga enerhia iti angin. Napigpigsanto ti uni ngem ti dagus a mapataud dagiti kuerdas. No maibbatan ti kuerdas, ti apagador ket mangpasardeng ti panagpigerger ken uni ti kuerdas. 

Ti balikas a ''piano'' ket naipangyababaan manipud ti porma ti ''pianoforte'' (PF), ti [[pagsasao nga Italiano|Italiano]] a balikas paara it intrumento (a nagtaud met manipud kadagiti dati a termino ti ''gravicembalo col piano e forte'' ken ''[[fortepiano]]''). Dagiti Italiano a termino ti musika iti  ''piano'' ken ''forte'' ket mangibaga ti &quot;naalumaymay&quot; ken &quot;napigsa&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scholes |first=Percy A. |title=The Oxford Companion to Music |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00scho |date=1975 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-311306-6 |editor-last=Ward |editor-first=John Owen |edition=Maikasangapulo |location=Oxford |language=en |trans-title=Oxford a Kakuyog iti Musika |orig-date=10th edition first published 1970}}&lt;/ref&gt; iti daytoy a kontesto a mangibagbaga kadagiti paggigiddiatan iti kapigsa ti uni a patauden ti instrumento a maisungbat iti sag-id kadagiti tekla ti [[pianista|agpiano]]: ti kinapardas ti panagpandag ti tekla, kapigsa ti puersa a panagpunta ti martilio kadagiti kuerdas, ket napigpigsanto ti uni iti nota a mapataud.

==Dagiti nagibasaran==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{commons-nailinia}}

{{pungol-nangruna}}

[[Kategoria:Piano| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti kordopono]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti instrumento ti teklado]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao nga Asames</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7111" sha1="e7uoey2qjmfqcwbwf0juv1yud8u0d4y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Asames
|nativename=অসমীয়া ''Ôxômiya''
||image=Asamiya language.png
|states=[[India]] ken [[Banglades]]
|region=[[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]] - (Asames wenno dialogo a karuay ti [[Nagames a kreol|Asames]]) ken dagiti sabali apaset ti [[Amianan-Daya nga India]] ken dagiti basbassit a paset dagiti agsasao idiay  [[Pune]] - [[Maharashtra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]] ken [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kolkata]] - [[Laud a Bengal]] ken daddumapay&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lisindia.net/Assamese/Assa_demo.html |title=LIS India |access-date=2014-03-07 |archive-date=2017-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621210647/http://www.lisindia.net/Assamese/Assa_demo.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|speakers = {{sigfig|15.5|2}} a riwriw
|date     = 2007
|ref      = &lt;ref&gt;[[Nationalencyklopedin]] &quot;Världens 100 största språk 2007&quot; Dagiti 100 a Kadakkelan a Pagsasao idi 2007&lt;/ref&gt;
|familycolor=Indo-Europeano
|fam2=[[Sasao nga Indo-Irani|Indo-Irani]]
|fam3=[[Sasao nga Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Sasao nga Akin-daya nga Indo-Aryan|Akin-daya]]
|fam5=[[Sasao a Bengali–Asames|Bengali–Asames]]
|script=[[Asames nga abesedario]]&lt;br&gt;[[Asames a Braille]]
|nation={{IND}} ([[Assam]])
|agency= [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] (literatura/retorikal a kongreso iti Assam)
|dia1=[[Dialekto a Kamrupi|Kamrupi]], [[Dialekto  a Goalpariya|Goalpariya]]
|iso1=as
|iso2=asm
|iso3=asm
|lingua=59-AAF-w
|notice=Indic
|notice2=IPA
}}

Ti '''Asames''' wenno '''Asamiya''' ({{lang|as|অসমীয়া}} ''{{lang|as-Latn|Ôxômiya}}'') ket maysa nga akin-daya a [[pagsasao nga Indo-Aryan]] a kangrunaan a naus-usar idiay [[Dagiti estado ken teritorio ti India|estado]] ti [[Assam]]. Daytoy ket  isu ti [[opisial a pagsasao]] ti Assam. Ti akin-daya unay kadagiti pagsasao nga Indo-Aryan; daytoy ket insasao babaen ti sumurok a 13 a riwriw a patneng nga agsasao.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm REporta ti senso ti India idi 2001]&lt;/ref&gt; Daytoy naisasao pay kadagiti paset ti [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ken dagiti dadduma pay nga estado  ti [[Amianan-Daya nga India|amianan a daya]] Inga India. Ti [[Nagames a kreol|Nagames]],  ti naibatay ti Asames a [[pagsasao a Kreol]] ket adu a naus-usar idiay [[Nagaland]] ken dagiti paset ti Assam.  Ti [[Nefamese]] ket isu ti naibatay ti Asames a pidgin a naus-usar idiay [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Adda met dagiti bassit a lugar dagiti agsasao ti Asames a mabirukan idiay [[Banglades]].

No kakauyog dagiti sabali a [[sasao nga Akin-daya nga Indo-Aryan]], ti Asames ket nagbalbaliw sakbay idi maika-17 a siglo A.D&lt;ref&gt;Sen, Sukumar (1975), ''Grammatical sketches of Indian languages with comparative vocabulary and texts, Volume 1'', P 31&lt;/ref&gt; manipud ti [[Magadhi Prakrit]], a napadur-as met manipud ti dialekto wenno grupo dagiti dialekto nga asideg iti daytoy, ngem maigiddiat met manipud ti, Vedic ken Klasiko a [[Sanskrito]]. Dagiti kabsatna pagsasao ket mairaman ti [[pagsasao a Bengali|Bengali]], [[pagsasao nga Oriya|Oriya]], [[pagsasao a Maithili|Maithili]], [[pagsasao a Chittagonian|Chittagonian]], [[pagsasao a Sylheti|Sylheti]] (Cilôţi), [[Angika]] ken [[sasao a Bihari]]. Daytoy ket naisurat iti [[Asames nga eskritu]]. Ti Asames ket naisursurat manipud ti kanigid nga agpakanawan ken ngato nga agpababa, a kasla met laeng iti Ingglesh. Ti adu a bilang dagiti [[ligatura (panagsurat)|ligatura]] ket mabalinmet gaputa mabalin amin a konsonante a mailaok iti sabsabali. Dagiti bokal ket mabalin a nawaya iti konsonante wenno ti rimpuook ti konsonante.

==Dagiti nota==
{{Reflist}}

==Dagiti nagibasaran==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|last=Bara
|first=Mahendra
|year=1981
|title=The Evolution of the Assamese Script
|publisher=Asam Sahitya Sabha
|place=Jorhat, Assam
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Dutta
|first=Birendranath
|year=1995
|title=A Study of the Folk Culture of the Goalpara Region of Assam
|publisher=University Publication Department, Gauhati University
|place=Guwahati, Assam
}}
* {{cite book |last=Dutta |first=Birendranath |editor-first=Mrinal |editor-last=Miri |title=Linguistic Situation In North-East India |publisher=Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi |year=2003 |edition=2nd |pages=101–110 |chapter=Non-Standard Forms of Assamese: Their Socio-cultural Role |isbn=}}
* {{Citation
|last=Goswami
|first=G. C.
|last2=Tamuli
|first2=Jyotiprakash
|editor-last=Cardona
|editor-first=George
|editor2-last=Jain
|editor2-first=Dhanesh
|contribution=Asamiya
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|year=2003
|pages=391–443
|publisher=Routledge
}}
*{{citation
|last=Guha
|first=Amalendu
|year=1983
|title=The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)
|journal=Social Scientist
|volume=11
|issue=12
|pages=3–34
|doi=10.2307/3516963
}}
*{{citation
|last=Kataki
|first=Banikanta
|year=1941
|title=Assamese: Its Formation and Development
|url=http://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment
|publisher=Gobierno ti Assam
|place=Gauhati, Assam
}}
*{{citation
|last=Kommaluri
|first=Vijayanand
|last2=Subramanian
|first2=R.
|last3=Sagar K
|first3=Anand
|year=2005
|title=Issues in Morphological Analysis of North-East Indian Languages
|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/july2005/morphologynortheast1.html
|journal=Language in India
|volume=5
}}
* {{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC |accessdate=Pebrero 4, 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn= |page= |pages=}}
* {{Citation
|last=Medhi
|first=Kaliram
|title=Assamese Grammar and the Origin of Assamese Language
|publisher=Publication Board, Assam
|year=1988
|location=Guwahati
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Moral
|first=Dipankar
|year=1997
|title=North-East India as a Linguistic Area
|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies
|volume=27
|pages=43–53
|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/moral1997north.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224135520/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/moral1997north.pdf
|access-date=2014-03-07
|archive-date=2021-02-24
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{citation
|last=Oberlies
|first=Thomas
|year=2001
|title=Pali: A Grammar of the Language of the {{transl|sinh|ISO|Theravāda Tipiṭaka}}
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Sharma
|first=M. M.
|editor-last=Borthakur
|editor-first=H. K.
|contribution=Language and Literature
|title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: Ancient Period
|volume=I
|year=1990
|pages=263–284
|place=Guwahati, Assam
|publisher=Publication Board, Assam
}}
{{refend}}

==Dagiti silpo ti ruar==
{{commonscat-inline|Assamese language|{{PAGENAME}}}}
{{InterWiki}}
* [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/candrakanta/ Candrakānta abhidhāna : Asamiyi sabdara butpatti aru udaharanere Asamiya-Ingraji dui bhashara artha thaka abhidhana.] maikadua ngaed. Guwahati : Guwahati Bisbabidyalaya, 1962.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=kCtXYo4Za_0C Diksionario iti Asames ken Ingles] 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asames, Pagsasao}}
[[Kategoria:Pagsasao nga Asames]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mathematics Genealogy Project</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6029" sha1="4bgztyba0s6shz28pnjiqtkus77b6tb" xml:space="preserve">Ti '''Mathematics Genealogy Project''' ket naibatay ti web a [[database]] para iti [[akademiko a henealohia]] dagiti [[matematiko]].&lt;ref name=&quot;llmgp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;che&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;focus&quot;&gt;{{citation
 | last = Worth
 | first = Fred
 | issue = 8
 | journal = MAA FOCUS
 | pages = 40–41
 | title = A Report on the Mathematics Genealogy Project
 | url = http://www.maa.org/pubs/nov06focus.pdf
 | volume = 26
 | year = 2006
 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070218112403/http://www.maa.org/pubs/nov06focus.pdf
 | archivedate = 2007-02-18
 | access-date = 2014-05-20
 | url-status = live
 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Manipud idi Septiembre, 2010, daytoy ket naglaonen iti pakaamo dagiti sumurok a 160,000 a matematiko a sientista nga agparparawad iti &quot;agpang a panagsukisok iti matematika&quot;. Para iti kadawyan a matematiko, ti maikabil iti Mathematics Genealogy Project ket mairaman ti tawen a panaturpos, [[alma mater]], [[doktoral a nagbalakad]], ken dagiti doktoral nga estudiante.&lt;ref name=&quot;llmgp&quot;&gt;{{citation
 | last = Jackson
 | first = Allyn
 | issue = 8
 | journal = Notices of the American Mathematical Society
 | pages = 1002–1003
 | title = A labor of love: the Mathematics Genealogy Project
 | url = http://www.ams.org/notices/200708/tx070801002p.pdf
 | volume = 54
 | year = 2007
 | access-date = 2014-05-20
 | archive-date = 2015-07-18
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150718041410/http://www.ams.org/notices/200708/tx070801002p.pdf
 | url-status = dead
 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/index.php |title=Mathematics Genealogy Project |access-date=2014-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219112941/http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/index.php |archive-date=2021-02-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taudan ti database ==
Ti proyekto ket dimmakkel manipud iti nagpundar a ni [[Harry Coonce]] iti essemna a mangammo ti nagan ti nagbalakad ti nangibalakad kaniana.&lt;ref name=&quot;llmgp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;che&quot;&gt;{{citation
 | last = Carr
 | first = Sarah
 | date = Agosto 18, 1999
 | journal = The Chronicle of Higher Education
 | title = Retired Mathematician Develops a Family Tree of the Scholars in His Field
 | url = http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/recog/chronicle/chronicle.html
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150718042038/http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/recog/chronicle/chronicle.html
 | access-date = 2014-05-20
 | archive-date = 2015-07-18
 | url-status = dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Coonce ket propesor iti ti Matematika idiay [[Unibersidad ti Estado ti Minnesota, Mankato]], idi panawen a napudar ti proyekto, ken ti proyekto ket naipan iti online idi otonio ti 1997. Ni Coonce ket nagretiro manipud idiay Mankato idi 1999, ken idi otonio ti 2002 ti unibersidad ket nangikeddeng a saanen a mangsuporta ti proyekto. Ti proyekto ket naipan iti dayta a panawen idiay [[Unibersidad ti Estado ti North Dakota]]. Manipud idi 2003, ti proyekto ket naipatpataray pay babaen ti [[Matematiko a Kagimongan ti Amerika]], ken idi 2005 daytoy ket nakaawat ti daton manipud iti [[Instituto ti Matematika ti Clay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;llmgp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;focus&quot; /&gt;

== Mision ==
Ti  naisasao a mision ti Mathematics Genealogy ket nangibagbaga, &quot;Iti amin daytoy a proyekto inus-usarmi ti balikas ti &quot;matematika&quot; wenno &quot;matematiko&quot; ti kayatmi a sawen iti kapanunotan a ti balikas ket kaaduan a mangiraman. Isu nga, amin a mainaig a datos manipud kadagiti [[estadistika]], [[siensia ti kompiuter]], wenno [[dagiti operasio a panagsukisok]] ket mabalin amin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/mission.php Naisasao a Mision], The Mathematics Genealogy Project&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sakop ==
Ti pakaammo ti henealohia ket naal manipud kadagiti taudan a kas ti ''Dissertation Abstracts International'' ken ti ''Notices of the American Mathematical Society'', ngem mabalin met a maited ti sinoman babaen ti websute ti proyekto.&lt;ref name=&quot;focus&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/faq.php#sources Where do you get your data?], Mathematics Genealogy FAQ, naal idi 2010-03-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti mabalin a biruken a database ket aglaon ti nagnagan dagiti matematiko, unibersidad a nangited ti grado, tawen a naigungguna ti grado, titulo ti disersion, nagnagan ti nagbalakad ken maika-2 a nagbalakad, ti wagayway ti pagilian a nakaigunggunaan ti grado, ti listaan dagiti doktoral nga estudiante, ken ti bilang dagiti akademiko a kaputotan.&lt;ref name=&quot;llmgp&quot; /&gt;  Adda met dagiti nangayed iti pakasaritaan nga awan iti doktoral a grado a nailista, kasl akenni [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=17864 Joseph Lagrange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915022009/http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=17864 |date=2014-09-15 }}, &quot;&quot;Nangipakita kami ti sillo ken ni Euler tapno mangipakita ti pannakaikapet iti tawid ti siribmi. (hbc)&quot;, The Mathematics Genealogy Project&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kapudno ti pakaammo ken dagiti dadduma pay a kritisismo ==
Naibagbagan a &quot;Ti datos a naurnong babaen ti proyekto ti henealohia ti matematika ket bukod a nairepreporta, isu nga awan ti garantia a ti napaliiw a network ti henealohia ket kompleto ti deskripsion iti panangisursuro ti network. Iti kinapudno, adda dagiti 16,147 a matematiko nga awan iti nairehistro a nangisursuro, ken kadagitoy, 8,336 wen awan iti amiaman a nairehistro a naisursuro.&quot;&lt;ref name=Maimgren622626&gt;Maimgren, R. D., Ottino, J. M., &amp; Amaral, L. A. (2010). &quot;Ti papel ti panangisursuro iti kalaing ti naisursuroe,&quot; ''Nature'', 465(7298), 622-626, {{DOI|10.1038/nature09040}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimgren, Ottino, ken ni Amaral (2010) ket imbagbagada a &quot;para kadagiti &quot;[matematiko a nagturpos idi baetan ti 1900 ken 1960]&quot; namatmati kami a ti panagturpos ken ti panangisursuro a rehistro ket kaaduan a mapagtalkan.&quot;&lt;ref name=Maimgren622626 /&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210219112941/http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/index.php Website ti Mathematics Genealogy Project]

[[Kategoria:Dagiti proyekto ti matematika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>UTC−00:25:21</title>
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      <text bytes="1495" sha1="es0cksnphvb0x7pwacyfo5tac0ka248" xml:space="preserve">Ti '''UTC−00:25''' ket panangilasin para iti [[timbengan ti UTC|timbengan ti oras manipud iti UTC]] iti −00:25. UTC−00:25 ken naus-usar idi idiay Irlanda kas ti '''Natimbeng nga Oras ti Dublin'''.

Ti Natimbeng nga Oras ti Dublin ket naipayammo babaen kadagiti LInteg ti (Panangipalawag ti Oras) Tignay, 1880,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~jsm28/british-time/1880c9.html Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 &amp; 44 Vict. c. 9)]&lt;/ref&gt; a naipalawag pay iti [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT)a kas nainkalintegan nga oras ti Gran Britania. Daytoy a tignay ket sinukatanna ti natimbeng a lokal nga oras a tinengtengnel manipud idin a kas nainkalintegan nga oras manipud iti ''Curtis v. Marso'' idi 1858, iti amin a paset ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian.

Manipud ti bigat ti 2:00 Natimbeng nga Oras ti Dublin iti Dominggo 1 Okutbre 1916, ti ''Tignay ti (Irlanda) Oras, 1916''&lt;ref&gt;''Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 &amp; 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)''&lt;/ref&gt; ket nangbaliw ti oras a naus-usar idiay Irlanda nga isu met laeng  ti naus-usar idiay Gran Britania iti las-ud ti Oras ti Kalgaw ken dagiti dadduma pay nga oras.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~jsm28/british-time/ Pakasritaan ti nainkalintegan nga oras ti Britania]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031630/http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html Ti Dunsink ken ti Pagorasan]

{{Dagiti timbengan ti oras ti UTC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Utc 00:25:21}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti timbengan ti UTC]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahensia ti gobierno</title>
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      <text bytes="1699" sha1="f34yjq8f23rxnjx6exfn0fo3lg0dvfh" xml:space="preserve">Ti '''gobierno''' wenno '''ahensia ti estado''', kadawyan a ti maysa a naidutok a '''komision''', ket ti permanente wenno semi-permanente a gunglo iti [[makina ti gobierno]] nga akinrebbeng para iti panagtaripato ken administrasion kadagiti naisangayan nga annong, kas ti [[ahensia ti intelihensia]]. Adda met dagiti nadayeg a nadumaduma a kita ti ahensia. Urayno adda met dagiti paggigiddiatan iti panagusar, ti ahensia ti gobierno ket kadawyan a naisangayan manipud iti departamento [[Ministro (departamento ti gobiernot)|ministro]], ken dagiti sabali a kita ti bagi a publiko nga inpatakder babaen ti [[gobierno]]. Dagiti annong ti maysa nga ahensia ket kadawyan nga ehekutibo iti karakter, gapu ta dagiti nadumaduma a gunglo (''kas dagiti komision'') ket kadawyan dagitoy a binukel iti maysa nga agbalbalakad a papel—nupay kasta daytoy a pakaisaluminaan ket kankanayon a mapusasawan iti panagsanay.

Ti ahensia ti gobierno ket mabalin a maipatakder babaen ti nailian a gobierno wenno gobierno ti estado iti kaunegan ti pederal a sistema. ''Ti termino ket kadawyan a saan a maus-usar para iti maysa a gunglo a pinartuat babaen dagiti bileg iti bagi ti lokal a gobierno''. Dagiti ahensia ket mabalin a mabangon babaen ti lehislasion wenno dagiti bileg nga ehekutibo. Ti autonomia, wayawaya ken pakapatgan dagiti ahensia ti gobierno ket nawatiwatda pay nga agdumaduma.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150413131155/http://www.dictionnaire.enap.ca/Dictionnaire/17/Index_par_mot.enap?&amp;by=word&amp;id=5&amp;lng=en Ensiklopediko a Diksionario iti Publiko nga Administrasion, Ahensia]

{{pungol}}

[[Kategoria:Dagiti ahensia ti gobierno| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Literasia</title>
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      <text bytes="1829" sha1="ng578ivvkeb59e5331y8q0khqn2jtki" xml:space="preserve">[[Papeles:Analfabetismo2013unesco.png|thumb|300px|right|Mapa ti lubong a mangipakpakita ti literasia babaen ti pagilian idi 2013 ([[Reporta ti Panagrangrang-ay ti Nagtagitaoan]] idi 2013 ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian ken dagiti departamento ti agmaymaysa nga estadistika) Grey = awan datos]]
[[Papeles:World illiteracy 1970-2010.svg|300px|thumb|Ti kinailliterado ti lubong ket nagudua idi baetan ti 1970 ken 2005.]]
Ti '''literasia''' ket tradisional a naaw-awat a kas ti abilidad iti [[panagbasa (proseso)|panagbasa]] ken [[panagsurat]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Literate.&quot; Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 19 Ago. 2014. &lt;http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/literate&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti kaibuksilan ti termino ket mabalin a mapadakkel tapno mairaman ti abilidad iti panagusar ti pagsasao, bbilbilang, ladladawan ken dadduma pay a pamay-an tapno maawatan ken mausar dagiti sistema ti naturay a simbolo iti kultura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ed for All, UNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=UNESCO|title=Education for All: A Global Monitoring Report|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/GMR2006/full/chapt6_eng.pdf|website=UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|archivedate=2006|page=150}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti konsepto ti literasia ket dumakdakkel kadagiti pagilian ti [[OECD]] tapno mairaman dagiti kalaing a panagserrek ti pannakaammo babaen ti teknolohia ken ti abilidad a mangipateg kadagiti narikut a konteksto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ed for All, UNESCO&quot; /&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [http://www.unesco.org/education/literacy Portal ti literasia ti UNESCOl]
* [http://www.unesco.org/uil/litbase Database ti Epektibo a Panagsanay ti Literasia ti UNESCO]
* {{dmoz|Society/Issues/Education/Literasia}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210420031922/https://www.literacyassessment.co.uk/ Panangipateg ti literasia]

[[Kategoria:Literasia| ]]

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  <page>
    <title>Hagia Sophia</title>
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      <text bytes="31814" sha1="37q0uzumd77albzxmwkmxsnhlc370ml" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox monumento
|monument_name   = Hagia Sophia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ayasofya (Turko)&lt;br /&gt;Ἁγία Σοφία (Griego)&lt;br /&gt;Sancta Sophia (Latin)&lt;/small&gt;
|native_name    =
|image       = Hagia Sophia Mars 2013.jpg
|caption      = Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
|location     = [[Istanbul]] (naipakasaritaan a [[Konstantinopla]]), [[Turkia]]
|designer     =  [[Isidoro ti Mileto]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Antemio ti Tralles]]
|type       =
* [[Imperio a Bisantino|Bisantino]] a Katedral ti [[Simbaan a Katoliko|Romano Katoliko]] (537–1054)
* Katedral ti [[Griego nga Ortodokso]] (1054–1204)
* Katedral ti [[Simbaan a Latin|Romano Katoliko]] (1204–1261)
* Katedral ti [[Griego nga Ortodokso]] (1261–1453)
* Meskita ti [[Imperio nga Otomano|Otomano]] (1453–1931)
* Museo (1935–agdama)
|material     = [[Ashlar]], ladrilio
|length      = {{pagbaliwen|82|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|width       = {{pagbaliwen|73|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|height      = {{pagbaliwen|55|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|begin       = 360
|complete     = {{start date and age|537}}
|open       =
|dedicated_to   =
|map_name       = Turkia Istanbul
|map_size       =
|map_caption      = Lokasion idiay Istanbul
|coordinates    = {{coord|41.0085|28.9799|region:TR|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|extra       =
| website = 
{{Infobox Lugar a Tawid ti Lubong
| Part_of   = [[Historiko a Luglugar ti Istanbul]]
| Criteria  = Kultural: i, ii, iii, iv
| ID     = 356
| Year    = 1985
| child    = yes
}}
}}

Ti '''Hagia Sophia''' (manipud iti {{Lang-el|Ἁγία Σοφία}}, &quot;[[Sofia (kinasaririt)|Nasantuan a Kinasaririt]]&quot;; {{lang-la|Sancta Sophia}} wenno ''Sancta Sapientia''; {{lang-tr|Ayasofya}}) ket ti dati a [[Ekumenikal a Patriarka ti Konstantinopla|patriarko]] a [[basilika]] ti [[Simbaan ti Griego nga Ortodokso|Griego]] nga [[Simbaan ti Akindaya nga Ortodokso|Ortodokso]] ([[Simbaan (pasdek)|simbaan]]), ken kalpasanna ti imperial a [[meskita]], ken itan ket museo (Ayasofya Müzesi) idiay [[Istanbul]], [[Turkia]]. Manipud iti petsa a pannakaipatakderna idi 537 aginggana idi 1453, daytoy ket nagserbi a kas maysa a [[katedral]] ti [[Simbaan ti Akindaya nga Ortodokaso|Akindaya nga Ortodokso]] ken tugaw ti [[Ekumenikal a Patriarka ti Konstantinopla|Iglesia ti Konstantinopla]],&lt;ref name=mw112&gt;Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; malaksid idi baetan ti 1204 ken 1261, idi daytoy ket napagbaliwen iti katedral ti Romano a Katoliko babaen ti [[Latin nga Imperio]]. Ti pasdek ket meskita manipud idi 29 Mayo 1453 aginggana idi 1931. Daytoy idi ket [[Sekularidad|naisekularisado]] ken nalukatan a kas museo idi  Pebrero 1, 1935.&lt;ref&gt;Magdalino, Paul, et al. &quot;Istanbul: Buildings, Hagia Sophia&quot; in Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com. accessed 28 Pebrero 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti simbaan ket nairuknoy idi iti ''[[Berbo (Kristianidad)#Berbo akas Lubong, Kinasaririt, Rebelasion ti Daan a Testamento|KInasaririt ti Dios]]'', ti [[Berbo (Kristianidad)|Berbo]], ti maikadua a persona ti [[Nasantuan a Trinidad]],&lt;ref name=ja471&gt;Janin (1953), p. 471.&lt;/ref&gt; ti [[piesta ti patron]]na a mapasamak iti Disiembre 25, ti [[Paskua|komemorasion iti pannakaipasngay]] ti [[Inkarnasion (Kristianidad)|inkarnasion]] iti Berbo ni Kristo.&lt;ref name=ja471 /&gt; Urayno sagpaminsan pay a tinawtawagan a kas ti Sancta Sophia (a kas nainaganan kenni [[Sofia ti Martir|Santa Sofia]]), ti ''sophia'' a kas ti ponetiko a panangiletra iti [[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]] iti Griego a balikas para iti kinasaririt, ti napno a naganna iti Griego ket {{lang|grc|Ναός τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας}}, &quot;Altar ti Nasantuan a Kinasaririt ti Dios&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last = McKenzie|first = Steven L.|others= M. Patrick Graham|title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&amp;pg=PA149&amp;dq=%22Jesus+Christ+as+the+Holy+Wisdom+of+God%22#v=onepage&amp;=%22Jesus%20Christ%20as%20the%20Holy%20Wisdom%20of%20God%22&amp;f=false|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, KY|year = 1998|page=149|isbn =0-664-25652-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last = Binns|first = John|title = An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&amp;pg=PA57&amp;dq=%22Its+dedication+to+the+Wisdom+of+God+identified+it+with+Christ%22#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Its%20dedication%20to%20the%20Wisdom%20of%20God%20identified%20it%20with%20Christ%22&amp;f=false|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year = 2002|page=57|isbn =0-521-66738-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Daytoy ket naidayegan iti dakkel a [[simborio]]na, daytoy ket naikeddeng a kaipukpokan ti [[Bisantino nga arkitektura]]&lt;ref name=BAT&gt;{{cite book | last1=Fazio|first1=Michael|last2=Moffett|first2=Marian|last3=Wodehouse|first3=Lawrence | title = Buildings Across Time | edition = maika-3 | isbn = 978-0-07-305304-2 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Higher Education | year = 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ken naibagbaga a &quot;nangbaliw ti pakasaritaan ti arkitektura&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html|title=Center of Ottoman Power|work=New York Times|last= Simons|first=Marlise |accessdate=4 Hunio 2009 | date=22 Agosto 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daytoy ket nagtultuloy nga isu ti kadakkelan a katedral para kadagiti gangani a rinibu a tawen, aginggana idi nakompleto ti [[Katedral Seville]] idi 1520.
Ti agdama a pasdek ket kasisigud idi a naipatakder a kas simbaan idi baetan ti 532 ken 537 kadagiti bilin ni [[Bisantino nga Imperio|Bisantino nga Emperador]] [[Justiniano I]] ken isu idi ti maikatlo a simbaan ti Nasantuan a Kinasaririt a naipatakder iti dayta a lugar, dagiti dua a dati ket dinadael babaen dagiti nagwewelga. Daytoy ket dinaremdem babaen dagiti [[Tattao a Griego|Griego]] a sientista a ni [[Isidoro ti Mileto]] ken ni [[Antemio ti Tralles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last = Kleiner|first = Fred S.|author2=Christin J. Mamiya|title = Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Volume I, Chapters 1–18|publisher=Wadsworth|location= Mason, OH|edition=maika-12|year = 2008|page=329|isbn =0-495-46740-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti simbaan ket nakaala ti adu nga urnong dagiti [[Relikia|nasantuan a relikia]] ken nagipakpakita iti ken dadduma pay a banbanag, ti {{pagbaliwen|15|m|ft|adj=on}} a pirak nga [[ikonostasio]] . Ti kangrunaan a pakaimatangan ti [[Simbaan ti  Akindaya nga Ortodokso]] kadagiti gangani a sangaribu a tawen, ti pasdek ket nakasaksi iti [[ekskomunikasion]] ti Patriarka a ni [[Miguel I Cerulario]] iti paset ni [[Papa Leon IX]] idi 1054, ti maysa a tignay a kadawyan a naikeddeng a kas ti rugi ti [[Panagsina ti Daya-Laud|Nalatak a Panagsina]].

Idi 1453, ti [[Pannakatnang ti Konstantinopla|Konstantinopla ket pinarukma]] babaen dagiti [[Otomano nga Imperio|Otomano a Turko]] babaen ni Sultan [[Mehmed II]], a nagbalin iti daytoy a nangruna a simbaan ti Ortodokso a Kristianidad ket maipagbaliwen iti maysa a meskita. Bababaen iti dayta a panawen, ti simbaan ket saanen a natartaripato. Uray no kasta, ti katedral ti Kristiano ket nakaaramid iti napigsa nga impresion kadagioti baro a nga Otomano nga agturturay ken inkeddengda a pagbaliwen iti maysa a meskita.&lt;ref name=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html&quot;&gt;[http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html].&quot; LiveScience.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;archnet.org&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2966 Hagia Sophia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105062813/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2966 |date=2009-01-05 }}.&quot; ArchNet.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti kampana, altar, ikonostasio, ken dagiti sakripisial a basiha ken dagiti dadduma pay a relikia ket naikkat ken dagiti [[mosaiko]] a mangipakpakita kenni Hesus, ket ni Inana a Maria, dagiti Kristiano a Santo ken dagiti anghel ket naikkatda pay wenno natakepan iti plaster. Dagiti [[Islamiko nga arkitekturae|Islamiko a langa]] – a kas ti [[mihrab]], [[minbar]], ken dagiti uppat a [[minaret]] – ket nainayon idi. Daytoy ket nagtultuloy a meskita aginggana idi 1931, idi daytoy ket narikpan iti publiko kadagiti uppat a tawen. Daytoy ket nalukatan manen idi 1935 a kas maysa a museo babaen ti Republika ti [[Turkia]]. Ti Haghia Sophia ket isu ti agdama a (2014) maikadu a a kaaduan a nabisbisita a museo idiay Turkia, ken nangaw-awis kadagiti gangani a 3.3 riwriw nga agbisbisita iti tinawen.&lt;ref name=mus&gt;{{cite news|title=Top 10: Turkey’s most visited museums|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/top-10-turkeys-most-visited-museums.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=74133&amp;NewsCatID=385|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=10 Nobiembre 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manipud iti immuna a pannakabaliwna aginggana iti pannakaipatakder ti asideg a dakdakkel a [[Meskita Sultan Ahmed (Istanbul)|Meskita Sultan Ahmed]] (Asul a Meskita ti Istanbul) idi 1616, daytoy idi ti kangrunaa a meskita ti Istanbul. Ti Hagia Sophia ket nagserbi a kas inspirasion para kadagiti dadduma nga adu a meskita, a kas ti Asul a Meskita, ti [[Meskita Şehzade]], ti [[Meskita Süleymaniye]], ti [[Meskita Rüstem Pasha]] ken ti [[Meskita Kılıç Ali Paşa]].

== Pakasaritaan ==
=== Immuna a simbaan ===
[[Papeles:HagiaSophia DomeVerticalPano (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|upright|Iti uneg a pakakitaan ti Hagia Sophia, a mangipakpakita kadagit Islamiko nga elemento Islamic iti ngato ti kangrunaan a simborio.]]
Ti immuna a simbaan iti daytoy a lugar ket ammo idi a kas ti {{lang|grc|Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία}} (''Megálē Ekklēsíā'', &quot;Nalatak a Simbaan&quot;), wenno iti [[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]] &quot;Magna Ecclesia&quot;,&lt;ref name=mw84&gt;Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Church&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualworldheritage.org/papers/3181_976-Virtual_Hagia_Sophia.pdf|format=PDF|title=Virtual Hagia Sophia: Restitution, Visualization and Virtual Life Simulation|accessdate=3 Hulio 2007|author=Alessandro E. FONI|author2=George PAPAGIANNAKIS|author3=Nadia MAGNENAT-THALMANN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709194035/http://www.virtualworldheritage.org/papers/3181_976-Virtual_Hagia_Sophia.pdf|archivedate=2007-07-09|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; gapu kadagiti dakdakkel a dimensionna no maiyasping kadagiti kontemporaneo a simbaan iti Siudad.&lt;ref name=ja471 /&gt; Nailukat idi 15 Pebrero 360 (idi las-ud ti turay ni [[Constancio II]]) babaen ti [[Arianismo|Ariano]] nga obispo a ni [[Eudosio ti Antiokuia]],&lt;ref name=ja472&gt;Janin (1953), p. 472.&lt;/ref&gt; daytoy ket nabangon iti asideg ti lugar nga ayan ti nakabangbangonan ti imperial a plasio. Iti asideg a simbaan ti [[Hagia Irene|Hagia Eirene]] (&quot;Nasantuan a Kappia&quot;) ket nasapsapa a nakompleto ken nagserbi a kas katedral aginggana idi nakompleto ti Nalatak a Simbaan. Dagitoy dua a simbaan ket nagtignayda a kas dagiti nangruna a simbaan iti Bisantino nga Imperio.

Iti panagsursuratna idi 440, ni [[Sokrates ti Konstantinopla]] ket nagtunton a ti simbaan ket binangon babaen ni [[Constancio II]], nga isu ket nagob-obra iti daytoy idi 346.&lt;ref name=ja472 /&gt; Ti tradision a saan a nadadaan ngem ti maika-7 – maika-8 a siglo, dagiti reporta a ti pasdek ket binangon idi babaen ni [[Konstantino ti Natan-ok]].&lt;ref name=ja472 /&gt; Ni [[John Zonaras|Zonaras]] ket inpatunosna dagitoy dua a pamanunotan, a nagsursurat a ni Constancio ket sinimpana idi ti pasdek nga inkonsekrado babaen ni [[Eusebio ti Nicomedia]], kalpasan idi narebba.&lt;ref name=ja472 /&gt; Gapu ta ni Eusebio ket isu idi ti obispo ti Konstantinopla manipud idi 339 aginggana idi 341, ken ni Konstantino ket pimmusay idi 337, daytoy ket mabalin a ti immuna a simbaan ket binangon babaen ti naud-udi.&lt;ref name=ja472 /&gt; Ti pasdek ken nabangon a kas tradisional a nakolumnata a basilika nga addaan kadagiti galeria ken ti tarikayo nga atep. Daytoy ket sinarunuanna ti [[atrio (arkitektura|atro]]. Daytoy ket naitunton idi a kas maysa kadagiti naisangayan a monumento iti lubong iti dayta a panawen.

Ti Patriarka ti Konstantinopla a ni [[John Chrysostom]] ken nakisinnupiat kenni Empresa [[Aelia Eudoxia]], asawa ni emperador [[Arcadio]], ken naeksilo idi 20 Hunio 404. Idi las-ud dagiti simmarsaruno a yaalsa, daytoy nga immuna a simbaan ket kaaduan a napuoran.&lt;ref name=ja472 /&gt; Awan dagiti nabatbati iti daytoy a simbaan tatta nga aldaw.

=== Maikadua a simbaan ===
[[Papeles:Istanbul.Hagia Sophia009.jpg|thumb|Dagiti tidda ti bato ti basilika nga inbilin babaen ni Teodosio II, a mangipakpakita ti [[Agnus Dei|Karnerio ti Dios]]]]
[[Papeles:Hagia Sophia Theodosius 2007 010.JPG|thumb|Dagiti muton ti marmol manipud iti maikadua a simbaan]]
Ti maikadua a simbaan ket inbilin idi babaen ni [[Teodosio II]], nga isu ket nanglukat iti daytoy idi 10 Oktubre 415. Ti basilika ket addaan iti kayo nga atep ken binagon idi babaen ni arkitekto Rufino. Nairugi a nauram daytoy iti las-ud ti nariro a [[Dagiti yaalsa ti Nika|Gulo ti Nika]] ken nangpuor ti maikadua a Hagia Sophia idi 13–14 Enero 532.

Iti agdama nga aldaw adda met dagiti nabati a nadumaduma a muton ti marmol manipud iti maikadua a simbaan; kadagitoy ket [[riliebo]] a mangipakpakita kadagiti 12 a karnero a mangireprepresenta kadagit 12 nga apostol. Kasisigud idi daytoy a paset iti monumental a sumrekan iti sango, dagitoy ket adda itan idiay iti maysa a nagkalian nga abut ti asideg ti sumrekan ti museo kalpasan idi naduktalan dagitoy idi 1935 iti sirok ti akinlaud a parangan babaen ni A. M. Schneider. Ti adu a panagkalkali ket naisardeng gapu iti panagbuteng a madadael ti integridad ti pasdek.

=== Maikatlo a simbaan (agdama nga estruktura) ===
Idi 23 Pebrero 532, iti manmano laeng a lawas kalpasan ti pannakadadael ti maikadua a basilika, ni Emerador [[Justiniano I]] ket nangikeddeng a mangbangon iti maiaktlo ken intero a sabali a basilika, dakdakkel ken nangayngayed ngem dagiti sinarunona.[[Papeles:38-manasses-chronicle.jpg|thumb|left|Pannakabangon ti simbaan a naipakita iti kodise ti Kroniko ti Manases (maika-14 a siglo)]]

Ni Justiniano ket pinilina ni pisiko [[Isidoro ti Mileto]] ken ni matematiko [[Antemio ti Tralles]] a kas dagiti arkitekto; nupay kasta ni Antemio ket pimmusay iti uneg ti maysa a tawen iti daytoy a panagobra. Ti panagbangon ket naibaga iti ''Kadagiti Pasdek'' (''Peri ktismatōn'', Latin: ''De aedificiis'') babaen ni Bisantino a historiador [[Procopio]]. Nangiyeg ti emperador kadagiti material manipud kadagiti amin a paset ti imperio – kas dagiti [[Helenistiko nga arte|Helenistiko nga adigi]] manipud iti [[Templo ni Artemisa]] idiay [[Efeso]], ldagiti dakkel a bato manipud kadagiti pagbatuan iti [[Porfido (heolohia)|porfido]] manipud idiay [[Ehipto]], berde a marmol manipud idiay [[Tesalia]], nangisit a bato manipud idiay rehion ti [[Bosporo]], ken duyaw a bato manipud idiay [[Siria]]. Ad-adu ngem sangapulo a ribo ti nagob-obra. Daytoy a baro a simbaan ket konteporaneo a nabigbigan a kas nangruna nga obra iti arkitektura. Dagiti teoria ni [[Heron ti Alejandria]] ket mabalin idi a nausar tapno mabanagan dagiti parikut a naipresenta babaen ti panagbangon iti kasata a dakkel a simborio iti dakkel nga espasio. Ti emperador ken kakuyogna ti [[Menas ti Konstantinopla|Patriarka ti Menas]], ketlinukatanda ti basilika idi 27 Disiembre 537 – 5 a tawtawen ken 10 a bulbulan kalpasan ti rugi ti panagbangon.&lt;ref name=mw86&gt;Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Chronicle of John Malalas,&quot;  Bk 18.86 Translated by E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys, and R. Scott. Australian Association of Byzantine Studies, 1986 vol 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Chronicle of Theophones Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813.&quot; Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. AM 6030 pg 316, with this note: Theophanes' precise date should be accepted.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti mosaiko iti uneg ti simbaan, nupay kasta, ket nakompleto laeng babaen ti turay ni Emperador [[Justino II]] (565–578).

Ti Hagia Sophia ket isu idi ti tugaw ti [[Ekumenikal a Patriarka ti Konstantinopla|Ortodokso a patriarka ti Konstantinopla]] ken ti nangruna a lugar dagiti imperial a seremonia ti Bisantino, kas dagiti koronasion. Kasla met dagiti sabali a simbaan iti amin a paset ti Kinakristiano, ti basilika ket nangidaton iti santuario manipud iti persekusion kadagiti managlabsing iti linteg.

Dagiti gingined idi Agosto 553 ken idi 14 Disiembre 557 ket nagpataud kadagiti birri iti nangruna a simborio ken ti akindaya a gudua a simborio. Kompleto a narebba ti nangruna a simborio idi las-ud ti simmaruno a gingined idi  7 Mayo 558,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan_1&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Janin
 | first= Raymond
 | title=Constantinople Byzantine
 | publisher=Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines
 | location=Paris
 | language=Pranses
 | edition=1
 | page=41
 | year=1950
}}&lt;/ref&gt; a nagdadael iti [[Ambon (liturhia)|ambon]], altar, ken ti [[Ciborio (arkitektura)|ciborio]]. Ti pannakadadael ket gapu ti adu unay baklay a karga ken ti adu unay a panagtukkol a karga ti simborio a nadalumpinas unay.&lt;ref name=mw86&gt;Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagitoy ti gapu ti panagpaalas ti langa dagiti adigi a nagsarapa iti simborio.&lt;ref name=mw86 /&gt; Ti emperador ket nagbilin iti dagus a panagsimpa. Inbilinna daytoy kenni Isidoro ti Ub-ubing, ti kaanakan a lalaki ni Isidoro ti Mileto, nga isu ket nagus-usar kadagiti nalaglag-an a material ken inpangatona ti simborio babaen dagiti &quot;30 a kadapan&quot;&lt;ref name=mw86 /&gt; (agarup a {{pagbaliwen|6.25|m|ft|sp=us}}) – ken nangited daytoy iti akin-uneg a katayag ti pasdek iti {{pagbaliwen|55.6|m|ft|sp=us}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=haghiasophia-istanbul-turkey |title=Haghia Sophia |location=Istanbul / |publisher=Emporis |accessdate=4 Disiembre 2011 |archive-date=2007-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422015456/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=haghiasophia-istanbul-turkey |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iti pay maipatinayon, ni Isidoro ket binaliwanna ti kita ti simborio, nagipatakder iti naparagpagan a simborio nga adda kadagiti [[pechina]], a dagiti diametroda ket dagiti nagbaetan ti 32.7 ken 33.5&amp;nbsp;m.&lt;ref name=mw86 /&gt; Babaen kadagiti bilin ni Justiniano, walo kadagiti [[Konrinsio a bilin|Korinsio nga adigi]] ket narakrak manipud idiay [[Baalbek]], Lebanon, ken naipatulod idiay Konstantinopla idi agarup a 560.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.stoneworld.com/articles/baalbek-keeps-its-secrets|title=Baalbek keeps its secrets|publisher=stoneworld}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daytoy a panagbangon manen a mangited iti agdama a maiak-16 a siglo a porma ti simbaan, ket nakompleto idi 562. Ti Bisantino a mannaniw a ni [[Pablo ti Silensiario]] ket nagsurat iti atiddog a daniw (adda pay laeng), nga ammo kas ''[[Ekprasis]]'', para iti panangiruknoy manenn ti basilika nga indauluan babaen ni [[Eutikuio ti Konstantinopla|Patriarka Eutikuio]] idi 23 Disiembre 562.

Idi 726, ni emperador [[Leon III ti Isauria|Leon ti Isauria]] ket nangited kadagiti serye ti edikto kadagiti panagraraem kadagiti ladawan, ken nagbilbilin iti buyot a mangdadael amin kadagiti ikono – ken nangrugian daytoy iti paset ti panawen ti [[Bisantino nga Ikonoklasia|Bisantino nga ikonoklasia]]. Iti dayta a panawen, amin dagiti relihioso a ladawan ken dagiti estatua ket naikkat manipud iti Hagia Sophia. Kalpasan ti nabiit a panaginana babaen ti turay ni Empresa [[Irene (empresa)|Irene]] (797–802), nagsubli met ti ikonoklasia. Ni Emperador [[Teofilo (emperador)|Teofilo]] (829–842) ket napigsa idi a naimpluensiaan babaen ti [[Islamiko nga arte]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/calm/2004/00000016/00000001/art00004 |title=The Abbasid palace of Theophilus: Byzantine taste for the arts of |publisher=Ingentaconnect.com |date=1 Marso 2004 |accessdate=26 Pebrero 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; a mangiparit ti representasion dagiti sibibiag a parsua.&lt;ref&gt;Brubaker (2011), p. 115&lt;/ref&gt; Isu ket addaan idi kaadgiti dua a napayakan a bronse a ruangan nga addaan kadagiti bukodna a [[monograma]] a naisaad idiay akin-abagatan a sumrekan ti simbaan.

Ti basilika ket nagsagsagaba iti pannakadadael, ti immuna ket ti dakkel a puor idi 859, ken manen ti maysa a gingined idi Enero 8, 869 a nakarebbaan ti gudua a simborio. Ni Emperador [[Basilio I]] ket inbilinna a masimpa ti simbaan.

Kalpasan ti nalatak a gingined idi 25 Oktubre 989 a nakarebbaan ti akinlaud  nga arko ti simborio, ni Emperador [[Basilio II]] ket dinamagna ti Armenio nga arkitekto a ni [[Tiridates ti Aktekto|Tiridates]], ti nagpartuat kadagiti nalatak a simbaan ti [[Ani (siudad)|Ani]] ken Argina a mangimaton kadagiti panagsimpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Maranci|first=Christina|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3592516|title=The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia]|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|volume=62|issue=3|date=Septiembre 2003|pp=294–305}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binangonna manen ken pinatibkerna ti narebba nga arko ti simbaan, ken binangonna manen ti akinlaud a bangir ti simborio kadagiti 15 a paragpag ti simborio.&lt;ref name=mw87&gt;Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti kakaro ti dadael ket nakasapul iti innem a tawen iti panagsimpa ken panangibangon manen; ti simbaan ket nalukatan manen idi 13 Mayo 994. Idi patingga ti panagbangon manen, napabaro met dagiti dekorasion ti simbaan, ken mairaman kadagiti panaginayon kadagiti pinintaan dagiti uppat a dadakkel a querobin, ti baro a depiksion ni Kristo iti simborio, ken iti abside ti baro a depiksion ni Birhen Maria a nagbaetan kada apostol Pedro ken Pablo.&lt;ref name=ma287&gt;Mamboury (1953) p. 287&lt;/ref&gt; Idiay nalatak a bangir dagiti arko ket dagiti napintaan dagiti propeta ken dagiti manursuro iti simbaan.&lt;ref name=ma287 /&gt;

Iti librona iti ''[[De Ceremoniis|De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae]]'' (&quot;Libro dagiti Seremonia&quot;), ni Emperador [[Konstantino VII]] (913–919) ken nagsurat iti nasalaysayan a panaglagip kadagiti seremonia a naaramid idiay Hagia Sophia babaen ti emperador ken ti patriarka.

[[Papeles:Henricus Dandolo grób RB1.jpg|thumb|Ti maika-19 a siglo a panagmarka ti tanem ni [[Enrico Dandolo]], ti [[Dogo ti Benesia|Dogo]] ti [[Republika ti Benesia|Benesia]] a nagbilin iti [[Maikapat a Krusada|Panagraut iti Konstantinopla]] idi 1204, iti uneg ti Hagia Sophia]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliograpia ==
* {{cite book
 | last1=Boyran
 | first1=Ebru
 | last2=Fleet
 | first2=Kate
 | title=A social History of Ottoman Istanbul
 | publisher=Cambridge University Press
 | location=Cambridge
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-0-521-19955-1
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Brubaker
|first1=Leslie
|last2=Haldon
|first2=John
|title=Byzantium in the Iconoclast era (ca 680–850)
|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiuminicono0000brub
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|year=2011
|isbn=978-0-521-43093-7
}}
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/architecture/monuments/hagia.sophia.html Hagia Sophia Church], also known as Church of Holy Wisdom.
* ''Hagia Sophia''. [http://www.hagiasophia.com/]. Accessed 23 Sept 2014.
* {{cite book
 | last=Hoffman
 | first= Volker
 | title=Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul
 | publisher=Lang
 | location=Bern
 | year=1999
 | language=Aleman
 | isbn = 3-906762-81-5
}}
* {{cite book | last=Janin | first= Raymond
| title=La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères | publisher=Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines | location=Paris
 | year=1953}}
* {{cite book|last=Mainstone|first= Rowland J.|year=1997|title= Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church (reprint edition)|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophiaarchi0000main|publisher=W W Norton &amp; Co Inc.|isbn= 0-500-27945-4}}.
* {{cite book|last=Mamboury|first=Ernest|title=The Tourists' Istanbul|publisher=Çituri Biraderler Basımevi|location=Istanbul|year=1953}}
* {{cite book
 | last=Müller-Wiener
 | first= Wolfgang
 | title=Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh
 | publisher=Wasmuth
 | location=Tübingen
 | year=1977
 | isbn = 978-3-8030-1022-3
 | language=Aleman
}}
* {{cite book
 | last=Necipoĝlu
 | first= Gulru
 | title=The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire
 | publisher=Reaktion Books
 | location=Londres
 | year=2005
 | isbn = 978-1-86189-244-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Ronchey
|first1=Silvia
|last2=Braccini
|first2=Tommaso
| title=Il romanzo di Costantinopoli. Guida letteraria alla Roma d'Oriente
|url=https://archive.org/details/ilromanzodicosta0000ronc
|publisher=Einaudi
|location=Torino
| year=2010
|language=Italiano
|isbn=978-88-06-18921-1
}}
* Runciman, Steven (1965). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CJz8BCdxlfEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=The+Fall+of+Constantinople&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=8TioVOK1F8bnUo7NgKAN&amp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=The%20Fall%20of%20Constantinople&amp;f=false The Fall of Constantinople], 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145. {{ISBN|0-521-39832-0}}.
* {{cite book|first =J.|last=Turner|title=Grove Dictionary of Art|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford| year=1996| isbn=0-19-517068-7}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
* {{cite book
 | last=Alchermes
 | first= Joseph D.
 | contribution= Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian
 | editor-last=Maas
 | editor-first= Michael
 | title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian
 | publisher=Cambridge U.P.
 | location=Cambridge
 | year=2005
 | pages=343–375
 | isbn=978-0-521-52071-3
}}
* {{cite book|last=Balfour|first=John Patrick Douglas|year=1972|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Company|isbn= 978-0-88225-014-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Cimok|first=Fatih|year=2004|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=Milet Publishing Ltd|isbn= 978-975-7199-61-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Doumato|first=Lamia|year=1980|title=The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia: Selected references|publisher=Vance Bibliographies|id=ASIN B0006E2O2M}}
* {{cite book|last=Goriansky|first=Lev Vladimir|year=1933|title=Haghia Sophia: analysis of the architecture, art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia|publisher=American School of Philosophy|id=ASIN B0008C47EA}}
* Harris, Jonathan, ''Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium''. Hambledon/Continuum (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-84725-179-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Howland Swift|first=Emerson|year=1937|title=The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia|publisher=University of Chicago|id=ASIN B000889GIG}}
* {{cite book|last=Kahler|first=Heinz|year=1967|title=Haghia Sophia|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000hein|publisher=Praeger|id=ASIN B0008C47EA}}
* {{cite book|last=Kinross|first=Lord|year=1972|title=Hagia Sophia, Wonders of Man|work=Newsweek|id= ASIN B000K5QN9W}}
* {{cite book|last=Kleinbauer|first=W. Eugene|year=2007|author2=Anthony White|title=Hagia Sophia|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000klei|publisher=Scala Publishers|location=London|isbn= 978-1-85759-308-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Kleinbauer|first=W. Eugene|year=2000|title=Saint Sophia at Constantinople: Singulariter in Mundo (Monograph (Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design), No. 5.)|url=https://archive.org/details/saintsophiaatcon0000klei|publisher=William L. Bauhan|isbn= 978-0-87233-123-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Krautheimer|first=Richard|year=1984|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300052947|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn= 978-0-300-05294-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Mainstone|first=R. J.|year=1997|title=Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophiaarchi0000main|publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson|location=London|isbn= 978-0-500-27945-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Mainstone |first= Rowland J. |title= Hagia Sophia. Architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian's great church |url= https://archive.org/details/hagiasophiaarchi0000main_p1a8 |year= 1988 |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |location= London |isbn= 0-500-34098-6 }}
* {{cite book |last= Mango |first= Cyril |author2=Ahmed Ertuğ |title= Hagia Sophia. A vision for empires |url= https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000unse_s0a6 |year= 1997 |location= Istanbul |isbn= }}
* {{cite book|year=1992|first1=R.|last1=Mark|last2=Çakmaktitle|first2=AS.|title=Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present|publisher=Princeton Architectural|isbn=978-1-878271-11-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Robert S.|year=2004|title=Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia185010000nels|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn= 978-0-226-57171-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Özkul|first=T. A.|year=2007|title=Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia: I-A finite element formulation for static analysis|publisher=Elsevier }}
* Scharf, Joachim:''Der Kaiser in Proskynese. Bemerkungen zur Deutung des Kaisermosaiks im Narthex der Hagia Sophia von Konstantinopel.'' In: ''Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag von Schülern und Freunden zugeeignet'', Wiesbaden 1964, S. 27–35.
* {{cite book|last=Swainson|first=Harold|year=2005|title=The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|location=Boston, MA|isbn= 978-1-4021-8345-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Yucel|first=Erdem|year=2005|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=Scala Publishers|isbn= 978-1-85759-250-4}}
* Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533 Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century]'', no. 592, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, {{ISBN|978-0-87099-179-0}}

=== Dagiti artikulo ===
* Bordewich, Fergus M., [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Fading-Glory.html &quot;A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130408220718/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Fading-Glory.html |date=2013-04-08 }}, ''Smithsonian (magazine)'' magazine, Disiembre 2008

=== Dagiti mosaiko ===
* {{cite book|last=MacDonald |first=William Lloyd|year=1951|title=The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|id=ASIN B0007GZTKS}}
* {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1972|title=The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The church fathers in the north Tympanum|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|id=ASIN B0007CAVA0}}
* {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1968|title=The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: Report on work carried out in 1964|publisher=Johnson Reprints|id=ASIN B0007G5RBY}}
* {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1967|author2=Heinz Kahler|title=Hagia Sophia: With a Chapter on the Mosaics|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000hein|publisher=Praeger|id=ASIN B0000CO5IL}}
* {{cite book|last=Teteriatnikov|first=Natalia B.|year=1998|title=Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/mosaicsofhagiaso0000tete|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection|isbn=978-0-88402-264-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Riccardi|first1=Lorenzo|title=Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud-ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli, in Vie per Bisanzio. VIII Congresso Nazionale dell’Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (Venezia 25-28 novembre 2009), a cura di Antonio Rigo, Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio|date=2012|location=Bari|isbn=978-88-7470-229-9|pages=357–371|url=https://www.academia.edu/1867754/Alcune_riflessioni_sul_mosaico_del_vestibolo_sud-ovest_della_Santa_Sofia_di_Costantinopoli|accessdate=30 Septiembre 2014}}
* {{cite book|last=Yücel|first=Erdem|year=1988|title=The mosaics of Hagia Sophia|publisher=Efe Turizm|id=ASIN B0007CBGYA}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Hagia Sophia}}
{{Wikisource-inline|Hagia Sophia}}

[[Kategoria:Dagiti museo idiay Istanbul]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]]</text>
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    <title>Listaan dagiti siudad idiay Hapon</title>
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      <text bytes="221440" sha1="axurw4ykzt1abu6q1iwm3q35iji94yj" xml:space="preserve">[[Papeles:Cities in Japan.png|thumb|{{legend|#C4FAD5|dagiti siudad a naidesignado babaen ti ordinansia ti gobierno}}{{legend|#FFD350|dagiti bugas a siudad}}{{legend|#00A0E8|dagiti espesial a siudad}}{{legend|#FE80C0|dagiti siudad}}{{legend|#5BE95B|dagiti espesial a barrio}}]]

Daytoy ket ti '''listaan dagiti [[Dagiti siudad ti Hapon|siudad]] idiay [[Hapon]]''', naurnos dagitoy babaen ti [[Dagiti prepektura ti Hapon|prepektura]] ken iti kaunegan ti prepektura babaen ti petsa ti pannakapundar.

Para iti adu pay a pakaaamo a maipanggep kadagiti siudad idiay Hapon kitaen ti [[Munisipalidad ti Hapon]]. Kaaduan kadagiti dakkel a siudad idiay Hapon ket dagiti [[Dagiti siudad a naidesignado babaen ti ordinansia ti Hapon|siudad a naidesignado babaen ti ordinansia]]. Adda met dagiti maipapan iti rehion a nangruna a siudad a naidesignado a kas dagiti [[Dagiti bugas a siudad ti Hapon|bugas a siudad]].

Ti Tokyo ket saan a nairaman iti listaan, gapu ta ti [[Siudad ti Tokyo]] ket awanen manipud idi Hulio 1, 1943. Ti Tokyo ket adda itan a kas espesial a prepektura ti &quot;metropolis&quot; (都 ''to''), nga addaan kadagiti [[Dagiti espesial a barrio ti Tokyo|23 nga &quot;espesial&quot; a barrio]] (nga addaan ti kasasaad a kas iti siudad) a mangbukel dagiti dati a pagbeddengan ti dati a siudad iti akindaya a kagudua ti prepektura.

__TOC__

== Dagiti siudad==
{|class=wikitable
!colspan=2|Nagan!!Hapon!!Blng.
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;||[[Dagiti siudad a naidesignado babaen ti ordinansia ti Hapon|siudad a naidesignado babaen ti ordinansia]]||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|政令指定都市}}&lt;/span&gt;||20
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;||[[Dagiti bugas a siudad ti Hapon|bugas a siudad]]||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|中核市}}&lt;/span&gt;||42
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;||[[Dagiti espesial a siudad ti Hapon|espesial a siudad]]||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|特例市}}&lt;/span&gt;||40
|-
|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;||[[Dagiti siudad ti Hapon|siudad]]||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|市}}&lt;/span&gt;||684
|-
!colspan=4|
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;||[[Dagiti espesial a barrio ti Tokyo|espesial a barrio]]||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|特別区}}&lt;/span&gt;||23
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;  style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
! Siudad (Espesial a barrio) !! Hapon !! Prepektura !! Populasion !! Kalawa !! Densidad!! Napundar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Website
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|名古屋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||2,239,464||326.45||6,860||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.nagoya.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toyohashi, Aichi|Toyohashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊橋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||377,045||261.35||1,443||1906-08-01||[http://www.city.toyohashi.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309065441/http://www.city.toyohashi.aichi.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岡崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||371,380||387.24||959||1916-07-01||[http://www.city.okazaki.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107142409/http://www.city.okazaki.aichi.jp/tagengo/pgide/guide_en/index_e.html |date=2010-01-07 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ichinomiya, Aichi|Ichinomiya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|一宮市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||375,939||113.91||3,300||1921-09-01||[http://www.city.ichinomiya.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Seto, Aichi|Seto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|瀬戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||132,311||111.61||1,185||1929-10-01||[http://www.city.seto.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Handa, Aichi|Handa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|半田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||117,927||47.24||2,496||1937-10-01||[http://www.city.handa.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116164547/http://www.city.handa.lg.jp/ |date=2015-11-16 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kasugai, Aichi|Kasugai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|春日井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||300,713||92.71||3,244||1943-06-01||[http://www.city.kasugai.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toyokawa, Aichi|Toyokawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||161,595||150.71||1,072||1943-06-01||[http://www.city.toyokawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsushima, Aichi|Tsushima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|津島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||65,646||25.08||2,617||1947-03-01||[http://www.city.tsushima.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hekinan, Aichi|Hekinan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|碧南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||73,024||35.86||2,036||1948-04-05||[http://www.city.hekinan.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kariya, Aichi|Kariya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|刈谷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||145,117||50.45||2,876||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.kariya.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||420,286||918.47||458||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Anjo&lt;/span&gt;[[Anjō, Aichi|Anjō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|安城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||176,046||86.01||2,047||1952-05-05||[http://www.city.anjo.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nishio, Aichi|Nishio]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西尾市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||106,643||75.78||1,407||1953-12-15||[http://www.city.nishio.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Gamagori&lt;/span&gt;[[Gamagōri, Aichi|Gamagōri]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|蒲郡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||82,264||56.81||1,448||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gamagori.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Inuyama, Aichi|Inuyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|犬山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||75,304||74.97||1,004||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.inuyama.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tokoname, Aichi|Tokoname]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|常滑市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||52,837||55.63||950||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tokoname.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Konan&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōnan, Aichi|Kōnan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|江南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||100,064||30.17||3,317||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.konan.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Komaki, Aichi|Komaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小牧市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||149,060||62.82||2,373||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.komaki.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Inazawa, Aichi|Inazawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|稲沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||137,475||79.30||1,734||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.inazawa.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokai&lt;/span&gt;[[Tōkai, Aichi|Tōkai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東海市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||106,708||43.36||2,461||1969-04-01||[http://www.city.tokai.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Obu&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōbu, Aichi|Ōbu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大府市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||83,097||33.68||2,467||1970-09-01||[http://www.city.obu.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chita, Aichi|Chita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|知多市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||84,782||45.43||1,866||1970-09-01||[http://www.city.chita.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Chiryu&lt;/span&gt;[[Chiryū, Aichi|Chiryū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|知立市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||68,216||16.34||4,175||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.chiryu.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Owariasahi, Aichi|Owariasahi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|尾張旭市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||79,197||21.03||3,766||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.owariasahi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takahama, Aichi|Takahama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高浜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||43,467||13.00||3,344||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.takahama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iwakura, Aichi|Iwakura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岩倉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||48,042||10.49||4,580||1971-12-01||[http://www.city.iwakura.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toyoake, Aichi|Toyoake]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊明市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||69,124||23.18||2,982||1972-08-01||[http://www.city.toyoake.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031010071331/http://www.city.toyoake.aichi.jp/ |date=2003-10-10 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nisshin, Aichi|Nisshin]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日進市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||80,921||34.90||2,319||1994-10-01||[http://www.city.nisshin.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tahara, Aichi|Tahara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|田原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||66,698||188.81||353||2003-08-20||[http://www.city.tahara.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aisai, Aichi|Aisai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|愛西市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||65,481||66.63||983||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.aisai.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kiyosu, Aichi|Kiyosu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|清須市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||56,635||13.31||4,255||2005-07-07||[http://www.city.kiyosu.aichi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shinshiro, Aichi|Shinshiro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||51,326||499.00||103||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.shinshiro.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121645/http://www.city.shinshiro.lg.jp/ |date=2007-10-24 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitanagoya, Aichi|Kitanagoya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北名古屋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||80,112||18.37||4,361||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kitanagoya.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yatomi, Aichi|Yatomi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|弥富市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||43,145||48.92||882||2006-04-01||[http://www.city.yatomi.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509222602/http://city.yatomi.aichi.jp/ |date=2006-05-09 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyoshi, Aichi|Miyoshi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|みよし市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||-||32.11||-||2010-01-04||[http://www.city.aichi-miyoshi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ama, Aichi|Ama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|あま市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aichi||-||27.59||-||2010-03-22||[http://www.city.ama.aichi.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akita, Akita|Akita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|秋田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||329,287||905.67||364||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.akita.akita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Odate&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōdate, Akita|Ōdate]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大館市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||80,587||913.70||88.2||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.odate.akita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kazuno, Akita|Kazuno]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鹿角市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||35,543||707.34||50.2||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.kazuno.akita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Daisen, Akita|Daisen]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大仙市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||91,143||866.67||105||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.daisen.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126235821/http://www.city.daisen.akita.jp/ |date=2021-01-26 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Katagami, Akita|Katagami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|潟上市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||35,460||97.96||362||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.katagami.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326092156/http://www.city.katagami.akita.jp/ |date=2010-03-26 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitaakita, Akita|Kitaakita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北秋田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||38,543||1,152.57||33.4||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.kitaakita.akita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Oga, Akita|Oga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|男鹿市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||34,194||240.80||142||2005-03-22||[http://www2.city.oga.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210214619/http://www2.city.oga.akita.jp/ |date=2007-12-10 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Yurihonjo&lt;/span&gt;[[Yurihonjō, Akita|Yurihonjō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|由利本荘市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||87,525||1,209.04||72.4||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.yurihonjo.akita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yuzawa, Akita|Yuzawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|湯沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||53,588||790.72||67.8||2005-03-22||[http://www.city-yuzawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Semboku, Akita|Semboku]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|仙北市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||30,885||1,093.64||28.2||2005-09-20||[http://www.city.semboku.akita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yokote, Akita|Yokote]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|横手市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||101,234||693.60||146||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yokote.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nikaho, Akita|Nikaho]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|にかほ市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||28,422||240.61||118||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nikaho.akita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Noshiro, Akita|Noshiro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|能代市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Akita||61,295||426.74||144||2006-03-21||[http://www.city.noshiro.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230153645/http://www.city.noshiro.akita.jp/ |date=2019-12-30 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hachinohe, Aomori|Hachinohe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||241,613||305.17||792||1929-05-01||[http://www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kuroishi, Aomori|Kuroishi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|黒石市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||37,585||216.96||173||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.kuroishi.aomori.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||42,535||119.97||355||1958-09-01||[http://www.city.misawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mutsu, Aomori|Mutsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|むつ市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||62,220||863.79||72.0||1959-09-01||[http://www.city.mutsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Towada, Aomori|Towada]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|十和田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||66,834||688.60||97.1||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.towada.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsugaru, Aomori|Tsugaru]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|つがる市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||38,919||253.85||153||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.tsugaru.aomori.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Goshogawara, Aomori|Goshogawara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|五所川原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||60,788||404.58||150||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.goshogawara.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|青森市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||305,884||824.52||371||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.aomori.aomori.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hirakawa, Aomori|Hirakawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|平川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||34,638||345.81||100||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.hirakawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hirosaki, Aomori|Hirosaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|弘前市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Aomori||185,865||523.60||355||2006-02-27||[http://www.city.hirosaki.aomori.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|千葉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||938,695||272.08||3,450||1921-01-01||[http://www.city.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Choshi&lt;/span&gt;[[Chōshi, Chiba|Chōshi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|銚子市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||72,348||83.91||862||1933-02-11||[http://www.city.choshi.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|市川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||470,149||57.40||8,191||1934-11-03||[http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425105135/http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/ |date=2020-04-25 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Funabashi, Chiba|Funabashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|船橋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||586,762||85.64||6,851||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.funabashi.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214030110/http://www.city.funabashi.chiba.jp/koho/eng/index.htm |date=2006-12-14 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tateyama, Chiba|Tateyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|館山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||49,987||110.21||454||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.tateyama.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kisarazu, Chiba|Kisarazu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|木更津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||123,743||138.73||892||1942-11-03||[http://www.city.kisarazu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matsudo, Chiba|Matsudo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|松戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||477,603||61.33||7,787||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.matsudo.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Noda, Chiba|Noda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|野田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||153,422||103.54||1,482||1950-05-03||[http://www.city.noda.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mobara, Chiba|Mobara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|茂原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||93,032||100.01||930||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.mobara.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|成田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||124,773||213.84||583||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakura, Chiba|Sakura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|佐倉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||171,472||103.59||1,655||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sakura.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Togane&lt;/span&gt;[[Tōgane, Chiba|Tōgane]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東金市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||61,591||89.34||689||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.togane.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Narashino, Chiba|Narashino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|習志野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||159,758||20.99||7,611||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.narashino.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322104057/http://www.city.narashino.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-03-22 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kashiwa, Chiba|Kashiwa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|柏市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||389,036||114.90||3,386||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.kashiwa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Katsuura, Chiba|Katsuura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|勝浦市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||21,413||94.20||227||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.katsuura.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011174244/http://www.city.katsuura.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ichihara, Chiba|Ichihara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|市原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||279,591||368.20||759||1963-05-01||[http://www.city.ichihara.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nagareyama, Chiba|Nagareyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|流山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||156,686||35.28||4,441||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.nagareyama.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yachiyo, Chiba|Yachiyo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八千代市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||184,655||51.27||3,602||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023065947/http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/ |date=2007-10-23 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Abiko, Chiba|Abiko]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|我孫子市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||133,533||43.19||3,092||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.abiko.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kamagaya, Chiba|Kamagaya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鎌ヶ谷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||104,564||21.11||4,953||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.kamagaya.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kimitsu, Chiba|Kimitsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|君津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||89,350||318.83||280||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.kimitsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Futtsu, Chiba|Futtsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||48,973||205.35||238||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.futtsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Urayasu, Chiba|Urayasu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|浦安市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||159,312||17.29||9,214||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.urayasu.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121214957/http://www.city.urayasu.chiba.jp/ |date=2013-01-21 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Yotsukaido&lt;/span&gt;[[Yotsukaidō, Chiba|Yotsukaidō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|四街道市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||85,738||34.70||2,471||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.yotsukaido.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sodegaura, Chiba|Sodegaura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|袖ヶ浦市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||59,443||94.92||626||1991-04-01||[http://www.city.sodegaura.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806000844/http://www.city.sodegaura.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-08-06 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yachimata, Chiba|Yachimata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八街市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||75,369||74.87||1,007||1992-04-01||[http://www.city.yachimata.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Inzai, Chiba|Inzai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|印西市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||60,280||53.51||1,127||1996-04-01||[http://www.city.inzai.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920011457/http://www.city.inzai.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-09-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shiroi, Chiba|Shiroi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|白井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||57,151||35.41||1,614||2001-04-01||[http://city.shiroi.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927182101/http://city.shiroi.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-09-27 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tomisato, Chiba|Tomisato]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|冨里市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||51,590||53.91||957||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.tomisato.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822172721/http://www.city.tomisato.chiba.jp/ |date=2005-08-22 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kamogawa, Chiba|Kamogawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鴨川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||35,792||191.30||187||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.kamogawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Asahi, Chiba|Asahi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|旭市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||69,971||129.91||539||2005-07-01||[http://www.city.asahi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Isumi, Chiba|Isumi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|いすみ市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||41,605||157.50||264||2005-12-05||[http://www.city.isumi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Sosa&lt;/span&gt;[[Sōsa, Chiba|Sōsa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|匝瑳市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||41,361||101.78||406||2006-01-23||[http://www.city.sosa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Minamiboso&lt;/span&gt;[[Minamibōsō, Chiba|Minamibōsō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南房総市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||43,553||230.22||189||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.minamiboso.chiba.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Katori, Chiba|Katori]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|香取市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||85,193||262.31||325||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.katori.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sanmu, Chiba|Sanmu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|山武市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Chiba||57,806||146.38||395||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.sammu.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matsuyama, Ehime|Matsuyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|松山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||515,068||429.03||1,201||1889-12-15||[http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Niihama, Ehime|Niihama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新居浜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||123,329||234.30||526||1937-11-03||[http://www.city.niihama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Shikokuchuo&lt;/span&gt;[[Shikokuchūō, Ehime|Shikokuchūō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|四国中央市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||91,688||420.10||218||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.shikokuchuo.ehime.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Seiyo, Ehime|Seiyo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西予市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||43,476||514.79||84.5||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.seiyo.ehime.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Toon&lt;/span&gt;[[Tōon, Ehime|Tōon]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東温市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||35,517||211.45||168||2004-09-21||[http://www.city.toon.ehime.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Saijo&lt;/span&gt;[[Saijō, Ehime|Saijō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西条市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||112,543||509.05||221||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.saijo.ehime.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ozu&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōzu, Ehime|Ōzu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大洲市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||49,543||432.20||115||2005-01-11||[http://www.city.ozu.ehime.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Imabari, Ehime|Imabari]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|今治市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||170,986||419.85||407||2005-01-16||[http://www.city.imabari.ehime.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yawatahama, Ehime|Yawatahama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八幡浜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||40,010||132.98||301||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.yawatahama.ehime.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iyo, Ehime|Iyo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊予市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||38,890||194.47||200||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.iyo.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uwajima, Ehime|Uwajima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宇和島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ehime||86,819||469.52||185||2005-08-01||[http://www.city.uwajima.ehime.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|福井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||268,574||536.17||501||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.fukui.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsuruga, Fukui|Tsuruga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|敦賀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||68,188||250.75||272||1937-04-01||[http://www.ton21.ne.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201023841/https://www.ton21.ne.jp/ |date=2022-02-01 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Obama, Fukui|Obama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小浜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||31,486||232.86||135||1951-03-30||[http://www.city.obama.fukui.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013061933/http://www.city.obama.fukui.jp/ |date=2005-10-13 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ono&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōno, Fukui|Ōno]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||36,763||872.30||42.1||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.ono.fukui.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Katsuyama, Fukui|Katsuyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|勝山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||26,333||253.68||104||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.katsuyama.fukui.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sabae, Fukui|Sabae]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鯖江市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||67,430||84.75||796||1955-01-15||[http://www.city.sabae.fukui.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Awara, Fukui|Awara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|あわら市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||30,765||116.99||263||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.awara.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Echizen, Fukui|Echizen]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|越前市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||87,116||230.75||378||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.echizen.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakai, Fukui|Sakai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|坂井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukui||92,420||209.91||440||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.fukui-sakai.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|福岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||1,430,371||340.96||4,195||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020120213547/http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2002-01-20 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kurume, Fukuoka|Kurume]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|久留米市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||305,147||229.84||1,328||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kurume.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Omuta&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōmuta, Fukuoka|Ōmuta]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大牟田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||127,474||81.55||1,563||1917-03-01||[http://www.city.omuta.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Nogata&lt;/span&gt;[[Nōgata, Fukuoka|Nōgata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|直方市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||57,319||61.78||928||1931-01-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20120716234634/http://www.city.nogata.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tagawa, Fukuoka|Tagawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|田川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||50,484||54.52||926||1943-11-03||[http://www.joho.tagawa.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yanagawa, Fukuoka|Yanagawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|柳川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||72,798||76.90||947||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.yanagawa.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yame, Fukuoka|Yame]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八女市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||42,241||98.66||428||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yame.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chikugo, Fukuoka|Chikugo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|筑後市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||48,281||41.85||1,154||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.chikugo.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911043927/http://www.city.chikugo.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2005-09-11 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Okawa&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōkawa, Fukuoka|Ōkawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||38,266||33.61||1,139||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.okawa.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yukuhashi, Fukuoka|Yukuhashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|行橋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||70,064||69.83||1,003||1954-10-10||[http://www.city.yukuhashi.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊前市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||27,578||111.17||248||1955-04-10||[http://www.city.buzen.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nakama, Fukuoka|Nakama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|中間市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||45,549||15.98||2,850||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.nakama.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000422061603/http://www.city.nakama.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2000-04-22 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Kitakyushu&lt;/span&gt;[[Kitakyūshū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北九州市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||986,998||487.71||2,024||1963-02-10||[http://www.city.kitakyushu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ogori&lt;/span&gt;[[Ogōri, Fukuoka|Ogōri]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小郡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||58,460||45.50||1,285||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.ogori.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chikushino, Fukuoka|Chikushino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|筑紫野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||98,914||87.78||1,127||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.chikushino.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kasuga, Fukuoka|Kasuga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|春日市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||107,845||14.15||7,622||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.kasuga.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Onojo&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōnojō, Fukuoka|Ōnojō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大野城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||94,037||26.88||3,498||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.onojo.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宗像市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||94,877||119.66||793||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.munakata.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|太宰府市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||68,561||29.58||2,318||1982-04-01||[http://www.city.dazaifu.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919150110/http://www2.city.dazaifu.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2003-09-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Koga, Fukuoka|Koga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|古賀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||57,084||42.11||1,356||1997-10-01||[http://www.city.koga.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104031644/http://www.city.koga.fukuoka.jp/eng/ |date=2007-01-04 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|福津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||55,123||52.70||1,046||2005-01-24||[http://www.city.fukutsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ukiha, Fukuoka|Ukiha]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|うきは市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||32,277||117.55||275||2005-03-20||[http://www.city.ukiha.fukuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyawaka, Fukuoka|Miyawaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宮若市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||30,793||139.99||220||2006-02-11||[http://www.city.miyawaka.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Asakura, Fukuoka|Asakura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|朝倉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||57,881||246.73||235||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.asakura.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iizuka, Fukuoka|Iizuka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|飯塚市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||132,208||214.13||617||2006-03-26||[http://www.city.iizuka.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kama, Fukuoka|Kama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|嘉麻市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||44,431||135.18||329||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.kama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyama, Fukuoka|Miyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|みやま市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||42,219||105.12||402||2007-01-29||[http://www.city.miyama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Itoshima, Fukuoka|Itoshima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|糸島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukuoka||-||216.12||-||2010-01-01||[http://www.city.itoshima.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima|Aizuwakamatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|会津若松市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||129,388||383.03||338||1899-04-01||[http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/.]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukushima, Fukushima|Fukushima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|福島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||289,355||746.43||388||1907-04-01||[http://www.city.fukushima.fukushima.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Koriyama&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōriyama, Fukushima|Kōriyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|郡山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||339,395||757.06||448||1924-09-01||[http://www.city.koriyama.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516201456/http://www.city.koriyama.fukushima.jp/063000/koho/yoran.html |date=2017-05-16 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sukagawa, Fukushima|Sukagawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|須賀川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||80,336||279.55||287||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sukagawa.fukushima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Soma&lt;/span&gt;[[Sōma, Fukushima|Sōma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|相馬市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||38,543||197.67||195||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.soma.fukushima.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|いわき市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||349,947||1,231.34||284||1966-10-01||[http://www.city.iwaki.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411210504/http://www.city.iwaki.fukushima.jp/gaikokugo/english/ |date=2010-04-11 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tamura, Fukushima|Tamura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|田村市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||42,221||458.30||92.1||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.tamura.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shirakawa, Fukushima|Shirakawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|白河市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||65,665||305.30||215||2005-11-07||[http://www.city.shirakawa.fukushima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nihonmatsu, Fukushima|Nihonmatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|二本松市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||61,698||344.65||179||2005-12-01||[http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Minamisoma&lt;/span&gt;[[Minamisōma, Fukushima|Minamisōma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南相馬市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||71,761||398.50||180||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.minamisoma.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Date, Fukushima|Date]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊達市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||67,487||265.10||255||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110075417/http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/ |date=2006-01-10 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitakata, Fukushima|Kitakata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|喜多方市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||54,684||554.67||98.6||2006-01-04||[http://www.city.kitakata.fukushima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Motomiya, Fukushima|Motomiya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|本宮市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Fukushima||31,737||87.94||361||2007-01-01||[http://www.city.motomiya.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Gifu, Gifu|Gifu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岐阜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||412,779||202.89||2,034||1889-07-01||[http://www.city.gifu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ogaki&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōgaki, Gifu|Ōgaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大垣市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||163,047||206.52||789||1918-04-01||[http://www.city.ogaki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||94,879||2,177.67||43.6||1936-11-01||[http://www.city.takayama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tajimi, Gifu|Tajimi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|多治見市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||114,866||91.24||1,259||1940-08-01||[http://www.city.tajimi.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927115157/http://www2.city.tajimi.gifu.jp/ |date=2003-09-27 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Seki, Gifu|Seki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|関市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||92,896||472.84||196||1950-10-15||[http://www.city.seki.gifu.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nakatsugawa, Gifu|Nakatsugawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|中津川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||83,116||676.38||123||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.nakatsugawa.gifu.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mino, Gifu|Mino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|美濃市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||22,912||117.05||196||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.mino.gifu.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mizunami, Gifu|Mizunami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|瑞浪市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||41,556||175.00||237||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.mizunami.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005144837/http://www.city.mizunami.gifu.jp/ |date=2003-10-05 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hashima, Gifu|Hashima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|羽島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||67,167||53.64||1,252||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.hashima.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053231/http://www.city.hashima.gifu.jp/ |date=2008-09-14 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minokamo, Gifu|Minokamo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|美濃加茂市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||53,988||74.81||722||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.minokamo.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204112654/http://www.city.minokamo.gifu.jp/home/ENGLISH/e_top.html |date=2007-02-04 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toki, Gifu|Toki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|土岐市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||61,393||116.01||529||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.toki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kakamigahara, Gifu|Kakamigahara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|各務原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||145,126||87.77||1,653||1963-04-01||[http://www.city.kakamigahara.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kani, Gifu|Kani]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|可児市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||99,318||87.60||1,134||1982-04-01||[http://www.city.kani.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820225543/http://www.city.kani.gifu.jp/ |date=2011-08-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yamagata, Gifu|Yamagata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|山県市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||29,857||222.04||134||2003-04-01||[http://www.city.yamagata.gifu.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mizuho, Gifu|Mizuho]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|瑞穂市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||51,230||28.18||1,818||2003-05-01||[http://www.city.mizuho.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hida, Gifu|Hida]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|飛騨市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||28,112||792.31||35.5||2004-02-01||[http://www.city.hida.gifu.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Motosu, Gifu|Motosu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|本巣市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||34,729||374.57||92.7||2004-02-01||[http://www.city.motosu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Gujo&lt;/span&gt;[[Gujō, Gifu|Gujō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|郡上市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||46,338||1,030.79||45.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.gujo.gifu.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Gero, Gifu|Gero]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|下呂市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||37,455||851.06||44.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.gero.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ena, Gifu|Ena]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|恵那市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||54,844||504.19||109||2004-10-25||[http://www.city.ena.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kaizu, Gifu|Kaizu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|海津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gifu||38,532||112.31||343||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.kaizu.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Maebashi, Gunma|Maebashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|前橋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||318,058||241.22||1,319||1892-04-01||[http://www.city.maebashi.gunma.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takasaki, Gunma|Takasaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||341,838||401.01||852||1900-04-01||[http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Kiryu&lt;/span&gt;[[Kiryū, Gunma|Kiryū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|桐生市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||124,892||274.57||455||1921-03-01||[http://www.city.kiryu.gunma.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919163928/http://www.city.kiryu.gunma.jp/ |date=2003-09-19 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Isesaki, Gunma|Isesaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊勢崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||204,240||139.33||1,466||1940-09-13||[http://www.city.isesaki.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ota&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōta, Gunma|Ōta]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|太田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||214,049||176.49||1,213||1948-05-03||[http://www.city.ota.gunma.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Numata, Gunma|Numata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|沼田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||52,319||443.37||118||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.numata.gunma.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tatebayashi, Gunma|Tatebayashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|館林市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||79,023||60.98||1,296||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tatebayashi.gunma.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fujioka, Gunma|Fujioka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|藤岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||68,710||180.09||382||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.fujioka.gunma.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shibukawa, Gunma|Shibukawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|渋川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||86,134||240.42||358||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.shibukawa.gunma.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604061226/http://www.city.shibukawa.gunma.jp/ |date=2008-06-04 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Annaka, Gunma|Annaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|安中市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||62,270||276.34||225||2006-03-18||[http://www.city.annaka.gunma.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704214107/http://www.city.annaka.gunma.jp/ |date=2007-07-04 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tomioka, Gunma|Tomioka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||53,332||122.90||434||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.tomioka.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Midori, Gunma|Midori]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|みどり市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Gunma||51,964||208.23||250||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.midori.gunma.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hiroshima, Hiroshima|Hiroshima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|広島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||1,163,806||905.13||1,286||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Onomichi, Hiroshima|Onomichi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|尾道市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||148,085||284.85||520||1898-04-01||[http://www.city.onomichi.hiroshima.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|呉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||246,118||353.74||696||1902-10-01||[http://www.city.kure.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|福山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||461,368||518.07||891||1916-07-01||[http://www.city.fukuyama.hiroshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mihara, Hiroshima|Mihara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||103,209||471.03||219||1936-11-15||[http://www.city.mihara.hiroshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Fuchu&lt;/span&gt;[[Fuchū, Hiroshima|Fuchū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|府中市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||44,212||195.71||226||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.fuchu.hiroshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyoshi, Hiroshima|Miyoshi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三次市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||58,264||778.19||74.9||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.miyoshi.hiroshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Shobara&lt;/span&gt;[[Shōbara, Hiroshima|Shōbara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|庄原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||41,747||1,246.60||33.5||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.shobara.hiroshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Otake&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōtake, Hiroshima|Ōtake]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大竹市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||29,665||78.55||378||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.otake.hiroshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takehara, Hiroshima|Takehara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|竹原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||29,803||118.30||252||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.takehara.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima|Higashihiroshima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東広島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||187,711||635.32||295||1974-04-20||[http://www.city.higashihiroshima.hiroshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima|Hatsukaichi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|廿日市市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||115,184||489.36||235||1988-04-01||[http://www.city.hatsukaichi.hiroshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akitakata, Hiroshima|Akitakata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|安芸高田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||32,323||537.79||60.1||2004-03-01||[http://www.akitakata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Etajima, Hiroshima|Etajima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|江田島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hiroshima||28,601||100.97||283||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.etajima.hiroshima.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sapporo, Hokkaidō|Sapporo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|札幌市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||1,904,319||1,121.12||1,699||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915231600/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/ |date=2019-09-15 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hakodate, Hokkaidō|Hakodate]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|函館市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||277,056||677.89||409||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Otaru, Hokkaidō|Otaru]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小樽市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||130,255||243.30||535||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.otaru.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920134255/http://www.city.otaru.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2003-09-20 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Asahikawa, Hokkaidō|Asahikawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|旭川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||350,511||747.60||469||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.asahikawa.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Muroran, Hokkaidō|Muroran]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|室蘭市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||93,078||80.65||1,154||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.muroran.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Obihiro, Hokkaidō|Obihiro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|帯広市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||168,188||618.94||272||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.obihiro.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Yubari&lt;/span&gt;[[Yūbari, Hokkaidō|Yūbari]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|夕張市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||10,471||763.20||13.7||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.yubari.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iwamizawa, Hokkaidō|Iwamizawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岩見沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||89,023||481.10||185||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.iwamizawa.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Abashiri, Hokkaidō|Abashiri]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|網走市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||38,548||471.00||81.8||1947-02-11||[http://www.city.abashiri.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rumoi, Hokkaidō|Rumoi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|留萌市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||24,036||297.44||80.8||1947-10-01||[http://www.e-rumoi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tomakomai, Hokkaidō|Tomakomai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|苫小牧市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||173,761||561.49||309||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.tomakomai.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Wakkanai, Hokkaidō|Wakkanai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|稚内市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||37,911||760.83||49.8||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.wakkanai.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bibai, Hokkaidō|Bibai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|美唄市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||25,312||277.61||91.2||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.bibai.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ashibetsu, Hokkaidō|Ashibetsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|芦別市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||16,465||865.02||19.0||1953-04-01||[http://www.city.ashibetsu.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ebetsu, Hokkaidō|Ebetsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|江別市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||120,940||187.57||645||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.ebetsu.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akabira, Hokkaidō|Akabira]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|赤平市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||12,234||129.88||94.2||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.akabira.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Monbetsu, Hokkaidō|Monbetsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|紋別市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||24,293||830.70||29.2||1954-07-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515041805/http://mombetsu.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mikasa, Hokkaidō|Mikasa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三笠市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||10,070||302.64||33.3||1957-04-01||[http://www.city.mikasa.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nemuro, Hokkaidō|Nemuro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|根室市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||28,923||512.63||56.4||1957-08-01||[http://www.city.nemuro.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chitose, Hokkaidō|Chitose]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|千歳市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||94,124||594.95||158||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905165529/http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2016-09-05 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takikawa, Hokkaidō|Takikawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|滝川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||42,815||115.82||370||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.takikawa.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309110101/http://www.city.takikawa.hokkaido.jp/soumubu/kikaku/kouryu/englishindex.jsp |date=2010-03-09 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sunagawa, Hokkaidō|Sunagawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|砂川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||18,740||78.69||238||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.sunagawa.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Utashinai, Hokkaidō|Utashinai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|歌志内市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||4,259||55.99||76.1||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.utashinai.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukagawa, Hokkaidō|Fukagawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|深川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||23,215||529.23||43.9||1963-05-01||[http://www.city.fukagawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Furano, Hokkaidō|Furano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富良野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||23,890||600.97||39.8||1966-05-01||[http://www.city.furano.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Noboribetsu, Hokkaidō|Noboribetsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|登別市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||51,474||212.11||243||1970-08-01||[http://www.city.noboribetsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Eniwa, Hokkaidō|Eniwa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|恵庭市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||68,754||294.87||233||1970-11-01||[http://www.city.eniwa.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Date, Hokkaidō|Date]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊達市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||36,461||444.28||82.1||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.date.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaidō|Kitahiroshima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北広島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||60,291||118.54||509||1996-09-01||[http://www.city.kitahiroshima.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ishikari, Hokkaidō|Ishikari]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|石狩市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||60,616||721.86||84.0||1996-09-01||[http://www.city.ishikari.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shibetsu, Hokkaidō|Shibetsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|士別市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||21,640||1,119.29||19.3||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.shibetsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kushiro, Hokkaidō|Kushiro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|釧路市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||182,263||1,362.75||134||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.kushiro.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323035246/http://www.city.kushiro.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2006-03-23 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hokuto, Hokkaidō|Hokuto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北斗市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||48,779||397.30||123||2006-02-01||[http://www.city.hokuto.hokkaido.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitami, Hokkaidō|Kitami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北見市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||124,291||1,427.56||87.1||2006-03-05||[http://www.city.kitami.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nayoro, Hokkaidō|Nayoro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|名寄市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hokkaidō||29,869||535.23||55.8||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.nayoro.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kobe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|神戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||1,530,847||552.23||2,772||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Himeji, Hyōgo|Himeji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|姫路市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||536,170||534.27||1,004||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.himeji.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907223328/http://www.city.himeji.hyogo.jp/ |date=2019-09-07 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Amagasaki, Hyōgo|Amagasaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|尼崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||461,202||49.77||9,267||1916-04-01||[http://www.city.amagasaki.hyogo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akashi, Hyōgo|Akashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|明石市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||292,162||49.24||5,933||1919-11-01||[http://www.city.akashi.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225180711/http://www.city.akashi.hyogo.jp/seisaku/kouhou_ka/n_foreign/index.html |date=2010-02-25 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nishinomiya, Hyōgo|Nishinomiya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西宮市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||477,056||99.96||4,772||1925-04-01||[http://www.nishi.or.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ashiya, Hyōgo|Ashiya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|芦屋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||92,828||18.47||5,026||1940-11-10||[http://www.city.ashiya.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Itami, Hyōgo|Itami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊丹市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||194,488||24.97||7,789||1940-11-10||[http://www.city.itami.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aioi, Hyōgo|Aioi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|相生市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||31,973||90.45||353||1942-10-01||[http://www.city.aioi.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827184359/http://www.city.aioi.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-27 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toyooka, Hyōgo|Toyooka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||87,555||697.66||125||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.toyooka.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kakogawa, Hyōgo|Kakogawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|加古川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||267,631||138.51||1,932||1950-06-15||[http://www.city.kakogawa.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030930010510/http://www.city.kakogawa.hyogo.jp/ |date=2003-09-30 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ako&lt;/span&gt;[[Akō, Hyōgo|Akō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|赤穂市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||51,277||126.88||404||1951-09-01||[http://www.city.ako.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822230242/http://www.city.ako.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-22 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takarazuka, Hyōgo|Takarazuka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宝塚市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||222,071||101.80||2,181||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.takarazuka.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000426/http://www.city.takarazuka.hyogo.jp/foreign/en/index.html |date=2010-03-23 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miki, Hyōgo|Miki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三木市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||83,244||176.58||471||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.miki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takasago, Hyōgo|Takasago]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高砂市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||94,198||34.40||2,738||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.takasago.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111064811/http://www.city.takasago.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kawanishi, Hyōgo|Kawanishi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|川西市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||157,461||53.44||2,947||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.kawanishi.hyogo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ono, Hyōgo|Ono]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||49,664||92.92||534||1954-12-01||[http://www.city.ono.hyogo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sanda, Hyōgo|Sanda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||113,600||210.22||540||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.sanda.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kasai, Hyōgo|Kasai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|加西市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||48,435||150.95||321||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.kasai.hyogo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sasayama, Hyōgo|Sasayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|篠山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||44,345||377.61||117||1999-04-01||[http://www.city.sasayama.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205231832/http://www.city.sasayama.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-02-05 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yabu, Hyōgo|Yabu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|養父市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||27,428||422.78||64.9||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.yabu.hyogo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tamba, Hyōgo|Tamba]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|丹波市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||69,233||493.28||140||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.tamba.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519012346/http://www.city.tamba.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-05-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minamiawaji, Hyōgo|Minamiawaji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南あわじ市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||51,069||229.18||223||2005-01-11||[http://www.city.minamiawaji.hyogo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Asago, Hyōgo|Asago]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|朝来市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||34,084||402.98||84.6||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.asago.hyogo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Awaji, Hyōgo|Awaji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|淡路市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||47,849||184.21||260||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.awaji.hyogo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Shiso&lt;/span&gt;[[Shisō, Hyōgo|Shisō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宍粟市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||42,302||658.60||64.2||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.shiso.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nishiwaki, Hyōgo|Nishiwaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西脇市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||43,126||132.47||326||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nishiwaki.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831112740/http://www.city.nishiwaki.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-31 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tatsuno, Hyōgo|Tatsuno]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|たつの市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||80,988||210.93||384||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tatsuno.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sumoto, Hyōgo|Sumoto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|洲本市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||48,631||182.47||267||2006-02-11||[http://www.city.sumoto.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111034013/http://www.city.sumoto.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Kato&lt;/span&gt;[[Katō, Hyōgo|Katō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|加東市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyōgo||39,935||157.49||254||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kato.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mito, Ibaraki|Mito]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|水戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||264,062||217.43||1,214||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.mito.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hitachi, Ibaraki|Hitachi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日立市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||195,844||225.55||868||1939-09-01||[http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904224525/http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2005-09-04 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsuchiura, Ibaraki|Tsuchiura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|土浦市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||143,986||113.82||1,265||1940-11-03||[http://www.city.tsuchiura.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Yuki&lt;/span&gt;[[Yūki, Ibaraki|Yūki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|結城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||52,065||65.84||791||1954-03-15||[http://www.city.yuki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ryugasaki&lt;/span&gt;[[Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki|Ryūgasaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|龍ヶ崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||79,295||78.20||1,014||1954-03-20||[http://www.city.ryugasaki.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shimotsuma, Ibaraki|Shimotsuma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|下妻市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||45,918||80.88||568||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.shimotsuma.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Joso&lt;/span&gt;[[Jōsō, Ibaraki|Jōsō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|常総市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||65,858||123.52||533||1954-07-10||[http://www.city.joso.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Hitachiota&lt;/span&gt;[[Hitachiōta, Ibaraki|Hitachiōta]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|常陸太田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||58,461||372.01||157||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.hitachiota.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takahagi, Ibaraki|Takahagi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高萩市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||32,031||193.65||165||1954-11-23||[http://www.city.takahagi.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki|Kitaibaraki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北茨城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||48,437||186.55||260||1956-03-31||[http://www.city-kitaibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208195100/http://www.city-kitaibaraki.jp/ |date=2008-02-08 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toride, Ibaraki|Toride]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|取手市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||109,953||69.96||1,572||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.toride.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ushiku, Ibaraki|Ushiku]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|牛久市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||79,254||58.88||1,346||1986-06-01||[http://www.city.ushiku.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031013035340/http://www.city.ushiku.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2003-10-13 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|つくば市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||207,314||284.07||730||1987-11-30||[http://www.city.tsukuba.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826064935/http://www.city.tsukuba.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2005-08-26 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hitachinaka, Ibaraki|Hitachinaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|ひたちなか市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||155,338||99.04||1,568||1994-11-01||[http://www.city.hitachinaka.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鹿嶋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||65,193||92.96||701||1995-09-01||[http://www.city.kashima.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Itako, Ibaraki|Itako]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|潮来市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||31,103||62.67||496||2001-04-01||[http://www.city.itako.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Moriya, Ibaraki|Moriya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|守谷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||57,793||35.63||1,622||2002-02-02||[http://www.city.moriya.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Hitachiomiya&lt;/span&gt;[[Hitachiōmiya, Ibaraki|Hitachiōmiya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|常陸大宮市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||46,729||348.38||134||2004-10-16||[http://www.city.hitachiomiya.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Naka, Ibaraki|Naka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|那珂市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||54,618||97.80||558||2005-01-21||[http://www.city.naka.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823124000/http://www.city.naka.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2016-08-23 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Bando&lt;/span&gt;[[Bandō, Ibaraki|Bandō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|坂東市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||57,128||123.18||464||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.bando.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Inashiki, Ibaraki|Inashiki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|稲敷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||48,125||178.12||270||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.inashiki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chikusei, Ibaraki|Chikusei]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|筑西市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||110,813||205.35||540||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.chikusei.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kasumigaura, Ibaraki|Kasumigaura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|かすみがうら市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||44,450||118.77||374||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.kasumigaura.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017095928/http://www.city.kasumigaura.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2008-10-17 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kamisu, Ibaraki|Kamisu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|神栖市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||93,538||147.24||635||2005-08-01||[http://www.city.kamisu.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Namegata, Ibaraki|Namegata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|行方市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||39,117||166.33||235||2005-09-02||[http://www.city.namegata.ibaraki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Koga, Ibaraki|Koga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|古河市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||144,392||123.58||1,168||2005-09-12||[http://www.city.ibaraki-koga.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ishioka, Ibaraki|Ishioka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|石岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||80,502||213.38||377||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.ishioka.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakuragawa, Ibaraki|Sakuragawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|桜川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||47,480||179.78||264||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.sakuragawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hokota, Ibaraki|Hokota]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鉾田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||50,869||203.90||249||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.hokota.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kasama, Ibaraki|Kasama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|笠間市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||80,646||240.27||336||2006-03-19||[http://www.city.kasama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki|Tsukubamirai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|つくばみらい市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||41,957||79.14||530||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.tsukubamirai.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Omitama, Ibaraki|Omitama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小美玉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ibaraki||52,834||140.21||377||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.omitama.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kanazawa, Ishikawa|Kanazawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|金沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||455,595||467.77||974||1889-04-01||[http://www4.city.kanazawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nonoichi, Ishikawa|Nonoichi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|野々市市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||51,976||13.56||3,800||2011-11-11||[http://www.city.nonoichi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nanao, Ishikawa|Nanao]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|七尾市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||60,140||317.96||189||1939-07-20||[http://www.city.nanao.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Komatsu, Ishikawa|Komatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小松市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||109,285||371.13||294||1940-12-01||[http://www.city.komatsu.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018035511/http://www.city.komatsu.ishikawa.jp/ |date=2003-10-18 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Suzu, Ishikawa|Suzu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|珠洲市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||17,111||247.20||69.2||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.suzu.ishikawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hakui, Ishikawa|Hakui]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|羽咋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||23,963||81.96||292||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.hakui.ishikawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kahoku, Ishikawa|Kahoku]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|かほく市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||34,747||64.76||537||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.kahoku.ishikawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hakusan, Ishikawa|Hakusan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|白山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||110,563||755.17||146||2005-02-01||[http://www.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135937/http://www.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nomi, Ishikawa|Nomi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|能美市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||48,106||83.85||574||2005-02-01||[http://www.city.nomi.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521152917/http://www.city.nomi.ishikawa.jp/english/ |date=2009-05-21 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kaga, Ishikawa|Kaga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|加賀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||73,745||306.00||241||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Wajima, Ishikawa|Wajima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|輪島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ishikawa||31,532||426.25||74.0||2006-02-01||[http://www.city.wajima.ishikawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Morioka, Iwate|Morioka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|盛岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||299,746||886.47||338||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.morioka.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kamaishi, Iwate|Kamaishi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|釜石市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||41,348||441.42||93.7||1937-05-05||[http://www.city.kamaishi.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ofunato&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōfunato, Iwate|Ōfunato]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大船渡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||42,119||323.28||130||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.ofunato.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rikuzentakata, Iwate|Rikuzentakata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|陸前高田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||23,961||232.29||103||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.rikuzentakata.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitakami, Iwate|Kitakami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北上市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||94,806||437.55||217||1991-04-01||[http://www.city.kitakami.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宮古市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||58,342||696.82||83.7||2005-06-06||[http://www.city.miyako.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hachimantai, Iwate|Hachimantai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八幡平市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||29,993||862.25||34.8||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.hachimantai.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ichinoseki, Iwate|Ichinoseki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|一関市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||123,155||1,133.10||109||2005-09-20||[http://www.city.ichinoseki.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tono&lt;/span&gt;[[Tōno, Iwate|Tōno]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|遠野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||30,587||825.62||37.0||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tono.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hanamaki, Iwate|Hanamaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|花巻市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||103,718||908.32||114||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.hanamaki.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ninohe, Iwate|Ninohe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|二戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||30,685||420.31||73.0||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.ninohe.iwate.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309140524/http://www.city.ninohe.iwate.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Oshu&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōshū, Iwate|Ōshū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|奥州市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||128,273||993.35||129||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.oshu.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kuji, Iwate|Kuji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|久慈市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||37,824||623.14||60.7||2006-03-06||[http://www.city.kuji.iwate.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takizawa, Iwate|Takizawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|滝沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Iwate||-||182.32||-||2014-01-01||[http://www.city.takizawa.iwate.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高松市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagawa||418,557||375.11||1,116||1890-02-15||[http://www.city.takamatsu.kagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Marugame, Kagawa|Marugame]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|丸亀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagawa||110,550||111.79||989||1899-04-01||[http://www.city.marugame.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakaide, Kagawa|Sakaide]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|坂出市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagawa||56,501||92.46||611||1942-07-01||[http://www.city.sakaide.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Zentsuji&lt;/span&gt;[[Zentsūji, Kagawa|Zentsūji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|善通寺市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagawa||35,180||39.88||882||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.zentsuji.kagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sanuki, Kagawa|Sanuki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|さぬき市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagawa||54,832||158.90||345||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.sanuki.kagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Higashikagawa, Kagawa|Higashikagawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東かがわ市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagawa||34,953||153.35||228||2003-04-01||[http://www.higashikagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mitoyo, Kagawa|Mitoyo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三豊市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagawa||69,997||222.66||314||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.mitoyo.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kan'onji, Kagawa|Kan'onji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|観音寺市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagawa||64,020||117.47||545||2007-03-12||[http://www.city.kanonji.kagawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kagoshima, Kagoshima|Kagoshima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鹿児島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||605,196||547.06||1,106||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119192827/http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/ |date=2013-01-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kanoya, Kagoshima|Kanoya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鹿屋市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||105,673||448.33||236||1941-05-27||[http://www.e-kanoya.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918223533/http://www.e-kanoya.net/ |date=2007-09-18 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Makurazaki, Kagoshima|Makurazaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|枕崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||24,400||74.88||326||1949-09-01||[http://www.city.makurazaki.kagoshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akune, Kagoshima|Akune]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|阿久根市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||24,166||134.30||180||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.akune.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202014736/http://www.city.akune.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2013-02-02 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Izumi, Kagoshima|Izumi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|出水市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||56,851||330.06||172||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.izumi.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928012037/http://www.city.izumi.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ibusuki, Kagoshima|Ibusuki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|指宿市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||45,455||149.01||305||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.ibusuki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima|Minamisatsuma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南さつま市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||40,386||283.35||143||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.minamisatsuma.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023213442/http://www.city.minamisatsuma.lg.jp/ |date=2014-10-23 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nishinoomote, Kagoshima|Nishinoomote]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西之表市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||17,666||205.75||85.9||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.nishinoomote.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011212628/http://www.city.nishinoomote.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tarumizu, Kagoshima|Tarumizu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|垂水市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||18,078||162.01||112||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.tarumizu.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029075751/http://www.city.tarumizu.lg.jp/ |date=2015-10-29 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Satsumasendai, Kagoshima|Satsumasendai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|薩摩川内市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||100,730||683.50||147||2004-10-12||[http://www.city.satsumasendai.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041020012842/http://www.city.satsumasendai.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2004-10-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hioki, Kagoshima|Hioki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日置市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||51,472||253.06||203||2005-05-01||[http://www.city.hioki.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120013939/http://www.city.hioki.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2013-01-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Soo, Kagoshima|Soo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|曽於市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||41,179||390.39||105||2005-07-01||[http://www.city.soo.kagoshima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ichikikushikino, Kagoshima|Ichikikushikino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|いちき串木野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||32,079||112.04||286||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.ichikikushikino.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kirishima, Kagoshima|Kirishima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|霧島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||127,726||603.68||212||2005-11-07||[http://www.city-kirishima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shibushi, Kagoshima|Shibushi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|志布志市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||34,105||289.93||118||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.shibushi.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623232216/http://www.city.shibushi.lg.jp/ |date=2014-06-23 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Amami, Kagoshima|Amami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|奄美市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||48,116||306.20||157||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.amami.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424051319/http://www.city.amami.lg.jp/ |date=2006-04-24 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Minamikyushu&lt;/span&gt;[[Minamikyūshū, Kagoshima|Minamikyūshū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南九州市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||40,891||357.85||114||2007-12-01||[http://www.city.minamikyushu.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620135941/http://www.city.minamikyushu.lg.jp/ |date=2012-06-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Isa, Kagoshima|Isa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊佐市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||-||392.36||-||2008-11-01||[http://www.city.isa.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402023810/http://www.city.isa.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2009-04-02 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aira, Kagoshima|Aira]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|姶良市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kagoshima||-||231.32||-||2010-03-23||[http://www.city.aira.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104035148/http://www.city.aira.lg.jp/ |date=2015-11-04 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yokohama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|横浜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||3,631,236||437.38||8,302||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yokohama.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yokosuka, Kanagawa|Yokosuka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|横須賀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||421,397||100.68||4,186||1907-02-15||[http://www.city.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|川崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||1,373,630||142.70||9,626||1924-07-01||[http://www.city.kawasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116064233/http://www.city.kawasaki.jp/ |date=2021-01-16 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hiratsuka, Kanagawa|Hiratsuka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|平塚市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||260,419||67.83||3,839||1932-04-01||[http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鎌倉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||173,588||39.60||4,384||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.kamakura.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|藤沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||402,628||69.51||5,792||1940-10-01||[http://www.city.fujisawa.kanagawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Odawara, Kanagawa|Odawara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小田原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||198,841||114.09||1,743||1940-12-20||[http://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chigasaki, Kanagawa|Chigasaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|茅ヶ崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||231,005||35.71||6,469||1947-10-01||[http://www.city.chigasaki.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Zushi, Kanagawa|Zushi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|逗子市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||58,654||17.34||3,383||1954-04-15||[http://www.city.zushi.kanagawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sagamihara, Kanagawa|Sagamihara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|相模原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||706,342||328.84||2,148||1954-11-20||[http://www.city.sagamihara.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miura, Kanagawa|Miura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三浦市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||49,371||32.28||1,529||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.miura.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hadano, Kanagawa|Hadano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|秦野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||169,201||103.61||1,633||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.hadano.kanagawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Atsugi, Kanagawa|Atsugi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|厚木市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||225,163||93.83||2,400||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.atsugi.kanagawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yamato, Kanagawa|Yamato]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大和市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||223,127||27.06||8,246||1959-02-01||[http://www.city.yamato.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Isehara, Kanagawa|Isehara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊勢原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||100,779||55.52||1,815||1971-03-01||[http://www.city.isehara.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ebina, Kanagawa|Ebina]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|海老名市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||126,035||26.48||4,760||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.ebina.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Zama, Kanagawa|Zama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|座間市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||127,582||17.58||7,257||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.zama.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minamiashigara, Kanagawa|Minamiashigara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南足柄市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||44,285||76.93||576||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.minamiashigara.kanagawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ayase, Kanagawa|Ayase]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|綾瀬市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kanagawa||82,083||22.28||3,684||1978-11-01||[http://www.city.ayase.kanagawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Kochi&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōchi, Kōchi|Kōchi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高知市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||342,944||309.22||1,109||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kochi.kochi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sukumo, Kōchi|Sukumo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宿毛市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||23,771||286.11||83.1||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sukumo.kochi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aki, Kōchi|Aki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|安芸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||20,555||317.34||64.8||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.aki.kochi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tosashimizu, Kōchi|Tosashimizu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|土佐清水市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||17,421||266.54||65.4||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.tosashimizu.kochi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Susaki, Kōchi|Susaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|須崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||25,679||135.46||190||1954-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20100213104510/http://www.city.susaki.kochi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tosa, Kōchi|Tosa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|土佐市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||29,726||91.59||325||1959-01-01||[http://www.city.tosa.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030040629/http://www.city.tosa.lg.jp/ |date=2020-10-30 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Muroto, Kōchi|Muroto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|室戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||17,683||248.25||71.2||1959-03-01||[http://www.city.muroto.kochi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nankoku, Kōchi|Nankoku]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南国市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||50,315||125.35||401||1959-10-01||[http://www.city.nankoku.kochi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008163502/http://www.city.nankoku.kochi.jp/ |date=2003-10-08 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shimanto, Kōchi (city)|Shimanto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|四万十市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||37,182||632.42||58.8||2005-04-10||[http://www.city.shimanto.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kami, Kōchi|Kami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|香美市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||29,144||538.22||54.1||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.kami.kochi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031134322/http://www.city.kami.kochi.jp/ |date=2012-10-31 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Konan&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōnan, Kōchi|Kōnan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|香南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kōchi||34,084||126.49||269||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.kochi-konan.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kumamoto, Kumamoto|Kumamoto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|熊本市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||670,348||267.23||2,509||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kumamoto.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423003228/http://www.city.kumamoto.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2003-04-23 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yatsushiro, Kumamoto|Yatsushiro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八代市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||134,491||680.59||198||1940-09-01||[http://www.city.yatsushiro.kumamoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto|Hitoyoshi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|人吉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||36,556||210.55||174||1942-02-11||[http://www.city.hitoyoshi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Arao, Kumamoto|Arao]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|荒尾市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||55,505||57.15||971||1942-04-01||[http://www.city.arao.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minamata, Kumamoto|Minamata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|水俣市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||28,123||162.88||173||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.minamata.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tamana, Kumamoto|Tamana]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|玉名市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||70,747||152.55||464||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tamana.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yamaga, Kumamoto|Yamaga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|山鹿市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||56,741||299.67||189||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yamaga.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126040213/http://city.yamaga.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2005-01-26 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kikuchi, Kumamoto|Kikuchi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|菊池市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||51,471||276.66||186||1958-08-01||[http://www.city.kikuchi.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919121754/http://www.city.kikuchi.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2011-09-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uto, Kumamoto|Uto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宇土市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||37,897||74.19||511||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.uto.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716212732/http://www.city.uto.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2012-07-16 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto|Kami-Amakusa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|上天草市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||31,051||126.13||246||2004-03-31||[http://www.kamiamakusa-c.kumamoto-sgn.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224085647/http://www.kamiamakusa-c.kumamoto-sgn.jp/ |date=2009-02-24 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uki, Kumamoto|Uki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宇城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||62,718||188.56||333||2005-01-15||[http://www.city.uki.kumamoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aso, Kumamoto|Aso]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|阿蘇市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||29,149||376.25||77.5||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.aso.kumamoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Koshi&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōshi, Kumamoto|Kōshi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|合志市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||53,490||53.17||1,006||2006-02-27||[http://www.city.koshi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Amakusa, Kumamoto|Amakusa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|天草市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kumamoto||93,047||683.17||136||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.amakusa.kumamoto.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kyoto]] ||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|京都市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||1,468,906||827.90||1,774||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|福知山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||80,836||552.57||146||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.fukuchiyama.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|舞鶴市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||90,461||342.15||264||1943-05-27||[http://www.city.maizuru.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ayabe, Kyoto|Ayabe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|綾部市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||37,081||347.11||107||1950-08-01||[http://www.city.ayabe.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210163241/http://www.city.ayabe.kyoto.jp/ |date=2007-02-10 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uji, Kyoto|Uji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宇治市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||191,297||67.55||2,832||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.uji.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyazu, Kyoto|Miyazu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宮津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||20,565||169.32||121||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.miyazu.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kameoka, Kyoto|Kameoka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|亀岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||93,641||224.90||416||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.kameoka.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Joyo&lt;/span&gt;[[Jōyō, Kyoto|Jōyō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|城陽市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||80,795||32.74||2,468||1972-05-03||[http://www.city.joyo.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Muko&lt;/span&gt;[[Mukō, Kyoto|Mukō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|向日市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||55,137||7.67||7,189||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.muko.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Nagaokakyo&lt;/span&gt;[[Nagaokakyō, Kyoto|Nagaokakyō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|長岡京市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||79,031||19.18||4,120||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.nagaokakyo.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125110930/http://www.city.nagaokakyo.kyoto.jp/ |date=2005-11-25 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yawata, Kyoto|Yawata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八幡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||73,822||24.37||3,029||1977-11-01||[http://www.city.yawata.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Kyotanabe&lt;/span&gt;[[Kyōtanabe, Kyoto|Kyōtanabe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|京田辺市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||65,211||42.94||1,519||1997-04-01||[http://www.kyotanabe.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013120104/http://www.kyotanabe.jp/ |date=2012-10-13 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Kyotango&lt;/span&gt;[[Kyōtango, Kyoto|Kyōtango]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|京丹後市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto ||60,980||501.84||122||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.kyotango.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008195221/http://www.city.kyotango.kyoto.jp/ |date=2012-10-08 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nantan, Kyoto|Nantan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南丹市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||35,937||616.31||58.3||2006-06-01||[http://www.city.nantan.kyoto.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kizugawa, Kyoto|Kizugawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|木津川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Kyoto||66,783||85.12||785||2007-03-12||[http://www.city.kizugawa.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yokkaichi, Mie|Yokkaichi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|四日市市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||306,584||205.53||1,492||1897-08-01||[http://www.city.yokkaichi.mie.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matsusaka, Mie|Matsusaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|松阪市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||169,571||623.82||272||1933-02-01||[http://www.city.matsusaka.mie.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kuwana, Mie|Kuwana]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|桑名市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||140,816||136.61||1,031||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Suzuka, Mie|Suzuka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鈴鹿市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||197,437||194.67||1,014||1942-12-01||[http://www.city.suzuka.mie.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217195322/http://www.city.suzuka.mie.jp/ |date=2007-02-17 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nabari, Mie|Nabari]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|名張市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||81,184||129.76||626||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.nabari.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Owase, Mie|Owase]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|尾鷲市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||21,272||193.16||110||1954-06-20||[http://www.city.owase.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kameyama, Mie|Kameyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|亀山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||50,304||190.91||263||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.kameyama.mie.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toba, Mie|Toba]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鳥羽市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||22,286||107.98||206||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.toba.mie.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Inabe, Mie|Inabe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|いなべ市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||46,676||219.58||213||2003-12-01||[http://www.city.inabe.mie.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shima, Mie|Shima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|志摩市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||56,758||179.70||316||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.shima.mie.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iga, Mie|Iga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊賀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||99,662||558.17||179||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.iga.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ise, Mie|Ise]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊勢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||133,547||208.53||640||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.ise.mie.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kumano, Mie|Kumano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|熊野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||20,477||373.63||54.8||2005-11-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20070217000826/http://www.city.kumano.mie.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsu, Mie|Tsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Mie||289,215||710.81||407||2006-01-01||[http://www.info.city.tsu.mie.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|仙台市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||1,029,552||783.54||1,314||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.sendai.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ishinomaki, Miyagi|Ishinomaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|石巻市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||163,840||555.77||295||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.ishinomaki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shiogama, Miyagi|Shiogama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|塩竈市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||58,057||17.86||3,251||1941-11-23||[http://www.city.shiogama.miyagi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shiroishi, Miyagi|Shiroishi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|白石市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||38,629||286.47||135||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.shiroishi.miyagi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Natori, Miyagi|Natori]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|名取市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||69,610||100.06||696||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.natori.miyagi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kakuda, Miyagi|Kakuda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|角田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||32,559||147.58||221||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.kakuda.miyagi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124171000/http://www.city.kakuda.miyagi.jp/ |date=2001-01-24 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tagajo&lt;/span&gt;[[Tagajō, Miyagi|Tagajō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|多賀城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||63,200||19.65||3,216||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.tagajo.miyagi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iwanuma, Miyagi|Iwanuma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岩沼市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||44,595||60.72||734||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.iwanuma.miyagi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tome, Miyagi|Tome]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|登米市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||86,940||536.38||162||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.tome.miyagi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kurihara, Miyagi|Kurihara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|栗原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||77,862||804.93||96.7||2005-04-01||[http://www.kuriharacity.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Higashimatsushima, Miyagi|Higashimatsushima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東松島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||43,238||101.86||424||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.higashimatsushima.miyagi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kesennuma, Miyagi|Kesennuma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|気仙沼市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||64,578||226.67||285||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.kesennuma.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Osaki&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōsaki, Miyagi|Ōsaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyagi||137,164||796.76||172||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.osaki.miyagi.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyazaki, Miyazaki|Miyazaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宮崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||369,473||596.80||619||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.miyazaki.miyazaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Miyakonojo&lt;/span&gt;[[Miyakonojō, Miyazaki|Miyakonojō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|都城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||169,384||653.31||259||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.miyakonojo.miyazaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nobeoka, Miyazaki|Nobeoka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|延岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||132,480||867.97||153||1933-02-11||[http://www.city.nobeoka.miyazaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nichinan, Miyazaki|Nichinan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||43,264||294.46||147||1950-01-01||[http://www.city.nichinan.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kobayashi, Miyazaki|Kobayashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小林市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||40,514||474.23||85.4||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.kobayashi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Hyuga&lt;/span&gt;[[Hyūga, Miyazaki|Hyūga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日向市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||63,066||336.29||188||1951-04-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20160204030326/http://www.city.hyuga.miyazaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kushima, Miyazaki|Kushima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|串間市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||21,386||294.96||72.5||1954-11-03||[http://www.city.kushima.miyazaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307085939/http://www.city.kushima.miyazaki.jp/ |date=2011-03-07 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Saito, Miyazaki|Saito]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西都市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||33,290||438.56||75.9||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.saito.miyazaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928215807/http://www.city.saito.miyazaki.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ebino, Miyazaki|Ebino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|えびの市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Miyazaki||22,445||283.00||79.3||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.ebino.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|松本市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||227,392||919.35||247||1907-05-01||[http://www.city.matsumoto.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Okaya, Nagano|Okaya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岡谷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||53,722||85.14||631||1936-04-01||[http://www.city.okaya.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Suwa, Nagano|Suwa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|諏訪市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||52,671||109.06||483||1941-08-10||[http://www.city.suwa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Suzaka, Nagano|Suzaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|須坂市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||53,097||149.84||354||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.suzaka.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Komoro, Nagano|Komoro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小諸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||45,333||98.66||459||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.komoro.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050105/http%3A//www.city.komoro.nagano.jp/ |date=2002-09-14 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Komagane, Nagano|Komagane]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|駒ヶ根市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||34,696||165.92||209||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.komagane.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Omachi&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōmachi, Nagano|Ōmachi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大町市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||31,276||564.99||55.4||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.omachi.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iiyama, Nagano|Iiyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|飯山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||24,155||202.32||119||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.iiyama.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iida, Nagano|Iida]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|飯田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||107,129||658.76||163||1956-09-30||[http://www.city.iida.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chino, Nagano|Chino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|茅野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||57,363||266.41||215||1958-08-01||[http://www.city.chino.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shiojiri, Nagano|Shiojiri]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|塩尻市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||67,781||290.13||234||1959-04-01||[http://www.city.shiojiri.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010720092104/http://www.city.shiojiri.nagano.jp/ |date=2001-07-20 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|長野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||378,204||730.83||517||1966-10-16||[http://www.city.nagano.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chikuma, Nagano|Chikuma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|千曲市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||63,305||119.84||528||2003-09-01||[http://www.city.chikuma.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030901020411/http://www.city.chikuma.nagano.jp/ |date=2003-09-01 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tomi&lt;/span&gt;[[Tōmi, Nagano|Tōmi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東御市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||31,211||112.30||278||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.tomi.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nakano, Nagano|Nakano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|中野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||46,295||112.06||413||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.nakano.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Saku, Nagano|Saku]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|佐久市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||100,077||423.99||236||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.saku.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Azumino, Nagano|Azumino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|安曇野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||97,084||331.82||293||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.azumino.nagano.jp]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ueda, Nagano|Ueda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|上田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||161,887||552.00||293||2006-03-06||[http://www.city.ueda.nagano.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ina, Nagano|Ina]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊那市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagano||71,937||667.81||108||2006-03-31||[http://www.inacity.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|長崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||448,792||406.37||1,104||1889-04-01||[http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230090651/http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/ |date=2015-12-30 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sasebo, Nagasaki|Sasebo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|佐世保市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||254,650||364.00||700||1902-04-01||[http://www.city.sasebo.nagasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702014029/http://www.city.sasebo.nagasaki.jp/ |date=2004-07-02 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shimabara, Nagasaki|Shimabara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|島原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||48,953||82.77||591||1940-04-01||[http://www.city.shimabara.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Omura&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōmura, Nagasaki|Ōmura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大村市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||89,650||126.34||710||1942-02-11||[http://www.city.omura.nagasaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsushima, Nagasaki|Tsushima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|対馬市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||36,347||708.81||51.3||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.tsushima.nagasaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iki, Nagasaki|Iki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|壱岐市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||30,352||138.50||219||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.iki.nagasaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Goto&lt;/span&gt;[[Gotō, Nagasaki|Gotō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|五島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||42,447||420.77||101||2004-08-01||[http://www3.city.goto.nagasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303101431/http://www3.city.goto.nagasaki.jp/ |date=2012-03-03 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Isahaya, Nagasaki|Isahaya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|諫早市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||142,635||312.24||457||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.isahaya.nagasaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Saikai, Nagasaki|Saikai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西海市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||32,737||241.95||135||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.saikai.nagasaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hirado, Nagasaki|Hirado]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|平戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||36,785||235.63||156||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.hirado.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416075114/http://www.city.hirado.lg.jp/ |date=2009-04-16 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Unzen, Nagasaki|Unzen]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|雲仙市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||48,701||206.92||235||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.unzen.nagasaki.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matsuura, Nagasaki|Matsuura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|松浦市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||26,007||130.35||200||2006-01-01||[http://www.city-matsuura.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minamishimabara, Nagasaki|Minamishimabara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南島原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nagasaki||52,347||169.88||308||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.minamishimabara.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nara, Nara|Nara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|奈良市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||367,393||276.84||1,327||1898-02-01||[http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008220336/http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/ |date=2003-10-08 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yamatotakada, Nara|Yamatotakada]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大和高田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||69,473||16.49||4,213||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.yamatotakada.nara.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Yamatokoriyama&lt;/span&gt;[[Yamatokōriyama, Nara|Yamatokōriyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大和郡山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||90,223||42.68||2,114||1954-01-01||[http://www.city.yamatokoriyama.nara.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tenri, Nara|Tenri]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|天理市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||70,702||86.37||819||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tenri.nara.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|橿原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||124,679||39.52||3,155||1956-02-11||[http://www.city.kashihara.nara.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakurai, Nara|Sakurai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|桜井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||60,699||98.92||614||1956-09-01||[http://www.city.sakurai.nara.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050354/http%3A//www.city.sakurai.nara.jp/ |date=2002-09-14 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Gojo&lt;/span&gt;[[Gojō, Nara|Gojō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|五條市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||36,002||292.05||123||1957-10-15||[http://www.city.gojo.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Gose, Nara|Gose]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|御所市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||31,160||60.58||514||1958-03-31||[http://www.city.gose.nara.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ikoma, Nara|Ikoma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|生駒市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||115,359||53.18||2,169||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.ikoma.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kashiba, Nara|Kashiba]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|香芝市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||72,967||24.23||3,011||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.kashiba.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Katsuragi, Nara|Katsuragi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|葛城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||35,194||33.73||1,043||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.katsuragi.nara.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uda, Nara|Uda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宇陀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Nara||35,895||247.62||145||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.uda.nara.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新潟市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||813,053||726.10||1,120||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.niigata.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nagaoka, Niigata|Nagaoka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|長岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||281,222||840.88||334||1906-04-01||[http://www.city.nagaoka.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kashiwazaki, Niigata|Kashiwazaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|柏崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||93,506||442.70||211||1940-07-01||[http://www.city.kashiwazaki.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011010046/http://www.city.kashiwazaki.niigata.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shibata, Niigata|Shibata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新発田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||103,490||532.82||194||1947-01-01||[http://www.city.shibata.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031017121056/http://www.city.shibata.niigata.jp/ |date=2003-10-17 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ojiya, Niigata|Ojiya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小千谷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||39,304||155.12||253||1954-03-10||[http://www.city.ojiya.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kamo, Niigata|Kamo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|加茂市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||30,800||133.68||230||1954-03-10||[http://www.city.kamo.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mitsuke, Niigata|Mitsuke]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|見附市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||42,139||77.96||541||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.mitsuke.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Murakami, Niigata|Murakami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|村上市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||30,197||142.12||212||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.murakami.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828083750/http://www.city.murakami.niigata.jp/ |date=2005-08-28 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Myoko&lt;/span&gt;[[Myōkō, Niigata|Myōkō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|妙高市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||36,837||445.52||82.7||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.myoko.niigata.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Joetsu&lt;/span&gt;[[Jōetsu, Niigata|Jōetsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|上越市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||206,175||973.32||212||1971-04-29||[http://www.city.joetsu.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sado, Niigata|Sado]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|佐渡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||65,037||855.26||76.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.sado.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Agano, Niigata|Agano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|阿賀野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||46,158||192.72||240||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.agano.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uonuma, Niigata|Uonuma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|魚沼市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||42,334||946.93||44.7||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.uonuma.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014907/http://www.city.uonuma.niigata.jp/uogaku/ |date=2007-09-27 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minamiuonuma, Niigata|Minami-Uonuma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南魚沼市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||62,518||584.82||107||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.minamiuonuma.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Itoigawa, Niigata|Itoigawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|糸魚川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||48,653||746.24||65.2||2005-03-19||[http://www.city.itoigawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokamachi&lt;/span&gt;[[Tōkamachi, Niigata|Tōkamachi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|十日町市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||60,480||589.92||103||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129140601/http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/ |date=2016-01-29 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Sanjo&lt;/span&gt;[[Sanjō, Niigata|Sanjō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三条市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||103,199||432.01||239||2005-05-01||[http://www.city.sanjo.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tainai, Niigata|Tainai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|胎内市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||32,165||265.18||121||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.tainai.niigata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Gosen, Niigata|Gosen]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|五泉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||55,936||351.87||159||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.gosen.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsubame, Niigata|Tsubame]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|燕市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Niigata||82,910||110.88||748||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.tsubame.niigata.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Oita&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōita, Ōita|Ōita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大分市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||467,267||501.25||932||1911-04-01||[http://www.city.oita.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Beppu, Ōita|Beppu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|別府市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||127,345||125.15||1,018||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nakatsu, Ōita|Nakatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|中津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||84,179||491.09||171||1929-04-20||[http://www.city-nakatsu.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hita, Ōita|Hita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||72,601||666.19||109||1940-12-11||[http://www.city.hita.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Saiki, Ōita|Saiki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|佐伯市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||78,675||903.44||87.1||1941-04-29||[http://www.city.saiki.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Usuki, Ōita|Usuki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|臼杵市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||42,464||291.07||146||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.usuki.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsukumi, Ōita|Tsukumi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|津久見市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||20,561||79.53||259||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.tsukumi.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Taketa, Ōita|Taketa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|竹田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||25,449||477.59||53.3||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.taketa.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bungotakada, Ōita|Bungotakada]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊後高田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||24,484||206.64||118||1954-05-31||[http://www.city.bungotakada.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Usa, Ōita|Usa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宇佐市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||59,971||439.12||137||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.usa.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Bungo-ono&lt;/span&gt;[[Bungo-ōno, Ōita|Bungo-ōno]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊後大野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||40,409||603.36||67.0||2005-03-31||[http://www.bungo-ohno.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122130246/http://www.bungo-ohno.jp/ |date=2015-11-22 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitsuki, Ōita|Kitsuki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|杵築市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||33,465||280.01||120||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kitsuki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yufu, Ōita|Yufu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|由布市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||35,298||319.16||111||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yufu.oita.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kunisaki, Ōita|Kunisaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|国東市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Ōita||33,473||317.81||105||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.kunisaki.oita.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岡山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||701,293||789.91||887||1889-06-01||[http://www.city.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kurashiki, Okayama|Kurashiki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|倉敷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||472,452||354.71||1,332||1928-04-01||[http://www.city.kurashiki.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsuyama, Okayama|Tsuyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|津山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||109,493||506.36||216||1929-02-11||[http://www.city.tsuyama.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820085908/http://www.city.tsuyama.lg.jp/ |date=2012-08-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tamano, Okayama|Tamano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|玉野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||65,723||103.63||634||1940-08-03||[http://www.city.tamano.okayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014090840/http://www.city.tamano.okayama.jp/ |date=2003-10-14 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kasaoka, Okayama|Kasaoka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|笠岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||55,987||136.03||412||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.kasaoka.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ibara, Okayama|Ibara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|井原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||44,423||243.36||183||1953-04-01||[http://www.city.ibara.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Soja&lt;/span&gt;[[Sōja, Okayama|Sōja]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|総社市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||66,789||212.00||315||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.soja.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takahashi, Okayama|Takahashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高梁市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||37,573||547.01||68.7||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.takahashi.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Niimi, Okayama|Niimi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新見市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||35,022||793.27||44.1||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.niimi.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bizen, Okayama|Bizen]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|備前市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||39,117||258.23||151||1971-04-01||[http://www.city.bizen.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Setouchi, Okayama|Setouchi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|瀬戸内市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||38,645||125.53||308||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.setouchi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akaiwa, Okayama|Akaiwa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|赤磐市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||43,742||209.43||209||2005-03-07||[http://www.city.akaiwa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Maniwa, Okayama|Maniwa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|真庭市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||50,405||828.43||60.8||2005-03-31||[http://www.city.maniwa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mimasaka, Okayama|Mimasaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|美作市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||31,550||429.19||73.5||2005-03-31||[http://www.city.mimasaka.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Asakuchi, Okayama|Asakuchi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|浅口市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okayama||37,108||66.46||558||2006-03-21||[http://www.city.asakuchi.okayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|那覇市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||314,162||39.23||7,963||1921-05-20||[http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ishigaki, Okinawa|Ishigaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|石垣市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||46,489||229.00||195||1947-07-10||[http://www.city.ishigaki.okinawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ginowan, Okinawa|Ginowan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宜野湾市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||91,233||19.70||4,569||1962-07-01||[http://www.city.ginowan.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318044008/http://www.city.ginowan.okinawa.jp/ |date=2010-03-18 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Urasoe, Okinawa|Urasoe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|浦添市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||108,052||19.09||5,516||1970-07-01||[http://www.8761234.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nago, Okinawa|Nago]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|名護市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||60,598||210.30||278||1970-08-01||[http://www.city.nago.okinawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Itoman, Okinawa|Itoman]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|糸満市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||56,171||46.63||1,200||1971-12-01||[http://www.city.itoman.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031010070538/http://www.city.itoman.okinawa.jp/ |date=2003-10-10 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Okinawa, Okinawa|Okinawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|沖縄市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||128,421||49.00||2,565||1974-04-01||[http://www.city.okinawa.okinawa.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tomigusuku, Okinawa|Tomigusuku]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊見城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||54,586||19.45||2,751||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.tomigusuku.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309075111/http://j2k.naver.com/j2k_frame.php/korean/www.city.tomigusuku.okinawa.jp/ |date=2007-03-09 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uruma, Okinawa|Uruma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|うるま市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||114,087||86.03||1,313||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.uruma.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050520003645/http://www.city.uruma.okinawa.jp/ |date=2005-05-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyakojima, Okinawa|Miyakojima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宮古島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||52,777||204.54||275||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.miyakojima.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Nanjo&lt;/span&gt;[[Nanjō, Okinawa|Nanjō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Okinawa||39,458||49.70||819||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.nanjo.okinawa.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大阪市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||2,645,305||222.30||11,900||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakai, Osaka|Sakai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|堺市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||835,333||149.99||5,569||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.sakai.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kishiwada, Osaka|Kishiwada]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岸和田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||200,538||72.24||2,776||1922-11-01||[http://www.city.kishiwada.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103101744/http://www.city.kishiwada.osaka.jp/index_e.html |date=2009-01-03 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toyonaka, Osaka|Toyonaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊中市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||387,269||36.38||10,645||1936-10-15||[http://www.city.toyonaka.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ikeda, Osaka|Ikeda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|池田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||104,426||22.09||4,727||1939-04-29||[http://www.city.ikeda.osaka.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Suita, Osaka|Suita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|吹田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||354,600||36.11||9,820||1940-04-01||[http://www.city.suita.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Izumiotsu&lt;/span&gt;[[Izumiōtsu, Osaka|Izumiōtsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|泉大津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||78,014||12.80||6,095||1942-04-01||[http://www.city.izumiotsu.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928055053/http://www.city.izumiotsu.osaka.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takatsuki, Osaka|Takatsuki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高槻市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||354,228||105.31||3,364||1943-01-01||[http://www.city.takatsuki.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kaizuka, Osaka|Kaizuka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|貝塚市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||90,447||43.99||2,056||1943-05-01||[http://www.city.kaizuka.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Moriguchi, Osaka|Moriguchi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|守口市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||146,294||12.73||11,492||1946-11-01||[http://www.city.moriguchi.osaka.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hirakata, Osaka|Hirakata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|枚方市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||406,201||65.08||6,242||1947-08-01||[http://www.city.hirakata.osaka.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ibaraki, Osaka|Ibaraki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|茨木市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||272,240||76.52||3,558||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.ibaraki.osaka.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yao, Osaka|Yao]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八尾市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||273,244||41.71||6,551||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.yao.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Izumisano, Osaka|Izumisano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|泉佐野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||99,636||55.03||1,811||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.izumisano.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tondabayashi, Osaka|Tondabayashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富田林市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||122,205||39.66||3,081||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.tondabayashi.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226104118/http://www.city.tondabayashi.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-26 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Neyagawa, Osaka|Neyagawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|寝屋川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||239,029||24.73||9,666||1951-05-03||[http://www.city.neyagawa.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kawachinagano, Osaka|Kawachinagano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|河内長野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||114,428||109.61||1,044||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.kawachinagano.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050056/http%3A//www.city.kawachinagano.osaka.jp/ |date=2002-09-14 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matsubara, Osaka|Matsubara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|松原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||125,274||16.66||7,519||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.matsubara.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219030756/http://www.city.matsubara.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Daito&lt;/span&gt;[[Daitō, Osaka|Daitō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大東市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||125,847||18.27||6,888||1956-04-01||[http://www.city.daito.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Izumi, Osaka|Izumi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|和泉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||179,352||84.98||2,110||1956-09-01||[http://www.city.izumi.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824110542/http://www.city.izumi.osaka.jp/ |date=2005-08-24 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minoh, Osaka|Minoh]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|箕面市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||127,757||47.84||2,671||1956-12-01||[http://www.city.minoh.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kashiwara, Osaka|Kashiwara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|柏原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||75,875||25.39||2,988||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.kashiwara.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|羽曳野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||118,281||26.44||4,474||1959-01-15||[http://www.city.habikino.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kadoma, Osaka|Kadoma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|門真市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||130,026||12.28||10,588||1963-08-01||[http://www.city.kadoma.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Settsu, Osaka|Settsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|摂津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||84,330||14.88||5,667||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.settsu.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takaishi, Osaka|Takaishi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高石市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||60,077||11.35||5,293||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.takaishi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fujiidera, Osaka|Fujiidera]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|藤井寺市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||65,892||8.89||7,412||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416203514/http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-04-16 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Higashiosaka&lt;/span&gt;[[Higashiōsaka, Osaka|Higashiōsaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東大阪市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||509,157||61.81||8,237||1967-02-01||[http://www.city.higashiosaka.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005161739/http://www.city.higashiosaka.osaka.jp/ |date=2003-10-05 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sennan, Osaka|Sennan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|泉南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||64,916||48.48||1,339||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.sennan.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211222511/http://www.city.sennan.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-11 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Shijonawate&lt;/span&gt;[[Shijōnawate, Osaka|Shijōnawate]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|四条畷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||57,239||18.74||3,054||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.shijonawate.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Katano, Osaka|Katano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|交野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||77,853||25.55||3,047||1971-11-03||[http://www.city.katano.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Osakasayama&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōsakasayama, Osaka|Ōsakasayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大阪狭山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||58,661||11.86||4,946||1987-10-01||[http://www.city.osakasayama.osaka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hannan, Osaka|Hannan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|阪南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Osaka||56,853||36.10||1,575||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.hannan.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tosu, Saga|Tosu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鳥栖市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||66,842||71.73||932||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tosu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Imari, Saga|Imari]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊万里市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||57,604||254.99||226||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.imari.saga.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kashima, Saga|Kashima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鹿島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||31,326||112.10||279||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.kashima.saga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505115227/http://www.city.kashima.saga.jp/ |date=2010-05-05 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Taku, Saga|Taku]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|多久市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||22,165||96.93||229||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.taku.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Karatsu, Saga|Karatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|唐津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||129,194||487.45||265||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.karatsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ogi, Saga|Ogi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||45,516||95.85||475||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.ogi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Saga, Saga|Saga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|佐賀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||239,932||431.42||556||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712064656/http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/ |date=2012-07-12 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ureshino, Saga|Ureshino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|嬉野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||29,644||126.51||234||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.ureshino.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takeo, Saga|Takeo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|武雄市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||50,788||195.44||260||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.takeo.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kanzaki, Saga|Kanzaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|神埼市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saga||33,449||125.01||268||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kanzaki.saga.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kawagoe, Saitama|Kawagoe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|川越市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||335,693||109.16||3,075||1922-12-01||[http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213071307/http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-13 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kawaguchi, Saitama|Kawaguchi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|川口市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||552,883||61.97||8,922||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.kawaguchi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Gyoda&lt;/span&gt;[[Gyōda, Saitama|Gyōda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|行田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||87,462||67.37||1,298||1949-05-03||[http://www.city.gyoda.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Chichibu, Saitama|Chichibu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|秩父市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||69,139||577.69||120||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.chichibu.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tokorozawa, Saitama|Tokorozawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|所沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||338,560||71.99||4,703||1950-11-03||[http://www.city.tokorozawa.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Hanno&lt;/span&gt;[[Hannō, Saitama|Hannō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|飯能市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||84,053||193.16||435||1954-01-01||[http://www.city.hanno.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219024658/http://www.city.hanno.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kazo, Saitama|Kazo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|加須市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||67,862||59.40||1,142||1954-05-03||[http://www.city.kazo.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Higashimatsuyama, Saitama|Higashimatsuyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東松山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||90,840||65.33||1,390||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.higashimatsuyama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sayama, Saitama|Sayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|狭山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||156,634||49.04||3,194||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.sayama.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Hanyu&lt;/span&gt;[[Hanyū, Saitama|Hanyū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|羽生市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||56,820||58.55||970||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.hanyu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Konosu&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōnosu, Saitama|Kōnosu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鴻巣市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||119,768||67.49||1,775||1954-09-30||[http://www.city.kounosu.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ageo, Saitama|Ageo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|上尾市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||222,479||45.55||4,884||1958-07-15||[http://www.city.ageo.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Soka&lt;/span&gt;[[Sōka, Saitama|Sōka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|草加市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||237,964||27.42||8,678||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.soka.saitama.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Koshigaya, Saitama|Koshigaya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|越谷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||318,592||60.31||5,283||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.koshigaya.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Warabi, Saitama|Warabi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|蕨市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||70,410||5.10||13,806||1959-04-01||[http://www.city.warabi.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toda, Saitama|Toda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|戸田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||118,591||18.17||6,527||1966-10-01||[http://www.city.toda.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iruma, Saitama|Iruma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|入間市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||148,203||44.74||3,313||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.iruma.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Asaka, Saitama|Asaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|朝霞市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||126,902||18.38||6,904||1967-03-15||[http://www.city.asaka.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031020205457/http://www.city.asaka.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shiki, Saitama|Shiki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|志木市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||68,531||9.06||7,564||1970-10-26||[http://www.city.shiki.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Wako&lt;/span&gt;[[Wakō, Saitama|Wakō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|和光市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||78,575||11.04||7,117||1970-10-31||[http://www.city.wako.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Niiza, Saitama|Niiza]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新座市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||155,926||22.80||6,839||1970-11-01||[http://www.city.niiza.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Okegawa, Saitama|Okegawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|桶川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||74,703||25.26||2,957||1970-11-03||[http://www.city.okegawa.lg.jp/index01.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114142555/http://www.city.okegawa.lg.jp/index01.html |date=2008-01-14 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kuki, Saitama|Kuki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|久喜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||71,667||25.35||2,827||1971-10-01||[http://www.city.kuki.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827001932/http://www.city.kuki.saitama.jp/ |date=2005-08-27 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kitamoto, Saitama|Kitamoto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北本市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||69,903||19.84||3,523||1971-11-03||[http://www.city.kitamoto.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224215300/http://www.city.kitamoto.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-24 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yashio, Saitama|Yashio]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八潮市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||78,601||18.03||4,359||1972-01-15||[http://www.city.yashio.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fujimi, Saitama|Fujimi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富士見市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||105,286||19.70||5,344||1972-04-10||[http://www.city.fujimi.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Misato, Saitama (city)|Misato]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三郷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||128,956||30.16||4,276||1972-05-03||[http://www.city.misato.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hasuda, Saitama|Hasuda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|蓮田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||63,375||27.27||2,324||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.hasuda.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakado, Saitama|Sakado]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|坂戸市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||99,680||40.97||2,433||1976-09-01||[http://www.city.sakado.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Satte, Saitama|Satte]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|幸手市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||53,485||33.95||1,575||1986-10-01||[http://www.city.satte.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219054705/http://www.city.satte.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsurugashima, Saitama|Tsurugashima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鶴ヶ島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||70,131||17.73||3,955||1991-09-01||[http://www.city.tsurugashima.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hidaka, Saitama|Hidaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日高市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||55,454||47.50||1,167||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.hidaka.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yoshikawa, Saitama|Yoshikawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|吉川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||63,050||31.62||1,994||1996-04-01||[http://www.city.yoshikawa.saitama.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|さいたま市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||1,192,418||217.49||5,483||2001-05-01||[http://www.city.saitama.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|熊谷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||204,853||159.88||1,281||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kumagaya.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kasukabe, Saitama|Kasukabe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|春日部市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||236,854||65.98||3,590||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kasukabe.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fujimino, Saitama|Fujimino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|ふじみ野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||103,724||14.67||7,070||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.fujimino.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukaya, Saitama|Fukaya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|深谷市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||146,128||137.58||1,062||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.fukaya.saitama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Honjo&lt;/span&gt;[[Honjō, Saitama|Honjō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|本庄市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Saitama||81,805||89.71||912||2006-01-10||[http://www.city.honjo.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Otsu&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōtsu, Shiga|Ōtsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||329,024||464.10||709||1898-10-01||[http://www.city.otsu.shiga.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hikone, Shiga|Hikone]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|彦根市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||110,945||196.84||564||1937-02-11||[http://www.city.hikone.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501090525/http://www.city.hikone.shiga.jp/ |date=2011-05-01 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Omihachiman&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōmihachiman, Shiga|Ōmihachiman]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|近江八幡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||69,116||153.09||451||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.omihachiman.shiga.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kusatsu, Shiga|Kusatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|草津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||123,512||67.92||1,818||1954-10-15||[http://www.city.kusatsu.shiga.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Moriyama, Shiga|Moriyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|守山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||74,263||54.81||1,355||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.moriyama.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023173417/http://www.city.moriyama.shiga.jp/ |date=2016-10-23 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ritto&lt;/span&gt;[[Rittō, Shiga|Rittō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|栗東市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||62,353||52.75||1,182||2001-10-01||[http://www.city.ritto.shiga.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Koka&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōka, Shiga|Kōka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|甲賀市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||94,007||481.69||195||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.koka.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206022438/http://www.city.koka.shiga.jp/ |date=2008-02-06 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yasu, Shiga|Yasu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|野洲市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||49,821||81.07||615||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.yasu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Konan, Shiga|Konan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|湖南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||55,144||70.49||782||2004-10-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20070925212042/http://www.city.konan.shiga.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takashima, Shiga|Takashima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||52,967||693.00||76.4||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.takashima.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218063311/http://www.city.takashima.shiga.jp/ |date=2006-02-18 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Higashiomi&lt;/span&gt;[[Higashiōmi, Shiga|Higashiōmi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東近江市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||117,487||388.58||302||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.higashiomi.shiga.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Maibara, Shiga|Maibara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|米原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||40,757||250.46||163||2005-02-14||[http://www.city.maibara.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|長浜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shiga||83,555||247.01||338||2006-02-13||[http://www.city.nagahama.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230232547/http://www.city.nagahama.shiga.jp/ |date=2016-12-30 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Matsue, Shimane|Matsue]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|松江市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shimane||195,875||530.27||369||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.matsue.shimane.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125141356/http://www.city.matsue.shimane.jp/ |date=2018-01-25 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|出雲市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shimane||146,115||543.48||269||1941-11-03||[http://www.city.izumo.shimane.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Masuda, Shimane|Masuda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|益田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shimane||50,980||733.16||69.5||1952-08-01||[http://www.city.masuda.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yasugi, Shimane|Yasugi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|安来市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shimane||42,997||420.97||102||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yasugi.shimane.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Gotsu&lt;/span&gt;[[Gōtsu, Shimane|Gōtsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|江津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shimane||26,958||268.51||100||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gotsu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Unnan, Shimane|Unnan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|雲南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shimane||43,269||553.37||78.2||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.unnan.shimane.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hamada, Shimane|Hamada]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|浜田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shimane||61,325||689.60||88.9||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.hamada.shimane.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Oda&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōda, Shimane|Ōda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shimane||39,593||436.11||90.8||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.ohda.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904074354/http://www.city.ohda.lg.jp/ |date=2010-09-04 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|静岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||710,944||1,388.78||512||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.shizuoka.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Moccasin&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hamamatsu, Shizuoka|Hamamatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|浜松市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||811,431||1,511.17||537||1911-07-01||[http://www.city.hamamatsu.shizuoka.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Numazu, Shizuoka|Numazu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|沼津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||206,818||187.11||1,105||1923-07-01||[http://www.city.numazu.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Atami, Shizuoka|Atami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|熱海市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||40,524||61.56||658||1937-04-10||[http://www.city.atami.shizuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426053204/http://www.city.atami.shizuoka.jp/ |date=2012-04-26 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mishima, Shizuoka|Mishima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||112,320||62.13||1,808||1941-04-29||[http://www.city.mishima.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fujinomiya, Shizuoka|Fujinomiya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富士宮市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||122,122||314.81||388||1942-06-01||[http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025001740/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/ |date=2008-10-25 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ito&lt;/span&gt;[[Itō, Shizuoka|Itō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊東市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||72,038||124.13||580||1947-08-10||[http://www.city.ito.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shimada, Shizuoka|Shimada]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|島田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||95,762||195.40||490||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.shimada.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|磐田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||172,583||164.08||1,052||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.iwata.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yaizu, Shizuoka|Yaizu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|焼津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||120,331||46.01||2,615||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.yaizu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kakegawa, Shizuoka|Kakegawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|掛川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||118,660||265.63||447||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.kakegawa.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fujieda, Shizuoka|Fujieda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|藤枝市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||129,637||140.74||921||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.fujieda.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Gotenba, Shizuoka|Gotenba]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|御殿場市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||88,078||194.63||453||1955-02-11||[http://www.city.gotemba.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fukuroi, Shizuoka|Fukuroi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|袋井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||85,163||108.56||784||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.fukuroi.shizuoka.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fuji, Shizuoka|Fuji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富士市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||237,279||214.10||1,108||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.fuji.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|下田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||25,784||104.70||246||1971-01-01||[http://www.city.shimoda.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Susono, Shizuoka|Susono]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|裾野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||53,740||138.39||388||1971-01-01||[http://www.city.susono.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|湖西市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||44,545||55.08||809||1972-01-01||[http://www.city.kosai.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Izu, Shizuoka|Izu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊豆市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||35,911||363.97||98.7||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.izu.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Omaezaki, Shizuoka|Omaezaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|御前崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||35,015||65.85||532||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.omaezaki.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kikugawa, Shizuoka|Kikugawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|菊川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||47,702||94.24||506||2005-01-17||[http://www.city.kikugawa.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Izunokuni, Shizuoka|Izunokuni]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|伊豆の国市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||49,711||94.71||525||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.izunokuni.shizuoka.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Makinohara, Shizuoka|Makinohara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|牧之原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Shizuoka||49,726||111.50||446||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.makinohara.shizuoka.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Utsunomiya, Tochigi|Utsunomiya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宇都宮市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||507,833||416.84||1,218||1896-04-01||[http://www.city.utsunomiya.tochigi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ashikaga, Tochigi|Ashikaga]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|足利市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||157,793||177.82||887||1921-01-01||[http://www.city.ashikaga.tochigi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tochigi, Tochigi|Tochigi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|栃木市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||81,601||122.06||669||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305195542/http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/ |date=2010-03-05 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kanuma, Tochigi|Kanuma]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鹿沼市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||103,690||490.62||211||1948-10-10||[http://www.city.kanuma.tochigi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Oyama, Tochigi|Oyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||162,283||171.61||946||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.oyama.tochigi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mooka, Tochigi|Mooka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|真岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||66,705||111.76||597||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.moka.tochigi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919052800/http://www.city.moka.tochigi.jp/ |date=2003-09-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Otawara&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōtawara, Tochigi|Ōtawara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大田原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||78,563||354.12||222||1954-12-01||[http://www.city.ohtawara.tochigi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yaita, Tochigi|Yaita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|矢板市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||35,462||170.66||208||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.yaita.tochigi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nasushiobara, Tochigi|Nasushiobara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|那須塩原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||115,633||592.82||195||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.nasushiobara.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sano, Tochigi|Sano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|佐野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||123,034||356.07||346||2005-02-28||[http://www.city.sano.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakura, Tochigi|Sakura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|さくら市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||42,403||125.46||338||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.tochigi-sakura.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nasukarasuyama, Tochigi|Nasukarasuyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|那須烏山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||30,433||174.42||174||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nasukarasuyama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shimotsuke, Tochigi|Shimotsuke]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|下野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||59,459||74.58||797||2006-01-10||[http://www.city.shimotsuke.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Nikko&lt;/span&gt;[[Nikkō, Tochigi|Nikkō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日光市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tochigi||92,181||1,449.87||63.6||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.nikko.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tokushima, Tokushima|Tokushima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|徳島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokushima||266,370||191.39||1,392||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.tokushima.tokushima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Naruto, Tokushima|Naruto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鳴門市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokushima||62,453||135.46||461||1947-03-15||[http://www.city.naruto.tokushima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Komatsushima, Tokushima|Komatsushima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小松島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokushima||41,540||45.24||918||1951-06-01||[http://www.city.komatsushima.tokushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062523/http://www.city.komatsushima.tokushima.jp/ |date=2012-02-04 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Anan, Tokushima|Anan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|阿南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokushima||77,099||279.39||276||1958-05-01||[http://www.city.anan.tokushima.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima|Yoshinogawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|吉野川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokushima||44,905||144.19||311||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.yoshinogawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mima, Tokushima|Mima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|美馬市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokushima||33,520||367.38||91.2||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.mima.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Awa, Tokushima|Awa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|阿波市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokushima||40,303||190.97||211||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.awa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Miyoshi, Tokushima|Miyoshi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三好市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokushima||32,329||721.48||44.8||2006-03-01||[http://www.city-miyoshi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722042934/http://www.city-miyoshi.jp/ |date=2012-07-22 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Hachioji&lt;/span&gt;[[Hachiōji, Tokyo|Hachiōji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|八王子市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||567,367||186.31||3,045||1917-09-01||[http://www.city.hachioji.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|立川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||175,639||24.38||7,204||1940-12-01||[http://www.city.tachikawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|武蔵野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||138,516||10.73||12,909||1947-11-03||[http://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|三鷹市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||180,797||16.50||10,957||1950-11-03||[http://www.city.mitaka.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026011433/http://www.city.mitaka.tokyo.jp/ |date=2006-10-26 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ome&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōme, Tokyo|Ōme]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|青梅市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||141,708||103.26||1,372||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.ome.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117054805/http://www.city.ome.tokyo.jp/ |date=2010-01-17 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Fuchu&lt;/span&gt;[[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|府中市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||248,445||29.34||8,468||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.fuchu.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akishima, Tokyo|Akishima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|昭島市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||111,763||17.33||6,449||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.akishima.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913142520/http://www.city.akishima.lg.jp/ |date=2008-09-13 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Chofu&lt;/span&gt;[[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|調布市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||219,053||21.53||10,174||1955-04-01||[http://www.city.chofu.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Machida, Tokyo|Machida]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|町田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||413,786||71.63||5,777||1958-02-01||[http://www.city.machida.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Koganei, Tokyo|Koganei]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小金井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||115,116||11.33||10,160||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.koganei.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kodaira, Tokyo|Kodaira]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小平市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||185,829||20.46||9,083||1962-10-01||[http://www.city.kodaira.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hino, Tokyo|Hino]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|日野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||179,482||27.53||6,520||1963-11-03||[http://www.city.hino.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashimurayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東村山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||146,585||17.17||8,537||1964-04-01||[http://www.city.higashimurayama.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kokubunji, Tokyo|Kokubunji]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|国分寺市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||118,801||11.48||10,349||1964-11-03||[http://www.city.kokubunji.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kunitachi, Tokyo|Kunitachi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|国立市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||73,362||8.15||9,001||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.kunitachi.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fussa, Tokyo|Fussa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|福生市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||60,413||10.24||5,900||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.fussa.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Komae, Tokyo|Komae]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|狛江市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||78,237||6.39||12,244||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.komae.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Higashiyamato, Tokyo|Higashiyamato]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東大和市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||81,445||13.54||6,015||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.higashiyamato.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kiyose, Tokyo|Kiyose]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|清瀬市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||73,518||10.19||7,215||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.kiyose.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Higashikurume, Tokyo|Higashikurume]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東久留米市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||115,405||12.92||8,932||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.higashikurume.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Musashimurayama, Tokyo|Musashimurayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|武蔵村山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||68,333||15.37||4,446||1970-11-03||[http://www.city.musashimurayama.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126164716/http://www.city.musashimurayama.tokyo.jp/ |date=2010-01-26 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tama, Tokyo|Tama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|多摩市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||149,404||21.08||7,087||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.tama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Inagi, Tokyo|Inagi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|稲城市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||80,772||17.97||4,495||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.inagi.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hamura, Tokyo|Hamura]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|羽村市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||56,984||9.91||5,750||1991-11-01||[http://www.city.hamura.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Akiruno, Tokyo|Akiruno]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|あきる野市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||80,268||73.34||1,094||1995-09-01||[http://www.city.akiruno.tokyo.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Nishitokyo&lt;/span&gt;[[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|西東京市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||193,350||15.85||12,199||2001-01-21||[http://www.city.nishitokyo.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;LightSlateGray&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward AA&lt;/span&gt;[[Special wards of Tokyo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東京特別区部}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||8,637,098||621.81||13,890|| ||
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Adachi, Tokyo|Adachi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|足立区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||629,392||53.20||11,830||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.adachi.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Arakawa, Tokyo|Arakawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|荒川区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||194,777||10.20||18,262||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.arakawa.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Bunkyo, Tokyo|Bunkyo]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|文京区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||194,933||11.31||16,009||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.bunkyo.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|千代田区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||43,802||11.64||3,763||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.chiyoda.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011182823/http://city.chiyoda.tokyo.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|中央区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||104,997||10.15||10,344||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.chuo.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Edogawa, Tokyo|Edogawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|江戸川区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||661,386||49.86||13,264||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.edogawa.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Itabashi, Tokyo|Itabashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|板橋区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||529,059||32.17||16,445||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.itabashi.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Katsushika, Tokyo|Katsushika]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|葛飾区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||428,066||34.84||12,286||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.katsushika.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Kita, Tokyo|Kita]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||330,646||20.59||15,885||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.kita.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Koto, Tokyo|Koto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|江東区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||436,337||39.80||10,963||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.koto.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Meguro, Tokyo|Meguro]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|目黒区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||267,798||14.70||18,217||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.meguro.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|港区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||205,196||20.34||10,088||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.minato.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|中野区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||312,939||15.59||20,097||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.tokyo-nakano.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Nerima, Tokyo|Nerima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|練馬区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||702,202||48.16||14,580||1947-08-01||[http://www.city.nerima.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Ota&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大田区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||674,590||59.46||11,345||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.ota.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|世田谷区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||855,416||58.08||14,728||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.setagaya.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020926224343/http://www.city.setagaya.tokyo.jp/ |date=2002-09-26 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|渋谷区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||205,512||15.11||13,337||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.shibuya.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014183215/http://www.city.shibuya.tokyo.jp/ |date=2013-10-14 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|品川区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||353,887||22.72||15,576||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.shinagawa.tokyo.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新宿区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||309,463||18.23||16,975||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.shinjuku.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514200320/http://www.city.shinjuku.tokyo.jp/ |date=2010-05-14 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Suginami, Tokyo|Suginami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|杉並区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||534,981||34.02||15,725||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027233626/http://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/ |date=2013-10-27 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Sumida, Tokyo|Sumida]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|墨田区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||237,433||13.75||16,079||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.sumida.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Taitō, Tokyo|Taitō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|台東区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||168,277||10.08||16,139||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.taito.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011164358/http://www.city.taito.tokyo.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;Gainsboro&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tokyo Ward&lt;/span&gt;[[Toshima, Tokyo|Toshima]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|豊島区}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo||256,009||13.01||19,428||1947-03-13||[http://www.city.toshima.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tottori, Tottori|Tottori]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鳥取市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tottori||200,315||765.66||262||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.tottori.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yonago, Tottori|Yonago]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|米子市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tottori||149,140||132.21||1,128||1927-04-01||[http://www.city.yonago.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kurayoshi, Tottori|Kurayoshi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|倉吉市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tottori||51,453||272.15||189||1953-10-01||[http://www.city.kurayoshi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakaiminato, Tottori|Sakaiminato]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|境港市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Tottori||35,908||28.79||1,247||1956-04-01||[http://www.city.sakaiminato.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Toyama, Toyama|Toyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||421,116||1,241.85||339||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.toyama.toyama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uozu, Toyama|Uozu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|魚津市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||45,945||200.63||229||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.uozu.toyama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Himi, Toyama|Himi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|氷見市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||53,316||230.47||231||1952-08-01||[http://www.city.himi.toyama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Namerikawa, Toyama|Namerikawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|滑川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||33,789||54.61||619||1954-03-01||[http://www.city.namerikawa.toyama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tonami, Toyama|Tonami]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|砺波市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||49,396||126.96||389||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tonami.toyama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Oyabe, Toyama|Oyabe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|小矢部市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||32,656||134.11||244||1962-08-01||[http://www.city.oyabe.toyama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nanto, Toyama|Nanto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南砺市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||57,061||668.86||85.3||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.nanto.toyama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201124816/http://www.city.nanto.toyama.jp/webapps/www/english/index.html |date=2005-12-01 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Takaoka, Toyama|Takaoka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|高岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||178,965||209.38||855||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.takaoka.toyama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Imizu, Toyama|Imizu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|射水市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||94,691||109.18||867||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.imizu.toyama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kurobe, Toyama|Kurobe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|黒部市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Toyama||42,612||426.34||99.9||2006-03-31||[http://kurobe.city.kurobe.toyama.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Wakayama, Wakayama|Wakayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|和歌山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||372,175||209.23||1,779||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.wakayama.wakayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kainan, Wakayama|Kainan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|海南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||55,877||101.18||552||1934-05-01||[http://www.city.kainan.wakayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210075705/http://www.city.kainan.wakayama.jp/ |date=2021-02-10 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tanabe, Wakayama|Tanabe]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|田辺市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||80,478||1,026.77||78.4||1942-05-20||[http://www.city.tanabe.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Gobo&lt;/span&gt;[[Gobō, Wakayama|Gobō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|御坊市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||26,335||43.93||599||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gobo.wakayama.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Arida, Wakayama|Arida]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|有田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||31,194||36.92||845||1956-05-01||[http://www.city.arida.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Shingu&lt;/span&gt;[[Shingū, Wakayama|Shingū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新宮市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||32,654||255.43||128||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.shingu.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kinokawa, Wakayama|Kinokawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|紀の川市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||67,192||228.24||294||2005-11-07||[http://www.city.kinokawa.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hashimoto, Wakayama|Hashimoto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|橋本市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||67,505||130.31||518||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.hashimoto.wakayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427091637/http://www.city.hashimoto.wakayama.jp/ |date=2006-04-27 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iwade, Wakayama|Iwade]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岩出市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Wakayama||51,843||38.50||1,347||2006-04-01||[http://www.city.iwade.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yamagata, Yamagata|Yamagata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|山形市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||255,370||381.34||670||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yamagata.yamagata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019034152/http://www.city.yamagata.yamagata.jp/ |date=2003-10-19 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yonezawa, Yamagata|Yonezawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|米沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||91,704||548.74||167||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yonezawa.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Shinjo&lt;/span&gt;[[Shinjō, Yamagata|Shinjō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|新庄市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||39,808||223.08||178||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.shinjo.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sagae, Yamagata|Sagae]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|寒河江市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||43,299||139.08||311||1954-08-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20130517025028/http://www.city.sagae.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kaminoyama, Yamagata|Kaminoyama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|上山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||35,086||240.95||146||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.kaminoyama.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Murayama, Yamagata|Murayama]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|村山市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||27,586||196.83||140||1954-11-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20221024104751/https://www.city.murayama.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nagai, Yamagata|Nagai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|長井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||30,285||214.69||141||1954-11-15||[http://www.city.nagai.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Tendo&lt;/span&gt;[[Tendō, Yamagata|Tendō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|天童市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||63,470||113.01||562||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.tendo.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Higashine, Yamagata|Higashine]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|東根市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||46,141||207.17||223||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.higashine.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Obanazawa, Yamagata|Obanazawa]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|尾花沢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||19,937||372.32||53.5||1959-04-10||[http://www.city.obanazawa.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Nan'yo&lt;/span&gt;[[Nan'yō, Yamagata|Nan'yō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南陽市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||34,542||160.70||215||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.nanyo.yamagata.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsuruoka, Yamagata|Tsuruoka]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|鶴岡市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||140,097||1,311.51||107||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tsuruoka.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sakata, Yamagata|Sakata]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|酒田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamagata||114,964||602.79||191||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.sakata.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ube, Yamaguchi|Ube]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|宇部市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||176,370||287.69||613||1921-11-01||[http://www.city.ube.yamaguchi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Hofu&lt;/span&gt;[[Hōfu, Yamaguchi|Hōfu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|防府市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||116,393||188.59||617||1936-08-25||[http://www.city.hofu.yamaguchi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi|Kudamatsu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|下松市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||54,026||89.36||605||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212033246/http://www.city.kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2008-02-12 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mine, Yamaguchi|Mine]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|美祢市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||17,355||228.25||76.0||1954-03-31||[http://www2.city.mine.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Shunan&lt;/span&gt;[[Shūnan, Yamaguchi|Shūnan]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|周南市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||150,299||656.25||229||2003-04-21||[http://www.city.shunan.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hikari, Yamaguchi|Hikari]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|光市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||53,274||91.94||579||2004-10-04||[http://www.city.hikari.lg.jp/]
|- bgcolor=&quot;PaleTurquoise&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi|Shimonoseki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|下関市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||286,073||716.06||400||2005-02-13||[http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020094055/http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/seisaku/kokusai/gaikoku/ |date=2014-10-20 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yanai, Yamaguchi|Yanai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|柳井市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||35,438||139.90||253||2005-02-21||[http://www.city-yanai.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hagi, Yamaguchi|Hagi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|萩市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||55,831||698.87||79.9||2005-03-06||[http://www.city.hagi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nagato, Yamaguchi|Nagato]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|長門市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||39,825||357.92||111||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.nagato.yamaguchi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;San'yo-Onoda&lt;/span&gt;[[San'yō-Onoda, Yamaguchi|San'yō-Onoda]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|山陽小野田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||65,523||132.99||493||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.sanyo-onoda.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|山口市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||192,008||730.23||263||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yamaguchi.lg.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iwakuni, Yamaguchi|Iwakuni]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|岩国市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamaguchi||146,885||872.71||168||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926071949/http://www.city.iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2009-09-26 }}
|- bgcolor=&quot;MistyRose&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Kofu&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōfu, Yamanashi|Kōfu]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|甲府市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||199,374||212.41||939||1889-07-01||[http://www.city.kofu.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi|Fujiyoshida]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|富士吉田市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||51,879||121.83||426||1951-03-20||[http://www.city.fujiyoshida.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tsuru, Yamanashi|Tsuru]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|都留市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||34,439||161.58||213||1954-04-29||[http://www.city.tsuru.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Otsuki&lt;/span&gt;[[Ōtsuki, Yamanashi|Ōtsuki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|大月市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||29,869||280.30||107||1954-08-08||[http://www.city.otsuki.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nirasaki, Yamanashi|Nirasaki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|韮崎市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||33,539||143.73||233||1954-10-10||[http://www.city.nirasaki.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040630220735/http://www.city.nirasaki.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2004-06-30 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Minami-Alps, Yamanashi|Minami-Alps]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|南アルプス市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||72,295||264.06||274||2003-04-01||[http://www.city.minami-alps.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kai, Yamanashi|Kai]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|甲斐市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||74,077||71.94||1,030||2004-09-01||[http://www.city.kai.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fuefuki, Yamanashi|Fuefuki]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|笛吹市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||71,184||201.92||353||2004-10-12||[http://www.city.fuefuki.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hokuto, Yamanashi|Hokuto]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|北杜市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||47,754||602.89||79.2||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.hokuto.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Uenohara, Yamanashi|Uenohara]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|上野原市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||28,295||170.65||166||2005-02-13||[http://www.city.uenohara.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107094120/http://www.city.uenohara.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2015-11-07 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yamanashi, Yamanashi|Yamanashi]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|山梨市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||38,202||289.87||132||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901231441/http://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2000-09-01 }}
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Koshu&lt;/span&gt;[[Kōshū, Yamanashi|Kōshū]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|甲州市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||35,072||264.01||133||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.koshu.yamanashi.jp/]
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Chuo&lt;/span&gt;[[Chūō, Yamanashi|Chūō]]||align=&quot;left&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot;&gt;{{lang|ja|中央市}}&lt;/span&gt;||align=&quot;left&quot;|Yamanashi||31,875||31.81||1,002||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.chuo.yamanashi.jp/]
|}

== Kitaen pay ==
* [[Listaan dagiti birngas ti siudad idiay Hapon]]
* [[Listaan dagiti metropolitano a lugar idiay Hapon babaen ti populasion]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Prepektura!! Populasion manipud idi !! Reperensia
|-
|Aichi||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.aichi.jp/toukei/ 月報　あいちの人口].  Ti datos ti Toyokawa ket inamponna ti dagup ti Otowa, Mito, ken Toyokawa sakbay ti kinaudi a panagtipon.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Akita||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&amp;ContentID=1132639874531&amp;SiteID=0 美の国あきたネット [秋田県の人口と世帯(月報)過去データ&amp;#93;&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018231802/http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&amp;ContentID=1132639874531&amp;SiteID=0 |date=2007-10-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Aomori||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |title=青森県人口移動統計調査 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115557/http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115557/http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |date=2015-09-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Chiba||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html |title=毎月常住人口調査月報インデックス&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2007-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014143831/http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014143831/http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html |date=2007-10-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ehime||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm |title=愛媛県統計BOX 推計人口 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308113720/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308113720/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Fukui||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.fukui.jp/www/toppage/0000000000000/APM03000.html |title=福井県の人口と世帯（推計） |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214003845/http://toukei.pref.fukui.jp/www/toppage/0000000000000/APM03000.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Fukuoka||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.toukei.pref.fukuoka.jp/search/1/1004.html |title=月報「福岡県の人口と世帯（推計）」 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205185609/http://www.toukei.pref.fukuoka.jp/search/1/1004.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Fukushima||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html |title=ふくしま統計情報ボックス 福島県の推計人口&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2012-09-07 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120907214634/http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907214634/http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html |date=2012-09-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Gifu||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/jinko/jinko.htm |title=岐阜県統計課（岐阜県の人口・世帯数 調査結果）&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2007-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014004928/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/jinko/jinko.htm#new |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Gunma||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm |title=基本統計・群馬県移動人口調査&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2007-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102214607/http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102214607/http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm |date=2007-11-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Hiroshima||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm |title=推計人口（甲調査）第３表 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221101232/http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221101232/http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm |date=2008-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Hokkaidō||2012-03-31||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/tuk/900brr/index2.htm 住民基本台帳人口・世帯数]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Hyōgo||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html |title=兵庫県/推計人口&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000756/http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000756/http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html |date=2007-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ibaraki||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm |title=茨城県の人口と世帯（推計）&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325190656/http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325190656/http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm |date=2008-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ishikawa||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://toukei.pref.ishikawa.jp/search/min.asp?sc_id=10 いしかわ統計指標ランド 石川県の統計情報ポータルサイト&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Iwate||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&amp;C=I002 |title=毎月人口推計の概要 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2006-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218143311/http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&amp;C=I002 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218143311/http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&amp;C=I002 |date=2006-02-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kagawa||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/toukei/Population.htm |title=統計速報(香川県推計人口及び人口移動)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129073738/http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/toukei/Population.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kagoshima||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html |title=鹿児島県毎月推計人口 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311024207/http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311024207/http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html |date=2008-03-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kanagawa||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html |title=神奈川県の人口と世帯 : 神奈川県&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2012-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424041142/http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424041142/http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html |date=2012-04-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kōchi||2008-02-29||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kochi.jp/~toukei/index.htm |title=住民基本台帳人口移動 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226085040/http://www.pref.kochi.jp/~toukei/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kumamoto||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm |title=熊本県の人口と世帯数 月報&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2001-11-20 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20011120195824/http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20011120195824/http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm |date=2001-11-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kyoto]]||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225175115/http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225175115/http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |date=2008-02-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mie||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.mie.jp/DATABOX/library.htm#jinko |title=みえDataBox（データライブラリ）毎月調査&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306000722/http://www.pref.mie.jp/databox/library.htm#jinko |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Miyagi||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/toukei/toukeidata/zinkou/jinkou/suikei_top/suikei_top.htm |title=宮城県/統計課/統計データ/宮城県推計人口（月報）&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2011-03-22 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110322131800/http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/toukei/toukeidata/zinkou/jinkou/suikei_top/suikei_top.htm |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110322131800/http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/toukei/toukeidata/zinkou/jinkou/suikei_top/suikei_top.htm |date=2011-03-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Miyazaki||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html |title=市町村別人口と世帯数 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219020019/http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219020019/http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html |date=2008-02-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nagano||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm |title=毎月人口異動調査結果 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614041638/http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614041638/http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm |date=2008-06-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nagasaki||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/toukei/new_date/nen_geppou/tuki/kokuseichousa/suikei/suikei.htm 長崎県公式ウェブサイト｜長崎県の統計長崎県統計課のホームページへようこそ世帯数と推計人口&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nara||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |title=各種人口統計&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064416/http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064416/http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |date=2008-01-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Niigata||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html |title=新潟県庁：新潟県人口移動調査（推計人口および人口移動）&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221042515/http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221042515/http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html |date=2008-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ōita||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.oita.jp/10800/chosakekka/jinko/index.html 各種統計調査結果／毎月流動人口調査&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Okayama||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |title=岡山県統計管理課　毎月流動人口調査 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2011-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106122221/http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106122221/http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |date=2011-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Okinawa||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/toukeika/estimates/estidata.html 沖縄県推計人口データ一覧（Excel形式）&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Osaka||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |title=大阪府毎月推計人口 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106023139/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106023139/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |date=2013-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Saga||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/toukei/php3/houkokusyo/hou_nen.php3?nendo_number=2001&amp;sessionid= |title=推計人口(月報・年報)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2012-12-19 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121219095948/http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/toukei/php3/houkokusyo/hou_nen.php3?nendo_number=2001&amp;sessionid= |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121219095948/http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/toukei/php3/houkokusyo/hou_nen.php3?nendo_number=2001&amp;sessionid= |date=2012-12-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Saitama||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html |title=埼玉県推計人口 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221164805/http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221164805/http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html |date=2008-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Shiga||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/#jinko |title=滋賀県/滋賀県の人口と世帯数&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061821/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/#jinko |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061821/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/#jinko |date=2008-02-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Shimane||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp |title=しまね統計情報データベース　新着情報 今月の統計 推計人口（市町村別） |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410125028/http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410125028/http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp |date=2008-04-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Shizuoka||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ |title=統計センターしずおか　静岡県人口推計 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2008-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203204758/http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203204758/http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ |date=2008-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Tochigi||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.tochigi.jp/pref/toukei/toukei/popu1.html |title=栃木県毎月人口推計速報/栃木県&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2007-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918144152/http://www.pref.tochigi.jp/pref/toukei/toukei/popu1.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918144152/http://www.pref.tochigi.jp/pref/toukei/toukei/popu1.html |date=2007-09-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Tokushima||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.tokushima.jp/Statistics.nsf/ 徳島県の統計情報　推計人口]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Tokyo||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm 東京都の人口推計トップページ&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Tottori||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.tottori.lg.jp/dd.aspx?menuid=9974 鳥取県人口移動調査/とりネット/鳥取県公式サイト&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Toyama||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pref.toyama.jp/sections/1015/lib/jinko/index.html 人口移動調査&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Wakayama||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/020300/suikei/index.html |title=毎月推計人口 |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2018-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231453/https://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/020300/suikei/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Yamagata||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/somu/020052/jinkou.html |title=山形県の人口と世帯数（月報）（推計）の統計表電子データについて — 山形県ホームページ&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2007-05-19 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20070519180118/http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/somu/020052/jinkou.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070519180118/http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/somu/020052/jinkou.html |date=2007-05-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Yamaguchi||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |title=山口県/統計分析課/人口・人口移動統計調査（平成20年3月1日現在）&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2018-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202913/http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202913/http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |date=2018-07-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Yamanashi||2008-01-01||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html |title=山梨県統計データバンク　aa04000&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2015-11-12 |archive-date=2006-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517044252/http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517044252/http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html |date=2006-05-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
* Dagiti pigura ti kalawa ket segun dagitoy iti Heograpikal a Panagsukisok ti Instituto ti Hapon http://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO/title.htm manipud idi 2007-10-01.
* Dagiti taudan a website iti tunggal maysa a populasion ti prepektura ket segun iti [[:ja:Template:自治体人口/doc]].

{{Reflist}}

[[Kategoria:Dagiti listaan dagiti siudad idiay Hapon| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amman</title>
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      <text bytes="13528" sha1="ojgz6jd1z3fdi015q0ee55e0fplfs2l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Amman
| native_name             = عمّان
| native_name_lang        = ar
| settlement_type         = Siudad
| image_skyline           = AMMAN 2.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_seal              = &lt;!--Ammanlogo.png--&gt;
| image_flag              = Flag of Amman, Jordan (until 2009).svg
| nickname                = 'Ti Puraw a Pagaw', 'Ti Siudad dagiti Agdan'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=wGCGLEO-Vs8C&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq=amman%27s+nickname&amp;hl=ar&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CBoQ6AEwAGoVChMI-MutgZGiyAIVyWsUCh22AQRZ#v=onepage&amp;q=amman's%20nickname&amp;f=false|title=The Cities Book: A Journey Through the Best Cities in the World|accessdate=2015-10-01|author= Trent Holden, Anna Metcalfe|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amman's Street Food&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Amman's Street Food|url=http://beamman.com/food-/175-amman-street-food|accessdate=2015-09-26|publisher=BeAmman.com|work=BeAmman.com|archive-date=2015-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926043908/http://beamman.com/food-/175-amman-street-food|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| pushpin_map             = Hordania
| coordinates             = {{coord|31|56|59|N|35|55|58|E|region:JO|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Pagilian
| subdivision_name        = {{wagayway|Hordania}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Dagiti gobernorato ti Hordania|Gobernorato]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Gobernorato ti Amman|Kapitolio ti Gobernorato]]
| established_title       = Napundar
| established_date        = 7250 SK
| established_title2      = Munisipalidad
| established_date2       = 1909
| leader_title            = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name             = Aqel Biltaji
| image_map               = خريطة مدينة عمان.png
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_total_km2          = 1680
| area_land_km2           = 
| elevation_max_m         = 1100
| elevation_min_m         = 700
| population_as_of        = 2014
| population_footnotes    =
| population_total        = 4,007,526&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|title=Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests|accessdate=2016-01-22|work=The Jordan Times|publisher=The Jordan News|date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429071120/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests|archive-date=2020-04-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2  = 2380
| population_note         =
| population_demonym      = Ammani, Taga-Amman
| timezone1               = +2 [[Oras ti Akindaya nga Europa|Pagalagadan nga Oras ti Akindaya nga Europa]]
| timezone1_DST           = +3 Pagalagadan nga Oras ti Arabia 
| postal_code_type        = Kodigo ti koreo
| postal_code             = 11110-17198
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               = +962(6)
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = [http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/en/gam/index.asp Munisipalidad ti Kalatakan nga Amman]
| footnotes               =
}}

Ti '''Amman'''&amp;nbsp;({{lang-ar|عمّان}}) ket ti kapitolio ken ti kaaduan ti populasion a siudad ti [[Hordania]]. Daytoy ket sentro pay ti ekonomia, politika ken kultura.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.arabianbusiness.com/revealed--20-cities-uae-residents-visit-most-590870.html |title= Revealed: the 20 cities UAE residents visit most |publisher= Arabian Business Publishing Ltd |date=2015-05-01 |accessdate= 2015-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mabirukan iti amianan-sentral ti Hordania, ti Amman ketisu ti administrtibo a sentro ti [[Gobernorato ti Amman]]. Daytoy ket addaan iti populasion iti 4,007,526 ken ti daga ket aglawa iti {{pagbaliwen|648.7|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt; Ita nga aldaw, ti Amman ket naikeddeng a maysa kadagiti liberal ken naipalaud a siudad ti Arabo.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;Rt.com&quot; /&gt;--&gt; Daytoy ket nangruna a papanan dagiti turista iti rehion, ken naisangayan kadagiti Arabo ken Europeano a turista.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/number-tourists-dropped-14-2013-%E2%80%94-official-report|title=Number of tourists dropped by 14% in 2013 — official report|publisher=The Jordan News|work=[he Jordan Times|date=2014-02-08|accessdate=2015-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926171903/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/number-tourists-dropped-14-2013-%E2%80%94-official-report|archive-date=2015-09-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti kasapaan nga ebidensia ti pannakaitaeng ti lugar ket ti lugar ti Neoletiko nga ammo a kas ti [['Ain Ghazal]]. Ti sinarunona ket ammo idi a kas ti &quot;Rabbath Ammon&quot;, ken isu idi daytoy ti kapitolio dagiti [[Ammonitas]], idi a kas &quot;Philadelphia&quot;, ken itikanungpalan a kas Amman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference12&quot; /&gt; Daytoy ket immuna a nabangon iti [[Listaan dagiti siudad a natunton a nabangon kadagiti  pito a turod|pito a turod]] ngem itan ket umabot kadagiti sumurok a 19 a turod a mangitipon kadagiti 7 a distrito,&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference12&quot;&gt;{{cite book| url=https://books.google.jo/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&amp;pg=PA35&amp;dq=east+and+west+amman&amp;hl=ar&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMIpd7d0supyAIVQUMaCh2oUwPF#v=onepage&amp;q=east%20and%20west%20amman&amp;f=false| title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia| accessdate=2015-10-04| year=2007| author1=Michael Dumper| author2=Bruce E. Stanley| publisher=ABC-CLIO}}&lt;/ref&gt; nga inadministro babaen ti [[Munisipalidad ti Kalatakan nga Amman]] nga idauluan ababen ti mayor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/aqel-biltaji-appointed-amman-mayor| title=Aqel Biltaji appointed as Amman mayor| publisher=The Jordan News| work=The Jordan Times| date=2013-09-08| accessdate=2015-09-21| archive-date=2015-09-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930055247/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/aqel-biltaji-appointed-amman-mayor| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti lugar ti Amman ket mabalin a nagun-odda dagiti naganda manipud kadagiti turod (Jabal) wenno dagiti ginget (Wadi) a pakabirukanda, kas ti Jabal Lweibdeh ken Wadi Abdoun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference12&quot; /&gt; Ti Daya nga Amman ket kaaduan a napunno kadagitinaipakasaritaan alugar a kankanayon a mangsangsangaili kadagiti aktibidad ti kultura, bayat a ti Laud nga Amman ket modmoderno ken agserbi a kas ti sentro ti ekonomia ti siudad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/west-amman-furnished-apartments-cashing-tourist-influx| title=West Amman furnished apartments cashing in on tour| date=2014-08-12| publisher=The Jordan News| work=The Jordan Times| accessdate=2015-09-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072858/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/west-amman-furnished-apartments-cashing-tourist-influx| archive-date=2016-03-04| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agarup a 1.9 a riwriw a bisbisita ti simmangpet idiay Amman idi 2014, ken mairanggo daytoy a kas maika-84 a kaaduan a mabisbisita a siudad iti lubong ken ti maika-4 a mabisbista nga Arabo a siudad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://brilliantmaps.com/top-100-tourist-destinations/| title=Top 100 International Tourist Destination Cities by Country| accessdate=2015-10-05| work=Euromonitor| date=2015-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Amman ket addaan iti relatibo a napardas nga agrangrang-ay nga ekonomia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethmacbride/2014/12/31/how-a-startup-from-amman-grew-to-1b-views-on-youtube/| title=How a Startup from the Arab World Grabs 1B Views on YouTube| accessdate=2015-09-29|date=2014-12-31| work=Forbes| publisher=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ken nairanggo a Beta− iti pagsurotan ti [[global a siudad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html| title=The World According to GaWC 2012| date=2014-01-13| work=GaWC| accessdate=2015-09-21| archive-date=2014-03-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320212149/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iti pay maipatinayon, daytoy ket nanaganan a kas maysa kasayaatan a siudad ti Tengnga a Daya ken Amianan nga Aprika babaen dagiti banag iti ekonomia, trabaho, enbironmento and socsio-kultura.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=Abu Dhab duke City' in MENA region| author=IANS/WAM| newspaper=sify news| date=2010-11-26| url=http://sify.com/news/abu-dhabi-voted-best-city-in-mena-region-news-international-kl0wuhjcbdc.html| accessdate=2015-09-22| archive-date=2010-11-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130082450/http://sify.com/news/abu-dhabi-voted-best-city-in-mena-region-news-international-kl0wuhjcbdc.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti siudad ket maysa kadagiti kadayegan a lokasion iti Arabo a lubong para iti pangibangonan dagiti rehional nga opisina dagiti multinasional a korporasion, a mairaman ti [[Doha]] ken unaan laeng ti [[Dubai]]. Daytoy ket manamnama a dagiti sumaruno a 10 a tawtawen, dagitoy tallo a siudad ket mangala kadagiti kadakkelan a bingay dagiti aktibidad ti multinasional a korporasion iti rehion.&lt;ref name=&quot;duniafrontier.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://duniafrontier.com/research/doha-amman |title=Dunia Frontier Consultants » Doha, Amman Favored by MNCs as New Regional Hubs |publisher=Duniafrontier.com |date=2012-01-25 |accessdate=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliograpia ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Albala|first1=Ken|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37626-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&amp;pg=PA267&amp;dq=Amman+Bedouin+population&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwi-ur_c9ovIAhXFbB4KHXQPCfQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&amp;pg=PA35&amp;dq=Amman+Cities+of+the+Middle+East&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCYQ6AEwAGoVChMI4-qB_PWLyAIVw9UeCh3eiAxP#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Mari C.|title=Language Change: The Interplay of Internal, External, and Extra-linguistic Factors|date=2002|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017202-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKftmhoP4gYC&amp;pg=PA64&amp;dq=Amman+native+Jordanians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CE8Q6AEwCWoVChMIgu2wzf6LyAIVAiceCh19qwFC#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman%20&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kildani|first1=Hanna|title=Modern Christianity in the Holy Land: Development of the Structure of Churches and the Growth of Christian Institutions in Jordan and Palestine|date=2010|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4490-5285-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrvHHROsgt8C&amp;pg=PA678&amp;dq=Amman+Armenians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAmoVChMI04CFjvaLyAIVyJoeCh0J2g0T#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman%20Armenians&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|last1=Owens|first1=Jonathan|title=The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934409-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IJoAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA260&amp;dq=Amman+native+Jordanians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CDgQ6AEwBWoVChMIgu2wzf6LyAIVAiceCh19qwFC#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|last1=Plascov|first1=Avi|title=The Palestinian Refugees in Jordan 1948–1957|date=1981|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-3120-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daLPXTYcoewC&amp;pg=PA33&amp;dq=Amman+Palestinian+majority&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMI1fn3gP-LyAIVRCQeCh0XhgKR#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Walter |title=The Circassian Genocide |date=2013 |publisher= Rutgers University Press |isbn= 978-0-8135-6069-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC&amp;pg=PA124&amp;dq=Amman+Circassians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAmoVChMIxtbHlPaLyAIVidIeCh3n3gPf#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman%20Circassians&amp;f=false}}
*{{Cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |volume= 4 |page=289 |first1=Trudy |last1=Ring |first2=Robert M. |last2=Salkin |first3=Paul E. |last3= Schellinger |publisher= Taylor &amp; Francis |year=1994 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&amp;pg=PA289&amp;dq=Great+Mosque+of+Gaza |isbn=978-1-884964-03-9 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Le Strange |first1=Guy |title= Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |date=1890 |publisher= Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund |page=391 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4HCPLpB3C8UC&amp;pg=PA391}}
*{{cite book |last1=Suleiman|first1=Yasir|title=A War of Words: Language and Conflict in the Middle East|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54656-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Neu3q8Vt01sC&amp;pg=PA101&amp;dq=Amman+Palestinian+majority&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMI1fn3gP-LyAIVRCQeCh0XhgKR#v=onepage&amp;q=Amman&amp;f=false}}
*{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Bethany J.|editor1-last=Talmon-Heller|editor1-first=Daniela|editor2-last=Cytryn-Silverman|editor2-first=Katia|title=Material Evidence and Narrative Sources: Interdisciplinary Studies of the History of the Muslim Middle East|date=2015|publisher=Brill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIEcBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA120|chapter=On Archives and Archaeology: Reassessing Mamluk Rule from Documentary Sources and Jordanian Fieldwork}}
{{refend}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Amman}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline}}

{{Listaan dagiti kapitolio ti Asia babaen ti rehion}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

[[Kategoria:Amman| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti kapitolio iti Asia]]</text>
      <sha1>ojgz6jd1z3fdi015q0ee55e0fplfs2l</sha1>
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    <title>Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti pagiddiatan ti matgedan</title>
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      <text bytes="42366" sha1="jve2dzbt06dotayj4niaqvfp0cwbww8" xml:space="preserve">Daytoy ti '''listaan dagiti pagilian wenno agkamkammatalek babaen [[dagiti metriko ti saan a panagpapada ti matgedan]]''', mairaman ti [[pagsurotan ti estadistika a panakaiwaras|koepisiente ti Gini]]. Ti koepisiente ti Gini ket ti bilang a pagbaetan ti 0 ken 1, a ti ayan ti 0 ket maitunos iti perpekto nga ekualidad ( a ti siasinoma ket addaan iti agpapada a matgedan) ken ti 1 ket maitunos iti perpekto a saan a panagpapada ti matgedan (a ti maysa a tao ket addaan iti amin a matgedan{{mdash}}ken ti siasinoman ket addaan iti sero a matgedan). Ti pannakaiwarwaras ti matgedan ket mabalin nga agdumaduma unay manipud iti pannakaiwarwaras ti kabaknang iti maysa a pagilian (kitaen ti [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti pannakaiwarwaras ti kabaknang]]). Ti matgedan manipud iti aktibidad ti ekonomia ti [[pagtagilakuan a nangisit]] ket saan anairaman ken suheto ti panagsukisok ti agdama nga ekonomia.&lt;ref name=Italia&gt;[http://www.gler.it/gler_XV_1/Odoardi.pdf Underground economy and income inequality: two connected aspects in the oncoming context of Italian federalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209211941/http://www.gler.it/gler_XV_1/Odoardi.pdf |date=2012-02-09 }}. Babaen da Iacopo Odoardi ken Carmen Pagliari. [http://www.gler.it/gler_XV_1/GLER_%20XV_1.pdf Vol. 15 No. 1, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210651/http://www.gler.it/gler_XV_1/GLER_%20XV_1.pdf |date=2012-02-09 }}. [http://www.gler.it/ Global &amp; Local Economic Review].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shadow economy&quot;&gt;[http://ftp.iza.org/dp1431.pdf The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813041722/http://ftp.iza.org/dp1431.pdf |date=2017-08-13 }}. December 2004. Babaen ni Friedrich Schneider (Unibersidad ti Linz ken IZA Bonn). Institute for the Study of Labor.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Papeles:2014 Gini Index World Map, income inequality distribution by country per World Bank.svg|thumb|450px|Ti saan a panagpapada ti matgedan dagiti pagilian (2014) segun kadagiti koepisienteda iti Gini a nairukod iti porsiento: nalabbasit = nangato, berde = nababa ti saan a panagpapada]]

== Naitiptipo a listaan ti UN ken CIA – Pannakbagi ti matgedan ken Gini (1995 – agdama) ==
:''Pinduten dagiti panagurnos a buton tapno alpabetiko wenno numeriko a maurnos. Mabalin a maurnos nga agpangato wenno agpapbaba. Ti batong ti bilang ti aray iti kanigid ket nawaya a maurnos manipud kadagiti batong iti kanawanna.''

'''Tekla:'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''R/P 10%''': Ti pannakbagi ti agpakatengnga a matgedan iti kabaknangan 10% aginggana iti kapanglawan 10%&lt;br /&gt;
'''R/P 20%''': Ti pannakbagi ti agpakatengnga a matgedan iti kabaknangan 20% aginggana iti kapanglawan 20%&lt;br /&gt;
'''Gini''': [[Pagsurotan ti estadistika a panakaiwaras|Indeks ti Gini]], ti napategan a representasion iti [[Killo ti Lorenz]] &lt;br /ti&gt;pagilian
'''UN''': Datos manipud iti [[Programa ti Panagrang-ay ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]].&lt;br /&gt;
'''CIA''': Datos manipud iti [[Ahensia ti Sentral nga Intelihensia]] ti [[The World Factbook]].

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! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Pagilian
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| UN R/P
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Gini ti [[Banko ti Lubong]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ Indeks ti GINI ti Banko ti Lubong], naala idi Enero 21, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| CIA R/P &lt;ref&gt;Ipakita ti datos ti pannakbagi ti matgedan ti sangkabalayan wenno bingay a panagibus iti grupo ti kabaknangan a maigiddiat iti kapanglawan. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2047.html Matgedan ti sangkabalayan wenno panagibus babaen ti bingay ti porsiento (%)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506061831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2047.html |date=2009-05-06 }}, The World Factbook, CIA, napabaro idi 24, 2008. Note: Tapno makarkulo ti naited a pateg iti tabla para iti daytoy nga artikulo, ti pateg ti ''kangatuan a 10%'' ket nabingbingay babaen ti pateg ti ''kababaan a 10%''.&lt;/ref&gt;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Gini ti CIA&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html Pannakaiwarwaras ti matgedan ti pamilia – Indeks ti Gini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625144901/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=2014-06-25 }}, The World Factbook, CIA, naala idi Nobiembre 24, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 10%&lt;ref&gt;Ipakita ti datos ti pannakbagi ti matgedan wenno ti bingay ti nagastos iti grupo ti kabaknangan a maigiddiat iti kapanglawan. [http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf Reporta ti Panagrang-ay ti Nagtagitaoan 2009], UNDP, naala idi Hulio 30, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
! 20%&lt;ref&gt;Ipakita ti datos ti pannakbagi ti matgedan wenno bingay ti nagastos iti grupo ti kabaknangan a maigiddiat iti kapanglawant. [http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/268/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Reporta ti Panagrang-ay ti Nagtagitaoan 2007/2008], UNDP, naala idi Pebrero 3, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

! &lt;big&gt;%&lt;/big&gt;
! Year

! style=&quot;background:#ddd&quot; | 10%
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! style=&quot;background:#ddd&quot; |&lt;big&gt;%&lt;/big&gt;
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!
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Apganistan}} ||  ||  || 27.8 || 2008 || || || ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Albania}} || 7.2 || 4.8 || 29.0 || 2012 || 7.2 || 2004 || 26.9 || 2012 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Arhelia}} || 9.6 || 6.1 || 35.3 || 1995 || 9.6 || 1995 || 35.3 || 1995
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Angola}} ||  ||  || 42.7 || 2008 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Arhentina}} || 31.6 || 17.8 || 42.3|| 2013 &lt;ref&gt;http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/SI.POV.GINI&lt;/ref&gt; || 35.0 || 2007 Jan.-Mar. || 45.8 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Armenia}} || 8.0 || 5.0 || 31.5 || 2013 || 25.8 || 2004 || 30.3 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Australia}} || 12.5 || 7.0 || 34.9 || 2010 || 12.7 || 1994 || 30.3 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Austria}} || 6.9 || 4.4 || 30.5 || 2012 || 6.8 || 2004 || 26.3 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Azerbaijan}} || 9.7 || 6.0 || 33.7 || 2008 || 9.5 || 2001 || 33.7 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Bahrain}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Banglades}} || 7.5 || 4.9 || 32.0 || 2010 || 7.5 || 2000 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 32.1 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Bielorusia}} || 6.9 || 4.5 || 26.0 || 2012 || 6.9 || 2002 || 26.5 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Belhika}} || 8.2 || 4.9 || 27.6 || 2012 || 8.3 || 2000 || 25.9 || 2013 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Belis}} ||  ||  || 53.1 || 1999  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Benin}} || 9.4 || 6.0 || 43.5 || 2012 || 9.4 || 2003 || 36.5 || 2003
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Butan}} ||  ||  || 38.7 || 2012  ||  ||  || 38.7 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Bolivia}} || 93.9 || 42.3 || 48.1 || 2013 || 157.3 || 2002 || 46.6 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Bosnia ken Herzegovina}} || 5.4 || 3.8 || 33.0 || 2007 || 5.5 || 2001 || 36.2 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Botswana}} || 43.0 || 20.4 || 60.5 || 2009 ||  ||  || 63.0 || 1993
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Brasil}} || 40.6 || 21.8 || 52.9 || 2013 || 53.6 || 2009 || 51.9 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Bulgaria}} || 7.0 || 4.4 || 36.0 || 2012 || 8.8 || 2005 || 35.4 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Burkina Faso}} || 11.6 || 6.9 || 39.8 || 2009 || 11.5 || 2003 || 39.5 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Burundi}} || 19.3 || 9.5 || 33.4 || 2006 || 19.3 || 1998 || 42.4 || 1998
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Cambodia}} || 12.2 || 7.3 || 30.8 || 2012 || 12.0 || 2004 || 37.9|| 2008 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kamerun}} || 15.7 || 9.1 || 42.8 || 2007 || 15.4 || 2001 || 44.6 || 2001
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kanada}} || 9.4 || 5.5 || 33.7 || 2010 || 9.5 || 2000 || 32.1 || 2005
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Cabo Verde}} ||  ||  || 42.7 || 2007 ||  || ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Republika ti Tengnga nga Aprika}} || 69.2 || 32.7 || 56.2 || 2008 || 68.1 || 1993 || 61.3 || 1993
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Chad}} ||  ||  || 43.3 || 2011 ||  ||  || 43.3 || 2011 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Chile}} || 26.2 || 15.7 || 50.5 || 2013 || 32.1 || 2003 || 52.1 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Tsina}} || 21.6 || 12.2 || 37.0 || 2011 || 21.8 || 2004 || 46.9 || 2014 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Colombia}} || 60.4 || 25.3 || 53.5 || 2013 || 56.3 || 2008 || 53.5 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Komoros}} || || || 64.3 || 2004 || || || ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Demokratiko a Republika ti Kongo |name=DR Congo}} ||  ||  || 42.1 || 2012  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Republika ti Kongo}} ||  ||  || 40.2 || 2011 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Costa Rica}} || 23.4 || 15.6 || 49.2 || 2012 || 37.3 || 2003 || 50.3 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Côte d'Ivoire}} || 16.6 || 9.7 || 43.2 || 2008 || 17.0 || 2002 || 41.5 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kroasia}} || 7.3 || 4.8 || 32.0 || 2011 || 7.2 || 2003 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 32.0 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kuba}} ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Cyprus}} ||  ||  || 34.3  || 2012 || ||  || 32.4 || 2013 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Republika a Tseka}} || 5.2 || 3.5 || 26.1 || 2012 || 5.2 || 1996 || 24.9 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Dinamarka}} || 8.1 || 4.3 || 29.1 || 2012 || 12.0 || 2000 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 24.8 || 2011 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Djibouti}} || || || 45.1 || 2012 || ||  || 40.9 || 2002
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Republika a Dominikano}} || 25.3 || 14.3 || 47.1 || 2013 || 18.8 || 2012 || 45.7 || 2012 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Ecuador}} || 35.2 || 17.3 || 47.3 || 2013 || 17.5 || 2006 Oct.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data for urban households only&quot;&gt;Data for urban households only.&lt;/ref&gt; || 48.5 || 2013 Dec.&lt;ref name=&quot;Data for urban households only&quot; /&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Ehipto}} || 8.0 || 5.1 || 30.8 || 2008 || 8.0 || 2000 || 30.8 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|El Salvador}} || 38.6 || 20.9 || 43.5 || 2013 || 55.4 || 2002 || 46.9 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Guinea Ekuatorial}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Estonia}} || 10.8 || 6.4 || 33.2 || 2012 || 11.0 || 2003 || 32.9 || 2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Etiopia}} || 6.6 || 4.3 || 33.2 || 2010 || 6.5 || 2000 || 33.0 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kappon ti Europa}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  || 30.6 || 2012 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Fiji}} ||  ||  || 42.8 || 2008 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Pinlandia}} || 5.6 || 3.8 || 27.1 || 2012 || 5.7 || 2000 || 26.8 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Pransia}} || 9.1 || 5.6 || 33.1 || 2012 || 8.3 || 2004 || 30.1 || 2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Gabon}} ||  ||  || 41.5 || 2005 ||  ||  || ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Gambia}} || 20.2 || 11.2 || 47.3 || 2003 || 20.6 || 1998 || 50.2 || 1998
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Georgia}} || 15.4 || 8.3 || 40.0 || 2013 || 15.2 || 2003 || 46.0 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Alemania}} || 6.9 || 4.3 || 30.1 || 2011 || 6.9 || 2000 || 27.0 || 2006
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Ghana}} || 14.1 || 8.4 || 42.8 || 2006 || 13.7 || 1999 || 42.3 || 2012–2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Gresia}} || 10.2 || 6.2 || 36.7 || 2012 || 10.4 || 2000 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 34.4 || 2013 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Guatemala}} || 33.9 || 20.3 || 52.4 || 2012 || 48.2 || 2002 || 55.1 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Guinea}} || 10.5 || 6.6 || 33.7 || 2012 || 21.6 || 2006 || 39.4 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Guinea-Bissau}} || 19.0 || 10.3 || 50.7 || 2010 || 84.8 || 1991 ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Guyana}} ||  ||  || 44.5 || 1998 || 26.0 || 1999 || 44.6 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Haiti}} || 54.4 || 26.6 || 60.8 || 2012 || 68.1 || 2001 || 59.2 || 2001
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Honduras}} || 59.4 || 17.2 || 53.7 || 2013 || 35.2 || 2003 || 57.7 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hong Kong}} || 17.8 || 9.7 ||  ||  ||  ||  || 53.7 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hungaria}} || 5.5 || 3.8 || 30.6 || 2012 || 5.6 || 2002 || 24.7 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Islandia}} ||  ||  || 26.9 || 2012 ||  ||  || 28.0 || 2006
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|India}} || 8.6 || 5.6 || 33.6 || 2012 || 8.6 || 2004 || 33.6 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Indonesia}} || 7.8 || 5.2 || 35.6 || 2010 || 7.9 || 2002 || 41.0 || 2015
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Iran}} || 17.2 || 9.7 || 37.4 || 2013 || 16.9 || 1998 || 44.5 || 2006
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Irak}} ||  ||  || 29.5 || 2012 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Irlanda}} || 9.4 || 5.6 || 32.5 || 2012 || 9.4 || 2000 || 33.9 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Israel}} || 13.4 || 7.9 || 42.8 || 2010 || 11.8 || 2005 || 37.6 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Italia}} || 11.6 || 6.5 || 35.2 || 2012 || 11.7 || 2000 || 31.9 || 2012 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hamaika}} || 17.3 || 9.8 || 45.5 || 2004 || 17.0 || 2004 || 45.5 || 2004
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hapon}} || 4.5 || 3.4 || 32.1 || 2008 || 4.5 || 1993 || 37.9 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hordania}} || 11.3 || 6.9 || 35.4 || 2010 || 11.3 || 2003 || 39.7 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kazakhstan}} || 8.5 || 5.6 || 26.4 || 2013 || 8.0 || 2004 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 28.9 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kenya}} || 13.6 || 8.2 || 47.7 || 2005 || 18.6 || 2000 || 42.5 || 2008 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Amianan a Korea}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Abagatan a Korea}} || 7.8 || 4.7 || 31.3 || 2007 || 5.9 || 2011 || 30.2 || 2013 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kosovo}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  || 30 || [[Fiscal year|FY]] 2005/06
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kuwait}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kirgistan}} || 6.4 || 4.4 || 27.4 || 2012 || 6.4 || 2003 || 33.4 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Laos}} || 8.3 || 5.4 || 37.9 || 2012 || 8.4 || 2002 || 36.7 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Letonia}} || 11.6 || 6.8 || 35.5 || 2012 || 11.6 || 2003 || 35.2 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Lebanon}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Lesotho}} || 39.8 || 44.2 || 54.2 || 2015 || 48.2 || 2002 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 63.2 || 1995
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Liberia}} || 12.8 ||  || 36.5 || 2007 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Libya}} ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Lituania}} || 10.4 || 6.3 || 35.2 || 2012 || 10.3 || 2003 || 35.5 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Luxembourg}} ||  ||  || 34.8 || 2012 || 6.8 || 2000 || 30.4 || 2013 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Macau}} ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  || 35 || 2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Amianan a Macedonia}} || 12.5 || 7.5 || 43.2 || 2009 || 12.3 || 2003 || 43.6 || 2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Madagascar}} || 19.2 || 11.0 || 40.6 || 2010 || 19.3 || 2001 || 47.5 || 2001
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Malawi}} || 10.9 || 6.7 || 46.1 || 2010 || 11.0 || 2004 || 39.0 || 2004
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Malaysia}} || 22.1 || 12.4 || 46.3 || 2009 || 28.0 || 2003 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 46.2 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Maldibas}} || || || 36.8 || 2009 || || || 37.4 || 2004 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Mali}} || 12.5 || 7.6 || 33.0 || 2010 || 12.6 || 2001 || 40.1 || 2001
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Malta}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  || 27.9 || 2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Mauritania}} || 12.0 || 7.4 || 37.5 || 2008 || 11.8 || 2000 || 39.0 || 2000
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Maurisio}} ||  ||  || 35.8 || 2012 ||  ||  || 35.9 || 2012 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Mehiko}} || 21.6 || 12.8 || 48.1 || 2012 || 24.6 || 2004 || 48.3 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Moldova}} || 8.2 || 5.3 || 28.5 || 2013 || 8.3 || 2003 || 33.0 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Mongolia}} || 8.2 || 5.4 || 33.8 || 2012 || 8.2 || 2002 || 36.5 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Montenegro}} ||  ||  || 33.2 || 2013 ||  ||  || 26.2 || 2013 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Morocco}} || 11.7 || 7.2 || 40.7 || 2007 || 11.9 || 1999 || 40.9 || 2007 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Mozambique}} || 18.8 || 9.9 || 45.6|| 2008 || 18.8 || 2002 || 45.6 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Myanmar}} ||  ||  || || || 11.6 || 1998 ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Namibia}} || 106.6 || 56.1 || 61.3 || 2010 || 129.0 || 2003 || 59.7 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Nepal|size=23x17px}} || 15.8 || 9.1 || 32.8 || 2010 || 15.6 || 2004 || 32.8 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Olanda}} || 9.2 || 2.5&lt;ref&gt;2015 Data&lt;/ref&gt; || 28.0 || 2012 || 9.2 || 1999 || 25.1 || 2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Baro a Selanda}} || 12.4 || 6.8 || 36.2 || 1997 ||  ||  || 36.2 || 1997
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Nicaragua}} || 31.0 || 8.8 || 45.7 || 2009 || 15.4 || 2001 || 40.5 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Niger}} || 46.0 || 20.7 || 31.5 || 2011 || 44.3 || 1995 || 34.0 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Nigeria}} || 17.8 || 9.7 || 43.0 || 2009 || 17.5 || 2003 || 43.7 || 2003
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Norwega}} || 6.1 || 3.9 || 25.9 || 2012 || 6.0 || 2000 || 26.8 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Oman}} ||  ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Pakistan}} || 6.5 || 4.3 || 29.6 || 2010 || 6.6 || 2002 || 29.6 || FY 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Panama}} || 49.9 || 23.9 || 51.7 || 2013 || 61.4 || 2003 || 51.9 || 2010 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Papua New Guinea}} || 23.8 || 12.6 || 43.9 || 2009 || 23.8 || 1996 || 50.9 || 1996
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Paraguay}} || 38.8 || 25.7 || 48.3 || 2013 || 65.9 || 2003 || 53.2 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Peru}} || 26.1 || 15.2 || 44.7 || 2013 || 31.5 || 2003 || 45.3 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Filipinas}} || 15.5 || 9.3 || 43.0 || 2012 || 15.5 || 2003 ||  46.0 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Polonia}} || 8.8 || 5.6 || 32.4 || 2012 || 8.7 || 2002 || 34.1 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Portugal}} || 15.0 || 8.0 || 36.0 || 2012 || 9.2 || 1995 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 34.2 || 2013 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Katar}} ||  ||  || 41.1 || 2007 ||  ||  || ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Romania}} || 7.5 ||4.9 || 27.3 || 2012 || 7.4 || 2003 || 27.3 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Rusia}} || 12.7 || 7.6 || 41.6 || 2012 || 12.8 || 2002 || 42 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Rwanda}} || 18.6 ||9.9 || 50.8 || 2011 || 18.2 || 2000 || 46.8 || 2000
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Santo Tomas ken Prinsipe}} || || || 30.8 || 2010 || || || ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Saudi Arabia}} ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Senegal}} || 12.3 || 7.4 || 40.3 || 2011 || 12.4 || 2001 || 40.3 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Serbia}} ||  ||  || 29.7 || 2010 ||  ||  || 38.7 || 2014 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Seychelles}} ||  ||  || 42.8 || 2006 ||  ||  || ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Sierra Leone}} || 87.2 || 57.6 || 34.0 || 2011 || 87.2 || 1989 || 62.9 || 1989
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Singapur}} || 17.7 || 9.7 ||  ||  || 17.3 || 1998 || 46.4 || 2014
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Eslobakia}} || 6.7 || 4.0 || 26.1 || 2012 || 6.7 || 1996 || 25.3 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Eslobenia}} || 5.9 || 3.9 || 25.6 || 2012 || 5.9 || 1998 || 23.7 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Somalia}} ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Abagatan nga Aprika}} || 33.1 || 17.9 || 63.4 || 2011 || 31.9 || 2000 || 62.5 || 2013 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Abagatan a Sudan}} ||  ||  || 45.5 || 2009 || || || 46.0 || 2010 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Espania}} || 10.3 || 6.0 || 35.9 || 2012 || 10.2 || 2000 || 34.0 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Sri Lanka}} || 11.1 || 6.9 || 38.6 || 2012 || 36.1 || FY 2003/04 || 49.0 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Santa Lucia}} ||  ||  || 42.6 || 1995 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Sudan}} ||  ||  || 35.4 || 2009 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Surinam}} ||  ||  || 52.9 || 1999 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Suasilandia}} || 25.1 || 13.0 || 51.5 || 2010 || 25.4 || 2001 || 50.4 || 2001
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Suesia}} || 6.2 || 4.0 || 27.3 || 2012 || 6.2 || 2000 || 24.9 || 2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Suisa}} || 9.0 || 5.5 || 31.6 || 2012 || 8.9 || 2000 || 28.7 || 2012 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Syria}} ||  ||  || 35.8 || 2004 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Taiwan}} ||  ||  || || || 6.1 || 2002 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 33.8 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Tajikistan}} || 7.8 || 5.2 || 30.8 || 2009 || 7.8 || 2003 || 32.6 || 2006
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Tanzania}} || 9.2 || 5.8 || 37.8 || 2011 || 9.3 || 2000 || 37.6 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Tailandia}} || 12.6 || 7.7 || 39.3 || 2012 || 12.4 || 2002 || 39.4 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Timor-Leste}} ||  ||  || 31.6 || 2007 ||  ||  || 31.9 || 2007 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Togo}} ||  ||  || 46.0 || 2011 ||  ||  || ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Trinidad ken Tobago}} || 12.9 || 7.6 || 40.3 || 1992 ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Tunisia}} || 13.4 || 7.9 || 35.8 || 2010 || 13.7 || 2000 || 40.0 || 2005 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Turkia}} || 6.6 || 4.6 || 40.2 || 2012 || 17.1 || 2003 || 40.2 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Turkmenistan}} || 12.3 || 7.7 || 40.8 || 1998 || 12.2 || 1998 || 40.8 || 1998
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Uganda}} || 16.6 || 9.2 || 42.4 || 2012 || 16.4 || 2002 || 39.5 || 2013
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Ukrania}} || 5.9 || 4.1 || 24.6 || 2013 || 7.6 || 2006 || 28.2 || 2009
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Dagiti Nagkaykaysa nga Emirato nga Arabo}} ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian}} || 13.8 || 7.2 || 32.6 || 2012 || 13.6 || 1999 || 32.4 || 2012
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Estados Unidos}} || 15.9 || 8.4 || 41.1 || 2013 || 15.0 || 2007 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt;  || 45.0 || 2007
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Uruguay}} || 11.8 ||  || 41.9 || 2013 || 17.9 || 2003 || 45.3 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Uzbekistan}} || 10.6 || 6.2 || 36.7 || 2003 || 10.6 || 2003 || 36.8 || 2003
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Venezuela}} || 18.8 || 16.0 || 46.9 || 2006 || 50.3 || 2003 || 39.0 || 2011
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Bietnam}} || 6.9 || 4.9 || 38.9 || 2012 || 10.0 || 2004 || 37.6 || 2008
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Palestina}} ||  ||  || 35.5 || 2009 || || || ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Yemen}} || 8.6 || 5.6 || 37.7 || 2005 || 8.6 || 2003 || 37.7 || 2005
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Zambia}} ||  || || 55.6 || 2010 ||  ||  || 57.5 || 2010
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{wagaywaylistaan|Zimbabwe}} ||  || || 50.1 || 1995 ||  ||  || 50.1 || 2006
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| {{noflag}}''Lubong'' ||  ||  || || || 12.0 || 2002 &lt;small&gt;kark.&lt;/small&gt; || 38.0 || 2007
|}
|}

== Dagiti pagilian ti OECD ==

=== Koepisiente ti Gini, sakbay dagiti buis ken panangiyakar ===

{|
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|+ Koepisiente ti Gini, sakbay dagiti buis ken dagiti panangiyakar&lt;ref name=&quot;stats.oecd.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=46189|title=Income Distribution and Poverty : by country –I nequalityY|author=OECD|publisher=|access-date=2016-09-13|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093506/http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=46189|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Pagilian || tengnga ti tawtawen ti 70 || tengnga ti tawtawen ti 80 || idi agarup a 1990 || tengnga ti tawtawen ti 90 || idi agarup a 2000 || tengnga ti tawtawen ti 2000 || Naladaw a tawtawen ti 2000
|-
! &lt;br /&gt;
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Australia}} || || || || 0.467 || 0.476 || 0.465 || 0.468
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Austria}} || || || || || || 0.433 || 0.472
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Belhika}} || || 0.449 || || 0.472 || 0.464 || 0.494 || 0.469
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kanada}} || 0.385 || 0.395 || 0.403 || 0.430 || 0.440 || 0.436 || 0.441
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Chile}} || || || || 0.441 || || 0.414 || 0.426
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Republika a Tseka}} || || || || 0.442 || 0.472 || 0.474 || 0.444
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Dinamarka}} || || 0.373 || 0.396 || 0.417 || 0.415 || 0.417 || 0.416
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Estonia}} || || || || || || 0.504 || 0.458
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Pinlandia}} || 0.343 || 0.387 ||  || 0.479 || 0.478 || 0.483 || 0.465
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Pransia}} || || 0.380 || 0.370 || 0.473 || 0.490 || 0.485 || 0.483
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Alemania}} || || 0.439 || 0.429 || 0.459 || 0.471 || 0.499 || 0.504
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Gresia}} || 0.448 || 0.426 || || 0.446 || 0.466 || 0.454 || 0.436
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hungaria}} || || || 0.452 || 0.496 || 0.463 || 0.497 || 0.466
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Islandia}} || || || || || || 0.365 || 0.382
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Irlanda}} || || || || || || ||
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Israel}} || || 0.472 || 0.476 || 0.494 || 0.504 || 0.513 || 0.498
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Italia}} || || 0.420 || 0.437 || 0.508 || 0.516 || 0.557 || 0.534
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hapon}} || || 0.345 || || 0.403 || 0.432 || 0.443 || 0.462
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Luxembourg}} || || 0.383 || || 0.427 || 0.421 || 0.454 || 0.482
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Mehiko}} || || 0.453 || || 0.532 || 0.517 || 0.491 || 0.494
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Olanda}} || 0.426 || 0.473 || 0.474 || 0.484 || 0.424 || 0.426 || 0.426
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Baro a Selanda}} || || 0.408 || 0.468 || 0.488 || 0.484 || 0.473 || 0.455
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Norwega}} || || 0.351 || || 0.404 || 0.426 || 0.447 || 0.410
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Polonia}} || || || || || || 0.542 || 0.470
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Portugal}} || 0.457 || || 0.436 || 0.490 || 0.479 || 0.542 || 0.521
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Eslobakia}} || || || || || || 0.458 || 0.416
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Eslobenia}} || || || || || || 0.452 || 0.423
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Abagatan a Korea}} || || || || || || 0.331 || 0.344
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Espania}} || || || || || || || 0.461
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Suesia}} || 0.389 || 0.404 || 0.408 || 0.438 || 0.446 || 0.432 || 0.426
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Suisa}} || || || || || || || 0.409
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Turkia}} || || || || || || || 0.470
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian}} || 0.338 || 0.419 || 0.439 || 0.453 || 0.458 || 0.445 || 0.456
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Estados Unidos}} || 0.406 || 0.436 || 0.450 || 0.477 || 0.476 || 0.486 || 0.486
|}
|}

=== Koepisiente ti Gini, kalapsan dagiti buis ken dagiti panangiyakar ===

{|
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|+ Koepisiente ti Gini, kalapsan dagiti buis ken dagiti panangiyakar&lt;ref name=&quot;stats.oecd.org&quot; /&gt;
|-
! Pagilian || tengnga ti tawtawen ti 70 || tengnga ti tawtawen ti 80 || aidi agarup a 1990 || tengnga ti tawtawen ti 90 || idi agarup a 2000 || tengnga ti tawtawen ti 2000 || Naladaw a tawtawen ti 2000
|-
! &lt;br /&gt;
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Australia}} || || || || 0.309 || 0.317 || 0.315 || 0.336
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Austria}} || || 0.236 || || 0.238 || 0.252 || 0.265 || 0.261
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Belhika}} || || 0.274 || || 0.287 || 0.289 || 0.271 || 0.259
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Kanada}} || 0.304 || 0.293 || 0.287 || 0.289 || 0.318 || 0.317 || 0.324
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Chile}} || || || || 0.427 || || 0.403 || 0.394
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Republika a Tseka}} || || || 0.232 || 0.257 || 0.260 || 0.268 || 0.256
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Dinamarka}} || || 0.221 || 0.226 || 0.215 || 0.226 || 0.232 || 0.248
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Estonia}} || || || || || || 0.349 || 0.315
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Pinlandia}} || 0.235 || 0.209 ||  || 0.218 || 0.247 || 0.254 || 0.259
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Pransia}} || || 0.300 || 0.290 || 0.277 || 0.287 || 0.288 || 0.293
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Alemania}} || || 0.251 || 0.256 || 0.266 || 0.264 || 0.285 || 0.295
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Gresia}} || 0.413 || 0.336 || || 0.336 || 0.345 || 0.321 || 0.307
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hungaria}} || || || 0.273 || 0.294 || 0.293 || 0.291 || 0.272
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Islandia}} || || || || || || 0.257 || 0.301
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Irlanda}} || || 0.331 || || 0.324 || 0.304 || 0.314 || 0.293
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Israel}} || || 0.326 || 0.329 || 0.338 || 0.347 || 0.378 || 0.371
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Italia}} || || 0.309 || 0.297 || 0.348 || 0.343 || 0.352 || 0.337
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Hapon}} || || 0.304 || || 0.323 || 0.337 || 0.321 || 0.329
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Luxembourg}} || || 0.247 || || 0.259 || 0.261 || 0.258 || 0.288
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Mehiko}} || || 0.452 || || 0.519 || 0.507 || 0.474 || 0.476
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Olanda}} || 0.263 || 0.272 || 0.292 || 0.297 || 0.292 || 0.284 || 0.294
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Baro a Selanda}} || || 0.271 || 0.318 || 0.335 || 0.339 || 0.335 || 0.330
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Norwega}} || || 0.222 || || 0.243 || 0.261 || 0.276 || 0.250
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Polonia}} || || || || || 0.316 || 0.349 || 0.305
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Portugal}} || 0.354 || || 0.329 || 0.359 || 0.356 || 0.385 || 0.353
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Eslobakia}} || || || || || || 0.268 || 0.257
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Eslobenia}} || || || || || || 0.246 || 0.236
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Abagatan a Korea}} || || || || || || 0.306 || 0.315
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Espania}} || || 0.371 || 0.337 || 0.343 || 0.342 || 0.319 || 0.317
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Suesia}} || 0.212 || 0.198 || 0.209 || 0.211 || 0.243 || 0.234 || 0.259
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Suisa}} || || || || || 0.279 || 0.276 || 0.303
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Turkia}} || || 0.434 || || 0.490 || || 0.430 || 0.409
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian}} || 0.268 || 0.309 || 0.354 || 0.336 || 0.351 || 0.331 || 0.345
|-
| {{wagaywaylistaan|Estados Unidos}} || 0.316 || 0.337 || 0.348 || 0.361 || 0.357 || 0.380 || 0.378
|}
|}

== Kitaen pay ==
* [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti napasayaat nga saan apanagpapada ti HDI]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa==
*{{citation |date=Disiembre 2011 |chapter=An Overview of Growing Income Inequalities in OECD Countries: Main Findings |title=Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Growing |chapter-url=http://www.oecd.org/els/socialpoliciesanddata/49499779.pdf |url= http://www.oecd.org/els/socialpoliciesanddata/dividedwestandwhyinequalitykeepsrising.htm |publisher=OECD Publishing |isbn=978-92-64-11163-9 |accessdate=6 Disiembre 2011 |postscript=&amp;nbsp;This book released with two titles, depending on country of publication. However, the ISBN remains the same}}

== Dagiti silpo ti ruar ==
*[http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/GINI Mapa ti Global nga Indeks tiKappia ti datos ti Gini para iti 2007–2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601214002/http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/GINI |date=2010-06-01 }}
*[http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&amp;theSitePK=478060&amp;piPK=64165421&amp;menuPK=64166093&amp;entityID=000158349_20101014160704 Shadow economies all over the world : new estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007]. Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn, Claudio E. Montenegro. Hulio 2010. [[Banko ti Lubong]].

[[Kategoria:Pannakaiwarwaras ti matgedan|*]]
[[Kategoria:Kabaknang babaen ti pagilian|* List]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattao a Moro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3427" sha1="lxs2r9481iax31hp6je3v52i6rlyakd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox grupo ti etniko
|group      = Tattao a Moro
|image      = Three Moro women in Jolo, Sulu.jpg
|caption    = Tallo a Moro a babbai idiay [[Jolo, Sulu]], {{circa|tawtawen ti 1900}}.
|population = {{circa|5.1}}-riwriw (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinoy Muslim percent&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Philippines%20wide.pdf|title=Religion and the Secular State: National Report for the Philippines|author=Raul C. Pangalangan|publisher=International Center for Law and Religion Studies|accessdate=2 Nobiembre 2015|format=[[PDF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528043935/http://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Philippines%20wide.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|poptime    =
|popplace   = [[Filipinas]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Brunei]]
|langs      = [[Ingles a Filipino|English]], [[Pagsasao a Filipino|Filipino]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pagsasao a Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Pagsasao a Maranao|Maranao]], [[Pagsasao a Tausug|Tausug]], [[Pagsasao nga Arabiko|Arabiko]], [[Pagsasao a Chabacano|Zamboanguenio]], [[Pagsasao a Cebuano|Cebuano]], [[Pagsasao a Tagalog|Tagalog]], [[Malayo a Filipino|Malayo]], [[Urdu]] ken dadduma pay a [[sasao a Filipino]]
|rels       = Kaaduan a [[Sunni nga Islam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Arnold2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=James R. Arnold|title=The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902-1913|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZgWnN4hyjoQC&amp;pg=PA3|date=26 Hulio 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-60819-365-3|pages=3–}}&lt;/ref&gt; nga adda dagiti sangkabassit a [[Popular nga Islam]] ken dadduma pay
}}

Ti '''tattao a Moro''' ket ti naaramid a termino para iti populasion dagiti Muslim idiay [[Filipinas]], ken mangporma daytoy iti kadakkelan a grupo ti saan a Katoliko&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-insecurity-and-insufficient-assistance-hampers-return|title=Philippines: Insecurity and insufficient assistance hampers return|work=Norwegian Refugee Council|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=13 Agosto 2003|accessdate=2 Nobiembre 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; iti pagilian, ken mangbukel iti agarup a 5.1% (manipud idi Agosto 2007) iti dagup a populasion ti Filipinas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinoy Muslim percent&quot;/&gt; Adda dagiti agarup a 13 a grupo ti etniko ti Filipino a nairaman, ken ti kaaduan iti etniko dagiti indihenio a tattao a nagabliw iti relihopn ti Islam ken isudan itan ket dagiti Muslim wenno dagiti Moro;&lt;ref name=&quot;thirteen ethnic groups&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/39098/who-are-the-moro-people|title=Who are the Moro people?|author=Jamail A. Kamlian|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=20 Oktubre 2012|accessdate=2 Nobiembre 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kaaduan kadagitoy ket sumursurot iti [[Sunni nga Islam]] iti [[Shafi'i]] [[madh'hab]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Arnold2011&quot;/&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [http://mnlfnet.com/ Moro National Liberation Front] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018215424/http://mnlfnet.com/ |date=2014-10-18 }}
* [http://www.luwaran.com Moro Islamic Liberation Front]
* [http://www.bangsamoro.com Bangsamoro.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417134519/http://www.bangsamoro.com/ |date=2001-04-17 }} Bangsamoro Online
* [http://www.moroherald.com Moro Herald]

{{Dagiti grupo ti etniko iti Filipinas}}
{{Filipinas-pungol}}

[[Kategoria:Moro]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti grupo ti etniko iti Filipinas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasao a Bataniko</title>
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      <text bytes="3926" sha1="j9e0ddm14e3dv08kp08brq60mij3dgl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name=Bataniko
|altname=Bashiiko, Ibataniko
|region=[[Batanes]] ken [[Isla ti Orkidia]]
|familycolor=Austronesio
|fam2=[[Sasao a Malayo-Polinesio|Malayo-Polinesio]]
|fam3=([[Sasao a Filipino|Filipino]]?)
|fam4=
|glotto=bata1315
|glottorefname=Batanic
}}

Ti '''sasao a Bataniko''' (sagpaminsan pay a tinawtawagan iti '''Bashiiko''' wenno '''Ibataniko''') ket dagiti [[lugar ti dialekto|rimpuuok ti dialekto]] ti pamilia ti  [[Sasao nga Austronesio|pagsasao nga Austronesio]]. Dagitoy ket naisasao idiay [[Is-isla ti Babuyan|Isla ti Babuyan]], iti amianan bassit ti Luzon; tallo iti [[Is-isla ti Batanes]], iti pagbaetan ti Filipinas ken Taiwan; ken idiay [[Isla ti Orkidia]] iti akin-abagatan a Taiwan.

Dagiti karuay idiay Filipinas ket tinawtawagan iti Ibatan, wenno nanagananda iti Babuyan, Batan, wenno Itbayat kalpasan kadagiti isla, bayat a ti karuay idiay Taiwan ket tinawtawagan iti [[Pagsasao a Yami|Yami]] wenno Tao.

== Pannakaidasig ==
Adda dagiti tallo a pagsasao:&lt;ref name=Ross&gt;Malcolm Ross, 2005, &quot;The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian&quot;[http://chl.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322042836/http://chl.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf |date=2012-03-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Pagsasao a Yami|Yami]] (dagiti dialekto ti Imurud, Iraralay, Iranumilek) idiay Isla ti Orkidia
*[[Pagsasao nga Itbayat|Itbayat]] idiay [[Isla Itbayat]]
*[[Pagsasao nga Ibatan|Ibatan]] (dagiti dialekto ti Ibasay, Isamurung, Babuyan) idiay Is-isla ti [[Isla Batan|Batan]], [[Isla Sabtang|Sabtang]], ken [[Isla Babuyan|Babuyan]].

Idasig ni Moriguchi (1983) ti sasao a Bataniko a kas dagiti sumaganad.
*Poroto-Basayiko
**[[Pagsasao nga Itbayat|Itbayaten]]
**Basay
**(sanga)
***Babuyan, Isamorong
***[[Pagsasao a Yami|Yami]]: Iraralay, Imorod

Segun ken ni Paul Jen-kuei Li (2000),&lt;ref&gt;Li, P.J.-K. 2000, &quot;Subgrouping of the Batanic languages&quot;,[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/li2000subgrouping.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427114216/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/li2000subgrouping.pdf |date=2023-04-27 }} in The Fifth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, Hochiminh City, pp. 175-176. Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities.&lt;/ref&gt; ti Yami ket isu ti kaasitgan a kabagian ti Itbayat. Kadagiti sasao a Bataniko, ti Iraralay ket isu ti kakonsertibuan (Li 2000).

Ti sasao a Bataniko ket masansan a mainayon iti sasao nga Akin-amianan a Filipino. Nupay kasta, nabirukan ni Ross (2005) a saanda a maipakita a maikabagian iti ania man a naisangayan a sanga ti Malayo-Polinesio, ken isu a mabalin a mangbukel iti bukodda a kangrunaan a sanga.

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{refbegin}}
* Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2001). The Dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan. Language and Linguistics 2.1:271-278.
* Moriguchi, Tsunekazu. 1983. &quot;A preliminary report on Ivatan dialects&quot;. In ;;Batan Island and Northern Luzon: Archaeological, Ethnographical and Linguistic Survey;;, 205-253. Kumamoto: Kumamoto University.
* Ross, Malcolm (2005). &quot;[http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf The Batanic languages in relation to the early history of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of Austronesian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304035528/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf |date=2011-03-04 }}.&quot; ''Journal of Austronesian Studies'' 1/2:1-24.
* Shirahihara, K., Y. Aoyagi, and M. Koomoto. 1983. ''Batan island and northern Luzon: Archaeological, ethnographical, and linguistic survey''. Kumamoto: University of Kumamoto Press.
{{refend}}

{{Sasao a Filipino}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Filipinas}}
{{au-pagsasao-pungol}}
{{Filipinas-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bataniko}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Bataniko| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Yami</title>
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      <text bytes="3770" sha1="08wloth4bsud9mbnwpbswa506mfjgee" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Yami
|nativename=Cizicizing No Tao
|states=[[Taiwan]]
|region=
|ethnicity=[[Tattao a Yami|Yami]]
|speakers=3,800
|date=2006
|ref=&lt;ref name=Rau2006-79 /&gt;
|familycolor=Austronesio
|fam2=[[Sasao a Malayo-Polinesio|Malayo-Polinesio]]
|fam3=([[Sasao a Filipino|Filipino]]?)
|fam4=[[Sasao a Bataniko|Bataniko]]
|fam5=Yami–Itbayat
|iso3=tao
|glotto=yami1254
|glottorefname=Yami
|lingua=[http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&amp;linguacode=31-CAA-a 31-CAA-a]
}}

Ti '''Yami''' ({{lang-zh|雅美}}), ammo pay a kas '''Tao''' ({{zh|c=[[wikt:達|達]][[wikt:悟|悟]][[wikt:語|語]]}}), ket [[Sasao a Malayo-Polinesio|pagsasao a Malayo-Polinesio]]. Daytoy ket kameng ti [[lugar ti dialekto]] ti [[Pagsasao nga Ibatan|Ibatan]] nga insasao babaen ti [[tattao a Yami]] ti [[Taiwan]]. Daytoy key naisasao idiay [[Isla ti Orkidia]], iti 46 kilometro iti abagatan a daya ti nangruna nga isla ti [[Taiwan]]. Ti Yami ket ammo pay a kas ''ciriciring no Tao'', wenno &quot;bitla ti tao,&quot; babaen dagiti patneng nga agsasao.&lt;ref name=Rau2006-79&gt;Rau 2006: 79&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti Yami ket ti kaikasuna a patneng a pagsasao ti [[aboriheno a Taiwanes]] a saan a kameng ti pannakaigrupo a [[sasao a Formosano|Formosano]] ti Austronesio; daytoy ket maysa kadagiti [[sasao a Bataniko]] a mabirukan idiay akin-amianan a [[Filipinas]].

== Kitaen pay ==
*[[Dagiti pagsasao ti Taiwan]]
*[[Aboriheno a Taiwanes]]
*[[Tattao a Tao]]
*[[Sasao a Bataniko]]
*[[Pagsasao nga Ibatan]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
* Rau, D. Victoria, and Maa-Neu Dong. 2006. ''Yami texts with reference grammar and dictionary''. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
* Rau, D. Victoria, Maa-Neu Dong and Ann Hui-Huan Chang with Daniel E. Rau and Gerald A. Rau, ''[http://yamibow.cs.pu.edu.tw/index_LexiquePro_en.htm Diksionario ti Yami (Tao)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511233546/http://yamibow.cs.pu.edu.tw/index_LexiquePro_en.htm |date=2015-05-11 }}'' (達悟語詞典) [http://www.press.ntu.edu.tw/ntu_nube/english/b_view.asp?book_id=639] {{Natay a silpo|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.tiprc.org.tw/blog_wp/?p=2412] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306212745/http://www.tiprc.org.tw/blog_wp/?p=2412 |date=2014-03-06 }}, National Taiwan University Press [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317222256/http://www.press.ntu.edu.tw/ntu_nube/english/], Hunio 25, 2012 {{iti sao|zh}} {{iti sao|en}} &lt;small&gt;{{ISBN|978-986-03-2519-5}}&lt;/small&gt;

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Incubator|code= tao}}
* Listaan dagiti balikas ti Yami iti Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: [http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=254 language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=254] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113225455/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=254 |date=2015-01-13 }}, [http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=335 language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=335] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113225446/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=335 |date=2015-01-13 }}
* [http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/elearn/ Online a kurso ti pagsasao a Yamie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221000536/http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/elearn/ |date=2010-02-21 }}, Unibersidad ti Providence, Taiwan
* [http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/yami_a.htm/ Yami Website ti Proyekto ti Dokumentasion ti Pagsasao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624214659/http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/yami_a.htm |date=2012-06-24 }}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Taiwan}}
{{au-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yami}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Taiwan]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Bataniko]]</text>
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    <title>Sasao a Chamiko</title>
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      <text bytes="4894" sha1="76egipoil907qboeym8webbyi1nnd7g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name        = Chamiko
|altname     = Aceh–Chamic
|region      = [[Indonesia]] ([[Aceh]]), [[Cambodia]], [[Bietnam]], [[Tailandia]], [[Tsina]] (Isla [[Hainan]]), dagiti nadumaduma a pagilian nga addaan dagiti kaudian nga imigrante
|familycolor = Austronesio
|fam2        = [[Sasao a Malayo-Polinesio|Malayo-Polinesio]] (
|fam3        = [[Sasao a Nuklear a Malayo-Polinesio|Nuklear a Malayo-Polinesio]]
|fam4        = [[Sasao a Malayo-Sumbawano|Malayo-Sumbawano]]
|child1      = [[Pagsasao nga Acehnes|Acehnes]]
|child2      = Igid ti Baybay
|child3      = Kabambantayan
|iso2        = cmc
|iso5        = cmc
|glotto      = cham1327
|glottorefname= Aceh–Chamic
}}

Ti '''sasao a Chamiko''', ammo pay a kas'''Aceh–Chamiko''' ken '''Achines–Chamiko''', ket ti grupo dagiti sangapulo a pagsasao a naisasao idiay [[Aceh]] ([[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]) ken dagiti parte ti [[Cambodia]], [[Bietnam]] ken [[Hainan]], [[Tsina]]. Ti sasao a Chamiko ketdagiti subgrupo ti [[sasao a Malayo-Sumbawano]] iti [[Sasao nga Austronesio|pamilia nga Austronesio]]. Ti tinaudan daytoy a subpamilia, ti proto-Chamiko,ket mainaig iti [[kultura a Sa Huỳnh]], dagiti mangisasao iti daytoy ket simmangpetda iti ammo itan a [[Bietnam]] manipuditi [[Borneo]] wenno mabalin a manipud iti [[Peninsula Malayo]].&lt;ref name=Thurgood&gt;{{cite book|last1=Thurgood|first1=Graham|title=From ancient Cham to modern dialects : two thousand years of language contact and change : with an appendix of Chamic reconstructions and loanwords|date=1999|publisher=Univ. of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=0-8248-2131-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalpasan ti [[Pagsasao nga Acehnes|Acehnes]], nga addaan iti 3.5 a riwriw, ti [[Pagsasao a Jarai|Jarai]] ken [[Pagsasao a Cham|Cham]] ket dagiti kaaduan a naisasao a sasao a Chamiko, nga addaan iti agarup a 230,000 ken 280,000 nga agsasao, idiay [[Cambodia]] ken Bietnam. Ti [[Pagsasao a Tsat|Tsat]] ket ti akin-amianan unay ket saan unay a maisasao, nga addaan laeng dagiti 3000 nga agsasao.

Gapu ti ekstensibo a pangbulbulod a nagresultaan ti napauoten a pannakaiyasideg, ti Chamiko ken ti [[sasao a Bahnariko]] – ti sanga ti [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|pamilia ti Austroasiatiko]] – ket adu kadagiti agpapada a banag ti bokabulario.&lt;ref name=Thurgood /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pannakaidasig ==
Inted ni [[Graham Thurgood]] (1999:36) ti sumaganad a pannakaidasig ti sasao a Chamiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thurgood&quot; /&gt; Dagiti agmaymaysa a pagsasao ket namarkaan babaen ti''italiko''.

*''[[Pagsasao nga Acehnes|Acehnes]]''
*Igid ti Baybay a Chamiko
**''[[Pagsasao a Haroi|Haroi]]''
**[[Pagsasao a Cham]] ({{lang-vi|Chăm}})
***''Akinlaud a Cham''
***''Phan Rang Cham''
*Kabambantayan a Chamiko
**Rade–Jarai
***''[[Pagsasao a Rade|Rade]]'' ({{lang-vi|Ê-đê}})
***''[[Pagsasao a Jarai|Jarai]]'' ({{lang-vi|Gia Rai}})
**Chru–Akin-amianan
***''[[Pagsasao a Chru|Chru]]'' ({{lang-vi|Chu Ru}})
***Akin-amianan a Cham
****''[[Pagsasao a Roglai|Roglai]]'' ({{lang-vi|Ra Glai}})
****''[[Pagsasao a Tsat|Tsat]]''

Dagiti nuneral ti Proto-Chamiko manipud iti 7 aginggana iti 9 ket maibingbingay kadagiti [[sasao a Malayano]], a mangited iti sangkabassit nga ebidensia para iti panankaisubgrupo iti Malayo-Chamiko (Thurgood 1999:37).

Insingasing pay ni [[Roger Blench]] (2009)&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2009. &quot;[http://icaal.org/abstract/blench-are.html Are there four additional unrecognised branches of Austroasiatic?].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; a mabalin nga adda pay maysa a sanga ti [[sasao nga Austroasiatiko|Austroasiatiko]] iti igid ti baybay ti Bietnam nga itan ket awanen, a naibatay kadagiti nadumaduma a binulod a balikas ti Austroasiatiko iti moderno nga aldaw a sasao a  Chamiko a saan analawag a matugotan iti adda sangsanga ti Austroasiatiko (Blench 2009; [[Paul Sidwell|Sidwell]] 2006).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sidwell2006&quot;&gt;Sidwell, Paul. 2006. &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf Dating the Separation of Acehnese and Chamic By Etymological Analysis of the Aceh-Chamic Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108030716/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf |date=2014-11-08 }}.&quot; In The ''Mon-Khmer Studies Journal'', 36: 187-206.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
* Sidwell, Paul (2009). ''[http://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: History and state of the art]''. LINCOM Gmbh.
* Thurgood, Graham (1999). ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/20006770 From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change: With an Appendix of Chamic Reconstructions and Loanwords]''. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, No. 28, pp. i, iii-vii, ix-xiii, xv-xvii, 1-259, 261-275, 277-397, 399-407.

{{Sasao a Nuklear a Malayo-Polinesio}}
{{Sasao a Chamiko}}

[[Kategoria:Sasao a Chamiko| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Dakkel a Nambas</title>
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      <text bytes="1862" sha1="nasjstxiy71q3dsz4jw9o5aq1jx3wxm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Dakkel a Nambas
|nativename=V'ənen Taut
|pronunciation={{IPA|[ˈð̼ənɛn tautʰ]}}
|region=Amianan a laud a [[Malekula]], [[Vanuatu]]
|speakers={{sigfig|3350|2}}
|date=2001
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesio
|fam2=[[Sasao a Malayo-Polinesio|Malayo-Polinesio]]
|fam3=[[Sasao nga Oceaniko|Oceaniko]]
|fam4=[[Sasao nga Akin-abagatan nga Oceaniko|Akin-abagatan nga Oceaniko]]
|fam5=[[Sasao nga Akin-amianan a Vanuatu|Akin-amianan a Vanuatu]]
|fam6=[[Sasao nga Interior a Malekula|Interior a Malekula]]
|fam7=[[Sasao a Tengnga a Malekula|Tengnga a Malekula]]
|script=[[Sinuratan a Latin]]
|iso3=nmb
|glotto=bign1238
|glottorefname=Big Nambas
|notice=IPA
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Dakkel a Nambas''' (patneng a nagan ''V'ənen Taut'') ket ti [[Sasao a Malayo-Polinesio|pagsasao a Malayo-Polinesio]] nga insasao babaen dagiti agarup a 1,800 a tattao (manipud iti 1983) idiay amianan a laud a [[Malekula]], [[Vanuatu]]. Dagiti agarup a sangapulo ket siam a purok iti rehion ti Dakkel a Nambas ti Interior a Malekula ket us-usarenda ti pagsasao nga awan iti panangigiddiat iti dialekto. Daytoy ket nasayaat  nga inadal kadagiti paset ti panawen iti sumurok a 10 a tawen babaen ni G. J. Fox ti maysa a misionario, nga isu ket nangipablaak iti gramatika ken diksionario idi 1979.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliograpia ==
* {{cite book | last = Fox | first = G. J. | title = Big Nambas Grammar | publisher = Pacific Linguistics | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-85883-183-X }}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200206223019/http://phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter7/venet/vent.html Dagiti rekording ti V'enen Taut]
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Vanuatu}}
{{Sasao nga Akin-abagatan nga Oceaniko}}
{{au-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dakkel a Nambas}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Vanuatu]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Malekula]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Matukar</title>
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      <text bytes="1349" sha1="g3mroj2nj6soicxh3di44g2bxa6wb1p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name= Matukar
|states=[[Papua Baro a Guinea]]
|region=Amianan ti ili ti Madang, [[Probinsia ti Madang]]
|speakers={{sigfig|434|2}}
|date=2003
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesio
|fam2=[[Sasao a Malayo-Polinesio|Malayo-Polinesio]]
|fam3=[[Sasao nga Oceaniko|Oceaniko]]
|fam4=[[Sasao nga Akinlaud nga Oceaniko|Akinlaud nga Oceaniko]]
|fam5=[[Sasao nga Amianan a Baro a Guinea|Amianan a Baro a Guinea]] ?
|fam6=[[Sasao a Ngero–Vitiaz|Ngero–Vitiaz]]
|fam7=[[Sasao a Bel|Bel]]
|fam8=[[Sasao a Nuklear a Bel|Nuklear a Bel]]
|fam9=Akin-amianan
|script=
|iso3=mjk
|glotto=matu1261
|glottorefname=Matukar
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Matukar''' ket ti maysa a [[Sasao nga Austronesio|pagsasao nga Austronesio]] nga insasao babaen dagiti agarup a 400 a tattao iti asideg ti ili ti Madang, [[Probinsia ti Madang]], [[Papua Baro a Guinea]].

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161127010246/http://matukar.swarthmore.edu/ Maisasao a Diksionario ti Matukar] manipud iti Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages ken Swarthmore College

{{Sasao nga Amianan a Baro a Guinea}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Papua Baro a Guinea}}
{{au-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matukar, Pagsasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao nga Akinlaud nga Oceaniko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Papua Baro a Guinea]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Kensiu</title>
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      <text bytes="2765" sha1="ht1u2glqhjdtlzk5jbiviwyydqxzxgh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Kensiu
|states=[[Malaysia Peninsular|Malaysia]], [[Tailandia]]
|region=Amianan a daya a Kedah, iti asideg a pagbeddenga ti Tailandia. Tunuon iti abagatan a Probinsia ti Yala Tailandia.
|ethnicity=200 [[Tattao a Maniq]] (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|kns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|speakers = ?&lt;!--undated speaker figure greater than current ethnicity (in the Ethnologue)--&gt;
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao nga Asliano|Asliano]]
|fam3=[[Sasao a Jahaiko|Jahaiko]]
|fam4=Akinlaud
|script= [[Sinuratan a Latin]], [[Sinuratan a Tailandes]]
|dialects = Ijoh (Ijok), Jarum, Jeher (Sakai Tanjong of Temongoh), Kedah (Quedah), Plus, Ulu Selama, Kensiu Batu, Kensiu Siong, Kentaq Nakil
|iso3=kns
|glotto=kens1248
|glottorefname=Kensiu
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Kensiu''' (Kensiw) ket ti maysa a [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|pagsasao nga Austroasiatiko]] ti sub-sanga ti [[Sasao a Jahaiko|Jahaiko]] (Akin-amianana [[Sasao nga Asliano|Asliano]]). Daytoy ket insasao babaen ti bassit a komunidad ti 300 idiay [[Probinsia ti Yala]] iti akin-abagatan a [[Tailandia]] ken naireporta pay a babaen ti komunidad iti agarup a 300 nga agsasao idiay [[Akinlaud a Malaysia]] kadagiti Estado ti [[Perak]] ken [[Kedah]]. Dagiti agsasao iti daytoy a pagsasao ket dagiti [[Negrito]] nga ammo a kas [[tattao a Mani]] wenno Maniq ti Tailandia.&lt;ref name=&quot;bishop1996&quot; /&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;bishop1996&quot;&gt;* {{citation|last=Bishop|first=Nancy|year=1996|title=A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology|journal=Mon–Khmer Studies Journal|volume=25|url=http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/25:227-253.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*Bishop, N. (1996). Who's who in Kensiw? Terms of reference and address in Kensiw. The Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 26, 245-253.
*Wnuk, Ewelina (2016). Semantic specificity of perception verbs in Maniq.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [http://pseal.org/monkhmer/database/ Proyekto ti SEAlang iti Sasao a Mon–Khmer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727190411/http://pseal.org/monkhmer/database/ |date=2011-07-27 }}
* [http://ia700105.us.archive.org/11/items/rosettaproject_kns_vocab-1/rosettaproject_kns_vocab-1_text.pdf Listaan ti Glosario ti Salun-at] (manipud iti Proyekto ti Rosetta)
* [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_kns_swadesh-1/kns.txt Listaan ti Swadesh ti Kensiu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220123010916/http://www.sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/phaiboon2006glossary.pdf Glosario ti Sasao nga Asliano]

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Malaysia}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kensiu}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Malaysia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao nga Asliano]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasao a Bahnariko</title>
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|name=Bahnariko
|region=[[Indotsina]]
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|glotto=bahn1264
|glottorefname=Bahnaric
|child1=Tengnga a Bahnariko
|child2=Amianan a Bahnariko
|child3=Laud a Bahnariko
}}

Ti '''sasao a Bahnariko''' ket ti grupo dagiti agarup a tallopulo a [[sasao nga Austroasiatiko]] nga insaao babaen dagiti agarup a 700,000 a tattao idiay [[Bietnam]], [[Cambodia]], ken [[Laos]]. Inbagbaga ni [[Paul Sidwell]] a ti Austroasiatiko/[[sasao a Mon–Khmer]] ket ad-aduda nga agpapada iti leksiko iti Bahnariko ken [[sasao a Katuiko]] no as-asidegda iti heograpia, a nawaya uray ania a sanga ti pamilia a mangtagikua kaniada, ngem ti Bahnariko ken ti Katuiko ket awananda iti ania man a pagbibingayan nga inobasion a mangisingasing nga isuda ket mangporma iti sanga ti pamilia ti Austroasiatiko.

== Dagiti pagsasao ==
Mangisingasing ti internal a dibersidad a ti pamilia ket nagsisinada iti agarup a 3000 ti napalabas.{{citation needed|date=June 2009}} Nailasin ti Amianan a Bahnariko babaen ti pannakaigiddiat iti [[rehistro (ponolohia)|rehistro]] iti pagbaetan ti boses nga umanges ken modal.

Ti [[Pagsasao a Lamam|Lamam]] ket ti nagan ti sangkaputotan ti kaarruba a Tampuon ken Kaco’.

Tentatibo nga indasig ni Sidwell (2009) ti sasao a Bahnariko kadagiti uppat a sanga, a ti [[Pagsasao a Cua (Mon–Khmer)|Cua]] (Kor) ket nawaya a naidasig a kas Daya a Bahnariko.&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell, Paul. 2009. &quot;How many branches in a tree? Cua and East (North) Bahnaric&quot;. In Evans, Bethwyn (ed). ''Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell, Paul. 2010. &quot;[http://www.mksjournal.org/mksj39.pdf Cua (Kor) historical phonology and classification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033430/http://www.mksjournal.org/mksj39.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}.&quot; ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 39:105-122.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dagiti saan a naidasig a sasao a Bahnariko ti Cambodia ket mairaman ti [[Pagsasao a Mel|Mel]], [[Pagsasao a Khaonh|Khaonh]], [[Pagsasao a Ra’ong|Ra’ong]], ken [[Pagsasao a Thmon|Thmon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BarrPawley&quot;&gt;Barr, Julie and Eric Pawley. 2013. ''[http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/52517 Bahnaric Language Cluster survey of Mondul Kiri and Kratie Provinces, Cambodia]''. SIL International.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Bahnariko
*Laud a Bahnariko
**[[Pagsasao a Jru'|Jru']] ([[Pagsasao a Laven|Laven]]), [[Pagsasao a Juk|Juk]], [[Pagsasao a Su'|Su']]
**[[Pagsasao a Nyaheun|Nyaheun]]
**[[Pagsasao nga Oi|Oi]], [[Pagsasao nga Oi|The]], [[Pagsasao nga Oi|Sok]], [[Pagsasao a Sapuan|Sapuan]], [[Pagsasao a Cheng|Cheng]]
**[[Pagsasao a Brao|Brao]], [[Pagsasao a Brao|Laveh]], [[Pagsasao a Brao|Krung]], [[Pagsasao a Brao|Kravet]]
*Tengnga a Bahnariko
**[[Pagsasao a Taliang|Taliang]] ([[Pagsasao a Kassang|Kasseng]])
**[[Pagsasao nga Alak|Alak]]
**Tengnga nga Abagatan
***[[Pagsasao a Tampuon|Tampuon]]
***[[Pagsasao a Bahnar|Bahnar]]
***Abagatan a Bahnariko
****[[Pagsasao a Chrau|Chrau]]
****[[Pagsasao a Sre|Sre]]
****[[Pagsasao a Stieng|Stieng]]
****[[Pagsasao a Mnong|Mnong]]
*Amianan a Bahnariko
**[[Pagsasao a Halang|Halang]], [[Pagsasao a Kayong|Kayong]]
**[[Pagsasao a Jeh|Jeh]]
**Kotau
**[[Pagsasao a Todrah|Tadrah]], Modrah
**[[Pagsasao a Sedang|Sedang]]
**[[Pagsasao a Hrê|Hrê]]
**[[Pagsasao a Monom|Monom]] (Bonam)
**[[Pagsasao a Rengao|Rengao]]
**[[Pagsasao a Kaco’|Kaco’]], [[Pagsasao a Romam|Ramam]]
*Daya a Bahnariko
**[[Pagsasao a Cua (Mon–Khmer)|Cua]] (Kor)

=== Amianan a Bahnariko ===
Buklen ti Amianan a Bahnariko ti [[lugar ti dialekto]] a naisasao iti amianan ti [[sasao a Chamiko]].&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell, Edmondson, &amp; Gregerson. 2011. &quot;The North Bahnaric Clade: A Computational Approach.&quot; In Srichampa, Sidwell &amp; Gregerson (eds.) ''[http://icaal.org/ICAAL-4.2.pdf Austroasiatic Studies: papers from the ICAAL4: Mon-Khmer Studies Journal Special Issue No. 3]'', pp.23-37&lt;/ref&gt; Addaan ti Sedang ken Hre kadagiti kaaduan nga agsasao, iti tunggal maysa ket addaan iti agarup a 100,000.

{{klado
|label1=Amianan
|1={{klado
|1=[[Pagsasao a Jeh|Jeh]]
|2=[[Pagsasao a Halang|Halang]]
|3={{klado
|1=[[Pagsasao a Kayong|Kayong]]
|2={{klado
|1=[[Pagsasao a Romam|Romam]]–[[Pagsasao a Kaco'|Kaco’]]
|2={{klado
|1=[[Pagsasao a Takua|Takua]]
|2={{klado
|1=[[Pagsasao a Monom|Monom]] (Bonam, Monam)
|2={{klado
|1=[[Pagsasao a Todrah|Todrah]] (Didrah, Modrah)
|2={{klado
|1=[[Pagsasao a Sedang|Sedang]]
|2=[[Pagsasao a Rengao|Rengao]]
|3=[[Pagsasao a Hrê|Hrê]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

Dagiti sabali pay a sasao nga Akin-amianan a Bahnariko a saan unay a nasayaat a maidasig ket ti [[Pagsasao a Duan|Duan]] ken [[Pagsasao a Katua|Katua]].&lt;!--katua is not close to Cua. that's only from contact.--&gt;

=== Laud a Bahnariko ===
Ti Laud a Bahnariko ket ti lugar ti dialekto iti laud ti Amianna a Bahnariko,&lt;ref name=draft&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-11-29 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611042638/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saan met a kas dagiti sasao a Bahnariko iti daya, ti sasao a Laud a Bahnariko ket adda iti baba ti Khmer imbes nga iti impluensia ti Chamiko, ken babaen pay ti sasao a Katuiko a kas parte ti sprachbund a Katuiko-Laud a Bahnariko (Sidwell 2003).
*Laud a Bahnariko
**Brao–Kavet: [[Pagsasao a Lave|Lave]] (Brao), [[Pagsasao a Kru'ng|Kru'ng]], [[Pagsasao a Kravet|Kravet]]
**[[Pagsasao a Laven|Laven]], [[Pagsasao a Sou|Sou]] [nagsina?]
**[[Pagsasao a Nyaheun|Nyaheun]]
**Oi–The: [[Pagsasao a Jeng|Jeng]]; [[Pagsasao nga Oy|Oy]], [[Pagsasao a Sok|Sok]], [[Pagsasao a Sapuan|Sapuan]], [[Pagsasao a The|The]]

Insingasing ni Sidwell (2003) ti sumaganad a pannakaigrupo ti Laud a Bahnariko, nga umuna nga agsanga iti Lavi, Jru'/Laven, Su', ken Juk a kas mangporma iti sanga a maikadua a nangsanga, ken ti nabati iti kaunegan ti grupo a bugas. Iti tunggal maysa ti [[Pagsasao a Jru'|Jru']] ken [[Pagsasao a Brao|Brao]] ket addaan kadagiti sangapulo a rinibo nga agsasao, bayat a dagiti sabali a pagsasao ket addaanda iti saan nga ad-adu ngem 1,000 nga agsasao iti tunggal maysa.

*Laud a Bahnariko
**[[Pagsasao a Lavi|Lavi]]
**(sanga)
***[[Pagsasao a Jru'|Jru']]/[[Pagsasao a Laven|Laven]], [[Pagsasao a Su'|Su']], [[Pagsasao a Juk|Juk]]
***(sanga)
****[[Pagsasao a Nyaheun|Nyaheun]]
****[[Pagsasao a Sapuan|Sapuan]]
****[[Pagsasao nga Oi|Oi]]/Sok/[[Pagsasao a Cheng|Cheng]]
****Laveh/[[Pagsasao a Brao|Brao]]

=== Tengnga a Bahnariko ===
Ti Tengnga a Bahnariko ket ti pamilia ti pagsasao a biningbingay babaen ti sasao a Chamiko,&lt;ref name=draft /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Bahnaric-Central.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-11-29 |archive-date=2007-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706031743/http://www.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Bahnaric-Central.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Bahnar, Mnong, ken Sre (Koho) ket addaanda kadagiti 100,000 nga agsasao iti tunggal maysa.
*Tengnga a Bahnariko
**[[Pagsasao nga Alak|Alak]]
**[[Pagsasao a Cua (Mon–Khmer)|Cua]]
**[[Pagsasao a Taliang|Taliang]] ([[Pagsasao a Kassang|Kassang]])
**Tengnga nga Abagatan: iti abagatan a laud ti Chamiko:
***[[Pagsasao a Tampuon|Tampuon]]
***[[Pagsasao a Bahnar|Bahnar]]
***Abagatan a Bahnariko
****Stieng–Chrau: [[Pagsasao a Chrau|Chrau]],&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; [[Pagsasao a Stieng|Stieng]] (Bulo, Budeh)
****Sre–Mnong: [[Pagsasao a Koho|Koho]], [[Pagsasao a Mnong|Mnong]]

Ti Kassang ket pagsasao a Bahnariko(Sidwell 2003), ngem ti ''Ethnologue'' ket ilistana a kas [[Sasao a Katuiko|Katuiko]].

Inted ni Sidwell (2002, naibaga iti Sidwell 2003) ti sumaganad a pannakaidasig ti sasao a Tengnga a Bahnariko.&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell, Paul (2002). &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2002genetic.pdf Genetic classification of the Bahnaric languages: a comprehensive review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418074726/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2002genetic.pdf |date=2021-04-18 }}.&quot; Mon-Khmer Studies: A Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 32: 1-24.&lt;/ref&gt; Laglagipen a ni Sidwell (2009) ket kamaudianna nga indasig ti [[Pagsasao a Cua (Mon–Khmer)|Cua]] a kas maysa a nawaya a sanga, a mainaganan a kas Daya a Bahnariko.

*Tengnga a Bahnariko
**Amianan a Tengnga
***[[Pagsasao nga Alak|Alak]] (Halak)
**Laud a Tengnga
***[[Pagsasao a Kassang|Kasseng]]/[[Pagsasao a Taliang|Taliang]]
***Yaeh
**Daya a Tengnga
***[[Pagsasao a Cua (Mon–Khmer)|Cua]]
**Abagatan a Tengnga
***[[Pagsasao a Tampuon|Tampuon]]
***[[Pagsasao a Bahnar|Bahnar]]
****Abagatan a Bahnariko
*****[[Pagsasao a Chrau|Chrau]]
*****[[Pagsasao a Koho|Koho]]
*****Ma'
*****[[Pagsasao a Stieng|Stieng]]
*****[[Pagsasao a Mnong|Mnong]]

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*Cheeseman, Nathaniel; Herington, Jennifer; Sidwell, Paul (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268390843_Bahnaric_Linguistic_Bibliography_with_Selected_Annotations Bahnaric Bahnaric linguistic bibliography with selected annotations]. Mon-Khmer Studies vol. 42 Mahidol University and SIL International.
*Sidwell, Paul (2003). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1546654/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611234412/https://www.academia.edu/1546654/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric |date=2021-06-11 }}: West Bahnaric''. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
*Jacq, P., &amp; Sidewell, P. (2000). ''A comparative West Bahnaric dictionary''. Languages of the world, 21. München: LINCOM Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-558-3}}
* Sidwell, Paul. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418074726/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2002genetic.pdf Genetic Classification of the Bahnaric Languages: a comprehensive review]. Mon-Khmer Studies, Vol. 32. Mahidol University, Thailand.
*Sidwell, Paul (2000). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540085/Proto_South_Bahnaric_a_reconstruction_of_a_Mon-Khmer_language_of_Indo-China Proto South Bahnaric: a reconstruction of a Mon–Khmer language of Indo-China]''. Pacific Linguistics, 501. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. {{ISBN|0-85883-444-8}}
*Smith, K. D. (1972). ''[http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/4194 A phonological reconstruction of Proto-North-Bahnaric]''. Language data: Asian-Pacific series, no. 2. Santa Ana, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[http://sealang.net/sala/mk-class.htm SEALang SALA – probisional a pannakaidasig ti Mon–Khmer]
*[http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Bahnaric.html Sasao a Bahnariko (2003)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305110023/http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Bahnaric.html |date=2011-03-05 }}
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6711-8@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6711-8@view]] Sasao a Bahnariko ti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI

{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahnariko}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Bahnariko| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Jru'</title>
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      <text bytes="2042" sha1="c75jchhiln16esz8474ixby4cmyjof3" xml:space="preserve">{{maipanggep|karuay ti Jru' iti Laven|nalawlawa a kadena ti dialekto|Pagsasao a Laven}}
{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Jru'
|nativename=
|states=[[Laos]]
|speakers={{sigfig|28100|2}}
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Bahnariko|Bahnariko]]
|fam3=[[Sasao a Laud a Bahnariko|Laud]]
|fam4=[[Pagsasao a Laven|Laven]]
|iso3=lbo
|glotto=lave1248
|glottorefname=Laven
}}

Ti '''Jru' ''' ({{IPA-xx|ɟruʔ|IPA}}) ket ti [[Sasao a Mon–Khmer|pagsasao a Mon–Khmer language]] ti sanga ti [[Sasao a Bahnariko|Bahnariko]] a naisasao idiay akin-abagatan a Laos.&lt;ref name=Jacq2004&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Jacq |first1=Pascale |year=2004 |title=The Development of a Lao-based orthography for Jrù |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies Journal |volume=34 |issue= |pages=97–112 |publisher= |doi= |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jacq2004development.pdf |accessdate=28 Hunio 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202516/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jacq2004development.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daytoy ket ammo pay a kas &quot;Loven&quot;, &quot;Laven&quot; wenno &quot;Boloven&quot; manipud iti eksonimo ti [[Pagsasao a Lao|Laotiano]] iti ''Laven'' wenno ''Loven'', a naala manipud iti nagan a [[Pagsasao a Khmer|Khmer]] para iti [[Banak Boloven]]. 

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*Sidwell, Paul (2003). ''A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric''. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-9043-C@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-9043-C@view]] Jru' iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI Digital 
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10106/9168 Consonant Ear Training]

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jru}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Bahnariko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasao a Katuiko</title>
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      <text bytes="11465" sha1="7zcreiaxaezdoyrrqmkdfnpt5qbibof" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name=Katuiko
|region=[[Indotsina]]
|ethnicity=[[Dagiti tattao a Katuiko]]
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|glotto=katu1271
|glottorefname=Katuic
|child1=Katu
|child2=Kui–Bru (Laud)
|child3=Pacoh
|child4=Ta'Oi–Kriang
}}

Dagiti sangapulo ket lima a '''sasao a Katuiko''' ket mangporma ti sanga ti [[sasao nga Austroasiatiko]] nga insasao babaen dagiti agarup a 1.3 a riwriw a tattao iti Abagatan a daya nga Asia. Dagiti tattao nga agsasao iti sasao a Katuiko ket tinawtawagan iti [[Dagiti tattao a Katuiko|tattao a Katuiko]]. Ni [[Paul Sidwell]] ket isu ti mangipangulo nga espesialista iti sasao a Katuiko. Naibagbaga a ti Austroasiatiko/sasao a Mon–Khmer ket leksikoda a kapada ti Katuiko ken Bahnariko no as-asidegda iti heograpia. Kinunana a daytoy a pannakaipada iti heograpia ket nawaya no ania a sanga ti pamilia ti mangitagikua ti ti tunggal maysa a pagsasao. Kinunana pay a ti Katuiko ken Bahnariko ket awananda iti ania man a pagbibingayan nga inobasion, isu a saanda a mangporma ti sanga ti pamilia nga Austroasiatiko.

== Pannakaidasig ==
Idi 1966, ti leksikostatistiko a panagusig kadagiti nadumaduma a [[sasao a Mon–Khmer]] iti [[Indotsina]] ket inaramid idi babaen da David Thomas ken Richard Phillips dagiti lingguista ti [[Summer Institute of Linguistics|SIL]]. Daytoy a panagadal ket nagresultaan ti pannakabigbig dagiti dua a naisangayan a baro a sub-sanga ti Mon-Khmer, ken agnagan dagitoy iti Katuiko ken Bahnariko (Sidwell 2009).

Ti datos para iti makaanay a panangidasig ti sasao a Katuiko a [[Sasao a Mon–Khmer|Mon–Khmer]] ket nagbalin laeng a nagun-od kalpasan ti panaglukat ti [[Laos]] kadagiti gangganaet nga agsuksukisok kadagiti tawen ti 1990. Ti sumaganad a pannakaidasig ket babaen ni Sidwell (2005). Nagdudua ni Sidwell (2005) iti hipotesis a Vieto-Katuiko ni Diffloth, a kinunkunana a saan a nalawag ti ebidensia, ken saan a nalawag no ania ti pakaitagikuaan ti Katuiko iti pamilia. Iti pay maipatinayon, inkeddeng ni Sidwell (2009) a ti sanga ti Katu ti kakonsertibuan a subgrupo ti Katuiko, bayat nga amin dagiti sabali a sanga ket nagpadur-asda kadagiti ad-adu nga inobasion.

*Sanga a Katu (Thap):{{angkla|Katu}}
**[[Pagsasao a Katu|Katu]] (Ababa a Katu, Laos)
**[[Pagsasao a Phuong|Phuong]] (Nangato a Katu,Bietnam)
*Sanga a Kui–Bru ([[Sasao a Laud a Katuiko|Laud a Katuiko]]):
**[[Pagsasao a Bru|Bru]] (Laos ken Tailandia)
**[[Pagsasao a Kuy|Kuy]] (Tailandia)
*[[Pagsasao a Pacoh]] (Tareng) (Bietnam ken Laos)
*Sanga a Ta'Oi–Kriang (Laos ken Thừa Thiên-Huế, Bietnam):
**[[Pagsasao a Ngeq|Ngeq/Kriang]] (Khlor/Lor)
**[[Pagsasao a Ta’Oi|Ta’Oi]], [[Pagsasao nga Ir|Ir]]

Ilista pay ti ''Ethnologue'' ti [[Pagsasao a Kassang|Kassang]], ngem dayta ket [[Sasao a Bahnariko|pagsasao a Bahnariko]] (Sidwell 2003). Lê, et. al (2014:294)&lt;ref&gt;Ireporta da Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et. al; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam – Viện dân tộc học. 2014. ''Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam''. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. {{ISBN|978-604-90-2436-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ti subgrupo a Katu a tinawtawagan iti ''Ba-hi'' nga agtateng idiay lugar ti kabanbantayan ti [[Distrito ti Phong Điền]], Bietnam.

Ti tunggal maysa iti Kuy ken Bru ket addaan iti agarup a kagudua a riwriw nga agsasao, bayat a ti rimpuok ti Ta’Oi ket addaan kadagiti agarup a 200,000 nga agsasao.

== Proto-pagsasao ==
Dagiti rekonstruksion ti Proto-Katuiko, wenno dagiti sub-sangana ket mairaan dagiti sumagand:
*Thomas (1967): ''A Phonology Reconstruction of Proto-East-Katuic''
*Diffloth (1982): ''Registres, devoisement, timbres vocaliques: leur histoire en katouique''
*Efinov (1983): ''Problemy fonologicheskoj rekonstrukcii proto-katuicheskogo jazyka''
*Peiros (1996): ''Katuic Comparative Dictionary''
*Therapahan L-Thongkum (2001): ''Languages of the Tribes in Xekong Province, Southern Laos''
*Paul Sidwell (2005): ''The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon''

Konstruktuen manen ni Sidwell (2005) ti imbentoria ti konsonante ti proto-Katuiko a kas dagiti sumaganad:

{| class=&quot;IPA wikitable&quot;
|*p||*t||*c||*k||*ʔ
|-
|*b||*d||*ɟ||*ɡ||
|-
|*ɓ||*ɗ||*ʄ|| ||
|-
|*m||*n||*ɲ||*ŋ||
|-
|*w||*l, *r||*j|| ||
|-
| ||*s|| || ||*h
|}
Daytoy ket kapada ti rekonstruksion ti [[Proto-Mon Khmer]] malaksid para iti {{IPA|*ʄ}}, a nasaysayaat a napreserba iti sasao a Katuiko ngem dagiti sabali a sanga ti Austroasiatiko, ken naipampamattian idi ni Sidwell nga adda pay iti Proto-Mon Khmer.

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*Gehrmann, Ryan. 2016. [https://www.academia.edu/23781065/The_West_Katuic_Languages_Comparative_Phonology_and_Diagnostic_Tools_MA_Thesis_ ''The West Katuic languages: comparative phonology and diagnostic tools'']. Chiang Mai: Payap University MA Thesis.
*Gehrmann, Ryan. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/18409187/Vowel_Height_and_Register_Assignment_in_Katuic Vowel Height and Register Assignment in Katuic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612061724/https://www.academia.edu/18409187/Vowel_Height_and_Register_Assignment_in_Katuic |date=2021-06-12 }}. ''Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society'' 8. 56-70.
*Gehrmann, Ryan and Johanna Conver. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/19865969/Katuic_Phonological_Features Katuic Phonological Features] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612061722/https://www.academia.edu/19865969/Katuic_Phonological_Features |date=2021-06-12 }}. ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 44. 55-67.
*Choo, Marcus. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/katuic_languages_status.pdf ''The Status of Katuic'']{{Natay a silpo|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2010.  [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/KATUIC%20bibliography%20with%20selected%20annotations.pdf ''Katuic Bibliography with Selected Annotations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706181553/http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/KATUIC%20bibliography%20with%20selected%20annotations.pdf |date=2019-07-06 }}. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2009. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/KATUIC%20bibliography.pdf ''Katuic Bibliography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109051622/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/KATUIC%20bibliography.pdf |date=2019-11-09 }}. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Sidwell, Paul. 2005. ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204214526/https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon |date=2020-12-04 }}''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics 58. Munich: LINCOM Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-802-7}}
*Sidwell, Paul. 2005. [https://www.academia.edu/1540112/Proto-Katuic_phonology_and_the_sub-grouping_of_Mon-Khmer_languages Proto-Katuic phonology and the sub-grouping of Mon-Khmer languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111011146/https://www.academia.edu/1540112/Proto-Katuic_phonology_and_the_sub-grouping_of_Mon-Khmer_languages |date=2019-11-11 }}. In Paul Sidwell (ed.), ''SEALSXV: Papers from the 15th Meeting of the South East Asian Linguistics Society'', 193-204. Pacific Linguistics PL E1. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
*Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2002. The Role of endangered Mon-Khmer languages of Xekong Province, Southern Laos, in the reconstruction of Proto-Katuic. In Marlys Macken (ed.), ''Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society''. 407-429. Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University.
*Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2001. ภาษาของนานาชนเผ่าในแขวงเซกองลาวใต้. ''Phasa khong nanachon phaw nai khweng Sekong Lao Tai''. [Languages of the tribes in Xekong province, Southern Laos]. Bangkok: The Thailand Research Fund.
*Peiros, Ilia. 1996. ''Katuic comparative dictionary''. Pacific Linguistics C-132. Canberra: Australian National University. {{ISBN|0-85883-435-9}}
*Miller, John &amp; Carolyn Miller. 1996. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210612061719/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/miller1996lexical.pdf Lexical comparison of Katuic Mon-Khmer languages with special focus on So-Bru groups in Northeast Thailand]. ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 26. 255-290.
*Migliazza, Brian. 1992. [https://www.academia.edu/323690/Lexicostatistic_Analysis_of_Some_Katuic_Languages Lexicostatistic analysis of some Katuic languages]. In Amara Prasithrathsint &amp; Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin (eds.), ''3rd International Symposium on Language and Linguistics'', 1320–1325. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
*Gainey, Jerry. 1985. ''A comparative study of Kui, Bruu and So phonology from a genetic point of view''. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University MA thesis.
*Effimov, Aleksandr. 1983. Проблемы фонологической реконструкции прото-катуического языка. ''Probljemy phonologichjeskoj rjekonstruktsii Proto-Katuichjeskovo jazyka''. [Issues in the phonological reconstruction of the Proto-Katuic language]. Moscow: Institute of Far Eastern tudies Moscow dissertation.
*Diffloth, Gérard. 1982. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210612120735/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/diffloth1982registres.pdf Registres, dévoisement, timbres vocaliques: leur histoire en Katouique]. [Registers, devoicing, vowel phonation: their history in Katuic]. ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 11. 47-82.
*Thomas, Dorothy. M. (1967). ''A phonological reconstruction of Proto–East Katuic''. Grand Forks: University of North Dakota MA thesis.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
* Sidwell, Paul. (2005). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204214526/https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon |date=2020-12-04 }}''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-802-7}}
* Sidwell, Paul. (2009). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073527/https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art |date=2019-03-24 }}''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071018114146/http://anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Katuic.html Paul Sidwell (2003)]
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6712-F@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6712-F@view]] Sasaoa Katuiko iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI

{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katuiko}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Katuiko| ]]</text>
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|name          = Tampuan
|altname       = Tumpoon
|states        = [[Cambodia]]
|region        =
|ethnicity     = [[Tattao a Tampuan]]
|speakers      = 31,000
|dateprefix    = senso idi&amp;nbsp;
|date          = 2008
|ref           = e18
|speakers2     = aginggana iti 57,000 (panagsukisok idi 2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nis.gov.kh/nada/index.php/catalog/21/datafile/F1/V15 |title=Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013 |access-date=2016-11-30 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202193439/http://www.nis.gov.kh/nada/index.php/catalog/21/datafile/F1/V15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Bahnariko|Bahnariko]]
|fam3=[[Sasao a Tengnga a Bahnariko|Tengnga]]
|iso3          = tpu
|glotto=tamp1251
|glottorefname=Tampuan
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Tampuan''' ({{IPA-km|təmpṳan|IPA}}, [[Pagsasao a Khmer|Khmer]]: {{lang|km|ទំពួន}}) ket ti pagsasao ti [[tattao a Tampuan]] nga indihenio kadagiti kabanbantayan a rehion ti [[Probinsia ti Ratanakiri]] iti Cambodia. Adda dagiti 31,000 nga agsasao manipud iti senso idi 2008, ken mangbukel daytoy iti 21% iti populasion ti probinsia&lt;ref&gt;Ti dagup a populasion iti 149,990 para iti Probinsia ti Ratanakiri. {{cite web|url = http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf|title = General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 – Provisional population totals|publisher = National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning|date = 3 Septiembre 2008|format = PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daytoy ket asideg a kabagian ti [[Pagsasao a Bahnar|Bahnar]] ken [[Pagsasao nga Alak|Alak]], ken dagitoy a tallo ket mangporma ti pannakaigrupo ti Tengnga a [[Sasao a Bahnariko|pagsasao a Bahnariko]] iti kaunegan ti pamilia ti pagsasao a [[Sasao a Mon–Khmer|Mon-Khmer]] segun ti tradisional a panangidasig.&lt;ref name=Thomas&gt;Thomas, D. 1979, &quot;The place of Alak, Tampuan, and West Bahnaric&quot;, in The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, vol. 8, pp. 171-186.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti kaudian a panangidasig ni Sidwell ket igrupona ti Tampuan iti maysa nga agpada nga agpang iti Bahnar ken ti sasao nga Abagatan a Bahnariko iti dakdakkel a grupo ti Tengng a Bahnar.&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell, Paul (2002). &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2002genetic.pdf Genetic classification of the Bahnaric languages: a comprehensive review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418074726/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2002genetic.pdf |date=2021-04-18 }}.&quot; Mon-Khmer Studies: A Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 32: 1-24.&lt;/ref&gt; Awan ti patneng a panagsurat ti pagsasao a Tampuan ngem idi 1997, ti piloto a proyekto ti bilingual nga edukasion a pinataray babaen ti gobierno ti Cambodia, UNESCO ken dagiti nadumaduma nga NGO ket nagparang-ayda ti sinuratan a naibatay iti alpabeto a Khmer tapno maisurat ti Tampuan. Ti nabaliwan a sinuratan a Khmer ket naapprobaran idi 2003 para iti panagusar a panangisuro kadagiti Tampuan iti patneng a a dilada.&lt;ref name=Bilingual&gt;Anne Thomas, Education Advisor, Ratanakiri, Cambodia; HE Chey Chap, Under-Secretary of State for Education, Cambodia; Mr. In The, Director, National NFE Department, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport, Cambodia. [http://www.silinternational.com/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/he_chey_chap.pdf &quot;Bilingual education in Cambodia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045906/http://www.silinternational.com/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/he_chey_chap.pdf |date=2014-08-08 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tampuan}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Bahnariko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia]]</text>
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    <title>Pagsasao a Cua (Austroasiatiko)</title>
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      <text bytes="2909" sha1="i2nnpa90o20xapw01eq42lp2o8skoyf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Cua
|states=[[Bietnam]]
|speakers=12,000
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Bahnariko|Bahnariko]]
|fam3=Daya a Bahnariko
|iso3=cua
|glotto=cuaa1241
|glottorefname=Cua
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Cua''' (ammo pay a kas '''Bòng Mieu''') ket ti [[Sasao a Mon–Khmer|pagsasao a Mon–Khmer]] a naisasao kadagiti probinsia ti Quảng Ngãi ken Quảng Nam ti [[Bietnam]]. Dagiti dialekto ti Cua ket mairaman ti Kol (Kor, Cor, Co, Col, Dot, Yot) ken Traw (Tràu, Dong). Ti Maier &amp; Burton (1981) ket ti agdama a ka-ekstensibuan a diksionario ti Cua.

== Pannakaidasig ==
Inkeddeng ni [[Paul Sidwell]] (2009) ti Cua a mangbukel ti nawaya a kangrunaan a sanga ti [[Sasao a Bahnariko|Bahnariko]], a mangtawag iti Daya a Bahnariko. Ti Cua ket addaan pay iti ekstensibo a pannakaiyasideg iti sasao nga Amianan a Bahnariko. Nupay kasta, dati nga indasig ni Sidwell (2002) ti Cua a kas pagsasao a Tengnga a Bahnariko.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
*Sidwell, Paul. 2009. &quot;How many branches in a tree? Cua and East (North) Bahnaric&quot;. In Evans, Bethwyn (ed). ''Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
*Sidwell, Paul. 2010. &quot;[http://www.mksjournal.org/mksj39.pdf Cua (Kor) historical phonology and classification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033430/http://www.mksjournal.org/mksj39.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}.&quot; ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 39:105-122.

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*Burton, Eva. 1966. &quot;A brief sketch of Cua clause structure.&quot;  Van-hóa Nguyêt-san 15: 187-90.
*Maier, Jacqueline G. 1966. &quot;Cua phonemes.&quot;  Van-hóa Nguyêt-san 15: 361-71.
*Maier, Jacqueline G. and Eva Burton, compilers. 1966. Cua (Kool) dictionary.  [Manuscript] n.p.
*Maier, Jacqueline G., Đinh Đổ, and Đinh Mốc. 1974. Bay hok pok Kool Kua = Bài học tiếng Cua = Cua language lessons.  Tủ sách ngôn-ngữ dân tộc thiểu số Việt Nam, 10. Saigon: Department of Education. viii, 37 p.
*Maier, Jacqueline G. and Eva Burton. 1981.  Cua-English-Vietnamese Dictionary: 1981 Pre-publication Manuscript Based on a 1966 Manuscript. (Held by SIL, Dallas)
*Smith, Kenneth D. 1973. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201025222029/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/smith1973eastern.pdf Eastern North Bahnaric: Cua and Kotua].&quot;  Mon–Khmer Studies 4: 113-18.
*Sidwell, Paul. 2010. &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/1546621/Cua_Kor_historical_phonology_and_classification Cua (Kor) historical phonology and classification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023125150/https://www.academia.edu/1546621/Cua_Kor_historical_phonology_and_classification |date=2019-10-23 }}&quot; Mon-Khmer Studies 39: 105-122.

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cua}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Bahnariko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam]]</text>
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    <title>Pagsasao a Bru</title>
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{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Bru
|nativename=''Bruu''
|states=[[Laos]], [[Bietnam]], [[Tailandia]]
|ethnicity=[[Tattao a Bru|Bru]], [[Tattao a Katang|Katang]]
|speakers= {{sigfig|295,300|2}}
|date=1991–2006
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Katuiko|Katuiko]]
|fam3=[[Sasao a Laud a Katuiko|Laud]]
|fam4=Brou–So
|lc1=bru|ld1=Akindaya a Bru
|lc2=brv|ld2=Akinlaud a Bru
|lc3=sss|ld3=Sô
|lc4=xhv|ld4=Khua
|lc5=ncq|ld5=Akin-amianan a Katang
|lc6=sct|ld6=Akin-abagatan a Katang
|glotto=brou1236
|glottorefname=Brou–So
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Bruu''' (mailetra pay a kas '''Bru''', '''B'ru''', '''Baru''', '''Brou''') ket ti [[lugar ti dialekto]] ti [[Sasao a Mon–Khmer|Mon–Khmer]] nga insasao babaen dagiti [[tattao a Bru]] iti nangruna a daga ti [[Abagatan a daya nga Asia]]. Dagiti dialektona ket ti '''[[Pagsasao a Sô|Sô]]''' ken '''[[Pagsasao a Khua|Khua]]'''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sealang.net/sala/mk-class.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nagnagan ==
Adda dagiti nadumaduma a lokal a nagnagan para iti Bru (Sidwell 2005:11).

*So ~ [[Pagsasao a Sô|Sô]]
*Tri (So Tri, Chali)
*Van Kieu
*Leu ~ Leung (Kaleu)
*Galler
*[[Pagsasao a Khua|Khua]]
*Katang (saan a kapada ti [[Pagsasao a Kataang|Kataang]])

== Pannakaiwarwaras ==
Ti pannakaiwarwaras ti pagsasao a Bru ket maiwarwaras iti amianan ken amianan a daya manipud iti [[Probinsia ti Salavan|Salavan]], [[Laos]], babaen ti [[Savannakhet]], [[Khammouane]], ken [[Bolikhamsai]], ken aginggana iti kaarruba a [[Tailandia]] ken [[Bietnam]] (Sidwell 2005:11). Idiay Bietnam, ti Brâu (Braò) ket naisasao iti komuna ti Đắk Mế, Bờ Y, Distrito ti [[Đắk Tô]], [[Probinsia ti Kon Tum]].&lt;ref&gt;Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et. al; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam – Viện dân tộc học. 2014. ''Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam''. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. {{ISBN|978-604-90-2436-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti dialekto ==
Ti Tailandia ket addaan kadagiti sumaganad a dialekto ti Akinlaud a Bru (Choo, et al. 2012).
*'''Bru Khok Sa-at'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Jennifer_Engelkemier_Thesis.pdf |title=ASPECTS OF BRU KHOK SA-AT GRAMMAR BASED ON NARRATIVE TEXTS |accessdate=2015-11-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034223/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Jennifer_Engelkemier_Thesis.pdf |archivedate=2015-11-17 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034223/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Jennifer_Engelkemier_Thesis.pdf |date=2015-11-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ti [[Distrito ti Phang Khon]] ken [[Distrito ti Phanna Nikhom]], [[Probinsia ti Sakon Nakhon]]
*'''Bru Woen Buek''' ti Woen Buek (Wyn Buek), [[Probinsia ti Ubon Ratchathani]] (ad-adu a kapadpada ti Katang)
*'''Bru Dong Luang''' ti [[Distrito ti Dong Luang]], [[Probinsia ti Mukdahan]]

Mabirukan dagiti sumaganad a subgrupo ti Bru iti [[Probinsia ti Quảng Bình]] (Phan 1998).&lt;ref name=&quot;Phan1998&quot;&gt;Phan Hữu Dật. 1998. &quot;Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn-Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình.&quot; In ''Một số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam'', p.476-482. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Vân Kiêu''': 5,500 a tattao iti [[Distrito ti Lệ Thủy]] ken [[Distrito ti Vĩnh Linht]] (iti [[Probinsia ti Quảng Trị]])
*'''Măng Coong''': 600 a tattao iti [[Distrito ti Bố Trạch]]
*'''Tri''': 300 a tattao iti [[Distrito ti Bố Trạch]]
*'''Khùa''': 1,000 a tattao iti [[Distrito ti Tuyên Hóa]]

Dita baba ket maysa a panangiyasping dagiti bokabulario ti Vân Kiêu, Măng Coong, Tri, ken Khùa manipud ken ni Phan (1998:479-480),&lt;ref name=&quot;Phan1998&quot;/&gt; nga agraman kadagiti balikas a naisurat iti [[ortograpia a Bietnamis]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ilokano !! Vân Kiêu !! Măng Coong !! Tri !! Khùa
|-
| maysa || mui || muôi || muôi || muôi
|-
| dua || bar || bar || bar || bar
|-
| tallo || pei || pei || pei || pei
|-
| uppat || pon || pon || pon || pon
|-
| lima || Shăng || Shăng || t'shăng || t'shăng
|-
| buok || sok || sok || sok || sok
|-
| mata || mat || mat || mat || mat
|-
| agong || lyu || mu || mu || mu
|-
| langit || plang || plang || plang || giang
|-
| daga || kute || katek || katek || k'tek
|-
| danum || dơ || dơ || dơ || do
|-
| ikan || sia || sia || sia || sia
|-
| billit || cham || cham || cham || cham
|-
| nuang || trick || trick || trick || trick
|-
| baka || ntro || tro || tro || tro
|}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160920025557/http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/bru/bru.html Datos ti loboratorio ti ponetiko ti UCLA]
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view]] Bru iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*Choo, Marcus, Jennifer Herington, Amy Ryan and Jennifer Simmons. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/sociolinguistic_survey_of_bru_in_thailand.pdf ''Sociolinguistic Survey Of Bru In Phang Khon And Phanna Nikhom Districts, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114435/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/sociolinguistic_survey_of_bru_in_thailand.pdf |date=2020-07-19 }}. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So_RTT_Report.pdf ''An investigation of intelligibility between So varieties in Northeast Thailand: the Bru in Khok Saat''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720004630/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So_RTT_Report.pdf |date=2020-07-20 }}. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2008. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So%20in%20NE%20Thailand%20report%20%28FINAL%29.pdf ''Sociolinguistic survey of So in Northeastern Thailand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719100334/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So%20in%20NE%20Thailand%20report%20(FINAL).pdf |date=2020-07-19 }}. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Khồng Diễn (1975). &quot;Về nhóm người Khùa (Bru) ở Quảng Bình&quot;. In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 538-548. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Migliazza, Brian. 2002. [https://sil.academia.edu/BrianMigliazza Multilingualism Among the So People of Issan].
*Phạm Đức Dương (1975). &quot;Về mối quan hệ cộng đồng tộc người giữa các ngôn ngữ thuộc nhóm Việt – Mường miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình&quot;. In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 500-517. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Phan Hữu Dật (1975). &quot;Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn – Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình&quot;. In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 531-537. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*[[Paul Sidwell|Sidwell, Paul]]. (2005). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204214526/https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon |date=2020-12-04 }}''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-802-7}}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bru}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Katuiko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam]]</text>
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    <title>Pagsasao a Sa'och</title>
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|name=Sa'och
|nativename= Chung
|pronunciation= {{IPA-all|t͡ɕʰṳˀŋ|IPA}}
|states=[[Cambodia]], [[Tailandia]]
|region=[[Probinsia ti Sihanoukville|Sihanoukville]], [[Probinsia ti Kanchanaburi|Kanchanaburi]]
|ethnicity=450&lt;ref name=note1&gt;Karkulo ti [[Ethnologue]] para iti Cambodia, saan a mabalin a mangun-od ti karkulo para iti Tailandia&lt;/ref&gt; (2009)&lt;!--1st appears w this pop. date--&gt;&lt;ref name=e17&gt;{{e17|scq}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|speakers=10 &lt;ref name=note1 /&gt;
|date=2009
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Peariko|Peariko]]
|fam3=Sasao a Chong
|fam4=Akin-abagatan
|dia1=Chung Yul (Cambodia)
|dia2=Chung Yuy (Tailandia)
|iso3=scq
|glotto=saoc1239
|glottorefname=Sa'och
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Sa'och''' ({{IPA-km|sa ʔoc}}, ammo pay a kas &quot;Sauch&quot;) ket ti maysa a naisagmak ken ganggani nga awanen a [[Sasao a Peariko|pagsasao a Peariko]] ti [[Cambodia]] ken [[Tailandia]] a sagpaminsan laeng nga insasao babaen dagiti bumasmassiten a bilang dagiti manakaman. Adda dagiti dua a dialekto, ti maysa ket naisasao idiay purok ti Veal Renh, [[Distrito ti Prey Nob]], [[Probinsia ti Sihanoukville]] (dati nga ammo a kas ti Probinsia ti Kampong Som), Cambodia ken ti sabali ket idiay [[Probinsia ti Kanchanaburi]], Tailandia.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
*{{cite journal|last1=Ferlus|first1=Michel|authorlink1=|title=Toward Proto Pearic: problems and historical implications|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies Journal|date=2011|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00992631/document|series=Mon-Khmer Studies Special Issue No. 2: Austroasiatic Studies – papers from ICAAL4}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Headley|first1=R.K. Jr.|editor1-last=Ratanakul|editor1-first=S|title=Proto-Pearic and the classification of Pearic|journal=Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies Presented to André-G. Haudricourt|date=1985|publisher=Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Huffman|first1=Franklin|editor1-last=Ratanakul|editor1-first=S|title=The phonology of Chong|journal=Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies Presented to André-G. Haudricourt|date=1985|publisher=Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Isara|first1=Choosri|title=Chung (Saoch) of Thailand and Cambodia: phonological and lexical comparisons|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies Journal|date=2009|volume=38|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/isara2008chung.pdf|accessdate=29 Nobiembre 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610045940/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/isara2008chung.pdf|archive-date=2021-06-10|url-status=dead}}

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saoch}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Peariko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia]]
[[Kategoria:Naisagmak a sasao nga Austroasiatiko]]
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    <title>Pagsasao a Samre</title>
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      <text bytes="1538" sha1="tevx2t88gtxxcc07xlxtu44xu7xhtxh" xml:space="preserve">{{ilasin|Pagsasao a Somray}}
{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Samre
|nativename=
|states=[[Cambodia]]
|region=[[Probinsia ti Pursat]]
|ethnicity=200 (2000)&lt;ref name=e18&gt;{{e18|sxm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|speakers=20–30
|date=1998
|ref=&lt;ref name=Ploykaew /&gt;
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Peariko|Peariko]]
|fam3=Sasao a Chong 
|iso3=sxm
|glotto=samr1245
|glottorefname=Samre
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Samre''' ({{IPA-all|samɣeː|Samre pronunciation:}}), ket ti gangani nga awanen a [[Sasao a Peariko|pagsasao a Peariko]] ti [[Tailandia]] ken, dati idi nga idiay [[Cambodia]]. Ti pagsasao ket nalawag nga awanen idiay Cambodia,&lt;ref name=e18 /&gt;ngem ti panagsukisok idi 1998 ket nakabiruk kadagiti 20–30 nga agsasao idiay Subdistrito ti Nonsi, [[Distrito ti Bo Rai]], [[Probinsia ti Trat]], Tailandia ken  ti karkulo dagiti makabael nga agsao ket 200.&lt;ref name=Ploykaew&gt;Pornsawan Ploykaew. 2001, &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ploykaew2001phonology.pdf The phonology of Samre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330151943/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ploykaew2001phonology.pdf |date=2024-03-30 }}&quot;, iti ''The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal'', vol. 31, pp. 15-27&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samre}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Peariko]]
[[Kategoria:Naisagmak a sasao nga Austroasiatiko]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasao a Palaungiko</title>
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      <text bytes="6419" sha1="dvao44cab784847cqtwv3xn5yfb1qtv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name=Palaungiko
|region=[[Indotsina]]
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=Khasi–Palaungiko
|glotto=east2331
|glottoname=East Palaungic
|glotto2=west2791
|glottoname2=West Palaungic
|map=Lenguas khmúico-khásico.png
|mapcaption=
{{legend|#FF8C00|Sasao a Palaungiko}}
}}

Dagiti gangani a tallopulo a '''sasao a Palaungiko''' wenno '''sasao a Palaung–Wa''' manipud iti [[sasao nga Austroasiatiko]].

== Pannakaidasig ==

=== Diffloth &amp; Zide (1992) ===
Ti pamilia ti Palaungiko ket mairaman ti saan a basbassit a tallo a sanga, nga agraman pay dagiti saan a nalawag a puesto dagiti dadduma pagsasao. Kas pagarigan ti Lamet, ket sagpaminsan a naidasdasig a kas sabali a sanga. Ti sumaganad a pannakaidasig ket surotenna iti [[Gérard Diffloth|Diffloth]] &amp; Zide (1992), a kas naibagbaga iti Sidwell (2009:131).

*Akinlaud a Palaungiko (Palaung–Riang)
**[[Pagsasao a Palaung|Palaung]]
***[[Pagsasao a Shwe|Shwe]] (Balitok a Palaung, De'ang)
***De'ang
***[[Pagsasao a Pale|Pale]] (Pirak a Palaung, Ruching)
***[[Pagsasao a Rumai|Rumai]]
**[[Pagsasao a Riang|Riang]]
***Maitutop a [[Pagsasao a Riang|Riang]], [[Pagsasao a Yinchia|Yinchia]]
***? [[Pagsasao a Danau|Danau]] (mabalin nga iti Palaung–Riang)
*Akindaya a Palaungiko
**[[Sasao nga Angkuiko|Angkuiko]]
***[[Pagsasao nga Angku|Angku]]
***[[Pagsasao a Hu|Hu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1991hu.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616053616/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1991hu.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
***[[Pagsasao a Kiorr|Kiorr]]
***[[Pagsasao a Kon Keu|Kon Keu]]
***[[Pagsasao a Kemie|Man Met]]
***[[Pagsasao a Mok|Mok]]
***[[Pagsasao a Samtao|Samtao]] (Samtau)
***[[Pagsasao a Tai Loi|Tai Loi]]
***[[Pagsasao nga U|U]] (Pouma)
**Lametiko
***[[Pagsasao a Lamet|Lamet]] (Xmet)
***[[Pagsasao a Con|Con]]
**[[Sasao a Waiko|Waiko]]
***[[Pagsasao a Blang|Blang]]
***Lawa
****[[Pagsasao a La|La]]
****[[Pagsasao a Lawa|Lawa]]
***[[Pagsasao a Wa|Wa]]
****[[Pagsasao a Paraok|Paraok]] (Pagalagadan a Wa)
****[[Pagsasao a Khalo|Khalo]]
****[[Pagsasao nga Awa (Tsina)|Awa]]

Adda dagiti agsuksukisok a mangiraman pay ti [[sasao a Mangiko]], imbes a ti pannakaigrupo kaniada iti [[sasao a Pakaniko]].

=== Sidwell (2010) ===
Ti sumaganad a pannakaidasig ti pannakaisanga nga inted babaen ni Sidwell (2010, ms).&lt;ref&gt;[http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf Three Austroasiatic branches and the ASJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611042638/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf |date=2011-06-11 }} (Fig. 23)&lt;/ref&gt;

*[[Pagsasao a Danau|Danau]] (Khano)
*Maitutop a Palaungiko
**Akinlaud (Riang–Palaung)
***[[Pagsasao a Palaung|Palaung]] (De'ang: Shwe / Balitok a Palaung, Pale / Ruching / Pirak a Palaung, Rumai)
***[[Pagsasao a Riang|Riang]] (Riang, Yinchia)
**[[Sasao nga Angkuiko|Angkuiko]]
***[[Pagsasao a Hu|Hu]]
***[[Pagsasao nga U|U]] (P'uman)
***[[Pagsasao a Kiorr|Kiorr]] (Kha Kior, [[Pagsasao a Con|Con]])
***[[Pagsasao a Kon Keu|Kon Keu]] (Angku)
***[[Pagsasao a Mok|Mok]] (Man Met)
***[[Pagsasao a Mong Lu|Mong Lue]] (Tai Loi¹)
***[[Pagsasao a Muak Sa-aak|Muak Sa-aak]]&lt;ref&gt;Hall, Elizabeth. 2010. ''[http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/53966 A Phonology of Muak Sa-aak]''. M.A. thesis, Payap University.&lt;/ref&gt;
**[[Pagsasao a Lamet|Lamet]] (Xmet)
**[[Sasao a Waiko|Waiko]]
***[[Pagsasao a Blang|Blang]] (Samtao)
***Lawa
****[[Pagsasao nga Umpai Lawa|Umpai Lawa]]
****[[Pagsasao a Bo Luang Lawa|Bo Luang Lawa]]
***Wa
****[[Pagsasao a Paraok|Paraok]] (Pagalagadan a Wa)
****[[Pagsasao a Khalo|Khalo]]
****[[Pagsasao nga Awa (Tsina)|Awa]]
****[[Pagsasao a Meung Yum|Meung Yum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Myant&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Myint_Myint_Phyu_Thesis.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-12-12 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020032802/http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Myint_Myint_Phyu_Thesis.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Phung&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Wendy_Chamberlain_Thesis.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-12-12 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418141610/https://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Wendy_Chamberlain_Thesis.pdf/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
****[[Pagsasao a Savaiq|Savaiq]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Myant&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Phung&quot; /&gt;

Insingasing ni Sidwell (2014)&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell, Paul. 2014. &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/11935141/Khmuic_classification_and_homeland Khmuic classification and homeland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203083335/http://www.academia.edu/11935141/Khmuic_classification_and_homeland |date=2016-02-03 }}&quot;. ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 43.1:47-56&lt;/ref&gt; ti maysa  maipatinayon a sanga a mangbukel iti:
*[[Sasao a Bit–Khang|Bit–Khang]]
**[[Pagsasao a Bit|Bit]]
**[[Pagsasao a Kháng|Kháng]]
**[[Pagsasao a Bumang|Bumang]]
**[[Pagsasao a Quang Lam|Quang Lam]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220130082257/http://www.sealsxx.uzh.ch/downloads/sidwell.pdf Proto-Palaungiko]

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*Gordon, Darren. (2013) '[http://www.mksjournal.org/mks42gordon.pdf ''A selective Palaungic linguistic bibliography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209114317/http://www.mksjournal.org/mks42gordon.pdf |date=2015-02-09 }}. Mon-Khmer Studies vol. 42 Mahidol University and SIL International.
*Cheeseman, Nathaniel; Elizabeth Hall and Darren Gordon. (2015)  [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282651601_Palaungic_Linguistic_Bibliography_with_Selected_Annotations?ev=prf_pub Palaungic Linguistic Bibliography with Selected Annotations]. Mon-Khmer Studies vol. 44 pages i-liv.
*Sidwell, Paul. 2015. The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon. München: Lincom Europa.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6714-B@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6714-B@view]] Sasao a Palaungiko iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI

{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palaungiko}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Palaungiko| ]]</text>
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    <title>Pagsasao a Hu</title>
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      <text bytes="3447" sha1="j78qu5exganu12m4557rs38id9cy9or" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Hu
|altname=Kon Keu
|nativename=Angku
|region=[[Yunnan]]
|states=[[Tsina]]
|speakers=1,000
|date=2006
|ref=&lt;ref&gt;Li Jinfang (2006)&lt;/ref&gt;
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Palaungiko|Palaungiko]]
|fam3=[[Sasao nga Angkuiko|Angkuiko]]
|nation=
|lc1=huo
|ld1=Hu
|lc2=kkn
|ld2=Kon Keu (duplikado a kodigo)
|glotto=huuu1240
|glottoname=Hu
|glotto2=konk1268
|glottoname2=Kon Keu
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Hu''' ({{zh|'''户语'''}}) ket ti [[Sasao a Palaungiko|pagsasao a Palaungiko]] ti [[Autonomo a Prepektura ti Xishuangbanna Dai]], [[Yunnan]], [[Tsina]]. Dagiti agsasao iti daytoy ket ti maysa a saan a naidasig  a minoridad ti etniko; ibilang ti gobierno ti Insik dagiti Angku a kas kameng ti pakipagilian ti [[Tattao a Blang|Bulang]], ngem ti pagsasao nga Angku ket saan a maawatan iti Bulang.&lt;ref name=e18&gt;{{e18|huo|Hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pannakaiwarwaras ==
Segun kenni Li (2006:340), adda dagiti basbassit ngem 1,000 a sibibiag nga agsasao kadagiti bakras ti &quot;Bantay Kongge&quot; (&quot;控格山&quot;) idiay purok ti Na Huipa 纳回帕村, ili ti Mengyang 勐养镇, [[Jinghong]] 景洪市 (ti maysa nga agpang iti kondado a siudad).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=201692 |title=景洪市勐养镇昆格村委会纳回帕 |publisher=Ynszxc.gov.cn |date= |accessdate=2016-01-30 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202035959/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=201692 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202035959/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=201692 |date=2016-02-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tawtawagan ti bagbagida dagiti agsasao iti Hu iti ''{{IPA|xuʔ˥}}'', ken dagiti lokal a [[tattao a Dai]] ket tawtawagan isuda iti &quot;nangisit a tattao&quot; (黑人), ken kaspay iti ''xɔn55 kɤt35'', a ti kayatn a sawen ket 'nabibiag a kararua' (Yan &amp; Zhou 2012:152).&lt;ref&gt;Yan Qixiang [颜其香] &amp; Zhou Zhizhi [周植志] (2012). ''Mon-Khmer languages of China and the Austroasiatic family'' [中国孟高棉语族语言与南亚语系]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academy Press [社会科学文献出版社].&lt;/ref&gt; Lokla pay nga ammo isuda a kas tattao a Kunge 昆格人 wenno tattao a Kongge 控格人 (Li 2006).

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*Li Jinfang [李锦芳]. 2006. ''Studies on endangered languages in the Southwest China'' [西南地区濒危语言调查研究]. Beijing: Minzu University [中央民族大学出版社].
*Svantesson, Jan-Olof. 1991. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150616053616/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1991hu.pdf Hu – a Language with Unorthodox Tonogenesis].&quot; In ''Austroasiatic Languages, Essays in honour of H. L. Shorto'', edited by Jeremy H.C.S. Davidson. 67-80. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
*[http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6715-0@view Hu iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI]
*Dagiti rekording ti Hu iti [[Kaipuleohone]] ket mairaman ti [[hdl:10125/37814|listaan ti balikas]], [[hdl:10125/37816|elisitasion ti sentensia]] ken [[hdl:10125/37815|entrebista]].

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Tsina}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hu}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Tsina]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Palaungiko]]</text>
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    <title>Pagsasao nga U</title>
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|name=U
|nativename=Pouma
|region=[[Tsina]]
|speakers= 40,000
|date=2000
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Palaungiko|Palaungiko]]
|fam3=[[Sasao nga Angkuiko|Angkuiko]]
|fam4=
|iso3=uuu
|glotto=uuuu1243
|glottorefname=U
}}

Ti '''pagsasao nga U''', wenno '''P'uman 濮满''', ket insasao babaen dagiti 40,000 a tattao idiay probinsia ti Yunnan ti [[Tsina]] ken mabalin pay nga idiay [[Myanmar]].  Daytoy ket naidasig a kas [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|pagsasao nga Austroasiatiko]] iti [[Sasao a Palaungiko|sanga a Palaungiko]]. Idiay Tsina, dagiti agsasao iti U ket naidasigda a kas etniko a [[Tattao a Blang|Bulang]].

== Dagiti lokasion ==
Ti pagsasao nga U ket naisasao idiay [[Kondado ti Shuangjiang]] ti Yunnan ken dagiti dadduma pay nga asideg a kondado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1988u.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223005131/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1988u.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Sakupen da Wang ken Chen (1981) ti dialekto ti Pengpan 碰拚, Ili ti Dafengshan 大凤山乡, [[Kondado ti Shuangjiang]].
*Sakupen da Zhou ken Yan (1983) ti dialekto ti Pangpin 胖品,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=100393 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102955/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=100393 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ili ti Yongge 永革乡, [[Kondado ti Shuangjiang]].
*Sakupen da Yan ken Zhou (2012) cti pagsasao nga U ti Gantang 甘塘,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=124591 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042722/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=124591 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=124563 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305172214/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=124563 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kondado ti Yongde]] ken ti pagsasao nga U ti Pangpin 胖品.
*Dokumentuan ni Svantesson (1991:67) ti dialekto nga Uti Paɑ̃ Xɛp (Bangxie 邦协), Ili ti Shahe 沙河乡, [[Kondado ti Shuangjiang]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=178409 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222172616/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=178409 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adda dagiti dua a nangruna a dialekto ti U idiay [[Kondado ti Shuangjiang]]: ti maysa ket naisasao idiay Gongnong 公弄 (paset itan ti Ili ti Mengku 勐库镇), ken ti maysa ket naisasao idiay Bangbing 邦丙 ken Dawen Mangga 大文乡忙嘎; naireporta a ti dialekto a Dawen ket agsinnaranay a maawatan iti adda iti [[Kondado ti Shidian]] (''Shuangjiang County Ethnic Gazetteer'' 1995:160).

== Ponolohia ==
Ti pagsasao nga U ket addaan kadagiti uppat a tono, ''nangato, ababa, ngumatngato, matmatnag,'' ken naparang-ay dagitoy manipud iti kaatiddog ti paaweng ken ti kasasaad ti dagiti kamaudian a konsonante.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
*Simao Prefecture Ethnic Minority Affairs Bureau [思茂行署民族事务委员会编]. 1991. ''A study of the Bulang people'' [布朗族研究]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社]. {{ISBN|7-222-00803-9}}
*Svantesson, Jan-Olof. 1988. &quot;U.&quot; In ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'', 11, no. 1: 64-133.
*Tao Yuming [陶玉明]. 2012. ''The Bulang people of China'' [中国布朗族]. Yinchuan: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社].
*Wang Xingzhong [王兴中] &amp; Zhao Weihua [赵卫华]. 2013. ''Geography and multilingualism in Lincang'' [临沧地理与双语使用]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社]. {{ISBN|978-7-222-08581-7}}
*Yan Qixiang [颜其香] &amp; Zhou Zhizhi [周植志]. 2012. ''Mon-Khmer languages of China and the Austroasiatic family'' [中国孟高棉语族语言与南亚语系]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academy Press [社会科学文献出版社].

'''Dagiti Gazetteer ken dagiti sabali a taudan ti gobierno ti nga agraman iti datos ti leksiko'''
*Nanjian County Gazetteer Commission [南涧县志编纂委员会编] (ed). 1993. ''Nanjian County Gazetteer'' [南涧彝族自治县志]. Chengdu: Sichuan Reference Press [四川辞书出版社].
*Na Ruzhen [納汝珍], et al. (eds). 1994. ''Zhenkang County Ethnic Gazetteer'' [镇康县民族志]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南民族出版社].
*Simao Prefecture Ethnic Minority Affairs Bureau [思茅行暑民族事务委员会] (ed). 1990. ''A study of the Bulang people'' [布朗族研究]. m.s.
*Xiao Dehua [萧德虎], et al. (eds). 1992. ''Zhenkang County Gazetteer'' [镇康县志]. 1992. Chengdu: Sichuan People's Press [四川民族出版社].
*Yunnan Gazetteer Commission [云南省地方志编纂委员会] (ed). 1998. ''Yunnan Provincial Gazetteer, Vol. 59: Minority Languages Orthographies Gazetteer'' [云南省志. 卷五十九, 少数民族语言文字志]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社].

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-67B4-3@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-67B4-3@view]] U iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI 

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Tsina}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:U}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Tsina]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Palaungiko]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Melpa</title>
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      <text bytes="1557" sha1="q8xtsuan7j6d0vsss7kru92kpny08au" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Melpa
|states=[[Papua Baro a Guinea]]
|region=[[Distrito ti Bantay Hagen]], [[Probinsia ti Akinlaud a Kabambantayan]]
|speakers=130,000
|date=1991
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Papuano
|fam1=[[Sasao a Trans–Baro a Guinea|Trans–Baro a Guinea]]
|fam2=[[Sasao a Chimbu–Wahgi|Chimbu–Wahgi]]
|fam3=[[Sasao a Hagen|Hagen]]]
|script=[[Sinuratan a Latin|Latin]]
|iso3=med
|glotto=melp1238
|glottorefname=Melpa
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Melpa''' (maisurat pay a kas '''Medlpa''') ket ti [[Sasao a Papuano|pagsasao a Papuano]] nga insasao babaen dagiti agarup a130,000 a tattao ken kaaduan idiay [[Bantay Hagen]] ken ti kaarrubayan ti [[Distrito ti Bantay|distrito]] ti [[Probinsia ti Akinlaud a Kabambantayan]], [[Papua Baro a Guinea]].

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170107070046/http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter13/melpa.html Dagiti lateral ti Melpa]
*Kay Owens. [http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/Key/Kay/owens131.htm &quot;The Work of Glendon Lean on the Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926003303/http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/Key/Kay/owens131.htm |date=2015-09-26 }}, section &quot;The Melpa Counting System&quot;. ''Mathematics Education Research Journal'' vol. 13 (Abril 2001), {{DOI|10.1007/BF03217098}}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Papua Baro a Guinea}}
{{Sasao a Chimbu–Wahgi}}
{{Papuano-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Melpa}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Papua Baro a Guinea]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Chimbu–Wahgi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Panim</title>
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      <text bytes="880" sha1="fc0nouhlknwab6hx2nb5mw3a7ikhll9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Panim
|nativename=
|states=[[Papua Baro a Guinea]]
|region=[[Probinsia ti Madang]]
|speakers=420
|date=2003
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Papuano
|fam1=[[Sasao a Trans–Baro a Guinea|Trans–Baro a Guinea]]
|fam2=[[Sasao a Madang|Madang]]
|fam3=[[Sasao a Croisilles|Croisilles]]
|fam4=[[Sasao a Mabuso|Mabuso]]?
|fam5=[[Sasao a Gum|Gum]]
|iso3=pnr
|glotto=pani1258
|glottorefname=Panim
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Panim''' ket ti [[Sasao a Papuano|pagsasao a Papuano]] ti [[Probinsia ti Madang]], [[Papua Baro a Guinea]].

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161201130242/http://talkingdictionary.swarthmore.edu/panim// Agsasao a Diksionario ti Panim]

{{Sasao a Madang}}
{{Papuano-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panim}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Madang]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Papua Baro a Guinea]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ljubljana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4937" sha1="ictwbe3mn7dro6yopzjsbytmbc95o02" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                   = Ljubljana
|official_name          =
|settlement_type        = Siudad
|image_skyline          = Ljubljana Montage.png
|imagesize              =
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = Flag of Ljubljana.svg
|image_shield           = Insigne Aemonae.svg
|pushpin_map            = Eslobenia
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|coordinates            = {{coord|46|03|20|N|14|30|30|E|region:SI_type:city(200000)|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type       = [[Listaan dagiti naturay nga estado|Pagilian]]
|subdivision_name       = [[Eslobenia]]
|subdivision_type1      = Munisipalidad
|subdivision_name1      = [[Siudad Munispalidad ti Ljubljana]]
|established_title      = Immuna a pannakaibaga
|established_date       = 1112–1125
|established_title1     = Dagiti pribilihio ti Ili
|established_date1      = 1220–1243
|parts_type             = Dagiti subdibisdion
|leader_party           = 
|leader_title           = Mayor
|leader_name            = Zoran Janković
|area_total_km2         = 163.8
|elevation_footnotes   = &lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;YB2002&quot; /&gt;--&gt;
|elevation_m           = 295
|elevation_ft          = 968
|population_total       = {{increase}} 279,756
|population_as_of       = 2016
|population_footnotes   = &lt;ref name=&quot;SURS-LJ-LJ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/KrajevnaImena/Settlements/Details/2370 |title=Ljubljana, Ljubljana |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |accessdate=28 Septiembre 2016 |work=Place Names |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002085358/http://www.stat.si/KrajevnaImena/Settlements/Details/2370 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density_km2 = 1708
| population_metro = 537,712 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rralur.si/sl/regija/osebna-izkaznica|title=Osebna izkaznica – RRA LUR|author=|date=|work=rralur.si}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_demonym    =
|postal_code_type      = Kodigo ti koreo
|postal_code           = 1000–1211, 1231, 1260, 1261&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.postnestevilke.com/postne-stevilke-1000-1434.php Dagiti kodigo ti koreo idiay Eslobenia manipud iti 1000 aginggana iti 1434 (iti Eslobeno)] Naala idi 28 Abril 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|area_code             = 01 (1 no agtawtawag manipud iti ballasiw-taaw)
|website               = [http://www.ljubljana.si/ www.ljubljana.si]
|footnotes             =
|timezone              = [[Oras ti Tengnga nga Europa|CET]]
|utc_offset            = +1
|timezone_DST          = [[Oras ti Kalgaw ti Tengnga nga Europa|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST        = +2
|blank_name            = Panagrehistro ti karro
|blank_info            = LJ
}}

Ti '''Ljubljana''' ({{IPA-sl|ljuˈbljàːna|pron|Ljubljana.ogg}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Slovenski pravopis 2001: Ljubljana|url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&amp;expression=Ljubljana&amp;hs=1|access-date=2017-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224074949/http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&amp;expression=Ljubljana&amp;hs=1|archive-date=2014-12-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;lokal:&lt;/small&gt; {{IPA-sl|luˈblàːna|}}) ket ti [[kapitolio]] ken kadakelan a siudad ti [[Eslobenia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Portrait2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/PortretSlovenijaEU2010.pdf |title=Statistični portret Slovenije v EU 2010 |language=Eslobeno |trans-title=Statistical Portrait of Slovenia in the EU 2010 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |first=Vojka |last=Vuk Dirnberk |author2=Tomaž Valantič |ISSN=1854-5734 |accessdate=2 Pebrero 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173725/http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/PortretSlovenijaEU2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GV52-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.geodetski-vestnik.com/52/2/gv52-2_290-312.pdf |title=Small and Medium-Size Towns as the Basis of Polycentric Urban Development |author=Zavodnik Lamovšek |author2= Alma. Drobne |author3= Samo. Žaucer, Tadej |journal=Geodetski vestnik |publisher=Association of Surveyors of Slovenia |ISSN=0351-0271 |year=2008 |volume=52 |issue=2 |page=303}}&lt;/ref&gt; daytoyen ti sentro ti kultura, edukasion, ekonomia, politika, ken administrasion ti nawaya nga Eslobenia manipud idi 1991. Ti sentral a lokasionna iti heograpia iti kaunegan ti Eslobenia, dagiti koneksion ti pagluganan, konsentrasion ti industria, sientipiko ken dagiti pasdek ti panagsukisok, ken ti tradison ti kultura ket dagiti banag a mangited iti mangiyuna a puestona.

=== Dagiti nota ===
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commons-nailinia}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
*[http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/ Opisial a sitio ti Siudad ti Ljubljana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116220916/https://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/ |date=2022-01-16 }}
*[http://www.visitljubljana.com/ Opisial a sitio ti turismo ti Ljubljana]

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Eslobenia-heograpia-pungol}}

[[Kategoria:Ljubljana| ]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti kapitolio iti Europa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasao a Kra–Dai</title>
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      <text bytes="17486" sha1="07sea50h4visw6zm5ro4zla7krhgvh4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name = Kra–Dai
|altname = Tai–Kadai, Daic, Kadai
|region = [[Akin-abagatan a Tsina]], [[Hainan]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Indotsina]], [[Amianan a daya nga India]]
|familycolor = Tai-Kadai
|family = Maysa kadagiti kangrunaan a [[pamilia ti pagsasao]]
|child1 = [[Sasao a Kra|Kra]]
|child2 = [[Sasao a Kam–Sui|Kam–Sui]]
|child3 = ''[[Pagsasao nga Ong-Be|Ong Be]]''
|child4 = [[Sasao a Hlai|Hlai]]
|child5 = [[Sasao a Tai|Tai]] (Zhuang–Tai)
|iso2 = tai
|glotto=taik1256
|glottorefname= Tai–Kadai
|map = Taikadai1.0.png
|mapcaption = Pannakaiwarwaras ti pamilia ti pagsasao a Tai–Kadai.&lt;br /&gt;
{{legend|blue|[[Sasao a Kra|Kra]]}}
{{legend|#DB4FFF|[[Sasao a Kam–Sui|Kam–Sui]]}}
{{legend|#B000A6|[[Pagsasao nga Ong Be|Bê]]}}
{{legend|#80FF00|[[Sasao a Hlai|Hlai]]}}
{{legend|#FFEC19|[[Sasao nga Akin-amianan a Tai|Akin-amianan a Tai]]}}
{{legend|#FF4C00|[[Sasao a Tengnga a Tai|Tengnga a Tai]]}}
{{legend|#FF9D00|[[Sasao nga Akin-abagatan a laud a Tai|Akin-abagatan a laud a Tai]]}}
}}

Ti '''sasao a Kra–Dai''' , ammo pay a kas '''Tai–Kadai,''' '''Daic''', ken '''Kadai''', ket ti [[pamilia ti pagsasao]] iti nakaro a [[paaweng a pagsasao]] a mabirukan idiay akin-abagatan a [[Tsina]], amianan a daya nga [[India]] ken [[Abagatan a daya nga Asia]]. Mangiramanda iti [[Pagsasao a Tailandes|Tailandes]] ken [[Pagsasao a Lao|Lao]], dagiti nailian a pagsasao ti [[Tailandia]] ken [[Laos]]. Adda dagiti gangani a 100 a riwriw nga agsasao kadagitoy a pagsasao iti lubong.&lt;ref&gt;Diller, Anthony, Jerry Edmondson, Yongxian Luo. (2008). ''The Tai–Kadai Languages''. London [etc.]: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1457-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilista ti [[Ethnologue]] dagiti 95 a pagsasao iti daytoy a pamilia, a 62 kadagitoy ket adda iti sanga ti [[Sasao a Tai|Tai]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=818-16 Kayo ti pamilia ti Tai–Kadai ti Ethnologue]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti dibersidad ti sasao a Tai–Kadai idiay akin-abagatan a Tsina, a naipangpangruna idiay [[Guizhou]] ken [[Hainan]], ket mangisingasing a daytoy ket asideg iti [[Urheimat|pagtaenganda]]. Ti [[Sasao a Tai|sanga a Tai]] ket nagpaabagatan idiay [[Abagatan a daya nga Asia]] idi laeng agarup a sangaribo a tawtawen ti napalabas, a nagpundar kadagiti pagilian a kanungpalan a nagbalin a Tailandia ken Laos nga isu idi ti teritorio nga [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|Austroasiatiko]].

Kontrobersial ti nagan a &quot;Tai–Kadai&quot;, ken naaramiden dagiti argumento a nasken koma a masukatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ostapirat2000&quot;&gt;Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf Proto-Kra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022126/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf |date=2020-11-12 }}.&quot; ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' '''23''' (1): 1-251.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti nagan ket nagtaud manipud iti maysa a duog a panangisina ti pamilia kadagiti dua a sanga, ti Tai ken Kadai. Ngem iti kua ti nagan a Kadai ket mangisingasing a daytoy ket mangiraman iti Tai, ken iti kasta sagpaminsan a naus-usar a mangibaga ti intero a pamilia.&lt;ref name=edmondson1988 /&gt; Iti sabali met, adda dagiti reperensia a mangigawid ti panagusar ti &quot;Kadai&quot; iti sanga a Kra iti pamilia, a makaanayen apara it nagan ti Kra. Naisingasingen ti pangsukat a nagan iti Kra–Dai, kas Kra ken Dai, dagiti dua a dakkel ken nasayaat a naitakder a subgrupo a mabirukan kadagiti sabali a bangir iti nangruna a historikal a panagsina.&lt;ref name=Ostapirat2000 /&gt; Ti nagan a Kra–Dai ket naamponen kadagiti nadumaduma a nangruna nga eskolar nga obra iti pamilia.&lt;ref name=norquest /&gt;&lt;ref name=pittayaporn&gt;Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jenks&gt;Peter Jenks and Pittayawat Pittayaporn. [http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0178.xml Kra-Dai Languages]. Oxford Bibliographies in “Linguistics”, Ed. Mark Aranoff. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Internal a pannakaidasig ==
Buklen ti Tai–Kadai dagiti lima a nasayaat a naitakder a sanga,ti  Hlai, Kra, Kam–Sui, Tai, ken ti pagsasao nga Ong Be:

*[[Pagsasao nga Ong-Be|Ong Be]] (Hainan)
*'''[[Sasao a Kra|Kra]]''' (akin-abagatan a Tsina, akin-amianan a Bietnam; tinawtawagan iti ''Kadai'' iti ''[[Ethnologue]]'')
*'''[[Sasao a Kam–Sui|Kam–Sui]]''' (nangruna a daga ti Tsina)
*'''[[Sasao a Hlai|Hlai]]''' (Hainan)
*'''[[Sasao a Tai|Tai]]''' (akin-abagatan a Tsina ken Abagatan a daya nga Asia)

Idi 1942, pinagtitipon nga inkabil ni [[Paul K. Benedict]] dagiti tallo a sasao a Kra ([[Pagsasao a Gelao|Gelao]], [[Pagsasao a Qabiao|Laqua]] ken [[Pagsasao a Lachi|Lachi]]) iti Hlai iti maysa a grupo a ninagananna iti &quot;Kadai&quot;, manipud iti ''ka'' a tikayatna sawen ket &quot;tao&quot; iti Gelao ken Laqua, ken ''Dai'', ti maysa a porma ti autonimo ti Hlai.  Kaaduanna pay nga insingsingasing ti henetiko a pannakaigrupo ti Tai, Kadai ken [[Sasao a Malayo-Polinesio|Malayo-Polinesio]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
  | first = Paul K. | last = Benedict | authorlink = Paul K. Benedict
  | title = Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia
  | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_october-december-1942_44_4/page/576 | journal = American Anthropologist | year = 1942 | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 576–601
  | jstor = 663309 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Edmondson ken Solnit ===
Ti maysa a nasapa ngem impluensial a panangidasig, iti tradisional aklado ti Kam–Tai, ket ti panangidasig idi da [[Jerold Edmondson|Edmondson]] ken Solnit manipud idi 1988:&lt;ref name=edmondson1988&gt;Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1988. Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vii, 374 p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tai&quot;&gt;Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vi, 382 p.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{klado
|label1='''Tai–Kadai'''&amp;nbsp;
|1={{klado
   |1=[[Sasao a Kra|Kra]] (Geyang)
   |2=[[Sasao a Hlai|Hlai]]
   |label3=&amp;nbsp;[[Sasao a Kam–Tai|Kam–Tai]]&amp;nbsp;
   |3={{klado
      |1={{klado
         |1=[[Pagsasao a Lakkia|Lakkja]]–[[Pagsasao a Biao|Biao]]
         |2=[[Sasao a Kam–Sui|Kam–Sui]]
         }}
      |2={{klado
         |1=[[Pagsasao nga Ong Be|Ong Be]]
         |2=[[Sasao a Tai|Tai]]
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
Daytoy a panangidasig ket us-usaren babaen ti ''Ethnologue'', ngem idi 2009 naaramid ti Lakkja a kas maikatlo a sanga ti Kam–Tai ken ti Biao ket naiyalis idi iti Kam–Sui.

=== Ostapirat ===

Naibatay iti adu a bilang ti bokabulario a nagbibingayanda, dagiti sanga ti Kam–Sui, Be, ken Tai ket masansanda nga agkuyog a maidasig. (Kitaen ti [[Sasao a Kam–Tai|Kam–Tai]].) Nupay kasta, namatmati ni Weera Ostapirat a daytoy ket [[negatibo nga ebidensia]], ken mabalin a gapu ti leksikal a pannakaisukat kadagiti sabali a sanga. Nagtunton pay isuna a dagiti morpolohiko a panagpapada ket imbes ket a mangisingasing a ti Kra ken Kam–Sui ket nasken da koma nga agkuyog a maigrupo  akas Akin-amianan a Kra–Dai, ken ti Hlai iti Tai a kas Akin-abagatan a Kra–Dai oiti sabali.&lt;ref name=Ostapirat2005 /&gt; Ti puesto ti Ong Be iti singasing ni Ostapirat ket saan a makedngan. Laglagipen a kinaynayat ni Ostapirat ti agusar iti nagan a Kra–Dai ngem iti Tai–Kadai, nga insupsupiatna a duogen.

{{klado
|label1='''Kra–Dai'''&amp;nbsp;
|1={{klado
   |label1=&amp;nbsp;Akin-amianan&amp;nbsp;
   |1={{klado
      |1=[[Sasao a Kra|Kra]]
      |2=[[Sasao a Kam–Sui|Kam–Sui]]
      }}
   |label2=&amp;nbsp;Akin-abagatan&amp;nbsp;
   |2={{klado
      |1=[[Sasao a Hlai|Hlai]]
      |2=[[Sasao a Tai|Tai]]
      }}
   }}
}}

=== Norquest ===
Inawat daytoy a pannakaisalumina ni Norquest (2007), ken manginayon ti narigat a [[Pagsasao a Lakkja|Lakkja]] ken [[Pagsasao nga Ong Be|Ong Be]] iti panangidasigna. Nupay kasta, inbagbagan a ti Lakkja a mabalin daytoy a Kam–Sui, ken ti Be ket mabalin a Tai, a naipangpangruna ti maysa kadagiti sasao nga Akin-amianan a Tai ngem managbaliw gapu ti pannakaiyasideg kadagiti sabali a pagsasao iti Hainan.&lt;ref name=&quot;norquest&quot;&gt;Norquest, Peter K. 2007. [http://gradworks.umi.com/32/84/3284367.html ''A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai'']. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.&lt;/ref&gt; Iti sumaruno kenni Ostapirat, inampon ni Norquest ti nagan a Kra–Dai para iti sibubukel a pamilia.

{{klado
|label1='''Kra–Dai'''&amp;nbsp;
|1={{klado
   |label1=&amp;nbsp;Akin-amianan&amp;nbsp;
   |1={{klado
      |1=[[Sasao a Kra|Kra]]
      |label2=&amp;nbsp;Amianan a daya&amp;nbsp;
      |2={{klado
      |1=[[Pagsasao a Lakkja|Lakkja]]
      |2=[[Sasao a Kam–Sui|Kam–Sui]]
      }}
      }}
   |label2=&amp;nbsp;Akin-abagatan&amp;nbsp;
   |2={{klado
      |1=[[Sasao a Hlai|Hlai]]
      |label2=&amp;nbsp;Be–Tai&amp;nbsp;
      |2={{klado
      |2=[[Sasao a Tai|Tai]]
      |1=[[Pagsasao nga Ong Be|Ong Be]]
      }}
      }}
   }}
}}

== Dagiti akinruar a panagkakabagian ==
{{Main|Sasao nga Austro-Tai}}

Ti sasao a Tai–Kadai ket dati da a naikeddeng a kas parte ti pamilia a [[Sasao a Sino-Tibetano|Sino-Tibetano]], ngem iti ruar ti Tsina naidasig da ita iti maysa  nawaya pamilia. Aglaonda iti adu a bilang dagiti balikas a maipada iti sasao a Sino-Tibetano. Nupay kasta, manmanoda  amabirukan kadagiti amin a sanga ti pamilia, ken saan a mangiraman ti batayan a bokabulario, a mangibaga daytoy nga isuda ket dagiti daan a binulod a balikas.&lt;ref name=Ostapirat2005&gt;Ostapirat, Weera. (2005). &quot;Kra–Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution&quot;, pp.&amp;nbsp;107–131 in Sagart, Laurent, Blench, Roger &amp; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.), ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.'' London/New York: Routledge-Curzon.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dagiti nadumaduma nga akinlaud nga eskolar ket nangipresentada iti singasing nga ebidensia a ti Tai–Kadai ket maikabagian iti wenno sanga ti [[Sasao nga Austronesio|pamilia a pagsasao nga Austronesio]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Laurent Sagart|Sagart, Laurent]]. 2004. [http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/09/09/06/PDF/THE_HIGHER_PHYLOGENY_OF_AUSTRONESIAN.pdf ''The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai.''] ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 43. 411–440&lt;/ref&gt; Adda dagiti bilang dagiti mabalin a kognado iti bugas a bokabulario. Kadagiti mangisingsingasing, awan pay ti pagtutnosan no dagitoyo ket agkakabsat a grupo iti Austronesio iti pamilia a tinawtawagan iti [[Austro-Tai]], ti maysa panagsubli a migrasion [[Sasao a Formosano|manipud iti Taiwan]] iti nangruna a daga, wenno ti naladladaw a migrasion manipu diti Filipinas iti Hainan idi las-ud ti panagpadakkel ti Austronesio.

Ti singasing nga [[Sasao nga Austriko|Austriko]] ket mangisingasing ti silpo a nagbaetan ti Austronesio ken ti [[sasao nga Austroasiatiko]]. Nga agpada a mangibagbaga ti parte ti pannakaaramid ti Austriko ni [[Paul K. Benedict|Benedict]], a naginayon ti Tai–Kadai ken [[Sasao a Hmong–Mien|Hmong–Mien]] iti singasing, naipangpangruna nga insupsuppiat ni Kosaka (2002) para iti pamilia a Miao–Dai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kosaka&quot;&gt;Kosaka, Ryuichi. 2002. &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/kosaka2002affiliation.pdf On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family].&quot; ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 32:71-100.&lt;/ref&gt;

Idiay Tsina, tinawtawagan dagitoy iti sasao a [[Sasao a Kam–Tai|Zhuang–Dong]] kenkadawyanda a naikeddeng a kabagian ti sasao a Sino-Tibetano a maikuyog iti [[Sasao a Hmong–Mien|sasao a Miao–Yao]]. Daytoyket banag pay a pakipagtungtongan kadagiti Insik nga eskolar no ti [[sasao a Kra]] a kas ti [[Pagsasao a Gelao|Gelao]], [[Pagsasao a Qabiao|Qabiao]], ken [[Pagsasao a Lachi|Lachi]] ket mabalinda a mairaman iti Zhuang–Dong, gapu ta awananda iti pannakaipada iti Sino-Tibetano a naus-usar a panangiraman kadagiti sabali a sasao a Zhuang–Dong iti Sino-Tibetano.

== Kognado a panangiyasping&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://geolangs.org/archives/mks/pdf/26:79-88.pdf |title=Ostapirat, W. E. E. R. A. Kadai dummy*-m. |access-date=2017-07-18 |archive-date=2017-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114085413/http://geolangs.org/archives/mks/pdf/26:79-88.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable IPA&quot; line-height:1.25em;&quot;
![[Pagsasao nga Ilokano|Ilokano]]
!Tai
!Gelao
!Hla
|-
|'''''aso'''''
|maa A1
|mpau33
|paa4
|-
|'''''apuy'''''
|fai A2
|pai33
|fei1
|-
|'''''napuskol'''''
|naa A1
|ntau44
|naa1
|-
|'''''ulep'''''
|faa B1
|pau44
|faa3
|-
|'''''niebe'''''
|nai A2 (Shan)
|ntai44
| N/A
|-
|'''''linaaw a nagbalay'''''
|miai A1 (Lao)
|mplai44
| N/A
|-
|}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*Edmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997. ''Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch''. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. {{ISBN|0-88312-066-6}}
*[[Roger Blench|Blench, Roger]]. 2004. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/China/Geneva%20paper%202004%20submit.pdf ''Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227212426/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/China/Geneva%20paper%202004%20submit.pdf |date=2019-12-27 }} Paper for the Symposium &quot;Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence&quot;. Geneva June 10–13, 2004. Université de Genève.

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
* Diller, A., J. Edmondson, &amp; Yongxian Luo, ed., (2005). ''The Tai–Kadai languages''. London [etc.]: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7007-1457-X}}
*Edmondson, J. A. (1986). ''Kam tone splits and the variation of breathiness''.
*Edmondson, J. A., &amp; Solnit, D. B. (1988). ''Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai''. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no.  86. [Arlington, Tex.]: Summer Institute of Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-88312-066-6}}
*Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022126/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf Proto-Kra].&quot; ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' '''23''' (1): 1-251.
*Somsonge Burusphat, &amp; Sinnott, M. (1998). ''Kam–Tai oral literatures: collaborative research project between''. Salaya Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. {{ISBN|974-661-450-9}}
*Tai–Kadai Languages. (2007). Curzon Pr. {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1457-5}}
*Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Linguistic%20Clusters%20of%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20A%20Description%20of%20the%20Clusters.pdf Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073521/http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Linguistic%20Clusters%20of%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20A%20Description%20of%20the%20Clusters.pdf |date=2019-03-24 }} Chiang Mai: Payap University.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/classification.php?node=Tai–Kadai Listaan tibalikas ti sasao a Tai–Kadai manipud iti Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115654/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/classification.php?node=Tai%E2%80%93Kadai |date=2016-03-04 }}
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&amp;morpho=0&amp;basename=\data\thai\kdai StarLing: Tai–Kadai 100-word lists] ken [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?baseid=+95&amp;root=config&amp;morpho=0&amp;text_proto=&amp;method_proto=substring&amp;ic_proto=on&amp;text_meaning=&amp;method_meaning=substring&amp;ic_meaning=on&amp;text_any=&amp;method_any=substring&amp;sort=proto&amp;ic_any=on&amp;first=1 etimolohia]
** [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?baseid=+98&amp;root=config&amp;morpho=0&amp;text_proto=&amp;method_proto=substring&amp;ic_proto=on&amp;text_meaning=&amp;method_meaning=substring&amp;ic_meaning=on&amp;text_any=&amp;method_any=substring&amp;sort=proto&amp;ic_any=on&amp;first=1 StarLing: Zhuang–Tai 100-word lists] ken [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?baseid=+97&amp;root=config&amp;morpho=0&amp;text_proto=&amp;method_proto=substring&amp;ic_proto=on&amp;text_meaning=&amp;method_meaning=substring&amp;ic_meaning=on&amp;text_any=&amp;method_any=substring&amp;sort=proto&amp;ic_any=on&amp;first=1 etimolohia]
** [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?baseid=+100&amp;root=config&amp;morpho=0&amp;text_proto=&amp;method_proto=substring&amp;ic_proto=on&amp;text_meaning=&amp;method_meaning=substring&amp;ic_meaning=on&amp;text_any=&amp;method_any=substring&amp;sort=proto&amp;ic_any=on&amp;first=1 StarLing: Kam–Sui 100-word lists] ken [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?baseid=+99&amp;root=config&amp;morpho=0&amp;text_proto=&amp;method_proto=substring&amp;ic_proto=on&amp;text_meaning=&amp;method_meaning=substring&amp;ic_meaning=on&amp;text_any=&amp;method_any=substring&amp;sort=proto&amp;ic_any=on&amp;first=1 etimolohia]
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Tai–Kadai_languages Comparative Tai–Kadai Swadesh vocabulary lists] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list appendix])

{{Sasao a Tai–Kadai}}

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[[Kategoria:Sasao a Kra–Dai]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pamilia ti pagsasao]]</text>
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    <title>Chippubetsu, Hokkaido</title>
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Ti {{Nihongo|'''Chippubetsu'''|秩父別町|Chippubetsu-chō}} ket maysa nga  [[Listaan dagiti ili idiay Hapon|ili]] a mabirukan idiay [[Subprepektura ti Sorachi]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Hapon]].

Manipud idi Septiembre 2016, ti ili ket addaan iti nakarkulo a populasion iti 2,463. Ti dagup a kalawa ket 47.26&amp;nbsp;km².

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Chippubetsu, Hokkaido|Chippubetsu, Hokkaidō}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180520140525/http://www.town.chippubetsu.hokkaido.jp/ Opisial a website] {{iti sao|ja}}

{{Hokkaido}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
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Ti {{Nihongo|'''Suttsu'''|寿都町|Suttsu-chō}} ket maysa nga  [[Listaan dagiti ili idiay Hapon|ili]] a mabirukan idiay [[Subprepektura ti Shiribeshi]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Hapon]].

Manipud idi Septiembre 2016, ti ili ket addaan iti nakarkulo a populasion iti 3,113, ken ti densidad ti populasion iti 33 a tattao tunggal maysa a km². Ti dagup a kalawa ket 95.36&amp;nbsp;km².

== Heograpia ==
Ti ili ti Suttsu ket sanguenna ti Luek Suttsu, ti maysa  luek ti [[Baybay ti Hapon]]. Agayus ti Karayan Shubetsu iti tengnga ti ili ken bingayenna ti ili nga agpadaya ken laud.

=== Dagiti kaarruba nga ili ken purok ===
* [[Kuromatsunai, Hokkaido|Kuromatsunai]]
* [[Rankoshi, Hokkaido|Rankoshi]]
* [[Shimamaki, Hokkaido|Shimamaki]]

== Klima ==
Ti ili Suttsu ket addaan iti [[nadam-eg a kontinental a klima]] ([[Pannakaidasig ti klima ti Köppen]] ''Dfb'') nga addaan kadagiti nabara a kalgaw ken nalamiis a panaglalam-ek. Adu ti panagtudtudo iti amin a paset ti tawen, ngem dagiti bulan ti manipud iti Marso aginggana iti Hunio ket namagmagada bassit.

{{Klima|width=auto
|location = Suttsu
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan high C = -0.5
|Feb high C = -0.5
|Mar high C = 2.8
|Apr high C = 9.3
|May high C = 14.6
|Jun high C = 17.9
|Jul high C = 21.8
|Aug high C = 24.0
|Sep high C = 20.8
|Oct high C = 15.0
|Nov high C = 8.0
|Dec high C = 2.1
|Jan mean C = -2.7
|Feb mean C = -2.7
|Mar mean C = 0.5
|Apr mean C = 5.8
|May mean C = 10.7
|Jun mean C = 14.4
|Jul mean C = 18.6
|Aug mean C = 20.9
|Sep mean C = 17.4
|Oct mean C = 11.5
|Nov mean C = 5.0
|Dec mean C = -0.3
|Jan low C = -5.3
|Feb low C = -5.2
|Mar low C = -2.1
|Apr low C = 2.4
|May low C = 7.0
|Jun low C = 11.5
|Jul low C = 16.1
|Aug low C = 18.2
|Sep low C = 14.0
|Oct low C = 7.7
|Nov low C = 1.9
|Dec low C = -2.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 101.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 79.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 62.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 66.3
|May precipitation mm = 64.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 59.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 98.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 138.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 148.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 139.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 137.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 118.8
|Jan snow cm = 94
|Feb snow cm = 74
|Mar snow cm = 29
|Apr snow cm = 2
|May snow cm = 0
|Jun snow cm = 0
|Jul snow cm = 0
|Aug snow cm = 0
|Sep snow cm = 0
|Oct snow cm = 0
|Nov snow cm = 19
|Dec snow cm = 70
|Jan humidity = 73
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 70
|Apr humidity = 71
|May humidity = 75
|Jun humidity = 84
|Jul humidity = 86
|Aug humidity = 84
|Sep humidity = 78
|Oct humidity = 71
|Nov humidity = 69
|Dec humidity = 71
|Jan sun = 32.2
|Feb sun = 49.6
|Mar sun = 121.8
|Apr sun = 178.6
|May sun = 197.0
|Jun sun = 184.5
|Jul sun = 167.3
|Aug sun = 163.1
|Sep sun = 168.0
|Oct sun = 135.2
|Nov sun = 59.7
|Dec sun = 30.2
|source 1 = NOAA (1961–1990)&lt;ref name= NOAA&gt;{{cite web
  |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/JP/47421.TXT
  |title = Dagiti Kadawyan a Klima ti Suttsu idi 1961–1990
  |publisher = NOAA
  |accessdate = Disiembre 29, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Pakasaritaan ==
*1897: Napundar ti Subprepektura ti Suttsu Subprefecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.town.suttu.lg.jp/matinosyoukai/syoukai..html |title=Bariweswes ti Suttsu |access-date=2018-05-29 |archive-date=2015-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510000941/http://www.town.suttu.lg.jp/matinosyoukai/syoukai..html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: Napundar ti Ili ti Suttsu ken nagbalin  nga Umuna a Klase nga Ili.
*1902: Napundar ti Purok ti Isoya ([[Distrito ti Isoya, Hokkaido|Distrito ti Isoya]]) ken nagbalin a Maikadua a Klase a Purok.
*1906: Napundar ti Purok ti Utasutsu (Distrito ti Utasutsu) ken nagbalin a Maikadua a Klase a Purok.
*1910: Nawaswas ti Subprepektura ti Suttsu ken napundar ti Subprepektura ti Shiribeshi iti [[Kutchan, Hokkaido|Kutchan]].
*1923: Ti Purok ti Masadomari ken Purok ti Tarukishi ket nagbalinda a Maikadua a Klase a Purok.
*1933: Naikaykaysa ti Ili ti Suttsu ken ti Purok ti Masadomari tapno mangporma iti baro nga ili ti Suttsu.
*1955: Naikaykaysa ti Ili ti Suttsu,Purok ti Isoya,Purok ti Utasutsu, ken tiparte ti Purok ti Tarukishi tapno mangporma iti baro nga ili ti Suttsu.

== Industria ==
Ti kangrunaan nga industria ti Suttsu ket ti panagkalap. Ti ili ket naparang-ay babaen ti panagkalap iti [[Baramban ti Pasipiko|baramban]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.town.suttu.lg.jp/matinosangyou/enkaku.html |title=IiKanan iti Suttsu |access-date=2018-05-29 |archive-date=2015-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526154037/http://www.town.suttu.lg.jp/matinosangyou/enkaku.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gapu ti panagpabassit kadagiti rekurso ti panagkalap, ti Suttsu ket adda itan iti negosio ti akuakultura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.town.suttu.lg.jp/matinosangyou/sodaterugyogyou..html |title=Aquaculture of Suttsu |access-date=2018-05-29 |archive-date=2015-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526154445/http://www.town.suttu.lg.jp/matinosangyou/sodaterugyogyou..html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Suttsu, Hokkaido|Suttsu, Hokkaidō}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180727160936/http://www.town.suttu.lg.jp/ Opisial a website] {{iti sao|ja}}

{{Hokkaido}}
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Ti {{Nihongo|'''Rankoshi'''|蘭越町|Rankoshi-chō}} ket maysa nga  [[Listaan dagiti ili idiay Hapon|ili]] a mabirukan idiay [[Subprepektura ti Shiribeshi]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Hapon]].

Manipud idi Septiembre 2016, ti ili ket addaan iti nakarkulo a populasion iti 4,893, ken ti densidad ti populasion iti 11 a tattao tunggal maysa a km². Ti dagup a kalawa ket 449.68&amp;nbsp;km².

== Heograpia ==
Agayus ti [[Karayan Shiribetsu]] babaen ti Rankoshi iti [[Baybay ti Hapon]]. Ti ili ket napalikmutan iti [[Bulkaniko a Grupo ti Niseko]], a tagikua iti [[Niseko-Shakotan-Otaru Kaigan Quasi-National Park]].

Ti nagan ket naala manipud iti [[Pagsasao nga Ainu|Ainu]] a balikas iti &quot;Ranko-usi&quot;, a ti kayatna a sawen ket &quot;Lugar nga addaan kadagiti adu a [[Cercidiphyllum japonicum|kayo ti Katsura]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.town.rankoshi.hokkaido.jp/introduce/index2.html |title=Bariweswes ti Rankoshi |access-date=2018-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901165404/http://www.town.rankoshi.hokkaido.jp/introduce/index2.html |archive-date=2018-09-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Banbantay: [[Bantay Raiden]], [[Bantay Mekunnai]], Bantay Chisenupuri, Bantay Nitonupuri

===Dagiti kaarruba nga ili ===
* Subprepektura ti Shiribeshi
** [[Suttsu, Hokkaido|Suttsu]]
** [[Kuromatsunai, Hokkaido|Kuromatsunai]]
** [[Kutchan, Hokkaido|Kutchan]]
** [[Niseko, Hokkaido|Niseko]]
** [[Iwanai, Hokkaido|Iwanai]]
* [[Iburi Subprefecture]]
** [[Toyoura, Hokkaido|Toyoura]]

== Pakasaritaan ==
*1909: Ti Minamishiribeshi ket nagbalin a Maikadua a Klase a Purok.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.town.rankoshi.hokkaido.jp/introduce/index13.html |title=Pakasaritaan ti Rankoshi |access-date=2018-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901163714/http://www.town.rankoshi.hokkaido.jp/introduce/index13.html |archive-date=2018-09-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1940: Ti Minamishiribeshi ket nagbalin nga Umuna a Klase a Purok.
*1954: Ti Purok ti Minamishiribeshi ket nagbalin nga Ili ti Rankoshi.
*1955: Ti parte ti [[Suttsu, Hokkaido|Ili ti Suttsu]] ket naitipon idi iti Ili ti Rankoshi.

== Kabsat a siudad ==
* {{wagaywayikono|Austria}} [[Saalfelden]], [[Salzburg (estado)|Salzburg]], [[Austria]] (manipud idi 1967)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.town.rankoshi.hokkaido.jp/tokushoku/index5.html |title=Kabsat a siudad |access-date=2018-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307062920/http://www.town.rankoshi.hokkaido.jp/tokushoku/index5.html |archive-date=2021-03-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Rankoshi, Hokkaido|Rankoshi, Hokkaidō}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151223053217/http://www.town.rankoshi.hokkaido.jp/ Opisial a website] {{iti sao|ja}}

{{Hokkaido}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Hapon-heograpia-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rankoshi, Hokkaido}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti ili ti Hokkaido]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Kiorr</title>
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      <text bytes="1759" sha1="4z53nz9lr8ldj1qjwzy6nwrfpr4e3v8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Kiorr
|altname=
|nativename=''Kha Kior''
|states=[[Laos]]
|speakers={{sigfig|2360|2}}&lt;!--figure for Kiorr, as Con is a duplicate--&gt;
|date=1985
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Palaungiko|Palaungiko]]
|fam3=Lametiko?
|iso3=xko
|lc1=cno |ld1=Con (saan a pudno segun ti Glottolog)
|glotto=kior1239
|glottorefname=Kiorr
}}

Ti pagsasao a '''Kiorr''' (Kha Kior) ket ti [[Sasao a Palaungiko|pagsasao a Palaungiko]] ti [[Probinsia ti Luang Namtha]], Laos.

Inlista da Diffloth &amp; Zide (1992) ti '''Con''' a kas [[pagsasao a Lametiko]].  Nupay kasta, daytoy ket natrato a kas maysa a dialekto ti Kiorr iti Sidwell (2010).&lt;ref&gt;Sidwell, Paul. (2010). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228380392_Three_Austroasiatic_branches_and_the_ASJP Three Austroasiatic branches and the ASJP] (Fig. 23)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://sealang.net/sala/mk-class.htm SEALang SALA: Southeast Asian Linguistics Archives]&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Kiorr ket mabalin a maysa a historiko a nagan para iti tattao a Saamtaav.&lt;ref&gt;Proschan, Frank. (1996). [http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/proschan1996survey.pdf A Survey of Khmuic and Palaungic Languages in Laos and Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402013008/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/proschan1996survey.pdf |date=2022-04-02 }}. In: Pan-Asiatic Linguistics Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development. Mahidol University at Salaya Thailand.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiorr, Pagsasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Palaungiko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Theen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2206" sha1="90vooouldxwjbgwqyqmsjp74uk1kt4w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Theen
|nativename=
|states= Laos
|ethnicity=
|speakers=200
|date=1996
|ref=&lt;ref name=Proschan&gt;Proschan, Frank. 1996. [http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/proschan1996survey.pdf A Survey of Khmuic and Palaungic Languages in Laos and Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225120150/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/proschan1996survey.pdf |date=2025-02-25 }}. Pan-Asiatic Linguistics, 3: 895–919.&lt;/ref&gt;
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Khmuiko|Khmuiko]]
|fam3=
|iso3=awan
|glotto=thee1239
|glottorefname=Theen
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Theen''' ({{IPA-all|tʰɛːn}}) (Ammo pay a kas Kha Sam Liam) ket ti maysa a [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|pagsasao nga Austroasiatiko]] ti Laos, a maitagikua iti sanga ti [[sasao a Khmuiko]]. Daytoy ket isasao laeng babaen dagiti agarup a 200 a tattao nga agtataeng kadagiti dua a purok. Ammo pay dagitoy a kas ''Kha Sam Liam'' kadagiti kaarrubada a [[Tattao a Lao|Lao]].&lt;ref name=Proschan /&gt;

Dagiti agsasao iti autonimo {{IPA|[pram tʰɛːn]}} ket mabirukan idiay Distrito ti Viengkham, [[Probinsia ti Luang Prabang]], Laos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Then.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2013-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720181916/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Then.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*[[Shintani Tadahiko|Shintani, Tadahiko L.A.]], Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001. Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). Tokyo. p.&amp;nbsp;213-215.
*Chazée, Laurent. 1999. The Peoples of Laos: rural and ethnic diversities. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd. (kitaen ti panid 99).
*Ngô Đức Thịnh; and Trương Văn Sihn. 1973. Vài nét về sự phân bố địa lý các nhóm ngôn ngữ ở lào hiện nay [About the distribution of linguistic groups in contemporary Laos]. Ngôn Ngữ 1.16–23. (This article contains a Thay-Then wordlist).

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theen, Pagsasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Khmuiko]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasao a Mangiko</title>
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      <text bytes="7227" sha1="7joap63qw24tlht9mlk638r7el2bcel" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name=Mangiko
|altname=Pakaniko
|region=[Akin-abagatan a Tsina]]
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatiko
|child1=[[Pagsasao a Mang|Mang]]
|child2=Pakaniko
|glotto=mang1377
|glottorefname=Mangiko
|glottoname=sangkabassit a naipada
}}

Ti '''sasao a Mangiko''', a mangiraman ti '''sasao a Pakaniko''', ket buklen ti sanga ti [[sasao nga Austroasiatiko]]. Naisasaoda idiay [[Akin-amianan ken akin-abagatan a Tsina China|akin-abagatan a Tsian ken historiko idiay sentral a Tsina]] ken [[akin-amianan a Bietnam]]. Ti sasao a Mangiko ket buklen ti [[Pagsasao a Mang|Mang]] ken dagiti dua a pagsasao a Pakaniko ti [[Pagsasao a Bolyu|Bolyu]] ken [[Pagsasao a Bugan|Bugan]].

== Pannakaidasig ==
Ti tentatibo a panangidasig ni [[Paul Sidwell]] ket kas dagiti sumaganad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/lexico/AA54neighbour-net.jpg |title=Archive copy |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151532/http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/lexico/AA54neighbour-net.jpg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Mangiko
**[[Pagsasao a Mang|Mang]]
**''Pakaniko'': [[Pagsasao a Bolyu|Bolyu]], [[Pagsasao a Bugan|Bugan]]

Ti ''Mangiko'', kas maysa a naikaykaysa a grupo ti pagsasao nga agraman kadagiti amin a tallo a pagsasao dita ngato, ket bigbigen babaen da Ilia Peiros (2004) ken Jenny &amp; [[Paul Sidwell|Sidwell]] (2015), a pinagkukuyogna nga indasigti [[Pagsasao a Mang|Mang]], [[Pagsasao a Bolyu|Bolyu]], ken [[Pagsasao Bugan|Bugan]]. Inkeddeng da Jenny &amp; Sidwell (2015) ti Mangiko a kas maysa a nawaya a sanga ti Austroasiatiko.&lt;ref&gt;Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.&lt;/ref&gt;

Adda dagiti nadumaduma a panangidasig a dati a nasingasing para kadagiti agmaymaysa a sasao a Mangiko. Idi 1990, inbagbaga ni [[Paul K. Benedict]] a ti [[Pagsasao a Bolyu|Bolyu]] ket mangbukel iti maysa a sanga ti Mon-Khmer. Inlista ni [[Jerold Edmondson|Edmondson]] &amp; Gregerson (1996)&lt;ref&gt;Edmondson, Jerold A. and Kenneth J. Gregerson. 1996. &quot;[http://sealang2.net/archives/mks/pdf/26:117-133.pdf Bolyu tone in Vietic perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126120819/http://sealang2.net/archives/mks/pdf/26:117-133.pdf |date=2020-11-26 }}.&quot; Mon–Khmer Studies 26: 117-33.&lt;/ref&gt; dagiti adu apanagpapada iti ponolohia ken leksiko nga ibingay babaen ti [[Pagsasao a Bolyu|Bolyu]] ken [[sasao a Vietiko]]. Nupay kasta, Kanungpalan nga insingasing ni [[Gérard Diffloth]] a ti Pakaniko (kas ti [[Pagsasao a Bolyu|Bolyu]] ken [[Pagsasao a Bugan|Bugan]]) ket makibinningayda iti maysa nga apinidad iti  [[sasao a Palaungiko]] ken parte idi ti nawatwatiwat a grupo ti Akin-amianan a Mon-Khmer. Indasig pay ni Nguyen Van Loi ti [[Pagsasao a Mang|Mang]] iti kaunegan ti grupo ti Samtau iti Waic iti [[Sasao a Palaungiko|Palaungiko]], uray no kanungpalan met laeng nga indasigna ti Mang a kas kabsat ti Waiko (Sidwell 2009:133). Iraman ni Peiros (2004) ti Mang iti kaunegan ti Pakaniko.

Ti Proto-Pakaniko, ti tinaudan a [[proto-pagsasao]] iti [[Pagsasao a Bolyu|Bolyu]] ken [[Pagsasao a Bugan|Bugan]] ngem saan nga iti [[Pagsasao a Mang|Mang]], ket kinonstrukto manen idi babaen ni Andrew Hsiu (2016).&lt;ref&gt;Hsiu, Andrew. 2016. [https://zenodo.org/record/1127812/files/A_preliminary_reconstruction_of_Proto-Pakanic.pdf A preliminary reconstruction of Proto-Pakanic]. {{DOI|10.5281/zenodo.1127812}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Hsiu (2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;Hsiu2017&quot;&gt;Hsiu, Andrew. 2017. ''[https://zenodo.org/record/1249176/files/Hezhang_Buyi_a_highly_endangered_Northern_Tai_language.pdf Hezhang Buyi: a highly endangered Northern Tai language with a Kra substratum]''. {{DOI|10.5281/zenodo.1249176}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a nagdakdakamat kenni Li Xulian (1999), ket nangipalpalagip a ti sasao a Pakaniko ket datida a naisasao iti ad-adayo a ngato ti amianan idiay [[Guizhou]] ken asidegda a naiyasideg iti [[Pagsasao a Gelao|Gelao]]. Ipalpalagip pay ni Hsiu (2017) a ti sasao a Pakaniko ket mangipapakita iti impluensia ti binulod a balikas manipud iti [[sasao a Kra]], ken inimpluensianna pay ti sasao a Kra.

== Kitaen pay ==
*[[Sasao a Mon–Khmer]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
*李云兵 / Li Yunbing. 2005. 布赓语研究 / Bugeng yu yan jiu (A Study of Bugeng [Bugan]). Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she.

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*Sidwell, Paul (2009). ''Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
*Edmondson, Jerold A. 1995. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190804121034/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1995english.pdf English-Bolyu glossary].&quot; Mon–Khmer Studies 24: 133-159.
*Edmondson, Jerold A. and Kenneth J. Gregerson. 1996. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201126120819/http://sealang2.net/archives/mks/pdf/26:117-133.pdf Bolyu tone in Vietic perspective].&quot; Mon–Khmer Studies 26: 117-33.
*Sidwell, Paul. 1995. [http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/latrobe:33062 &quot;Bolyu is a Mon–Khmer language: even if Benedict says so!&quot;] La Trobe working papers in linguistics. Volume 8 (1995). Bundoora, Victoria: Linguistics Program, La Trobe University.
*Li Jinfang. 1996. [http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/26:135-159.pdf &quot;Bugan — A New Mon–Khmer Language of Yunnan Province, China.&quot;] ''Mon–Khmer Studies'' 26:135-160.
*Tan Sijie, et al. 2007. [http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014460701492237 &quot;Y-chromosome polymorphisms define the origin of the Mang, an isolated population in China.&quot;] In ''Annals of Human Biology'', Vol. 34, No. 5, Pages 573-581.

;Insik
*Dao Jie 刀洁. 2007. Bumang yu yanjiu 布芒语研究 [A study of Bumang]. Beijing: 民族出版社 [Nationalities Publishing House].
*李旭练 / Li Xulian. 1999. 倈语硏究 / Lai yu yan jiu. Beijing: 中央民族大学出版社 / Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she.
*高永奇 / Gao Yongqi. 2003. 莽语硏究 / Mang yu yan jiu (A Study of Mang).  Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she.
*高永奇 / Gao Yongqi. 2004. 布兴语研究 / Buxing yu yan jiu (A Study of Buxing). Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she.
*陈国庆 / Chen Guoqing. 2005. 克蔑语研究 / Kemie yu yan jiu  (A Study of Kemie). Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she.
*Liang Min [梁敏]. 1984. A sketch of Bolyu [俫语概况]. ''Minzu Yuwen'' 1984:4.
*Li Jinfang [李錦芳]. 1996. A sketch of Bugan [布干语概况]. ''Minzu Yuwen'' 1996:6.
*Gao Yongqi [高永奇]. 2001. A sketch of Mang [莽语概况]. ''Minzu Yuwen'' 2001:4.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[http://sealang.net/monkhmer/database/retrieve.pl?language=Mang&amp;sort=gloss&amp;format=html Mang vocabulary from SEAlang]
*[http://sealang.net/monkhmer/database/retrieve.pl?language=Bolyu&amp;sort=gloss&amp;format=html Bolyu vocabulary from SEAlang]
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66B0-B@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66B0-B@view]] Ti sasao a Pakaniko iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI 

{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangikon Sasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Pakaniko| ]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Mangiko| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pagsasao a Thavung</title>
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|name=Thavưng
|nativename=Aheu
|states=[[Laos]], [[Tailandia]]
|speakers=700
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Vietiko|Vietiko]]
|dia1=Ahoe
|dia2=Ahao
|dia3=Ahlao
|iso3=thm
|glotto=aheu1239
|glottorefname=Aheu
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Thavưng''' wenno '''Aheu''' ket ti maysa pagsasao nga insasao babaen ti [[tattao a Phon Sung]] iti [[Laos]] ken [[Tailandia]]. Adda dagiti naipagpagarup a 1,770 nga agsasao idiay Laos, ken kaaduan a naikonsentrado idiay [[Distrito ti Khamkeut]].  Adda pay dagiti 750 nga agsasao nga agtataeng kadagiti 3 a purok ti [[Distrito ti Song Dao]], [[Probinsia ti Sakon Nakhon]], Tailandia, iti Ban Nong Waeng (idiay Subdistrito ti Pathum Wapi), Ban Nong Charoen, ken Ban Nong Muang  &lt;ref name= Premsrirat&gt;Suwilai Premsrirat (1996). [http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/suwilai1996phonological.pdf Phonological characteristics of So (Thavung), a Vietic language of Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124202229/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/suwilai1996phonological.pdf |date=2020-11-24 }}. Naala idi 22. Nob. 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ti Thavung ket agaramid iti uppat a waya a pannakaisalumina iti pagabetan ti nalawag ken maiyanges a ponolohia a maitipon kadagiti glotalisado a kanungpalan a konsonante. Daytoy ket kapada unay ti kasasaad iti [[sasao a Peariko]] a no, nupay kasta, ti glotalisasion ket iti bokal.[http://sealang.net/mk/vietic.htm]

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
Suwilai Premsrirat (1996) [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124202229/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/suwilai1996phonological.pdf Phonological characteristics of So (Thavung), a Vietic language of Thailand]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thavung, Pagsasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos]]
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Vietiko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Tailandia]]</text>
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    <title>Sasao a Vietiko</title>
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|name=Vietiko
|region=[[Nangruna a daga ti Abagatan a daya nga Asia]]
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|glotto=viet1250
|glottorefname=Vietiko
|child1=Viet–Muong
|child2=[[Pagsasao a Cuoi|Cuoi]]
|child3=[[Pagsasao a Thavung|Thavung]]
|child4=[[Pagsasao a Chut|Chut]]
|child5=[[Pagsasao a Maleng|Maleng]]
|child6=[[Pagsasao a Kri|Kri]]
}}

Ti '''sasao a Vietiko''' ket ti sanga ti [[pamilia ti pagsasao]] nga [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|Austroasiatiko]].  Ti sanga ket dati a kinunkuna babaen dagiti termino a ''Việt–Mường'', ''Annamese–Muong'', ken ''Vietnamuong''; ti termino a ''Vietiko'' ket insingasing idi babaen ni Hayes (1992),&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes&quot;&gt;Hayes, La Vaughn H. 1992. Vietic and Việt-Mường: a new subgrouping in Mon-Khmer. Mon-Khmer Studies 21. 211–228.&lt;/ref&gt; nga isu ti nangisingasing a baliwan ti panangipalawag ti ''Việt–Mường'' a kas panangibaga iti sub-sanga ti Vietiko nga aglaon laeng iti [[Pagsasao a Bietnamis|Bietnamis]] ken [[Pagsasao a Muong|Mường]].

Adu kadagiti sasao a Vietiko ket addaan kadagiti sistema ti paaweng wenno [[ponasion]] nga agpakatengga iti Viet–Muong ken dagiti sabali a sanga ti Austroasiatiko nga awanan iti signipikante nga impluensia iti Insik wenno Tailandes.

Ti Bietnamis, ita nga aldaw, ket addaan iti signipikante nga impluensia iti Insik a naipangpangruna iti bokabulario ken sistema ti paaweng. Ti [[bokabulario a Sino-Bietnamis]] ket mangbukel iti agarup a 30–60% iti bokabulario ti Bietnamis, a saan a mairaman dagiti [[calque|kalko]] manipud iti Tsina.

== Dagiti taudan ==
Naibatay iti dibersidad iti lingguistiko, ti kasayaatan a nagtaudan ti sasao a Vietiko ket agparang a mabirukanen iti moderno nga aldaw a [[Probinsia ti Bolikhamsai]] ken [[Probinsia ti Khammouane]] iti [[Laos]] ken dagiti ipay parte ti [[Probinsia ti Nghệ An]] ken [[Probinsia ti Quảng Bình]] iti [[Bietnam]]. Ti kaduog ti sanga a Vietiko ket mapetsado iti saan a nabibiit ngem 2,000 a tawtawen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chamberlain&quot;&gt;Chamberlain, J.R. 1998, &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/chamberlain1998origin.pdf The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331064643/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/chamberlain1998origin.pdf |date=2012-03-31 }}&quot;, in The International Conference on Tai Studies, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti tinaudan ti pagsasao a Vietiko ket tradisional a naipagarup a naibatay iti likmut ti lugar ti [[Karayan Nalabbasit (Asia)|Karayan Nalabbasit]] nga itan ket tio Akin-amianan a Sentral a Bietnam. Nupay kasta, dagiti tinaudan ti sasao a Vietiko ket agtultuloy a kontrobersial a topiko kadagiti lingguista.

=== Bietnamis ===
Ti [[pagsasao a Bietnamis]] ket nainaganan idi a kas [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|Austroasiatiko]] idi tengnga ti maika sangapulo ket siam a siglo, ken adda ita iti napigsa nga ebidensia para iti daytoy a panangidasig. Ti moderno a Bietnamis ket monosilabiko [[tono (lingguistika)|paaweng]] a pagsasao a kas ti [[Kantones]] ken nakapukawen kadagiti adu a [[Pagsasao a Proto-Mon–Khmer|Proto-Austroasiatiko]] a ponolohiko ken morpolohiko a langlanga. Ti Bietnamis pay ket addaan pay kadagiti dakkel nga stock dagiti nabulod a bokabulario ti [[Pagsasao nga Insik|Insik]] ken [[Sasao a Tai|Tai]]. Nupay kasta, adda dagiti agtultuloy a resistansia iti kapanunotan a ti maysa a Biatnamis ket mabalin nga as-asideg a maikabagian iti [[Pagsasao a Khmer|Khmer]] ngem dagiti pagsasao nga Insik wenno Tai. Ti kaaduan dagiti eskolar ket igupitda dagitoy a tipolohiko a panagpapada iti [[pannakaiyasideg iti pagsasao]] ngem iti kadawyan a panagtawid.

Insupsuppiat ni Chamberlain (1998) a ti rehion ti Delta ti Karayan Nalabbasit ket kasisigud idi nga agsasao iti Tai ken nagbalin laeng nga agsasao iti Bietnamis idi baetan ti maikapito ken maikawalo a siglo AD kas maysa a resulta ti panagakar manipud iti abagatan, kas iti, moderno a [[Tengnga a Bietnam]], nga iti ayan ti nangato a naisalumina ken konserbatibo a dialekto ti Amianan-Tengnga a Bietnamis ket naisasao ita nga aldaw. Isu a, ti rehion ti taudan ti Bietnamis (ken ti nasapsapa a Viet–Muong) ket adayo idi iti abagatan ti Karayan Nalabbasit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chamberlain&quot; /&gt; Kas ti [[etnonimo]] a [[tattaoa Lao|Lao]], ti nagan a [[Baiyue|Yue/Việt]] ket kasisigud a mangibagbaga iti [[Tattao nga agsasao iti Tai–Kadai|grupgrupo nga agsasao iti Tai–Kadai]]. Idiay akin-amianan a Bietnam, dagitoy ket kanungpalan a naampon ti Viet–Muong&lt;ref name=&quot;Chamberlain&quot; /&gt; ken iti ad-adayo nga amianan nga Insik, a ti designasion ti [[Insik a Yue]] ket mangpreserba iti etnonimo. (Isuda a dua iti Bietnam ken akin-abagatan a Tsina, nupay kasta, adu kadagiti [[sasao a Tai–Kadai]] ket agdamada pay laeng a maus-usar.)

Iti pay maipatinayon, insupsuppiat ni John Phan (2013, 2016)&lt;ref name=&quot;Phan2013&quot;&gt;Phan, John. 2013. [https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/33867 Lacquered Words: the Evolution of Vietnamese under Sinitic Influences from the 1st Century BCE to the 17th Century CE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617074509/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/33867 |date=2022-06-17 }}. Ph.D. dissertation: Cornell University.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Phan2016&quot;&gt;Phan, John D. &amp; de Sousa, Hilário. 2016. [http://hilario.bambooradical.com/downloadables/Phan-de-Sousa-2016-03-11-Rutgers-Southwester-Middle-Chinese.pptx.pdf A preliminary investigation into Proto-Southwestern Middle Chinese]. (Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)&lt;/ref&gt; a ti “Annames a Tengnga nga Insik,” ket naisasao idi idiay Ginget ti [[Karayan Nalabbasit (Asia)|Karayan Nalabbasit]] ken kanungpalan a sinagepsep iti pagsasao a Bietnamis. Ti Annames a Tengnga nga Insik ket parte idi ti maysa a [[rimpuok ti dialekto]] ti [[Tengnga nga Insik]] iti abagatan-akinlaud a Tsina a nangiraman iti [[Insik a Waxiang]], ti Jiudu patois 九都土話 ti [[Hezhou]], Akin-abagatan a [[Pinghua]], ken dagiti nadumaduma a dialekto ti [[Insik a Xiang]] (kas ti [[Xiangxiang]] 湘鄉, [[Kondado ti Luxi, Hunan|Luxi]] 瀘溪, [[Kondado ti Qidong|Qidong]] 祁東, ken [[Kondado ti Quanzhou|Quanzhou]] 全州).&lt;ref name=&quot;Phan2016&quot; /&gt; Ikeddeng ni Phan (2013) nga adda dagiti tallo a nangruna a kita dagiti binulbulod a [[Bokabulario ti Sino-Bietnamis|Sino-Bietnamis]], a nabulbulod idi kadagiti las-ud ti nadumaduma a paset ti panawen.
*Nasapa a [[Bokabulario ti Sino-Bietnamis|Sino-Bietnamis]] ([[Han a Dinastia]] (ca. umuna a siglo CE) ken dagiti tuon ti [[Akindaya a Jin|Jin a Dinastia]] (ca. maika-4 a siglo CE))
*Naladaw a [[Bokabulario ti Sino-Bietnamis|Sino-Bietnamis]] ([[Tang a Dinastia]])
*Kaudian a [[Bokabulario ti Sino-Bietnamis|Sino-Bietnamis]] ([[Ming a Dinastia]] ken kalpasan ti Ming a Dinastia)

Iti pay sabali, inpakita ni Ferlus (2009) a dagiti imbension iti al-o, gaud ken pariok a paglutuan iti bagas, a nangruna a pakaisaluminaan ti [[kultura a Đông Sơn]], ket maitunos iti pannakapartuat dagiti baro a leksikon para kadagitoy nga imbension ti Akin-amianan a Vietiko (Việt–Mường) ken ti Sentral a Vietiko ([[Pagsasao a Cuoi|Cuoi-Toum]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferlus 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ferlus|first1=Michael|title=A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|date=2009|volume=1|pages=95-108|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/991634/filename/Ferlus2009_Dongsonian_JSEALS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti baro a bokabulario kadagitoy anga imbension ket napaneknekan a dagiti derabatibo manipud kadagiti kasisigud a berbo imbes a dagiti binulod a leksikal a banag. Ti agdama a pannakaiwarwaras ti Akin-amianan a Vietiko ket maitunos pay iti lugar ti kultura ti Dong Son. Isu nga, inbagbaga ni Ferlus a ti Akin-amianan a Vietiko (Viet-Muong) ket ti dagus a tawidan ti Dongsoniano, a nagtataeng iti Akin-abagatan a parte ti delta ti karayan Nalabbasit ken ti Amianna Tengnga a Bietnam manipud idi Umuna a milenio SK.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferlus 2009&quot; /&gt;

== Pannakaiwarwaras ==
Dagiti agsasao iti Vietiko ket agtataengda iti ken iti likmut ti Lugar ti Koserbasion ti Laos iti [[Nakai–Nam Theun]] ken ti amianan-tengnga a Bietnam (Chamberlain 1998). Adu kadagitoy nga agsasao ket makunkuna a kas [[Tattao a Muong|Mường]], Nhà Làng, ken Nguồn. Ilista ni Chamberlain (1998) dagiti agdama a lokasion idiay Laos para kadagiti sumaganad a tattao a Vietiko.&lt;ref&gt;http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAOPRD/Resources/jim_chamberlain_monitoring_report_on_nt2_consultations.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Ti maysa a pakapukpukan a naibatay iti inaramid nga obra ket insingasingen babaen ni [[Michel Ferlus]].&lt;ref&gt;Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28.&lt;/ref&gt;

*'''[[Pagsasao a Nguồn|Nguồn]]''': Ban Pak Phanang, Distrito ti Boualapha, Khammouane; dagiti dadduma idiay Bietnam
*'''[[Pagsasao a Cuoi|Liha]]''', '''[[Pagsasao a Cuoi|Phong]]''' ('''Cham'''), ken '''[[Pagsasao a Cuoi|Toum]]''': [[Distrito ti Khamkeut]]; mabalin a kasisigud a nagtaud manipud iti akin-amianan a pagbeddengan a lugar ti Nghe An / Khamkeut
*'''[[Pagsasao a Thavung|Ahoe]]''': kasisigud a nagtaeng idiay Subdistrito ti Na Tane ti [[Distrito ti Nakai]], ken ti purok ti Ban Na Va iti [[Distrito ti Khamkeut]]; innala idiay Distrito ti  Hinboun idi las-ud iti gubat, ken kanungpalan a nagtaeng manen idiay Nakai Tay (39 a sangkabalayan) ken idiay Sop Hia (20 a sangkabalayan) iti Banak ti Nakai.
*'''[[Pagsasao a Thavung|Thaveung]]''' (dagiti dialekto nga Ahao ken Ahlao): nadumaduma a purok iti asideg ti Lak Xao; mabalin a kasisigud manipud iti lugar ti Na Heuang
*'''[[Pagsasao a Chut|Cheut]]''': Ban Na Phao ken Tha Sang, Distrito ti Boualapha; dagiti dadduma ket mabalin pay idiay Pha Song, Vang Nyao, Takaa; kasisigud a manipud iti Hin Nam No kenBietnam
*'''[[Pagsasao a Maleng|Atel]]''': Tha Meuang iti Nam Sot (kangrunaan a tattao a Malang); kasisigud manipud iti lugar ti Houay Kanil
*'''[[Pagsasao a Maleng|Thémarou]]''': Vang Chang iti [[Nam Theun]]; ti Ban Soek iti asideg ti Nam Noy
*'''[[Pagsasao a Maleng|Makang]]''': Na Kadok, Distrito ti Khamkeut (kangrunaan a ti tattao a Saek); kasisigud a manipud iti lugar ti Akinngato a Sot
*'''[[Pagsasao a Maleng|Malang]]''': Tha Meuang iti Nam Sot
*'''&quot;Salang&quot;''': Ban Xe Neua, [[Distrito ti Boualapha]]
*'''Atop''': Na Thone, [[Distrito ti Khamkeut]] (kangrunaan a ti tattao a Tai Theng); kasisigud a manipud iti lugar ti Akinngato a Sot
*'''[[Pagsasao a Kri|Mlengbrou]]''': iti asideg ti Nam One; kanungpalan a naiyalis iti [[Distrito ti Yommalath]] a bangir ti Bantay Ak, ken agtataeng itan idiay Ban Sang, Distrito ti Yommalath (kangrunaan a ti tattao a Yooy)
*'''[[Pagsasao a Kri|Kri]]''': Ban Maka

Idiay Bietnam, adda dagiti Vietiko a tattao iti tribu ti turod, a mairaman ti Arem, Rục, Maliêng, ken Mày (Cươi), ket naiyalisda idiay Cu Nhái (mabalin a mabirukan iti akinlaud a [[Probinsia ti Quảng Bình]] wenno iti abagatan a laud ti [[Distrito ti Hương Khê]] iti [[Probisnia ti Hà Tĩnh]]). Mabirukan pay dagiti Sách idiay Bietnam.

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*Alves, Mark J. (2003). [https://www.academia.edu/275787/Ruc_and_Other_Minor_Vietic_Languages_Linguistic_Strands_Between_Vietnamese_and_the_Rest_of_the_Mon-Khmer_Language_Family Ruc and Other Minor Vietic Languages: Linguistic Strands Between Vietnamese and the Rest of the Mon-Khmer Language Family]. In ''Papers from the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society'', ed. by Karen L. Adams et al.. Tempe, Arizona, 3-19. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
*Barker, M. E. (1977). ''Articles on Proto-Viet–Muong''. Vietnam publications microfiche series, no. VP70-62. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2014. [http://www.amritas.com/141122.htm#11222352 Black and white evidence for Vietnamese phonological history].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2014. ''Soni linguae capitis''. (Parts [http://www.amritas.com/140201.htm 1], [http://www.amritas.com/140208.htm#02041414 2-4].)
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2014. [http://www.amritas.com/141129.htm#11282346 What the *-hɛːk is going on?]
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2013. [http://www.amritas.com/130824.htm A 'wind'-ing tour].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2010. [http://www.amritas.com/101016.htm#10162227 Muong rhotics].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2010. [http://www.amritas.com/101218.htm#12151650 A meaty mystery: did Vietnamese have voiced aspirates?]
*Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn. (1995). ''Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt (sơ thảo)'' (Textbook of Vietnamese historical phonology). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Gíao Dục.
*Trần Trí Dõi (2011). ''Một vài vấn đề nghiên cứu so sánh – lịch sử nhóm ngôn ngữ Việt – Mường [A historical-comparative study of Viet-Muong group]''. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà nội. {{ISBN|978-604-62-0471-8}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
*Chamberlain, J.R. 2003. Eco-Spatial History: a nomad myth from the Annamites and its relevance for biodiversity conservation. In X. Jianchu and S. Mikesell, eds. ''Landscapes of Diversity: Proceedings of the III MMSEA Conference, 25–28 August 2002''. Lijiand, P. R. China: Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge. pp.&amp;nbsp;421–436.
*Sidwell, Paul (2009). ''Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[http://sealang.net/archives/hayes/ Dihital nga Arkbo ti Vietiko ni La Vaughn Hayes]
*[http://sealang.net/mk/vietic.htm SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages. The Vietic Branch]
*[http://www.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/AAlecture6.html Sidwell (2003)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007052125/http://www.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/AAlecture6.html |date=2006-10-07 }}
*[http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/hotspots/SEA/index.html Endangered Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia]
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-670D-C@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-670D-C@view]] Ti sasao a Vietiko iti Dihital nga Arkibo ti RWAAI

{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vietiko, Sasao a}}
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    <title>Pagsasao a Bolyu</title>
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      <text bytes="6117" sha1="qk801dsle18zeatn2d546p5t2iaahfa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pagsasao
|name=Bolyu
|states=[[Tsina]]
|region=[[Kondado ti Longlin]], [[Guangxi]]
|ethnicity=[[Bolyu]] {{sigfig|1,770|2}} (2007)&lt;ref name=e18 /&gt;
|speakers=500
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Pakaniko|Pakaniko]]
|iso3=ply
|glotto=boly1239
|glottorefname=Bolyu
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Bolyu''' ([[Endonimo|autonimo]]: ''{{IPA|pɔ˧lju˩˧}}''; {{zh|巴琉语, 布流语}}; ammo pay a kas '''Paliu''', '''Palyu''', wenno '''Lai''' 俫语, 徕语) ket ti maysa a pagsasao nga [[Sasao nga Austroasiatiko|Austroasiatiko]] ti sanga a [[Sasao a Pakaniko|Pakaniko]] (Sidwell 1995). Dagiti [[Bolyu]] ket maysa kadagiti saan a mabigbigan a grupo ti etniko idiay Tsina. Idi 1984, ti Bolyu ket immuna idi nga inadal babaen ni Liang Min iti Nationalities Research Institute iti [[Beijing]]. Ni Liang ti immuna idi a nangisingasing a ti pannakaikabagian ti Mon–Khmer iti Bolyu, a kanungpalan met a pinasingkedan babaen dagiti Akinlaud a lingguista a kas da [[Paul K. Benedict]], [[Paul Sidwell]], ken [[Jerold A. Edmondson]].

== Pannakaidasig ==
Ti Bolyu ket kabagian ti [[pagsasao a Bugan]], ken mangporma iti [[Sasao a Pakaniko|sanga a Pakaniko]]. Nupa kasta, ti lugar ti sang a Pakaniko iti kaunegan ti pamilia a Mon–Khmer ket saan nga ammo. Insingasing ni Sidwell (1995) a ti sanga a Pakaniko ket mabalin a sanga nga Akindaya a Mon–Khmer, isu a mangaramid daytoy a ti kaasitgan a kabagian ti [[Sasao a Vietiko|sanga a Vietiko]]. Nupay kasta, indasig ni Gérard Diffloth ti Pakaniko kas Akin-amianan a Mon–Khmer, a mangaramid daytoy a kaasitgan a kabagian ti [[Sasao a Palaungiko|sanga a Palaungiko]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/37/vandriem2007austroasiatic.pdf |title=Austroasiatic phylogeny and the Austroasiatic homeland in light of recent population genetic studies |accessdate=2011-02-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809095425/http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/37/vandriem2007austroasiatic.pdf |archivedate=2011-08-09 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pannakaiwarwaras ==
Dagiti agsasao iti Bolyu ket mabirukan kadagiti sumaganad a lokasion idiay [[akin-abagatan a Tsina]] (Edmondson 1995).&lt;ref&gt;俫语使用人口稳定增长原因探究。&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Li Xulian [李旭练]. 1999. ''A Study of Lai (Bolyu)'' [倈语硏究]. Beijing: Minzu University Press [中央民族大学出版社].&lt;/ref&gt;

*Douhong 斗烘屯, Xinhe 新合村, Ili ti Changfa 长发, [[Kondado ti Longlin]], [[Guangxi]] (masansan a makitataeng kadagiti kaarruba a [[Tattao a Gelao|Gelao]]). Naisasao pay kadagiti asideg nga ili ti Kechang 克长, De'e 德峨, ken Changme 长么.&lt;ref name=&quot;gx&quot;&gt;Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee. 2008. ''Vocabularies of Guangxi ethnic languages [广西民族语言方音词汇]''. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House [民族出版社].&lt;/ref&gt;
**Xinhe 新合村 - Datiezhai 打铁寨、Changfajie 长发街: 50 nga agsasao
**Xinhua 新华村 - Luowan 罗湾: 300; Kabao 卡保、Renshang 仁上: 160 nga agsasao
**Dagiti purok nga addaan laeng iti tattao a Bolyu: Muzi 亩子, Dazhai 大寨, Xiaozhai 小寨
*Guosha/Hengsha 过沙/亨沙, Wenya 文雅村, Nawaya nga Ili ti Puhe Miao 普合苗族自治乡, [[Kondado ti Xilin]], [[Guangxi]]. Naisasao pay idiay Naya 那牙, Ili ti Badahe 八大河乡.&lt;ref name=&quot;gx&quot; /&gt; 230 a dagup ti agsasao.

Dinokumentuan ni Li (1999) ti karuay ti Bolyu iti Muzitun 亩子屯, Purok ti Xinhe 新合村, Ili ti Changfa 长发乡, [[Kondado ti Longlin]], [[Guangxi]].

Kadagiti sumaganad a purok, dagiti laeng manakman ti nabati a makasao iti Bolyu.
*Ili ti Zhelang 者浪乡: Zhezhai 者寨、Langrong 郎荣、Linghao 岭好
*Ili ti Kechang 克场乡: Haichang 海长
*Ili ti Shechang 蛇场乡: Daguo 达果

Adda dagiti 1,400 a Bolyu nga agtataeng idiay Guangxi, ken sumurok a 1,000 idiay Yunnan.&lt;ref name=&quot;gx&quot; /&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
*Benedict, Paul K. 1990. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201124203014/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/benedict1990how.pdf How to Tell Lai: an exercise in classification].&quot; ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area''. 13/2:1-26.
*Edmondson, Jerold A. 1995. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190804121034/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1995english.pdf English-Bolyu glossary].&quot; Mon–Khmer Studies 24: 133-159.
*Edmondson, Jerold A. and Kenneth J. Gregerson. 1996. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201126120819/http://sealang2.net/archives/mks/pdf/26:117-133.pdf Bolyu tone in Vietic perspective].&quot; Mon–Khmer Studies 26: 117-33.
*Sidwell, Paul. 1995. [http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/latrobe:33062 &quot;Bolyu is a Mon–Khmer language: even if Benedict says so!&quot;] La Trobe working papers in linguistics. Volume 8 (1995). Bundoora, Victoria: Linguistics Program, La Trobe University.
*Jiang Jun [蒋俊]. 2005. ''[http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10602-2005142964.htm Ethnic group and nation in the village vision: Field research about Lai people] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034349/http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10602-2005142964.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}'' [村落视野中的族群与民族：关于俫人的田野研究]. M.A. dissertation, Guangxi Normal University. http://www.docin.com/p-380721709.html
*[http://www.doc88.com/p-104556045896.html 俫语使用人口稳定增长原因探究]. In 中国少数民族语言使用现状及其演变研究.
*Qin Xiaohang &amp; Li Fanglan. 2011. [http://www.mksjournal.org/mksj40.pdf The status quo and trend of language use by Lai people] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626150443/http://www.mksjournal.org/mksj40.pdf |date=2017-06-26 }}. ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 40.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[http://sealang.net/monkhmer/database/retrieve.pl?language=Bolyu&amp;sort=gloss&amp;format=html Bokabulario ti Bolyu manipud iti SEAlang]

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Tsina}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolyu, Pagsasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Pakaniko]]
[[Kategoria:Naisagmak a sasao nga Austroasiatiko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Tsina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urahoro, Hokkaido</title>
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Ti {{Nihongo|'''Urahoro'''|浦幌町|Urahoro-chō}} ket ti maysa nga [[Listaan dagiti ili idiay Hapon|ili]] a mabirukan idiay [[Subprepektura ti Tokachi]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Hapon]].

Manipud idi Marso 31, 2018, ti ili ket addaan iti nakarkulo a populasion iti 4,824 ken ti densidad ti populasion iti 6.6 a tattao tunggal maysa a km². Ti dagup a kalawa ket 729.64&amp;nbsp;km².

== Dagiti nadayeg a tattao manipud iti Urahoro ==
*[[Hideo Azuma]], artista ti manga

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Urahoro, Hokkaido|Urahoro, Hokkaidō}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050303172302/http://www.urahoro.jp/ Opisial a website] {{iti sao|ja}}

{{Hokkaido}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Hapon-heograpia-pungol}}

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    <title>Pagsasao a Nguồn</title>
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|name=Nguon
|nativename=Nguồn, Năm Nguyên
|pronunciation=
|states=[[Bietnam]], [[Laos]]
|region=[[Probinsia ti Quảng Bình]]
|ethnicity=28,800 (2018) aginggana iti 40,000 &lt;ref&gt;http://danviet.vn/net-viet/nguoi-nguon-va-hanh-trinh-dinh-danh-100262.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|speakers=di nalawag
|date=
|ref=
|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Vietiko|Vietiko]]
|fam3=[[Viet–Muong]]
|script=[[Sinuratan a Latin|Latin]] ([[quốc ngữ]])
|map=Location of Quang Binh within Vietnam.png
|mapsize=200px
|mapcaption=Lokasion ti Probinsia ti Quảng Bình
|iso3=nuo
|glotto=nguo1239
|glottorefname=Nguon
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Nguồn''' (ammo pay a kas '''Năm Nguyên''') ket ti maysa a pagsasao a [[Vietiko]] nga insasao babaen dagiti [[tattao a Nguồn]] iti [[Kabambantayan Annamite|Banbantay Trường Sơn]] iti rehion ti [[Amianan Tengnga nga Aplaya]] ti [[Bietnam]] ken dagiti pay asideg a rehion ti [[Laos]].

Kaaduan dagiti agsasao iti Nguồn idiay Bietnam ket agtataengda iti nalemmeng a distrito ti [[Minh Hoa|Minh Hóa]] iti [[Probinsia ti Quảng Bình]], bayat a dagiti dadduma ket iti lugar iti likmut ti  [[Đồng Lê]], ti tugaw ti [[Distrito ti Tuyên Hoá]], iti agarup a {{pagbaliwen|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} manipud iti [[Nailian a Kalsada 1A (Bietnam)|Nailian a Highway 1]].

Ti pagsasao a Nguồn ket nadumaduma a naipalawagen a kas dialekto ti [[Pagsasao a Bietnamis|Bietnamis]] wenno kas ti akin-amianan unay a dialekto ti [[Pagsasao a Muong|Mường]]. Adda dagiti dadduma nga agsuksukisok a mangikeddeng nga as-asideg daytoy a kabagian ti Mường ken dagiti mangikapet daytoy nga as-asideg iti Bietnamis ket nakarkaroda a naimpulensiaan babaen ti [[etnograpiko]] ken/wenno dagiti pakaidanagan iti politiko ngem iti lingguistiko nga ebidensia. Ibilang da Chamberlain (2003) ken Sidwell (2009) a kas maysa a maikatlo a pagsasao a Viet–Muong.

== Heograpiko a lokasion ==
Kaaduan nga agtataeng dagiti Nguồn iti [[Distrito ti Tuyên Hóa]] (kakakuyogda dagiti kaarruba a [[tattao a Sách]], ti maysa a subgrupo ti [[Tattao a Chut|tattao a Chứt]] nga agsasao pay iti pagsasao a Vietiko) ken iti [[Distrito ti Minh Hoá]] (agtataeng iti kaarruba a tattao a [[Tattao a Bietnamis|Việt]]).&lt;ref&gt;Laglagipen a dagiti agdama a distrito ti Tuyên Hoá ken Minh Hoá ket buklen idi iti bugbugtong a distrito nga ammo a kas Tuyên Hoá.&lt;/ref&gt;

Adda pay dagiti Nguồn nga agtataeng idiay [[Laos]], ngem agraman kadagiti agsuppiat a reporta no ania iti eksakto a lokasionda.&lt;ref&gt;Kitaen ti sitio ti misionario a Kristiano: [http://www.millionelephants.com/UPGs/nguon.htm Grupo ti tattao a Nguon iti Laos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003074135/http://www.millionelephants.com/UPGs/nguon.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Segun kenni Chamberlain (1998), adda maysa a purok ti Nguồn iti tengnga a Laos nga ammo a kas Ban Pak Phanang iti Distrito ti Boualapha, [[Probinsia ti Khammouane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chamberlain&quot;&gt;Chamberlain, J.R. 1998, &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/chamberlain1998origin.pdf The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331064643/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/chamberlain1998origin.pdf |date=2012-03-31 }}&quot;, in The International Conference on Tai Studies, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Henelohiko a pannakaikabagian ==

Ikeddeng da Chéon (1907), Maspéro (1912), ken Cuisinier (1948) ti Nguồn nga as-asideg a kabagian ti Mường bayat a da Mạc (1964), Nguyễn Đ. B. (1975), ken Phạm (1975) ket inkapetda iti Bietnamis.

i kanungpalan a lingguistiko a panangiyasping babaen da Nguyễn V. T. (1975) ken Nguyễn Ph. Ph. (1996) ket mangisingasing iti as-asideg a silpo kadagiti dialekto a Mường, ken daytoy ket kapada nga inbaga babaen ni Barker (1993) (ken dagiti daddduma).

Inbaga da Jerold A. Edmondson, Kenneth J. Gregerson, ken Nguyen Van Loi a daytoy a pagsasao ket &quot;kakayatan ngainteresado dagiti agad-adal iti pakasaritaan ti sasao a Vietiko&quot; gapu kadagiti naiduma a historikal a panagrang-ay.&lt;ref&gt;Kitaen dagiti panidda iti Dagiti Di Ammo Unay a Pagasasao ti Akin-amianan a Bietnam: [http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/ ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207074206/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/ |date=2012-02-07 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibagbaga ni Nguyễn V. T. (1975) a dagiti agsasao iti Nguồn ket mabalinda a makisao kadagiti agsasao iti Mường nga agsaoda iti bukodda a pagsasao, ngem dagiti agsasao iti Bietnamis a saan a makaammo iti Mường ket saanda a maawatan ti Nguồn.

Uray no sapasap nga as-asideg iti Mường (naipangpangruna no maibatay kadagiti panagpapada iti sistema ti uni), kadagiti dadduma nga aspeto, ti Nguồn ket ad-adu a kapada ti Bietnamis. Ka pagariagan, ti negatibo a pangmarka iti Bietnamis ket ti partikula a ''không'', a kanugpalan a binulod a balikas manipud iti Insik a nagbalin a [[gramatikalisasion|gramatikalisado]]. Ti patneng a negatibo apangmarka a ''chẳng'', a naatesto kadagiti nasapsapa nga agpang iti Bietnamis, ket kaaduan a sinukatan babaen ti panagbulbulod iti Insik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alves&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
| last = Alves
| first = Mark J.
| year = 2009
| title = Sino-Vietnamese grammatical vocabulary and sociolinguistic conditions for borrowing
| journal = Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
| location = Canberra
| publisher = Pacific Linguistics
| volume = 1
| pages = 1–9
| issn = 1836-6821
| accessdate = 7 Marso 2014
| url = https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/8939
| format = PDF
|hdl=1885/8939}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iti pannakaigiddiat, ti Mường ket nakapreserba iti kasisigud a ''chẳng''. Ti Nguồn ket addaan iti kasla Bietnamis, napukaw ti ''chẳng'' iti ''không''. Iti daytoy a langa iti pannakapkaw iti patneng a negatibo a pangmarka, ti Nguồn ket kasla Bietnamis imbes a kas Mường.

== Panagduma iti pagsasao ==
Ibagbaga ni Nguyễn Ph. Ph. (1996) nga adda dagiti dua a [[Karuay (lingguistiko)|karuay]] ti Nguồn:

* Cổ Liêm
* Yên Thọ (wenno An Thọ)

Nanaganan ti Cổ Liêm manipud iti purok iti isu met laeng a nagan; Yên Thọ ket ti nagan ti kooperatibo iti purok ti Tân Hoá.

Ti karuay ti Yên Thọket as-asideg iti Bietnamis ngem iti Cổ Liêm iti respeto kadagiti naisangayan a panagrang-ay iti ponolohia.

== Pakasaritaan ==
Idi 1905, inreprta ni Cadière&lt;ref&gt;Ti kasisigud a taudan iti Pranses ket naiyadaw iti sasao ni Nguyễn Ph. Ph. (1996).&lt;/ref&gt; a ti Nguồn (ken ti pay tattao a [[Tattao a Sach|Sách]]) ket mabirukanda kadagiti tanap ti karayan [[Nguồn Năn]] kadagiti sangapulo ket maysa a purok.&lt;ref&gt;Kitaen ti sumaganad a silpo ti manipud iti SatelliteViews.net: [http://www.satelliteviews.net/cgi-bin/w.cgi?c=vm&amp;UF=-3723056&amp;UN=-4948367&amp;AF=H_N Nguồn Năn, Vietnam]{{Natay a silpo|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Iti kasisigud adda idi dagiti dua a grupo dagiti lima a purok. Ti kain-aniana id a grupo ket adda idiay ''kanton'' ti Cơ Sa (ken kakuyog dagiti dadduma a purok ti Việt) ken buklen dagiti sumaganad a purok:

* ''Qui Đạt''
* ''An Đức''
* ''Ba Nương''
* ''Thanh Long''
* ''Tân Kiều''

Kanungpalan a naisina ti Tân Kiều kadagiti dua a purok a nagresultaan iti maikanem a purok iti akin-amianan a grupo:

* ''Tân Hợp''

Ti ad-adu nga akin-amianan a grupo ti purok ket buklen ti

* ''Kổ Liêm''
* ''Bốk Thọ''
* ''Kim Bãng''
* ''Tân Lí''
* ''An Lạk''

Inyunay-unay da Mạc (1964) ken Nguyễn Đ. B. (1975) a ti Nguồn ket ti maysa a kasisigud ti grupo a Việt manipud iti lugar dagiti probinsia ti [[Probinsia ti Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]] ken [[Probinsia ti Nghệ An|Nghệ An]] nga immayis iti agdama a teritorioda babaen idi maika-17 a siglo. Ti ebidensia iti daytoy a panunot ket naibatay kadagiti rehistro ti pamilia. Ireporta pay ni Mạc (1964) a kaaduan dagiti Nguồn ket irangarada ti bagbagida a kas Việt kadagiti senso idi 1960.

Isingasing ni Nguyễn V. T. (1975) a dagiti Mường ket mabalin nga ad-adayo nga immkaarda iti abagatan ngem ti Nghệ An aginggana iti ad-adayo akas ti Quảng Bình. Uray no adda met dagiti pamilia a Việt a mabalin nga immakar iti daytoy a rehion, mabalin nga immakarda kalpasan idi naitakderan iti daytoy a lugar dagiti grupo a Mường. Dagitoy a migrante a Việt ket mabalinda koman a naisimilado iti pagsasao dagiti Mường. Daytoy a karuay ti Mường ket mabalin koma payen a naiyasideg uiti sasao a [[Chứt]], kas iti Sách. Isu nga insingasing ni Nguyễn V. T. (1975) a ti Nguồn ket mays a karuay ti Mường nga insasao babaen dagiti Mường (mabalin a Hà Tĩnh Mường) ken naisimilado ti tattao a Việt kadagiti impluensia manipud iti sasao a Chứt.&lt;ref&gt;Iti naisangayan, kitaen ti Nguyễn V. T. (1993: 242-243).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nota ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliograpia ==
* Barker, Miriam A. (1993). Bibliography of Mường and other Vietic language groups, with notes. ''Mon–Khmer Studies'', ''23'', 197-243. (Online version: [http://sealang.net/archives/mks/BARKERMiriam.htm sealang.net/archives/mks/BARKERMiriam.htm]).
* Cadière, Léopold. (1902). Coutumes populaires de la vallée du Nguồn Sơn. ''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient'', ''2'', 352-386.
* Cadière, Léopold. (1905). Les hautes vallées du sông Gianh. ''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient'', ''5'', 349-367.
* Chamberlain, James R. (2003) Eco-Spatial History: a nomad myth from the Annamites and its Relevance for Biodiversity Conversation. In Landscapes of Diversity: indigenous knowledge, sustainable livelihoods and resource governance in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia., edited by X. Jianchu and S. Mikesell: Kunming Yunnan Science and Technology Press.
* Cuisinier, Jeanne. (1948). ''Les Mường: Géographie humaine et sociologie''. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
* Mạc, Đường. (1964). ''Các dân tộc miền núi miền Bẳc Trung Bộ'' [The minority groups of Northern Central Vietnam]. Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa học Xã hội.
* Nguyễn, Dương Bình. (1975). Về thành phần dân tộc của người Nguồn [On the ethnic composition of the Nguon people]. In Viện Dân Tộc Học, ''Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'' (pp.&amp;nbsp;472–491). Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa học Xã hội.
* Nguyễn Khắc Tụng (1975). &quot;Góp phần tim hiểu thành phần tộc người của người Nguồn qua những nhận xét về nhà ở của họ&quot;. In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 492-499. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
* Nguyễn, Phú Phong. (1996). The Nguồn language of Quảng Bình, Vietnam. ''Mon–Khmer Studies'', ''26'', 179-190. (Online version: [http://sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNPhPhong.htm sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNPhPhong.htm]).
* Nguyễn, Văn Tài. (1975). Tiếng Nguồn, một phương tiếng Việt hay một phương ngôn của tiếng Mường? ''Ngôn Ngữ'', ''4'', 8-16. (Translated into English as Nguyễn V. T. 1993).
* Nguyễn, Văn Tài. (1993). Nguồn: A dialect of Vietnamese or a dialect of Mường? (Based on local data). M. A. Barker (Transl.). ''Mon–Khmer Studies'', ''22'', 231-244. (Online version: [http://sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNVnTi.htm sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNVnTi.htm]).
* Pham, Đức Đương. (1975). Về mối quan hệ thân thuộc giữa các ngôn ngữ thuộc nhóm Việt-Mường miền Tây tỉnh Quảng Bình [On the close relationship between the languages in the Viet–Muong group in western Quảng Bình Province]. In Viện Dân Tộc Học, ''Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'' (pp.&amp;nbsp;500–517). Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa học Xã hội.
* Sidwell, Paul. (2009) [https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073527/https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art |date=2019-03-24 }}. Lincom Europa.
* Viện Dân Tộc Học [Ethnology Institute]. (1975). ''Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'' [On the problem of defining the social position of the minority groups in northern Vietnam]. Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa học Xã hội.

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [http://www.vnstyle.vdc.com.vn/vim/english/information/bai_ANnguoiNguon.htm Obra iti musika a folk ti minoridad a Nguồn iti Distrito ti Minh Hóa ti probinsia ti Quảng Bình] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130151831/http://www.vnstyle.vdc.com.vn/vim/english/information/bai_ANnguoiNguon.htm |date=2008-01-30 }}
* [http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/map.html Mapa dagiti di ammo unay a sasao iti Akin-amianan a Bietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207074151/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/map.html |date=2012-02-07 }} (ti Nguồn ket #17)
* [http://www.millionelephants.com/UPGs/nguon.htm Grupo ti tattao a Nguon iti Laos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003074135/http://www.millionelephants.com/UPGs/nguon.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}

{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos}}
{{Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam}}
{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nguon, Pagsasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Vietiko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Laos]]</text>
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|name=Kri
|nativename=Krìì, meengq Kri
|states=[[Laos]] wenno [[Bietnam]]
|speakers=250
|date=2009
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|familycolor=Austroasiatiko
|fam2=[[Sasao a Vietiko|Vietiko]]
|dia1=Kri
|dia2=Phóng
|dia3=Mlengbrou
|iso3=aem
|glotto=khap1242
|glottorefname=Kha Phong
|linglist=pkt-kha
|lingname=&lt;ref&gt;Dagiti nagan ken dagiti karuay ket nailistada a kas ''Kha Phong, Maleng Kari, Maleng Bro, Kha Nam Om, Phong, Phòòngq''&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

Ti '''pagsasao a Kri''' (Krìì) ket ti maysa a kabarbaro a naipalawag a [[pagsasao a Vietiko]]. Dagiti agsasao iti Kri ket agtataengda iti Akinngato a tanap ti Ñrong (Nam Noy) ti [[Probinsia ti Khammouane]], [[Laos]], ken dagiti pay sabali alokasion iti kaunegan ti [[Lugar ti Konserbasion ti Biodibersidad ti Nakai-Nam Theun]]. Daytoy ket [[agsinnaranay a maawatan]] iti Pròòngq, a naisasao kadagiti nadumaduma a salog a purok manipud iti Kri (Enfield &amp; Diffloth 2009).

Tinawtawagan iti bagbagida dagiity Kri a kas ''mleeng Kri'', ken ti pagsasaoda iti ''meengq Kri''. Isuda ket agpukpukan ken agpupuor nga agmuymuyong nga umal-alis iti tunggal 2–3 a tawen kadagiti addan a lugar ti purok (Chamberlain 1998).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chamberlain&quot;&gt;Chamberlain, J.R. 1998, &quot;[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/chamberlain1998origin.pdf The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331064643/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/chamberlain1998origin.pdf |date=2012-03-31 }}&quot;, in The International Conference on Tai Studies, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
*{{cite journal|last1= Enfield|first1= N.J. |last2= Diffloth|first2= Gérard |year= 2009|title= Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri,  a Vietic language of Laos |journal= Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale|volume= 38 |issue=1  |pages= 3-69 |url= http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:107912:5/component/escidoc:204877/Enfield_2009_Phonology%20and%20sketch%20grammar%20of%20Kri.pdf |doi=10.1163/1960602809x00063}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*http://sealsxxii.vjf.cnrs.fr/Documents/Abstract-Enfield.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921134715/http://sealsxxii.vjf.cnrs.fr/Documents/Abstract-Enfield.pdf |date=2020-09-21 }}

{{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}}
{{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kri, Pagsasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Vietiko]]</text>
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    <title>Urakawa, Hokkaido</title>
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      <text bytes="5693" sha1="cmdqq1x0whq2qv3wx77mtfyi949je82" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox lokasion}}

Ti {{Nihongo|'''Urakawa'''|浦河町|Urakawa-chō}} ket ti maysa nga [[Listaan dagiti ili idiay Hapon|ili]] a mabirukan iti [[Subprepektura ti Hidaka]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Hapon]].

Manipud idi Marso 3i, 2018, ti ili ket addaan iti nakarkulo a populasion iti 12,521 ken ti densidad ti populasion iti 18 a tattao tunggal maysa a km². Ti dagup a kalawa ket 694.24&amp;nbsp;km².

== Klima ==
Ti Urakawa ket addaan iti [[nadam-eg a kontinental a klima]] ([[Pannakaidasig ti klima ti Köppen|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') nga agraman kadagitinabara a kalgaw ken dagiti nalamiis a panaglalam-ek. Gapu iti akin-abagatan bassit a latitudna, ti akindaya nga aspeto ken lokasion ti baybay, saan unay nga agniebe ngem dagiti sabali a nangruna a siudad iti akinlaud a Hokkaido kas iti Sapporo, Hakodate, Asahikawa ken Wakkanai, a ti kaaduan a panagniebe ket iti maysa a bulan ket {{pagbaliwen|0.98|m|inch|1}} idi Enero 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Japan Meteorological Agency; [http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=22&amp;block_no=47426&amp;year=&amp;month=&amp;day=&amp;view= 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）]&lt;/ref&gt; Ti nakaro a panagtudtudo ket dagiti bulan ti kalgaw no mabalin nga umarngi dagiti tidda ti bagio; ti kakaruan nga inaldaw a pangtudtudo ket {{pagbaliwen|190.0|mm|inch|2}} idi Agosto 5, 1981 ken ti kabasaan a bulan ket iti bulan ti Agosto 1995 iti {{pagbaliwen|429.5|mm|inch|2}}. Ti kamagaan a bulan ket idi Pebrero 2003 iti {{pagbaliwen|2.5|mm|inch|2}}. Nainit iti amin a paset ti tawen, ngem saan unay no maipada iti Tanap ti Tokachi, ken nangatngato pay ngem ti akinlaud a Hokkaido, a ti kakuyeman a bulan ket idi Agosto 1941 iti 48.0 nga oras ken ti kainitan ket idi Abril 2014 iti 288.0 nga oras nga inabak daytoy iti dati a rekord iti 271.6 nga oras manipud idi Mayo 1957.

{{Klima|width=auto
|location = Urakawa (1981–2010)
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan record high C = 10.9
|Feb record high C = 10.9
|Mar record high C = 16.5
|Apr record high C = 21.0
|May record high C = 23.5
|Jun record high C = 27.2
|Jul record high C = 28.9
|Aug record high C = 31.2
|Sep record high C = 29.9
|Oct record high C = 23.7
|Nov record high C = 19.1
|Dec record high C = 14.3
|Jan high C = 0.7
|Feb high C = 0.9
|Mar high C = 3.9
|Apr high C = 8.8
|May high C = 13.0
|Jun high C = 16.4
|Jul high C = 20.2
|Aug high C = 23.0
|Sep high C = 20.9
|Oct high C = 15.9
|Nov high C = 9.5
|Dec high C = 3.6
|Jan mean C = −2.5
|Feb mean C = −2.4
|Mar mean C = 0.5
|Apr mean C = 5.0
|May mean C = 9.3
|Jun mean C = 13.1
|Jul mean C = 17.2
|Aug mean C = 19.9
|Sep mean C = 17.3
|Oct mean C = 12.0
|Nov mean C = 5.9
|Dec mean C = 0.2
|Jan low C = −5.9
|Feb low C = −5.9
|Mar low C = −2.8
|Apr low C = 1.6
|May low C = 5.9
|Jun low C = 10.3
|Jul low C = 14.8
|Aug low C = 17.4
|Sep low C = 13.9
|Oct low C = 8.0
|Nov low C = 2.2
|Dec low C = −3.0
|Jan record low C = −15.5
|Feb record low C = −14.8
|Mar record low C = −13.1
|Apr record low C = −8.1
|May record low C = −2.5
|Jun record low C = 2.3
|Jul record low C = 6.5
|Aug record low C = 8.9
|Sep record low C = 1.9
|Oct record low C = −1.3
|Nov record low C = −7.9
|Dec record low C = −13.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 36.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 24.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 49.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 75.6
|May precipitation mm = 121.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 88.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 145.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 159.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 140.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 99.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 80.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 50.5
|Jan precipitation days = 12.2
|Feb precipitation days = 8.8
|Mar precipitation days = 11.0
|Apr precipitation days = 11.1
|May precipitation days = 11.6
|Jun precipitation days = 9.5
|Jul precipitation days = 12.0
|Aug precipitation days = 11.0
|Sep precipitation days = 11.8
|Oct precipitation days = 11.6
|Nov precipitation days = 15.1
|Dec precipitation days = 14.0
|unit precipitation days = 0.5 mm
|Jan snow cm = 48
|Feb snow cm = 37
|Mar snow cm = 22
|Apr snow cm = 2
|May snow cm = 0
|Jun snow cm = 0
|Jul snow cm = 0
|Aug snow cm = 0
|Sep snow cm = 0
|Oct snow cm = 0
|Nov snow cm = 6
|Dec snow cm = 32
|Jan humidity = 65
|Feb humidity = 67
|Mar humidity = 71
|Apr humidity = 77
|May humidity = 83
|Jun humidity = 89
|Jul humidity = 91
|Aug humidity = 89
|Sep humidity = 83
|Oct humidity = 74
|Nov humidity = 68
|Dec humidity = 64
|Jan sun = 139.5
|Feb sun = 162.3
|Mar sun = 194.2
|Apr sun = 185.7
|May sun = 189.3
|Jun sun = 145.6
|Jul sun = 109.5
|Aug sun = 137.5
|Sep sun = 159.5
|Oct sun = 174.9
|Nov sun = 122.1
|Dec sun = 114.1
|source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency (panagtudtudo)&lt;ref name= JMA1&gt;{{cite web
  |url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=22&amp;block_no=47426&amp;year=&amp;month=&amp;day=&amp;view=a1
  |title = 浦河　平年値（年・月ごとの値）　詳細（気圧・降水量）
  |publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
  |accessdate = Enero 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2 = Japan Meteorological Agency&lt;ref name= JMA2&gt;{{cite web
  |url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=22&amp;block_no=47426&amp;year=&amp;month=&amp;day=&amp;view=
  |title = 浦河　平年値（年・月ごとの値）　主な要素
  |publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
  |accessdate = Enero 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo==
*{{Commons category-inline|Urakawa, Hokkaido|Urakawa, Hokkaidō}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415023943/http://www.town.urakawa.hokkaido.jp/ Opisial a website] {{iti sao|ja}}

{{Hokkaido}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urakawa, Hokkaido}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti ili ti Hokkaido]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kiyosato, Hokkaido</title>
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      <text bytes="935" sha1="lfaqmzxip6n26bvetbacoqrczr9izhv" xml:space="preserve">{{maipanggep|ili ti Hokkaido, Hapon|purok iti [[Prepektura ti Niigata]]|Kiyosato, Niigata}}
{{Infobox lokasion}}

Ti {{Nihongo|'''Kiyosato'''|清里町|Kiyosato-chō}} ket ti maysa nga [[Listaan dagiti ili idiay Hapon|ili]] iti [[Subprepektura ti Okhotsk]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Hapon]].

Manipud idi Marso 31, 2018, ti ili ket addaan iti nakarkulo a populasion iti 4,158 ket ti densidad ti populasion iti 10 a tattao tunggal maysa a km². Ti dagup a kalawa ket {{pagbaliwen|402.73|km2|abbr=on}}.

== Nadayeg a tattao manipud iti Kiyosato ==
*[[Tomomi Okazaki]], speed skater

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commons category|Kiyosato, Hokkaido}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140127045944/http://www.town.kiyosato.hokkaido.jp/ Opisial a website] {{iti sao|ja}}

{{Hokkaido}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Hapon-heograpia-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyosato, Hokkaido}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti ili ti Hokkaido]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sasao a Tengnga a Tai</title>
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      <text bytes="4203" sha1="8z4c34fl1539a1l3hc2dxmk3ob6o1es" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox pamilia ti pagsasao
|name=Tengnga a Tai
|acceptance=kontrobersial
|region=[[Tsina]], [[Bietnam]]
|familycolor=Kradai
|fam1=[[Sasao a Kra–Dai|Kra–Dai]]
|fam2=[[Sasao a Tai|Tai]]
|fam3=
|child1=(kitaen ti [[Sasao a Tai]])
|glotto=none
|glotto2=deba1238
|glottoname2=Debao–Jingxi–Nung
|map=Central-Tai.png
|mapsize=300px
|mapcaption=Heograpiko a pannakaiwarwaras ti sasao a Tengnga a Tai
}}

Ti '''sasao a Tengnga a Tai''' ket mairaman dagiti akin-abagatan a dialekto ti [[Sasao a Zhuang|Zhuang]], ken dagiti nadumaduma a dialekto ti [[Pagsasao a Nung (Tai)|Nung]] ken [[Pagsasao a Tày|Tày]] ti akin-amianan a Bietnam.

Maigiddiat ti sasao a Tengnga a Tai manipud iti [[sasao nga Akin-amianan a Tai]] gapu ta ti Tengnga a Tai maigiddiat dagiti panankaibaga ti saan a maaspirado ken maaspirado, bayat a ti Akin-amianan a Tai ket kadawyan a saan (Li 1977). Mangiparang pay ti [[Sasao nga Akin-abagatan a laud a Tai|Akin-abagatan a laud a Tai]] iti daytoy a kita ti kontrasto ti aspirasion.

== Pannakaidasig ==
Inkeddeng ni [[William Gedney]] ti Tengnga a Tai nga as-asideg a kabagian ti Akin-abagatan a laud a Tai ngem ti Akin-amianan a Tai, bayat nga insuppiat ni [[André-Georges Haudricourt]] para iti as-asideg a pannakaikabagian iti Akin-amianan a Tai. Ti tentatibo apuon ni Pittayaporn (2009) iti sanga a Tai, nupay kasta, ket ikeddengna a [[parapiletiko]] ti Tengnga a Tai.

Adda dagiti nadumaduma a pagsasao iti kadagiti lugar a kaaduan nga agsasao iti Tengnga a Tai, a kas ti [[Pagsasao a Caolan|Caolan]] ken Nùng An&lt;ref&gt;http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nicolson2000nung.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; iti [[akin-amianan a Bietnam]], ket mangiparang pay kadagiti langa ti Akin-amianan a Tai. Dagitoy ket agparangda a kas aglalaok a pagsasao a saan a napno a Tengnga a Tai wenno Akin-amianan a Tai. Tawtawagan ni [[Jerold A. Edmondson]] ti Caolan a kas maysa a &quot;[[tertium quid]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gregerson, Kenneth J., and Jerold A. Edmondson. 1998. ''[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/gregerson1998puzzles.pdf Some puzzles in Cao Lan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716204727/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/gregerson1998puzzles.pdf |date=2020-07-16 }}''. Unibersidad ti Texas iti Arlington.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti komputasional a pilohenetiko a panagusig ni [[Jerold Edmondson]] (2014)&lt;ref&gt;Edmondson, Jerold A. ''Tai subgrouping using phylogenetic estimation''. Presented at the 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46), Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, August 7-10, 2013 (Session: Tai-Kadai Workshop).&lt;/ref&gt;iti sasao a Tai ket mangipakita ti [[Pagsasao a Tày|Tay]] ken [[Pagsasao a Nung (Tai)|Nung]] a dagiti agsinnaranay a sanga iti baba ti Tengnga a Tai.
;Tengnga a Tai
*Bugas a Tengnga a Tai: Nung Chau, Pingxiang Zhuang, Leiping Zhuang, Ningming Zhuang
*[[Pagsasao a Tày|Tay]]: Tay Bao Lac, Tay Khanh Trung, [[Pagsasao a Caolan|Cao Lan]]
*[[Pagsasao a Nung (Tai)|Nung]]: Nung Chao (Longzhou Zhuang), Nùng Phạn Slinh, Nung Inh, Akinlaud a Nung/Nung Din (Nong Zhuang), Nung Yang (Yang Zhuang), Nung An

== Dagiti pagsasao ==
Adu kadagiti sasao a Tengnga a Tai ket ammo a kas Nong 侬 (Nùng iti Bietamis) wenno Dai 岱 (Tày iti Bietamis).

=== Tsina ===
*[[Pagsasao a Longzhou Zhuang|Longzhou]]
*[[Pagsasao a Ningming Zhuang|Ningming]]
*[[Pagsasao a Nong Zhuang|Nong Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Dai Zhuang|Dai Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Min Zhuang|Min Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Yang Zhuang|Yang Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Pyang Zhuang|Pyang Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Myang Zhuang|Myang Zhuang]]

=== Bietnam ===
*[[Pagsasao a Nung (Tai)|Nung]]
**Nùng Phạn Slinh
**Nùng Cháo
**Nùng Inh
**Nùng An
**Nùng Giang
**Nùng Dín (=Akinlaud a Nùng ''wenno'' Nong Zhuang)
*[[Pagsasao a Tày|Tày]]
**Tày Bảo Lạc
**Tày Trùng Khánh

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
*Li, Fang-kuei. 1977. ''Handbook of Comparative Tai''. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai’i Press.
*Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai.'' Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.

{{Sasao a Kra–Dai}}
{{Kra–Dai-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tengnga a Tai, Sasao a}}
[[Kategoria:Sasao a Tai]]</text>
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|name=Tengnga a Tai
|acceptance=kontrobersial
|region=[[Tsina]], [[Bietnam]]
|familycolor=Kradai
|fam1=[[Sasao a Kra–Dai|Kra–Dai]]
|fam2=[[Sasao a Tai|Tai]]
|fam3=
|child1=(kitaen ti [[Sasao a Tai]])
|glotto=none
|glotto2=deba1238
|glottoname2=Debao–Jingxi–Nung
|map=Central-Tai.png
|mapsize=300px
|mapcaption=Heograpiko a pannakaiwarwaras ti sasao a Tengnga a Tai
}}

Ti '''sasao a Tengnga a Tai''' ket mairaman dagiti akin-abagatan a dialekto ti [[Sasao a Zhuang|Zhuang]], ken dagiti nadumaduma a dialekto ti [[Pagsasao a Nung (Tai)|Nung]] ken [[Pagsasao a Tày|Tày]] ti akin-amianan a Bietnam.

Maigiddiat ti sasao a Tengnga a Tai manipud iti [[sasao nga Akin-amianan a Tai]] gapu ta ti Tengnga a Tai maigiddiat dagiti panankaibaga ti saan a maaspirado ken maaspirado, bayat a ti Akin-amianan a Tai ket kadawyan a saan (Li 1977). Mangiparang pay ti [[Sasao nga Akin-abagatan a laud a Tai|Akin-abagatan a laud a Tai]] iti daytoy a kita ti kontrasto ti aspirasion.

== Pannakaidasig ==
Inkeddeng ni [[William Gedney]] ti Tengnga a Tai nga as-asideg a kabagian ti Akin-abagatan a laud a Tai ngem ti Akin-amianan a Tai, bayat nga insuppiat ni [[André-Georges Haudricourt]] para iti as-asideg a pannakaikabagian iti Akin-amianan a Tai. Ti tentatibo apuon ni Pittayaporn (2009) iti sanga a Tai, nupay kasta, ket ikeddengna a [[parapiletiko]] ti Tengnga a Tai.

Adda dagiti nadumaduma a pagsasao iti kadagiti lugar a kaaduan nga agsasao iti Tengnga a Tai, a kas ti [[Pagsasao a Caolan|Caolan]] ken Nùng An&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nicolson2000nung.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2018-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918083914/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nicolson2000nung.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-18 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; iti [[akin-amianan a Bietnam]], ket mangiparang pay kadagiti langa ti Akin-amianan a Tai. Dagitoy ket agparangda a kas aglalaok a pagsasao a saan a napno a Tengnga a Tai wenno Akin-amianan a Tai. Tawtawagan ni [[Jerold A. Edmondson]] ti Caolan a kas maysa a &quot;[[tertium quid]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gregerson, Kenneth J., and Jerold A. Edmondson. 1998. ''[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/gregerson1998puzzles.pdf Some puzzles in Cao Lan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716204727/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/gregerson1998puzzles.pdf |date=2020-07-16 }}''. Unibersidad ti Texas iti Arlington.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti komputasional a pilohenetiko a panagusig ni [[Jerold Edmondson]] (2014)&lt;ref&gt;Edmondson, Jerold A. ''Tai subgrouping using phylogenetic estimation''. Presented at the 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46), Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, August 7-10, 2013 (Session: Tai-Kadai Workshop).&lt;/ref&gt;iti sasao a Tai ket mangipakita ti [[Pagsasao a Tày|Tay]] ken [[Pagsasao a Nung (Tai)|Nung]] a dagiti agsinnaranay a sanga iti baba ti Tengnga a Tai.
;Tengnga a Tai
*Bugas a Tengnga a Tai: Nung Chau, Pingxiang Zhuang, Leiping Zhuang, Ningming Zhuang
*[[Pagsasao a Tày|Tay]]: Tay Bao Lac, Tay Khanh Trung, [[Pagsasao a Caolan|Cao Lan]]
*[[Pagsasao a Nung (Tai)|Nung]]: Nung Chao (Longzhou Zhuang), Nùng Phạn Slinh, Nung Inh, Akinlaud a Nung/Nung Din (Nong Zhuang), Nung Yang (Yang Zhuang), Nung An

== Dagiti pagsasao ==
Adu kadagiti sasao a Tengnga a Tai ket ammo a kas Nong 侬 (Nùng iti Bietamis) wenno Dai 岱 (Tày iti Bietamis).

=== Tsina ===
*[[Pagsasao a Longzhou Zhuang|Longzhou]]
*[[Pagsasao a Ningming Zhuang|Ningming]]
*[[Pagsasao a Nong Zhuang|Nong Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Dai Zhuang|Dai Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Min Zhuang|Min Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Yang Zhuang|Yang Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Pyang Zhuang|Pyang Zhuang]]
*[[Pagsasao a Myang Zhuang|Myang Zhuang]]

=== Bietnam ===
*[[Pagsasao a Nung (Tai)|Nung]]
**Nùng Phạn Slinh
**Nùng Cháo
**Nùng Inh
**Nùng An
**Nùng Giang
**Nùng Dín (=Akinlaud a Nùng ''wenno'' Nong Zhuang)
*[[Pagsasao a Tày|Tày]]
**Tày Bảo Lạc
**Tày Trùng Khánh

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}
*Li, Fang-kuei. 1977. ''Handbook of Comparative Tai''. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai’i Press.
*Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai.'' Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.

{{Sasao a Kra–Dai}}
{{Kra–Dai-pagsasao-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tengnga a Tai, Sasao a}}
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  <page>
    <title>Kamiyūbetsu, Hokkaido</title>
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      <text bytes="1618" sha1="kcw482erdh4gssrb7kbmproq2xfzyxt" xml:space="preserve">[[Papeles:Kamiyubetsu in Hokkaido Prefecture Ja.svg|thumb|250px|Lokasion ti Kamiyubetsu iti Subprepektura ti Okhotsk]]

TI {{nihongo|'''Kamiyūbetsu'''|上湧別町|Kamiyūbetsu-chō}} ket ti maysa idi nga [[Listaan dagiti ili idiay Hapon|ili]] a mabirukan iti [[Distrito ti Monbetsu, Hokkaido|Distrito i Monbetsu]], Subprepektura ti Abashiri (itan ket [[Subprepektura ti Okhotsk]]), [[Hokkaido]], [[Hapon]].

Manipud idi 2007, ti ili ket addaan iti nakarkulo a populasion iti 5,695 ken ti densidad ti populasion iti 36.3 a tattao tunggal maysa a km². Ti dagup a kalawa ket 161.39&amp;nbsp;km².

Idi Oktubre 1, 2009, ti  Kamiyūbetsu ket naitipon iti ili ti [[Yūbetsu, Hokkaido|Yūbetsu]]; isuda a dua ket adda iti Distrito ti Monbetsu, Subprepektura ti Okhotsk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/hokkai/01.htm |title=kokudo.or.jp |accessdate=2008-09-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629153828/http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/hokkai/01.htm |archivedate=2007-06-29 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629153828/http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/hokkai/01.htm |date=2007-06-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{commons category-inline|Kamiyubetsu, Hokkaido}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304210901/http://www.town.yubetsu.lg.jp/ Opisial a website ti Yūbetsu] {{iti sao|ja}}

{{coord|44|9|N|143|34|E|region:JP_type:city|display=title}}

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Hapon-heograpia-pungol}}

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  <page>
    <title>Listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat (Q–R)</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="24262" sha1="m05mmv06fd422pwfpdo7zdnfyts90fh" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Paulo ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat}}

== A–P ==
{{TOC ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat|top=no}}
Ti agbiruk kadagiti naikabil para iti A–P, usaren ti tabla dagiti linaon dita ngato.

== Q ==
{{TOC ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat}}
* '''Q.D.Clarkson''' – [[Quentin Deane Clarkson]] (nayanak 1925)
* '''Quehl''' – [[Leopold Quehl]] (1849–1922)
* '''Quél.''' – [[Lucien Quélet]] (1832–1899)
* '''Quinn''' – [[Christopher John Quinn]] (nayanak 1936)
* '''Quinq.''' –  [[E. Quinquaud]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1868)
* '''Quisumb.''' – [[Eduardo Quisumbing|Eduardo Quisumbíng y Argüelles]] (1895–1986)
* '''Quoy''' – [[Jean René Constant Quoy]] (1790–1869)
* '''Q.Wang''' – [[Qi Wang (botaniko)|Qi Wang]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1989)
* '''Q.W.Meng''' – [[Qian Wan Meng]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2008)
* '''Q.W.Zeng''' – [[Qing Wen Zeng]] (1963–2012)
* '''Q.Xu''' – [[Qing Xu]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2014)

== R ==
{{TOC ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat}}
* '''Rabeh.''' – [[David Rabehevitra]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2006)
* '''Rach''' – [[Louis Theodor Rach]] (1821–1859)
* '''R.A.Clement''' – [[Rose A. Clement]] (c.1953–1996)
* '''Radcl.-Sm.''' – [[Alan Radcliffe-Smith]] (1938–2007)
* '''Raddi''' – [[Giuseppe Raddi]] (1770–1829)
* '''Raderm.''' – [[Jacob Cornelis Matthieu Radermacher]] (1741–1783)
* '''Radford''' – [[Albert Ernest Radford]] (1918–2006)
* '''Radius''' – [[Justus Wilhelm Martin Radius]] (1797–1884)
* '''Radlk.''' – [[Ludwig Adolph Timotheus Radlkofer]] (1829–1927)
* '''R.A.Dyer''' – [[Robert Allen Dyer]] (1900–1987)
* '''Raeusch.''' – [[Ernst Adolf Raeuschel]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1772–1797)
* '''Raf.''' – [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] (1783–1840)
* '''Raffles''' – [[Stamford Raffles|Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles]] (1781–1826)
* '''Rafn''' – [[Carl Gottlob Rafn]] (1769–1808)
* '''R.A.Foster''' – [[Robert A. Foster]] (1938–2002)
* '''R.A.Harper''' – [[Robert Almer Harper]] (1862–1946)
* '''Rahn''' – [[Knud Rahn]] (1928–2013)
* '''R.A.Howard''' – [[Richard Alden Howard]] (1917–2003)
* '''Raim.''' – [[Rudolf Raimann (botaniko)|Rudolph Raimann]] (1863–1896)
* '''Ralfs''' – [[John Ralfs]] (1807–1890)
* '''Ralph Hoffm.''' – [[Ralph Hoffmann]] (1870–1932)
* '''Ram.Goyena''' – [[Miguel Ramírez Goyena]] (1857–1927)
* '''Ramond''' – [[Louis Ramond de Carbonnières]] (1755–1827)
* '''Rand''' – [[Isaac Rand]] (1674–1743)
* '''Randolph''' – [[Lowell Fitz Randolph]] (1894–1980)
* '''Randrian.''' – [[Armand Randrianasolo]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1994)
* '''Rands''' – [[Robert Delafield Rands]] (1890–1970)
* '''Raoul''' – [[Etienne Fiacre Louis Raoul]] (1815–1852)
* '''Rapaics''' – [[Raymund Rapaics von Rumwerth]] (wenno Ruhmwerth) (1885–1953) (umunapay a nagan a kas Rajmond, Rajmund, wenno Raumund)
* '''Rapin''' – [[Daniel Rapin]] (1799–1882)
* '''Rasm.''' – [[Rasmus Rasmussen (mannurat)|Rasmus Rasmussen]] (1871–1962)
* '''Raspail''' – [[François Vincent Raspail]] (1794–1878)
* '''Rassulova''' – [[M.R. Rassulova]] (1926–2006)
* '''Rataj''' – [[Karel Rataj]] (nayanak 1925)
* '''Rattan''' – [[Volney Rattan]] (1840–1915)
* '''Ratzeb.''' – [[Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg]] (1801–1871)
* '''Rau''' – [[Ananda R. Rao]] (nayanak 1924)
* '''Rauh''' – [[Werner Rauh]] (1913–2000)
* '''Raunk.''' – [[Christen C. Raunkiær]] (1860–1938)
* '''Raup''' – [[Hugh M. Raup|Hugh Miller Raup]] (1901–1995)
* '''Rauschert''' – [[Stephan Rauschert]] (1931–1986)
* '''Rauwolff''' – [[Leonhard Rauwolf|Leonhard (Leonhart) Rauwolf(f)]] (1535–1596)
* '''Raven''' – [[John Raven|John Earle Raven]] (1914–1980)
* '''Ravenna''' – [[Pierfelice Ravenna]] (nayanak 1938)
* '''R.A.W.Herrm.''' – [[Rudolf Albert Wolfgang Herrmann]] (nayanak 1885)
* '''R.A.White''' – [[Richard Alan White (botaniko)|Richard Alan White]] (nayanak 1935)
* '''Rawitscher''' – [[Felix Rawitscher]] (1890–1957)
* '''Rawson''' – [[Rawson W. Rawson]] (1812–1899)
* '''Ray''' – [[John Ray]] (1627–1705)
* '''Raym.-Hamet''' – [[Raymond Hamet]] (1890–1972)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=An orthographic note on Raymond Hamet (1890–1972), in An investigation of the cultivated ''Kalanchoe daigremontiana'' group, with a checklist of ''Kalanchoe'' cultivars |journal=Hanburyana |year=2008 |volume=3 |pages=17–79 |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/RHS-Publications/Journals/Hanburyana/Hanburyan-issues/June-2008-(1)/Hanburyana3full |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2014-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114033254/http://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/RHS-Publications/Journals/Hanburyana/Hanburyan-issues/June-2008-(1)/Hanburyana3full |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114033254/http://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/RHS-Publications/Journals/Hanburyana/Hanburyan-issues/June-2008-(1)/Hanburyana3full |date=2014-01-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Raymond''' – [[Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond]] (1915–1972)
* '''Raynaud''' – [[Christian Raynaud]] (1939–1993)
* '''Rayner''' – [[John Frederick Rayner]] (1854–1947)
* '''Rayss''' – [[Tscharna Rayss]] (1890–1965)
* '''Razaf.''' – [[Alfred Razafindratsira]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1987)
* '''Razafim.''' – [[Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1999)
* '''R.Baron''' – [[Richard Baron (botaniko)|Richard Baron]] (1847–1907)
* '''R.B.Clark''' – [[Robert Brown Clark]] (nayanak 1914)
* '''R.Bernal''' – [[Rodrigo Bernal]] (nayanak 1959)
* '''R.Br.''' – [[Robert Brown (botaniko, nayanak idi 1773)|Robert Brown]] (1773–1858)
* '''R.Br.bis''' – [[Robert Brown (botaniko ti Baro a Selanda)|Robert Brown]] (1820–1906)
* '''R.Br.ter''' – [[Robert Brown (botaniko, nayanak idi 1842)|Robert Brown]] (1842–1895)
* '''R.B.Singer''' – [[Rodrigo Bustos Singer]] (nayanak 1970)
* '''R.B.Wallis''' – [[Robert B. Wallis]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2002)
* '''R.C.Clark''' – [[Ross C. Clark]] (nayanak 1940)
* '''R.C.Foster''' – [[Robert Crichton Foster]] (1904–1986)
* '''Rchb.''' – [[Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach]] (1793–1879)
* '''Rchb.f.''' – [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach]] (1824–1889)
* '''R.C.Jacks.''' – [[Raymond Carl Jackson]] (1928–2008)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/tribtown/obituary.aspx?n=raymond-carl-jackson&amp;pid=107305074 obituary. TribTown.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''R.Clark''' – [[Ruth Clark (botaniko)|Ruth Clark]] (nayanak 1975)
* '''R.C.Moran''' – [[Robbin C. Moran]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1986)
* '''R.C.Nash''' – [[R.C.Nash]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1976)
* '''R.C.Palmer''' – [[Richard Charles Palmer]] (1935–2005)
* '''R.C.Schneid.''' – [[Richard Conrad Schneider]] (nayanak 1890)
* '''R.C.Sinclair''' – [[Robert C. Sinclair]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1979)
* '''R.Cunn.''' – [[Richard Cunningham (botaniko)|Richard Cunningham]] (1793–1835)
* '''R.Dahlgren''' – [[Rolf Martin Theodor Dahlgren]] (1932–1987)
* '''R.D.Good''' – [[Ronald D'Oyley Good]] (1896–1992)
* '''R.Doll''' – [[Reinhard Doll]] (nayanak 1941)
* '''R.D.Spencer''' – [[Roger David Spencer]] (nayanak 1945)
* '''R.D.Thomas''' – [[Roy Dale Thomas]] (nayanak 1936)
* '''Reader''' – [[Felix Reader]] (1850–1911)
* '''Reboul''' – [[Eugène de Reboul]] (1781–1851)
* '''R.E.Brooks''' – [[Ralph Edward Brooks]] (nayanak 1950)
* '''Rech.''' – [[Karl Rechinger]] (1867–1952)
* '''Rech.f.''' – [[Karl Heinz Rechinger]] (1906–1998)
* '''R.E.Clausen''' – [[Roy Elwood Clausen]] (1891–1956)
* '''R.E.Cleland''' – [[Ralph Erskine Cleland]] (1892–1971)
* '''Record''' – [[Samuel J. Record|Samuel James Record]] (1881–1945)
* '''R.E.Daniels''' – [[Roger Edward Daniels]] (nayanak 1943)
* '''R.E.D.Baker''' – [[Richard Eric Defoe Baker]] (1908–1954)
* '''Redouté''' – [[Pierre-Joseph Redouté]] (1759–1840)
* '''Reeder''' – [[John Raymond Reeder]] (1914–2009)
* '''Rees''' – [[Abraham Rees]] (1743–1825)
* '''R.E.Fr.''' – [[Robert Elias Fries]] (1876–1966)
* '''Regel''' – [[Eduard August von Regel]] (1815–1892)
* '''Rehder''' – [[Alfred Rehder]] (1863–1949)
* '''Rehmann''' – [[Anton Rehmann]] (1840–1917)
* '''Reichard''' – [[Johann Jacob Reichard]] (1743–1782)
* '''Reichardt''' – [[Heinrich Wilhelm Reichardt]] (1835–1885)
* '''Reiche''' – [[Karl Friedrich Reiche]] (1860–1929)
* '''Reichert''' – [[Israel G. Reichert]] (1889–1975)
* '''Reichst.''' – [[Tadeus Reichstein]] (1897–1996)
* '''Reinke''' – [[Johannes Reinke]] (1849–1931)
* '''Reinsch''' – [[Paul Friedrich Reinsch]] (1836–1914)
* '''Reinw.''' – [[Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt]] (1773–1854)
* '''Reiss''' – [[Frederick Reiss]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1968)
* '''Reissek''' – [[Siegfried Reisseck]] (1819–1871)
* '''R.E.Kunze''' – [[Richard Ernest Kunze]] (1838–1919)
* '''R.E.Lee''' – [[Robert Edwin Lee (botaniko)|Robert Edwin Lee]] (nayanak 1911)
* '''R.Emers.''' – [[Ralph Emerson (botaniko)|Ralph Emerson]] (1912–1979)
* '''Renault''' – [[Bernard Renault (botaniko)|Bernard Renault]] (1836–1904)
* '''Rendle''' – [[Alfred Barton Rendle]] (1865–1938)
* '''Renvoize''' – [[Stephen Andrew Renvoize]] (nayanak 1944)
* '''Renz''' – [[Jany Renz]] (1907-1999)
* '''Req.''' – [[Esprit Requien]] (1788–1851)
* '''R.E.Schult.''' – [[Richard Evans Schultes]] (1915–2001)
* '''R.Escobar''' – [[Rodrigo Escobar]] (1935–2009)
* '''Resv.-Holms.''' – [[Hanna Resvoll-Holmsen]] (1873–1943)
* '''Resvoll''' – [[Thekla Resvoll]] (1871–1948)
* '''Retz.''' – [[Anders Johan Retzius]] (1742–1821)
* '''Reut.''' – [[George François Reuter]] (1805–1872)
* '''Reveal''' – [[J.L. Reveal|James Lauritz Reveal]] (nayanak 1941)
* '''Reyneke''' – [[William Frederick Reyneke]] (nayanak 1945)
* '''R.Fern.''' – [[Rosette Batarda Fernandes]] (1916–2005)
* '''R.F.Martin''' – [[Robert Franklin Martin]] (nayanak 1910)
* '''R.G.Garcia''' – [[Ricardo G. García]]
* '''R.H.Anderson''' – [[Robert Henry Anderson]] (1899–1969)
* '''R.Harkn.''' – [[Robert Harkness]] (1816–1878)
* '''R.Hartig''' – [[Robert Hartig|Heinrich Julius Adolph Robert Hartig]] (1839–1901)
* '''R.Hedw.''' – [[Romanus Adolf Hedwig]] (1772–1806)
* '''Rheede''' – [[Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakenstein]] (1636–1691)
* '''R.H.Miao''' – [[Ru Huai Miao]] (nayanak 1943)
* '''Rhode''' – [[Johann Gottlieb Rhode]] (1762–1827)
* '''R.Hoffm.''' – [[Reinhold Hoffmann (botaniko)|Reinhold Hoffmann]] (nayanak 1885)
* '''R.Hogg''' – [[Robert Hogg (biologo)|Robert Hogg]] (1818–1897)
* '''R.H.Petersen''' – [[Ronald H. Petersen]] (nayanak 1934)
* '''R.H.Roberts''' – [[Richard Henry Roberts (botaniko)|Richard Henry Roberts]] (1910–2003)
* '''R.H.Schomb.''' – [[Robert Hermann Schomburgk]] (1804–1865)
* '''R.H.Wallace''' – [[R. H. Wallace (botaniko)|R. H. Wallace]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1955)
* '''Riccob.''' – [[Vincenzo Riccobono]] (1861–1943)
* '''Rich.''' – [[Louis Claude Richard|Louis Claude Marie Richard]] (1754–1821)
* '''Richardson''' – [[John Richardson (naturalista)|John Richardson]] (1787–1865)
* '''Richens''' – [[Richard Hook Richens]] (1919–1984)
* '''Richerson''' – [[Peter Richerson|Peter James Richerson]] (nayanak 1943)
* '''Ricken''' – [[Adalbert Ricken]] (1851–1921)
* '''Ricker''' – [[Percy Leroy Ricker]] (1878–1973)
* '''Ricketson''' – [[Jon M. Ricketson]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1997)
* '''Riddell''' – [[John Leonard Riddell]] (1807–1865)
* '''Ridl.''' – [[Henry Nicholas Ridley]] (1855–1956)
* '''Ridsdale''' – [[Colin Ernest Ridsdale]] (nayanak 1944)
* '''Riedel''' – [[Ludwig Riedel]] (1790–1861)
* '''Rieder''' – [[Conly Leroy Rieder]] (nayanak 1950)
* '''Riedl''' – [[Harald Udo von Riedl]] (nayanak 1936)
* '''Rigoni''' - [[Victor A. Rigoni]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1958)
* '''Říha''' – [[Jan Říha (botaniko)|Jan Říha]] (nayanak 1947)
* '''Rink''' – [[Hinrich Johannes Rink|Hinrich (Henrik) Johannes Rink]] (1819–1893)
* '''Riocreux''' – [[Alfred Riocreux]] (1820–1912)
* '''Risso''' – [[Antoine Risso]] (1777–1845)
* '''Ritgen''' – [[Ferdinand August Maria Franz von Ritgen]]  (1787–1867)
* '''Riv.''' – [[Augustus Quirinus Rivinus]] (kas ni pay August Bachmann) (1652–1723)
* '''Rivadavia''' – [[Fernando Rivadavia]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2003)
* '''Rivière''' – [[Marie Auguste Rivière]] (1821–1877)
* '''Rix''' – [[Edward Martyn Rix]] (nayanak 1943)
* '''Rizzini''' – [[Carlos Toledo Rizzini]] (nayanak 1921)
* '''R.J.Bates''' – [[Robert John Bates]] (nayanak 1946)
* '''R.J.Bayer''' – [[Randall James Bayer]] (nayanak 1955)
* '''R.J.D.Graham''' – [[Robert James Douglas Graham]] (1884–1950)
* '''R.J.F.Hend.''' – [[Rodney John Francis Henderson]] (nayanak 1938)
* '''R.J.Moore''' – [[Raymond John Moore]] (1918–1988)
* '''R.J.Roberts''' – [[Ronald John Roberts]] (nayanak 1941)
* '''R.J.Scheff.''' – [[R. J. Scheffer]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1984)
* '''R.Keller''' – [[Robert Keller (botaniko)|Robert Keller]] (1854–1939)
* '''R.K.Godfrey''' – [[Robert Kenneth Godfrey]] (1911–2000)
* '''R.Kiesling''' – [[Roberto Kiesling]] (nayanak 1941)
* '''R.King''' – [[Robert King (botaniko)|Robert King]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1879)
* '''R.Klebs''' – [[Richard Klebs]] (1850–1911)
* '''R.Knuth''' – [[Reinhard Gustav Paul Knuth]] (1874–1957)
* '''R.K.S.Lee''' – [[Robert Kui Sung Lee]] (nayanak 1931)
* '''R.L.Barrett''' – [[Russell Lindsay Barrett]] (nayanak 1977)
* '''R.Lesson''' – [[René Primevère Lesson]] (1794–1849)
* '''R.M.Barker''' – [[Robyn Mary Barker]] (nayanak 1948)
* '''R.M.Fonseca''' – [[Rosa María Fonseca]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2005)
* '''R.M.Harper''' – [[Roland McMillan Harper]] (1878–1966)
* '''R.M.Johnst.''' – [[Robert Mackenzie Johnston]] (1844–1918)
* '''R.M.King''' – [[Robert Merrill King]] (nayanak 1930)
* '''R.Morales''' – [[Ramón Morales Valverde]] (nayanak 1950)
* '''R.Morgan''' – [[Robert Morgan (botaniko)|Robert Morgan]] (1863–1900)
* '''R.M.Patrick''' – [[Ruth Patrick]] (1907–2013)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ruth-patrick-ecology-pioneer-dies-at-105/2013/09/23/2bcde762-245e-11e3-b75d-5b7f66349852_story.html Ruth Patrick, ecology pioneer, dies at 105]&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''R.M.Schust.''' – [[Rudolf M. Schuster]] (nayanak 1921)
* '''R.M.Tryon''' – [[Rolla M. Tryon Jr.|Rolla Milton Tryon, Jr.]] (1916–2001)
* '''R.N.R.Br.''' – [[Robert Rudmose-Brown|Robert Neal Rudmose-Brown]] (1879–1957)
* '''Rob.''' – [[William Robinson (hardinero)|William Robinson]] (1838–1935)
* '''Robatsch''' – [[Karl Robatsch]] (1929–2001)
* '''Robbertse''' – [[Petrus Johannes Robbertse]] (nayanak 1932)
* '''Robbr.''' – [[Elmar Robbrecht]] (nayanak 1946)
* '''Roberg''' – [[Lars Roberg]] (1664–1742)
* '''Robert''' – [[Gaspard Nicolas Robert]] (1776–1857)
* '''Robertson''' – [[David Robertson (naturalista)|David Robertson]] (1806–1896)
* '''Roberty''' – [[Guy Edouard Roberty]] (1907–1971)
* '''Robyns''' – [[Frans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns]] (1901–1986)
* '''Rochebr.''' – [[Alphonse Trémeau de Rochebrune]] (1834–1912)
* '''Rochel''' – [[Anton Rochel]] (1770–1847)
* '''Rock''' – [[Joseph Rock]] (1884–1962)
* '''Rockley''' – [[Alicia Margaret Amherst Cecil Rockley]] (1865–1941)
* '''R.O.Cunn.''' – [[Robert Oliver Cunningham]] (1841–1918)
* '''Rodd''' – [[Anthony N. Rodd]] (nayanak 1940)
* '''Rodin''' – [[Hippolyte Rodin]] (1829–1886)
* '''Rodion.''' – [[Georgi Ivanovich Rodionenko]] (nayanak 1913)
* '''Rodr.''' – [[José Demetrio Rodrígues]] (1780–1846)
* '''Rodrigo''' – [[América del Pilar Rodrigo]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1938–1941)
* '''Rodway''' – [[Leonard Rodway]] (1853–1936)
* '''Roem.''' – [[Johann Jacob Roemer]] (1763–1819)
* '''Roezl''' – [[Benedikt Roezl]] (1823–1885)
* '''Roffavier''' – [[Georges Roffavier]] (1775–1866)
* '''Rogerson''' – [[Clark Thomas Rogerson]] (1918–2001)
* '''Rogow.''' – [[Athanasi Semenovich Rogowicz]] (1812–1878)
* '''Rohde''' – [[Michael Rohde (botaniko)|Michael Rohde]] (1782–1812)
* '''Röhl.''' – [[Johann Christoph Röhling]] (1757–1813)
* '''Rohr''' – [[Julius von Rohr|Julius Philip Benjamin von Rohr]] (1737–1793)
* '''Rohrb.''' – [[Paul Rohrbach (botaniko)|Paul Rohrbach]] (1846–1871)
* '''Rohwer''' – [[Jens Gunter Rohwer]] (nayanak 1958)
* '''Roiv.''' – [[Heikki Roivainen]] (1900–1983)
* '''Rojas''' – [[Teodoro Rojas]] (1877–1954)
* '''Rojas Acosta''' – [[Nicolás Rojas Acosta]] (1873–1946)
* '''Rolfe''' – [[Robert Allen Rolfe]] (1855–1921)
* '''Rolland''' – [[Léon Louis Rolland]] (1841–1912)
* '''Rollins''' – [[Reed C. Rollins|Reed Clark Rollins]] (1911–1998)
* '''Romagn.''' – [[Henri Romagnesi]] (1912–1999)
* '''Romans''' – [[Bernard Romans]] (c. 1720–1784)
* '''Rondelet''' – [[Guillaume Rondelet]] (1507–1566)
* '''Rooke''' – [[Hayman Rooke]] (1723–1806)
* '''Rose''' – [[Joseph Nelson Rose]] (1862–1928)
* '''Rosell.''' – [[Ferdinando Rosellini]] (1817–1873)
* '''Rosend.''' – [[Carl Otto Rosendahl]] (1875–1956)
* '''Roseng.''' – [[Bernardo Rosengurtt]] (1916–1985)
* '''Rosenstein''' (kas ni pay '''N.Rosén''') – [[Nils Rosén von Rosenstein]] (1706–1773)
* '''Rosenv.''' – [[Janus Lauritz Andreas Kolderup Rosenvinge]] (1858–1939)
* '''Ross''' – [[John Ross (eksplorador iti Artiko)|John Ross]] (1777–1856)
* '''Rossi''' – [[Pietro Rossi (sientista)|Pietro Rossi]] (1738–1804)
* '''Rossm.''' – [[Emil Adolf Rossmässler|Emil Adolf (Adolph) Rossmässler]] (1806–1867)
* '''Rostaf.''' – [[Józef Thomasz Rostafiński]] (1850–1928)
* '''Rostk.''' – [[Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Rostkovius|Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Theophil Rostkovius]] (1770–1848)
* '''Rostr.''' – [[Frederik Georg Emil Rostrup]] (1831–1907)
* '''Rota''' – [[Lorenzo Rota]] (1819–1855)
* '''Roth''' – [[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth]] (1757–1834)
* '''Rothm.''' – [[Werner Hugo Paul Rothmaler]] (1908–1962)
* '''Rothman''' – [[Göran Rothman]] (1739–1778)
* '''Rothr.''' – [[Joseph Rothrock|Joseph Trimble Rothrock]] (1839–1922)
* '''Rothsch.''' – [[Jules Rothschild]] (nayanak 1838)
* '''Rot Schreck.''' – [[Friedrich Rot von Schreckenstein]] (1753–1808)
* '''Rottb.''' – [[Christen Friis Rottbøll]] (1727–1797)
* '''Rottler''' – [[Johan Peter Rottler]] (1749–1836)
* '''Roubaud''' – [[Émile Roubaud]] (1882–1962)
* '''Roupell''' – [[Arabella Elizabeth Roupell]] (1817–1914)
* '''Rourke''' – [[John Patrick Rourke]] (nayanak 1942)
* '''Roush''' – [[Eva Myrtelle Roush]] (1886–1954)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Fling, Eva Myrtelle | url = http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&amp;display.x=67&amp;display.y=8&amp;id%5B%5D=30954 | publisher = Harvard University Herbaria | accessdate = 24 Abril 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170425030314/http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&amp;display.x=67&amp;display.y=8&amp;id%5B%5D=30954 | archive-date = 2017-04-25 | url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Rousseau''' – [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712–1778)
* '''Roussel''' – [[Henri François Anne de Roussel]] (1747–1812)
* '''Roux''' – [[Jacques Roux (botaniko)|Jacques Roux]] (1773–1822)
* '''Rouy''' – [[Georges Rouy]] (1851–1924)
* '''Rowland''' – [[Verner Hawsbrook Rowland]] (nayanak 1883)
* '''Rowntree''' – [[Gertrude Ellen Lester Rowntree|Lester Gertrude Ellen Rowntree]] (1879–1979)
* '''Roxb.''' – [[William Roxburgh]] (1751–1815)
* '''Royen''' – [[Adriaan van Royen]] (1704–1779)
* '''Royle''' – [[John Forbes Royle]] (1798–1858)
* '''Roy L.Taylor''' – [[Roy L. Taylor]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1965)&lt;!--This unusual form is the correct author abbreviation according to IPNI--&gt;
* '''Rozanova''' – [[Maria Aleksandrovna Rozanova]] (Maria Alexandrovna Rozanova) (1885–1957)
* '''Rozefelds''' – [[Andrew Carl Frank Rozefelds]] (nayanak 1960)
* '''Rozier''' – [[François Rozier]] (Jean-François) (1734–1793)
* '''R.Parker''' – [[Richard Neville Parker]] (1884–1958)
* '''R.P.Murray''' – [[Richard Paget Murray]] (1842–1908)
* '''R.Pott''' – [[Reino Pott]] (1869–1965)
* '''R.P.White''' – [[Richard Peregrine White]] (nayanak 1896)
* '''R.Rabev.''' – [[Raymond Rabevohitra]] (nayanak 1946)
* '''R.R.Bloxam''' – [[Richard Rowland Bloxam]] (1798–1877)
* '''R.R.Haynes''' – [[Robert Ralph Haynes]] (nayanak 1945)
* '''R.Rice''' – [[Rod Rice]] (nayanak 1963)
* '''R.Ross''' – [[Robert Ross (botaniko)|Robert Ross]] (1912–2005)
* '''R.R.Scott''' – [[Robert Robinson Scott]] (1827–1877)
* '''R.R.Stewart''' – [[Ralph Randles Stewart]] (1890–1993)
* '''R.S.Almeida''' – [[Rafael S. Almeida]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1998)
* '''R.Schultz''' – [[Richard Schultz (botaniko)|Richard Schultz]] (1858–1936)
* '''R.S.Cowan''' – [[Richard Sumner Cowan]] (1921–1997)
* '''R.S.Irving''' – [[Robert Stewart Irving]] (nayanak 1942)
* '''R.S.Rogers''' – [[Richard Sanders Rogers]] (1861–1942)
* '''R.S.Wallace''' – [[Robert S. Wallace]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1997)
* '''R.S.Williams''' – [[Robert Statham Williams]] (1859–1945)
* '''R.T.Baker''' – [[Richard Thomas Baker]] (1854–1941)
* '''R.T.Clausen''' – [[Robert Theodore Clausen]] (1911–1981)
* '''R.T.Veitch''' – [[Robert Veitch]] (1823–1885)
* '''Rudall''' – [[Paula J. Rudall]] (nayanak 1954)
* '''Rudd''' – [[Velva E. Rudd]] (1910–1999)
* '''Rudge''' – [[Edward Rudge]] (1763–1846)
* '''Rudolphi''' – [[Karl Rudolphi]] (1771–1832)
* '''R.Uechtr.''' – [[Rudolf Friedrich von Uechtritz]] (1838–1886)
* '''Ruhland''' – [[Wilhelm Otto Eugen Ruhland]] (1878–1960)
* '''Ruiz''' – [[Hipólito Ruiz López]] (1754–1815)
* '''Rule''' – [[Kevin James Rule]] (nayanak 1941)
* '''Rumph.''' – [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius]] (1628–1702)
* '''Rümpler''' – [[Karl Theodor Rümpler]] (1817–1891)
* '''Rundel''' – [[Philip Wilson Rundel]] (nayanak 1943)
* '''Rupp''' – [[Herman Rupp]] (1872–1956) 
* '''Ruppius''' – [[Heinrich Bernard Ruppius]] (1688–1719)
* '''Rupr.''' – [[Franz Josef Ruprecht]] (1814–1870)
* '''Rusby''' – [[Henry Hurd Rusby]] (1855–1940)
* '''Russow''' – [[Edmund Russow|Edmund August Friedrich Russow]] (1841–1897)
* '''Rustan''' – [[Øyvind H. Rustan|Ovind H. Rustan]] (nayanak 1954)
* '''Rutenb.''' – [[Diedrich Christian Rutenberg]] (1851–1878)
* '''Rutherf.''' – [[Daniel Rutherford]] (1749–1819)
* '''Rutk.''' – [[Piotr Rutkowski]] (nayanak 1969)
* '''Ruysch''' – [[Frederik Ruysch]] (1638–1731)
* '''R.Vásquez''' – [[Roberto Vásquez (botaniko)|Roberto Vásquez]] (nayanak 1941)
* '''R.Vig.''' – [[René Viguier]] (1880–1931)
* '''R.Wagner''' – [[Rudolf Wagner (botaniko)|Rudolf Wagner]] (nayanak 1872)
* '''R.Wallis''' – [[Rannveig Wallis]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2002)
* '''R.Warner''' – [[Robert Warner (botaniko)|Robert Warner]] (c.1815–1896)
* '''R.W.Br.''' – [[Roland W. Brown|Roland Wilbur Brown]] (1893–1961)
* '''R.W.Darwin''' – [[Robert Waring Darwin of Elston]] (1724–1816)
* '''R.W.Pohl''' – [[Richard Walter Pohl]] (1916–1993)
* '''R.W.Wallace''' – [[Robert Whistler Wallace]] (1867–1955)
* '''Rycroft''' – [[Hedley Brian Rycroft]] (1918–1990)
* '''Rydb.''' – [[Per Axel Rydberg]] (1860–1931)
* '''Rye.''' – [[Barbara Lynette Rye]] (nayanak 1952)
* '''R.Yonzone''' – [[Rajendra Yonzone]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2012)
* '''Ryppowa''' – [[Halina w Kowalskich Ryppowa]] (1899–1927)
* '''Rzed.''' – [[Jerzy Rzedowski]] (nayanak 1926)

== S–Z ==
{{TOC ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat}}
Ti agbiruk kadagiti naikabil para iti '''S–Z''', usaren ti tabla dagiti linaon dita ngato.

{{Sakaanan ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat Q-R}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti botaniko nga addaan kadagiti pangyababaan ti mannurat| ]]
[[Kategoria:Botaniko a nomenklatura|1]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti listaan dagiti botaniko|*]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Malambo, Atlántico</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="683" sha1="o2bv4d6zh0542bftorniw3qgnrkklrn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox lokasion}}

Ti '''Malambo''' ket ti munisipalidad ken ili ti [[Dagiti departamento ti Colombia|departamento]] ti [[Colombia]] iti [[Departamento ti Atlántico|Atlántico]].

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*{{Commonscat-inline}}
*{{iti sao|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183656/http://www.atlantico.gov.co/municipios/malambo.htm Gobernacion del Atlantico - Malambo]
*{{iti sao|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906121124/http://malambo-atlantico.gov.co/ Opisial a website ti Malambo]

{{Dagiti munisipalidad ti Departamento ti Atlantico}}
{{Colombia-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malambo, Atlantico}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti munisipalidad ti Departamento ti Atlántico]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Golpo ti Alaska</title>
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      <text bytes="11943" sha1="1kqzzjx4i015mj8az4tfgsx7cwn3x7o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bagi ti danum
| name               = Golpo ti Alaska
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| other_name         = 
| image              = Gulfofalaskamap.png
| alt                = 
| caption            = Mapa ti Golpo ti Alaska
| image_bathymetry   = 
| alt_bathymetry     = 
| caption_bathymetry = 
| location           = Abagatan a pantar ti Alaska
| group              = 
| coordinates        = {{Coord|57|N|144|W|scale:10000000|display=inline,title}}
| type               = [[Golpo]]
| etymology          = 
| part_of            = [[Amianan a Taaw Pasipiko]]
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = [[Karayan Susitna]]
| outflow            = 
| oceans             = 
| catchment          = 
| basin_countries    = Estados Unidos, Kanada
| agency             = 
| designation        = 
| length             = 
| width              = 
| area               = 
| depth              = 
| max-depth          = 
| volume             = 
| residence_time     = 
| salinity           = 
| shore              = 
| elevation          = 
| temperature_high   = 
| temperature_low    = 
| frozen             = 
| islands            = [[Purpuro Kodiak]], [[Isla Montague(Alaska)|Isla Montague]], [[Purpuro Alexander]]
| islands_category   = 
| sections           = 
| trenches           = 
| benches            = 
| cities             = [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]]
| pushpin_map             = &lt;!-- the name of a location map as per Template:Location map. Requires coordinates= parameter to display map. --&gt;
| pushpin_label_position  = &lt;!-- left, right, top or bottom --&gt;
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| website            = 
| reference          = 
}}
[[Papeles:GulfOfAlaska AMO 2008073.jpg|thumb|260px|Ti maysa a buya ti Golpo ti Alaska manipud iti limbang. Kitaen dagiti agbalbalikuskos a sedimento kadagiti danum.]]

Ti '''Golpo ti Alaska''' ({{lang-fr|Golfe d'Alaska}}, {{lang-ru|Зали́в Аля́ска}}) ket ti maysa nga ima ti [[Taaw Pasipiko]] nga ipalawag babaen ti killo iti akin-abagatan nga aplaya ti [[Alaska]], manipud iti [[Peninsula ti Alaska]] ken [[Isla Kodiak]] iti laud aginggana iti [[Purpuro Alexander]] iti daya, a pakabirukan ti [[Glacier Bay]] ken ti [[Inside Passage]].

Ti aplaya ti Golpo ket narangkis a pagtitiponan ti bakir, bantay ken ti bilang dagiti  [[glasier ti siklo ti atab]].  Ti kadakkelan a glasier ti Alaska, ti [[Glasier Malaspina]] ken [[Glasier Bering]], aglippias iti linia ti aplaya iti igid ti Golpo ti Alaska. Nakaro a nalennekan ti aplaya iti [[Cook Inlet]] ken [[Prince William Sound]], dagiti dua a kadakkelan a naikapet a bagi ti danum. Daytoy ket mangiraan ti [[Luek Yakutat]] ken [[Cross Sound]]. Ti [[Luek Lituya]] (ti maysa a fijord iti amianan ti Cross Sound, ken abagatan ti [[Bantay Fairweather]]) ket ti lugar ti kadakeklan a nairehistro a [[tsunami]] iti pakasaritaan. Daytoy ket agserbi a kas nasalakniban a pagsangladan para kadagiti pagkalapan a bangka.

== Ekolohia ==
Naikeddeng ti Golpo ti Alaska a kas Klase I, ti [[Kangrunaan a produksion|produktibo]] nga ekosistema nga agraman kadagiti ad-adu ngem 300 a gramo iti karbon tunggal maysa a kuadro metro iti tinawen&lt;ref name=&quot;Hogan2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hogan, C. Michael |year=2011 |title=Gulf of Alaska. Topic ed. P.Saundry. Ed.-in-chief C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth |journal=National Council for Science and the Environment |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Gulf_of_Alaska?topic=49523 |accessdate=Hunio 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; a naibatay iti datos ti [[SeaWiFS]].

Mabirukan dagiti [[korales]] iti adalem a danum iti Golpo ti Alaska. Nakaited ti ''[[Primnoa pacifica]]'' iti pannakaimarka ti lokasion a kas Habitat Areas of Particular Concern.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stone2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Stone Robert P |author2=Shotwell S Kalei. |title=State of deep coral ecosystems in the Alaska Region: Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands |journal=In: Lumsden SE et Al., Eds. The State of Deep Coral Ecosystems of the United States. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP-3. Silver Spring, MD |year=2007 |pages=65–108 |url=http://coris.noaa.gov/activities/deepcoral_rpt/Chapter2_Alaska.pdf |accessdate=Hunio 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220091644/http://coris.noaa.gov/activities/deepcoral_rpt/Chapter2_Alaska.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti ''P. pacifica'' ket ti korales iti nauneg a danum a kadawyan a mabirukan ditoy iti pagbaetan ti {{pagbaliwen|150|m}} ken {{pagbaliwen|900|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waller2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Waller, RG |author2=Stone, RP |author3=Mondragon, J |author4=Clark, CE |title=Reproduction of Red Tree Corals in the Southeastern Alaskan Fjords: Implications for Conservation and Population Turnover |journal=In: Pollock NW, Ed. Diving for Science 2011. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 30th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2011. |year=2011 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10134 |accessdate=Hunio 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213170351/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/10134 |archive-date=Disiembre 13, 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Meteorolohia ==
Ti Golpo ket nalatak nga agpatpataud kadagiti [[bagio]]. Maipatinayon pay iti panangiyetnag kadagiti adu a kantidad ti niebe ken yelo iti akin-abagatan nga Alaska, a pagresultaan daytoy kadagiti kadakkelan a konsentrasion iti abagatan iti [[Sirkulo ti Artiko]], adu kadagiti bagio ti mapan iti abagatan iti igid dagiti aplaya ti [[British Columbia]], [[Washington (estado)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], ken ti ad-adayo pay ngem abagatan a kas ti [[Akin-abagatan a California]] (kangrunaan iti las-ud dagiti pasamak ti [[El Niño]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;National Geospatial-intelligence Agency 2006 p. 241&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=National Geospatial-intelligence Agency |title=Prostar Sailing Directions 2006 Pacific Ocean and Southeast Ocean Planning Guides |publisher=Prostar Publications |series=Pub. (United States. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-57785-663-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K09Wod3CSUkC&amp;pg=PA241 |access-date=Nobiembre 26, 2018 |page=241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaaduan iti tudo ti panawen ti panagtutudo ken panagniebe iti [[Amianan a laud a Pasipiko]] ken [[Abagatan akinlaud nga Estados Unidos]] ket agtaud manipud iti Golpo ti Alaska.

== Kalawa ==
Ipalawag ti [[Gunglo ti Internasional a Hidrograpiko]] dagiti patingga ti Golpo ti Alaska a kas dagiti sumaganad:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |year=1953 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |accessdate=Pebrero 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=Oktubre 8, 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;

''Iti Amianna.'' Ti aplaya ti [[Alaska]].

''Iti Abagatan.'' Ti naimarka a linia manipud iti [[Rawis Spencer (Alaska)|Rawis Spencer]], ti Akin-amianan a patingga ti [[Pantar a Dandanum ti Abagatan daya nga Alaska ken British Columbia]] aginggana iti Punto Kabuch, ti Abagatan daya a patingga ti [[Baybay Bering]], iti waya a mairaman amin dagiti kabagibang nga isla iti Golpo ti Alaska.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ipalawag ti database ti [[Geographic Names Information System]] ti [[US Geological Survey]] ti Golpo ti Alaska a kas beddengan iti amianan babaen ti aplaya ti Alaska ken iti abagatan babaen ti linia a tumartaray manipud iti abagatan a patingga ti [[Isla Kodiak]] iti laud aginggan aiti [[Dixon Entrance]] iti daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite GNIS|1413097|Gulf of Alaska}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Is-isla ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Isla Admiralty]]
* Isla [[Afognak]]
* [[Isla Aghiyuk]]
* [[Isla Aiaktalik]]
* [[Isla Akun]]
* [[Isla Akutan]]
* [[Isla Aleutika]]
* [[Isla Amaknak]]
* [[Isla Andronica|Isla Adronica]]
* [[Isla Annette]]
* [[Isla Anyaka]]
* [[Isla Ariadne]]
* [[Isla Augustine]]
* [[Isla Avatanak]]
* [[Isla Baker (Alaska)|Isla Baker]]
* [[Isla Ban]]
* [[Isla Baranof]]
* [[Beautiful Isle]]
* [[Isla Bell (Alaska)|Isla Bell]]
* [[Isla Benjamin (Alaska)|Isla Benjamin]]
* [[Isla Biorka]]
* [[Isla Bligh (Alaska)|Isla Bligh]]
* [[Isla Chat]]
* [[Isla Chenega]]
* [[Isla Chichagof]]
* [[Isla Chisik]]
* [[Is-isla Chiswell]]
* [[Isla Chowiet]]
* [[Isla Coronation (Alaska)|Isla Coronation]]
* [[Isla Cronin]]
* [[Isla Culross]]
* [[Isla Dall]]
* [[Isla Deer (Is-isla Aleutiano)|Isla Deer]]
* [[Isla Doggie]]
* [[Isla Dolgoi]]
* [[Isla Douglas]]
* [[Isla Duke]]
* [[Isla Daya a Chugach]]
* [[Isla Egg (Alaska)|Isla Egg]]
* [[Is-isla Egg (Alaska)|Is-isla Egg]]
* [[Eldred Rock]]
* [[Isla Eleanor (Alaska)|Isla Eleanor]]
* [[Isla Elizabeth, Alaska|Isla Elizabeth]]
* [[Isla Erlington]]
* [[Isla Esther(Alaska)|Isla Esther]]
* [[Etolin Island]]
* [[Isla Fish (Alaska)|Isla Fish]]
* [[Isla Fitzgerald]]
* [[Isla Forrester (Alaska)|Isla Forrester]]
* [[Isla Goloi]]
* [[Isla Granite (Alaska)|Isla Granite]]
* [[Isla Gravina]]
* [[Isla Green (Alaska)|Isla Green]]
* [[Gregson Island]]
* [[Isla Gull (Alaska)|Isla Gull]]
* [[Isla Haenke]]
* [[Isla Harbor (Alaska)|Isla Harbor]]
* [[Isla Hawkins]]
* [[Isla Heceta]]
* [[Is-isla Herring (Alaska)|Is-isla Herring]]
* [[Isla Hesketh]]
* [[Isla Hinchinbrook (Alaska)|Isla Hinchinbrook]]
* [[Kalgin Island]]
* [[Isla Kanak (Alaska)|Isla Kanak]]
* [[Isla Karpa]]
* [[Isla Kataguni]]
* [[Isla Kayak]]
* [[Isla Khantaak]]
* [[Isla Knight (Alaska)|Isla Knight]]
* [[Isla Kodiak]]
* [[Isla Korovin]]
* [[Isla Kosciusko]]
* [[Isla Kriwoi]]
* [[Isla Kruzof]]
* [[Isla Kuiu]]
* [[Isla Kupreanof]]
* [[Isla Latouche]]
* [[Isla Lemesurier]]
* [[Isla Lincoln (Alaska)|Isla Lincoln]]
* [[Isla Lone (Alaska)|Isla Lone]]
* [[Isla Long (Alaska)|Isla Long]]
* [[Isla Lulu (Alaska)|Isla Lulu]]
* [[Lynn Brothers]]
* [[Is-isla Ma Relle]]
* [[Isla Mab (Alaska)|Isla Mab]]
* [[Isla Marmot]]
* [[Isla Mitkof]]
* [[Isla Montague (Alaska)|Isla Montague]]
* [[Nakchamik Island]]
* [[Isla Naked (Alaska)|Isla Naked]]
* [[Isla Near (Alaska)|Isla Near]]
* [[Isla Noyes]]
* [[Isla Nuka]]
* [[Isla Osier]]
* [[Isla Otmeloi]]
* [[Isla Outer (Alaska)|Isla Outer]]
* [[Partofshikof Island]]
* [[Isla Pearl(Alaska)|Isla Pearl]]
* [[Isla Perry (Alaska)|Isla Perry]]
* [[Isla Pleasant(Alaska)|Isla Pleasent]]
* [[Isla Popof]]
* [[Isla Powder]]
* [[Isla Prinsipe ti Gales(Alaska)|Isla Prinsipe ti Gales]]
* [[Isla Rabbit (Alaska)|Isla Rabbit]]
* [[Isla Ragged (Alaska)|Isla Ragged]]
* [[Isla Ragged (Is-isla Pye)|Isla Rugged]]
* [[Isla Raspberry(Alaska)|Isla Raspberry]]
* [[Isla Revillagigedo]]
* [[Isla Rootok]]
* [[Isla San Fernando]]
* [[Is-isla San Juan (Alaska)|Isla San Juan]]
* [[Isla Sebree]]
* [[Isla Sentinel Alaska|Isla Sentinel]]
* [[Isla Shelter (Alaska)|Isla Shelter]]
* [[Isla Shikosi]]
* [[Isla Shuyak]]
* [[Is-isla Sinith]]
* [[Isla Sitkalidak]]
* [[Isla Sitkinak]]
* [[Isla Spruce (Alaska)|Isla Spruce]]
* [[Isla Strawberry (Alaska)|Isla Strawberry]]
* [[Isla Suemez]]
* [[Isla Sullivan]]
* [[Isla Sutwik]]
* [[Isla Talsani]]
* [[Isla Tanker (Alaska)|Isla Tanker]]
* [[Isla Tigalda]]
* [[Isla Tugidak]]
* [[Isla Twoheaded]]
* [[Isla Uganik]]
* [[Isla Unalaska]]
* [[Isla Unalga]]
* [[Unavikshak Island]]
* [[Isla Unga]]
* [[Isla Warren (Alaska)|Isla Warren]]
* [[Isla Whale(Alaska)|Isla Whale ]]
* [[Isla Wingham ]]
* [[Is-isla Wooded (Alaska)|Is-isla Wooded]]
* [[Isla Woronkofski]]
* [[Isla Wrangell]]
* [[Isla Yakobi]]
* [[Isla Yukon]]
* [[Isla Zarembo]]
}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Gulf of Alaska}}
* [http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/gulfalaska.htm World Atlas: Golpo ti Alaska – Mapa ken Deskripsion]

{{Listaan dagiti baybay}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alaska}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti bagi ti danum ti Alaska]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti golpo ti Taaw Pasipiko]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti golpo ti Estados Unidos]]</text>
      <sha1>1kqzzjx4i015mj8az4tfgsx7cwn3x7o</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71139</id>
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      <text bytes="3080" sha1="mgai0iah3klcmbklwj9c8a9k0r9niy8" xml:space="preserve">[[Papeles:Acta Horti berg. - 1905 - tafl. 125 - Dietrich Franz L. von Schlechtendal.png|right|thumb|Ni Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal (1864)]]
Ni '''Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal''' (27 Nobiembre 1794, [[Xanten]] – 12 Oktubre 1866, [[Halle an der Saale|Halle]]) ket maysa idi nga [[Alemania|Aleman]] a [[botaniko]].

Nagadal isuna idiay [[Berlin]], idi 1819 ken nagbalin a manangaywan iti [[Botaniko aHardin iti Berlin|Naarian a Herbario]]. Isu ket maysa idi a propesor ti [[botanika]] len direktor ti Botaniko a Harhardin iti [[Unibersidad ti Martin Luther ti Halle-Wittenberg]] manipud idi 1833 aginggana iti pimmusay idi 1866.

Ti henero ti ''[[Schlechtendalia (mula)|Schlechtendalia]]'' (Asteraceae), manipud iti Brasil, Uruguay ken Arhentina, ket nanaganan a kas pammadayaw kaniana.

Isuna ket editor idi ti botaniko a warnakan ti ''Linnaea'' (manipud idi 1826), ken kaduana ni [[Hugo von Mohl]] (1805–1872), isu  pay ti nangipablaak ti ''Botanischen Zeitung'' (manipud idi 1843).

Nagaramid isunakadagiti nagruna a panagsukimat iti di ammo unay idi a [[Flora (mulmula)|flora]] ti [[Mehiko]], nga inaramid ken kaduana ni [[Adelbert von Chamisso]] (1781–1838), ken naibatay kadagiti espesimen nga inurnong babaen da [[Christian Julius Wilhelm Schiede]] (1798–1836) ken [[Ferdinand Deppe]] (1794–1861).&lt;ref&gt;[http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&amp;id=84028 HUH Index of Botanists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815033306/https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&amp;id=84028 |date=2020-08-15 }} Schlechtendal &amp; Chamisso&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=record_ID:siris_sil_373435 Collections Search Center] De plantis Mexicanis a G. Schiede / collectis nuntium adfert D.F.L. de Schlechtendal&lt;/ref&gt;

Ni Schlechtendal ket mays aidi a kritiko iti [[Darwinismo]] ngem nangawat iti limitado a porma ti [[ebolusion]]. Nangital-o isuna iti maysa a [[sapasapa tinaudan]] kadagiti &quot;sumagmamano a grupo iti agpada unay a sebbangan, nga agtaeng pay iti limitado a lugar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Glick, Thomas F. (1988). ''The Comparative Reception of Darwinism''. University of Chicago Press. p. 86, p. 92. {{ISBN|0-226-29977-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti naisurat nga obra ==
* ''Animadversiones botanicae in Ranunculaceas'', Berlin 1819–1820.
* ''Flora berolinensis'', Berlin 1823–1824.
* ''Adumbrationes plantarum'', 1825–1832.
* ''Flora von Deutschland'', [[Jena]] 1840–1873 (kaduna da [[Christian Eduard Langethal]] ken Ernst Schenk; ti maikalima nga edision babaen i [[Ernst Hallier]] 1880–1887).
* ''Hortus halensis'', Halle 1841–1853.

{{Botaniko|Schltdl.}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=114408 Biography] @ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{Botaniko-pungol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlechtendal, Diederich Franz Leonhard Von}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti botaniko manipud iti Alemania]]
[[Kategoria:1794 a pannakaipasngay]]
[[Kategoria:1866 nga ipupusay]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spermacoce prostrata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4066" sha1="q7ubu11f77clnqr26h0mcj9bv8k6ppf" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|image = 
|image_caption = 
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotidae]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Gentianales]]
|familia = [[Rubiaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Rubioideae]]
|tribus = [[Spermacoceae]]
|genus = ''[[Spermacoce]]''
|species =  '''''S. prostrata'''''
|binomial=  ''Spermacoce prostrata''
|binomial_authority = Aubl.
|synonyms_ref=
|synonyms=
}}

Ti '''''Spermacoce prostrata''''' (ammo a kas '''prostrate false buttonweed''' iti Ingles) ket ti sebbangan ti mula iti pamilia ti [[Rubiaceae]]. Daytoy ket adu a naiwarwaras iti [[Florida]], ken adda dagiti bassit nga isolado a populasion iti [[Alabama]] ken [[Mississippi]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Spermacoce%20prostrata.png Biota of North America Program]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.&lt;/ref&gt; Mabirukan pay daytoy iti [[Mehiko]], [[Tengnga nga Amerika]], ti [[Karibe]] ([[Bahamas]], [[Kuba]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Trinidad]], [[Turks ken Caicos]], ti [[Lesser Antilles]], ken ti Antilles ti Olanda ken Venezuela . Daytoy ket adu pay a naiwarwaras iti [[Abagatan nga Amerika]], a mabirukan iti amin a pagilian malaksid ti [[Chile]]. Ti sebbangan ket naireporta a naturalisado iti [[Hawaii]], [[Tsina]] ([[Hainan]], [[Hong Kong]]), [[Hapon]], [[Taiwan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tailandia]] ken [[Java]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=193795 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]{{Natay a silpo|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=250042530 Flora of China, v 19 p 328, 匍匐丰花草 pu fu feng hua cao, ''Spermacoce prostrata'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp &amp; F. Chiang Cabrera. 2012. Rubiaceae a Verbenaceae. 4(2): i–xvi, 1–533. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp &amp; F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
*[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=sppr4 US Department of Agriculture Plants Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421015436/https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SPPR4 |date=2021-04-21 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307012211/http://sura.ots.ac.cr/local/florula4/find_sp3.php?key_species_code=LS001697&amp;key_kingdom=&amp;key_phylum=&amp;key_class=&amp;key_order=&amp;key_family=&amp;key_genus=&amp;specie_name=prostrata La Selva Florula Digital, Páginas de Especies: Spermacoce prostrata]
*[http://www.easttennesseewildflowers.com/gallery/index.php/South_FL/Buttonweed East Tennessee Wildflowers, Buttonweed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071346/http://www.easttennesseewildflowers.com/gallery/index.php/South_FL/Buttonweed |date=2016-03-04 }}
*[http://it.gardening.eu/arc/piante/Alberature/Spermacoce-prostrata-Aubl/65963/ Gardening Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230958/http://it.gardening.eu/arc/piante/Alberature/Spermacoce-prostrata-Aubl/65963/ |date=2014-05-12 }}
*[http://eol.org/pages/1097732/overview Encyclopedia of Life]
*[http://floridanatives.wordpress.com/2010/09/12/prostrate-false-buttonweed/ Florida Natives, prostrate falst buttonweed]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15451553}}

[[Kategoria:Spermacoce|prostrata]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Republika a Dominikano]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Haiti]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Tengnga nga Amerika]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Karibe]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Mehiko]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Abagatan nga Amerika]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Hawaii]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Tsina]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Hainan]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Hong Kong]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Taiwan]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Hapon]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Sri Lanka]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Tailandia]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Java]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Florida]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Alabama]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Mississippi]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Puerto Rico]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Houstonia caerulea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71269</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Pannakapatalged]] (20261101) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3785" sha1="k5smh5k50wmka2o5fwdvmd1vru4hjiu" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|image = Bluets (Houstonia caerulea) Hedyotis caerulea.jpg
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotidae]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Gentianales]]
|familia = [[Rubiaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Houstonia (mula)|Houstonia]]''
|species = '''''H. caerulea'''''
|binomial = ''Houstonia caerulea''
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wildflowers&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last1=Justice | first1=William S. | last2=Bell | first2=C. Ritchie | last3=Lindsey | first3=Anne H. |title=Wild Flowers of North Carolina| url=https://archive.org/details/wildflowersofnor0000just |year=2005|publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill, NC|isbn=0-8078-5597-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/wildflowersofnor0000just/page/236 236]|edition=2. printing.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms=
* ''Hedyotis caerulea'' [[Hook.]]
* ''Houstonia coerulea'' [[Auct.]]
}}

Ti '''''Houstonia caerulea''''' ('''azure bluet''' wenno '''Quaker ladies''' iti Ingles) ket ti perenial a sebbangan ti mula iti pamilia ti [[Rubiaceae]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wildflowers&quot; /&gt; Daytoy ket patneng iti akindaya a [[Kanada]] ([[Ontario]] aginggana iti [[Newfoundland]]) ken iti akindaya nga [[Estados Unidos]] ([[Maine]] aginggana iti [[Wisconsin]], iti abagatan aginggana iti [[Florida]] ken [[Louisiana]], ken adda dagiti naiwarwaras a populasion iti [[Oklahoma]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Houstonia%20caerulea.png Biota of North America Program]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskripsion ==
Agpataud ti ''Houstonia caerulea'' kadagiti napintas a sabong iti kaakaba iti agarup a 1&amp;nbsp;cm. Dagitoy a sabong ket uppat nga agsisina nga agraman kadagiti asul a petalo ken ti maysa a duyaw a tengnga. Dagiti bulong ket basalo a roseta.  Dagiti ungkay ket agtayag aginggana iti 20&amp;nbsp;cm nga agraman iti maysa a sabong iti tunggal maysa a barsanga.  aytoy ket agay-ayat kadagiti nadam-eg nga asidiko a daga kadagiti nalinongan a lugar, a naipangpangruna a nasayaat nga agtubo kadagiti ruot.&lt;ref&gt;Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Flora of Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti ladawan ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--Papeles:Hoca4 001 lvd.jpg --&gt;
Papeles:Houstonia caerulea 03.jpg
Papeles:Houstonia caerulea 02.jpg
Papeles:Houstonia caerulea.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
* {{cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation}}
* {{cite book | author=Blanchan, Neltje | title=Wild Flowers Worth Knowing | url=https://archive.org/details/wildflowersworth08866gut | year=2005 | publisher=Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* [http://www.wiseacre-gardens.com/plants/wildflower/bluet.html Bluet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410211212/http://www.wiseacre-gardens.com/plants/wildflower/bluet.html |date=2021-04-10 }} 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311011438/http://www.enature.com/flashcard/show_flash_card.asp?recordNumber=WF0209 ''Houstonia caerulea''] 
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HOCA4 USDA PLANTS Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606101947/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HOCA4 |date=2013-06-06 }}
* [http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=HOCA4 Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5916869}}
{{Rubiaceae-pungol}}

[[Kategoria:Houstonia (mula)|caerulea]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Akindaya a Kanada]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Amianan akindaya nga Estados Unidos]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Amianan-Tengnga nga Estados Unidos]]
[[Kategoria:Flora ti Abagatan akindaya nga Estados Unidos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Socerb Castle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2355" sha1="inia7rf8ipmzeqzjsn81dvfcpo0zsns" xml:space="preserve">Ti '''Kastilio ti Socerb''' (Iti Eslobeno: Grad Socerb; Iti Italiano: Castello di San Servolo), ket maysa a kastilio a mabirukan iti asideg ti purok ti Socerb iti Munisipalidad ti Koper idiay Eslovenia, iti ababa a distansia manipud iti beddeng ti Italiano–Eslovenia. Daytoy ket maysa a sarikedked a naibangon iti bakras a nasurok a 350 metro ti kangatona.&lt;ref name=istria&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.istria-culture.com/en/il-castello-di-san-servolo-i42 |title=The Socerb Castle |access-date=December 12, 2023 |last= |first= |date= |work=Istra Culture |publisher= |location= |language= |quote= }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://quitrieste.it/2012/11/il-castello-di-san-servolo/ |title=Il castello di San Servolo |access-date=December 12, 2023 |last= |first= |date= |work=quitrieste |publisher= |location= |language=Italian |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210195346/https://quitrieste.it/2012/11/il-castello-di-san-servolo/ |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daytoy ket tagikua dagiti Veneciano manipud idi 1463 aginggana idi 1511, nga inus-usar daytoy a kas nalabes a depensa maibusor kadagiti Turko ken ti Imperio ti Austria. Idi 1521, ti kapitan ken natan-ok ti Trieste a ni Nicolò Rauber ti nagbalin a makinkukua iti dayta. Idi rugi ti maika-17 a siglo, bayat ti Gubat ti Uskok (1615-1617), ti kastilio ket kukua ti natan-ok a tao ti Trieste a ni Benvenuto Petazzi. Idi 1768 daytoy ket nagun-od babaen dagiti konde ti Montecuccoli ti Modena, a nagtalinaed ti sanikua urayno kalpasan ti pannakaikkat ti kinaadipen idi [[1848]].

Gapu iti pannakadadael gapu iti uram gapu iti kimat idi 1780, narba ti kastilio idi rugrugi ti maika-19 a [[siglo]]. Ti nabati iti kastilio ket ginatang idi 1907 babaen ti Baron ti Trieste, ni Demetrio Economo, a nangpabaro daytoy idi 1925, a nangtarimaan ti aglawlaw a pader ken nangikkat kadagiti sabali a rebba.&lt;ref name=istria/&gt; Idi Gubat [[Sangalubongan II]], idi las-ud ti panawen ti pannakidangadang ti pannakawayawaya, gapu ti estratehiko a saadna, daytoy ket naus-usar a kas maysa a hedkuarter nga immuna babaen ti buyot ti Alemania ken kalpasanna babaen dagiti partisano a milisia kalpasan ti panagparmekda idi otonio ti 1944. Kalpasan ti gubat, daytoy ket napabaro manen ken nangala ti historikal ken turistiko a kinapateg.

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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