Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard

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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Minorax</username>
        <id>2539780</id>
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      <comment>/* Can not edit Wq/yue/Amber Atherton because action matched is: specific LTA */ Reply</comment>
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== Can not edit [[Wq/yue/Amber Atherton]] because action matched is: specific LTA ==
This action has been automatically identified as harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your edit was constructive, please inform an administrator of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: specific LTA [[User:GeduSJTU|GeduSJTU]] ([[User talk:GeduSJTU|talk]]) 01:25, 2 November 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Minorax]]: please have a look. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 10:07, 2 November 2026 (UTC)
::I believe that the filter can be disabled due to its low hit rate. --[[User:Minorax|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C&quot;&gt;Min☠︎rax&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;laquo;&amp;brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&amp;brvbar;&amp;raquo;&lt;/sup&gt; 13:38, 2 November 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Pilipinas</title>
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      <id>7381849</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:46:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3923" sha1="sl4xujyea80frebhe5z4mizg60h3zde" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|thumb|255x255px|Bandera sang Pilipinas]]

Ang '''Pilipinas''' ([[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]]: ''Philippines''), opisyal nga ginakilala nga '''Republika sg Pilipinas''', isa ka pungsod sa [[Wp/hil/Nabagatnan-sidlangang Asya|Nabagatnan-Sidlangang Asya]] kag sa Nakatundang Kadagatang Pasipiko. Yara sa aminhan sini ang [[Wp/hil/Taiwan|Taiwan]]. Katundan sa Katundang Dagat Pilipinas ang Vietnam. Sa bagatnan-katundan ang Dagat Sulu nga gintunpatung-an sang pungsod kag isla sang Borneo. Ang Dagat Celebes ang gasipak sa pungsod sa mga isla sang Indonesia. Ginalibutan ini sang Dagat Pilipinas sa sidlangan. May 7,641 ka isla ini nga natunga sa tatlo ka bahin: Luzon, Visayas, kag Mindanao. Ang dakbanwa sang [[Wp/hil/Manila|Manila]] ang kabisera sini. 
&lt;br&gt;

==Maragtas==
Dako nga impluwensiya sa pungsod ang pagsakop sa pungsod sang [[Wp/hil/Espanya|Espanya]] (halin 1565 tubtub 1898) kag [[Wp/hil/Estados Unidos|Estados Unidos]] (halin 1898 hasta 1946). Ang pag-abut ni Ferdinand Magellan sang 1521 ang nag-umpisa sa interes kag kolonisasyon sang Espanya sa Pilipinas. Sang 1543, ginhingalanan ni Ruy Lopez de Villalobos ang kapuloan nga ''Las Islas Filipinas'' bilang pagtahod kay Philip II sang Espanya. Nalab-ot ni Miguel Lopez de Legazpi ang Pilipinas sang 1565 kag iya ginpalapnag ang gahum sang Espanya sa kapuloan nga nabilin nga kolonya sang Espanya sa sobra 300 ka tuig.
&lt;br&gt;
Tungod sa kolonisasyon sang mga Kastila, ang Katolikong Romano nangin pinakadaku nga relihiyon tubtub karon.

==Heyograpiya==
Ang Pilipinas may 18 ka mga rehiyon kag 81 ka mga probinsya sang 30 Hunyo 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=PHILIPPINE STANDARD GEOGRAPHIC CODE PSGC-Regions |url=https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/regions |url-status=live |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Facts and Figures Philippine Standard Geographic Code - as of 30 June 2021 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/infographics/PSGC%20Infographics.pdf?width=950&amp;height=700&amp;iframe=true |url-status=live |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ang mga rehiyon amo ang National Capital Region, [[Wp/hil/Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera Administrative Region]], [[Wp/hil/Ilocos Region|Rehiyon I (Ilocos Region)]], [[Wp/hil/Cagayan Valley|Rehiyon II (Cagayan Valley)]], [[Wp/hil/Central Luzon|Rehiyon III (Central Luzon)]], [[Wp/hil/Calabarzon|Rehiyon IV-A (CALABARZON)]], [[Wp/hil/Mimaropa|Rehiyon sang MIMAROPA]], [[Wp/hil/Bicol Region|Rehiyon V (Region sang Bicol)]], [[Wp/hil/Nakatundang Kabisayaan|Rehiyon VI (Western Visayas)]], Negros Island Region (NIR), [[Wp/hil/Central Visayas|Rehiyon VII (Central Visayas)]], [[Wp/hil/Eastern Visayas|Rehiyon VIII (Eastern Visayas)]], [[Wp/hil/Zamboanga Peninsula|Rehiyon IX (Zamboanga Peninsula)]], [[Wp/hil/Northern Mindanao|Rehiyon X (Northern Mindanao)]], [[Wp/hil/Davao Region|Rehiyon XI (Rehiyon sang Davao)]], Rehiyon XII (SOCCSKSARGEN), [[Wp/hil/Caraga|Rehiyon XIII (Caraga)]], kag Bangsamoro Autonomous Region In Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mga reperensya==
{{Wp/hil/Reflist}}

==Mga pangguwa nga kawad==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ Official website of the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220114130536/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines Pilipinas] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/PHL Sumaryo para sa estadistika sang negosyo sa World Bank: Pilipinas]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300 Pilipinas] halin sa BBC News

[[Category:Wp/hil/Pilipinas]]
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q928}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/True Jesus Church</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381895</id>
      <parentid>5656608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:11:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1077" sha1="dilw2jky9fw2103zr9oro6jwgz6vkxk" xml:space="preserve">Ang &quot;True Jesus Church&quot; isa ka hilway nga [[wp/hil/Simbahan|simbahan]] nga gintukod sa Beijing, China sang tuig 1917.  Subong, ini may ginabinagbinag nga mga 2.5 ka milyon nga miyembro sa kwarenta'y singko ka pungsod sa anum ka kontinente. Ang ining simbahan kabilang sang [[wp/hil/Pentecostal|Pentecostal]] nga sanga sang [[wp/hil/Kristiyanismo|Kristiyanismo]] nga nagtuhaw sang una nga bahin sang ika-bente nga siglo. Ang ining simbahan naga pati man sa &quot;Oneness Pentecostal&quot; nga pagtuluohan (doctrina sang Jesus-Name). Ang ining simbahan gintukod sa [[wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] sang tuig 1983. Sila naga laum nga magwali sang ebanghelyo sa tanan nga mga pungsod antes sa Ika-duhang Pagbalik ni Hesus. Ang napulo ka doktrina kag pagtulu-ohan sang sining simbahan nagalakip sang:

# Espiritu Santo
# [[wp/hil/Bunyag|Bunyag]]
# Paghugas sang tiil
# Pagkalawat
# Adlaw sa pagpahuway
# [[wp/hil/Hesus|Hesu Kristo]]
# Ang [[wp/hil/Bibliya|Bibliya]]
# Katubosan
# Ang Simbahan
# Ang Ulihing Paghukom


[[Category:Wp/hil]]
[[Category:Wp/hil/Kristiyanismo]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1859}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Salakyan sa dalan</title>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>5608334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:59:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="350" sha1="52nqgpp88ccqgjdsen126hlk78bhrw1" xml:space="preserve">Ang '''salakyan sa dalan''' ukon 'awto' isa ka klase sang transportasyon sa duta. Isa ini sa mga pinakamasami nga paagi sang pagbiyahe.

===Dyip===
{{Wp/hil/Main|Diyip}}
Ang ''dyip'' ([[Iningles]]: ''jeepney'') isa ka klase sang pampubliko nga transportasyon sa Pilipinas.
[[Category:Wp/hil]]
[[Category:Wp/hil/Transportasyon]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q516739}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Incubator:News</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381713</id>
      <parentid>7381697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T12:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idk what my name will be</username>
        <id>2714477</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="18942" sha1="3fjwxiw409ev98ij1lwtb2bfqrvjlua" xml:space="preserve">{{Translations|version=2023-02-28}}
&lt;onlyinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
==2026==
* 15 October 2026: [[:voy:ml:|Malayalam Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 21 July 2026: [[:w:bol:|Bole Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 8 July 2026: [[q:min:|Minangkabau Wikiquote]] has been created.
* 23 June 2026: [[w:isv:|Interslavic Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 18 June 2026: [[w:mag:|Magahi Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 4 May 2026: [[Meta:Public consultation about Wikinews|Wikinews]] has been discussed to be closed and can be read-only.
* 9 March 2026: [[:s:ur:|Urdu Wikisource]] has been created.
* 9 March 2026: [[w:kai:|Karai-Karai Wikipedia]] has been created.&lt;!--ur.ws had its main page on 2026-03-05 but import is not done as of 2026-03-12, it's next to be added but only after content is there--&gt;
* 29 January 2026: [[w:ppl:|Nawat Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 26 January 2026: [[w:kaj:|Jju Wikipedia]] has been created.

==2025==
* 26 November 2025: [[w:tok:|Toki Pona Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 28 October 2025: [[:s:min:|Minangkabau Wikisource]] and [[q:pcm:|Nigerian Pidgin Wikiquote]] have been created.
* 18 September 2025: [[q:ms:|Malay Wikiquote]] has been created.
* 4 September 2025: [[wikt:bew:|Betawi Wiktionary]] and [[b:min:|Minangkabau Wikibooks]] have been created.
* 3 September 2025: [[wikt:zgh:|Standard Moroccan Tamazight Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 29 August 2025: [[w:rki:|Arakanese Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 24 April 2025: [[w:nup:|Nupe Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 25 February 2025: [[w:syl:|Sylheti Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 19 February 2025: [[wikt:sat:|Santali Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 30 January 2025: [[:w:knc:|Central Kanuri Wikipedia]] has been created.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

==2024==
* 12 December 2024: [[:w:tig:|Tigre Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 2 December 2024: [[:voy:id:|Indonesian Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 30 October 2024: [[:wikt:tcy:|Tulu Wiktionary]] and [[:s:tcy:|Tulu Wikisource]] have been created.
* 14 October 2024: [[:w:ann:|Obolo Wikipedia]], [[:w:rsk:|Pannonian Rusyn Wikipedia]], [[:w:tdd:|Tai Nuea Wikipedia]], [[:w:iba:|Iban Wikipedia]] and [[:w:nr:|Southern Ndebele Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 24 September 2024: [[:q:gor:|Gorontalo Wikiquote]], [[:w:kge:|Komering Wikipedia]], [[:wikt:mad:|Madurese Wiktionary]], [[Wp/mos|Mossi Wikipedia]] and [[:n:shn:|Shan Wikinews]] have been created.
* 6 August 2024: [[:w:bdr:|West Coast Bajau Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 26 July 2024: [[:voy:cs:|Czech Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 21 June 2024: [[:w:btm:|Batak Mandailing Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 28 May 2024: [[:w:dtp:|Central Dusun Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 24 April 2024: [[:w:bew:|Betawi Wikipedia]], [[:w:igl:|Igala Wikipedia]], [[:s:my:|Wikisource Burmese]],  [[:w:kus:|Kusaal Wikipedia]], [[:s:ka:|Georgian Wikisource]], [[:wikt:kaa:|Karakalpak Wiktionary]], and [[:s:ms:|Malay Wikisource]] have been created.


== 2023 ==
* 6 November 2023: [[:w:zgh:|Moroccan Amazigh Wikipedia]], [[:q:bjn:|Banjar Wikiquote]], [[:w:dga:|Dagaare Wikipedia]], and [[:w:bbc:|Toba Batak Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 3 October 2023: [[:w:fon:|Fon Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 30 August 2023: [[:w:tly:|Talysh Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 16 August 2023: [[:s:su:|Sundanese Wikisource]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt; and [[Wt/blk|Pa'O Wiktionary]] have been created.
* 26 July 2023: The [[Wt/btm|Batak Mandailing Wiktionary]] is created.
* 5 July 2023: The [[Wp/gpe|Ghanaian Pidgin English Wikipedia]] is created.
* 20 April 2023: The [[Wn/guw|Gun Wikinews]], [[Wt/kcg|Tyap Wiktionary]], [[Wp/fat|Fante Wikipedia]], and [[Wt/kbd|Kabardian Wiktionary]] have been created.
* 29 March 2023: The [[Wt/ckb|Central Kurdish Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 23 March 2023: The gadget that adds links in the sidebar for setting your interface language and test wiki has now been made to work for mobile users.
* 22 March 2023: [[Wp/anp|Angika Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 27 February 2023: [[Wp/guc|Wayuu Wikipedia]] and [[Wp/gur|Farefare Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 4 January 2023: [[Wb/shn|Shan Wikibooks]], [[Wq/as|Assamese Wikiquote]], [[Wq/guw|Gungbe Wikiquote]], and [[Wt/gor|Gorontalo Wiktionary]] have been created.

== 2022 ==
* 10 October 2022: [[Wq/bn|Bengali Wikiquote]], [[Wq/tl|Tagalog Wikiquote]], [[Wq/bcl|Central Bikol Wikiquote]], [[Wq/ig|Igbo Wikiquote]], and [[Wt/ig|Igbo Wiktionary]] have been created.
* 25 September 2022: A new gadget for adding interwiki links has been [[Incubator:Community Portal#New gadget for interwiki links on test Wiktionaries|enabled by default for everyone]].
* 17 August 2022: [[Wp/pcm|Nigerian Pidgin Wikipedia]], [[Wt/guw|Gun Wiktionary]], and [[Wt/bjn|Banjar Wiktionary]] have been created.
* 19 July 2022: [[Wp/blk|Pa'O Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 16 May 2022: [[Wp/kcg|Tyap Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 6 May 2022: A new version of the AddPrefix gadget has been [[Incubator:Community Portal#New version of the AddPrefix gadget|enabled by default for everyone]].
* 23 March 2022: [[Wp/guw|Gungbe Wikipedia]] and [[Wy/shn|Shan Wikivoyage]] have been created.

== 2021 ==
* 28 October 2021: [[Wt/lmo|Lombard Wiktionary]], [[Wp/ami|Amis Wikipedia]], and [[Wp/pwn|Paiwan Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 4 August 2021:  &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:jv:|Javanese Wikisource]] have been created.
* 10 July 2021:  &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:ban:|Balinese Wikisource]] have been created.
* 30 June 2021: [[Wp/dag|Dagbani Wikipedia]] and [[Wp/shi|Tachelhit Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 16 March 2021: [[Wt/mnw|Mon Wiktionary]], [[Wp/trv|Seediq/Taroko Wikipedia]] and [[Wp/tay|Tayal Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 22 February 2021: [[Wp/mni|Meitei Wikipedia]], [[Wt/mni|Meitei Wiktionary]] and [[Wp/alt|Southern Altai Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 19 January 2021: [[Wy/tr|Turkish Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 11 January 2021: [[Wp/nia|Nias Wikipedia]], [[Wt/nia|Nias Wiktionary]], [[Wt/bcl|Central Bikol Wiktionary]] and [[Wt/diq|Zazaki Wiktionary]] have been created.

== 2020 ==
* 15 December 2020: [[Wp/mad|Madurese Wikipedia]], [[Wp/skr|Saraiki Wikipedia]] and [[Wt/skr|Wiktionary]], [[wy/eo|Esperanto Wikivoyage]] (and from outside of Incubator: [[:s:wa:|Walloon Wikisource]]) have been created.
* 19 October 2020: [[wp/smn|Inari Sami Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 6 September 2020: [[wy/ja|Japanese Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 17 August 2020: [[wp/lld|Ladin Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 29 July 2020: [[wp/avk|Kotava Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 21 July 2020: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:lij:|Ligurian Wikisource]] has been created.
* 20 July 2020: [[wp/ary|Moroccan Arabic Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 22 June 2020: [[wt/shn|Shan Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 20 May 2020: [[wt/gom|Goan Konkani Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 20 May 2020: [[wp/awa|Awadhi Wikipedia]] has been created.

== 2019 ==
* 22 November 2019: [[Wt/shy|Tacawit Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 22 November 2019: [[Wp/gcr|Guianan Creole Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 21 November 2019: [[Wp/szy|Sakizaya Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 21 November 2019: [[Wt/min|Minangkabau Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 4 November 2019: [[Wp/mnw|Mon Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 14 October 2019: [[Wp/ban|Balinese Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 8 October 2019: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:hi:|Hindi Wikisource]] has been created.
* 26 September 2019: [[Wp/nqo|N’Ko Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 14 August 2019: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:nap:|Neapolitan Wikisource]] has been created.
* 4 April 2019: [[Wp/hyw|Western Armenian Wikipedia]] has been created.

== 2018 ==
* 14 November 2018: [[Wt/yue|Cantonese Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 14 November 2018: [[Wn/li|Limburgish Wikinews]] has been created.
* 14 November 2018: [[Wp/shn|Shan Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 13 November 2018: [[d:Wikidata:How to use data on Wikimedia projects#Arbitrary access|Wikidata arbitrary access]] is enabled on Incubator. &lt;!-- Date of announcement on I:CP --&gt;
* 8 August 2018: The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|AddPrefix gadget]] is now turned on by default. &lt;!-- Source: https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incubator:Community_Portal/Archive/2018:#Gadget:_AddPrefix --&gt;
* 2 August 2018: [[Wp/sat|Santali Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 2 August 2018: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:betawikiversity:|Beta Wikiversity]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[v:zh:|Chinese Wikiversity]] has been created.
* 8 June 2018: [[Wy/ps|Pashto Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 8 June 2018: [[Wq/sah|Sakha Wikiquote]] has been created.
* 8 June 2018: [[Wy/bn|Bengali Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 8 June 2018: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:pms:|Piedmontese Wikisource]] has been created.
* 18 April 2018: [[Wp/gor|Gorontalo Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 18 April 2018: [[Wp/inh|Ingush Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 18 April 2018: [[Wp/lfn|Lingua Franca Nova Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 18 April 2018: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:eu:|Basque Wikisource]] has been created.

== 2017 ==
* 6 November 2017: [[Wt/hif|Fiji Hindi Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 27 September 2017: [[Wy/hi|Hindi Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 22 August 2017: [[Wb/ba|Bashkir Wikibooks]] has been reopened.
* 13 August 2017: (from [[:betawikiversity:|Beta Wikiversity]]): [[v:hi:|Hindi Wikiversity]] has been created.
* 13 July 2017: [[Wp/din|Dinka Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 5 July 2017: [[Wn/nl|Dutch Wikinews]] has been reopened.
* 23 June 2017: [[Wp/kbp|Kabiye Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 14 June 2017: [[Wp/atj|Atikamekw Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 17 May 2017: [[User:Amire80|Amire80]] has filed a [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165585 ticket] on Phabricator regarding ease-of-use on Incubator and project creation.
* 24 April 2017: [[Wp/dty|Dotyali Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 14 April 2017: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:pa:|Punjabi Wikisource]] has been created.

== 2016 ==
* 30 November 2016: [[Wy/fi|Finnish Wikivoyage]]  has been created.
* 7 October 2016: [[Wp/olo|Wikipedia Livvi-Karelian]] has been created.
* 4 August 2016: [[Wp/tcy|Wikipedia Tulu]] has been created.
* 2 May 2016: [[Wp/jam|Wikipedia Jamaican Creole English]] has been created.
* 11 February 2016: [[Wp/ady|Wikipedia Adyghe]] has been created.

== 2015 ==
* 22 July 2015: [[Wp/azb|South Azerbaijani Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 16 June 2015: [[Wp/gom|Goan Konkani]] and [[Wp/lrc|Northern Luri Wikipedia]] have been created.

== 2014 ==
* 6 November 2014: [[Wp/mai|Maithili Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 2 October 2014: [[Wy/fa|Persian Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 14 January 2014: [[Wy/zh|Chinese Wikivoyage]] has been created.

== 2013 ==
* 11 August 2013: [[Wp/tyv|Tuvan Wikipedia]] and [[Wy/vi|Vietnamese Wikivoyage]] have been created.
* 16 May 2013: [[Wt/vec|Venetian Wiktionary]] and [[Wy/el|Greek Wikivoyage]] have been created.
* 27 March 2013: [[Wy/he|Hebrew Wikivoyage]] and [[Wy/uk|Ukrainian Wikivoyage]] have been created.
* 11 February 2013: Project specific logos can now be enabled through a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|gadget]], in addition to the test-wiki-specific setting.
* 6 February 2013: [[Wp/min|Minangkabau Wikipedia]], [[Wq/sa|Sanskrit Wikiquote]], [[Wy/ro|Romanian Wikivoyage]], [[Wy/pl|Polish Wikivoyage]] (and from outside of Incubator: [[:v:ko:|Korean Wikiversity]]) have been created.
* 3 January 2013: [[Wy/es|Spanish Wikivoyage]], [[Wy/pt|Portuguese Wikivoyage]] (and from outside of Incubator: Assamese Wikisource) have been created.

== 2012 ==
* 1 September 2012: Creation of a Wikimedia mailing list dedicated to languages-related topics: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/languages languages@lists.wikimedia.org].
* 25 July 2012: A series of new features has been added to the Wikimedia Incubator to make it more user-friendly, such as [[Special:IncubatorFirstSteps]] for newcomers. See the [[Incubator:Software information and news#Software deployment|news page]] for others.
* 7 May 2012: [[:m:Requests for comment/Disable uploads on smaller wikis|A proposal]] to disable uploading on smaller wikis. Does not affect Incubator, as [[I:Upload|local uploads]] are already disabled, but interesting for new wikis.
* 27 March 2012: [[Wp/lez|Lezgi Wikipedia]] (and from outside of Incubator: Gujarati Wikisource, Belarussian Wikisource, Slovenian Wikiversity) have been created.
* 24 February 2012: [[Incubator:Software information and news#1.19|MediaWiki 1.19]] deployment
* 21 February 2012: [[w:International Mother Language Day|International Mother Language Day]]: [[:m:IRC office hours|IRC office hour]] about language support
* 6 February 2012: The Translate extension has been enabled on the Incubator. Translators can now translate in an easier interface at [[Special:Translate]].
* 1 February 2012: [[Wp/vep|Veps Wikipedia]], [[Wt/pnb|Punjabi Wiktionary]] (and from outside of Incubator: Marathi Wikisource) have been created.

== 2011 ==
* 28 December 2011: Our look back at the year [[Incubator:News/2011: report|is published]].
* 23 December 2011: MoodBar [[Special:FeedbackDashboard|feedback]] is working now.
* 12 December 2011: WebFonts font embedding enabled (see [[Help:Fonts]]); improved [[Special:Search|search]]; possibility to [[Special:ListUsers|view users by testwiki]]
* 15 November 2011: Narayam input methods were enabled (see [[Help:Typing]])
* 9 November 2011: Northern Sotho Wikipedia ([[Wp/nso]]) has been created
* 8 October 2011: There has been Wikipedia meetup in [[:de:Wikipedia:Aachen|Aachen]] (Germany), in which some Incubator admins participated.
* 28 September 2011: Oriya Wiktionary ([[Wt/or]]) re-opened
* 27 September 2011: [[I:SIN#1.18|MediaWiki 1.18 deployment]]
* 21 September 2011: You can now use an automatic [[Incubator:Babel|babel infobox]] instead of a template.
* 25 August 2011: We now have [[Incubator:User preference statistics|user preference statistics]].
* 24 August 2011: The [[Help:Incubator extension|extension]] has been updated. Now all non-existing info pages display default welcome pages.
* 9 August 2011: All [[Special:ListFiles|files]] are now moved to Commons. Only our logo is left.
* 12 July 2011: The [[Wp/xmf|Mingrelian Wikipedia]] (and from outside of Incubator: Arabic Wikiversity) have been created.
* 25 June 2011: The [[meta:Closing projects policy|Closing projects policy]] is adopted.
* 6 June 2011: The [[Help:Incubator extension|Incubator extension]] has been enabled. There is now a test wiki [[Special:Preferences|preference]] and recent changes per test wiki.
* 2 June 2011: Wikimedia Incubator exists for five years now!
* 13-15 May 2011: The [[meta:Langcom|Language Committee]] (and developers) have [[meta:Language committee/May 2011: meeting|met]] in Berlin
* 9 April 2011: [[wn/el]] has been created
* April 2011: See [[meta:User:SPQRobin/Closing projects]] for a policy proposal for [[meta:Proposals for closing projects|Proposals for closing projects]]
* 18 March 2011: [[wp/ltg|Latgalien Wikipedia]], [[wp/kbd|Kabardian Wikipedia]] and [[wn/sq]] (and from outside of Incubator: ws/sa, ws/sah and ws/eo) have been created
* 23 January 2011: [[wp/rue|Rusyn Wikipedia]] has been created
* 15 January 2011: Wikipedia [[tenwiki:Main Page|celebrates its 10th anniversary]]

== 2010 ==
* 13 November 2010: [[wp/gag|Gagauz Wikipedia]], [[wb/li]], [[wn/eo]] and [[wp/pfl|Palatine German Wikipedia]] (and from outside of Incubator: ws/br and ws/vec) have been created
* 17 October 2010: [[wn/fa]], [[wp/koi|Komi-Permyak Wikipedia]], [[wp/bjn|Banjar Wikipedia]] and [[wp/mrj|Western Mari Wikipedia]] have been created
* 19 August 2010: [[wp/frr|Northern Frisian Wikipedia]] and [[wn/ko]] have been created
* 2 June 2010: Incubator exists for 4 years
* 19 March 2010: [[wp/krc|Karachay-Balkar Wikipedia]] has been created

== 2009 ==
* 24 December 2009: Picard Wikipedia ([[wp/pcd]]) has been created
* 25 September 2009: The LocalisationUpdate extension has been enabled
* 12 August 2009: Several wikis have been created ([[wp/ckb|Central Kurdish Wikipedia]], [[wp/pnb|Western Punjabi Wikipedia]], [[wp/mwl|Mirandese Wikipedia]], [[wp/ace|Achinese Wikipedia]], [[wn/tr]])
* 9 July 2009: The Mari Wikipedia ([[wp/mhr]]) has been created at http://mhr.wikipedia.org/ – contribute now!
* 2 June 2009: Wikimedia Incubator exists for three years now!
* 3 April 2009: The gadget AddPrefix is available on [[Special:Preferences]] that automatically adds a prefix on page creation
* March/April 2009: A tool is being created at http://toolserver.org/~robin/?tool=proposewiki that should make it easier to start a new test
* 5 March 2009: The Pontic Wikipedia ([[wp/pnt]]) has been created at http://pnt.wikipedia.org/ – contribute now!
== 2008 ==
* 24 November 2008: The Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia ([[wp/arz]]) has been created at http://arz.wikipedia.org/ – contribute now!
* 03 November 2008: We now have a [[mail:incubator|mailing list]] – subscribe then you'll receive important news and discussions.
* 11 September 2008: The translator group has been created
* 11 September 2008: The maximum number of subpages allowed to move at one time, has been extended from 100 to 500
* 23 August 2008: The idea for a [[I:CP#Translator group|translator group]] has come up
* 9 August 2008: An interesting feature request on Meta has been proposed: [[m:Flood flag]] to allow admins to temporarily hide their actions on recent changes
* July 2008: Contribute to [[m:Meta talk:Language proposal policy/Community draft|discussion]] about the [[m:Meta:Language proposal policy/Community draft|new community draft]] of the language policy. The policy deals with opening wikis for our current projects in new languages.
* 10 July 2008: The sidebar has been changed so the search box is at the top of the sidebar.
* June 2008: We are migrating Main Pages from &quot;Wx/xx&quot; to &quot;Wx/xx/Main Page&quot;. Please move the Main Page of your test project!
* 2 June 2008: Incubator celebrates its second anniversary since its creation on 2 June 2006!
* 1 June 2008: The [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Main Page|Main Page]] has been redesigned and can be translated.
* 27 May 2008: BetaWikiversity [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Beta Wikiversity|has been proposed to be closed]].
* 26 May 2008: [[I:Site creation log|15 new wikis]] have been created.

[[Category:Incubator:(all)|{{PAGENAME}}]]</text>
      <sha1>3fjwxiw409ev98ij1lwtb2bfqrvjlua</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381806</id>
      <parentid>7381713</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:04:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>100</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2026 */</comment>
      <origin>7381806</origin>
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      <text bytes="18981" sha1="d0mwqqujtwokpajs4pr33nbuj7nsy30" xml:space="preserve">{{Translations|version=2023-02-28}}
&lt;onlyinclude&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
==2026==
* 15 October 2026: [[:voy:ml:|Malayalam Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 21 July 2026: [[:w:bol:|Bole Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 8 July 2026: [[q:min:|Minangkabau Wikiquote]] has been created.
* 23 June 2026: [[w:isv:|Interslavic Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 18 June 2026: [[w:mag:|Magahi Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 4 May 2026: [[Meta:Public consultation about Wikinews|Wikinews]] has been discussed to be closed and can be read-only. Editions at Incubator are also locked.
* 9 March 2026: [[:s:ur:|Urdu Wikisource]] has been created.
* 9 March 2026: [[w:kai:|Karai-Karai Wikipedia]] has been created.&lt;!--ur.ws had its main page on 2026-03-05 but import is not done as of 2026-03-12, it's next to be added but only after content is there--&gt;
* 29 January 2026: [[w:ppl:|Nawat Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 26 January 2026: [[w:kaj:|Jju Wikipedia]] has been created.

==2025==
* 26 November 2025: [[w:tok:|Toki Pona Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 28 October 2025: [[:s:min:|Minangkabau Wikisource]] and [[q:pcm:|Nigerian Pidgin Wikiquote]] have been created.
* 18 September 2025: [[q:ms:|Malay Wikiquote]] has been created.
* 4 September 2025: [[wikt:bew:|Betawi Wiktionary]] and [[b:min:|Minangkabau Wikibooks]] have been created.
* 3 September 2025: [[wikt:zgh:|Standard Moroccan Tamazight Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 29 August 2025: [[w:rki:|Arakanese Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 24 April 2025: [[w:nup:|Nupe Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 25 February 2025: [[w:syl:|Sylheti Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 19 February 2025: [[wikt:sat:|Santali Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 30 January 2025: [[:w:knc:|Central Kanuri Wikipedia]] has been created.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

==2024==
* 12 December 2024: [[:w:tig:|Tigre Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 2 December 2024: [[:voy:id:|Indonesian Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 30 October 2024: [[:wikt:tcy:|Tulu Wiktionary]] and [[:s:tcy:|Tulu Wikisource]] have been created.
* 14 October 2024: [[:w:ann:|Obolo Wikipedia]], [[:w:rsk:|Pannonian Rusyn Wikipedia]], [[:w:tdd:|Tai Nuea Wikipedia]], [[:w:iba:|Iban Wikipedia]] and [[:w:nr:|Southern Ndebele Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 24 September 2024: [[:q:gor:|Gorontalo Wikiquote]], [[:w:kge:|Komering Wikipedia]], [[:wikt:mad:|Madurese Wiktionary]], [[Wp/mos|Mossi Wikipedia]] and [[:n:shn:|Shan Wikinews]] have been created.
* 6 August 2024: [[:w:bdr:|West Coast Bajau Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 26 July 2024: [[:voy:cs:|Czech Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 21 June 2024: [[:w:btm:|Batak Mandailing Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 28 May 2024: [[:w:dtp:|Central Dusun Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 24 April 2024: [[:w:bew:|Betawi Wikipedia]], [[:w:igl:|Igala Wikipedia]], [[:s:my:|Wikisource Burmese]],  [[:w:kus:|Kusaal Wikipedia]], [[:s:ka:|Georgian Wikisource]], [[:wikt:kaa:|Karakalpak Wiktionary]], and [[:s:ms:|Malay Wikisource]] have been created.


== 2023 ==
* 6 November 2023: [[:w:zgh:|Moroccan Amazigh Wikipedia]], [[:q:bjn:|Banjar Wikiquote]], [[:w:dga:|Dagaare Wikipedia]], and [[:w:bbc:|Toba Batak Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 3 October 2023: [[:w:fon:|Fon Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 30 August 2023: [[:w:tly:|Talysh Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 16 August 2023: [[:s:su:|Sundanese Wikisource]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt; and [[Wt/blk|Pa'O Wiktionary]] have been created.
* 26 July 2023: The [[Wt/btm|Batak Mandailing Wiktionary]] is created.
* 5 July 2023: The [[Wp/gpe|Ghanaian Pidgin English Wikipedia]] is created.
* 20 April 2023: The [[Wn/guw|Gun Wikinews]], [[Wt/kcg|Tyap Wiktionary]], [[Wp/fat|Fante Wikipedia]], and [[Wt/kbd|Kabardian Wiktionary]] have been created.
* 29 March 2023: The [[Wt/ckb|Central Kurdish Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 23 March 2023: The gadget that adds links in the sidebar for setting your interface language and test wiki has now been made to work for mobile users.
* 22 March 2023: [[Wp/anp|Angika Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 27 February 2023: [[Wp/guc|Wayuu Wikipedia]] and [[Wp/gur|Farefare Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 4 January 2023: [[Wb/shn|Shan Wikibooks]], [[Wq/as|Assamese Wikiquote]], [[Wq/guw|Gungbe Wikiquote]], and [[Wt/gor|Gorontalo Wiktionary]] have been created.

== 2022 ==
* 10 October 2022: [[Wq/bn|Bengali Wikiquote]], [[Wq/tl|Tagalog Wikiquote]], [[Wq/bcl|Central Bikol Wikiquote]], [[Wq/ig|Igbo Wikiquote]], and [[Wt/ig|Igbo Wiktionary]] have been created.
* 25 September 2022: A new gadget for adding interwiki links has been [[Incubator:Community Portal#New gadget for interwiki links on test Wiktionaries|enabled by default for everyone]].
* 17 August 2022: [[Wp/pcm|Nigerian Pidgin Wikipedia]], [[Wt/guw|Gun Wiktionary]], and [[Wt/bjn|Banjar Wiktionary]] have been created.
* 19 July 2022: [[Wp/blk|Pa'O Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 16 May 2022: [[Wp/kcg|Tyap Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 6 May 2022: A new version of the AddPrefix gadget has been [[Incubator:Community Portal#New version of the AddPrefix gadget|enabled by default for everyone]].
* 23 March 2022: [[Wp/guw|Gungbe Wikipedia]] and [[Wy/shn|Shan Wikivoyage]] have been created.

== 2021 ==
* 28 October 2021: [[Wt/lmo|Lombard Wiktionary]], [[Wp/ami|Amis Wikipedia]], and [[Wp/pwn|Paiwan Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 4 August 2021:  &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:jv:|Javanese Wikisource]] have been created.
* 10 July 2021:  &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:ban:|Balinese Wikisource]] have been created.
* 30 June 2021: [[Wp/dag|Dagbani Wikipedia]] and [[Wp/shi|Tachelhit Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 16 March 2021: [[Wt/mnw|Mon Wiktionary]], [[Wp/trv|Seediq/Taroko Wikipedia]] and [[Wp/tay|Tayal Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 22 February 2021: [[Wp/mni|Meitei Wikipedia]], [[Wt/mni|Meitei Wiktionary]] and [[Wp/alt|Southern Altai Wikipedia]] have been created.
* 19 January 2021: [[Wy/tr|Turkish Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 11 January 2021: [[Wp/nia|Nias Wikipedia]], [[Wt/nia|Nias Wiktionary]], [[Wt/bcl|Central Bikol Wiktionary]] and [[Wt/diq|Zazaki Wiktionary]] have been created.

== 2020 ==
* 15 December 2020: [[Wp/mad|Madurese Wikipedia]], [[Wp/skr|Saraiki Wikipedia]] and [[Wt/skr|Wiktionary]], [[wy/eo|Esperanto Wikivoyage]] (and from outside of Incubator: [[:s:wa:|Walloon Wikisource]]) have been created.
* 19 October 2020: [[wp/smn|Inari Sami Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 6 September 2020: [[wy/ja|Japanese Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 17 August 2020: [[wp/lld|Ladin Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 29 July 2020: [[wp/avk|Kotava Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 21 July 2020: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:lij:|Ligurian Wikisource]] has been created.
* 20 July 2020: [[wp/ary|Moroccan Arabic Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 22 June 2020: [[wt/shn|Shan Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 20 May 2020: [[wt/gom|Goan Konkani Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 20 May 2020: [[wp/awa|Awadhi Wikipedia]] has been created.

== 2019 ==
* 22 November 2019: [[Wt/shy|Tacawit Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 22 November 2019: [[Wp/gcr|Guianan Creole Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 21 November 2019: [[Wp/szy|Sakizaya Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 21 November 2019: [[Wt/min|Minangkabau Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 4 November 2019: [[Wp/mnw|Mon Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 14 October 2019: [[Wp/ban|Balinese Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 8 October 2019: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:hi:|Hindi Wikisource]] has been created.
* 26 September 2019: [[Wp/nqo|N’Ko Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 14 August 2019: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:nap:|Neapolitan Wikisource]] has been created.
* 4 April 2019: [[Wp/hyw|Western Armenian Wikipedia]] has been created.

== 2018 ==
* 14 November 2018: [[Wt/yue|Cantonese Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 14 November 2018: [[Wn/li|Limburgish Wikinews]] has been created.
* 14 November 2018: [[Wp/shn|Shan Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 13 November 2018: [[d:Wikidata:How to use data on Wikimedia projects#Arbitrary access|Wikidata arbitrary access]] is enabled on Incubator. &lt;!-- Date of announcement on I:CP --&gt;
* 8 August 2018: The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|AddPrefix gadget]] is now turned on by default. &lt;!-- Source: https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incubator:Community_Portal/Archive/2018:#Gadget:_AddPrefix --&gt;
* 2 August 2018: [[Wp/sat|Santali Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 2 August 2018: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:betawikiversity:|Beta Wikiversity]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[v:zh:|Chinese Wikiversity]] has been created.
* 8 June 2018: [[Wy/ps|Pashto Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 8 June 2018: [[Wq/sah|Sakha Wikiquote]] has been created.
* 8 June 2018: [[Wy/bn|Bengali Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 8 June 2018: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:pms:|Piedmontese Wikisource]] has been created.
* 18 April 2018: [[Wp/gor|Gorontalo Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 18 April 2018: [[Wp/inh|Ingush Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 18 April 2018: [[Wp/lfn|Lingua Franca Nova Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 18 April 2018: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:eu:|Basque Wikisource]] has been created.

== 2017 ==
* 6 November 2017: [[Wt/hif|Fiji Hindi Wiktionary]] has been created.
* 27 September 2017: [[Wy/hi|Hindi Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 22 August 2017: [[Wb/ba|Bashkir Wikibooks]] has been reopened.
* 13 August 2017: (from [[:betawikiversity:|Beta Wikiversity]]): [[v:hi:|Hindi Wikiversity]] has been created.
* 13 July 2017: [[Wp/din|Dinka Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 5 July 2017: [[Wn/nl|Dutch Wikinews]] has been reopened.
* 23 June 2017: [[Wp/kbp|Kabiye Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 14 June 2017: [[Wp/atj|Atikamekw Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 17 May 2017: [[User:Amire80|Amire80]] has filed a [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165585 ticket] on Phabricator regarding ease-of-use on Incubator and project creation.
* 24 April 2017: [[Wp/dty|Dotyali Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 14 April 2017: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;(from [[:oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]])&lt;/span&gt;: [[s:pa:|Punjabi Wikisource]] has been created.

== 2016 ==
* 30 November 2016: [[Wy/fi|Finnish Wikivoyage]]  has been created.
* 7 October 2016: [[Wp/olo|Wikipedia Livvi-Karelian]] has been created.
* 4 August 2016: [[Wp/tcy|Wikipedia Tulu]] has been created.
* 2 May 2016: [[Wp/jam|Wikipedia Jamaican Creole English]] has been created.
* 11 February 2016: [[Wp/ady|Wikipedia Adyghe]] has been created.

== 2015 ==
* 22 July 2015: [[Wp/azb|South Azerbaijani Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 16 June 2015: [[Wp/gom|Goan Konkani]] and [[Wp/lrc|Northern Luri Wikipedia]] have been created.

== 2014 ==
* 6 November 2014: [[Wp/mai|Maithili Wikipedia]] has been created.
* 2 October 2014: [[Wy/fa|Persian Wikivoyage]] has been created.
* 14 January 2014: [[Wy/zh|Chinese Wikivoyage]] has been created.

== 2013 ==
* 11 August 2013: [[Wp/tyv|Tuvan Wikipedia]] and [[Wy/vi|Vietnamese Wikivoyage]] have been created.
* 16 May 2013: [[Wt/vec|Venetian Wiktionary]] and [[Wy/el|Greek Wikivoyage]] have been created.
* 27 March 2013: [[Wy/he|Hebrew Wikivoyage]] and [[Wy/uk|Ukrainian Wikivoyage]] have been created.
* 11 February 2013: Project specific logos can now be enabled through a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|gadget]], in addition to the test-wiki-specific setting.
* 6 February 2013: [[Wp/min|Minangkabau Wikipedia]], [[Wq/sa|Sanskrit Wikiquote]], [[Wy/ro|Romanian Wikivoyage]], [[Wy/pl|Polish Wikivoyage]] (and from outside of Incubator: [[:v:ko:|Korean Wikiversity]]) have been created.
* 3 January 2013: [[Wy/es|Spanish Wikivoyage]], [[Wy/pt|Portuguese Wikivoyage]] (and from outside of Incubator: Assamese Wikisource) have been created.

== 2012 ==
* 1 September 2012: Creation of a Wikimedia mailing list dedicated to languages-related topics: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/languages languages@lists.wikimedia.org].
* 25 July 2012: A series of new features has been added to the Wikimedia Incubator to make it more user-friendly, such as [[Special:IncubatorFirstSteps]] for newcomers. See the [[Incubator:Software information and news#Software deployment|news page]] for others.
* 7 May 2012: [[:m:Requests for comment/Disable uploads on smaller wikis|A proposal]] to disable uploading on smaller wikis. Does not affect Incubator, as [[I:Upload|local uploads]] are already disabled, but interesting for new wikis.
* 27 March 2012: [[Wp/lez|Lezgi Wikipedia]] (and from outside of Incubator: Gujarati Wikisource, Belarussian Wikisource, Slovenian Wikiversity) have been created.
* 24 February 2012: [[Incubator:Software information and news#1.19|MediaWiki 1.19]] deployment
* 21 February 2012: [[w:International Mother Language Day|International Mother Language Day]]: [[:m:IRC office hours|IRC office hour]] about language support
* 6 February 2012: The Translate extension has been enabled on the Incubator. Translators can now translate in an easier interface at [[Special:Translate]].
* 1 February 2012: [[Wp/vep|Veps Wikipedia]], [[Wt/pnb|Punjabi Wiktionary]] (and from outside of Incubator: Marathi Wikisource) have been created.

== 2011 ==
* 28 December 2011: Our look back at the year [[Incubator:News/2011: report|is published]].
* 23 December 2011: MoodBar [[Special:FeedbackDashboard|feedback]] is working now.
* 12 December 2011: WebFonts font embedding enabled (see [[Help:Fonts]]); improved [[Special:Search|search]]; possibility to [[Special:ListUsers|view users by testwiki]]
* 15 November 2011: Narayam input methods were enabled (see [[Help:Typing]])
* 9 November 2011: Northern Sotho Wikipedia ([[Wp/nso]]) has been created
* 8 October 2011: There has been Wikipedia meetup in [[:de:Wikipedia:Aachen|Aachen]] (Germany), in which some Incubator admins participated.
* 28 September 2011: Oriya Wiktionary ([[Wt/or]]) re-opened
* 27 September 2011: [[I:SIN#1.18|MediaWiki 1.18 deployment]]
* 21 September 2011: You can now use an automatic [[Incubator:Babel|babel infobox]] instead of a template.
* 25 August 2011: We now have [[Incubator:User preference statistics|user preference statistics]].
* 24 August 2011: The [[Help:Incubator extension|extension]] has been updated. Now all non-existing info pages display default welcome pages.
* 9 August 2011: All [[Special:ListFiles|files]] are now moved to Commons. Only our logo is left.
* 12 July 2011: The [[Wp/xmf|Mingrelian Wikipedia]] (and from outside of Incubator: Arabic Wikiversity) have been created.
* 25 June 2011: The [[meta:Closing projects policy|Closing projects policy]] is adopted.
* 6 June 2011: The [[Help:Incubator extension|Incubator extension]] has been enabled. There is now a test wiki [[Special:Preferences|preference]] and recent changes per test wiki.
* 2 June 2011: Wikimedia Incubator exists for five years now!
* 13-15 May 2011: The [[meta:Langcom|Language Committee]] (and developers) have [[meta:Language committee/May 2011: meeting|met]] in Berlin
* 9 April 2011: [[wn/el]] has been created
* April 2011: See [[meta:User:SPQRobin/Closing projects]] for a policy proposal for [[meta:Proposals for closing projects|Proposals for closing projects]]
* 18 March 2011: [[wp/ltg|Latgalien Wikipedia]], [[wp/kbd|Kabardian Wikipedia]] and [[wn/sq]] (and from outside of Incubator: ws/sa, ws/sah and ws/eo) have been created
* 23 January 2011: [[wp/rue|Rusyn Wikipedia]] has been created
* 15 January 2011: Wikipedia [[tenwiki:Main Page|celebrates its 10th anniversary]]

== 2010 ==
* 13 November 2010: [[wp/gag|Gagauz Wikipedia]], [[wb/li]], [[wn/eo]] and [[wp/pfl|Palatine German Wikipedia]] (and from outside of Incubator: ws/br and ws/vec) have been created
* 17 October 2010: [[wn/fa]], [[wp/koi|Komi-Permyak Wikipedia]], [[wp/bjn|Banjar Wikipedia]] and [[wp/mrj|Western Mari Wikipedia]] have been created
* 19 August 2010: [[wp/frr|Northern Frisian Wikipedia]] and [[wn/ko]] have been created
* 2 June 2010: Incubator exists for 4 years
* 19 March 2010: [[wp/krc|Karachay-Balkar Wikipedia]] has been created

== 2009 ==
* 24 December 2009: Picard Wikipedia ([[wp/pcd]]) has been created
* 25 September 2009: The LocalisationUpdate extension has been enabled
* 12 August 2009: Several wikis have been created ([[wp/ckb|Central Kurdish Wikipedia]], [[wp/pnb|Western Punjabi Wikipedia]], [[wp/mwl|Mirandese Wikipedia]], [[wp/ace|Achinese Wikipedia]], [[wn/tr]])
* 9 July 2009: The Mari Wikipedia ([[wp/mhr]]) has been created at http://mhr.wikipedia.org/ – contribute now!
* 2 June 2009: Wikimedia Incubator exists for three years now!
* 3 April 2009: The gadget AddPrefix is available on [[Special:Preferences]] that automatically adds a prefix on page creation
* March/April 2009: A tool is being created at http://toolserver.org/~robin/?tool=proposewiki that should make it easier to start a new test
* 5 March 2009: The Pontic Wikipedia ([[wp/pnt]]) has been created at http://pnt.wikipedia.org/ – contribute now!
== 2008 ==
* 24 November 2008: The Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia ([[wp/arz]]) has been created at http://arz.wikipedia.org/ – contribute now!
* 03 November 2008: We now have a [[mail:incubator|mailing list]] – subscribe then you'll receive important news and discussions.
* 11 September 2008: The translator group has been created
* 11 September 2008: The maximum number of subpages allowed to move at one time, has been extended from 100 to 500
* 23 August 2008: The idea for a [[I:CP#Translator group|translator group]] has come up
* 9 August 2008: An interesting feature request on Meta has been proposed: [[m:Flood flag]] to allow admins to temporarily hide their actions on recent changes
* July 2008: Contribute to [[m:Meta talk:Language proposal policy/Community draft|discussion]] about the [[m:Meta:Language proposal policy/Community draft|new community draft]] of the language policy. The policy deals with opening wikis for our current projects in new languages.
* 10 July 2008: The sidebar has been changed so the search box is at the top of the sidebar.
* June 2008: We are migrating Main Pages from &quot;Wx/xx&quot; to &quot;Wx/xx/Main Page&quot;. Please move the Main Page of your test project!
* 2 June 2008: Incubator celebrates its second anniversary since its creation on 2 June 2006!
* 1 June 2008: The [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Main Page|Main Page]] has been redesigned and can be translated.
* 27 May 2008: BetaWikiversity [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Beta Wikiversity|has been proposed to be closed]].
* 26 May 2008: [[I:Site creation log|15 new wikis]] have been created.

[[Category:Incubator:(all)|{{PAGENAME}}]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Incubator:Requests for starting a test</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>57997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381924</id>
      <parentid>7365877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:46:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58353-56</username>
        <id>2722467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Toki Pona Wiktionary (Wt/tok) */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>7381924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1896" sha1="ipr6egzz4qd8w4w1m4d1owhi8q52nkt" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
{{shortcut|I:RST|I:RfNP}}
If you are unsure whether your language is valid to be hosted here or have its own subdomain, you can ask here for advice.
{{/instructions}}
&lt;inputbox&gt;
type=commenttitle
page=Incubator:Requests for starting a test
break=no
default=[[Wx/xyz|Langname Wikiproject]]
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editintro=Incubator:Requests for starting a test/editintro
buttonlabel=Add this request
summary=Add this request
&lt;/inputbox&gt;
__FORCETOC__
=Current requests=
*Archives:  [[/Archive 1|2008–2014]] • [[/Archive 2|2015–2018]] • [[/Archive 3|2019–2022]] • [[/Archive/2022|2022]] • [[/Archive/2023|2023]] • [[/Archive/2024|2024]] • [[/Archive/2025|2025]]

Please use the link in the instructions above to add a new request.

{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 3 | archive = 'Incubator:Requests for starting a test/Archive/((year)) | show = yes | timeout = 31 }}
&lt;!--remove &quot;{{none}}&quot; when adding a request--&gt;

== Toki Pona Wiktionary (Wt/tok) ==
* Proposed project: Wiktionary
* Language: Toki Pona
* Native name: toki pona
* ISO 639-3 code: tok
* Proposed test prefix: Wt/tok
* Proposed main page: Wt/tok/lipu_open
* Existing related project: [[Wp/tok]] (Already graduated as tok.wikipedia.org)

I would like to start a Wiktionary test project in Toki Pona (ISO 639-3: tok). 

The goal of this project is to define words using Toki Pona itself (lipu nimi pi toki pona). Toki Pona already has an active community and its Wikipedia has successfully graduated from the Incubator. I would appreciate it if an administrator could approve the creation of Wt/tok.

Thank you. -- [[User:Jan Pilavik|Jan Pilavik]] ([[User talk:Jan Pilavik|talk]]) 04:00, 18 October 2026 (UTC)

:nnnnjo ono ibibibuujjjjki b [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58353-56|~2026-58353-56]] ([[User talk:~2026-58353-56|talk]]) 18:46, 2 November 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Piniliay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>67779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381851</id>
      <parentid>5656383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:47:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="239" sha1="6aqjejtbmagnm5c6v24z4uqhq7rlyvl" xml:space="preserve">Ang '''piniliay''' (Sa Ininggles &quot;Economics&quot;, sa kinastila &quot;Economía&quot;) ang siyensya sang alokasyon sang mga manggad sa mga walay-untat nga kagustuhan sang mga tao.

[[Category:Wp/hil]]
[[Category:Wp/hil/Piniliay| ]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q159810}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Uetersen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71400</id>
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      <id>7381899</id>
      <parentid>5656622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:15:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="966" sha1="bswwggqqn8d1m1kg1kadc2rpffjoca3" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;Br&gt;''Uetersen''
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[Image:Uetersen Wappen.png|100px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[Image:Lage des Kreises Pinneberg in Deutschland.png|right|100px]]
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[image:Uetersen Stadtwerkehaus.jpg|center|250px]]
|}

Ang '''Uetersen''' [{{Wp/hil/IPA|ˈyːtɐzən}}] isa ka barrio sa sur nga parte sang [[Alemanya]], sa tunga sang [[Pinneberg]] kag [[Schleswig-Holstein]], malapit sa suba sang [[Pinnau]]. Uetersen ang may populasyon nga 17.865 ka pumuluyo (sang tuig [[2007]]).
{{Wp/hil/Commons|Uetersen}}
[[Category:Wp/hil]]
[[Category:Wp/hil/Alemanya]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1404}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Relihyon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381877</id>
      <parentid>5648483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:57:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="680" sha1="6cahl3pra3b6f0njux7x23pxo6dpu6g" xml:space="preserve">Ang relihiyon isa ka pagpalapit sang tawo sa pagka-ispirituhanon nga sa kalabanan may dala sang pormal nga istorya, simbolo, ginapatihan, kag mga buluhaton. May dala ini sang indi maintidihan sang normal nga tawo ukon siyensya, nga gahatag kahulogan sa mga nagapati nga may ara ginakilala nga may daku nga gahum, Diyos ukon diyos-diyos, ukon kamatuoran. Ini sila nagasimba paagi sa pagpangamuyo, ritwales, meditasyon, musika kag arte, kag iban pa gid.

Ang Relihiyon ginpasapasa halin sa mga katigulangan ukon tradisyon kag kultura, pagsulat, maragtas, kag mitolohiya kag indibidwal nga pagtuo kag inagihan.
[[Category:Wp/hil]]
[[Category:wp/hil/Relihiyon| ]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q9174}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ayl/مصر</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381789</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T14:59:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Таёжный лес</username>
        <id>2566317</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q79]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1590" sha1="9o6vwhjvs0kpogbfg04i6jbp3zoanwz" xml:space="preserve">[[Wp/ayl/ملف:Flag of Egypt.svg|تصغير|علم مصر]]

'''مصر''' هي بلاد جاية في شمال أفريقيا، وموجودة في شرق [[Wp/ayl/ليبيا|ليبيا]]. عاصمتها [[Wp/ayl/القاهرة|القاهرة]] وهي أكبر مدينة فيها. مصر تعتبر من أهم وأكبر البلدان في المنطقة. يحدها من الغرب ليبيا، ومن الجنوب [[Wp/ayl/السودان|السودان]]، ومن الشرق البحر الأحمر، ومن الشمال البحر الأبيض المتوسط.

== الجغرافيا ==
مصر معروفة بـ [[Wp/ayl/نهر النيل|نهر النيل]] اللي يمر منها من الجنوب للشمال ويصب في البحر المتوسط. أغلب مساحة مصر صحراء، والناس تعيش أساساً على ضفاف النيل وين موجودة الزراعة والمدن الكبيرة.

== التاريخ ==
مصر عندها تاريخ قديم هلبة ومعروفة بحضارة الفراعنة. الفراعنة بنو [[Wp/ayl/أهرامات الجيزة|الأهرامات]] اللي تعتبر من أهم المعالم في العالم وأكثر حاجة تجيب في السياح لمصر. 

== الاقتصاد والسياحة ==
الاقتصاد المصري يعتمد هلبة على السياحة، والزراعة، و[[Wp/ayl/قناة السويس|قناة السويس]] اللي تعتبر ممر مائي مهم يربط بين البحر المتوسط والبحر الأحمر.

[[Category:Wp/ayl]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q79}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Anikingos</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cabayi</username>
        <id>533060</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cabayi moved page [[User talk:Anirudh Emani]] to [[User talk:Anikingos]] over redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Anirudh Emani|Anirudh Emani]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Anikingos|Anikingos]]&quot;</comment>
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== Welcome ==
{{Translations|Template:Welcome|version=2|extratitle=&lt;br /&gt;([[Template:Welcome-translate|Translate]]!)}}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|float={{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|left|right}}
}}
{{Welcome-translations}}
{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;div class=&quot;rtl-text&quot;&gt;|}}

At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Template:User language|User language templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand it!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and [[translatewiki:Special:FirstSteps|follow the instructions]].

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;/div&gt;|}}&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 08:10, 6 August 2011 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Liuxinyu970226</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>146006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381814</id>
      <parentid>7381418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:22:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>633333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikidata weekly summary #756 */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="1670826" sha1="f633po438wc1akozktom595s4tw5jn1" xml:space="preserve">[[/Archive|archives]]

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 05:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #682 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-02. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#681]].&lt;br&gt; Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Wikidata_Translation_Bot|Wikidata Translation Bot]] - task/s: Automate translation of Item Labels and Descriptions across supported languages and submit them using the official Wikidata API. 
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Mass-editing policy|Mass-editing policy]]
* Closed request for comments:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Rename_PeakFinder_ID_(P3770)|Rename PeakFinder ID (P3770)]] - Property was renamed.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Domain_name_as_data|Domain name as data]] - property [[d:Property:P13337|domain name (P13337)]] was created.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group event series on the Wikidata Graph Split project. Our first event will include guests from the Wikidata Search team to discuss the recent graph split project.  Join us Tuesday, June 3, 2025 at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST (Time zone converter).  Please see our [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit project page] for more information and Zoom links.
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #77 June 9 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Q61752245|Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]]
** Revitalizing UK History  #June 7 Time 16:00 UTC [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History Revitalizing UK History]
* Just missed it?
** Wikidata and Sister Projects: [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects#Sessions|full day videos and presentation slides are being made available on the program page]].
** [https://wikimedia.es/evento/concurso-coordinate-me-2025-online/ Coordinate Me 2025], the contest to add [[d:Property:P625|geographic coordinates (P625)]] for countries with low representation has ended. Who will be declared winner?

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://osl.hypotheses.org/16774 Wikidata promotes Sister Projects through interwiki links] SLUB Open Science Lab writer Jens Bemme has put together a comprehensive article covering the recent online event and many examples of Wikidata being used.
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.21693 MAKIEVAL: A Multilingual Automatic Wikidata-based Framework for Cultural Awareness Evaluation for LLMs] By Zhao et al., (2025) - This paper presents MAKIEVAL, a framework for evaluating cultural awareness in LLMs across languages, showing that models exhibit stronger cultural awareness when prompted in English.
** [https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/2505.19971 Conversational Lexicography: Querying Lexicographic Data on Knowledge Graphs with SPARQL through Natural Language] By Sennrich &amp; Ahmadi (2025) - This paper develops a natural language interface for retrieving lexicographic data from Wikidata, creating a taxonomy and dataset, and evaluating language models, with GPT-3.5-Turbo showing the best generalization despite scalability challenges.
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23461 UAQFact: Evaluating Factual Knowledge Utilization of LLMs on Unanswerable Questions] By Tan et al., (2025) - This paper introduces UAQFact, a bilingual dataset for evaluating LLMs on unanswerable questions, showing that models struggle to fully utilize stored factual knowledge even with external support.
* Videos
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NC6zkOznAeM Listful Thinking:Using Wikidata to support editing workflows] By Dr Thneed
** (French) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sdsPS8Af6YE Using Wikidata to gain visibility on the internet?] By Nelly Darbois
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BY_2T6yB56Q How to create a SPARQL Query to search Wikidata Item Description] By vlogize
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1j6pHOBRqt0 Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata tutorial for the subject of Virreinal Art] By Luis Alvaz
** [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejPiMknpyQFM43rivJbn33Ff&amp;si=F7kedfs1h48e-xQ7 Wikidata and Sister Projects (YouTube Playlist)] - full daily recordings from the Wikidata and Sister Projects event.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/brawer/wikidata-qrank Wikidata Qrank]  is a ranking signal for Wikidata entities. It gets computed by aggregating page view statistics for Wikipedia, Wikitravel, Wikibooks, Wikispecies and other Wikimedia projects. For example, according to the QRank signal, the fictional character Pippi Longstocking ranks lower than Harry Potter, but still much higher than the obscure Äffle &amp; Pferdle.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://www.should-i-watch-this.com Should I watch this?] - Enter a film title or IMDb ID to get a recommendation, uses data from Wikidata.
* Job Openings - want to help shape the future of Wikidata or Wikibase?
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/56640059/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=220899039&amp;l=en Software Engineer (Wikidata)] 
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/55063868/Staff-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=209936577&amp;l=en Staff Engineer (Wikidata)]
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/56244967/UX-Designer-Wikibase-Cloud-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=216209752&amp;l=en UX Designer (Wikibase Cloud)]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13589|‎reason for no value]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier property to be used with statements having the object &quot;no value&quot;, given to provide a reason for &quot;no value&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13593|cosplay of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;characters that are cosplayed in this image or video&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13590|espn.com soccer team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13591|‎Yale LUX ID]], [[:d:Property:P13592|Židovski biografski leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13594|verkiezingsuitslagen database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13595|Norwegian soldier register 1940 ID]], [[:d:Property:P13596|Polish Music Library PBM ID]], [[:d:Property:P13597|‎MCW-PL article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UK Mutual Registration Number|UK Mutual Registration Number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for an organisation in the UK's Mutuals Public Register&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scilit organization ID|Scilit organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/paleo.ru person ID|paleo.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Assemblée nationale du Québec non-élu|identifiant Assemblée nationale du Québec non-élu]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ThinkyGames genre ID|ThinkyGames genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letopis of MSU person ID|Letopis of MSU person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MAI person ID|MAI person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/istina.msu.ru journal ID|istina.msu.ru journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MultimediaWiki page ID|MultimediaWiki page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Submarine Cable Map ID|Submarine Cable Map ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nederlands Film Festival person ID|Nederlands Film Festival person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CTS URN|CTS URN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scientific heritage of Russia person ID|Scientific heritage of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual necropolis of Ukrainian emigration person ID|Virtual necropolis of Ukrainian emigration person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Cycling Federation person ID|Russian Cycling Federation person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID|The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Books author ID|Yandex Books author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatre museums of Russia person ID|Theatre museums of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reabilitovani istoriyeyu person ID|Reabilitovani istoriyeyu person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CARLA ID|CARLA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Boosty author ID|Boosty author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/ELXS All lexemes in Minangkabau (sorted chronologically by their entry time)]
** [https://w.wiki/EMbF Film Directors who are still alive]
* Schema examples:
**
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next WikiProject WordNet]
* WikiProject Highlights:
**
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]:[[Wikidata:Database reports/Most linked category items|list of the most linked category page items]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q18407657|
Captain America: Civil War (Q18407657)]] - 22016 film by Anthony and Joe Russo
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1250690|(L1250690)
spegnere (L1250690)]] - Italian verb &quot;switch off&quot; or &quot;to die&quot;

''' Development '''
* Vector 2022 skin: We enabled dark mode for Items, Properties and Lexemes on Wikidata ([[phab:T389330]])
* Mobile statement editing: We are continuing with the technical investigation.
* Diffs: We merged a volunteer patch by Matěj Suchánek to format quantity diffs a bit more sensibly ([[phab:T394585]])
* Search in the UI: We enabled the new search on https://test.wikidata.org and https://wikidata.beta.wmflabs.org. It lets you easily search in other entity types as well now, not just Items. Please give it a try.
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on integrating simple search, specifically phrase matching ([[phab:T389011]])
* Query Service: We are working on an experiment to add a small dialog to inform people about alternative access methods for very simple queries that don't require SPARQL ([[phab:T391261]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:16, 2 June 2025 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2025-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;_default&lt;/code&gt; key in the local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]&lt;/bdi&gt; page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=clientlogin&lt;/code&gt; will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205]
* From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:33, 9 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716]
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121]
* Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492]
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]].
* Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageImage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageAssessments&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:13, 10 June 2025 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue V, May 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Enhancing the LGBTQ+ content in Albanian Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Video resource on Wikimedia Brasil and Casa de Oswaldo Cruz Partnership Released
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: SPRINGing back activities
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library of the CR events and important guests
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Europe report|Europe report]]: DARIAH DHwiki WG coming activity 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: GLAM project starts with Nanda Talukdar Foundation at Jorhat, Assam
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Wiki Month 2025 in Indonesia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From charts to concrete
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Traditional Albanian Food Photography Competition 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Update from Auckland Museum; Let the Wikifying Commence; Listful Thinking 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Architectural Folklore Campaign Series
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Celebrating Museums and strengthening #1Lib1Ref connections
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Some news from Spain
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Museum Day 2025; CoCreation PTT-Archive; Scoring Girls
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: The 18th language
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring GLAM news from Ukraine – first major survey for GLAM institutions &amp; yet another successful #1Lib1Ref
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: May meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group May monthly highlights
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Preparing the data upload
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:00, 10 June 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #683 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#682]].&lt;br&gt; Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Coinhote|Coinhoe]] - RfP scheduled to end after 10 June 2025 23:49 (UTC)

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: New Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group event series on the Wikidata Graph Split project. Our second event will be a conversation with Daniel Mietchen and Lane Rasberry about [https://scholia.toolforge.org/ Scholia], the Wikidata frontend which generates and presents scholarly profiles based on WikiCite content. They'll speak to Scholia's current state and roadmap, with consideration for the recent Wikidata graph split. Tuesday, June 10, 2025 at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST. More info and Zoom links: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit|project page]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://github.com/trokhymovych/wikidata-vandalism-detection Graph-Linguistic Fusion: Using Language Models for Wikidata Vandalism Detection]: resources to reproduce training and evaluation procedure for the paper Graph-Linguistic Fusion: Using Language Models for Wikidata Vandalism Detection
** [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EyInxNXvz3rmmlTeYOKg6Sr5EKG--4mzBXlaz_HhYRY/edit?usp=sharing Cataloguing guidelines for representing the Memory of the World International Register on Wikidata] Google Doc to shape the process of a coming data upload: comments are open.
** [https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Memory_of_the_World_report GLAM:Memory of the World Report:] Hannah Drummen at UNESCO, alongside data expert Martin, has completed a structured dataset of 496 International Register items, ready for bulk upload to Wikidata in June, with an aim to enhance accessibility and define best practices for future updates.
** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_report|Wikidata QID updates to BHL catalogue]]: The BHL Lead Developer, Mike Lichtenberg, is ensuring periodic Wikidata Qid refreshes in the BHL Catalogue, with the working group advising a downloadable post-refresh report for OpenRefine integration, to be sent to the BHL Metacat group for reconciliation by Siobhan or other Wikidata editors.
** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Indonesia_report GLAM Wiki|Wikidata training &amp; Datathon in Indonesia]]: Wikimedia Indonesia hosts WikiLatih Wikidata training to enhance skills in editing Indonesian cultural heritage data on Wikidata, while Datathon challenges participants to make the most edits on museum-related topics in Indonesia.
* Papers
** [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40481658/ Wikidata for Botanists: Benefits of collaborating and sharing Linked Open Data] By von Mering et al., (2025) - This paper explores Wikidata as a multilingual open knowledge base for botany, highlighting its role in connecting botanical information across sources, and calling on the botanical community to enhance its content.
** [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-05200-8 CS-KG 2.0: A Large-scale Knowledge Graph of Computer Science] By Dessí et al., (2025) - This paper introduces CS-KG 2.0, an advanced AI-powered knowledge graph built from 15 million research papers, designed to enhance scientific exploration by structuring and interconnecting vast amounts of computer science literature.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHhvcvvFPsA Using the Wiki List tool] - GoogleSheet with formulae for retrieving Wikidata values and writing QuickStatements commands.
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=0eGNxqvW89M Introduction to Wikidata] By Robin Isadora Brown and Lane Rasberry
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ijwiYthh6CY Wikidata Editing] By Kusaal Wikipedia Community
** (Portuguese) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UWuRQstMm8E Federating academic SPARQL searches in Wikidata] By Tiago Lubiana

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://phonemes.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Phonemes] This is the web application developed specifically for Wikidata IOLab. In here you can add phonemes to a whole bunch of languages, basing your work on the work that the brazilian students of their national olympiad did while editing Wikipedia.
* [https://www.should-i-watch-this.com/Mission%20Imposible/2018 Should I watch this?] is a tool that helps users decide whether a movie or show is worth watching.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest General datatypes 
**[[:d:Property:P13598|Guizzi's classification of musical instruments]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Guizzi's classification system of musical instruments&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13602|single taken from the album]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicates the album from which the item is taken&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13599|‎GameSpot platform ID]], [[:d:Property:P13600|‎OberpfalzWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13601|‎Private Enterprise Number]], [[:d:Property:P13603|TNT Sports soccer team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13604|‎Fondazione Ragghianti Fototeca image ID]], [[:d:Property:P13605|ROAR ID]], [[:d:Property:P13606|‎15min.lt theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13607|FMJD person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13608|NAQ non-elected person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13609|paleo.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13610|‎Sierra Wiki article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New External identifier property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca Pública|Biblioteca Pública]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{TranslateThis&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Libretexts ID|Libretexts ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the world's largest collection of free OER textbooks online&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Évêques suisses|identifiant Évêques suisses]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID|Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deaf Movie Database|Deaf Movie Database]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Affiliated Dissemination of Literacy among Georgians ID|Biographical Dictionary of Affiliated Dissemination of Literacy among Georgians ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Physicians of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Physicians of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Athletes of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Athletes of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Winemakers of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Winemakers of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/matricule number|matricule number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/inn|inn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Debian Wiki article|Debian Wiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Desura game ID (archived)|Desura game ID (archived)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID|Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/QUDT dimension ID|QUDT dimension ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/ERgB Wikisource transcriptions of texts on the Memory of the World International Register], ([[d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/memory_of_the_world#Wikisource_transcriptions_of_individual_texts|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/4cn2 Bills and coins of Brazilian Real (with pictures)]
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProject]] highlights: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Names/be-tarask Names/Belarusian] - This WikiProject aims to add structured and linguistic data to Wikidata to enable the study of people's names across all time periods, regions, and languages.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q5901134|Ant-Man (Q5901134)]] - 2015 film directed by Peyton Reed

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements: We are doing initial development focusing on technical investigations and basic UI elements ([[phab:T394292]], [[phab:T394886]])
* Lexemes: We are looking into a rare error when trying to do undo certain Lexeme edits ([[phab:T392372]])
* Watchlist/Recent changes on Wikipedia: We continued working on showing labels instead of IDs in the edit summaries of Wikidata changes that are shown in the watchlist and recent changes of Wikipedia and co ([[phab:T388685]])
* Wikibase REST API: Finishing touches on simple search ([[phab:T383126]])
* Query Service UI: Added experimental popup to point people running very simple queries to other available access methods ([[phab:T391264]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:21, 10 June 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Future self]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pl:Przyszła jaźń]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the psychology of self, the '''future self''' concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected (e.g., similarity, closeness) to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self, they are more likely to save for retirement, make healthy decisions, and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:18, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #684 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-16. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#683]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7ZEIMLZEQXFLSXPT2N6FROB2TCMMKVVW/ GLAM Wiki Conference 2025] - Program Call-for-Proposals: Deadline 15 June.
** [[d:Q134950534|COSCUP 2025 (Q134950534)]]  [[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/COSCUP 2025|Open Street Map x Wikidata Track]] - [[d:Q699543|National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Q699543)]] 9 August - 10 August.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://professional.wiki/en/news/wikibase-faceted-search-released Wikibase Faceted Search Released] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxKWpTQBrqk demo video])
** [https://github.com/watmildon/DecomissionedAircraftMap DecomissionedAircraftMap] (see tool below) - The Decommissioned Aircraft Map project uses Wikidata to enhance its mapping of historic aircraft by pulling images from linked Wikidata entries. Users can contribute by adding or correcting Wikidata tags on OpenStreetMap, ensuring accurate representation of aircraft locations and visuals. By Watmildon.
* Videos: [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aDVeeym9Dpg Querying Wikidata using tools such as QuickStatements and Petscan] - Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://dataviz.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Visualization]: a visualization tool for Wikidata SPARQL queries
* [https://overpass-ultra.us/#map&amp;query=url:https://raw.githubusercontent.com/watmildon/DecomissionedAircraftMap/refs/heads/main/AircraftMap.ultra&amp;m=0.87/0/0 DecomissionedAircraftMap] (as a demonstration of the power of OpenStreetMap into Wikidata): pulls geodata for displayed aircraft from OpenStreetMap and generates thumbnails from linked Wikidata entries.
* [http://tiago.bio.br/query-split-tester Query split tester] (Beta): webtool to see the impact on the graph split on your SPARQL query.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Nominations for the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tools Award]] 2025 are open. Nominate your favorite tool! Nominations are due by the 25th of this month already.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest General datatypes 
**[[:d:Property:P13612|‎breed belongs to taxon]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon to which members of this breed (or these breeds) belong&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13611|CARLA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13613|Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13614|ThinkyGames genre ID]]
* New External identifier property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/worn on|worn on]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;part of the body where an item of clothing, equipment, or jewelry is worn&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rewards this type of work|rewards this type of work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;kind of work for which an award is given&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sign meaning|sign meaning]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/trailer of|trailer of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works that this trailer video represents&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Facebook image ID|Facebook image ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DE-BIAS ID|DE-BIAS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Author identifier in FragTrag|Author identifier in FragTrag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Niedersächsische Personen-ID|Niedersächsische Personen-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FBref match ID|FBref match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FBref competition ID|FBref competition ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/EKb5 A visual representation of the birthplaces and death places of women medical doctors who qualified in the UK between 1877 and 1914.] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Place_of_birth_to_Place_of_Death_-_arrow_indicator?|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/6RiP Distinct languages of Wikidata Lexemes]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_PCC_EMCO_Wikidata_CoP|EMCO Wikidata CoP]] - EMCO promotes the discovery and use of the world’s knowledge by supporting metadata producers in library and other cultural heritage communities.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q50008|The Times (Q50008)]] - British daily national newspaper based in London
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3348|right (L3348)]] - English adjective (rīt) meaning &quot;opposite of left&quot;, &quot;correct/just&quot;, or &quot;politically conservative&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GX3FR7E6ASLEOP7LLKXTYCJ6O34QX3QJ/ Share your feedback on the new prototype that brings statement editing on Items to mobile].
** We continued base work for making editing statements on mobile possible.
* Simple search is now available in the Wikibase REST API! You can find information and leave feedback [[d:Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round|here]].
* Lexemes: We’re working on a WikibaseLexeme error that happens when trying to revert the deletion of a form that was already undeleted ([[phab:T392372]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:28, 16 June 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:35, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Growth News #34 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]]

''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.''

=== Mentoring new editors ===

In February, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Mentorship 2|Mentorship]] was successfully rolled out to 100% of newcomers on English Wikipedia. Following this milestone, we collaborated with Spanish Wikipedia to expand Mentorship coverage to 70% of new accounts, with plans to reach 85% soon unless concerns are raised by mentors. ([[phab:T394867|T394867]])
=== “Add a Link” Task – Iteration and Experimentation ===

Our efforts to improve and scale the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|“Add a Link” structured task]] continued across multiple fronts: 

* '''Community Feedback &amp; Model Improvements''':  We’ve responded to community concerns with targeted changes:
** Restricting access to newer accounts ([[phab:T393688|T393688]])
** Some links types were removed to align with recommendations written in the English Wikipedia Manual of Style ([[phab:T390683|T390683]])
** Allowing communities to limit “Add a Link” to newcomers ([[phab:T393771|T393771]])
** The model used to suggest the links was improved to ease its training ([[phab:T388258|T388258]])
* '''English Wikipedia rollout and A/B test''': We increased the rollout to 20% of newcomers, with analysis underway. Preliminary data suggests this feature makes new account holders more likely to complete an unreverted edit. ([[phab:T386029|T386029]], [[phab:T382603|T382603]])
* '''Surfacing Structured Tasks''': An experiment where we show “add a link” suggestions to newly registered users while they are reading an article is running on pilot wikis (French, Persian, Indonesian, Portuguese, Egyptian Arabic). Initial results are under analysis. ([[phab:T386029|T386029]])
=== Newcomer Engagement Features ===
* '''“Get Started” notification''':  Engineering is in progress for a new notification (Echo/email) to encourage editing among newcomers with zero edits. Early research shows this type of nudge is effective. ([[phab:T392256|T392256]])
* '''Confirmation email:'''  We are exploring ways to simplify and improve the initial account confirmation email newly registered users receive. ([[phab:T215665|T215665]])
=== Community Configuration Enhancements ===

Communities can now manage which namespaces are eligible for Event Registration via [[mw:Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. ([[phab:T385341|T385341]])
=== Annual Planning ===

The Wikimedia Foundation’s 2025–2026 Annual Plan is taking shape. The Growth and Editing teams will focus on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Product_&amp;_Technology_OKRs#Contributor_Experiences_(WE1)|'''Contributor Experiences (WE1)''' objective]], with a focus on increasing '''constructive edits''' by editors with fewer than 100 cumulative contributions.

=== Get Involved ===

We value your insights and ideas! If you would like to participate in a discussion, share feedback, or pilot new features, please reach out on the relevant Phabricator tasks or [[mw:Talk:Growth|at our talk page]], in any language.

''&lt;small&gt;'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].&lt;/small&gt;''
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pictorial map]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:نقشه تصویری]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:絵地図]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Blake Britain Spearhead of Attack.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pictorial maps''' (also known as illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird's-eye view maps, and geopictorial maps) depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. It is a type of map in contrast to road map, atlas, or topographic map. The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #685 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-23. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#684]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events '''
* Join us for the third [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] event on the Wikidata Graph Split project, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750780800 Tuesday, June 24 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST]. We’ll share updates on the Query Service, tools, and SPARQL learning resources. Stanford researchers Shicheng Liu and Sina Jandaghi Semnani will present their Spinach Wikidata Agent, which translates complex questions into SPARQL queries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit|Project page]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Presentations
** [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15690771 Slides of the panel] ''MediaWiki-based tools and services in Digital Humanities workflows'', part of the DARIAH-EU Annual Event 2025 in Göttingen: (the panel was about Wikibase instances, including Wikidata)
* Blogs
** [https://stefan.bloggt.es/2025/06/wer-war-wie-oft-bei-lanz-schoener-leben-mit-linked-data/ Who appeared how often on Lanz?] (in German)
** [https://techinformed.com/wikidata-leader-on-open-data-in-age-of-ai/ Wikidata’s Lydia Pintscher on importance of open data in the age of AI]
* Papers
** [https://www.psypost.org/scientists-uncover-surprisingly-consistent-pattern-of-scholarly-curiosity-throughout-history/ Scientists uncover surprisingly consistent pattern of scholarly curiosity throughout history]
** [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 ''The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality'']  by [[User:Ambrosia10|Ambrosia10]] and colleagues used Wikidata to publicly curate the information.  
* Videos
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=j8hxYuqCVm4 Holy wells and OpenData - a talk about Wikidata et al.]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek629n_-2v4&amp;pp=0gcJCfwAo7VqN5tD Wikidata Graph Split - Writing an FAQ] - By Tiago Lubiana
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mI9KmLI_NNA Taller introducción a Wikidata - Erika Guetti Suca]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2177TktBLok Wikidata Lab XLV: Quick Statements 3.0 - Part II] By Wikimedia Brasil
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=W74pw00i4IQ ¿Qué es Wikidata y cómo se edita?] By Wikimedia Colombia

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://femiber.upf.edu/ FEMIber]: a digital humanities tool that uses structured data aligned with Wikidata principles to document and analyze how women are represented in medieval Iberian chronicles.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13615|The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13616|Debian Wiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13617|UK Parliament bill ID]], [[:d:Property:P13618|CPJ topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13619|Desura game ID (archived)]], [[:d:Property:P13620|Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID]], [[:d:Property:P13621|Swiss Bishops ID]], [[:d:Property:P13622|KNDB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13623|MAI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13624|necropolis.uinp.gov.ua person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/état|état]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;state of the matrix while printing&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Federal Tax Service ID|Russian Federal Tax Service ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of Russian Tax Service for people or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/donation URL|donation URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;official URL for making donations to the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ukrainian Memorial person ID|Ukrainian Memorial person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Memorial Platform person ID|Memorial Platform person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Klimadashboard.de region ID|Klimadashboard.de region ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Central News Agency News topic id|Taiwan Central News Agency News topic id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant HAL d'une collection|identifiant HAL d'une collection]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CoreTennis.net player ID|CoreTennis.net player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant sujet du dictionnaire biographique du Canada|identifiant sujet du dictionnaire biographique du Canada]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AMNH entity ID|AMNH entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nasljerseys.com player ID|nasljerseys.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal Decentralization hromada ID|Portal Decentralization hromada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal of united hromadas of Ukraine hromada ID|Portal of united hromadas of Ukraine hromada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archive of Our Own story ID|Archive of Our Own story ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rada.info council ID|rada.info council ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Tennis Federation player ID|International Tennis Federation player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Confederation of African Tennis player ID|Confederation of African Tennis player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artvee artwork ID|Artvee artwork ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/EKb5 Place of birth to Place of Death - arrow indicator] ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Request_a_query source])
** [https://w.wiki/tZJ Map with place of birth and years of cartographers] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Place_of_birth_to_Place_of_Death_-_arrow_indicator?|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Personal_Collections WikiProject Personal Collections] - The WikiProject Personal Collections aims to develop standardized terms, multilingual ontologies, and best practices for consistently describing personal collections and archives on Wikidata.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q484365|David Duchovny (Q484365)]] - American actor and writer
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L183915|газ (L183915)]] - Russian noun (ɡas) meaning &quot;gas (physical state)&quot;, &quot;natural gas&quot;, or &quot;accelerator pedal&quot;

''' Development '''
* Query Service: It is now possible to download query results in Wikidata Query Service that include coordinates as GeoJSON (KML &amp; GPX should also be available soon). Thanks to Atom.oil.2 for the patch. ([[phab:T216601]])
* Wikidata integration in Wikipedia and co: We are continuing the work on improving how Wikidata changes show up in watchlist and recent changes, specifically showing labels instead of IDs in the future. ([[phab:T388685]])
* Search: We enabled the new search box that makes it easier to search in Properties, Lexemes and EntitySchemas as well. We are working on minor fixes based on feedback.
* Mobile statement editing: We are working on showing the first statements in the new way - mostly tech demo and nothing to see yet ([[phab:T394886]])
* Federation: We are looking into measuring and better understanding queries that use SPARQL federation.
* REST API: We continued working on prefix search for Items in the API ([[phab:T388209]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Norway|Norway]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Current issue]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:11, 23 June 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001]
* Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519]
* A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;all_links&lt;/code&gt; variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;new_links&lt;/code&gt; for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the &quot;Add a Link&quot; Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:17, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 24 June 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/News and notes|Happy 7 millionth!]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/In the media|Playing professor pong with prosecutorial discretion]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Disinformation report|Pardon me, Mr. President, have you seen my socks?]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Recent research|Wikipedia's political bias; &quot;Ethical&quot; LLMs accede to copyright owners' demands but ignore those of Wikipedians]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Traffic report|All Sinners, a future, all Saints, a past]]

* News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/News from Diff|Call for candidates is now open: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Opinion|Russian Wiki-fork flails, failing readers and editors]]

* Debriefing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Debriefing|EggRoll97's RfA&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; debriefing]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Community view|A Deep Dive Into Wikimedia (part 3)]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Comix|Hamburgers]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 02:31, 24 June 2025 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: June 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:19, 27 June 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:QEUH.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Queen Elizabeth University Hospital''' (QEUH) is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan, in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major Emergency Departments; one for adults and one for children. There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services, to send patients directly, without having to be processed through the Emergency Department. The retained buildings from the former Southern General Hospital include the Maternity Unit, the Institute of Neurological Sciences, the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and the laboratory. The whole facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and is one of the largest acute hospital campuses in Europe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #686 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-30. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#685]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** 8-11 September: [https://openrefine.org/blog/2025/06/10/OpenRefine-2025-Barcamp OpenRefine Barcamp] - fully virtual, registrations and call for sessions are open
** [[d:Event:WikidataCon_2025|WikidataCon 2025]] returns this year on the theme of Connecting People through Linked Open Data...on the links below you can
*** [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|Register to the event]] to get updates and news
*** Submit now, the [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp Call for Proposals is open!]
** [https://www.hsozkult.de/event/id/event-155988 Wikidata for Jewish Studies], a hands-on Wikidata workshop at the  Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz from September 8-9, 2025. (Registration by July 18)
** [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Drop_in_and_Wikidata_-_June_2025 Drop in and Wikidata] - This regular online meeting has moved to the last Thursday of every month. [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/88415120219 Join via Zoom]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/28/visualizing-knowledge-how-indonesians-turn-wikidata-into-stories-that-matter/ Visualizing Knowledge] - how Indonesians turn Wikidata into stories that matter. This article details the efforts and winners of a WM Indonesia organised 30-day competition to create cool visualizations powered through Wikidata.
** [https://www.lpi.org/blog/2025/06/25/openrefine-data-workflow-via-open-source-collaboration/ OpenRefine: Data workflow via open source collaboration] - the Linux Professional Institute interview the project manager of OR, Martin Magdinier, on the journey developing this data manipulation tool.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jon_Harald_S%C3%B8by/senseItemLabel.js User:Jon Harald Søby/senseItemLabel.js] What it does is that when you add a P5137 statement in a lexeme, it will let you add the lemma as a label to the item in one click, if the item doesn't have a label in that language yet, or if the label is different (very useful for case differences, for instance)

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course Wikidata Ontology Course] has finished its course sessions.  The slides for all sessions of the course are available on the course page. Part of participating in the course was to set up a project related to the Wikidata Ontology.  Current information on the projects, many of which are continuing after the end of the course is now [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course#Projects available].  If you are interested in one or more of the projects please follow the project, add something to its discussion page, or contribute to it.
* [https://wissenschaftlichestellenangebote.com/phd-position-in-history,i18518.html PhD Position in Digital History] at the University of Luxembourg is seeking someone with experience in Wikibase and Linked Open Data.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: none
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/defining Prolog formula|defining Prolog formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Prolog rule expressing the intended logical behavior of a property, for use in ontology formalization and rule-based reasoning.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Codes for the administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|Codes for the administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for administrative divisions of People's Republic of China, published by Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ENTSO-E resource type|ENTSO-E resource type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ENTSO-E code for type of Power System Resource. Alias: PSR type, electrical aset type&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Film Atlas ID|Film Atlas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FLBB player ID|FLBB player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MarathonView person ID|MarathonView person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/EYkW UNESCO Memory of the World International Register (now complete up to 2023)] ([[d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/memory_of_the_world|source]])
**[https://w.wiki/EZ9o Largest collections on the MoW International Register]
** [https://w.wiki/EcAw Featured and Good Articles in Korean or Chinese Wikipedia, with no English version] - [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Articles_that_are_GA_or_FA_on_zh_or_ko_wiki_but_not_on_en|source]]
** [https://w.wiki/EcAy Ugandan Female Footballers] - [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Query_on_Ugandan_female_Footballers|source]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Personal_Collections WikiProject Personal Collections] - The WikiProject Personal Collections aims to develop structured, multilingual standards and best practices for describing personal collections and archives on Wikidata.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]:
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q170599|Arctic Monkeys (Q170599)]] - English rock band
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L713097|ਸਿਫ਼ਤ (L713097)]] - Punjabi noun (si-fat) meaning &quot;praise/glorification&quot;, &quot;virtue&quot;, or &quot;attribute&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We continued working on Item prefix search ([[phab:T388209]]) and started working on stemming support ([[phab:T397605]])
* Integration in Wikipedia and co: The improved edit summaries are now live on the first wikis (ca, uk, he). We are now showing the labels for linked entities instead of just their IDs ([[phab:T388685]])
* Mobile statement editing: We are continuing working on the basics of showing statements in the new way - nothing useful to see yet ([[phab:T394886]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/New Zealand|New Zealand]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:57, 30 June 2025 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2025-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599]
* Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's &quot;Find in page&quot; function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special &quot;favourite list&quot;. The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:37, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''Non-constituency Member of Parliament''' (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, as stipulated in Article 39 of the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the opposition candidates with the highest vote shares among the unelected. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:10, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #687 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-067-07. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#686]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bovlbbot|Bovlbbot]] - Task(s): this bot request asks for admin access (or access to deleted revisions if  possible) so it can move the updater task for User:Bovlb/wd-deleted. 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Andrebot_3|Andrebot 3]] - Task(s): Fill in historic countries for the settlements, communes, towns and cities of Romania.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! Mark your calendars for our final session of our event series on the Wikidata graph split project and SPARQL skills!  We will be diving into the mechanics of federated SPARQL queries and look forward to a hands-on and interactive session exploring how to use the scholarly article query service. Join us Tuesday, July 8th at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST (Time zone converter https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1751990400). Please see our [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit project page] for more information and Zoom links.
** Hackathon announced for Wikimania 2025, Nairobi. Call for Projects is now open! Includes a ''newcomer track'' for first-time participants. Add yourself to the ''[https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2025:Hackathon/Participants_List participants list]'' or see the ''[https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2025:Hackathon/Resources resources page]'' for further event info.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Press
** [https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/04/wikidata_foss_democracy Wikidata: Attempting to bridge FOSS ideals and direct democracy] - by ''The Register'', this article highlights examples of Wikidata serving and powering a growing ecosystem of FOSS projects, outside of Wikipedia.
** (Italian) [https://en.pusc.it/article/wikilib-bibliotecari-romani-e-vaticani WikiLib: Roman+Vatican Librarians compared on Wikidata] - 
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/13/preserving-indonesian-galleries-libraries-archives-and-museums-glam-assets-through-wikidata-in-glam-wiki-month/ Preserving Indonesian GLAM Assets in Wikidata] - This article documents how Indonesian users collaborated in preserving Indonesian GLAM assets by adding its metadata to Wikidata during [[m:Wikimedia Indonesia/Bulan Wiki GLAM 2025|2025 GLAM Wiki Month]] organized by Wikimedia Indonesia.
* Papers
** [[:d:Q135216852|''Linking Challenges for Pseudonyms: The Studies of VIAF, ISNI, Wikidata, Meridian, and Beyond'']] by Charlene Chou
* Thesis
** [[:d:Q135208119|The ''Dictionary of Italian contemporary pseudonym writers'' in Wikidata. Methodology and results]]: MA thesis (discussed on 29 May) regarding the systematic addition in Wikidata of all the nearly 500 Italian writers described in a [[:d:Q130597718|biographical dictionary]], with a first introductory part, a second part describing the editing methodology, including the [[:d:Q118455746|authority work]] done both in Wikidata and in some major authority files ([[:d:Property:P396|SBN]], [[:d:Property:P227|GND]], [[:d:Property:P269|IDREF]]) to disambiguate the main homonyms, and a third part analysing through SPARQL queries the data about these writers
*** full thesis (in Italian) published in the [https://etd.adm.unipi.it/theses/available/etd-05132025-160428/ University of Pisa thesis repository]; work materials available in the [[:d:User:SaraDeMonaco/Tesi magistrale|Wikidata usersubpage]] of [[:d:User:SaraDeMonaco|Sara De Monaco]]; slides (in Italian) used in the discussion available in [[:commons:File:Presentazione Tesi Magistrale - De Monaco.pdf|Wikimedia Commons]]; related datasets available in [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15474928 Zenodo]
* Videos
** (mostly Italian, with some parts in English) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QdTYnBPEn4 ''Wikidata &amp; Research'' International Conference] (video of 5 June session) - held at the University of Florence 5-6 June 2025, the conference touched on role of Wikidata in academic research (cf. [[m:Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and research]]]), building on past initiatives such as [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|Wikidata Days Bologna 2024]].
** (Portuguese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2f3jg8LiFs How to add Wikidata-powered Infoboxes to Wikipedia] - a short tutorial video from the University of São Paolo Institute of Mathematics and Statistics.

''' Tool of the week '''
* 
[[d:User:Kod_B/ArchiveExternaLinks.js|User:Kod B - ArchiveExternaLinks.js]] This script automatically archives external links found in the statements of Wikidata items, in order to improve source durability and reduce the risk of broken links (link rot), similar to what already exists on Wikipedia.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* What belongs where in the Wikibase Ecosystem? There is ongoing research to better understand what people are currently thinking about this and [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BUMGCMKFFNMJQVZXD4K6Z23LLBHAHCCT/ you can take part by sorting some scenarios].
* How to properly cite a Newspaper article? [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#What's_the_right_way_to_cite_a_newspaper_article?|Project Chat discussion]].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13625|QUDT dimension ID]], [[:d:Property:P13626|istina.msu.ru journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13627|Niedersächsische Personen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13628|Submarine Cable Map ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MediaWiki page revision ID|MediaWiki page revision ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID for a MediaWiki wiki revision, Wikimedia projects should use {{P|7569}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies if VIN matches regular expression|applies if VIN matches regular expression]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this statement is only true if the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) of a vehicle matches this regular expression&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cadastral areas|Cadastral areas]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;List of cadastral areas of municipality&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/settlement classification|settlement classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;settlement classification&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modern Shrine Ranking|Modern Shrine Ranking]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Rank in the [[Q712534|Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Divine Rank|Divine Rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The [[Q11591025|Shinkai (divine rank)]] of a Shrine&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Engishiki celebration category|Engishiki celebration category]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Celebration category mentioned in the engishiki&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Engishiki Rank|Engishiki Rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Rank of a shrine in the Engishiki Jinmyocho.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Honji Buddha|Honji Buddha]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Buddha that this kami is identified with&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suijaku Kami|Suijaku Kami]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Kami that this Buddha is believed to have manifested as&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Generation MSX d'une société ou d'un groupe de démo|identifiant Generation MSX d'une société ou d'un groupe de démo]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;company or demo group identifier in the Generation MSX database of MSX videogames&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Knowledge Graph for Irish History ID|Knowledge Graph for Irish History ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Uruguay book ID|National Library of Uruguay book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kokugakuin University Shrine Database ID|Kokugakuin University Shrine Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Observer tag|Observer tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Observer contributor ID|Observer contributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Geoguessr ID|Geoguessr ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/EcBz Uganda's hydropower plants] ([https://x.com/kateregga1/status/1939789382099071298 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]] [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Postcards|Postcards]] was created, including a list of project-specific [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Postcards/Queries|Queries]]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Type_watchlist|GovDirectory]] added a Type watchlist.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Taiwan/GLAM/Library_List|WikiProject Taiwan]] added a Library List.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Abuse_filter_effectiveness|Abuse Filter effectiveness]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q2740012|Stefan Löfven (Q2740012)]] - Swedish politician, Prime Minister of Sweden between 2014–2021
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L453737|sterk (L453737)]] - Norwegian Bokmål adjective (stæʁk) meaning &quot;strong&quot;, &quot;intense&quot;, or &quot;durable&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We finished the Item prefix search ([[phab:T388209]]). It'll go live later when we are also done with the Property prefix search.
* Search: We are fixing a bug when pasting into the new search box ([[phab:T397608]])
* Mobile statement editing: We are working on basic viewing of statements ([[phab:T394886]]) - nothing useful to see yet
* Dumps: There was an issue with the last dumps not being generated. The Data Platform SRE team is looking into it ([[phab:T398756]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Austria|Austria]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:43, 7 July 2025 (UTC)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28906317 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]].
* Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22]
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]].
* Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]].
* It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of &quot;Connecting People through Linked Open Data&quot;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:01, 8 July 2025 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating Communication History and Women Artists through Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day in Europe 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Data on Maranhão's Heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: First call of Science Month at Wikipedia in the Czech Republic wrapped-up
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: WiR and science&amp;GLAM tour in France
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Another publication from Grant for GLAM Indonesia program &amp; Minangkabau Wikisource Competition upadates 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Isoseismals &amp; Icons
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Celebrating Albanian Cuisine Through Photography: Winners of the 2025 Contest Announced!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open Cultural Data Hackathon in Puebla
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikifying the International Congress of History of Science and Technology; Librarians and Wikipedia; NZ species edit-a-thons
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Mapping Heritage Buildings on Wikidata and Wiki Heritage Fellowship
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Strengthens Ties with Academic Institutions: A Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Institute of Macedonian Literature 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Registration is now open for GLAM WikiCon 2025!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: June highlights from Wikimedia Serbia and beginning of new accredited seminar
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Archives Week 2025; SAPA Performing Arts; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New Featured Pictures
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: June meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL Transition update, LivingData2025 and Women Genera paper
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Data upload achieved
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Wiki Knowledge Park report|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 report]]: Celebrating Heritage and Faith: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:35, 12 July 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immunolabeling]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Immunolabeling process image.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Immunolabeling''' is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
---[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:44, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #688 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-07-14. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#687]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for Oversight permissions: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Oversight/Jianhui67|Jianhui67]] (RfP scheduled to end at 27 July 2025 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753623000 13:28 UTC])

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1752681600 16:00 UTC], 16th July 2025 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
** [[m:WikiIndaba_conference_2025/Submissions|Submit Your Program Proposal for WikiIndaba 2025 by 20th July]]. Apply for a scholarship to attend the event [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform here].
** Wikimania 2025 Hackathon kicks off on Tuesday, 5 August and a dedicated workspace will be available throughout the conference until Saturday, 9 August. Have a technical idea, tool, or project you want to build during the hackathon? Submit it now and start connecting with collaborators! Add your project [[m:https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2025:Hackathon/Project_Submissions|here]].
** WikiCite 2025 will take place from Friday 29th to Sunday 31st of August! in Bern (Switzerland) and online! See the draft program [[m:WikiCite 2025/Programme|here]].
** [[:d:Q134520038|2025 LD4 Conference: Linked Data in the Real World]] ([https://sites.google.com/view/2025-ld4-conference/home website]; [https://2025ld4.sched.com/list/simple schedule and registration]; [https://www.youtube.com/@LD-gy6jv streaming on Youtube]), 28th-30th July 2025, virtually on Zoom; many Wikidata-related sessions:
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753723800 July 28, 2025 1:30pm - 2:30pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26eOA/has-this-been-done-before-exploring-wikidata-projects-through-diff-and-tmig-archives ''Has This Been Done Before? Exploring Wikidata Projects Through Diff and TMIG Archives''] by Silvia Gutierrez (workshop)
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753808400 July 29, 2025 1:00pm - 2:00pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26eOk/wikidata-affinity-group-introduction-to-wikidata-for-entity-management ''Wikidata Affinity Group: Introduction to Wikidata for Entity Management''] by Alex Jung, Kyla Jemison, Susan Radovsky (cf. [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]])
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753816500 July 29, 2025 3:15pm - 3:45pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26eOt/scholarly-profiling-in-wikidata-creating-a-knowledge-graph-for-the-seekcommons-open-science-research-network ''Scholarly profiling in Wikidata: Creating a knowledge graph for the SEEKCommons open science research network''] by Dorothy Howard
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753818300 July 29, 2025 3:45pm - 3:55pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26eOw/from-biographical-dictionary-to-linked-data ''From Biographical Dictionary to Linked Data''] by Sara De Monaco (cf. [[:d:User:SaraDeMonaco/Tesi magistrale]] and [[:d:Q135208119]])
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753818950 July 29, 2025 3:55pm - 4:05pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26eOz/lccnbot-one-year-on-an-update ''LCCNbot one year on: an update''] by Mary Muratsubaki Campany (cf. [[:d:User:LccnBot]])
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753819500 July 29, 2025 4:05pm - 4:15pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26eP2/supporting-access-to-cd-roms-while-using-and-contributing-to-wikidata ''Supporting access to CD-ROMs while using and contributing to Wikidata''] by Claire Fox
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753820100 July 29, 2025 4:15pm - 4:25pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26eP5/surfacing-sociotechnical-research-with-wikidata ''Surfacing Sociotechnical Research with Wikidata''] by Kathleen Burlingame
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753820700 July 29, 2025 4:25pm - 4:35pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26eP8/wikidata-workflows-with-orcid-and-openrefine-a-binghamton-university-case-study ''Wikidata Workflows with ORCID and OpenRefine: A Binghamton University Case Study''] by Sasha Frizzell
*** [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1753901100 July 30, 2025 2:45pm - 4:45pm EDT] - [https://2025ld4.sched.com/event/26ePc/wiles-wikidata-lexicographical-event-semantics-modeling-for-natural-languages ''WiLES: Wikidata Lexicographical Event Semantics modeling for natural languages''] by Humza Yaqoob, Mahir Morshed (workshop)

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://www.bigdatawire.com/2025/07/10/scaling-the-knowledge-graph-behind-wikipedia/ Scaling the Knowledge Graph Behind Wikipedia] By Alex Woodie
** [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (see paper below) By Heidi Meudt 
* Papers
** [https://academic.oup.com/aob/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aob/mcaf062/8158086?login=false Wikidata for botanists: benefits of collaborating and sharing Linked Open Data] By Sabine et al., (2025). This study explores Wikidata as an open, multilingual knowledge base that connects botanical data across sources, and urges botanists to collaboratively enrich its content to support a broad spectrum of plant science.
* Videos
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ib-8YsJChmw Wikidata labels and descriptions] By Moore Wikimedia Community
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=z6gNKxqhyxY Wikidata Lablar Description Stockholm Archipelago trail] By Magnus Sälgö
* Presentations
** [https://zenodo.org/records/15828659 How To...Wikibase?] - Senior Partner Manager, [[m:User:Christos_Varvantakis_(WMDE)|Christos Varvantakis]] has produced this set of training and educational material to get you started with Wikibase.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://toolsadmin.wikimedia.org/tools/id/depictions Commons Depictions] is a tool that display depictions of Wikidata items on Wikimedia Commons

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* New General datatypes
**[[:d:Property:P13631|official donation page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;official URL for making donations to the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13632|image of cosplay]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;cosplay that depicts this character or person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13633|‎worn on]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;part of the body where an item of clothing, equipment, or jewelry is worn&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13635|warranty period]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;warranty period of this product as covered by the original manufacturer or creator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13637|‎matricule number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a football club affiliated with the Royal Belgian Football Association&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13629|CABR-identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13630|Nederlands Film Festival person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13634|The Sun topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13636|IMDb interest ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cyclocross24 rider ID|Cyclocross24 rider ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a cyclo-cross cyclist in the Cyclocross24 database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polyhedron net|Polyhedron net]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A net of attached 2D polygon created for each polyhedron&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kanpei or Kokuhei|Kanpei or Kokuhei]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/file name|file name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name used for this entity in a computer file system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anthologia Graeca author|Anthologia Graeca author]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Author number in the Anthologia Graeca Project, an online annotated edition of the [[w:Greek Anthology]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/langue locale dominante|langue locale dominante]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/accomplice|accomplice]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CCCA ID|CCCA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cover Art Archive image|Cover Art Archive image]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Athletics Podium person ID|Athletics Podium person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CESAR title ID|CESAR title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GaultMillau-idenficatiecode Nederland|GaultMillau-idenficatiecode Nederland]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eFloraMEX ID|eFloraMEX ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BORIS Unibe author ID|BORIS Unibe author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EDBO institution code|EDBO institution code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSHWA Identifier|OSHWA Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Personnel de l'administration préfectorale depuis 1945|identifiant Personnel de l'administration préfectorale depuis 1945]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Personnel de l'administration préfectorale au 19e siècle|identifiant Personnel de l'administration préfectorale au 19e siècle]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Traditional Ballad Index file name|The Traditional Ballad Index file name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID edizioni CoBiS LOD|ID edizioni CoBiS LOD]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIK-ISEA person ID|SIK-ISEA person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIK-ISEA group ID|SIK-ISEA group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIK-ISEA institution ID|SIK-ISEA institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIK-ISEA work ID|SIK-ISEA work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIK-ISEA document ID|SIK-ISEA document ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/speedrun.com level ID|speedrun.com level ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polski Petersburg encyclopedia ID (Polish version)|Polski Petersburg encyclopedia ID (Polish version)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polski Petersburg encyclopedia ID (Russian version)|Polski Petersburg encyclopedia ID (Russian version)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mizuumi Wiki article ID|Mizuumi Wiki article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] [https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/112302638644990711 source]
** [https://w.wiki/Ej6F The names of the characters from Asterix &amp; Obélix, in French, English, German, Latin and some other languages] ([https://wikis.world/@sukkoria@piaille.fr/114829167969170573 source])
** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/uAOfzguDGgAA6Ma2yseCsOOmGOOmaq8Go6sQQ6YEMWh Map the global distribution of periodicals in publication languages from the Eastern Mediterranean] (Arabic, Ottoman, Greek, Ladino, Coptic etc) ([https://wikis.world/@tillgrallert@digitalcourage.social/114819637083502934 source])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q49727|Das Erste (Q49727)]] - German public-service television channel
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L5785|reference (L5785)]] - English noun/verb (ˈɹɛf.ɹəns) meaning &quot;source citation&quot;, &quot;supporting document&quot;, or &quot;relationship&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We started work on the simple Property prefix search [[phab:(T397838]])
* Mobile statement editing: We continued the work on the basics with viewing of statements ([[phab:T394886]]])
* Search: Fixed a bug when pasting into the search box ([[phab:T397608]])
* Integration in Wikipedia and co:
** We began research into current limits for collapsing entity usage. (Basically when an article uses more data from an Item than the configured limit then we consider all data on that Item to be used. This is done for infrastructure reasons.) We’d like to improve this to further reduce unnecessary Wikidata changes showing up on watchlist and recent changes on Wikipedia and co.
** We will roll out showing labels instead of IDs in Wikidata edits in watchlist and recent changes to more wikis later this week.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Chile|Chile]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:09, 14 July 2025 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2025-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the &quot;featured&quot; tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now!
* [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 18 July 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/News and notes|Is no WikiNews good WikiNews? — Election season returns!]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/In the media|How bad (or good) is Wikipedia?]]

* WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/WikiProject report|WikiProject Medicine reaches milestone of zero unreferenced articles]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/In focus|Wikimania 2025: Connecting Wikimedians across the world for 20 years]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Recent research|Knowledge manipulation on Russia's Wikipedia fork; Marxist critique of Wikidata license; call to analyze power relations of Wikipedia]]

* News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/News from the WMF|Form 990 released for the Wikimedia Foundation’s fiscal year 2023-2024]]

* Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Discussion report|Six thousand noticeboard discussions in 2025 electrically winnowed down to a hundred]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Comix|Divorce]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Opinion|Women are somewhat under-represented on the English-language Wikipedia, and other observations from analysis]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Community view|A Deep Dive Into Wikimedia (part 4): The Future Of Wikimedia and Conclusion]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Obituary|Pvmoutside, Atomicjohn, Rdmoore6, Jaknouse, Morven, Martin of Sheffield, MarnetteD, Herewhy, BabelStone]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Traffic report|God only knows]]

* Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Humour|New forum created for people who don't care about Wikipedia]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 07:53, 18 July 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Vespa analis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Plumpy hornet on the ground - 1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Vespa analis''''', the yellow-vented hornet, is a species of common hornet found in Southeast Asia 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #689 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-07-21. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#688]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming]]:
** [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeSyLv6rBOgxzPR8DmZ0QZNPr-wQJLs0uI8t2MyuBuTj4HTpA/viewform Wikimedia and Open Knowledge Conference (survey)] is being planned for 2026 in Poland. This event is to focus on research carried out on or with Wikidata and Wikipedia. Your opinion is wanted! Please fill out the Google Forms survey to help the organisation committee plan. Also available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc83qVh7W5QWzNUW8Cg9fL549RNS-s7Qut-UCE84N1OpoQwqw/viewform?usp=sharing&amp;ouid=116673720641417865807 Polish] and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScMdwZ-aPhckKBoT6LNlS5ukVUCqdq8pI0o3nQNjjJR5798GA/viewform?usp=header Ukrainian].
** Wikimania [[wikimania:2025:Program|2025 Program]] is Live! This is also the time to add your Wikidata meetups. Please start marking your preferred Wikimania sessions (⭐/like) and mark to your mobile apps or calendars. If you are joining online to watch live stream and use the interactive features, please register on eventyay through wikimania.org ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6HQZ6BJ6SESOOBRWHYVHCNJX4LXXZP24/ source])
* Past: Missed the Q3 Wikidata+Wikibase office hour? You can catch up by reading the session log here: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2025-07-16|2025-07-15 (Q3 2025)]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Papers: [https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/41/Supplement_1/i12/8199389 An educator framework for organizing Wikipedia editathons for computational biology] (uses Wikidata to power the [https://compbio-on-wiki.toolforge.org/ compbio-on-wiki.toolforge.org/] tool)

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikinity.toolforge.org/ Wikinity] A tool allowing you to find (un)photographed objects, so you can take a picture of them and send it to Wikidata. The tool was created By Martin Urbanec

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The Call for Papers is now open for the Journal of Open Humanities Data special collection: &quot;Wikidata across the Humanities: datasets, methodologies, reuse.&quot; This editorial will explore how Wikidata is transforming research and collaboration in the humanities. If you're working on a relevant project, submit your proposal [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/collections/wikidata_across_the_humanities here]
* What belongs where in the Wikibase Ecosystem? There is ongoing research to better understand what people are currently thinking about this and [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BUMGCMKFFNMJQVZXD4K6Z23LLBHAHCCT/ you can take part by sorting some scenarios].
*Wikimedia Deutschland is inviting further feedback on the Mobile Editing Experience [https://www.figma.com/proto/IdZ6rdm8FqDuLYIfQTvEer/ALICE-meets-MEX?page-id=0%3A1&amp;node-id=3-9092&amp;viewport=-14617%2C-894%2C0.76&amp;t=jFYlzZdmBq4NcDU2-1&amp;scaling=min-zoom&amp;content-scaling=fixed prototype] (currently just a design file so not everything is clickable). Please follow the instructions below and share your thoughts at [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements]]:
** Add &quot;business woman&quot; as an occupation
** Add a start date to the relationship with A$AP Rocky and provide a reference
** Find the place of birth (Saint Michael) and open that page
** Add the coordinate location for Saint Michael

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
*New General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13637|‎matricule number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a football club affiliated with the Royal Belgian Football Association&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13638|‎settlement classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of settlement according to a topographical classification&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13642|Polyhedron net]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a net of attached 2D polygon created for each polyhedron&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13639|National Library of Uruguay book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13640|The Jerusalem Post topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13641|Physicians of Georgia Biographical Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13643|eFloraMEX ID]], [[:d:Property:P13644|Theatre museums of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13645|Georgian Athletes Biographical Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13646|Georgian Winemakers ID]], [[:d:Property:P13647|Ukrainian Book of Remembrance person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13648|BORIS Portal Unibe ID]], [[:d:Property:P13649|Society for the Promotion of Literacy among Georgians Members ID]], [[:d:Property:P13650|Deaf Movie Database title ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Generation MSX d'un matériel|identifiant Generation MSX d'un matériel]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;hardware identifier in the Generation MSX database of MSX videogames&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polish Taxpayer Identification Number|Polish Taxpayer Identification Number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;an identifier for an entity paying taxes in Poland&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official roster page|official roster page]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a team's official page about this player&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/transistor density|transistor density]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;density of transistors for classifying the complexity of discrete circuits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historische Bildpostkarten Universität Osnabrück - Entities|Historische Bildpostkarten Universität Osnabrück - Entities]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identificator for persons and publishers of historical picture postcards&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/grave|grave]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;grave of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fanlore article id|fanlore article id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Afrikaregisteret ID|Afrikaregisteret ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hong Kong company ID|Hong Kong company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/California Entity Number|California Entity Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Macanese company ID|Macanese company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Corporation Number in Canada|Corporation Number in Canada]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/QCC Code|QCC Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cyprus company ID|Cyprus company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Malta company ID|Malta company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GEMI Number|GEMI Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CUIT|CUIT]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jamaica company ID|Jamaica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SEC Number|SEC Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mã số doanh nghiệp|Mã số doanh nghiệp]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/movieID|movieID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thailand company ID|Thailand company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCPartPicker chipset ID|PCPartPicker chipset ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/gosfilmofond.ru ID|gosfilmofond.ru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Directorio de museos del Sistema de Información Cultural|Directorio de museos del Sistema de Información Cultural]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Burmese company ID|Burmese company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cambodian company ID|Cambodian company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Encyclopedia ID|Georgian Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vintagepostcards-Archive-ID|Vintagepostcards-Archive-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MacPorts port|MacPorts port]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Berardi Arte artist ID|Berardi Arte artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adult Film Database director ID|Adult Film Database director ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dvdcompare.net film id|dvdcompare.net film id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SpaceReference.org celestial object ID|SpaceReference.org celestial object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/English solicitors ID|English solicitors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deaf Movie Database person ID|Deaf Movie Database person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** Mathematical formulae containing HTML escapes https://w.wiki/EoeL]
** [https://w.wiki/9Ygr Most frequent objects depicted on coats of arms] ([https://wikis.world/@kvistgaard@vivaldi.net/112162949851779659 source])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1140439|Finding Forrester (Q1140439)]] - 2000 film directed by Gus Van Sant
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1372236|Września (L1372236)]] - Polish proper noun (ˈvʐɛɕ.ɲa) meaning &quot;September (month)&quot;, &quot;town in Greater Poland&quot;, or &quot;village in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We have enabled the new Item Prefix Search endpoint on wikidata. You can try it out now with a call like this: https://www.wikidata.org/w/rest.php/wikibase/v0/suggest/items?language=en&amp;q=potat If you have feedback please leave it at [[d:Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round|Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round]]
* Additional APIs: We are looking a bit more into GraphQL and what it could offer to make programmatic access to Wikidata's data better.
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We enabled showing the labels of entities in edit summaries in recent changes and watchlist. Now you no longer have to click to get to Wikidata and check what is behind a mystery ID in an edit summary coming from Wikidata.
* Mobile statement editing: We are working on formatting references, qualifiers, various data types and multiple statements for one property. We are planning to enable the new mobile UI on Beta Wikidata soon. Important: For now it is a read-only UI, as we have not started to implement editing yet, and some data types won’t have the correct appearance yet.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Vietnam|Vietnam]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Current issue]]· [[:d:User:JosefAnthony|JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] .[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:01, 21 July 2025 (UTC)'''

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&lt;!-- Message sent by User:JosefAnthony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=29005317 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the &quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=fi#/ ... More]&quot; category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new &quot;{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}&quot; filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257]
* Administrators can now limit &quot;Add a Link&quot; to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot;]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test &amp; &quot;Add a Link&quot; Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 &amp; 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmcloud.org&lt;/code&gt;. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:38, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29005283 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Baía dos Porcos - Fernando de Noronha (32811749914).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:40, 28 July 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #690 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-07-28. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#689]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Aqurs1|Aqurs1]] (RfP scheduled to end after 31 July 2025 16:35 UTC)
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/THEbotIT 3|THEbotIT 3]] - New functional aspect to automatic creation of items describing the articles of [[:w:de:Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft|Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] (RE). We want to model now the articles, which amends the main articles, as those information where suppressed so far.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Wikidata's 13th birthday decentralized events will take place in October and November 2025. Feel free to browse [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday|the documentation pages]] to learn how to organize an event in your area, get funding, and get in touch with other organizers. Help translate the documentation pages into your language.
** [[d:Q134950534|COSCUP 2025 (Q134950534)]]  OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Track will be held at [[d:Q699543|National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Q699543)]] on August 9-10.
** [[wikimania:2025|Wikimania]] starts next week August 6 through August 9. Check out the Wikidata related session in the [[wikimania:2025:Wikimania/Program|program]] and start marking your preferred Wikimania sessions (⭐/like) on your mobile apps or calendars. If you are joining online to watch live stream and use the interactive features, please register on eventyay through wikimania.org. Note also the Wikidata meetups organised outside the official conference hours.
* Past: WikiCon Brasil 2025 happened in person in [[d:Q36947|Salvador (Q36947)]] including a [[wmbr:WikiCon_Brasil_2025/Programa/Tecnologia|technical session with two Wikidata-focused presentations]] (in Portuguese)

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/making-question-answering-systems-smarter-with-knowledge-graphs-using-frog-a-wikidata-research-fund-2024-highlight/ Making Question-Answering Systems Smarter with Knowledge Graphs Using FrOG: A Wikidata Research Fund 2024 Highlight] - How can large language models become more accurate using structured knowledge? A research team from Universitas Indonesia and WU Vienna explored this through FrOG, a framework that integrates Wikidata into question-answering language model. This research is supported by Wikimedia Indonesia through the [[m:Wikimedia Indonesia/Hibah Riset Wikidata 2024|Wikidata Research Fund 2024]] program.
** [https://www.techradar.com/pro/wikidatas-next-leap-the-open-database-powering-tomorrows-ai-and-wikipedia Wikidata’s next leap: the open database powering tomorrow’s AI and Wikipedia] By Lydia Pintscher

* Presentations: [https://zenodo.org/records/15609570 O herbário da Universidade de Coimbra na Wikidata] (Using Wikidata in Natural History Collection Management, in Portuguese)
* Papers: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40695850/ Wiki-Quantities and Wiki-Measurements: Datasets of quantities and their measurement context from Wikipedia] - Researchers developed two large, validated datasets; Wiki-Quantities and Wiki-Measurements, from Wikipedia and Wikidata to improve automated extraction of quantitative data and its context using natural language processing techniques. By Göpfert et al., (2025)
* Videos: [https://m.youtube.com/shorts/MXQBNG4Wjgk Wikidata:The shadow power behind Wikipedia and AI]

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://flashbackfiesta.app/ Flashback Fiesta] - is a trivia game that challenges players to guess the year of historical events using data from Wikidata.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Personal Pronouns|Wikidata:WikiProject Personal Pronouns]] drafted a new [[:d:Wikidata:Personal pronouns|Wikidata Personal Pronouns Policy]], using [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Pronouns P6553|this recent RFC]] as a basis. It's the first time a policy on this topic has been proposed, and the [[:d:Wikidata:Living people|Wikidata Living People Policy]] served as a reference. Feedback is encouraged and appreciated.
* The modeling of [[:d:Q397610|agrégation]] (&quot;the most competitive and prestigious examination for civil service in the French public education system&quot; according to [[:w:en:Agrégation]]) has been reviewed in various aspects: a summary is available in [[:d:Talk:Q397610#Modeling agrégation]]. Suggestions are welcome.
*Wikimedia Deutschland is inviting further feedback on the Mobile Editing Experience [https://www.figma.com/proto/IdZ6rdm8FqDuLYIfQTvEer/ALICE-meets-MEX?page-id=0%3A1&amp;node-id=3-9092&amp;viewport=-14617%2C-894%2C0.76&amp;t=jFYlzZdmBq4NcDU2-1&amp;scaling=min-zoom&amp;content-scaling=fixed prototype] (currently just a design file so not everything is clickable). Please follow the instructions below and share your thoughts at [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements]]:
** Add &quot;business woman&quot; as an occupation
** Add a start date to the relationship with A$AP Rocky and provide a reference
** Find the place of birth (Saint Michael) and open that page
** Add the coordinate location for Saint Michael

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P13668|‎operating cost]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;estimated or average ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13651|Ukrainian Memorial person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13652|Portal of united hromadas of Ukraine ID]], [[:d:Property:P13653|Portal Decentralization hromada ID]], [[:d:Property:P13654|Facebook image ID]], [[:d:Property:P13655|archieven.nl creator ID]], [[:d:Property:P13656|‎Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13657|Embryo Project Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13658|‎Film Atlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P13659|Klimadashboard.de region ID]], [[:d:Property:P13660|‎Knowledge Graph for Irish History person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13661|myCast person or character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13662|‎nasljerseys.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13663|‎speedrun.com level ID]], [[:d:Property:P13664|‎FBref competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P13665|‎FBref match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13666|‎parlament.fyi person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13667|Swimcloud swimmer ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
*New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/organizational chart|organizational chart]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image that displays the structure of this organization or government agency and the relationships and relative ranks of it's parts and positions/jobs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source Shrine|Source Shrine]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The shrine that the gods of this shinto shrine came from through Bunrei and Kanjo&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/botanical photographs|botanical photographs]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a distinctive image of a flower, inflorescence, or a similar reproductive structure for this taxon&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deaf Movie Database language ID|Deaf Movie Database language ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deaf Movie Database genre ID|Deaf Movie Database genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deaf Movie Database country ID|Deaf Movie Database country ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swiss Films person ID|Swiss Films person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/My Abandonware company|My Abandonware company]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Indianapolis ID|Encyclopedia of Indianapolis ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database dei fondi musicali toscani ID|Database dei fondi musicali toscani ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NeoDB Movie ID|NeoDB Movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Serbian settlement ID|Serbian settlement ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/c64.cz game ID|c64.cz game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NuGet package|NuGet package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swiss Films company ID|Swiss Films company ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: 
** [https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/wikidata/Bc3bpD?exec=true Church buildings in Sweden on OpenStreetMap with links to Wikidata, but without the inverse link].
** [https://w.wiki/EsMN Tennis tournament titles won by specific player] ([[Wikidata:Request_a_query#Tennis tournament titles won by specific player|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/EsMS BarChart of chemical compound identifiers in Wikidata] ([https://wikis.world/@egonw@social.edu.nl/114918734141640378 source])
* WikiProject Highlights:  [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Sweden WikiProject Sweden] - A project to centralize, expand, and translate Sweden-related data on Wikidata while supporting the Swedish contributor community.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q43361|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Q43361)]] - 1997 novel by J. K. Rowling
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L9436|ножницы (L9436)]] - Russian noun (nɐˈʐnʲitsɨ) meaning &quot;cutting tool&quot;, &quot;window hardware mechanism&quot;, or &quot;ski position with split tips&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** We finished a first version of formatting references ([[phab:T396098]]); qualifiers ([[phab:T396099]]); various data types ([[phab:T394888]], [[phab:T394890]], [[phab:T394904]], [[phab:T394907]]); and multiple statements for one property ([[phab:T396637]])
** We enabled the new mobile editing experience on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org beta Wikidata] so you can now try the very rough version there and follow along with development
* Wikibase REST API: We finished the simple Property prefix search endpoint and it will go live in the next days ([[phab:T397838]])
* Additional APIs: We are working on a prototype for GraphQL to see if that is a going to be helpful for accessing Wikidata's data ([[phab:T399452]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Kenya|Kenya]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:JosefAnthony|JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·''' [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:55, 28 July 2025 (UTC)

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== Tech News: 2025-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598]
* On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:22, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: July 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:00, 1 August 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikimedia CEE Newsletter – August 2025 ==

Dear CEE Community,

We’re happy to share with you the '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/August_2025 August edition of the CEE Newsletter]'''!

In this issue:

* Read how the CEE Hub is supporting the region and preparing for the next meetings
* Celebrate 22 years of Romanian Wikipedia and 10 years of the Albanian Language User Group
* Discover the winning photos from the Albanian cuisine contest
* Learn how CEE Spring 2025 gathered over 10,000 articles
* Find out how communities marked World Refugee Day and Francophonie Month
* And much more – from Thessaloniki to Kırklareli!

Read the full newsletter '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/August_2025 here]'''. Happy reading! 

On behalf of the CEE Newsletter team,

--[[user:janbery|janbery]] ([[user talk:janbery|talk]]) 14:06, 1 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Xie Zhiliu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Xie Zhiliu''' (Chinese: 谢稚柳; 1910–1997) was a leading traditional painter, calligrapher, and art connoisseur of modern China. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #691 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-08-04. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#690]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Aqurs1|Aqurs1]] - closed as successful. Welcome onbaord \o/
* Other: [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Suggestion_for_splitting_out_the_WikiCite_graph_to_another_wikibase|Suggestion for splitting out the WikiCite graph to another wikibase]]

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Wikimania begins this week (August 6-9). Check out the Wikidata sessions and meetups in the [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ event schedule] and mark them in your calander.
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series: Join the second session in our Intro to Wikidata/EMCO series. It will be focused on gadgets and user scripts that enhance Wikidata editing. We'll demo useful tools and invite you to share your favorites too! 🗓️ Tuesday, August 5 🕘 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1754409600 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST] ℹ️ More info &amp; Zoom link: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/IntroEMCO|Project page]]
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #79 August 9 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
**[https://addshore.com/2025/07/wikimedia-commons-depicts-statements-over-time/ Wikimedia Commons Depicts statements over time] - Looking at the user of Wikidata Items to show that Wikimedia commons images depict, since the structured data on commons feature was originally turned on. Roads currently come out on top! By Adshore
** [https://blog.johl.io/mimi-sisema-kiswahili-lakini-ninapenda-data/ Mimi sisema Kiswahili, lakini ninapenda data] (I don’t speak Swahili, but I love data). By Jens Ohlig
** [https://itbrief.asia/story/wikimedia-project-boosts-software-for-endangered-languages-worldwide Wikimedia project boosts software for endangered languages worldwide]
* Videos: Ongoing Wikidata sessions at the LD4 2025 events. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVmjHDhS-Fc&amp;list=PLx2ZluWEZtIDTHevbzOScn1mz8-9ITTLL playlist])

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://whopaintedthis.toolforge.org/ Who Painted this] - is a tool developed by Francesco Negri. The tool is a game that let's you guess who created a painting, using data from Wikidata.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* If you are using Wikidata's APIs please be aware that the existing user agent policy will be enforced more strictly going forward. Please make sure your application sets a proper user agent. More details are in [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/APW6FQBGIVLCEN7WZ65D4NVZ6XQIWGCW/ this announcement].
''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
*New General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13668|‎operating cost]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;estimated or average ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13669|‎UK Mutual Registration Number]], [[:d:Property:P13670|Scientific heritage of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13671|Reabilitovani istoriyeyu person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13672|L'Expression topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13673|Memorial Platform person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13674|‎SIK-ISEA institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13675|‎SIK-ISEA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13676|‎SIK-ISEA work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13677|Kokugakuin University Digital Museum entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13678|‎FLBB player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13679|Russian Cycling Federation person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13680|Geoguessr ID]], [[:d:Property:P13681|R-Sport team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13682|‎OSHWA identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13683|Personnel de l'administration préfectorale au 19e siècle ID]], [[:d:Property:P13685|Generation MSX hardware ID]], [[:d:Property:P13686|Generation MSX company or demo group ID]], [[:d:Property:P13687|‎Fanlore article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13688|MarathonView person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13689|‎Anthologia Graeca author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13690|Museum ID from Mexico SIC directory of museums]], [[:d:Property:P13691|Georgian Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13692|CoBiS LOD book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13693|‎c64.cz game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DuckDuckGo bang|DuckDuckGo bang]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for use of DuckDuckGo bang shortcut, do not prefix with &quot;!&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/algebraic closure|algebraic closure]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;abgebraic closure of this field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/value of this characteristic|value of this characteristic]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;non-numeric value of this characteristic applied to this mathematical object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Nigeria ID|National Library of Nigeria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteur(ice) dans le catalogue de la médiathèque de Sceaux|Identifiant d'un(e) auteur(ice) dans le catalogue de la médiathèque de Sceaux]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parabra pal Dicionariu Extremeñu de Juan Kam|Parabra pal Dicionariu Extremeñu de Juan Kam]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EASIN ID|EASIN ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Genetics entry ID|A Dictionary of Genetics entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TEQSA Provider ID|TEQSA Provider ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TEQSA Course ID|TEQSA Course ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Registered Training Organisation code|Registered Training Organisation code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un mémoire dans XIXe siècle en mémoires|Identifiant d'un mémoire dans XIXe siècle en mémoires]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Episodes.fm ID|Episodes.fm ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ A Dictionary of Sports Studies entry ID| A Dictionary of Sports Studies entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Science Thesaurus ID|Open Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of American Family Names ID|Dictionary of American Family Names ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/osm-planet/J9BO8v?exec=true Railway crossing waterways in Norway with associated bridges].
** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/8d9jpdjE3Mcsc66SIS8GQqYK2YYgYOsm2myy2Oma00R Chart of the nominal outputs of Uganda's hydro-power plants] ([https://x.com/kateregga1/status/1939789382099071298 source])
** [https://w.wiki/Eoya You have a Wikidata item with few sources? Check the references of all other items linking to that Item] ([https://bsky.app/profile/magnusmanske.wikis.world.ap.brid.gy/post/3lujyuegowp32 source])
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject sum of all paintings|Sum of all paintings]] -  goal is to have a Wikidata Item for every notable painting.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q104454|Mario Götze (Q104454)]] - German association football player
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1216630|Śrem (L1216630)]] - Polish proper noun (ɕrɛm) meaning &quot;town in Greater Poland&quot;, &quot;rural-urban municipality&quot;, or &quot;village in Lower Silesia&quot;

''' Development '''
* We made progress on figuring out how to make maps on mobile work well with Kartographer ([[phab:T394906]])
* Lydia and Mohammed are attending Wikimania. We are looking forward to seeing some of you there.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Kenya|Kenya]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:02, 4 August 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439]
* Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035]
* Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account&lt;/code&gt; and use a value defined in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipboptions&lt;/code&gt;. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets can now include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.vue&lt;/code&gt; files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099]
* Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918]
* Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task.
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:36, 5 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29083927 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 9 August 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/News and notes|Court order snips out part of Wikipedia article, editors debate whether to frame shreds or pulp them]]

* Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Discussion report|News from ANI, AN, RSN, BLPN, ELN, FTN, and NPOVN]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Disinformation report|The article in the most languages]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Community view|News from the Villages Pump]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/In the media|Disgrace, dive bars, deceased despots, and diverse dispatches]]

* Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Crossword|Accidental typography]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Comix|best-laid schemes o' wikis an' men]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Traffic report|I'm not the antichrist or the Superman]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 02:27, 9 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lethocerus patruelis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lethocerus patruelis.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lethocerus patruelis''''' is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is native to southeastern Europe, through Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India and Burma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:20, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VII, July 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: 10 years of Wikimedians of Albanian Language User Group
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba – From Island to Archive: Aruba’s Journey on Wikimedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: De Standaard Solidarity Prize and How to Upload Artwork
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Expanding Access to Heritage Knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Program Highlights &amp; Volunteer Call
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: July in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Poster Exhibition, Screening Public Viewing, Women Memorials 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art in Arabic
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikinics &amp; Edit-a-thons
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL blog by Tiago Lubiana, BHL Wikimedian in Residence, and news on the BHL transition
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Introducing Oulu Löyly – we want to hear your thoughts!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Getting the message out
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Culture &amp; Heritage team transitioning to broader Content Enablement team
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:59, 11 August 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2025-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]].
* The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an &quot;X&quot; to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other &quot;X&quot; button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944]
* Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for &quot;Group results by page&quot; on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of &quot;One common data source, multiple local wikis&quot;. Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons]
* Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.addWarning()&lt;/code&gt; function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:24, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #692 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-08-11. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#691]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Dolabbot|Dolabbot]] - Mass import of module subpages from other wikis (mainly English wiktionary) to Korean wiktionary and addition of corresponding Wikidata sitelinks.

''' Events ''' 
* Past: Wikimania 2025 took place last week! Day-by-day playlists are available on the Wikimedia Foundation [https://www.youtube.com/@TheWikimediaFoundation/playlists YouTube channel].

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:User:Midleading|Midleading]] created a a UserScript called [[d:User:Midleading/RemoveRedundantLabels.js|RemoveRedundantLabels.js]]. This user script adds a new tool Item, that can be used to remove all labels that are the same as mul label, in one click.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
*New General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13696|taxon aspect image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;an exemplary image of a particular aspect for this taxon. Relevant for taxonomic identification&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13694|Mizuumi Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13695|My Abandonware company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13697|Vintagepostcards-Archive-ID]], [[:d:Property:P13698|Historical picture postcards University of Osnabrück ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/awarded for type of work|awarded for type of work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of work for which an award or type of award is conferred&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/display size (diagonal)|display size (diagonal)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;diagonal length of a rectangular electronic display&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/non-free official cover art URL|non-free official cover art URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a copyrighted cover image for a creative work at an authorized distributor's website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IUPAC name|IUPAC name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Name of a chemical compound following the IUPAC nomenclature of (in)organic chemistry.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Creed|Creed]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artfacts artist ID|Artfacts artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nextroom building ID|nextroom building ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USB device ID|USB device ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Caixin company ID|Caixin company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BIBFRAME Work ID|BIBFRAME Work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Primary Vessel Number|Primary Vessel Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Songsofy artist ID|Songsofy artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCI vendor hexadecimal ID|PCI vendor hexadecimal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms entry ID|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/T10 vendor ID string|T10 vendor ID string]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military entry ID|The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SPoT skater ID (new scheme)|SPoT skater ID (new scheme)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une pièce musicale dans le répertoire de la SACEM|Identifiant d'une pièce musicale dans le répertoire de la SACEM]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/9twM Mothers on Wikidata] - explore the mother and child relationships of Wikidata items.
** [https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/wikidata/tYjsyi Human with article in simple and no english article] (QLever) ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Articles_on_simple_Wikipedia_but_not_en.Wikipedia|source]])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q20683626|2016 Taiwanese presidential election (Q20683626)]] - election in Taiwan
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1334366|illing (L1334366)]] - English adjective/noun (ˈɪlɪŋ) meaning &quot;annoyed/unhappy&quot;, &quot;acting aggressively&quot;, or &quot;in a difficult situation&quot;

''' Development '''
* We attended [[Wikimania:2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 205]] in Nairobi
* We continued efforts to get our new mobile statement UI for Items with the Kartographer extension, and merged a first version that mostly works ([[Phab:T394906]])
* We began work on including accessibility testing for the new mobile statement editing UI for Items ([[Phab:T400678]])
* The entity types for the new search dropdown has been updated to have Items at the top ([[Phab:T398817]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ikiza]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:CIA map of Burundi and surrounding countries during 1972 killings.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ikiza''' (variously translated from Kirundi as the Catastrophe, the Great Calamity, and the Scourge), or the Ubwicanyi (Killings), was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed, while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #693 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-08-18. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#692]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! Mark your calendars for our third session of our event series, an Introduction to Wikidata/EMCO, which is meant to introduce EMCO participants and anyone interested to Wikidata and to develop frameworks and skills for entity management in the Wikidata environment. We will review searching in Wikidata and have a practical, hands-on exercise where everyone can create a new person item and add some statements. Join us Tuesday, August 19th at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1755619200 Time zone converter]. Please see our [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/IntroEMCO project page] for more information and Zoom links.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rTKWoZY8I8Y What Is Wikidata? - Be App Savvy]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IYlzoFT3Wi4&amp;pp=0gcJCf8Ao7VqN5tD OpenStreetMap x Wikidata] - Wikidata Taiwan

''' Tool of the week '''
* Magnus Manske’s developed a [https://como.toolforge.org/#/game/autodesc Como Wikidata Game] using Autodesc, this game suggests short descriptions for Wikidata items that don't have any. Review each suggestion, improve it if needed, and submit a concise, accurate description. Additioanlly the andriod application for the game is available for download at [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.toolforge.como  Google Play Store]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Are you a developer using Wikidata's data in your application with the action API or Query Service? The Wikidata development would love to talk to you to help improve how you can get to Wikidata's data. More details [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/x2sslsjb/apply here (Great Question)]. User interview is 60-mins and you’ll receive compensation as a thank-you for your time.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13699|National Library of Nigeria ID]], [[:d:Property:P13700|Artfacts artist ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Código INE (Bolivia)|Código INE (Bolivia)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Official hierarchical identifier of the National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia for administrative entities such as departments, provinces and municipalities.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/quality for|quality for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;quality that is described by this sense of adjective/grammatical modifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/type of quality|type of quality]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier of &quot;item for this modifier&quot; that specifies the type of quality&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has wireless capabilities|has wireless capabilities]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of wireless connectivity this device has/supports&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/designed for handedness|designed for handedness]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;hand(s) that this object is intended to be used with&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Valais cantonal parliament ID|Valais cantonal parliament ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arcanes ID|Arcanes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism entry ID|A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGDB tag ID|IGDB tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechnoMusicWorld artist ID|TechnoMusicWorld artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechnoMusicWorld release ID|TechnoMusicWorld release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechnoMusicWorld track ID|TechnoMusicWorld track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Dentistry entry ID|A Dictionary of Dentistry entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CELL ID|CELL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flemish Community Masterpieces List item ID|Flemish Community Masterpieces List item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation entry ID|A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hamburger Frauenbiografien ID|Hamburger Frauenbiografien ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamesIndustry.biz topic ID|GamesIndustry.biz topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ophardt Team Sportevent person ID|Ophardt Team Sportevent person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LINDAS ID|LINDAS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital ROC people ID|Digital ROC people ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum of Fine Arts, Lyon object ID|Museum of Fine Arts, Lyon object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nebraska Authors author ID|Nebraska Authors author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/InfoconDB series ID|InfoconDB series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/InfoconDB conference ID|InfoconDB conference ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/setlist.fm festival ID|setlist.fm festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital ROC event ID|Digital ROC event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScholarGPS scholar ID|ScholarGPS scholar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScholarGPS institution ID|ScholarGPS institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScholarGPS field and discipline ID|ScholarGPS field and discipline ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScholarGPS specialty ID|ScholarGPS specialty ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Digital Ark person ID|The Digital Ark person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScholarGPS country profile ID|ScholarGPS country profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MHOBT ID|MHOBT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd person ID|Letterboxd person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/F4Fv Wikidata entities shaped like businesses] ([https://w.wiki/F4Mf Sparql source])
**  [https://w.wiki/6DJd Map of sub-categories of a Commons category]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Irish_Traditional_Music WikiProject Irish Traditional Music] -  This project aims to enhance the representation of Irish traditional music on Wikidata
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q737062|Olympia (Q737062)]] - painting by Édouard Manet
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1250690|spegnere (L1250690)]] - Italian verb (ˈspeɲ.ɲe.re) meaning &quot;to extinguish (a fire)&quot;, &quot;to turn off (a device)&quot;, or &quot;to die (euphemistic)&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements: We are continuing the work - so far on the read-only mobile version. We will start looking into editing soon. You can follow along with the development on [https://wikidata.beta.wmflabs.org beta Wikidata].
* GraphQL: We are continuing some experiments with GraphQL to see if it is useful for specific types of access to Wikidata's data.
* Dumps: We are starting to experiment with subset dumps to see if we can get meaningful smaller dumps for reusers.
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We are working on scalability issues around the number of changes from Wikidata that get sent to Wikipedia and co. As part of this we are continuing to look into how to decrease the number of changes in recent changes and watchlist on Wikipedia and co that don't actually affect an article there.
** We are investigating how the upcoming larger rollout of Parsoid affects the tracking of Wikidata usage in articles.
** We are looking into improving the Databox Lua module that is used especially in smaller Wikipedias to get Wikidata-powered infoboxes.
* Federation: We are looking at the previous prototype for Federated Properties that allowed to use Wikidata's Properties on another Wikibase instance. We are checking what if anything of it can be revived for our current work to allow other Wikibase instances to use Wikidata's Items and Properties seamlessly.
* Data governance: We are concluding research around the current undestanding of people about which data should go where in the Wikibase Ecosystem.
* Constraint reports: We limited Special:ConstraintReport to logged-in users to avoid AI scrapers hitting the systems too hard ([[phab:T401789]))

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Cyprus|Cyprus]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] . [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] . [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:21, 18 August 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to &quot;Thank&quot; individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849]
* An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716]
* An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227]
* Five new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|&lt;code&gt;s:tl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|&lt;code&gt;s:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|&lt;code&gt;w:rki:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|&lt;code&gt;b:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:33, 19 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Corallite]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) - ZooKeys-227-001-g004.jpeg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''corallite''' is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #694 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-08-18. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#693]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Rubah_Hitam_Vukova|Rubah Hitam Vukova]] - RfP scheduled to end after 31 August 2025 14:16 (UTC) 
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DifoolBot_7|DifoolBot 7]] - task(s):  Adding a Wikipedia reference to unsourced day-precision [[d:Property:P569|date of birth (P569)]] and [[d:Property:P570|date of death (P570)]] claims. 
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Dolabbot|Dolabbot]] - task(s): Import module subpages from other wikis (mainly English wiktionary) to Korean wiktionary and addition of corresponding Wikidata sitelinks.
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Pilot_Project_for_AI-Assisted_Wikidata_Onboarding_%26_Quality_Control|Pilot project for AI-Assisted Wikidata onboarding and Quality control]].

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The call for proposals deadline for [[d:Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]] is very close (end of the August). Submit your session proposals at this [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp Call for Proposals] page.
** Wikidata's 13th birthday decentralized events will take place in October and November 2025. Feel free to browse [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday/Run an event|the documentation pages]] to learn how to organize an event in your area and get in touch with other organizers. If you need funding support, make sure to apply for the micro-grants before the deadline of September 1st. Please help translate the documentation pages into your language.
** [[m:WikiCite_2025|WikiCite 2025]]: a 3-day (25 - 31 August 2025) conference, summit and hackathon for creating an ecosystem of bibliographical data. To attend online, please sign-up on the [[m:WikiCite_2025/Participants|Participants]] page.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://www.stephenharrison.com/p/how-wikidata-is-coding-for-humanity How Wikidata is coding for humanity]  - In this interview, Lydia Pintscher of Wikimedia Deutschland speaks with Stephen Harrison on how Wikidata connects human and machine-readable knowledge and why contributing to it is having a global impact.
* Papers: [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5396411#:~:text=Abstract,and%20automated%20decision%2Dmaking%20systems. Wikidata's Worldview: A Semantic Network Analysis of an AI Knowledge Pipeline] - The paper examines Wikidata as a key AI knowledge source, showing how its structures and classifications influence machine decision-making, and calls for greater transparency in AI data systems.
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OeiXnbpRC2A What Wikidata Reveals About the Good Side of the Internet]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nuzw-qehCT8 Resolving the Empty Result Issue in the Wikidata Query Service]
* Podcast: [https://www.iheart.com/podcast/263-tech-talks-daily-28475628/episode/3391-what-wikidata-reveals-about-the-290000631/ Tech Talks Daily - What Wikidata reveals about the good side of the internet?]  - This episode features Lydia Pintscher who reveals how this massive, collaborative dataset empowers communities worldwide to build tools for the public good, and what a truly “good internet” can look like...
* Presentations: [[d:File:Wikimania 2025 - Wikidata a whirlwind tour through the land of Wikidata-powered apps.pdf|Wikimania 2025 - Wikidata a whirlwind tour through the land of Wikidata-powered apps]] (slides for a talk showcasing Wikidata powered apps at Wikimania 2025) By Lydia Pintscher

''' Tool of the week '''
* The [[m:Como|Como GWAP]]&lt;small&gt; (''[[d:Q125832524|Q125832524]]'')&lt;/small&gt; (games with a purpose) app has just released to the [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/como-a-crowdsourcing-game/id6686407794 iOS App Store]. Also playable in your [https://como.toolforge.org/ Web Browser] and Android ([https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.toolforge.como Google Play Store]), the latest release includes Stats tracking and Leaderboards.
* A new tool [[Wikidata:Tools/SPARQL Recent Changes 2|SPARQL Recent Changes 2]] has been released and enables mass-validation of entities in Wikidata based on their recent changes. This tool enables users to ensure that whole subgraphs are valid according to any given EntitySchema!
* [https://wikicrowd.toolforge.org/groups WikiCrowd] A tool for crowdsourced micro-edits on Wikimedia projects, letting users make quick contributions—like labeling images or answering simple questions—to improve data on Commons and Wikidata.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[m:Wikisource reader app|Wikisource reader app]] was released. It utilizes the power of Wikidata.
* [https://paulina.toolforge.org/ Paulina] won one of this year's [[m:Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Awards]]

= Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review =

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Property:P13713|rewards this type of work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;kind of work for which an award is given&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13715|‎watercraft prefix]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix applied to watercraft operated by different organisations&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13718|‎proposed entity type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;what a proposed entity would be&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13723|‎Modern Shrine Ranking]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Rank in the Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13724|‎Cyclocross24 rider ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a cyclo-cross cyclist in the Cyclocross24 database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13732|‎DuckDuckGo bang]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for use of DuckDuckGo bang shortcut&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Property:P13701|Database dei fondi musicali toscani ID]], [[:d:Property:P13702|‎Deaf Movie Database person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13703|‎Deaf Movie Database genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13704|‎Deaf Movie Database language ID]], [[:d:Property:P13705|‎Deaf Movie Database country ID]], [[:d:Property:P13706|‎MacPorts port]], [[:d:Property:P13707|‎dvdcompare.net film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13708|‎Encyclopedia of Indianapolis ID]], [[:d:Property:P13709|Mobility Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13712|PCPartPicker product type ID]], [[:d:Property:P13714|Library of Congress BIBFRAME Work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13716|USB device ID]], [[:d:Property:P13717|Rekhta Gujarati author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13719|A Dictionary of Public Health entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13720|Yandex Books author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13721|CoreTennis.net player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13722|rada.info council ID]], [[:d:Property:P13725|Athletics Podium person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13726|‎CESAR title ID]], [[:d:Property:P13727|Polski Petersburg encyclopedia ID (Russian version)]], [[:d:Property:P13728|Polish Taxpayer Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P13729|‎Berardi Arte artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13730|Swiss Films person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13731|Swiss Films company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13733|médiathèque de Sceaux catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13734|EASIN ID]], [[:d:Property:P13735|A Dictionary of Genetics entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13736|A Dictionary of Sports Studies entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13737|Open Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P13738|PCI vendor hexadecimal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13739|NuGet package]], [[:d:Property:P13740|LINDAS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13741|‎Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13742|Dictionary of American Family Names ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/museociclismo|museociclismo]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;id for museociclismo.it&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificativo Viario di Roma|identificativo Viario di Roma]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a street in Rome&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/form factor|form factor]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;physical design paradigm this object is aligned with&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/implies (2)|implies (2)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;axiom or conjecture that this axiom or conjecture implies&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/comes with|comes with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;object which is included with this item, but is not part of it&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd person ID|Letterboxd person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EU-ID|EU-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Viario di Roma ID|Viario di Roma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kick username|Kick username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ene dilim ID|Ene dilim ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LTT Labs product ID|LTT Labs product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Concept ID in Arab Encyclopedia|Concept ID in Arab Encyclopedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/La Fayette ID|La Fayette ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivio Storico Ricordi partiture ID|Archivio Storico Ricordi partiture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/United Methodist Church church ID|United Methodist Church church ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Record Group Number of National Archives Administration, Taiwan|Record Group Number of National Archives Administration, Taiwan]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Autostraddle topic ID|Autostraddle topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGBTQ Nation tag ID|LGBTQ Nation tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Advocate tag ID|The Advocate tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Xtra Magazine topic ID|Xtra Magazine topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Out tag ID|Out tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Queerty tag ID|Queerty tag ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/F6NR Cool beaches in Antartica]
** [https://w.wiki/F8At Airports with IATA and/or ICAO airport codes, their wikidata Item id's and the English label of the Item] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Airport_query|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_They_not_were_witches_they_were_women WikiProject They Were Not Witches, They Were Women] - A Wikidata project preserving the stories of women accused as witches in Catalonia and Andorra (1419–1796).
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q9321426|Le Monde de Dory (Q9321426)]] - 2016 American animated film directed by Andrew Stanton
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L8031|消す (L8031)]] - Japanese verb (けす, kesu) meaning &quot;to erase&quot;, &quot;to turn off&quot;, or &quot;to delete&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements: After focusing on the initial read-only version, we are now starting the work on the actual editing mode. You can follow along with the development on [https://wikidata.beta.wmflabs.org beta Wikidata].
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We are continuing to work on scalability issues around the number of changes from Wikidata that get sent to Wikipedia and co. As part of this we are continuing to look into how to decrease the number of changes in recent changes and watchlist on Wikipedia and co that don't actually affect an article there.
* GraphQL: We now have a prototype for GraphQL for Wikidata. We'd love to have your feedback about it, especially if you are a developer building applications with Wikidata's data. More details at [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL prototype|GraphQL prototype]]

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] . [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] . [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:32, 25 August 2025 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2025-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: &lt;code&gt;width: fit-content&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;ruby-align&lt;/code&gt;; relative units such as &lt;code&gt;lh&lt;/code&gt;; and custom strings in &lt;code&gt;list-style-type&lt;/code&gt;. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619]
* On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455]
* Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240]
* Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. &lt;code&gt;rc_new&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rc_type&lt;/code&gt; are being removed in favor of &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt;. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt; instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:07, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29175124 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Diksam Plateau]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Dixam plateau (6407168437).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Diksam Plateau''' or Dixam Plateau (Arabic: دكسم) is a limestone plateau in Socotra, Yemen. The Firmihin forest, located east of the Dirhur canyon within the plateau, has the highest concentration of Dragon's Blood Trees on the entire island. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:40, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #695 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-08-25. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#694]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Rubah Hitam Vukova|Rubah Hitam Vukova]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Last chance to submit a session for [[d:Event:WikidataCon_2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the proposals deadline is imminent: head to this '''[https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp Call for Proposals page]''' to submit an idea'' (drafts are welcome, they can be edited for a week after the deadline).''
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series: fourth session, ''Introduction to Wikidata/EMCO'', with a hands-on exercise creating a corporate body item and adding statements. Tuesday, September 2 – 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST ('''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html Time zone converter]'''). [[Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/IntroEMCO|More info and Zoom links]].
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #80 September 15 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61752245 Mozilla Community Space Taipei].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Press: [https://www.fastcompany.com/91391335/big-tech-locks-data-away-wikidata-gives-it-back-to-the-internet Big Tech locks data away. Wikidata gives it back to the internet]
* Blogs: [https://addshore.com/2025/08/wikidata-instance-of-and-subclass-of-through-time-p31-p279/ Wikidata, instance of and subclass of through time (P31 &amp; P279)]
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=M0Bk83ZLTyw&amp;pp=0gcJCRsBo7VqN5tD LD4 2025 - Wikidata Affinity Group Session - Introduction to Wikidata for Entity Management]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dviYC912yQs&amp;pp=0gcJCRsBo7VqN5tD How to create a work and edition in Wikidata]

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://toolsadmin.wikimedia.org/tools/id/enet DerDieDas for Danish] is a Wikidata-based game to practice Danish.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is hiring a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/58843265?l=en Senior Software Engineer (all genders) for the Wikibase Suite], starting October 1, 2025. The role is full-time or part-time, hybrid, and based in Berlin, focused on building open-source tools for linked open data.
* The [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/Tech|Rapid Fund/Tech]] program,  launched on July 24, 2025, provides up to $5,000 per project for coding tools that improve contributions to Wikimedia projects. Applications are reviewed every two months, with priority for impactful projects with clear, critical, and well-planned milestones.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13745|parts per area]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;average number of parts per unit of area&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13749|‎display size (diagonal)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;diagonal length of a rectangular electronic display&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13743|Digital ROC people ID]], [[:d:Property:P13744|Digital ROC event ID]], [[:d:Property:P13746|T10 vendor ID string]], [[:d:Property:P13747|Confederation of African Tennis player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13748|‎Nextroom building ID]], [[:d:Property:P13750|Concept ID in Arab Encyclopedia]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/game stat|game stat]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;metric to what extent a character in a role-playing game (or game with role-playing elements) possesses a specific natural, in-born characteristic common to all characters in the game&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/open meeting page URL|open meeting page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Information page describing open meetings, public meetings or town hall meetings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic calligraphy|Islamic calligraphy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;property that shows the Islamic calligraphy for a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minfin company ID|Minfin company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swiss Performing Arts vocabularies ID|Swiss Performing Arts vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Doha Dictionary root id|Doha Dictionary root id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sharjah Dictionary root id|Sharjah Dictionary root id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fantacalcio ID|Fantacalcio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GayCities ID|GayCities ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Washington Blade tag ID|Washington Blade tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IN Magazine tag ID|IN Magazine tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Teen Vogue tag ID|Teen Vogue tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diva tag ID|Diva tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Attitude tag ID|Attitude tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metro Source tag ID|Metro Source tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PLUS tag ID|PLUS tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wussy Magazine tag ID|Wussy Magazine tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plant Ontology ID|Plant Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dimensions.com element ID|Dimensions.com element ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISU-Skating.com-Identifikator|ISU-Skating.com-Identifikator]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/AhtV Species of birds and their sounds] ([https://x.com/espejolento/status/1814353851253735846 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Art_UK WikiProject Art UK] is an effort to document the various properties and volunteer (art-related) work on Wikidata.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q82069695|SARS-CoV-2 (Q82069695)]] - virus that causes COVID-19
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L303896|øye (L303896)]] - Norwegian noun (ˈœʏə) meaning &quot;organ of sight&quot;, &quot;gaze or look&quot;, or &quot;point of view&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements: We developed the first pieces of the edit mode as well as the ability to add statements. You can always follow along on [https://m.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Q424242 beta Wikidata] and find more information on the [[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|project page]].
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are continuing to look into reducing the number of changes that show up on Wikipedia and co's Recent changes and Watchlist ([[phab:T401284]])
* Federation: We looked at previous requests to add new endpoints to the list of SPARQL endpoints you can federate with and are cleaning up the process for getting new ones added. If you have one you'd like to write federated SPARQL queries to now is a good time to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VYCK46OQWF5IZERU5LFMHDLENI62NQJP/ request them].
* Lexicographical data: You can now limit searches to Lexemes with a Lemma in a specific spelling variant with the '''haslemma''' keywords and to Lexemes with a specific language with the '''in language''' keyword. Examples: [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=lexeme%3Ahaslemma%3Aen-au%2Cen-ca&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;profile=advanced&amp;fulltext=1&amp;ns0=1&amp;searchToken=9no6tq1pxsndwkxnvs7p8av0e 1] [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=inlanguage%3Aoc&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;profile=advanced&amp;fulltext=1&amp;ns146=1&amp;searchToken=4zxweq7wlit9q2rhcljfk1zp5 2] ([[phab:T271776]])
* GraphQL: We are evaluating feedback we received so far. If you are developing applications with Wikidata's data it'd be great if you could [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL prototype|have a look at the current prototype and provide feedback]].
* Dumps: We are experimenting to see how we can provide smaller subset dumps for Wikidata ([[phab:T400870]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] . [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] . [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:30, 1 September 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: August 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:16, 2 September 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Ttongsul]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ja:トンスル]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Ttongsul (imitation).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''ttongsul''' (똥술), o vino di feci, è una tradizionale preparazione medicinale coreana con gradazione alcolica al 9% a base di feci, solitamente umane e preferibilmente di bambino. Nato probabilmente traendo spunto dalla medicina tradizionale cinese, nelle credenze popolari il vino di feci avrebbe proprietà benefiche per molti tipi di malesseri: sarebbe un rimedio per dolori muscolari, ustioni, infiammazioni, epilessia e fratture ossee.

Sebbene alcuni media occidentali abbiano in passato riportato che questa bevanda sia diffusa tra la popolazione coreana, al giorno d'oggi un numero molto limitato di persone ne fa uso, dopo aver subito un declino di popolarità nei secoli scorsi, tanto che la maggioranza dei giovani coreani non ne ha mai sentito parlare.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #696 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-09-08. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#695]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/IndExsBot| IndExsBot]] - Task(s): Add Subject external identifier [[d:Property:P12371|IndExs Exsiccata editor ID (P12371)]] to existing persons which are stated in the indexes of [[d:Q125246464|Exsiccatae]] database.

''' Events ''' 
* Past events:
** The [[:m:WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] conference took place in Berne, Switzerland. It showcased WikiCite-related efforts across multiple wikis, disciplines, languages and countries. Most of it was both streamed and recorded, and the videos are currently being processed. 
** The [[:toolforge:scholia/event/Q131386723|SEMANTICS 2025]] conference took place in Vienna, Austria. Wikidata was mentioned in several keynotes and multiple other talks, posters and demos. The poster [[:commons:File:The Wikidata Query Service split and its impact on the scholarly graph - poster at the SEMANTICS 2025 conference.pdf|The Wikidata Query Service split and its impact on the scholarly graph]] zoomed in on the [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS graph split]].
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday|Wikidata's 13th Birthday]] update: Funding applications are now closed, and the review process is underway. Applicants will be notified about the status of their submissions shortly. Are you planning to organize an event for the birthday but haven’t added it to the calendar yet? You can do so here: [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday/Calendar|Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday/Calendar]] 🎉
** The deadline for the [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EPB4LTXZA2FFUINWUC3LAGHYWG6ZED6Y/ Fall 2025 MediaWiki Users &amp; Developers Conference] CfP is extended until September 15th. The conference will be held on October 28 - 30th, and hosted by the TIB Leibniz Centre in Hanover, Germany.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: Past, Present and Future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library: TiagoLubiana reflects on their tenure at the [[d:Q172266|BHL (Q172266)]], integrating the biodiversity collections into the Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Read on Diff Blog] 
* Papers: Revealing hidden figures within natural history collections by empowering students with data sleuthing skills - Mabry et al.,(2025) [https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nse2.70025 Read here]
* Videos:
** WiLES Wikidata Lexicographical Event Semantics modeling for natural languages (LD4 2025) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JAi0p1aJzM YouTube]
** Wikidata presentations and lightning talks (LD4 2025) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Kj_QNklPbs YouTube]
** On Wikiskills 1st Wikidata Training (Africa Wiki Women) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=xnCOBqResik YouTube]
** (French) Lors de la 1ère formation Wikidata de Wikiskills [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=E92TkPJvomY YouTube]
** Plugging into the WikiVerse: A Plug for a Wikidata Plug-in for ArchivesSpace [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2Jwlu_AXcV4 YouTube]
* Presentations:
** [[m:WikiCite_2025|WikiCite 2025]] presentation slidedecks can be found linked individually from the [[m:m:WikiCite_2025/Programme|programme page]] or collectively on the [[c:Category:WikiCite_2025_presentation_slides|Commons category]].
** [https://slides.com/wragge/wikifest-slv-2025 Wikidata / GLAM a few experiments]... by Tim Sherratt showcasing reuse of Wikidata

''' Tool of the week '''
* Dacit is a listening-training app for cochlear implant users, built as part of a Master's Thesis for LMU Munich, it is powered by Wikidata-lexicographical data. Practice with 3 different excercises; identify (German-language) speakers, words and minimal pairs in your [https://dacit.kristbaum.org/ browser] or as an [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.kristbaum.dacit&amp;hl=en android app]
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:TomT0m/LexToWiktionary.js LexToWiktonary]is a userscript that adds a Wiktionary links button on Wikidata Lexeme pages. It checks the lemmas of a lexeme, finds matching entries across different Wiktionary language editions, and shows them in a popup for quick access, with an option to expand to all Wiktionaries.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The submission deadline for [[d:Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon]] proposals has passed. Proposals that were submitted in time can still be edited until Sep 9. Proposals are hidden by default, but [[d:Event:WikidataCon 2025/Submissions|a page for sharing submissions]] is available and can facilitate coordination.
* [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Help panel|Help Panel]] has been deployed on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Wikidata Beta].🎉 This is a feature designed to guide contributors with quick links to relevant help pages. It currently appears in read mode across most pages and can be configured by admins. You can enable it in your Beta preferences under &quot;Newcomer features&quot;. To help shape its future on Wikidata, we're inviting you to test it and share feedback on [[mw:Help_talk:Growth/Tools/Help_panel|this talk]] page.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P13768|form factor]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;physical design paradigm this object is aligned with&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13751|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13752|The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13753|Valais cantonal parliament ID]], [[:d:Property:P13754|Arcanes ID]], [[:d:Property:P13755|A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13756|IGDB keyword ID]], [[:d:Property:P13757|A Dictionary of Dentistry entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13758|Record Group Number of the National Archives Administration, National Development Council, Taiwan (R.O.C.)]], [[:d:Property:P13760|A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13761|Doha Dictionary root id]], [[:d:Property:P13762|Sharjah Dictionary root id]], [[:d:Property:P13763|Saulchoir library ID]], [[:d:Property:P13764|Observer tag]], [[:d:Property:P13765|‎Hamburger Frauenbiografien ID]], [[:d:Property:P13766|Ophardt Team Sportevent person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13767|Museum of Fine Arts, Lyon object ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Release date of film|Release date of film]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The date when a film was first released to the public&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/part number 2|part number 2]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a product or part designated by its manufacturer for inventory and ordering purposes&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/backwards compatible with|backwards compatible with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;backwards compatible with the identified platform, software, or system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/level or map of|level or map of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;video games that this video game level or map belongs to&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/resistance|resistance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Resistance of organisms (systems) to common adverserial influences like pests, pathogens, drugs, attack vectors, ...&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GBFS feed URL|GBFS feed URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a GBFS feed for the bicycle-sharing system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GENC 3-character code|GENC 3-character code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Équipe athlete ID|L'Équipe athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sancho el Sabio Foundation ID|Sancho el Sabio Foundation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Authors author ID|British Authors author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gamepadla ID|Gamepadla ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VGA Legacy MKIII ID|VGA Legacy MKIII ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Noormags ID|Noormags ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/qamus.inoor.ir entry ID|qamus.inoor.ir entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RSQV ID|RSQV ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Naturalis authority ID|Naturalis authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Library of the Community of Madrid ID|Digital Library of the Community of Madrid ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trainspo model ID|Trainspo model ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/FG$r Number of hospital beds] ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Request_a_query Source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_ASBS_2025 WikiProject ASBS 2025] - Aims to Engage the botanical community at the 2025 ASBS Conference to promote and enhance contributions to Wikidata, Wikipedia, and Wikimedia Commons.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L739282|PC (L739282)]] - English noun (ˌpiːˈsiː) meaning &quot;Personal Computer&quot;, &quot;Printed Circuit&quot;, or &quot;Peace Corps&quot;

''' Development '''
* We're investigate options for improving information saved while publishing ([[phab:T403149]])
* Mobile Editing Experience: we added multi-language support ([[phab:T402630|T402630]])
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are continuing to look into reducing the number of changes that show up on Wikipedia and co's Recent changes and Watchlist from edits to aliases ([[phab:T401288]]), [[m:m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Reduce_change_propagation_noise#More_granular_Alias_tracking|more info]]

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] . [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:41, 8 September 2025 (UTC)'''

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== ''The Signpost'': 9 September 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/News and notes|Wikimedia Foundation loses a round in court]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/In the media|Congress probes, mayor whitewashed, AI stinks]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Disinformation report|A guide for Congress]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Recent research|Minority-language Wikipedias, and Wikidata for botanists]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Technology report|A new way to read Wikisource]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Traffic report|Check out some new ''Weapons'', weapon of choice]]

* Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Essay|The one question]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 01:08, 9 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] 
* Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698]
* Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:09, 9 September 2025 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VIII, August 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025 in Albania and Kosovo 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Cultural Heritage in Brazil: School communities, Wikisource course, GLAM-Wiki Impact and Wiki Takes Alcântara
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization starts at two more libraries in West Bengal
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Grant for GLAM Indonesia is open!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From food festivals to PhD courses: Wikimedia in Italian academia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: NZ species edit-a-thons, a scholarly article, a course, and Auckland Museum editors at Wikimania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Highlights from Wiki Heritage Fellowship and Policy Advocacy in Nigeria
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wiki Loves Film – Collaboration with MakeDox Film Festival
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: When Wikipedia Becomes a Guide in the Museum
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: BAM Hackathon, 3D for Cultural Heritage, Wiki Cite 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Working towards more image sharing
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknics
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: News on BHL transition and updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Steps towards a sustainable cultural commons
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: A pivotal month
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Reader app released on Google Play Store
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:25, 11 September 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-38 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pak Kum-chol]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pak Kum-chol in 1961 (cropped).jpg|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pak Kum-chol''' was a North Korean politician. Having been a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle, he became a high-ranking politician after the liberation of Korea. Pak aligned himself with his former guerrilla brothers in arms from the Kapsan Operation Committee to form a faction within the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) called the &quot;Kapsan faction&quot;. This faction sought to replace Kim Il Sung with Pak. Kim retaliated by purging the faction in 1967 in what is known as the Kapsan faction incident. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #697 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-09-15. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#696]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Project Chat: [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Multiple_items_linked_to_single_categories,_redux|Multiple items linked to single categories, redux]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series introduces participants to Wikidata/EMCO. The session guides attendees through creating a project and project page, followed by an open working hour for creating and editing in Wikidata and asking questions. Join on Tuesday, September 16th at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST. More details and Zoom links are on the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/IntroEMCO|project page]].
**[[w:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades em português/Wikidata Lab XLVI|Wikidata Lab XLVI: Wikidata and semantic memory]] (in English). On September 18th, at 17UTC. Live [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1blwYH68xI on Youtube].
** '''Virtual course: Wikidata and public domain (in Spanish)'''. On September 25th start this online course until March 26, 2026. [https://www.articaonline.com/curso-en-linea-wikidata-y-dominio-publico/ Registration open on this form].
** [[d:Event:Govdirectory US office hour September 2025|Govdirectory US office hour]], 25 September
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/GM6ODGJLVISTTXGSPPGS6W2TVAPI3QQA/ Apply now: Scholarships for Wikimania 2026 in Paris!] Deadline is October 31, 2025 (anywhere in the world). Notification of decisions will be sent in January 2026.
** Notifications for [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth_Birthday|Wikidata Thirteenth Birthday]] microgrant applications are currently being sent out in batches. If you are planning to run an event but have not yet added your event to the calendar, please do so here: [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth_Birthday/Calendar|Wikidata:Thirteenth_Birthday/Calendar]]
** [[d:Event:WikidataCon_2025|WikidataCon 2025]] proposal reviews are about to end. We are currently building an initial programme and will soon inform Speakers before publishing a first Schedule!

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: GLAM Newsletter: Biodiversity Heritage Library update, harvesting Wikidata identifiers and improving the [https://bhl2wiki.herokuapp.com/ BHL2Wiki Tool] - ''[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August_2025/Contents/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_report|Read the article]]''
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kArK6yf4jGA EduWiki Conference - Using AI on Wikipedia and Wikidata Editing for Health Education]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6gjBPOXm-ak Using Duplicity: Link Wikipedia articles to Wikidata Items]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7kNjuXnsa6c How to Get the Used Language in WIKIDATA/SPARQL with [AUTO_LANGUAGE Parameter]
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JmGNeehrnUc Let's improve information about Carnival on Wikidata]
** Wikidata Lab XLVI: Wikidata and Semantic Memory, don't miss the workshop! (scheduled: 18.09.25, 1700 UTC) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1blwYH68xI&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D YouTube]
* WikiCite 2025 Presentations:
** Extracting citation relations from legacy publications, by David Lindeman - [[c:File:Extracting_citation_relations_from_legacy_publications.webm|watch on Commons]]
** A proposal for managing personal collections in Wikidata, by Tania Maio - [[c:File:Maio_Wikicite_2025.webm|watch on Commons]]

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://paulina.toolforge.org/ Paulina] is a Wikidata-based tool for the GLAM community that facilitates searching for authors and works, helps identify their copyright status in different countries, and provides access to works when available.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Help us test the new [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Help_panel|Help Panel]] feature, now enabled on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Wikidata Beta]
* The Wikimedia Foundation launched a new team, the [[mw:Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform Team]], to lead development and maintenance of query services, aiming for stable, scalable data access in collaboration with WMDE and the community.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13769|open meeting page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;information page describing open meetings, public meetings or town hall meetings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13773|‎LSF rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Indonesia film classification administered by the Film Censorship Board&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13783|‎designed for handedness]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;hand(s) that this object is intended to be used with&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13770|Personnel de l'administration préfectorale depuis 1945 ID]], [[:d:Property:P13771|La Fayette ID]], [[:d:Property:P13772|Harper's tag]], [[:d:Property:P13774|‎TechnoMusicWorld artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13775|‎TechnoMusicWorld track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13776|‎Serbian settlement ID]], [[:d:Property:P13777|‎setlist.fm festival ID]], [[:d:Property:P13778|ScholarGPS scholar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13779|ScholarGPS institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13780|ScholarGPS field and discipline ID]], [[:d:Property:P13781|ScholarGPS specialty ID]], [[:d:Property:P13782|The Digital Ark person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13784|MHOBT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13785|Gamepadla ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRK topic ID|NRK topic ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/result of addition|result of addition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mathematical result obtained by adding two or more numbers or quantities together&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenStreetMap key|OpenStreetMap key]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Meetup.com Event ID|Meetup.com Event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biological Imaging Methods Ontology ID|Biological Imaging Methods Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anne Frank House persond ID|Anne Frank House persond ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PortableApps ID|PortableApps ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Maitron d'une commune|Identifiant Maitron d'une commune]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library Board Singapore ID (new scheme)|National Library Board Singapore ID (new scheme)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWO Project ID|NWO Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenITI Author URI|OpenITI Author URI]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DisplaySpecifications.com model ID|DisplaySpecifications.com model ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/网易云音乐专辑编号|网易云音乐专辑编号]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PnP vendor ID|PnP vendor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PnP device ID|PnP device ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mellopedia|Mellopedia]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/FLRz Artworks owned by Perls Dynasty] - see it visualised on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GPlcOvCVMo&amp;list=PLkHbiY2yRD8rlWkuKf-Utl7GTuW37grZQ&amp;index=5 YouTube]
** [https://w.wiki/tBr BubbleChart of Wikidata Lexeme forms by language]
** [https://w.wiki/FLUM Institutions that host the most UNESCO Memory of the World International Register inscriptions] ([[:d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/memory_of_the_world|Source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject_University_of_Toronto_Libraries_EMCO|University of Toronto Libraries EMCO]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Jewish_Studies_and_Jewish_Heritage|Jewish Studies and Heritage]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q6911|Diary of Anne Frank (Q6911)]] - famous diary of a 13-year old Dutch Jewish girl hiding from the Nazis to escape the Holocaust
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L4476|blow (L4476)]] - English verb (bloʊ) meaning &quot;to push air&quot;, &quot;to explode&quot;, or &quot;to perform fellatio&quot;

''' Development '''
* Scalability/sustainability: We have rolled out changes to minimize the number of entries stored in the recent changes tables of Wikipedia and co that are edits coming from Wikidata. This also reduces the number of changes from Wikidata you will see showing up in Recent changes and watchlist on Wikipedia and co further.
* [https://modelcontextprotocol.io MCP] for Wikidata: We are getting it ready for first testing.
* Dumps: We are continuing to investigate how to provide smaller/subset dumps.
* [[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile statement editing]]: We are continuing the work on making statements editable, especially qualifiers and multiple references.
* [[d:Q134301689|Anubis (Q134301689)]] anti-bot software was deployed on Wikibase Cloud and XTools to prevent site outages caused by bot traffic. ([[Phab:T399851|T399851]], [[Phab:T400229|T400229]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Japan|Japan]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] . [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:51, 15 September 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* References lists that are made using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941]
* Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]].
* Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including:
** for the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and end-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599]
** for both &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;insource:&lt;/code&gt; keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\d&lt;/code&gt;), whitespace (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\s&lt;/code&gt;), and word characters (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\w&lt;/code&gt;); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\r&lt;/code&gt;), newline (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\n&lt;/code&gt;), tab (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\t&lt;/code&gt;), and unicode (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\uHHHH&lt;/code&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212]
* When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]].
* Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288]
* The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets.
* Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. 
* A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:02, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29263921 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Federation of Central America (1921–1922)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Federación de Centro América (1921-1922)]])&amp;#32;([[:ar:اتحاد أمريكا الوسطى (1921-1922)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Central America's Northern Triangle (orthographic projection).png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Federation of Central America''' (Spanish: Federación de Centro América)[1] was a short-lived federal republic that existed in Central America between 1921 and 1922. The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:45, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #698 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-09-22. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#697]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[Event:Exploring Seediq: A Journey through Translation and Linked Data Documentation|Exploring Seediq: A Journey through Translation and Linked Data Documentation]] 25 October .This event will showcase the Seediq communities’ translation of the OCLC white paper on Wikibase, followed by an overview of the full paper. It will conclude with an open discussion on the lessons learned during the translation project and broader reflections on linked data.
** [[d:Event:Govdirectory US office hour September 2025|Govdirectory US office hour]], 25 September
** FREE virtual 1hr Wiki webinar focusing on plant biodiversity. Open to anyone wanting to improve their digital outreach skills by enriching Wikidata. Tuesday 14th of October at 3pm NZST. [https://tepapa.zoom.us/meeting/register/_g4sKy2KTYGMIhtNIAxGeA#/registration Register to get link].
** [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday|Wikidata’s 13th Birthday]] is just around the corner! Are you planning to host a celebration but haven’t added it to the calendar yet? Join the party! Thirty-nine (39) events are already scheduled, and yours can be too: [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday/Calendar|Birthday Calendar]]. It’s also the perfect time to contribute a birthday present or message to [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday/Presents &amp; messages|this list]]. Gifts can be anything that celebrates Wikidata and its amazing community like a script you’ve written, a tool improvement, a visual, a poem... 🎉

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Videos: (French) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RbxuPd7eprk Formation Wikidata 2 de WikiSkills] By Africa Wiki Women

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikidata-todo.toolforge.org/duplicity/#/ Duplicity] This tool can pick a random article on a wiki without associated Wikidata item, and offer some possible matches on Wikidata, so you can add it to an existing item, or create a new one.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[phab:T403210|Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 31]]! If you have some ideas for coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, outreach, research) projects, share them by Sept. 26, 2025, at 4 pm UTC

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13787|number of ray tracing cores]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13788|VRAM capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of dual-ported video RAM (VRAM) modules used by this device&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13789|‎has wireless capabilities]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of wireless connectivity this device has/supports&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13794|date filed]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;filing date for a document, e.g. a patent or court case&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13785|Gamepadla ID]], [[:d:Property:P13786|OpenStreetMap key]], [[:d:Property:P13790|EU-ID]], [[:d:Property:P13791|Roma road ID]], [[:d:Property:P13792|‎LTT Labs product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13793|Swiss Performing Arts Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13795|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13796|‎GamesIndustry.biz tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13797|‎Dimensions.com element ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image+display resolution|image+display resolution]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;pixel resolution of images generated or captured by this item (camera, software, etc)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/firmware|firmware]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;firmware installed on this hardware&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/excluding work|excluding work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;work or narration for or in which this statement is &lt;em&gt;false&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has grammatical number|has grammatical number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;grammatical number used in this language&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Day of Reisai|Day of Reisai]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Annual Festival done by a Shinto Shrine&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/https://football.aek.com/|https://football.aek.com/]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Météo-France place ID|Météo-France place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hex package|Hex package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maptons ID|Maptons ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BVPB catalog ID|BVPB catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dati.lnb.lv ID|dati.lnb.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Needle Drop tag ID|The Needle Drop tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AfterEllen tag ID|AfterEllen tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenStreetMap relation type|OpenStreetMap relation type]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Them.us tag ID|Them.us tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOAB book ID|DOAB book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Liste unique des décorés|identifiant Liste unique des décorés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deník tag ID|Deník tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture entry ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/qamus.inoor.ir root ID|qamus.inoor.ir root ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmarks ID|Filmarks ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/FLJ7 A map of IEC 60320 power connectors] - a cool SPARQL visualisation, by [[d:User:IagoQnsi|User:IagoQnsi]]
** [https://w.wiki/FN5J 350 people who were married, then married the sibling of their previous spouse] ([https://bsky.app/profile/magnusmanske.wikis.world.ap.brid.gy/post/3lz4kuxvpcn62 source])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q33947|Northern Sami
 (Q33947)]] - famoumost widely spoken of all Sámi languages
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L37547|Waage (L37547)]] – German noun (‘ˈvaːɡə’) meaning &quot;scale (device for measuring mass)&quot;, &quot;Libra constellation&quot;, or &quot;equilibrium&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing: We are working more on the editing state of statements, especially qualifiers and progress indicators during saving ([[phab:T402620]])
* Dumps: We fixed an issue with some of the dumps ([[phab:T403882]]) and are improving the monitoring
* GraphQL: We are working on making it easier to get labels of linked entities in an API response, starting with Items ([[phab:T404692]])
* Sustainability: We have now rolled out improvements to the tracking of Wikidata changes on the other Wikimedia projects on all projects in order to decrease the size of the database table that tracks these changes ([[phab:T401288]])
* Bug fixes: Tacsipacsi submitted fixes for two issues in error messages on Special:SetSiteLink. Thank you! ([[phab:T404499]], [[phab:T404500]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/United_States_of_America|United States of America]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:17, 22 September 2025 (UTC)'''

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&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Wikidata status updates| ]]
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== Tech News: 2025-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:51, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Users unable to create new pages on [[Wy/ff]] ==

Hello sir, can you help check this [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incubator:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Error_in_Wikivoyage_Fulfulde_Incubator_(Wy/ff) this complain] please. Many of our community members are having this issue. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|talk]]) 09:38, 27 September 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] Probably you need to as this problem at [[I:AN]]? [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 21:32, 27 September 2025 (UTC)
::The complain was posted there already by another user. I followed-up here thinking it might help in attending to the issue as quickly as possible. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|talk]]) 08:51, 28 September 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori.

Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #699 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-09-29. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#698]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Empat_Tilda|Empat Tilda]]: RfP scheduled to end after 3 October 2025 18:30 (UTC)

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! Mark your calendars for our first session of our WikiProject Personal Pronouns event series, which will provide a high-level overview of WikiProject Personal Pronouns' goals, past work, and implementation plans. The session will also serve as a practical orientation to the implementation work for this project, ending with a demonstration of the workflow to be used in subsequent sessions. No previous Wikidata experience is needed to participate. This session will be recorded. Slides and recordings will be found on the project page after the session. Join us Tuesday, September 30th at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?msg=LD4+Wikidata+Affinity+Group+Project+Series+Call&amp;iso=20250930T09&amp;p1=234&amp;ah=1 Time zone converter]). Please see our [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Project Series/PersonalPronouns|project page]] for more information and Zoom links.
** Wikidata are hosting a [[d:Event:Embedding_Project_Webinar|webinar on the Embedding Project]]: AI/ML Project Manager Philippe Saadé (WMDE) will introduce the project, including early experiences, wins and pitfalls, and open up the floor to your questions.
*** Takes place 1600 - 1700 UTC, October 9, 2025.
*** Embedding Project? [[d:Wikidata:Embedding_Project|Read about it here]]
*** Want to join the Webinar? [[d:Special:EventDetails/2196|Please register here with your Wiki account]]
** 🎁 Countdown to 13!🎁  Wikidata's 13th Birthday is fast approaching and this week marks the start of the first Birthday Events! For a full rundown of all Birthday Events, please see the [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth_Birthday/Calendar|Birthday Calendar]].&lt;br&gt;
Starting the month of celebrations this week include:  Wali Wikimedians Community, Latin America in Wikidata 2025, Hausa Wikipedians User Group and the language communities of Zambia, Twi and Kinyarwanda and regional celebrations from the Northern Nigerian, Dagbani and Ghanaians Wikimedian communities!

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2025/09/19/enhanced-search-for-wikibase/ Enhanced Search for Wikibase]
** [https://cthoyt.com/2025/09/25/enriching-ror-with-wikidata.html Suggesting new relations in ROR from Wikidata] By Charles Tapley Hoyt
* Papers:
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.15501 Protoknowledge Shapes Behaviour of LLMs: Text-to-SPARQL]
** [https://orb.binghamton.edu/librarian_fac/117/ Wikidata Workflows: with ORCiD and OpenRefine - a Binghamton University Case Study] By Sasha Frizzell - This lightning talk outlines Binghamton University Libraries’ pilot project to convert ORCID faculty data into Wikidata entries, showcasing linked data integration, data cleaning workflows, and strategies for enhancing institutional research visibility.
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PJSWWGuPzJE Wikidata tutorial: how to merge duplicate items]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DeHIq3wX7GE Wikidata Wikishootme SAT]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=gEVKAoQc0jM How to Fetch Subclasses and Parent Classes in Wikidata SPARQL Queries]
** (Portuguese) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=41FtK-tbrK4 Black women in history through Wikidata]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkUjnDEZuYU Provenance and Restitution: Shared knowledge graphs as a tool in recovering looted cultural heritage]

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jon_Harald_S%C3%B8by/senseItemLabel.js senseItemLabel] is a UserScript by [[User:Jon Harald Søby]] The Script Lets you add the lemma for the current lexeme as a label to items added to the lexeme's senses as [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P5137 item for this sense (P5137)] in one click.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* If you've noticed a performance issue with Magnus Manske's MixMatch gagdet, [[d:User:IagoQnsi|User:IagoQnsi]] has suggested a fix, the comment and code is available from [[d:User_talk:Magnus_Manske/mixnmatch_gadget.js#Performance_fix|Talk:Magnus Manske#MixMatch performance]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13801|‎Lemmy instance URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the Lemmy instance of or about the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13802|‎part number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a product or part designated by its manufacturer for inventory and ordering purposes&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13798|Noormags ID]], [[:d:Property:P13799|PnP device ID]], [[:d:Property:P13800|PnP vendor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13803|‎GENC 3-character code]], [[:d:Property:P13804|‎Sancho el Sabio Foundation ID]], [[:d:Property:P13805|‎British Authors author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13806|VGA Legacy MKIII graphics card ID]], [[:d:Property:P13807|‎qamus.inoor.ir entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13808|PortableApps ID]], [[:d:Property:P13809|Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13810|‎DisplaySpecifications.com model ID]], [[:d:Property:P13811|Vix Vocal work id]], [[:d:Property:P13812|Naturalis author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maximum supported display resolution|maximum supported display resolution]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum pixel resolution that this computing hardware or technological standard supports&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cookie policy|cookie policy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;cookie policy of this website, software or digital product&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/yayasan ID|yayasan ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for Indonesian foundation on vervalyayasan.data.kemdikbud.go.id&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/luminance|luminance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;measured quantity of photometric brightness (luminous intensity per area)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmarks ID|Filmarks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medicin.dk disorder ID|Medicin.dk disorder ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Interaktionsdatabasen ID|Interaktionsdatabasen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition entry ID|A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenStreetMap role|OpenStreetMap role]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechPowerUp CPU Specs Database ID|TechPowerUp CPU Specs Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GPUZoo ID|GPUZoo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPU-World ID|CPU-World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adebiportal author|Adebiportal author]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RIA Novosti person ID|RIA Novosti person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion entry ID|The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qalamger.kz author ID|Qalamger.kz author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Does the Dog Die? media ID|Does the Dog Die? media ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sultanlar Ligi player ID|Sultanlar Ligi player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/FRz9 maps of running and closed railway stations in Denmark]
** [https://w.wiki/FUDK Formula One Teams by employee count] - source: Discord
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Piano_Rolls|Piano Rolls]] - has bee greatly expanded and subpages added.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Open_Topstukken_Maastricht_University_and_Radboud_University/Manual|Open Topstukken Maastricht University and Radboud University]] - A user manual for contributing.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1059888|Because You Left
 (Q1059888)]] - episode of Lost (S5 E1)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L298686|Knoten (L298686)]] - German noun (ˈknoːtn̩) meaning &quot;tied fastening of ropes/strings&quot;, &quot;speed unit in aviation/shipping&quot;, or &quot;tangled clump of hair&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing: We continue to make good progress, which you can check out on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Q593112&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile beta Wikidata]. Specifically it is now possible to
** save changes to edits made to string Properties on statements (without losing qualifier / reference information) ([[phab:T401405]])
** change the rank of statements ([[phab:T402436]])
* Query Service UI: jhsoby submitted patches for two issues related to the example dialog. Thank you! ([[phab:T405747]], [[phab:T405720]])
* Lexicographical data: 1F616EMO submitted a patch to fix a localization issue on the Lexeme page. Thank you! ([[phab:T322526]])
* Dumps: We fixed issues with the n-triples and truthy dumps generation and set up a [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/6c666ea5-01de-4325-9c32-41ee09882368/wikidata-data-dumps-monitoring?orgId=1&amp;from=now-90d&amp;to=now&amp;timezone=utc dashboard for monitoring] ([[phab:T403882]])
* GraphQL: We are continuing to make labels of linked entities accessible in the GraphQL endpoint ([[phab:T404692]])
* Wikidata in Wikipedia and co: We are continuing to work on improvements to how we technically track the use of Wikidata in the other Wikimedia projects in order to reduce the amount of changes from Wikidata in the watchlist and recent changes on Wikipedia and co.
* Wikidata Query Service GUI: We deployed two fixes by [[:d:User:Jon Harald Søby|User:Jon Harald Søby]], thank you! ([[phab:T405720]], [[phab:T405747]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:55, 29 September 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:47, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 2 October 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/News and notes|Larry Sanger returns with &quot;Nine Theses on Wikipedia&quot;; WMF publishes transparency report]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/In the media|Extraordinary eruption of &quot;EVIL&quot; explained]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Disinformation report|Emails from a paid editing client]]

* Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Discussion report|Sourcing, conduct, policy and LLMs: another 1,339 threads analyzed]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Community view|The pressing questions of the modern WWW, as seen from the Village Pump]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Recent research|Is Wikipedia a merchant of (non-)doubt for glyphosate?; eight projects awarded Wikimedia Research Fund grants]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Opinion|Some disputes aren't worth it]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Obituary|Michael Q. Schmidt]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Traffic report|Death, hear me call your name]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Comix|A grand spectacle]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:54, 2 October 2025 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: September 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism &amp; Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism &amp; Folklore 2025 Winners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU &amp; Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU &amp; Alvan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:10, 2 October 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:48, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #700 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-10-06. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#699]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[d:Event:WikidataCon_2025|WikidataCon 2025]] - The first version of the conference schedule has been released! See the Event page for links to the schedule (and to register if you haven't already).
** [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth_Birthday/Calendar|13th Birthday Events]] - check the calendar to see which Birthday events are happening this week!
** [[d:Event:Embedding_Project_Webinar|Webinar: Embedding Project]] - join us this week, October 9 1600 ~ 1700 UTC, to hear a presentation and then pose your questions regarding the [[d:Wikidata:Embedding_Project|Embedding Project]] 
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1760544000 18:00 CEST], 15th October 2025 in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
* Past events:
** Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 - Learning Day (September 25, at the Goethe Institut in Thessaloniki): the main topic was Wikidata and libraries; the program and the materials of the hands-on session are available in the [[:meta:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025/Learning Day|Meta page]], the slides of the presentations are available in the [[:commons:Category:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 Learning Day presentations|Commons category]]
** Convegno NILDE (October 2-3, University of Genoa; [https://convegnonilde2025.unige.it/ website]): in the first session, regarding ''Il futuro dei cataloghi'' [The future of the catalogs], many presentations (in Italian) have mentioned the use of Wikidata in collective library catalogs; the proceedings of the conference (in Italian) will be published in open access in early 2026:
*** [[User:LiaFla|Lianna D'Amato]] and Emanuela Secinaro, ''Cobis LOD: integrare e aumentare i cataloghi eterogenei delle biblioteche specialistiche'' [Cobis LOD: Integrating and Enhancing the Heterogeneous Catalogs of Specialized Libraries] ([[:commons:File:Convegno NILDE 2 10 2025 CoBiSLOD Integrare e aumentare i cataloghi eterogenei delle biblioteche specialistiche.pptx.pdf|slides]])
*** [[User:Bargioni|Stefano Bargioni]], ''La catalogazione per entità, esperienze pratiche della rete URBE con Parsifal'' [Entity cataloging: practical experiences of the URBE network with Parsifal] ([[:commons:File:La catalogazione per entità - esperienze pratiche della rete URBE con Parsifal.pdf|slides]]; [[:d:Wikidata:Gruppo Wikidata per Musei, Archivi e Biblioteche/Parsifal|Wikidata project page]])
*** Elena Ravelli e [[User:Epìdosis|Camillo Pellizzari]], ''Authority file di SBN e Wikidata: un esempio di interoperabilità e  riutilizzo dei dati'' [SBN Authority File and Wikidata: An Example of Data Interoperability and Reuse] ([[:commons:File:Authority file di SBN e Wikidata - un esempio di interoperabilità e riutilizzo dei dati.pdf|slides]]; [[:d:Wikidata:Gruppo Wikidata per Musei, Archivi e Biblioteche/SBN|Wikidata project page]])

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [[:diffblog:2025/09/29/building-wikidata-capacity-in-east-africa-insights-from-wikimedia-deutschlands-outreach|Diff: Building Wikidatacapacity in East Africa]] - Wikimedia Deutschland’s 2025 outreach initiative expanded Wikidata capacity in East Africa by training nearly 100 local Wikimedians across 13 countries, and fostering a new network of regional Wikidata champions
* Press: [[d:Wikidata:Embedding_Project/October_1_2025_Release|A milestone for open AI: The Wikidata Embedding Project goes live]], read also in [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2025/10/01/wikidata-embedding-projekt-geht-live/ Deutsch] / [https://www.theverge.com/news/789288/wikidata-ai-friendly-database?trk=feed_main-feed-card_feed-article-content TheVerge] and [https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/01/new-project-makes-wikipedia-data-more-accessible-to-ai/ TechCrunch] blogs.
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tHsW99zKt3s Africa Wiki Women - Wikidata Birthday Launch Celebration 2025]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_nbI8hkRAvA SAT - Wikidata - OSM - länkade data] By Magnus Sälgö
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jdiqm8VqFQM Roman Provinces Project (RPP) WikiDataTraining (add WMC image)]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ztx208Nhtco Wikidata and public domain - Clase 1] (Spanish) By Wikimedistas de Uruguay
** [https://www.youtube.com/live/kJ6DyZes_rU Open Tool Registries:] Resolving the Directory Paradox with Wikidata - Livestream (today!) Oct 6, 16:00 - 17:00 CEST. (Maybe in German but description is English)

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:GZWDer/newentity.js Script newentity.js] is a UserScript by [[User:GZWDer|GZWDer]] it helps to generates new items (including lexemes) from the given JSON object.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The Wikidata Team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to talk to developers who use Wikidata’s data dumps, or have tried using them but ran into challenges. Your feedback will help us make data dumps easier and more reliable to use. If you’re open to chatting, we’ll schedule a 60-minute user interview. As a thank-you for your time, you’ll be eligible for compensation. Sign up [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/datadumpsinterviews here].
* For anyone interested in open and interoperable data, the DCMI 2025 Conference might be interesting. More information and registration [https://www.dublincore.org/conferences/2025/ here].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13814|calligraphy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;calligraphy of this person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13826|cookie policy URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;cookie policy of this website, software or digital product&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13815|‎TechnoMusicWorld release ID]], [[:d:Property:P13816|Biblioteca Digital de la Comunidad de Madrid ID]], [[:d:Property:P13817|‎Trainspo model ID]], [[:d:Property:P13818|AGORHA UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13819|‎Biological Imaging Methods Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P13820|‎Anne Frank House person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13821|Maitron municipality ID]], [[:d:Property:P13822|National Library Board Singapore ID]], [[:d:Property:P13823|Euploos Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P13824|SpaceReference.org celestial object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13825|Hex package]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formally denounced by|formally denounced by]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organization which has publicly issued or enacted a denunciation of this item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/code of conduct|code of conduct]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a resource that contains the Code of Conduct of a project or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/award judge|award judge]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;judges for an award&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/start and end work|start and end work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;work in which this statement begins to be valid&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Organ Index ID|Organ Index ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BLGBL ID|BLGBL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/American Kennel Club ID|American Kennel Club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CRT Database model ID|CRT Database model ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique country ID|Jeune Afrique country ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vocabulary.com word ID|Vocabulary.com word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newegg item ID|Newegg item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catalogue of sundials ID|Catalogue of sundials ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BeWeb historical or artistic asset ID|BeWeb historical or artistic asset ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PriceRunner product ID|PriceRunner product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SofaScore sports team ID|SofaScore sports team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FootballFakts.ru football match ID|FootballFakts.ru football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kicker sports match ID|Kicker sports match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BDFutbol match ID|BDFutbol match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Foot Mercato players ID|Foot Mercato players ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Meetup.com Event ID|Meetup.com Event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapillary username|Mapillary username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerway player ID 2025|Soccerway player ID 2025]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/FZVe Lexemes in sign languages] ([https://t.me/c/1325756915/37121 source])
** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/CobTPdZHuKiwo8KyYsEqCSiqiSasg84AikQ8wsqE2qp List of films available for free on YouTube] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#List_of_films_available_for_free_on_YouTube|source]])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q8620|Kwame Nkrumah (Q8620)]] - Ghanaian pan-Africanist and the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana (1909-1972)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L22859|delve (L22859)]] – English verb (/dɛlv/) meaning &quot;to investigate thoroughly&quot;, &quot;to dig physically&quot;, or &quot;to discuss in detail

''' Development '''
* The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{USERLANGUAGE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[:mw:Help:Magic words|magic word]] is now enabled on Wikidata and Test Wikidata. It can be used to display templates in the user interface language, replacing the previous &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{int:lang}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; hack. ([[phab:T405830]])
GraphQL: We have continued working on the functionality that provides labels of linked entities
* Wikidata vector embedding and MCP: We have released the [[d:Wikidata:Embedding Project|vector embedding]] and [[d:Wikidata:MCP|MCP]]
* Wikidata integration in Wikipedia and co:
** We are continuing the rollout of improvements to ow we track Wikidata changes in Wikipedia's watchlist and recent changes in order to reduce the size of the database table and reduce the noise on editors' watchlists. ([[phab:T401288]], [[phab:T401290]])
** We are working on some improvements to the Databox module and template ([[phab:T400322]])
*  Mobile statement editing:
** We improved the display of qualifiers and made it possible to add qualifiers (editing will still come) as well as the value type (value/some value/no value) ([[phab:T404991]], [[phab:T404956]], [[phab:T402431]], [[phab:T403246]])
** We are working on adding editing support for more datatypes (tabular data and geoshape) ([[phab:T403973]])
** We are working on making it possible to edit references ([[phab:T402433]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/United States of America/North Carolina|North Carolina]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:10, 6 October 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects.
'''Updates for editors'''
* Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), instead of via a redirect to an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;creationdate:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;lasteditdate:&lt;/code&gt;, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&gt;2024&lt;/code&gt;) and relative dates (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;today-1d&lt;/code&gt;), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593]
* [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402]
* An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The field &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rev_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the revision database table is being removed in favor of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;content_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the &lt;code&gt;rest.php&lt;/code&gt; path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IX, September 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia edit-a-thon at the Skampa Theater in Elbasan, Albania 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba Initiative: Building Knowledge and Visibility 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: State Library Victoria WikiFest
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Make cultural heritage freely accessible, Hasselt's collections shine online &amp; Let's give women a voice on Wikipedia!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Hidden heritage unveiled: science, history and nature on Wikimedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikimedia Commons birthday content donation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at the Bioeconomy Science Institute &amp; Wikiproject NZ Women in Architecture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Expanding Access to Culture and Knowledge through Key Partnerships
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: the Special Guided Tour at the National Museum in Krakow
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Join the Conference Online and Explore Lisbon’s Culture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: LibreABC, Feminist Voices, Grade Conference
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: September edit-a-thons &amp; meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: The Memory of the World wiki challenge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:46, 9 October 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #701 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-10-13. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#700]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DifoolBot_7|DifoolBot 7]] - closed as approved.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session: Tuesday 14 Oct, 2025 from 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1760457600 click for your Time zone]) WikiProject Personal Pronouns members will lead three implementation sessions to improve the data modeling and ethics of personal pronoun representation in Wikidata based on newly-established best practices and Wikidata policy by remediating legacy statements with participants. No prior Wikidata experience required. More info on the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/PersonalPronouns|Personal Pronouns]] event page.
** Upcoming LD4 Affinity Group sessions: Oct 14, Nov 25, Dec 9, at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 4pm UTC / 6pm CEST.
** Wikidata + Wikibase Office Hour, join us in the [https://t.me/joinchat/AZriqUj5UajwQxn1aZ9WOg Wikidata Telegram] channel for our Quarterly roundup of what's been happening with Wikidata and Wikibase. If you can't make it, [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2025-10-15|read the transcript later]]. Oct 15, 18:00 - 19:00 CEST (UTC 16:00 - 17:00).
** The Next Wikimedia Research Showcase is [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1760545800 Wednesday, October 15, at 9:30 AM PT / 16:30 UTC]. The theme is &quot;Celebrating 13 Years: Wikidata’s Role in Learning and Culture&quot;. Watch via the [https://www.youtube.com/live/3NMOvOUCd8Q YouTube stream].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blogs/research-projects/developing-an-enhanced-dataset-for-the-history-of-photography/ Developing an enhanced dataset for the history of Photography] - National Archives researchers used Wikidata during a hackathon to link people and places from 19th-century photographic copyright records, enriching the archive’s metadata through linked open data.
** [https://mpjuhasz.com/posts/influenced_by/ Viusalisations of Philosophers Influence in history] - Take a look if you're interested in the history of philosophy, temporal graphs, or Wikidata!
* Videos:
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1EIdotXpus How to identify and fill information gaps in Wikidata Tabernacle and Integrality] - In preparation for Latin America month on Wikidata, this tutorial will introduce the Tabernacle and Intergraality tools.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmCbUfx_FAg Curationist:  2024 Metadata Learning and Unlearning Summit] - Curationist researches and debates on transitioning to a Wikidata/Wikibase style of schema for its images of digital open-access collections.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BwXe_D_GTw Data Ethics and Open Science] - At 19:00 of the video, Lambert Heller discusses using Wikidata, and later Wikibase for the NFDI4 Culture Proposal.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sdbHqeZpbY Linked Open Data Location Identifiers for Pacific Archaeology] - Hardy &amp; Leclerc at the CAA Australia conference show how Wikidata identifiers enrich Kuden and Pacific island databses.
* Presentations: [[c:File:Webinar_Oct_2025_-_Wikidata_Embedding_Project.pdf|Slides for the Wikidata: Embedding Project Webinar presentation]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Magnus_Manske/wikidata_useful.js Wikidata Useful] is a UserScript by [[User:Magnus_Manske|Magnus Manske]] that adds a box of quick &quot;add statement&quot; links to the right side of the page. Entity and phylogeny types, countries (location and citizenship). Also, tries to load and display a blurb from en or de Wikipedia.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The 2024 Wikidata Community Survey results are out! Read the full report on Commons: [[commons:File:Wikidata Community Survey 2024 Report.pdf|Wikidata Community Survey 2024 Report]]. If you have any thoughts or questions feel free to write on this discussion page: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/2024-Community-Survey|Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/2024-Community-Survey]]
* Wikimedia Deutschland is seeking feedback on the [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements#How_you_can_help|Mobile Editing Experience prototype]], especially from contributors who edit right-to-left (RTL) languages like Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Urdu, etc. We’ve already received helpful input from various editors, but feedback from RTL language communities is still missing. Your perspective is important to ensure the design works well for everyone. Please go to [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] (in mobile view) to test the prototype with the instructions below and share your feedback on [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|this talk page]].
** Add &quot;businessperson&quot; as an occupation
** Add a start date to the relationship with A$AP Rocky and provide a reference
** Find the place of birth (Saint Michael) and open that page
** Add the coordinate location for Saint Michael

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13828|luminance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;measured quantity of photometric brightness (luminous intensity per area)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13829|excluding work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;work or narration for or in which this statement is false&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13838|intervener]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name of a third-party group or person allowed to participate in a legal case&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13827|NWO project ID]], [[:d:Property:P13830|Vocabulary.com word ID]], [[:d:Property:P13831|Fnac person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13832|African Music Library band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13833|‎Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13834|‎Encyclopedia of Marxism ID]], [[:d:Property:P13835|Kulturenvanteri place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13836|Encyclopædia Universalis index ID]], [[:d:Property:P13837|ISFDB award category ID]], [[:d:Property:P13839|‎CCCA Canadian Art Database work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13840|‎CCCA Canadian Art Database creator ID]], [[:d:Property:P13841|CPU-World ID]], [[:d:Property:P13842|AMNH entity ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NZ Charities Register Number|NZ Charities Register Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Memorial Book of Social Democracy-ID|Memorial Book of Social Democracy-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Almería identifier|Biographical Dictionary of Almería identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Operabase (additional) ID|Operabase (additional) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLAI ID|NLAI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIK-ISEA group ID|SIK-ISEA group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikimini article ID|Wikimini article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Concise Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain entry ID|Concise Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts ID|The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Antique Chinese and Japanese Porcelain Dictionary and Glossary of Terms entry|Antique Chinese and Japanese Porcelain Dictionary and Glossary of Terms entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmfriend Movie ID|Filmfriend Movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schulnummer Hessen|Schulnummer Hessen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ The Oxford Dictionary of Dance entry ID| The Oxford Dictionary of Dance entry ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**  [https://w.wiki/6TNS What Wikidata album languages grew the most this week?] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/113057841265159018 source])
**  [https://edu.nl/y38rg Example query to show why papers cite each other] ([https://wikis.world/@egonw@social.edu.nl/112943938308855780 source])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:  [[d:Q15625490|Biodiversity Assessment of the Fishes of Saba Bank Atoll, Netherlands Antilles (Q15625490)]] - scholarly article by Williams, Jeffrey et al., 2010
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Lexeme:L339628| pukka (L339628)]] - English adjective (puh-kuh) that can mean &quot;genuine&quot;, &quot;highest class&quot;, or &quot;complete&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikidata integration on Wikipedia and co:
** We finished work on adding an icon to changes coming from Wikidata in recent changes and watchlist ([[phab:T397258]])
** We are finishing work on a new usage aspect for qualifiers and references so their use can be tracked separately. This will lead to less Wikidata changes showing up in recent changes and watchlist that don't actually affect the article ([[phab:T397258]])
** We are continuing the work on improving Databox ([[phab:T400322]])
* GraphQL: We are continuing to work on making labels of linked entities in the values of statements accessible ([[phab:T404692]])
* Mobile statement editing: We have been working on showing the different value types ([[phab:T404684]]) and making references editable ([[phab:T405236]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]]  · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] .[[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:20, 13 October 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. 

'''Updates for editors'''

* Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579]
* This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095]
* Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:55, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' &quot;Final Solution&quot; to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #702 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-10-20. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#701]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Ternera|Ternera]] - RfP scheduled to end after 23 October 2025 16:10 (UTC)
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Rebot|Rebot]] - Task: Make changes in [https://w.wiki/Fed9 w.wiki/Fed9], such as changing [[d:Property:P180|depicts (P180)]] = [[d:Q181916|herbarium (Q181916)]] to [[d:Q61726742|herbarium specimen (Q61726742)]].

''' Events '''
* Upcoming:
** WikidataCon 2025: [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/schedule/ Have you seen the Program yet?]&lt;br&gt;Available now on Pretalx, check now and plan your schedule.
** 🎉 Wikidata's 13th Birthday! Join us online, October 29 17:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1761757200 in your timezone]) for presents, birthday messages, games...and a 📣'''surprise announcement''' (don't miss it!). 🎁 Add your own gifts to the list - anything that celebrates Wikidata and its amazing community... a script you’ve written, tool improvement, visual, poem...the sky's the limit.&lt;br&gt;Get the call link here: [[d:Event:Wikidata Thirteenth Birthday/Presents &amp; messages call|13th Birthday Presents &amp; Messages call]].
** The Dublin Core [https://www.dublincore.org/conferences/2025/ DCMI 2025] conference will take place in Barcelona, Oct 22-25.
*** [https://www.dublincore.org/conferences/2025/sessions/papers-metadata-quality-bibframe/#reczeEWTeASPr4XmW Presentation]: ''Derivative Relationships and Bibliographic Families Among Creative Works: A Systematic Study of Their Application by the Wikidata Community from the FRBR and BIBFRAME Perspective''
*** [https://www.dublincore.org/conferences/2025/sessions/workshop-web-app-to-static-site/#session-information Workshop] by [[d:User:Jneubert|Jneubert]] on converting a complex web application into a large static site integrated with Wikidata
*** [https://www.dublincore.org/conferences/2025/sessions/tutorial-shaping-linked-data-knowledge-graphs/#session-information Tutorial] from [[d:User:Jelabra|Jelabra]] on shaping linked data and knowledge graphs.
**  [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJQ7JxQ0XBg Wikidata Lab XLVII: Wiki Infographics], about a [[toolforge:infographics|tool]] for data visualization. On October 21, 17 UTC.
**  [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2026:Scholarships Wikimania 2026 Scholarships are open]! Deadline is Friday, October 31st, 2025.
** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Event:Wikidata_13th_Birthday_Celebration_in_Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group Wikidata 13th birthday celebration in the Igbo Wikimedians User Group] on October 24 and 25, 2025
*Past:
** Missed the Q4 Wikidata+Wikibase office hour? You can catch up by reading the session log here: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2025-10-15|2025-10-15 (Q4 2025)]]
** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Event:Wikidata_13th_birthday_celebration_in_the_WUGN_Abuja_Network Wikidata 13th birthday celebration in the WUGN Abuja Network]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: (Finnish) [https://piilotettuaarre.blogspot.com/2025/10/wikidatasta-vauhtia-geo-eli.html From Wikidata to GEO (AI) optimization?] by Johanna Janhonen
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=E6cYJ9kfFBE Genealogical tree creation with Wikidata] - by Thimira Sahan
** (Chinese) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=35Z1IoXA7t8 Wikidata 13 週年聚會暨 OpenRefine 工作坊] - by Wikidata Taiwan
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pFWfJIEs6Bw Taller en línea: Introducción a Wikidata y Wikibase] by bibliotecasUNAM
** Wikimedia Research Showcase: [https://www.youtube.com/live/3NMOvOUCd8Q Celebrating 13 Years: Wikidata’s Role in Learning and Culture]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://affandymurad.github.io/wikilokal/ WikiLokal] - The tool uses your device location to find Wikidata Items and Wikipedia articles within a 3 kilometre radius of your location. Created by [[m:User:Affandy_Murad|User:Affandy Murad]]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Project Chat:
** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Help_us_decide_the_name_of_the_new_Abstract_Wikipedia_project|Help choose a name for the Abstract Wikipedia Project]] - combining WikiFunctions and Wikidata, a voting contest will run from Oct 20 - Nov 17, 2025.
** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#How_can_Wikidata_be_useful_IRL_if_it_has_less_data_than_Wikipedia?|How can Wikidata be useful IRL if it has less data than Wikipedia?]] - an ongoing discussion touching on data scraping tools such as [https://github.com/Pascalco/harvesttemplates Harvest templates (github)] and data consistency between Wikipedia and Wikidata in places such as Infoboxes.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P13847|organizational chart]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image that displays the structure of this organization or government agency and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13843|The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13844|TechPowerUp CPU Specs Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13845|Catalogue of sundials ID]], [[:d:Property:P13846|A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13848|GPUZoo ID]], [[:d:Property:P13849|NetEase Music album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13850|Corporation Number in Canada]], [[:d:Property:P13851|Biographical Dictionary of Almería identifier]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image of outdoor seating|image of outdoor seating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;an image of the outdoor seating&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elo rating (rapid)|Elo rating (rapid)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Current or historical Elo rating of a player in rapid time control chess games&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ECHL profile ID|ECHL profile ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Id (number) used by ECHL on their website ehcl.com.  URL takes a slug.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/award category or rank|award category or rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier of P166) specific category or rank of an award received, for awards with more than one category or rank&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/public key|public key]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;cryptographic public key (some ASCII encoding of it)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schulnummer Sachsen|Schulnummer Sachsen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Austria ID|Team Austria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFES Election Guide ID|IFES Election Guide ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BNB agent ID|BNB agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arte de la Argentina ID|Arte de la Argentina ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Democratic Memory Bank ID|Democratic Memory Bank ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kicker competition ID|Kicker competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccer365.net team ID|Soccer365.net team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUDAP|LUDAP]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Genbu.net ID|Genbu.net ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ztgd.com|ztgd.com]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISTAMPIE entity|ISTAMPIE entity]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MIT Press edition id|MIT Press edition id]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/FkPH List of Airports/Airstrips in Florida, USA]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IDEA/Translation_Work|WikiProject IDEA (translation tasks)]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/South_Korea|Govdirectory South Korea]] was created.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q24101|Jagiellonian Library
 (Q24101)]] - library of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L762994|led (L762994)]] - Norwegian Nynorsk noun (leː) meaning &quot;a joint between bones&quot;, &quot;a movable body part&quot;, or &quot;a generation&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing: We made progress on support for more datatypes for editing.
* Wikidata integration in Wikipedia and co:
** We are investigating an issue with infoboxes using data from Wikidata after some recent changes to usage tracking ([[phab:T407684]])
** We are working on more improvements to the Databox module
* Ontology federation: We are starting to work on making it possible for other Wikibase instances to use Wikidata's Items as values in their statements. This expands on previous work around federated properties.
* Dumps: We have worked on fixing issues with the dumps that were failing recently. They should now be generated again and we continue to look into the cause.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Bahamas|Bahamas]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:29, 20 October 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;rest.php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]].
* Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 20 October 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/News and notes|Board shuffles, LLM blocks increase, IPs are going away]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Special report|The election that isn't]]

* Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Interview|The BoT bump]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/In the media|An incident at WikiConference North America; WMF reports AI-related traffic drop and explains Wikipedia to US conservatives]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Traffic report|One click after another]]

* Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Humour|Wikipedia pay rates]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:45, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Growth News #35 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]]

''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.''

=== New releases ===

==== English Wikipedia gets &quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task ====

We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#&quot;Add_a_link&quot;_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts).

==== Growth features for Wikidata ====
After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]).
Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic.

=== Work in progress ===

==== Revise Tone Structured Task ====
The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]].
We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric.

==== Add a link to more wikis ====

The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model.

[[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia.

=== Research ===

The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: 

[[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers.
The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time.

[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions.

=== Community events ===

The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]'''

This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]'''

This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]'''

With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors.

'''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]'''

Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work.

''&lt;small&gt;'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].&lt;/small&gt;''
&lt;/div&gt; 10:23, 22 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #703 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-10-27. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#702]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Samoasambia|Samoasambia]] - RfP scheduled to end after 27 October 2025 15:10 (UTC)
* Closed request for adminship: [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Ternera|Ternera]] - Closed as successful by [[User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] ([[User talk:Ymblanter|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:24, 23 October 2025 (UTC)

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** 🎉 Wikidata's 13th Birthday! Join us online, October 29 17:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1761757200 in your timezone]) for presents, birthday messages, games...and a 📣'''surprise announcement''' (don't miss it!). 🎁 Add your own gifts to the list - anything that celebrates Wikidata and its amazing community... a script you’ve written, tool improvement, visual, poem...the sky's the limit. Get the call link here: [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday/Presents &amp; messages|13th Birthday Presents &amp; Messages call]].
** WikidataCon 2025, October 31 - November 2, make sure to register at [[Event:WikidataCon_2025|the event page]].
** SPARQL workshop (in German): &quot;From Zero to SPARQL. Eine Einführung in die Abfrage von Wissensgraphen  (Schwerpunkt Wikidata)&quot;, 4 Nov 2025, 10-13, free and open to all, online via Zoom.  [https://www.digis-berlin.de/workshop-am-04-11-25-from-zero-to-sparql-eine-einfuehrung-in-die-abfrage-von-wissensgraphen/ more information and registration]
** The scholarship deadline for [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2026:Wikimania Wikimania 2026] is approaching fast: 31st of October. Apply today if you want to attend on a scholarship.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Videos:
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/live/BuBEJYNnK2M?si=ZYo_bi9JbHCj1VWT Visualizaciones con el Servicio de Consultas de Wikidata]
** (Spanish)[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=s1EIdotXpus ¿Cómo identificar y completar vacíos de información en Wikidata? Tabernacle e integraality]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dMc8itXt7i0 I Have 1000s of Items in Commons – What Do I Do Now?: Utilization Opportunities on Wikimedia Commons]
** (Chinese [Trad]) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=v7XdRqpEU0Q&amp;pp=0gcJCR4Bo7VqN5tD 鏈結資料文獻翻譯賽德克語成果發表會 Exploring Seediq: A Journey through Translation and Linked Data Documentation]
*Presentations: Will AI Erase Us Again? The Role of Wikimedia Communities. Talk by [[User:Jsamwrites|John Samuel]], Queering Wikipedia 2025 ([[commons:File:Queering_Wikipedia_2025-JohnSamuel.pdf|Slides]])

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://tools.iccl.inf.tu-dresden.de/nemo/ Nemo] is a new Wikidata query tool by [[User:Markus Krötzsch|User:Markus Krötzsch]] the tool  can answer queries, extracts subsets, and perform analyses in ways that SPARQL alone can't. It also lets you combine Wikidata with other data sources.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13883|start work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;work in which this statement about a fictional entity begins to be valid&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13884|end work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;work in which this statement about a fictional entity ceases to be valid&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13885|image resolution]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;pixel resolution of images generated or captured by this item (camera, software, etc)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13886|display device resolution]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;physical pixel resolution of an electronic display&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13887|‎firmware]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;firmware installed on this hardware&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers:  [[:d:Property:P13852|MultimediaWiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P13853|Letopis of MSU person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13854|QCC Code]], [[:d:Property:P13855|Jamaica company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13856|SEC Number]], [[:d:Property:P13857|Thailand company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13858|gosfilmofond.ru ID]], [[:d:Property:P13859|Cambodian company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13860|English solicitors ID]], [[:d:Property:P13861|Caixin company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13862|‎Nebraska Authors author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13863|‎Kick username]], [[:d:Property:P13864|‎Archivio Storico Ricordi partiture ID]], [[:d:Property:P13865|Fantacalcio ID]], [[:d:Property:P13866|‎Plant Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P13867|L'Équipe athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P13868|‎RSQV ID]], [[:d:Property:P13869|NRK topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13870|‎OpenITI author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13871|‎Mellopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13872|Liste unique des décorés ID]], [[:d:Property:P13873|‎Deník tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13874|Interaktionsdatabasen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13875|‎Adebiportal author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13876|Biographische Lexikon zur Geschichte der böhmischen Länder ID]], [[:d:Property:P13877|ISLRN]], [[:d:Property:P13878|‎Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13879|Audiovisual Identity Database page]], [[:d:Property:P13880|RIA Novosti person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13881|The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13882|‎Qalamger.kz author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13888|‎Does the Dog Die? media ID]], [[:d:Property:P13889|‎Organ Index ID]], [[:d:Property:P13890|American Kennel Club ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Responsable de departamento|Responsable de departamento]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lämningsnummer|Lämningsnummer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Q|Q10498015}} is a database of archaeological monuments in Sweden, maintained by {{Q|Q631844}}. Each item in the database has an identifier containing the year of registration and a number, e.g. ''L1970:5203''.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of comments per day|number of comments per day]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Commonwealth Sport country code|Commonwealth Sport country code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Commonwealth Sport country code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating humidity|operating humidity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;humidity at which a device operates&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NCL Taiwan Periodical Literature Periodical ID|NCL Taiwan Periodical Literature Periodical ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HarmonyOS NEXT APP ID|HarmonyOS NEXT APP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rechtsinformationen des Bundes-ID|Rechtsinformationen des Bundes-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UNESCO Virtual Museum inventory ID|UNESCO Virtual Museum inventory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/South Korean Business Registration Number|South Korean Business Registration Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SetesdalWiki ID|SetesdalWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biography.com ID|Biography.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mackolik football manager ID|Mackolik football manager ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/S1 No.1 Style actress ID|S1 No.1 Style actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/biserici.org church ID|biserici.org church ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFC|RFC]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hudobné centrum IDs|Hudobné centrum IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAIR Epigraphic Vocabularies ID|FAIR Epigraphic Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NVLI ID|NVLI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SerBenfiquista.com players ID|SerBenfiquista.com players ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/E4T9 Map of pubs in Scotland] ([https://wikis.world/@AllyD@mastodon.online/114482324831243753 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Kazakhstan|WikiProject Kazakhstan]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q22530539|Lake Zanzibar
 (Q22530539)]] - lake in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Canada

''' Development '''
* Wikidata in Wikipedia and co:
** We worked on making Wikidata change summaries in recent changes and watchlist on the other Wikimedia projects more understandable by adding icons. This will be rolled out soon ([[phab:T397258]])
** We continued the improvements to the Databox module ([[phab:T400322]], [[phab:T400318]])
* Mobile statement editing: We continued working on editing references ([[phab:T405236]]) and did clean-ups for the beta release ([[phab:T405743]])
* GraphQL: We continued work on including labels of linked entities in responses
* Dumps: We are looking into why dump generation is slower than it should be recently

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/South_Korea|South Korea]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:50, 27 October 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]].
* Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]].
* The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/]
* Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures.
* A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]].
* Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:27, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: October 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/&quot;WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!&quot; winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|&quot;WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!&quot; winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA &amp; Amman Arab University|JDACA &amp; Amman Arab University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:05, 2 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #704 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-11-03. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#703]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Samoasambia|Samoasambia]]
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/langCodesBot|langCodesBot]] - Task(s): Python script to automate the cleanup of deprecated language codes (e.g., kr) from Wikidata items. Delete or move labels, descriptions, and aliases based on comparisons with fallback and related languages. The script uses the Pywikibot framework to process each item and logs cases it skips due to data inconsistencies or ambiguity to a CSV file for manual review.
* New request for comments: [[Wikidata:Requests for comment/Exhibition models|Exhibition models]] by [[User:Hexatekin|Hexatekin]] - This proposal focuses on standardizing models for art exhibitions. There is not a consistent data model used for art exhibitions that factors in parent-child relationships for traveling exhibitions, show series, or biennials, despite these being important and common types of events in international art history.

''' Events ''' 
* Past:
** Happy Birthday, Wikidata 🎉! We celebrated Wikidata’s 13th birthday with a community call to unveil presents and play games. Check out the replay of the event and the cool gifts people made: [[d:Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday/Presents &amp; messages|Wikidata:Thirteenth Birthday/Presents &amp; messages]]
** WikidataCon: You can catch up on the recordings and slides in [[d:Event:WikidataCon 2025/Program|the program]]
** [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/2025/ Wikidata Workshop at ISWC]: You can catch up on the published papers on the website.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/29/building-an-internet-for-everyone-wikidata-recognized-as-a-digital-public-good/ Building an Internet for Everyone: Wikidata Recognized as a Digital Public Good]
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2025/10/28/enriching-wikidata-with-authoritybox/ ''Enriching Wikidata with AuthorityBox. An interview with Stefano Bargioni'']
*** examples of AuthorityBox can be seen in [https://catalogo.pusc.it/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=136541 PUSC catalogue], [http://koha-urbs.reteurbs.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=316885 URBE catalogue] ([http://koha-urbs.reteurbs.org/opac-tmpl/lib/AuthorityBox_URBS.js code]), [https://opac.keratsini-drapetsona.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=7268 Keratsini-Drapetsona catalogue]; cf. also Stefano Bargioni, [[:d:Q84951093|''From Authority Enrichment to AuthorityBox. Applying RDA in a Koha environment'']] (2020)
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/02/exploring-nairobi-and-building-a-global-network-the-inspiring-wikimania20-experience Exploring Nairobi and Building a Global Network: The Inspiring Wikimania@20 Experience]
** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/10/31/supercharging-cultural-institution-collections-with-wikidata/ Supercharging Cultural Institution Collections with Wikidata]
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6SkqxD9n1eY Por qué el conocimiento libre importa más que nunca | Gustavo Candela | Jornadas Anuales 2025]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FbaII87_M84 Wikidata Ontology Course | A NotebookLM Deep Dive]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ss6_wbK1gck Odia Wikimedians User Group Celebration of the 13th Wikidata Birthday]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bzIknKpmIYw Como utilizar o OpenRefine para cadastrar artigos científicos na Wikidata? - WikiTutoriais #05]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=iZWKcwXNhPI Supercharging Cultural Institution Collections with Wikidata [October 2025]]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=LL93wMSFkKs&amp;pp=0gcJCR4Bo7VqN5tD ¿Cómo es la ontología de Wikidata?]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT0pvzfFeug Wikidata @13 celebration by the Tyap Wikimedians]

''' Tool of the week '''
[https://wikidata-reference-validator.toolforge.org/ The Wikidata Reference Validator] by [[User:JosefAnthony]] helps check and replace broken or outdated references — keeping Wikidata’s knowledge verifiable and trustworthy. It checks whether external references are still accessible or offline, so we can ensure that every statement on Wikidata shows how we know what we know.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/29/building-an-internet-for-everyone-wikidata-recognized-as-a-digital-public-good/ Wikidata has been recognized as a digital public good by the Digital Public Goods Alliance]
* Wikimedia chapters are providing scholarships for Wikimania 2026. Apply here if you're interested: [[:de:Wikipedia:Förderung/Wikimania/English|Wikipedia:Förderung/Wikimania/English]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13891|‎Newegg item ID]], [[:d:Property:P13892|‎Hardcore Gaming 101 game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
*New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Luminous flux|Luminous flux]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Numerical value of the luminous flux emitted by a lighting device or light source, measured in lumens&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/anatomical structure in view|anatomical structure in view]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the anatomical structure in view in the photo, e.g. head, wing, habitus (body)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/anatomical view|anatomical view]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;view of an anatomical structure, e.g. ventral, dorsal, frontal&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/collector|collector]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or group who physically collected a specimen or object in the field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Serbo-Croatian preferred project code|Serbo-Croatian preferred project code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;For an interwiki article, the property points to the Serbo-Croatian project (sh, bs, hr, sr) that either has a special connection to the topic or the highest quality article.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BG IISDA org ID|BG IISDA org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BG NACID person ID|BG NACID person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCatholic former diocese ID|GCatholic former diocese ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grokipedia ID|Grokipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present entry ID| Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Davis Cup player ID 2025|Davis Cup player ID 2025]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eiga.com drama ID|Eiga.com drama ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AntCat ID|AntCat ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Last Address ID|Last Address ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Disney+ browse ID|Disney+ browse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japanese Film Database ID|Japanese Film Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japan Location Database ID|Japan Location Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fight.ru fighters ID|Fight.ru fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMI person id|IMI person id]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/Fqji Map of ~12.000 western European tram stops among their respective networks]
**[https://w.wiki/FvKQ Count of Wikipedia articles about UNESCO Memory of the World inscriptions]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q167634|perestroïka
 (Q167634)]] - political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s, widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L46097|baseline (L46097)]] - English noun (ˈbeɪslaɪn) meaning &quot;a starting point for comparison&quot;, &quot;a benchmark in budgeting&quot;, or &quot;a reference line in typography or surveying&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements: We are continuing the work on qualifiers and reference editing
* GraphQL: We are continuing the work on making labels of linked entities available in GraphQL ([[phab:T404692]])
* Dumps: We are continuing to look into improvements for the dump process

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:44, 3 November 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958]
* For users with &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools &quot;{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778]
* Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861]
* Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as &quot;Get shortened URL&quot;. There are 30 wikis that also install an older &quot;ShortUrl&quot; extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;class=&quot;title-shortlink&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188]
* On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board.
* MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:30, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.

For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue X, October 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: From a small language to Wikipedia's Biggest, Share Your Story with the Industry Museum and War Diaries
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Autumn activities
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: WikiCommon community meet-ups, Wikisource trainings, and the announcement of Grant for GLAM Indonesia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open culture on stage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How Wikimedia México is training cultural and government institutions as wikimedians.
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Topstukken project concludes; Network Archives Design and Digital Culture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Granny's Wonderful Chair, Preparing for Auckland Museum Wiki Summer Students and an the ASBS Introductory Wiki Webinar
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Report on Participation at the 12th International Youth Conference
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Promoting Open Data and Digital Commons in Culture and Research
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki Conference 2025 Wrap-Up
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: October in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: DaSCHcon, 3D, Wiki GLAM conference
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A look at Grokipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: October edit-a-thons &amp; meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: LivingData 2025, GLAMWiki and a &quot;collector&quot; Wikidata property proposal
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: International outreach
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Sustainable CultureConnect Project report|Sustainable CultureConnect Project report]]: Sustainable CultureConnect: Empowering Youth and Preserving Heritage through Open Knowledge and Leadership
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:29, 10 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''The Signpost'': 10 November 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/News and notes|Temporary accounts go live and WMF board member self-suspends]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Community view|Six Wikipedians' thoughts on Grokipedia, and the humanity of it all]]

* Wikicup report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Wikicup report|BeanieFan11, WikiCup victor of 2025, covers the results]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/In the media|Jimbo's book, an argument about genocide, and a train of shame]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Recent research|Taking stock of the 2024–2025 research grants]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Opinion|With Grokipedia, top-down control of knowledge is new again]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Obituary|Struway]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Traffic report|The documentaried, the disowned, the deceased, Diwali and the Dodgers]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Comix|Head of steam]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 12:56, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #705 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-11-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#704]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Other: Draft policy for [[d:Wikidata:Temporary account IP viewer|temporary account IP viewers]]. What requirements should be set for this user right?

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://blog.unicode.org/2025/11/introducing-unicode-inflection-library.html Introducing the Unicode Inflection Library Technical Preview Release] : The Unicode Inflection Library leverages comprehensive lexicons from Wikidata to support standardized, multilingual grammatical transformations for global software applications.
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=vwiCHKogS_8 Art+Feminism Celebrates Wikidata!]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=P0TnhpU1U9U&amp;pp=0gcJCR4Bo7VqN5tD Day 5_Using WikiData with Spyral Notebook and Project Presentation]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng89cq6ZH-o Wikidata and Wikipedia training for Art+Feminism 2025 in Uganda]
** What are Wikidata WikiProjects, and why should you join one? Watch [[c:File:What can I do on Wikidata? Examples of projects and workflows (Wikidata Leveling Up Days 2024).webm|this great explainer]] from the #LevelingUpDays2024 to see how these communities work together! Then, find your project: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProjects|Wikidata:WikiProjects]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[:d:User:Difool/WikidataCleanup.js|User:Difool/WikidataCleanup.js]]: gadget allowing to do, in one click, a wide series of cleanups in an item: normalize labels, descriptions, and aliases (double spaces, certain Unicode characters), remove weak references, remove weakly referenced dates when they have lower precision than a strongly referenced date and downgrade unnecessary preferred ranks; about the general issue of redundancies in Wikidata, you can check [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Redundancy|WikiProject Redundancy]]
*[https://ghanasupremecases.toolforge.org/ Ghanasupremecases] is a webapp that dynamically pulls and displays over 2,000 Supreme Court of Ghana cases from Wikidata, allowing users to access case details linked directly to Wikidata items. The goal is to make African legal data more open, structured, and discoverable, and to demonstrate how Wikidata can serve as a foundation for national-level legal archive

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Temporary accounts rollout: Starting November 12, the community will see logged‑out edits handled through temporary accounts instead of IPs, prompting tool and bot checks.
* Help shape the future WikidatCon! If you attended [[d:Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], please take 10 minutes to share your feedback in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/WikidataCon-2025-Feedback this] anonymous GDPR-compliant survey (sslsurvey)

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13903|operating humidity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;humidity at which a device operates&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13914|collector]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or group who physically collected a specimen or object in the field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13922|Serbo-Croatian preferred project code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;For an interwiki article, the property points to the Serbo-Croatian project (sh, bs, hr, sr) that either has a special connection to the topic or the highest quality article.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13893|CACI company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13894|AEK Football player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13895|Sultanlar Ligi player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13896|BeWeb historical or artistic asset ID]], [[:d:Property:P13897|SofaScore sports team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13898|FootballFakts.ru football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13899|Kicker sports match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13900|BDFutbol match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13901|Foot Mercato / Fichajes / Fussball Transfers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13902|‎Disney+ browse ID]], [[:d:Property:P13904|‎Filmarks ID]], [[:d:Property:P13905|Memorial Book of Social Democracy-ID]], [[:d:Property:P13906|NLAI ID]], [[:d:Property:P13907|Concise Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain ID]], [[:d:Property:P13908|The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13909|Antique Chinese and Japanese Porcelain Dictionary and Glossary of Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P13910|Filmfriend movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P13911|Hesse School ID]], [[:d:Property:P13912|The Oxford Dictionary of Dance entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13913|Saxony School ID]], [[:d:Property:P13915|NCL Taiwan Periodical Literature periodical identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13916|NZ Charities Register Number]], [[:d:Property:P13917|IFES Election Guide ID]], [[:d:Property:P13918|Arte de la Argentina ID]], [[:d:Property:P13919|Democratic Memory Bank ID]], [[:d:Property:P13920|Kicker competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P13921|Soccer365.net team ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/time of deposition|time of deposition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;date or point in time when an archaeological object or assemblage was buried, hidden, lost, or otherwise deposited.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/readiness|readiness]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;readiness&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/greenhouse gases emissions|greenhouse gases emissions]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of greenhouse effect emited by a given company or industry sector&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/neuter form of label|neuter form of label]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;neuter form of name or title&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/current season|current season]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{TranslateThis
| an identifier for the team's current season
&lt;!-- | xx = descriptions in other languages --&gt;
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/flag carrier of|flag carrier of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;country of which the airline is the flag carrier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BFXC authority ID|BFXC authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BWB-nummer|BWB-nummer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schulnummer Brandenburg|Schulnummer Brandenburg]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Shinto ID|Encyclopedia of Shinto ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Power Thesaurus ID|Power Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WDSF person ID|WDSF person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Blu-Ray.com film ID|Blu-Ray.com film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japanese Law Translation ID|Japanese Law Translation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USGS Publication ID|USGS Publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Afrikaregisteret ID|Afrikaregisteret ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National cultural monument of Czechia ID|National cultural monument of Czechia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Admirable Façades styles ID|Admirable Façades styles ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage buildings ID|Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage buildings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage streets ID|Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage streets ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dicionário Biográfico de Cientistas, Engenheiros e Médicos em Portugal ID|Dicionário Biográfico de Cientistas, Engenheiros e Médicos em Portugal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TikTok User ID|TikTok User ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/9hdp Map of all places related to persons with layers by property of the place] ([[Wikidata:Request_a_query#Map of all places related to persons with layers by property of the place|source]])
* WikiProject Highlights: Passionate about highlighting women's achievements? [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Women|WikiProject Women]] is dedicated to creating and improving data about women worldwide. Help close the gender gap in knowledge! [https://wikis.world/tags/WikidataWikiProjects #WikidataWikiProjects]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1136251|Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (Q1136251)]] - cultural landscape in South Africa
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L4479|fold (L4479)]] - English verb (foʊld) meaning &quot;to bend over on itself&quot;, &quot;to mix ingredients gently&quot;, or &quot;to fail or give in&quot;

''' Development '''
The development team were involved in roadmap planning meetings so not much happened in the past week.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Paraguay|Paraguay]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:44, 10 November 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:35, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:24, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #706 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-11-17. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#705]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Che-W-bot|Che-W-bot]] - Task(s): Possible duplicate of the bot below.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CheWikibot|CheWikibot]] - Task(s): Import new articles created on Chechen Wikipedia (ce.wiki) to Wikidata.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DDResearchBot|DDResearchBot]] - Task(s): This bot will facilitate adding structured, cited data from trusted integrity sources to Wikidata for [[d:User:Deweydigital|Dewey Digital]].
* Closed request for comments:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Adapt_blocking_policy_to_IPv6_networks|Adapt blocking policy to IPv6 networks]] - While there is a general agreement for admins to block /64, no consensus to add to the blocking Policy was reached.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Documented_and_featured_SPARQL_queries|Proposal to better document featured SPARQL queries]] - Consensus was reached and a vote is planned.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Gender_neutral_labels_for_occupations_and_positions_in_French|Gender neutral Labels for occupations/positions in French]] - Majority support for using male and female forms in French labels and aliases, gender-neutral descriptions, and completing male/female label properties.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Creating_items_for_videos_at_online_video_platforms_that_are_representation_of_notable_items|Items for videos of online platforms that represent notable Items]] - No consensus could be reached.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Is_it_worth_to_import_labels_from_interlanguage_links_of_other_wikipedia_projects_to_wikidata|Should Labels of interlanguage links from other Wikipedia Projects?]] - There is general support to import labels, however there are concerns about the import as an Alias.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Signed_Statements_(T138708)|Signed Statements]] - No consensus could be reached.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Use_of_dates_in_the_descriptions_of_items_regarding_humans|Use of dates in descriptions of items regarding humans]] -  Dates on Wikidata are community-specific; add only to disambiguate, don’t remove, and format per language conventions.
* Project chat: [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Proposal:_Prohibiting_LLM-generated_content|Proposal:Prohibiting LLM-generated content]]
*Other:
** [[d:Wikidata:Temporary account IP viewer|Wikidata:Temporary account IP viewer]] - users who may view IP addresses associated with temporary accounts.
** [[d:Wikidata:Self-promotion|Wikidata:Self-promotion]] - an essay on creating an Item about yourself, your organisation, or your work is a form of self-promotion and is strongly discouraged. Feel free to update this page.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[m:Event:Wikidata_Days_IWUG_and_WAFTAI_2025|Wikidata Days: IWUG and WAFTAI]] - A 4 day edit-a-thon beginning November 26, 2025, for Cameroonian and Nigerian educational institutions.
** [https://wikimedia.or.id/acara/wikilatih-wikidata-fakultas-sains-dan-teknologi-universitas-airlangga/ WikiLatih Wikidata ] - November 21, 08:50am (WIB), learning around Wikidata: how to reuse data and edit Items. Organised by the Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga.
* Just missed it: [[m:Event:First_steps_in_Wikidata_for_the_Wikimedia_LGBT_Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] - two introductory workshops for English, French and Spanish Wikipedians with an interest in learning Wikidata.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Newsletter/October_2025/Contents/Netherlands_report GLAM Netherlands report] The joint Radboud–Maastricht project Open Topstukken concluded at the Dutch National Library, showcasing 30 digitized collection highlights enriched with Linked Open Data via Wikidata and supported by new tools, documentation, and visualizations to enhance digital accessibility and interoperability.
**
* Videos:
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rNlREPqT9f8 Mujeres que Inspiran: Layla Michán - Wikidata e investigación] (Women who inspire. Wikidata &amp; research)
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CIVEYu4_C5E Wikidata Workshop: Improving African Authors and Books Items]
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-CBvDSjnjM Enriquecer, reutilizar y modelar datos y metadatos usando Wikidata. Tomás Saorín Pérez] (Enrich, reuse, and model data and metadata using Wikidata.)
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EAXd0rIl3kU Guide to the Wikidata Notability Policy]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NnZan0XUpAc Wikidata: Wikimedia's knowledge graph in a world of generative AI]
** (Portuguese) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=zvIJUb4Z4r0 O que saber antes de editar no Wikidata] (What to know before editing on Wikidata)
** (Portuguese) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SZRaZMkwoWc Para além da Wikipédia: como os dados estruturados conectam saberes] (Beyond Wikipedia: how structured data connect knowledge)

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Poro26/ArchiveExternaLinks.js/Documentation ArchiveExternaLinks] is a UserScript by [[User:Poro26|Poro26]]. The UserScript automates the archiving of all external links present in an item, whether they appear in statements, references or identifiers. For each external link, the script automatically adds an archive link [archive], similar to what is done on Wikipedia for web sources cited in references

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13923|data collection method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;scientific data collection procedure used in/by the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13926|time of deposition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;point in time when an archaeological object or assemblage was buried, hidden, lost, or otherwise deposited&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13939|Commonwealth Sport country code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;code for countries participating in Commonwealth Sport events&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13924|Japanese Film Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13925|GCatholic former diocese ID]], [[:d:Property:P13927|Myanmar Company Registration Number]], [[:d:Property:P13928|Team Austria athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P13929|‎ECHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13930|‎Genbu.net ID]], [[:d:Property:P13931|ISTAMPIE ID]], [[:d:Property:P13932|HarmonyOS NEXT APP ID]], [[:d:Property:P13933|Federal Legal Information ID]], [[:d:Property:P13934|UNESCO Virtual Museum inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13935|South Korean Business Registration Number]], [[:d:Property:P13936|‎Lämningsnummer]], [[:d:Property:P13937|‎Mackolik football manager ID]], [[:d:Property:P13938|Biserici.org church ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/role in naming|role in naming]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the role the namesake played in relation to this item, i.e. why the item is named after the namesake&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korea Heritage Service Heritage Portal ID|Korea Heritage Service Heritage Portal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lubimyczytać version/edition ID|Lubimyczytać version/edition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UEA catalogue ID|UEA catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CRA program account number|CRA program account number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PL-AED|PL-AED]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Object Answer ID|Yandex Object Answer ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/G2bz Towns named after Alexander the great]
**[https://w.wiki/G8T$ Heritage added to the Memory of the World International Register in 2025] (newly added data)
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[Wikidata:WikiProject LGBTQ History|WikiProject LGBTQ History]] - aims to improve and organize data related to the history, people, places, events, and organizations that have contributed to LGBTQ+ experiences across time and geography.
* WikiProject Highlights:
** 👩🔬Passionate about highlighting women's achievements? WikiProject Women is dedicated to creating and improving data about women worldwide. Help close the gender gap in knowledge! [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Women|WikiProject Women]]
** 🗳️ Interested in democracy and political data? Join WikiProject Elections to model data about elections, candidates, and results from around the globe. Make electoral data open and accessible! [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Elections|WikiProject Elections]]
** 🏛️ How do you find info on government institutions? WikiProject Govdirectory has a structured data model for that! Help improve data about public agencies on Wikidata. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory|WikiProject Govdirectory]]
** 🎵 Into music? From classical to K-pop, WikiProject Music needs your expertise to harmonize data on songs, artists, and releases. Join the band! [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Music|WikiProject Music]]
** 🧬 Your skills can help model lifesaving data. WikiProject Medicine works on structured data for diseases, drugs, clinical trials, and anatomy. Join a project that matters. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Medicine|WikiProject Medicine]]
** 🔍 Interested in how knowledge itself is structured? WikiProject Ontology delves into the fundamental classes and properties of Wikidata. Shape the backbone of the knowledge graph! [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology|WikiProject Ontology]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q12060728|Aboriginal Australians (Q12060728)]] - First Nations people of Australia
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1078947|ਦਿਮਾਗ਼ (L1078947)]] - Punjabi noun (dɪ.mäːɣ) meaning &quot;brain (organ)&quot;, &quot;intellect/mind&quot;, or &quot;understanding/consciousness&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** We are working on editing statements that link to other entities in their value ([[phab:T403974]], [[phab:T409149]])
** We enabled mobile statement editing as a beta feature on test.wikidata.org ([[phab:T407737]])
* GraphQL prototype: We finished the work on making labels of linked entities available ([[phab:T404692]])
* Dumps: We are continuing to work on making the dump process more robust

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]


&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:18, 17 November 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November.
* Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]].
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|&lt;code&gt;s:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''&quot;Report Visual Bug&quot;'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
* Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;hackathon@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:23, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #707 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-11-24. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#706]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/News2DataBot|News2DataBot]] - Task(s): Check for new, unlinked articles on [[n:pl:|Polish Wikinews]] and create relevant Items.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/WikidataLiteraryWorksMetaDataUpload|WikidataLiteraryWorksMetaDataUpload]] - Task(s): Upload metadata for literary works from research project.
* New request for comments: The [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Exhibition_models|Exhibition Models]] RfC was split into 2 Schema proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Schema_proposals/exhibition_concept|Exhibition Concept]] and [[d:Wikidata:Schema_proposals/exhibition_manifestation|Exhibition Manifestation]]. 

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Upcoming LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group session on 25 November 2025: Join the community-driven effort led by WikiProject Personal Pronouns to improve pronoun data modeling and ethics in Wikidata. This is part of a three-session series (Oct 14, Nov 25, Dec 9) focused on implementing new best practices. No prior Wikidata experience required. Join at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1764090000 17:00 UTC]. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Project Series/PersonalPronouns|Event page]].
** [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2026|Wikimedia Hackathon 2026]] - Hosted in Milan, Italy, scholarships are now open, [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ apply on Pretix].
** [https://www.instagram.com/p/DRNg5ldkSi6/ Art+Feminism &amp; Whose Knowledge?] - A conversation on building a feminist data future, Dec 5, 2025, 13:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1764939600 Time zone converter]).

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://www.allmo.ai/articles/what-we-know-about-the-impact-of-wikipedia-on-chatgpt-search-results Impact of Wikipedia and Wikidata on ChatGPT search results]
** [https://christianmahnke.de/en/post/authority-data-for-private-collectors/ Wikidata as an authority data source for private collectors]
** (German) [https://www.wikimeisterei.info/umwelt-und-klimabezug-in-grossen-wissensdatenbanken-wikipedia-wikidata-und-umweltportale-im-vergleich/ Environmental and climate reference in large knowledge databases. Wikipedia, Wikidata and environmental portals in comparison]
* Presentations: Wikidata as a challenge for rule systems (Declarative AI 2025 Conf.) - [[c:File:Slideshow,_Wikidata_as_a_Challenge_for_Rule_Systems_-_Declarative_AI_2025_Conference_-_24_September_2025.pdf|Slides]] / [[c:File:Wikidata_as_a_Challenge_for_Rule_Systems_-_Declarative_AI_2025_Conference_-_24_September_2025.webm|Recording]]
* Papers: [https://zenodo.org/records/17658826 Snapshot of bibliographic metadata from Wikidata for all Arabic periodicals published worldwide before 1930] - Project Jarāʾid, by T. Grallert, (2025).
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iiL9WFx2JY An introduction to Wikidata and its use for librarians and researchers]; slides available [[:commons:File:An introduction to Wikidata and its use for librarians and researchers.pdf|on Commons]]
** WikidataCon 2025 Session Playlists (YouTube):&lt;br&gt; [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejPTAZXQTHlAElm-DZ5dohph&amp;si=5IJr95Jrh_AyIT43 Day 1 (31.10)] / [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejM0BKzQWaw_WKIBamH4DevT&amp;si=U-sw7JMx3xsiGu-d Day 2 (01.11)] / [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejNQdOCF9ztkrUktwi_UMRD5&amp;si=0xXL60KWrhXff98F Day 3 (02.11)]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1S4ujNG8w5M Wikidata in library catalogues: Introduction to the Primo VE linked data feature] - By Dr Thneed
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mHXIZBfft7A Wikidata Live Editing: Stolpersteine and the Holocaust victims they commemorate]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5MKIlVJyeCw&amp;pp=0gcJCR4Bo7VqN5tD Towards Linked Data Fluency: Takeaways from a Wikidata Workflow Pilot Program]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOoNMI7o_G4 Enhancing authority files through SPARQL federated queries] - Thomas Kerboul and the Bibliothèque de Genève improved person data by comparing Wikidata and IdRef, with manual checks preventing ID mix-ups.
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNlREPqT9f8 Inspiring Women: Layla Michán - Wikidata and research] - Dr. Aguirre (UNAM) discusses Wikidata as a collaborative research tool and shared experiences in the “Women Who Inspire” series.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikidata-timetrail.toolforge.org/ Timetrail] is a website that visualizes the movement of Wikidata items over time by mapping their associated events and locations.
* The redesigned WikiProvenance is now live, featuring a new front end and backend for exploring and comparing Wikidata provenance information. Try examples like [https://wikiprovenance.toolforge.org/provenance.html?item=Q1339 Johann Sebastian Bach] or [https://wikiprovenance.toolforge.org/compare.html?compare=Q5,Q515 Human vs. City] and [https://wikiprovenance.toolforge.org/compare.html?compare=Q90,Q84 Paris vs. London]. Explore it here: [https://wikiprovenance.toolforge.org/ https://wikiprovenance.toolforge.org/]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[d:Wikidata:Data_access#Linked_Data_Fragments_endpoint|LDF endpoint retirement considered]]: The unstable and low-traffic LDF endpoint may be retired to reduce maintenance effort and unnecessary load on WDQS. If your workflow depends on it and you would hate to see it go, please let the Wikidata development team know at [[d:Wikidata talk:Data access|Wikidata talk:Data access]].
* [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Reminder:_WDQS_legacy_endpoint_decommissioning|WDQS Legacy endpoint deprecation]]: The legacy endpoint (&lt;code&gt;query-legacy-full.wikidata.org&lt;/code&gt;) will be fully decommissioned on 7 January 2026. Please migrate tools and workflows to the supported endpoints: &lt;code&gt;query.wikidata.org&lt;/code&gt; (Main) or &lt;code&gt;query-scholarly.wikidata.org&lt;/code&gt; (Scholarly). Assistance is available on the [[d:Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages.
* [[c:File:Community report Data Governance Research (Q2 2025).pdf|Insights from Data Governance Research Process 2025]]: Results of the research to better understand how the communities currently think about which data and communities are best served by Wikidata, Wikibase Cloud or Wikibase Suite respectively.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract_Wikipedia/Abstract_Wikipedia_naming_contest|Abstract Wikipedia naming contest]]: Help pick a name for the new Wikimedia wiki project which is provisionally known as Abstract Wikipedia. The second phase of voting is now open until December 1.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13940|CUIT]], [[:d:Property:P13941|REGAFI id]], [[:d:Property:P13942|Hong Kong company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13943|California Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13944|Mã số doanh nghiệp]], [[:d:Property:P13945|‎InfoconDB series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13946|‎InfoconDB conference ID]], [[:d:Property:P13947|‎Biography.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P13948|Hudobné centrum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13949|Hudobné centrum group ID]], [[:d:Property:P13950|FAIR Epigraphic Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13951|NVLI ID]], [[:d:Property:P13952|SerBenfiquista.com players ID]], [[:d:Property:P13953|‎BG IISDA org ID]], [[:d:Property:P13954|‎BG NACID person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13955|The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13956|Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13957|National cultural monument of Czechia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13958|‎Davis Cup player ID since 2025]], [[:d:Property:P13959|‎Eiga.com drama ID]], [[:d:Property:P13960|Last Address ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parliamentary group leader|parliamentary group leader]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the identity of the leader of a parliamentary group&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SignWriting transcription|SignWriting transcription]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;representation in SignWriting&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/free height|free height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vertical distance from the floor level to the lowest obstruction in the ceiling of an indoor or outdoor space&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thumbtime|thumbtime]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Time for video thumbnail in seconds&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Credibly accused of|Credibly accused of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity (person or organization) that has been credibly accused of a crime or serious misconduct, but is not (yet) convicted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review:: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CHZZK streamer ID|CHZZK streamer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FC Barcelona players ID|FC Barcelona players ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qalamos person ID|Qalamos person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KISTI conference ID|KISTI conference ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KaraokeTexty.cz artist ID|KaraokeTexty.cz artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KaraokeTexty.cz song ID|KaraokeTexty.cz song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DLSite dōjin circle ID|DLSite dōjin circle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DLSite person ID|DLSite person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DLSite work ID|DLSite work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Showlabs ID|Showlabs ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DEUMM Online ID|DEUMM Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvinnehistorie.no persons ID|Kvinnehistorie.no persons ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Foot Résultats player ID|Foot Résultats player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manga-DB person ID|Manga-DB person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manga-DB publisher ID|Manga-DB publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manga-DB magazine ID|Manga-DB magazine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slekt og Data cemetery ID|Slekt og Data cemetery ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/GGLu Videogames in the wrong genre] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Video_games_with_the_wrong_genre|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/GGM2 People buried in Italian (or subregion) cemeteries] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#People_buried_in_Italian_(or_a_subregion)_cemeteries|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Bookbindings|Bookbindings]] - share metadata and images from the currently offline Database of Bookbindings at the British Library
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Irish_Traditional_Music/Projects|Irish Traditional Music:Projects]] - aims to systematically create and enhance Wikidata items for people profiled in the 2024 edition of Fintan Vallely's The Companion to Irish Traditional Music.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Basketball/Teams/Western_Illinois_Leathernecks_women's_basketball|Basketball: Western Illinois Leathernecks Women's]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Lost_Media#Subpages|Lost Media/Subpages]] - aim to list all media lost to time in Wikidata
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q118398|arXiv (Q118398)]] - online digital archive for electronic preprints of scientific papers
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1405411|Bogucin (L1405411)]] - Polish proper noun (bɔˈɡu.t͡ɕin) meaning &quot;village in Greater Poland&quot;, &quot;village in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship&quot;, or &quot;village in Lublin Voivodeship&quot;

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:28, 24 November 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the &quot;DWIM&quot; (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;und&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;cxfcnmt&lt;/span&gt;'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;ru&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;счастье&lt;/span&gt;'' (&quot;happiness&quot;) that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734]
* Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}&quot; preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
*  Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;format=xml'''&amp;xlst={stylesheet}'''&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/]
* The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Main graph or &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:53, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: November 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 &amp; 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 &amp; 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:46, 30 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''The Signpost'': 1 December 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/News and notes|Election cycles come and go, and Wikimedia Foundation achieves record revenue in 2024–2025!]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/In the media|Wales walk-off, antisemitism, supernatural powers, feminism turmoil, saints, and sex]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Recent research|At least 80 million inconsistent facts on Wikipedia – can AI help find them?]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Disinformation report|Epstein email exchanges planned strategy, edits and reported progress]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Traffic report|It's a family affair]]

* Book review: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Book review|''The Seven Rules of Trust'']]

* From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/From the archives|&quot;I have been asked by Jeffrey Epstein ...&quot;]]

* Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Humour|An interview with Wikipe-tan]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Opinion|AI finds errors in 90% of Wikipedia's best articles]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Serendipity|Highlights from the itWikiCon 2025]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Comix|Madness]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 00:16, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The term &quot;'''halachic state'''&quot; (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #708 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-12-01. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#707]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* A Project Chat discussion ([[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#default_for_all_languages_(mul)|here]]) on mul / fallback language for Labels, Descriptions and Aliases has continued on [[d:Help_talk:Default_values_for_labels_and_aliases#In_the_long_run,_we_should_have_separate_mul_properties_for_different_scripts|Help Talk: Default values for labels and aliases]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Mark your calendars
*** [https://vsa-aas.ch/event/workshop-die-schweizer-archivlandschaft-wikidata-und-interaktive-karte/ Workshop: The Swiss archival landscape – Wikidata and interactive map]&lt;br&gt;February 2 &amp; April 20 (German) / June 2 (French), 2026. Workshops are on-site and online, registration mandatory (closes January 20).
*** [https://g0v.hackmd.io/@jothon/20251207 Citizen Technology Community Gathering and Taiwan Translation Launch of Linked Open Data Documents] December 7 Time: 13:30-16:50 UTC+8 at {{Q|707524}} Xi Project
*** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #83 December 8 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [[DiffBlog:2025/11/27/new-tools-new-contributors-new-energy-wikidata-13-celebration-in-the-philippines|Wikidata 13th celebration in the Philippines]]
** [[DiffBlog:2025/11/26/wikidata-13th-birthday-taiwan-special-event-recap-part-3|Wikidata 13th Birthday: Taiwan special event recap (part 3)]]
** [[wmbe:Newsletter/2025-11/en#WikidataCon_2025:_a_conversation_with_organizer_Danny_Benjafield|WikidataCon 2025: A conversation with Danny Benjafield]]
** [[DiffBlog:2025/11/28/wikidata-13th-birthday-celebration-in-the-igbo-wikimedians-user-group/|Wikidata 13th Birthday Celebration in the Igbo Wikimedians User Group]]
** [[DiffBlog:2025/11/28/africa-wiki-women-celebrates-wikidatas-13th-birthday/|Africa Wiki Women Celebrates Wikidata’s 13th Birthday]]
* Papers: [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-4108/paper3.pdf Benchmarking SPARQL Engines on Wikidata Queries] - Four open-source SPARQL engines were benchmarked on Wikidata, with QLever fastest, Blazegraph slower, and all showing SPARQL standard deviations. By Peter F. Patel-Schneider (2025).
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Hda2mRjJ3Q Records in Contexts (RiC) Wikibase Working Session] - Regine Heberlein of the (SAA) Description Section Steering Committee hosts a workshop on Wikibase implementation of the Records in Context Conceptual Model (RiC-CM).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHXIZBfft7A Wikidata Live Editing: Stolpersteine and the Holocaust victims they commemorate] - Follow along as WMDE's Lukas Werkmeister expands Items of Berlin Stoelpersteine.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S4ujNG8w5M Wikidata in library catalogues: Introduction to the Primo VE linked data feature] - by Dr Thneed

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.prixlitteraires.fr Prix Littéraires] lists French-speaking literary prizes and their recipients, also computing [https://www.prixlitteraires.fr/graph/Q3113738 statistics]  (see also [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject French-speaking literary prizes|WikiProject]])

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Nov 27: The Wikibase Community User Group met for a Wikibase Live Session and to discuss the Federated Values demonstration.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13961|Federal Taxpayer Registry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13962|WDSF athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P13963|TikTok numeric user ID]], [[:d:Property:P13964|USGS Publication ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/concurring opinion by|concurring opinion by]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;judicial opinion agreed to by less than half of the members of a court agreeing with the majority's final decision but providing different or additional reasons&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/audio version of text|audio version of text]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The audio version of a text (e.g. book). Not the audio version of the Wikipedia article about the text (e.g. book).&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hong Kong fire alarm level|Hong Kong fire alarm level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Hong Kong fire alarm levels classification system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/overnight stays|overnight stays]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of tourists that stay overnight at a place&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/specimen determiner|specimen determiner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who assigned the identification to a specimen&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/collection date|collection date]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the date-time or interval during which a specimen or object was collected in the field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/position holder name string|position holder name string]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name of person holding a position&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crowdfunding target|Crowdfunding target]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;target goal of this Crowdfunding campaign&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image sensor format|image sensor format]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;shape and size of a digital camera's image sensor&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/random page URL|random page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;link to random page on website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/translates from|translates from]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;language(s) that this person, company or organization translates works texts from&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Twitter broadcast ID|Twitter broadcast ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Petal Maps Place ID|Petal Maps Place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MJ character glyph name|MJ character glyph name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mastercaller player ID|Mastercaller player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dartn.de player ID|dartn.de player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/darts1.de player ID|darts1.de player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/pdpa.co.uk player ID|pdpa.co.uk player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Antiquitatum Thesaurus ID|Antiquitatum Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theaterencyclopedie-identificatiecode|Theaterencyclopedie-identificatiecode]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Buy Me a Coffee username|Buy Me a Coffee username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GoFundMe ID|GoFundMe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Maitron d'une biographie (nouvelle version)|Identifiant Maitron d'une biographie (nouvelle version)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michaelis Portuguese-English properties|Michaelis Portuguese-English properties]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System name slug|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System name slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FCC ID Database company ID|FCC ID Database company ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/GMoW Objects bearing the handwriting of Moses Maimonides] [[d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/genizah|(Source)]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Natural_History_Specimen_Data_Model|Natural History Specimen Data Model]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Popular_items_without_claims|Popular Items without Claims]] - these are the most-connected or linked Items that do not have any Statements. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q7414|The Walt Disney Company
 (Q7414)]] - American multinational mass media company
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L103836|девочка (L103836)]] - Russian noun (dʲɪˈvot͡ɕkə) meaning &quot;female child&quot;, &quot;affectionate address to a woman&quot;, or &quot;female organism&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements:
** We have added editing support for more data types (entity IDs, geographical shapes and tabular data).
** It is now available as a beta feature on test.wikidata.org. You can enable it [https://test.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures here].
* Wikidata integration in Wikipedia and co: We are rolling out improvements to the Databox Lua module to a number of Wikipedias to make it easier to have out-of-the-box Wikidata-powered infoboxes
* Ontology federation: We are making progress with making it possible to use Wikidata Item's as statement values in other Wikibase instances
* GraphQL: We are continuing the work on the prototype, focusing on getting data from a batch of Items
* Wikidata Query Service: The Wikidata Platform team is working on benchmarking of different replacement options for Blazegraph, the software powering the Wikidata Query Service

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Togo|Togo]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] ·  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:57, 1 December 2025 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2025-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]].
* The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476]
* Two new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|&lt;code&gt;w:tok:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|&lt;code&gt;q:pcm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:54, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:29, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #709 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-12-08. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#708]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Well,_Well,_Bot!|Well, Well, Bot!]] - Task/s: Database imports, maintenance.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/RijksBot|RijksBot]] - Task/s: Adding [[Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum IDs]] (P13234) to Wikidata items based on a CSV mapping of [[Q43649390|QIDs]] to [[Q25861166|Rijksmuseum]] [[Q61694|URIs]].
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CostamiriBot|CostamiriBot]] - Task/s: [[Q718|Chess]] related tasks such as monthly updates to the [[Q105955|elo]] [[Q105955|rating]]  of [[Q10873124|chess players]].
* New draft: [[Wikidata:External identifiers/Obsolescence]] (opinions are welcome in its talk page)

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/dikm7CrXSZ27EuPJA3r56w#/registration How to view #25N with Wikidata?] - a community hour with Wikimedia Chile, 21:00 UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1765224000 Time zone converter])
** [https://luma.com/7fs5v7os Fact-Checking with Wikidata Workshop] - January 20, 2026, 16:30 ~ 18:00 UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1768930200 Time zone converter]) - WMDE's Philippe Saadé will show hands-on methods using the Wikidata MCP to retrieve, filter and classify Wikidata statements with semantic search, reranker LLM and NLI models, registration required.
** (Portuguese) [https://pt.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ponto_de_Encontro_Wikimedia/II Meeting Point Editatona II - Warm your hands modeling festival on Wikidata]: December 10, 2025, 15:00 - 19:00 UTC+1, Porto, Portugal.
** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 9 December, 2025: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 9 December, 2025 at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1765299600 Time zone converter]). WikiProject Personal Pronouns members will lead three implementation sessions to improve the data modeling and ethics of personal pronoun representation in Wikidata based on newly-established best practices and Wikidata policy by remediating legacy statements with participants. No previous Wikidata experience is needed to participate. Sessions will be held on October 14, November 25, and December 9, 2025 at our regular time of 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET. Event page: [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Project Series/PersonalPronouns|https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/PersonalPronouns]]
* Past Events: [https://www.sas.ac.uk/digital-humanities-research-hub/events/documenting-epigraphic-data-wikidata-ontology-practice Digital Humanities Hub: Documenting epigraphic data, Wikidata ontology practice] - December 2 &amp; 3, 2025, both 14:00 ~ 15:30 UTC.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/03/celebrating-wikidatas-13th-birthday-in-lafia-a-day-of-learning-community-and-open-knowledge-🎉/ Wikidata 13th Birthday Celebration in Lafia]
* Papers:
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.00590 Wikontic: Constructing Wikidata-Aligned, Ontology-Aware Knowledge Graphs with Large Language Models] - Chepurova ''et al''., (2025)
** [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.399 Victims of Posterity. Identifying Gaps on 19th-Century French Art History with Wikidata] - first paper in the [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/collections/wikidata_across_the_humanities ''Wikidata Across the Humanities: Datasets, Methodologies, Reuse''] collection by the Journal of Open Humanities Data. Authored by Claire Dupin de Beyssat.
* Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6T6_l2aEKXM GB Claude Code AI Agent: Fully Autonomous Wikidata Query &amp; Visualization (Zero Human Intervention)]
** (Taiwanese Mandarin) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iadJst1IN8 Wikidata Taiwan translation project on &quot;Creating Library Linked Data with Wikibase: Lessons Learned from Project Passage&quot;] (as published by the OCLC)

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://ranjithsiji.github.io/wikiguessr/ Wikiguessr Game] Is a Wikidata game it guess the location from Image from anywhere around the world by [[User: Ranjithsiji]]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Remembering Amos Bairoch, co-contributor to [https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/52/D1/D44/7329473 Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Semantic Web of data] and consulted often for TiagoLubiana's [[d:User:CellosaurusBot|CellosaurusBot]].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
*Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13975|‎GBFS feed URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a GBFS feed for the bicycle-sharing system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13977|code of conduct URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a resource that contains the Code of Conduct of a project or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13965|BFXC authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13967|Out tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13968|GayCities ID]], [[:d:Property:P13969|Fight.ru fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13970|Personality Database group ID]], [[:d:Property:P13971|‎Codes for the administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China]], [[:d:Property:P13972|Macanese company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13973|‎MovieID film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13974|Teen Vogue tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13976|‎CRT Database model ID]], [[:d:Property:P13978|PriceRunner product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13979|BWB number]], [[:d:Property:P13980|Brandenburg School ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
*New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fragrance gender|fragrance gender]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category for which a fragrance is marketed&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/perfumer|perfumer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who created a perfume&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Discharge regime|Discharge regime]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The '''[[:en:Discharge regime|discharge regime]]''' can be Glacial, Nival or Pluvial. It can be a combination of 2 : Nivo-pluvial, Pluvio-nival, Nivo-glacial, etc. Be specific (e.g. pluvial tropical, meridional, etc.). Or be complex&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/minimal pair of|minimal pair of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;lexeme that differ from this one in only one phonological element&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cookpad Recipe ID|Cookpad Recipe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sector.sk game ID|Sector.sk game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Card Player ID|Card Player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fragrantica perfume ID|Fragrantica perfume ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fragrantica perfume brand ID|Fragrantica perfume brand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/My Abandonware theme ID|My Abandonware theme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identificador Banrep Cultural|Identificador Banrep Cultural]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/izoh.uz word ID|izoh.uz word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VGChartz game ID|VGChartz game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic video game genre ID|Metacritic video game genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Place Names and Places of Nova Scotia ID|Place Names and Places of Nova Scotia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taking Stock ID|Taking Stock ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Font Library ID|Game Font Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fragrantica perfume notes ID|Fragrantica perfume notes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EAGER game ID|EAGER game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/AA7J Birthplace of French Heads of State]
** [https://w.wiki/ACWE Films starring Cary Grant, directed by Howard Hughes, available on YouTube]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Turkmenistan|WikiProject Turkmenistan]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q16994327|Goosebumps]] - 2015 film directed by Rob Letterman
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3958|course (L3958)]] - English noun (kɔːrs) meaning &quot;direction of movement&quot;, &quot;program of study&quot;, or &quot;part of a meal&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** It's now possible to edit existing references ([[phab:T405236]])
** We fixed a number of issues such as a problem when adding the first statements to an item ([[phab:T409069]])
** We started work on showing constraint violation indicators ([[phab:T400676]])
** We're working on showing errors in the edit form ([[phab:T408928]])
** We're improving the edit summaries ([[phab:T411247]])
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We continued working on improvements to the Databox Lua module and template
* GraphQL: We continued working on the first version of GraphQL support

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Togo|Togo]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:42, 8 December 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Latn&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''bedniereba''&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Cyrl&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''бедниереба''&lt;/bdi&gt; will now suggest the existing article about &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ბედნიერება&lt;/bdi&gt; (&quot;happiness&quot;). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development.
* Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project.
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025.
* A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711]
* Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:41, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XI, November 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Call for volunteers, Computer's Day and upcoming events
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Czech Radio and Wikimedia CZ launched cooperation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Our Activities in November
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wrap up of the 2025 GLAM call
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference, a NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence update &amp; Auckland Museum Summer Students 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD and Cultural Institutions: A Year of Growth, Content, and Collaboration
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025 conference, WiR Meeting and the First National Institute of Museums Training on GLAM–Wiki
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: IT Wikicon, Faces and Masks, Matrimoine @ Genève
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season- again!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: November edit-a-thons &amp; meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Here to Help: The Next Stage of the Content Partnerships Hub
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Enriching the data set
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:21, 11 December 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #710 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-12-15. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#709]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* [[d:Wikidata talk:Requests for comment/Mass-editing policy|The mass editing policy Request for Comments]] has a number of open questions looking for votes and comments to shape the mass-editing policy.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
* A [[:d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/2025 12|Scholia hackathon]] is ongoing this week, focused on completing the transition of Scholia to [[:d:WD:QLever|QLever]] as the SPARQL backend for its Wikidata queries.
* [[:meta:Wikimedia Indonesia/Pekan Data dan Teknologi 2025|Data and Technology Week 2025]] from 19th of December 2025 to 22 of December 2025, organized by {{Q|13098516}}. Consisted of a Wikidata Workshop, a Wikifunction Introductory Seminar and [[Wikidata:WikiProject Indonesia/Kegiatan/Datathon|Geodatathon]]. This event is in Indonesian.
** (English) [[d:Event:2025_SEA_Games_Datathon|WM Malaysia / 2025 SEA Games Datathon]] - 20.12.2025, 1200 ~ 1400 UTC. [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/2677|Register]] to contribute to items about athletes competing in [[d:Q25041680|South East Asian Games 2025 ]]&lt;small&gt; ([[d:Q25041680|Q25041680]])&lt;/small&gt;

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: (French) [https://www.facebook.com/reel/2155010721972790/ Facebook post: ArkéoTopia]: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (CTHS) to begin integrating Wikidata
* Papers:
** [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.438 Open Data Practices of Art Museums in Wikidata: A Compliance Assessment] - second paper of the [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/collections/wikidata_across_the_humanities ''Wikidata Across the Humanities: Datasets, Methodologies, Reuse''] collection. By Dişli et al., (2025).
** [https://ital.corejournals.org/index.php/ital/article/view/17384 VIAF Governance Concerns about the Refurbished VIAF Web and API Interfaces] by Stefano Bargioni (2025): a detailed account of the technical and governance issues experienced by [[:d:Q54919|VIAF]] in 2025 and its impact on its many external reusers, including Wikidata
* Videos:
** (Italian) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=k3VZpTDOJTQ Wikidata and Wikibase for research]: Camillo Pellizzari gives an overview of Wikidata, the data model, potential as scientific research subject and tool, then a Wikibase intro and its uses beyond Wikidata, with example instance: [https://hypotheseis.wikibase.cloud/ Hypotheseis]; slides [[:commons:File:Wikidata e Wikibase per la ricerca (Seminario di cultura digitale).pdf|on Commons]]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TM4SJeJhcvg Feminist Structured data: A Conversation with Art+Feminism and Whose Knowledge?]: How feminist values can reshape structured data on Wikidata to address gaps, representation, and opportunities for collaboration across communities.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwxdyWHEhpw Community Hours: Art+Feminism community in Armenia]: Former regional A+F ambassador, Arminé Aghayan-Flisch, tells us of her experiences growing the A+F Armenian community through GLAM, Wikidata and Wikipedia.
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1sD0G2Obfw PADEP 2025: Using Wikidata in Sociocultural Research]:  Dr. Luis Álvarez Azcárraga teaches the course: ''Using Wikidata in Sociocultural Research: Open Databases for Social, Artistic, and Cultural Studies''
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3hM9hc2tyM See something, change something Webinar]: @[https://www.youtube.com/?si=1fp2tMPLBvkNmrPJ 58:10], a presentation on the Wikidata agent plug-in for ArchivesSpace is given.
** [[c:File:Wikibase_Live_Session_November_2025_-_Federated_Values_Demo.webm|Wikibase Live Session / November 27]]: First demo presented of federation of values from Wikidata to Wikibases.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://broomstick.toolforge.org/ Broomstick] - Broomstick is a tool to uncover Lexemes that can be improved on Wikidata.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Congratulations to [https://www.govdirectory.org Govdirectory], the [https://www.fsf.org/news/2024-free-software-awards-winners winner of the FSF's Award for Projects of Social Benefit].
* [[d:Wikidata:Tools/WikibaseJS-cli|wikibase-cli]] got [https://github.com/maxlath/wikibase-cli/blob/main/docs/write_operations.md#add-claim-unless-it-already-exists|improved support for claim reconciliation]. This is typically useful to add a claim unless it already exists.
* [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Research &amp; Technology Fund/Wikimedia Research Fund|The Wikimedia Research Fund]] is open for funding applications for research projects around the Wikimedia Projects, including Wikidata.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P13986|has grammatical number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;grammatical number used in this language&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13982|‎NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13983|Cabinet minutes of the German Government ID]], [[:d:Property:P13984|neodb.social ID]], [[:d:Property:P13985|Flemish Community Masterpieces List item ID]], [[:d:Property:P13987|Medicin.dk medical condition ID]], [[:d:Property:P13988|‎Mapillary username]], [[:d:Property:P13989|‎Sector.sk game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13990|‎My Abandonware theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13991|‎Encyclopedia of Shinto ID]], [[:d:Property:P13992|‎Blu-Ray.com film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13993|‎Japanese Law Translation ID]], [[:d:Property:P13994|‎Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage streets ID]], [[:d:Property:P13995|‎Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage buildings ID]], [[:d:Property:P13996|Getty Collections Archival Component ID]], [[:d:Property:P13997|CRA program account number]], [[:d:Property:P13998|FC Barcelona player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13999|Qalamos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14000|‎KISTI conference ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/survivalhorrors.com ID|survivalhorrors.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionari de la llengua catalana entry ID|Diccionari de la llengua catalana entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamesIndustry.biz game ID|GamesIndustry.biz game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WhatsOnStage Stage Names ID|WhatsOnStage Stage Names ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adventure Game Hotspot game ID|Adventure Game Hotspot game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Netflix titre|identifiant Netflix titre]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/4gamer.net game ID|4gamer.net game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fragrantica perfumer ID|Fragrantica perfumer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PC Guru game ID|PC Guru game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Newspaper Archive publication ID|British Newspaper Archive publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOG tag ID|GOG tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Food Facts brand ID|Open Food Facts brand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Games for Change directory ID|Games for Change directory ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: 
** [https://w.wiki/GbVa All ports in Wikidata, sorted by the total number of statements]
** [https://w.wiki/Ghiv Queer and LGBT Literature that have won Literary Awards] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Improving_a_query|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/GiaY Bubble chart with numbers shown in the bubbles: Memory of the World inscriptions from Arab states]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_P244_maintenance|WikiProject P244 maintenance]] - For coordination and improvement of Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAP) via [[d:Property:P244|Library of Congress authority ID]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Museum_of_Glass|WikiProject Museum of Glass]] &lt;small&gt;([[d:Q2894440|Q2894440]])&lt;/small&gt; - improving the visibility of visiting artists to the [[d:Q7896574|University of Washington Information School]]
* WikiProject Highlights: Egezort's efforts in [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Mereology_Task_Force/Effort_0001:_Removing_or_migrating_part_of_statements_in_recipe_relationships|Mereology: removing/migrating part of statements in Recipe relationships]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Unauthorized_bots|34 Bots operating without a Bot flag]] 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1426707|Fort George
 (Q1426707)]] - 18th-century fortress built in the Scottish Highlands in the aftermath of the Jacobite Rising of 1745
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L31222|mesa (L31222)]] - Spanish noun (ˈme.sa) meaning &quot;table (furniture)&quot;, &quot;mesa (flat-topped hill)&quot;, or &quot;served table for dining&quot;

''' Development '''
* Edit summaries: We made changes that will improve the automatic edit summaries of edits made using the wbeditentity API endpoint. Tools that use this endpoint to edit statements will, in some cases, now have more accurate edit summaries; this also affects how such edits are summarized in [[d:Wikidata:Edit groups|edit groups]]. ([[phab:T411247]])
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We are collecting feedback from the first wikis who got the new and improved Databox module.
* Mobile statement editing:
** We are making remaining changes for the first roll-out as a beta-feature.
** We are working on showing constraint violations. ([[phab:T411602]], [[phab:T400676]])
* GraphQL: We are working on making it possible to query for Items by Property/value pair ([[phab:T403576]])
* REST API: We are improving error messages for requests that failed due to an IP block ([[phab:T404727]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Germany|Germany]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:32, 15 December 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:59, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Request for Wp/kai logo review ==
Hello sir @[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]], we completed the settings in the request page for [[Wp/kai]] here ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikipedia_Karai-Karai Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Karai-Karai]) and we need your help to review the logo we uploaded and confirm whether it is okay or needs some improvements. Help us please if there is any other thing missing on the page or any required settings we might have missed. Thank you in advance for your help. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|talk]]) 19:38, 15 December 2025 (UTC)

== This Month in Education: December 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop in St Aloysius University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:22, 17 December 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''The Signpost'': 17 December 2025 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Interview|Part 1: Bernadette Meehan]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/News and notes|We're gonna have a party!]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/In the media|The &quot;bigg&quot; bosses: Robertsky and the Pope]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Traffic report|Death and stranger things]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Gallery|A feast of holidays and carols]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Obituary|Michal Lewi (Iwelam) and Alan R. King (A R King)]]

* Concept: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Concept|List of xxtreme sports (redirected from Electrojousting)]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Comix|display: flex-inline;]]

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&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 20:05, 17 December 2025 (UTC)
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== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; | Hey! I just wanted to give you this barnstar as a token of appreciation for your help around here, especially when it comes to updating [[Incubator:Featured wikis]]. Keep up the good work! [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 21:44, 19 December 2025 (UTC)
|}

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:26, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #711 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-12-22. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#710]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Vitaly Zdanevich|Vitaly Zdanevich]]
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Title markup bot|Title markup bot]] - Task(s): There is a variety of HTML markup found in , violating various constraints on the property. The following task description is for a bot that can start the required cleanup process. I would like to request permission to implement the functionality outlined here as a first iteration, on the understanding that it will be extended and refined to cover more cases. It will operate within the limitation that it will only modify  values, add  qualifiers and update labels to keep them in-line with altered titles.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=g-8yjmnEBUs Wikidata 13th Anniversary in the Tyap Wikimedians User Group]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PifGSfnVGtw Remapping the Down Survey] - By OSM for History Buffs
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DxEux41PqC0 Open Data DEx Demo #1 - This week's topic: Astronomy in WikiData!]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikidata-timetrail.toolforge.org Timetrail] - is a website that visualizes the movement of Wikidata items over time by mapping their associated events and locations.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland jobs:
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/61646562/Director-of-Engineering-all-genders-/ Director of Engineering] (all genders)
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/60133850/Senior-Data-Analyst-all-genders-/ Senior Data Analyst] (all genders)

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14005|Japanese court rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Japanese court rank of a person or a shrine&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14006|‎value of this mathematical characteristic]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;non-numeric value of this characteristic applied to this mathematical object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14001|Taking Stock ID]], [[:d:Property:P14002|Antiquitatum Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P14003|The Advocate tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P14004|‎Game Font Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P14007|IMI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14008|‎Metacritic video game genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P14009|Banrep Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P14013|FCC ID Database company slug]], [[:d:Property:P14016|EDBO institution code]], [[:d:Property:P14017|‎GamesIndustry.biz game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14018|‎PC Guru game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/common organism|common organism]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;organisms known by a common name of a biological taxon&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/part|part]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;exact number denoting the part of a creative work or edition&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/heir apparent|heir apparent]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person designated to take on royal position after death of subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parfumo perfume ID|Parfumo perfume ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parfumo perfumer ID|Parfumo perfumer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parfumo perfumes ID|Parfumo perfumes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parfumo fragrance notes ID|Parfumo fragrance notes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoomerShooterDB game ID|BoomerShooterDB game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Rappels d'une production théâtrale|identifiant Rappels d'une production théâtrale]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parfinity notes ID|Parfinity notes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vandal game ID|Vandal game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Ads Transparency Center advertiser ID|Google Ads Transparency Center advertiser ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GBIF ID|GBIF ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetroidvaniaDB game ID|MetroidvaniaDB game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Games.cz game ID|Games.cz game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basenotes perfume brand ID|Basenotes perfume brand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basenotes perfume people ID|Basenotes perfume people ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basenotes perfume ID|Basenotes perfume ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CICAP Encyclopedia ID|CICAP Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zelda Wiki ID|Zelda Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yaba Sanshiro ID|Yaba Sanshiro ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificador Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia|identificador Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish railway station code|Finnish railway station code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fight-A-Base game ID|Fight-A-Base game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sketchfab model ID|Sketchfab model ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sketchfab channel ID|Sketchfab channel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sketchfab user ID|Sketchfab user ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVIDS Video ID|DVIDS Video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DeVuego game ID|DeVuego game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/4N9 Number of riots per country] ([https://twitter.com/mrlogix/status/1131050728594632706 source])
** [https://w.wiki/4NB Country having the most female politicians] ([https://twitter.com/abiatus/status/1130963180199579649 source])
* WikiProject Highlights: Niryhpr's efforts in organising the page [[d:User:Niryhpr/WikiProject_Ports|User:Niryhpr/WikiProject_Ports]] (part of [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Indonesia/Kegiatan/Datathon|WikiProject Indonesia/Geodatathon]]) 
**
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Mr. Ibrahem/Language statistics for items|Language statistics for Items]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q309333|Mansa Musa]] - 14th-century ruler of the Mali Empire
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L689064|ਮਰਨ (L689064)]] - Punjabi verb (mərəɳ) meaning &quot;to die (cease living)&quot;, &quot;to wither or spoil&quot;, or &quot;to give up (lose hope/energy)&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** We added an indicator showing which Properties are not yet supported when creating new statements in mobile editing ([[phab:T412719|T412719]])
** We continued working on showing constraint violations on mobile ([[phab:T411602|T411602]], [[phab:T411608|T411608]])
** We are working on musical notation statements on mobile ([[phab:T407247|T407247]])
** We are improving error handling for incorrectly filled and unfilled fields in mobile editing ([[phab:T408928|T408928]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:37, 22 December 2025 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2025-52 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324]
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping &quot;First Steps&quot; in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, to avoid potential conflicts with other &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw&lt;/code&gt; attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:42, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29831856 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #712 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-12-29. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#711]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Ppolar bear|Ppolar bear]] - RfP scheduled to end after 3 January 2026 13:40 (UTC) 
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/QubeCubeBot|QubeCubeBot]] - Task/s: Continue import of [[Q272930|Swedish Parliament]] documents inline with the modeling work in [[Wikidata:WikiProject Sweden/Swedish Riksdag documents]].
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AinaliBot 3|AinaliBot 3]] - Task/s: Continue import of [[Q272930|Swedish Parliament]] documents inline with the modeling work in [[Wikidata:WikiProject Sweden/Swedish Riksdag documents]].

''' Events ''' 
* This month's [[d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/2025 12|Scholia hackathon]] has moved Scholia closer to its planned switch to a QLever backend. Beta testers can assist by exploring the [https://qlever.scholia.wiki/ interim QLever-backed Scholia instance] and [https://github.com/WDscholia/scholia/issues reporting any issues].
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://www.swat4ls.org/workshops/amsterdam-2026/call-for-papers/ SWAT4HCLS 2026]. Amsterdam, March 23-26, with a &quot;Wikidata in healthcare and life sciences&quot; session and [https://www.swat4ls.org/workshops/amsterdam-2026/programme/keynotes/ Prof. Hannah Bast] as one of the keynotes

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Videos:
** (Indonesian) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl27YhKEjV0 Introduction to Wikifunctions] presented by [[:m:User:NikolasKHF|NikolasKHF]] (Niko). In this session, Niko introduced Wikifunctions project, how to edit a function, how to add an implementation and test, and demonstrated them. This is the first Wikifunctions training in Indonesian. Slides are available on [[:c:File:(Datatek) WikiLatih Wikifungsi 2025.pdf|Commons]].
** (Indonesian) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emWKbM_-V08 Wikidata for Academician] presented by Wikimedia Indonesia's Data and Technology team. They introduced Wikimedia Indonesia, and then explained Wikidata, its underlying concepts and a glance to its history, how to add statements and references, how to query with Wikidata Query Services, Wikidata and its potential in research fields, Wikiprojects and Wikidata:For development resources. Slides are available on [[:c:File:(Datatek) WikiLatih Wikidata untuk Wikimedian dan Akademisi 2025.pdf|Commons]].

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/altilunium/wd-nearbyitems WD-NearbyItems] : browse Wikidata Items nearby
* [https://quizicledaily.com Quizicle] is a  daily quiz/puzzle game that's not really a quiz and not really a puzzle. Deduce the answer from crossword-style clues with hot/cold feedback.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P14025|random page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;link to random page or item on website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14026|specimen classifier]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who assigned the identification to a specimen&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14027|collection date]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;date-time or interval during which a specimen or object was collected in the field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14028|land degradation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of land that is degraded by an object, mainly for infrastructure projects&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14029|Hong Kong fire alarm level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Hong Kong fire alarm levels classification system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14035|page offset]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difference between external page number printed on the work (P304) and the actual page in digital file (P7668)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14039|logical implication]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;axiom or conjecture that this axiom or conjecture implies&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14019|‎survivalhorrors.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P14020|‎VGChartz ID]], [[:d:Property:P14021|‎Adventure Game Hotspot game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14022|‎BoomerShooterDB game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14023|‎Vandal game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14024|GoFundMe fundraising ID]], [[:d:Property:P14030|Adult Film Database director ID]], [[:d:Property:P14031|S1 No.1 Style actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14032|‎MetroidvaniaDB game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14033|EAGER game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14034|EAGER developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14036|‎Games.cz game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14037|‎4gamer.net game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14038|‎GOG tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P14040|‎Yaba Sanshiro ID]], [[:d:Property:P14041|‎Games for Change directory ID]], [[:d:Property:P14042|DLSite work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14043|‎DLSite person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14044|‎DLSite doujin circle ID]], [[:d:Property:P14045|‎Fight-A-Base game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14046|‎DeVuego game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Erdős Problem number|Erdős Problem number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Erdős Problem number&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PixelatedArcade genre ID|PixelatedArcade genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BRAHMS identifier|BRAHMS identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LegiStorm person ID|LegiStorm person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Boy Database game ID|Game Boy Database game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NHK Archives Program ID|NHK Archives Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wendingen object ID|Wendingen object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wendingen person ID|Wendingen person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RetroCollect games ID|RetroCollect games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FIP.IT basketball player ID|FIP.IT basketball player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lenta.ru person ID|Lenta.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polski Petersburg encyclopedia ID (Polish version).|Polski Petersburg encyclopedia ID (Polish version).]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Télérama film ID.|Télérama film ID.]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bercail ID|Bercail ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Panoramax picture ID|Panoramax picture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/InterSportStats athlete ID|InterSportStats athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Before I Play game ID|Before I Play game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3568|turn (L3568)]] - English verb (tɜːrn) meaning &quot;to rotate&quot;, &quot;to change direction&quot;, or &quot;to transform&quot;

''' Development '''
* No development happened in the past week as the team are on holidays. Happy new year everyone!

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:12, 29 December 2025 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:00, 5 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #713 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-01-05. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#712]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Morneo06|Morne06]] - RfP scheduled to end after 8 January 2026 20:35 (UTC)
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Ppolar_bear|Ppolar bear]] - general consensus is to reapply after gaining more experience.
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Notability policy reform|Notability policy reform]]: first drafted in 2013, Wikidata has grown vastly since the original Notability policy was created. This first-round discussion is intended to collect ideas, comments, and reflections on how to improve the Notability Policy for what Wikidata currently is and will become.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #84 January 12 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].
** [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]]: a two-day event that will take place from 13 to 14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdYOnOg1iq-8M4xWw8foHUw_7fReWTKtVH_GHzGI2_ozWww9Q/viewform?pli=1 Apply] for a grant and join the event.
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1768410000 18:00 CEST], 14th January 2026 in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://doi.org/10.59350/6t2qh-2f839 Rescuing Scholia #2: getting closer]
** [https://almedaresearch.org/about-almeda/ African Literary Metadata (ALMEDA)]
** [https://www.emergentmind.com/topics/wikontic-framework Wikontic: Ontology-Aware KG Pipeline] - this article introduces Wikontic, a pipeline that builds knowledge graphs from text by enforcing Wikidata's ontological rules and merging duplicate entities.
* Papers:
** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/399200580_Using_Wikidata's_Ontology_in_Practice_A_Neuro-Symbolic_Community-Centred_Workflow_for_Integrating_and_Reusing_Humanities_Datasets Using Wikidata’s Ontology in Practice: A Neuro-Symbolic, Community-Centred Workflow for Integrating and Reusing Humanities Datasets] - This article introduces an ontology-first, community-driven workflow that aligns humanities datasets with Wikidata to address data silos and gender inequities, offering reusable modelling patterns, SPARQL-based analysis, and a neuro-symbolic AI framework that reduces bias and supports reproducible, ontology-backed knowledge graph practices. By Velilla &amp; Ferran-Ferrer (2025).
** [https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=148575 A Semantic Wiki for Language Learning: The Case of the Baoulé Language] - The BAOULE-WIKI project introduces a semantic wiki and homograph-detection model to preserve and teach the endangered Baoulé language, achieving high accuracy while paving the way for broader digital preservation of African languages through community collaboration and integration with knowledge bases like Wikidata and DBpedia. By Kra et al., (2026).
** [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/738255 Transforming the Digital Landscape: Towards a Medieval Knowledge Graph] - Digitization has transformed medieval studies by expanding access and enabling new research methods, with future progress hinging on Linked Open Data, shareable identifiers, and collaborative knowledge graphs to truly democratize and enrich scholarship. By Burrows, (2026).
** [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.426 Towards a Linked Open Index: Reconciling Museum Records to Wikidata for Index of American Design Constituents] - The Index of American Design project’s reconciliation of thousands of records with Wikidata reveals both challenges and strategies for improving data alignment, while a linked Power BI tool supports ongoing monitoring of quality, access, and representation in humanities research. By Foster et al., (2026).
** [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.441 The “Dizionario Degli Scrittori Italiani Contemporanei Pseudonimi” in Wikidata. Pseudonymous Authors in Wikidata: Dataset and Queries] - The dataset from the MA thesis structures biographical data on 19th–20th century pseudonymous Italian authors in Wikidata, including corpus items, SPARQL queries, and analysis documents, and is reusable for further research or case studies. By De Monaco, (2025).

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://broomstick.toolforge.org/ Broomstick] is a tool by Wikicollabs it uncover Lexemes that can be improved on Wikidata.
* Explore your Wikimedia activity year in review with [https://affandymurad.github.io/wiki/ Wiki Year in Review]
* Wikilokal (Android version):  explore the world within a 3 km radius by [[User:Affandy Murad|Affandy Murad]]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* New project: [https://iupac.org/project/2025-016-3-400/ Dissemination of polymer science through Wikipedia and Wikidata] ({{Q|33438}})
*

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14047|crowdfunding target]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;target goal of this crowdfunding campaign&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14052|free height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vertical distance from the floor level to the lowest obstruction in the ceiling of an indoor or outdoor space&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14048|‎PixelatedArcade genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P14049|‎Game Boy Database game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14050|‎RetroCollect games ID]], [[:d:Property:P14051|MyWaifuList work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14053|Nonbinary Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P14054|Diccionari de la llengua catalana entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P14055|DVIDS video ID]], [[:d:Property:P14056|FIP.IT basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14057|Card Player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14058|Télérama film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14059|Boosty author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14060|‎Before I Play game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fungal Names taxon ID|Fungal Names taxon ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID number in the [[:w:Fungal Names]] database.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Braille transcription|Braille transcription]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;transcription in Braille&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Braille represents|Braille represents]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;graphene or phone that the Braille cell represents&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNVD-ID|CNVD-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trismegistos editor ID|Trismegistos editor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/woordenlijst lemma ID|woordenlijst lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Vehicle Number|European Vehicle Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CourtListener person ID|CourtListener person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norwegian railway station code|Norwegian railway station code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian National Kennel Council ID|Australian National Kennel Council ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museo del Marchio Italiano ID|Museo del Marchio Italiano ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E498|(E498) district electoral division]]: Schema to describe an electoral division (small political division of Ireland).
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IrishForges|Project IrishForges]]: Describing forges and forge buildings of Ireland using Wikidata, Wikimedia and other sources.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ireland|Project Ireland]]: A hub for all Ireland-related Wikidata activities including cross-Wikiproject tasks.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_HistoricIrishPlacenames|Project Historic Irish Placenames]]: focusing on County Kilkenny, connect historic placenames with their modern counterparts or create new items for ''&quot;lost places&quot;''.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Sweden/Svenska_psalmodikon|Svenska psalmodikon]]: A sub-project for the [[d:Q3354977|psalmodikon &lt;small&gt;(Q3354977)&lt;/small&gt;]], a stringed-instrument popular in Sweden.
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Limits_of_Wikidata/WikiProjects_as_decentralized_governance|WikiPojects as decentralized governance]] - this sub-page of the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Limits_of_Wikidata|Limits of Wikidata project]] proposes WikiProjects become caretakers of collections or subgraphs of relevant items.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q717|Venezuela (Q717)]] - country in South America
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L155644|размах (L155644)]] - Russian noun (rɐzˈmax) meaning &quot;amplitude (of a swing)&quot;, &quot;physical span or width&quot;, or &quot;scale/scope (of an activity)&quot;

''' Development '''
* No development happened in the past week as the team are just returning from the holidays.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:21, 5 January 2026 (UTC)'''

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso.

Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:45, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XII, December 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Global GLAM Calls Continue in 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence, 2025, in Elbasan Albania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Resume of the year
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: AMaGA partnership, signing the Open Heritage Statement and South Australian Museum Partner Project 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day 2026, Circus Heritage and Fosdem
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Preparándonos para celebrar el día del dominio público - Getting ready for the Public Domain Day celebration
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Exploring Italy and Unlocking Its Heritage: Touring Club Italiano and GLAM Call 2026–2028
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference follow-up Wiki webinar &amp; Auckland Museum student update
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Public Domain, Conferences, and Conversations on Open Culture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM on Tour Bellinzona, Xmas Event, GLAM Wiki Group
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2025 in review
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: December meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Public Domain Day report|Public Domain Day report]]: Public Domain Day 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 2025 in review
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:58, 12 January 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #714 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-01-12. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#713]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AmeisenBot 3|AmeisenBot 3]] - '''Task/s:''' Adding descriptions (and possibly labels and aliases as well) to items based on their statements.
* New CheckUser requests: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/CheckUser/Saroj|Saroj]] (RfP scheduled to end at 25 January 2026 09:31 UTC)

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1768410000 18:00 CEST], 14th January 2026 in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
** [[MW:Wikidata_Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] is launching a new office hours series starting [[:Event:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours_-_January_2026|'''January 27th''']], 2026 and continuing on the first Tuesday of each month. The scope of this series is be limited to [[:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update|Blazegraph migration]] support for the entirety of 2026. Participants are encouraged to register in advance for each session and may optionally add a brief description of their migration-related questions to [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours the shared Etherpad] to help guide preparation. ''See [[:Wikidata:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours|Blazegraph Migration office hour page]] for more details''

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/05/wikidata-at-13-fante-wikimedians-joins-the-celebration/ Wikidata at 13: Fante Wikimedians Joins the Celebration]
* Papers: [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003584155-3/structuring-sights-stories-pausanias-wikidata-john-brady-kiesling-anna-foka-kyriaki-konstantinidou-linda-talatas-elton-barker Structuring the Sights and Stories of Pausanias with Wikidata] - The Digital Periegesis project leverages Wikidata and linked open data tools to annotate, disambiguate, and connect Pausanias’s complex 2nd‑century text, enhancing accessibility, interoperability, and scholarly engagement with Greece’s historical and mythological landscape. By Kiesling et al., (2025)
* Videos: (Papiamento) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PukvB8Viw_0 Wikipedia on Aruba | Episode 8: How to add a new topic (item) to Wikidata]

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://knowledgetrain.toolforge.org/ Knowledge Train] A game to create a train of knowledge with the power of Wikidata - User:Athulvis

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/MAKNPEWKTYJAJTIIDM6MWU3YMA5KHSXB/ Mobile statement editing is now available as a beta feature on Wikidata]. Enable the Beta feature in your preferences settings, head to [[d:Q4115189|Wikidata Sandbox (Q4115189)]] (in mobile view) to test it and share your feedback here: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]].
* The [[MW:Wikidata_Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[:Wikidata:Wikidata_Platform_team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. To have new issues of the WDP  '''monthly''' newsletter delivered to your user talk page, {{#tag:span| [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|Subscribe to WDP newsletter!]]
| style=background-color:#E7F527; border-radius:3px; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold;}}

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P14067|common organism]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;organisms known by this common name&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14059|Boosty author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14060|‎Before I Play game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14061|‎Korea Heritage Service Heritage Portal ID]], [[:d:Property:P14062|‎KaraokeTexty.cz artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14063|‎KaraokeTexty.cz song ID]], [[:d:Property:P14064|‎Showlabs ID]], [[:d:Property:P14065|DEUMM Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P14066|Slekt og Data cemetery ID]], [[:d:Property:P14068|Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia ID]], [[:d:Property:P14069|EZB library ID]], [[:d:Property:P14070|topic of Dictionary of Canadian biography identifier]], [[:d:Property:P14071|Cover Art Archive image]], [[:d:Property:P14072|‎X broadcast ID]], [[:d:Property:P14073|Theaterencyclopedie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14074|Maitron biography ID (new version)]], [[:d:Property:P14075|‎Scilit organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P14076|Fragrantica perfume ID]], [[:d:Property:P14077|Fragrantica perfume brand ID]], [[:d:Property:P14078|izoh.uz word ID]], [[:d:Property:P14079|‎Place Names and Places of Nova Scotia ID]], [[:d:Property:P14080|Fragrantica perfume notes ID]], [[:d:Property:P14081|Fragrantica perfumer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14082|Parfumo perfume brand ID]], [[:d:Property:P14083|Parfumo perfumer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14084|Parfumo perfume ID]], [[:d:Property:P14085|Parfumo fragrance notes ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artistagraph ID|Artistagraph ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifies the Artistagraph for an artistIdentifier for creative works on Artistagraph, a platform for documenting and discovering artist information and creative work connections&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of tunnel tubes|number of tunnel tubes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Number of parallel tubes in a tunnel.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review:: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapillary sequence ID|Mapillary sequence ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/People's Graphic Design Archive creator ID|People's Graphic Design Archive creator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Uni24k indentifier|Uni24k indentifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels BeStAddress municipality ID|Brussels BeStAddress municipality ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels BeStAddress street name ID|Brussels BeStAddress street name ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels BeStAddress address ID|Brussels BeStAddress address ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikifunctions object|Wikifunctions object]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MAX username|MAX username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei ID|Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Retro Web company ID|The Retro Web company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schulnummer Berlin|Schulnummer Berlin]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KCI article ID|KCI article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/HKna Timeline of coup d'états]
**[https://w.wiki/HMYd All towns named Versailles]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q487338|mojito]] - traditional Cuban highball cocktail

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements: We have released the first version of mobile statement editing as a beta feature (see details above). In addition we are improving it further and are adding missing functionality to get it ready for a full release. This includes adding editing support for additional data types such as date and musical notation.
* Blazegraph replacement: The Wikidata platform team is continuing their evaluation of alternative backends for the Wikidata Query Service.
* Graph QL: We are continuing to work on the prototype to get it ready for wider testing and are waiting on a security review.
* Dumps: We fixed an issue where the &quot;latest&quot; symlinks to data dumps weren't working correctly.
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We are investigating how to further reduce the number of unnecessary changes showing up in watchlist and recent changes coming from Wikidata. The work on this is also helping reduce the size of the recent changes database table, which is especially important on larger Wikipedias. In addition we are continuing to improve the Databox module to make it easier for smaller Wikipedias to get Wikidata-powered infoboxes.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:59, 12 January 2026 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:30, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 15 January 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/News and notes|Wikipedia's 25th anniversary is here!]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Special report|Wikipedia at 25: A Wake-Up Call]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Serendipity|The WMF wants to buy you books!]]

* WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/WikiProject report|Time for a health check: the Vital Signs 2026 campaign]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/In the media|Fake Acting President Trump and a Wikipedia infobox]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Community view|The inbox behind Wikipedia]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Recent research|Art museums on Wikidata; comparing three comparisons of Grokipedia and Wikipedia]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Traffic report|Tonight I'm gonna rock you]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Comix|Oh come on man.]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 15:18, 15 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze.

Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #715 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-01-19. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#714]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Deprecate_P642|Deprecate P642?]] - Consensus to deprecate was reached.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://www.wikimedia.nz/wikifying-te-tiriti-based-futures/ Wikifying Te Tiriti] 10-workshop series, attendees will learn how to contribute to Wikipedia and create Wikidata items, to increase the visibility of people and their projects working in Te Tiriti and anti-racism areas. Further information can be found on the [[w:WikiProject:_Wikifying_Te_Tiriti-based_Futures|WikiProject page]] / [[w:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pakoire/WikiProject:_Wikifying_Te_Tiriti-based_Futures#Timetable|Workshop timetable]]. [https://learn-to-wikify-ttbf.lilregie.com/booking/attendees/new Register to attend].
** [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Uganda|Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Uganda]] - contribute to the project by expanding or creating Wikidata Items connected to the project categories, such as Ugandan folklore, food, music, dances, traditional clothing, and more.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2026/01/new-wikimedian-in-residence-at-lse/ The London School of Economics and Political Science have employed a Wikimedian in Residence]
** Wikimedia Indonesia held [[:m:Wikimedia Indonesia/Pekan Data dan Teknologi 2025|Data and Technology Week 2025]] in last December 2025, organized introductory workshops on Wikidata and Wikifunctions. Read key takeaways and participants' discussion at [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/16/introducing-data-and-functions-reflections-from-indonesian-data-and-technology-week-2025/ Diff].
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/14/wikidata-days-2025-journey-in-africa-building-knowledge-languages-and-communities/ Wikidata Days 2025 Journey in Africa: Building Knowledge, Languages and Communities]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/18/wikidata-botswana-2025-celebrating-13-years-and-we-really-showed-up-%F0%9F%8E%89/ Wikidata Botswana 2025: Celebrating 13 Years (And We Really Showed Up!)]
* Papers:
** A new monographic number of [[:d:Q3805294|JLIS.it]] has been published regarding the [[:d:Q105086090|OPAC SBN]] (the biggest collective library catalogue in Italy, with more than 7 thousands of libraries participating; about its collaboration with Wikidata, see [[:d:Wikidata:Gruppo Wikidata per Musei, Archivi e Biblioteche/SBN|the Wikidata coordination page]]); it contains 3 papers focusing on the use of Wikidata for authority control (all in Italian, with abstract in English):
*** [[:d:Q137786824|''Wikidata and SBN: An Assessment of Two Years of Work (2023–2025)'']]: an overview Wikidata-SBN of the collaboration in 2023-2025, focusing on the methods of reconciliation
*** [[:d:Q137787153|''Wikidata-Enhanced Authority Records: A Project for Personal Names in SBN'']]: a description of the procedure to extract data from Wikidata items matches with SBN authority records and adapt these data to be copied into non-individualised SBN authority records
*** [[:d:Q137787159|''NaMo, utility for populating missing date fields in authority records'']]: a description of an utility to keep an authority file up-to-date finding missing death dates through Wikidata
** [https://jlis.fupress.net/index.php/jlis/article/view/677 Wikidata-Enhanced Authority Records: A Project for Personal Names in SBN] - A collaboration between Wikimedia Italy and ICCU is enriching incomplete SBN authority records using Wikidata identifiers, enhancing catalogue accuracy and accessibility as entries continue to grow. By Ravelli, (2026).

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://puzzles.madebynathan.com/chains Puzzles By Nathan] is a game that arrange words so each connects to the next

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Mobile editing for RTL languages: The Wikimedia Deutschland team is seeking users of right-to-left (RTL) scripts, including Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, and Urdu, to help test and improve the mobile statement editing experience. If you edit in an RTL language and would like to join user interviews or deeper testing, [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/bo2e7e2a/direct sign up here].
* (French) [https://observablehq.com/@workspace2138/odonymes-femmes Gendered place names in the public space of French-speaking Switzerland]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14086|Parfinity notes ID]], [[:d:Property:P14087|‎Google Ads Transparency Center advertiser ID]], [[:d:Property:P14088|Basenotes perfume brand ID]], [[:d:Property:P14089|Basenotes perfume people ID]], [[:d:Property:P14090|Basenotes perfume ID]], [[:d:Property:P14091|Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei ID]], [[:d:Property:P14092|MAX username]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location collected|location collected]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;geographic location where a specimen or sample was collected in the field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Category for music in this language|Category for music in this language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;link to category item that contains music in this language&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thyssen-Bornemisza work ID|Thyssen-Bornemisza work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CriticDB IDs|CriticDB IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MPA certificate number|MPA certificate number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WorldFootball.net person ID (new)|WorldFootball.net person ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Session tune ID|The Session tune ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parfumo fragrance note ID|Parfumo fragrance note ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/HVed Timeline of elected germanic Roman emperors]
** [https://w.wiki/HXVa Universities without a P625 (coordinate location)] - [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#query_to_show_university_without_coordinate_location|Source]]
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E24|film director (E24)]]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rijksmonumenten/Maintenance/Unmerge|Rijksmonumenten Unmerge list]] - list of items with more than one [[d:Property:P359|P359 (Rijksmonumenten ID)]].
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Stanford_Libraries|Stanford Libraries]] added an event: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Stanford_Libraries/Events/LDW2026|Love Data Week 2026]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Special:EntitiesWithoutLabel|Entities without a Label]] - this list is dynamically created, search by language code and entity type: Item or Property.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q253414|FIFA (Q253414)]] - international governing body of association football 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3922|charge (L3922)]] - English verb (tʃɑːrdʒ) meaning &quot;to supply with energy&quot;, &quot;to rush forward&quot;, or &quot;to have responsibility for&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** We continued work on supporting more datatypes for editing, specifically date, musical notation and monolingual text.
** We worked on displaying constraint violation indicators.
** You can try out the current state by enabling it in the beta features section of your preferences.
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are continuing to investigate options for further reducing the amount of Wikidata changes in recent changes and watchlist on the other wikis to reduce the size of the database tables.
* Dumps: We finished our research on dumps, especially looking into different ways to define subsets. We will publish the report with results by end of February.
* Wikidata Query Service: The Wikidata Platform team is continuing the evaluation of potential replacements for Blazegraph.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] . [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:25, 19 January 2026 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:26, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese.

Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome.

Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:05, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #716 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-01-26. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#715]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
:* Reminder: Blazegraph Migration Office Hours: The [[mw:Wikidata_Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] is kicking off its monthly Blazegraph migeration office hours tomorrow, {{zonestamp|2026-01-27 16:00|27th January, 16:00 UTC}}. These sessions focus exclusively on supporting the migration away from Blazegraph as the backend of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS). ''[[Event:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours_-_January_2026|See the office hours page for details and future sessions.]]''
:* Art+Feminism online hands-on training session: Intro to Wikidata + Archives. January 29, 15:00 UTC (16:00 CET). [[d:User:Alan_Ang_(WMDE)|Alan Ang (WMDE)]] and [[d:User:Epìdosis]] host this workshop on collective editing and how Wikidata connects with archives. More info and Zoom registration @ [https://artandfeminism.org/edit_a_thon/intro-to-wikidata-archives Art+Feminism.org]
:* OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #85 February 9 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].
:* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czndc9Ekzb8 Mapping Africa: Visualizing Knowledge and Communities] - 28.01.2026, 16:00 UTC. Episode #54 of the WikiAfrica Hour explores the power of maps and geospatial data.
* General Registration is Open! [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/OG6M6XHHTMO7G4VVB27C4ZUJDX4VLDLE/ 2026 Wikimedia Hackathon] - May 1-3, 2026

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://forum.clarin.eu/t/wikidata-replaces-the-clarin-concept-registry-in-the-component-registry/1205 Wikidata replaces the CLARIN Concept Registry in the Component Registry]
* Papers:
** [https://odr.chalmers.se/items/4b2db132-b688-4bb1-a84c-4e614b9f1916 Analysis and Generation of Wikidata Descriptions Focusing on Bangla Language] - A rule-based Grammatical Framework resource grammar for Bangla generates accurate, consistent Wikidata descriptions across diverse entities, achieving over 99% coverage and enhancing low-resource language content in multilingual knowledge bases. By Mohammad, (2025).
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=eT_VTTeaig4&amp;pp=0gcJCTMBo7VqN5tD Fact-Checking with Wikidata by Philippe Saadé] - a recording of the workshop hosted by DataTalks.Club in collaboration with [[d:User:Philippe_Saade_(WMDE)|User:Philippe Saadé]]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wXaHJ85g88A Wikimedia and Biodiversity Data: A Mutualistic Relationship in the Open Knowledge Ecosystem]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHxq0YJU-OM Collaborative Cultural Heritage Geodata], session 2 of SunoikisisDC's ''Digital Approaches to Cultural Heritage''. Discusses how Wikidata is used and contributes data to the field of spatial and geographic technologies.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGK0qQ3hRkA Wikimedia projects &amp; smell-related content: WMUK Sandbox Session] - [[d:User:Lajmmoore|User:Lajmmoore]] describes how to add and model sensory experiences such as smell, to Wikidata.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://property-helper.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Property Creation Helper] is a tool by [[User:ArthurPSmith|ArthurPSmith]]. The tool takes a property proposal page and translates it into a QuickStatements batch (and then a second one for the examples) that a property creator can use to quickly create a new property.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland 2026 first quarter development plan has been published: [[d:Wikidata:Linked Open Data development plan|Wikidata:Linked Open Data development plan]].
* '''Job opening:''' The Wikimedia Foundation is hiring a Wikidata Platform Backend Migration Specialist (contract position) to support backend migration work on the Wikidata Query Service. This role focuses on technical work related to the migration away from Blazegraph. If you're interested in the role or want to learn more, see the [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/7545685 full job description and application details].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14094|translates from]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;language(s) that this person, company or organization translates works texts from&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14095|translates into]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;language(s) that this person, company or organization translates works and texts into&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14092|MAX username]], [[:d:Property:P14093|CriticDB game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14096|‎Finnish railway station code]], [[:d:Property:P14097|Sketchfab model ID]], [[:d:Property:P14098|Sketchfab channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P14099|Sketchfab user ID]], [[:d:Property:P14100|BRAHMS identifier]], [[:d:Property:P14101|LegiStorm person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14102|NHK Archives program ID]], [[:d:Property:P14103|Polski Petersburg encyclopedia ID (Polish version)]], [[:d:Property:P14104|Bercail ID]], [[:d:Property:P14105|‎InterSportStats athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P14106|‎Erdős Problem number]], [[:d:Property:P14107|Trismegistos editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P14108|‎woordenlijst lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P14109|‎European Vehicle Number]], [[:d:Property:P14110|CourtListener person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14111|Australian National Kennel Council ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incompatible type|incompatible type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;instances of this type or of its subclasses cannot be instances of that type nor of its subclasses&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KaraokeTexty.cz album ID|KaraokeTexty.cz album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical encyclopedia of Maros County-ID|Biographical encyclopedia of Maros County-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ShotOnWhat film ID|ShotOnWhat film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of British and Irish Architects 1800-1950 ID|Biographical Dictionary of British and Irish Architects 1800-1950 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CardCow.com publisher ID|CardCow.com publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stockholms SL Realtidsinformation identificator|Stockholms SL Realtidsinformation identificator]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lost Pubs Project ID|Lost Pubs Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handball Base ID|Handball Base ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handballnews.pl person ID|Handballnews.pl person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SFDb förlaga-ID|SFDb förlaga-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RITVA company ID|RITVA company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RITVA corporate body ID|RITVA corporate body ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TC Infos network identifier|TC Infos network identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/French Trade Mark Number|French Trade Mark Number]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/Hbge Wikidata Items with a frequency (hertz) within human-hearing range] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#List_only_items_that_have_a_frequency_in_hertz_and_in_our_hearing_range|source]])
* Schema examples: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Schemas/Tutorial|WikiProject Schemas: A tutorial]] - to create a simple ShEx schema and apply it to a set of Wikidata items. 
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_No_Longer_at_the_Margins/Hackathon_2026|No Longer at the Margins - 2026 Hackathon]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Bahamas/buildings_in_Nassau|WikiProject Bahamas - list of buildings in Nassau]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Special:EntitiesWithoutDescription|Entities missing a description]] - choose a language and entity type (Item or Property) and generate a list of entities that have no description. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q7296|Mount Kilimanjaro]] - mountain massif in Kilimanjaro National Park in Tanzania
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L130056|мундштук (L130056)]] - Russian noun (mʊnʂˈtuk) meaning &quot;mouthpiece (of a musical instrument)&quot;, &quot;mouthpiece (of a pipe/cigar holder)&quot;, or &quot;a horse's bit&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** We started working on supporting editing of monolingual text statements
** We continued working on supporting editing of geocoordinate and quantity statements
** We are fixing display issues with date statements
** We continued work on showing constraint violations
* GraphQL:
** The security review was finished, removing a blocker to deploying GraphQL support to Wikidata
** We added pagination to querying items by statement properties or values
** We are extending the labels of linked entities functionality to also let you get the descriptions of the Items linked in a statement
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are continuing to investigate options for further reducing the amount of Wikidata changes in recent changes and watchlist on the other wikis to reduce the size of the database tables.
* Wikidata Query Service: The Wikidata Platform team is continuing the evaluation of potential replacements for Blazegraph.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus countries: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Albania|Albania]] and [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Kosovo|Kosovo]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]]  . [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:28, 26 January 2026 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:14, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: January 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto &quot;25x25&quot; llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:26, 28 January 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''The Signpost'': 29 January 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2025]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/News and notes|Good news... but also bad news for the Public Domain]]

* News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/News from Diff|Solving puzzles together]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/In the media|Every view on the 25th anniversary of everything]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/Comix|Perspectives]]

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&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:31, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #717 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-02-02. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#716]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
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''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Sapper-bot_2|Sapper-bot 2]] - Task: Monthly updates of the [[d:Q23883|Dead Sea]] level and the &quot;lowest point&quot; property for [[d:Q801|Israel]], [[d:Q810|Jordan]], and [[d:Q48|Asia]]. 
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/LiteraryWorksMetaDataUploadBot|LiteraryWorksMetaDataUploadBot]] - Task:  Upload metadata for literary works from research project. (Approved)
* Other: [[d:Wikidata:Administrators'_noticeboard#Proposal_to_configure_the_Newcomer_Dashboard_for_Wikidata|Proposal to configure the Newcomer Dashboard for Wikidata]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/27/call-for-sessions-wikimania-2026-is-coming-to-paris/ Call for Sessions: Wikimania 2026 is Coming to Paris]! The submission form will remain open until March 1. Results will be published in May.
** Who's hiding behind museum collections? - A Wikidata Edit-a-thon by [https://winoda.de/en/english/ WiNoDa Knowledge Lab] (February 24th, 1:00pm-4:30pm CET). This online Edit-a-thon will focus on the many collectors that contributed to the [[q:Q136406087|Arachnida and Miryapoda collection of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin]]. Join us to uncover the unspoken human networks that shaped the history of science! Register here: http://winoda.de/en/event/wikidata-edit-a-thon/

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/01/celebrating-latin-american-public-domain-in-2026/ Strengthening the Latin American public domain with Wikidata]
* Thesis: Hebeis, Maximilian (2026): [https://doi.org/10.20378/irb-112660 ''Entity Matching for Person Records in Authority Files''], Bamberg: Otto-Friedrich-Universität (Master thesis in computer science: &quot;a case study into applying learningbased entity matching to person records from two large authority databases, namely the [[:d:Q36578|German national Integrated Authority File (GND)]] and the crowd-sourced open knowledge base Wikidata&quot;)
* Papers: Special Collection of the Journal of Open Humanities Data (JOHD): ''Wikidata across the humanities: datasets, methodologies, reuse'', https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/collections/wikidata_across_the_humanities (new papers have been published during the last week; see a list at [[:d:Q136325279#P527]])
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUtvW94US_M Africa Wiki Women 1st Newbies Community Meetup] - held an orientation for new members on editing Wikidata, Wikipedia, and Commons, to help bridge knowledge gaps of African women on Wiki platforms. 
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czndc9Ekzb8 Mapping Africa: Visualizing Knowledge and Communities] - explores how African communities use maps and geospatial data to enhance Wikidata, improve Wikimedia articles, and make local knowledge more visible globally.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/altilunium/wdlist Wdlist : Create and manage a personal list of Wikidata items.]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland Job vacancy - [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/62397164/Architect-of-Storage-Solutions-all-genders---6-weeks-Freelance-contract/ Architect of Storage Solutions] - (freelance contract / 4-6 weeks)
*  You can now nominate your favorite Wikidata research award for 2025. [https://research.wikimedia.org/awards.html Call for Nominations] now open until February 15, 2026.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14112|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System name ID]], [[:d:Property:P14113|Lenta.ru person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/value type of this mathematical property|value type of this mathematical property]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of the value of this mathematical property when applied to this object or this type of objects&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gifu Prefectural Shrine Association ranking|Gifu Prefectural Shrine Association ranking]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;One of the three rankings given by the Gifu Prefectural Shrine Association&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/instances must not have|instances must not have]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;instances of this class or of its subclasses must not have given property or statement&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/African Scientists Directory ID|African Scientists Directory ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a scientist in the African Scientists Directory&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Center for Jewish History person ID|Center for Jewish History person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LINCS ID|LINCS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artdoc.Media film ID|Artdoc.Media film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of British and Irish Architects 1800-1950 practice ID|Biographical Dictionary of British and Irish Architects 1800-1950 practice ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Walloon-French dictionary ID|Walloon-French dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Register of Film Distribution Certificates ID|Russian Register of Film Distribution Certificates ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hentaigana for Academic Information Exchange ID|Hentaigana for Academic Information Exchange ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant inventaire Nouvelle-Aquitaine|Identifiant inventaire Nouvelle-Aquitaine]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek ID|Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Woordenboek van Nieuwe Woorden ID|Woordenboek van Nieuwe Woorden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal ID|Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Woordcombinaties ID|Woordcombinaties ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands ID|Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of the Southern Dutch Dialects concept ID|Database of the Southern Dutch Dialects concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GiveSendGo ID|GiveSendGo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CrowdRepublic project ID|CrowdRepublic project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Dictionary Portal ID|European Dictionary Portal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gravestone Project Cemetery ID|Gravestone Project Cemetery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Uzbek-Russian dictionary ID|Uzbek-Russian dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ruwiki ID|Ruwiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swedish National Archives ID|Swedish National Archives ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GDUNO ID|GDUNO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JMRC person id|JMRC person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catalunya Romànica ID|Catalunya Romànica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mercantile Navy List ID|Mercantile Navy List ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Igromania author ID|Igromania author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danmarks Kirker|Danmarks Kirker]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medvik ID|Medvik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Obálky knih ID|Obálky knih ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Theatre in Prague artist ID|National Theatre in Prague artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Theatre in Prague performance ID|National Theatre in Prague performance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alpine Linux Wiki article|Alpine Linux Wiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Microsoft Store developer ID|Microsoft Store developer ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/Hg$g Item with a Wikipedia page in lang. X but not Y] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Wikidata_instance_with_page_on_language_wikis|source]]) - modify the wd: QID and the schema:isPartOf for your own purposes.
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Chess/Lists/Rubinstein-Memorial|WikiProject Chess - Rubinstein-Memorial list]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject_Units_of_Measurement|WikiProject Units of Measurement]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Medicine/List_of_Italian_doctors|Wikiproject Medicine - List of Italian Doctors]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Evanion_Collection|WikiProject Evanion Collection]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_every_politician/Canada|WikiProject every Politician / Canada]] - all Commons lists were updated.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/to_delete|Variety of reports for deletion candidates]]

''' Development '''
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We are making progress with identifying additional ways in which we can reduce the number of irrelevant changes from Wikidata showing up in recent changes and watchlist on Wikipedia and co.
** We are discussing with pilot Wikipedias about turning on showing Wikidata changes by default in watchlist and recent changes (moving it from opt-in to opt-out)
* GraphQL: We are putting the last touches on a GraphQL endpoint for Wikidata. We are planning to get it live later this month for feedback.
* LDF endpoint: We are planning to decommission the endpoint in preparation for the migration away from Blazegraph on the 18th of February ([[phab:T415696]])
* Mobile statement editing:
** We are almost done with adding support for editing statements with quantity and monolingual text datatype and finished support for mathematical expression statements. We started support for editing coordinate statements.
** We are continuing the work on showing constraint violations.
* Wikibase Ecosystem: We are in the process of setting up a demo system for ontology federation (i.e. using Wikidata Items as values in statements on another Wikibase instance)

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:42, 2 February 2026 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:JosefAnthony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=29942616 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:40, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29945240 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #718 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-02-09. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#717]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://numishare.blogspot.com/2026/01/improving-searchability-using-natural.html Numishare Blog: Improving searchability using Natural language Processing + Wikidata] - How NLP-based search improvements for [[d:Q631286|numismatic]] collections for the [[d:Q1256518|American Numismatic Society]].  Python NLP tools and Wikidata add a semantic layer that links equivalent terms (e.g. “serpent” and “snake”) to improve discovery across coin databases such as OCRE and MANTIS. Author: [[d:Q57432992|Ethan Gruber]].
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vRrasGCifE Art+Feminism Conversations / Intro to Wikidata + Archives]: Led by [[d:User:Ep%C3%ACdosis|User:Epìdosis]] and [[d:User:Alan_Ang_(WMDE)|User:Alan Ang (WMDE)]], this recording covers  tools that support collaborative Wikidata editing, and includes with brief updates on mobile editing, Wikibase software, and work at the intersection of AI and Wikidata. Find more info and tools covered on [[m:Art%2BFeminism:_Intro_to_Wikidata_and_Archives|Meta:Art+Feminism]]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8S1Ay5UWvo Custom Upload Funnel Creation on Wikimedia Commons: Wiki Loves Africa 2026] - [[d:User:Kambai_Akau|User:Kambai Akau]] and the [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Africa_2026_in_the_Tyap_Community|Tyap User Group]] demonstrate how to contribute to the Wiki Loves Africa 2026 contest, incl. how to add a Wikidata Infobox to your contributions, and how to create Wikidata Items if they are missing.
** (Papiamento) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiZAvrop_yU Add a different language Label to a Wikidata Item] Wikipedia Above Aruba|Ep. 9 - it's not always obvious how to add labels, descriptions and aliases of different languages to Wikidata items, this short video demonstrates how.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9tbLc5czbU Hands-on Exercise: Data Cleaning &amp; Preparation with OpenRefine] - Daniel Garjio guides through exercises to cluster and merge duplicate values, standardise formats, reconcile data with external authority sources such as Wikidata.
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srLq6dXjGc4 Mapeo colaborativo, plataformas libres y autonomía local], part of the [[m:Conferencia_Justicia_climática_Perú_2024|Conference on Climate Justice, Indigenous Voices, and Wikimedia Platforms (2024)]] - speaker: Túllio Morais Franca shows how to integrate mapping tools suchas OpenStreetMap and Mapillary with Wikidata, Commons and Wikipedia.

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://clarity-tool.toolforge.org/ Wiki Clarity Tool]: Clarity Tool is a lightweight web application built to empower editors across Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons. It helps contributors identify missing information in articles and suggests structured data from Wikidata to fill those gaps.

* [https://ga-kevin-codes.github.io/Suggest-A-Brand/ Name Suggestion Index : Submit a Brand] - A tool that links Wikidata brand items to the [https://github.com/osmlab/name-suggestion-index Name Suggestion Index project on OpenStreetMap].

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Mobile editors can now edit String and External ID datatypes directly in the mobile view. To help improve this new interface, Wikimedia Deutschland is looking for volunteers for UX testing sessions. Participants will be compensated for their time. Sign up [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/bo2e7e2a/apply here] (greatquestion) and learn more on the project page: [[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14115|‎braille transcription]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;transcription in Braille&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14117|location collected]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;geographic location where a specimen or sample was collected in the field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14114|Rappels theatrical production ID]], [[:d:Property:P14116|Berlin School ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Siège occupé|Siège occupé]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{TranslateThis
 | fr = siège occupé par une personne au sein d'une académie ou autre société à ''numerus clausus''
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Standard Number|Standard Number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A standard serial number&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MusicaPopular.cl ID|MusicaPopular.cl ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JMRC person id (en)|JMRC person id (en)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography ID|Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CAMEO page ID|CAMEO page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TeamNL athlete ID (new)|TeamNL athlete ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Flora Online Plant List|World Flora Online Plant List]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/radeberger-stadtgeschichte.de Objekt Identifikator|radeberger-stadtgeschichte.de Objekt Identifikator]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Master Ideographs Seeker Character ID|Master Ideographs Seeker Character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flohic ID|Flohic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oricon News person ID|Oricon News person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/radiko person ID|radiko person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Xcity actress ID|Xcity actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Drama Database Program ID|TV Drama Database Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Van Dale Rijmwoordenboek sentences ID|Van Dale Rijmwoordenboek sentences ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Van Dale Rijmwoordenboek word ID|Van Dale Rijmwoordenboek word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BISMaL taxon ID|BISMaL taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vlaams Woordenboek ID|Vlaams Woordenboek ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kotobank Japanese ID|Kotobank Japanese ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nişanyan Adlar ID|Nişanyan Adlar ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/HkTZ Items with two or more Olympedia people ID] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Wikidata_entries_with_multiple_Olympedia_IDs|source]]) - find duplicate external identifier.
** [https://w.wiki/Hndn Music roll releases with recordings of works performed by composer] ([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Piano_Rolls/Queries|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Progressive_Metal|WikiProject progressive Metal]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Basque_Cultural_Heritage_and_GLAM|Wikiproject Basque Cultural heritage and GLAM]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/single_sitelink_template_items|'Template' items with only one sitelink]] - per [[d:Wikidata:Notability|Wikidata:Notability]], &quot;''If a link is a template, the item must contain at least two such sitelinks...''&quot;
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: {{Q|133866932}} - a 2025 thriller film, winner of the Palme d’Or at the 2025 Cannes Film Festival
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:

''' Development '''
* Dumps: We published the [[:File:Wikidata Dumps Discovery Research Report.pdf|report from our research into the user experience with Wikidata's dumps]].
* Mobile editing: We are finalizing the support for quantity, monolingual text, mathematical expression and musical notation statements as well as a first version for coordinate statements.
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We have continued our investigation into existing Lua modules in order to find more ways in which we can reduce unwanted entries from Wikidata in Recent changes and watchlists on Wikipedia and co. We found a number of options that we are looking into now. ([[phab:T416822]], [[phab:T416825]], [[phab:T416826]], [[phab:T416827]])
* Wikidata Vector embedding: We added German to the embedding (next to English, French and Arabic)

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] . [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:27, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2026 ==

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| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue I, January 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
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| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Wikipedia at 25
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Pap-Wikipedia Turns 20: A Milestone for Papiamento/u Knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Celebrando el día del dominio público 2026/Celebrating the public domain day 2026 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikipedia's Birthday in France
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Gifted by our friends: Loads of presents for Wikipedia25 by German and Austrian GLAMs
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Activities in December-January
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Knowledge in action: Barindelli collection and Wikipedia 25
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Image donation Dutch Book History
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum Student Edit-a-thon, the NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence project, and other residencies
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: GLAM Program of Wikimedia MKD – 2026 Overview
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Explore Historic Portraits from the Museum of Photography in Kraków
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: January in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum in Chiasso, Alpine Museum, Women Monuments
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sharing more of the Enamels of the World
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Map the GLAM report|Map the GLAM report]]: Wiki and GLAM: Harnessing Knowledge to Foster Gender Equality
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts on Arabic Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Two key Wikidata Requests for Comments, relevant for future GLAM-Wiki work
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:34, 11 February 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #719 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-02-16. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#718]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#Sjö|Sjö]] - RfP scheduled to end after 17 February 2026 10:02 (UTC)
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/SEEKCommonsBot|SEEKCommonsBot]] - Task: Synchronize Wikidata records created by the [https://seekcommons.org/ SEEKCommons] project with [https://openalex.org/ OpenAlex]
* Closed request for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AmeisenBot_3|AmeisenBot 3]] - Task: Adding descriptions (and possibly labels and aliases as well) to items based on their statements. Request closed as approved.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Che-W-bot|Che-W-bot]] - Request withdrawn.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 17 February, 2026: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, February 17 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET (Time zone converter). Wikiproject P244 maintenance uses SPARQL queries to identify and resolve two types of constraint violations in Wikidata: instances of Wikidata items with more than one LCNAF identifier and instances of the same LCNAF identifier existing on more than one Wikidata item. The February 17th session will walk participants through how to resolve the former issue, while the March 3rd session will focus on the latter. Event page: [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Project Series/LCNAF Duplicate Detection P244 Maintenance|https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/LCNAF_Duplicate_Detection_P244_Maintenance]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists, why thematic engagement matters]: WMNZ/Aotearoa on how sustained outreach with botanists via Wikidata workshops, edit-a-thons, and conferences is improving plant-related knowledge on the Wikimedia projects and building strong collaborative relationships with scientific communities.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/09/tech-news-2026-week-07/ Tech News Week 7 / Global Watchlists extension]: now supports multiple Wikibase instance (i.e. Wikidata + Test Wikidata) and fixes right-to-left (RTL) text directionality issues.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/13/the-spark-of-linked-data-and-libraries-oclc-passage-project-white-paper-translation-report/ The Spark of Linked Data and Libraries: OCLC Passage Project White Paper Translation Report]
* Papers: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400579586_Federating_Open_Knowledge_through_Wikibase_The_Case_of_The_Finno-Ugric_Data_Sharing_Space Federating Open Knowledge through Wikibase: the case of the Finno-Ugric data sharing space]: Antal et al. (2026) present a community-driven, federated prototype to link multilingual cultural heritage data, open ontologies and preserve local epistemologies.
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtoM-0IhKnY How to Unlock Knowledge Graph Data for LLMs with AI Retrieval] - [[d:User:Philippe_Saade_(WMDE)|User:Philippe Saade (WMDE)]], AI/ML Project Manager talks to Chad Jennings of ''Beyond the Blueprints'' (IBM Product Hub) on making Wikidata more accessible for AI developers, replacing SPARQL-heavy workflows with vector search and hybrid retrieval.
** (French) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Nn7w6Vi3M8  Créer une carte uMap à partir de données géolocalisées extraites de Wikidata] - video presentation of 2026 Digital Encounters ''&quot;Mapping territorial data in uMap&quot;''
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wf6TFcnvGno Africa Wiki Women 2026 On Wiki Skills Mentorship Program - Introduction to Wikidata]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PIVVpJh1seA Africa Wiki Women 2026 On Wiki Skills Mentorship Program - Major and Minor edits on Wikidata]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9TVFPpSNRYI EMCO Wikidata CoP meeting (2026-01-28)] - participants discuss progress on the ''early adopter'' phase, incl. how to categorise and track contributions, what statistics to measure and progress on MCO application profiles (persons + corporate bodies)

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://queer-memory.toolforge.org/ Queer Memory] multilingual web app that explores '''global queer history''' through live Wikidata timelines, places, rights, culture, and activism. Currently available in English, French, and Spanish.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CMYID3FRNL7OKUNEH3O3OTGT6UQSQN3X/ Etherpad cleanup, save your pads now]. All pads after 1st March 2026 willbe deleted so if you need any of your pads, please make a local backup.
* [https://doc.wikimedia.org/Wikibase/master/js/rest-api/ The Wikibase REST API] '''search''' endpoints are now available on '''v1''' and considered stable! It's important to note that the older v0, which has been live on Wikidata since July 2025, will remain available for a '''two month transition period''' until mid-April 2026. We encourage all users to migrate to the new v1 endpoints during this time to ensure that their applications can continue to work seamlessly.
* The [[MW:Wikidata_Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[:Wikidata:Wikidata_Platform_team/Newsletter|February 2026 newsletter]]. It includes result of an initial evaluation of open-source triple store candidates as part of the migration away from Blazegraph, the next Blazegraph migration office hour, and more. To have new issues of the WDP  '''monthly''' newsletter delivered to your user talk page, {{#tag:span| [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|Subscribe to WDP newsletter!]] | style=background-color:#E7F527; border-radius:3px; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold;}}

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P14122|category for music in this language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;link to category item that contains music in this language&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14118|‎DOAB book ID]], [[:d:Property:P14119|‎qamus.inoor.ir root ID]], [[:d:Property:P14120|‎The Session tune ID]], [[:d:Property:P14121|Parfumo fragrance note ID]], [[:d:Property:P14123|‎KaraokeTexty.cz album ID]], [[:d:Property:P14124|Biographical encyclopedia of Maros County]], [[:d:Property:P14125|Alpine Linux Wiki article]], [[:d:Property:P14126|‎Biographical Dictionary of British and Irish Architects 1800-1950 person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14127|Igromania author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14128|French Trade Mark Number]], [[:d:Property:P14129|‎Bane NOR location code]], [[:d:Property:P14130|‎CardCow.com publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P14131|‎Lost Pubs Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P14132|Handball Base ID]], [[:d:Property:P14133|Handballnews.pl person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14134|Center for Jewish History person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14135|African Scientists Directory ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Number of translations|Number of translations]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Number of translations&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Panoramax instance URL|Panoramax instance URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the Panoramax instance of/about the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hentaigana for Academic Information Exchange ID|Hentaigana for Academic Information Exchange ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bach digital person ID|Bach digital person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bach digital work ID|Bach digital work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YList ID|YList ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificativo Antenati|identificativo Antenati]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pesistulokset.fi player ID|Pesistulokset.fi player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Liiga.fi player ID|Liiga.fi player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd producer ID|Letterboxd producer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Topplista artist ID|Topplista artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple Music Classical work ID|Apple Music Classical work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fragplace brands ID|Fragplace brands ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fragplace fragrances ID|Fragplace fragrances ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fragplace notes ID|Fragplace notes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fragplace perfumers ID|Fragplace perfumers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sport Express person ID|Sport Express person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ciss.org sportsperson ID (deaf sport)|ciss.org sportsperson ID (deaf sport)]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Learned Societies|Learned Societies]]
* WikiProject Highlights: a discussion regarding [[d:Wikidata talk:WikiProject Learned Societies#Members of learned societies: too many conflicting data models|how to standardise the data model of the membership of learned societies]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: {{Q|3324704}} - French radio program and audio podcast
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3941|collection (L3941)]] - English noun (kəˈlɛkʃən) meaning &quot;a group of gathered items&quot;, &quot;money gathered for charity/church&quot;, or &quot;the act of acquiring&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** We are putting finishing touches on editing support for external ID, URL, monolingual text, quantities and coordinate statements.
** We worked on visually highlighting preferred and deprecated statements on the mobile site similar to how it is done on desktop.
** We worked on showing more than one constraint violation when a statement violates multiple constraints.
* Ontology Federation: We continued working allowing other Wikibase instances to use Wikidata Items in their statements (and later from other Wikibase instances). You can see a demo video of the current development state at [[:File:Federation Demo.webm|ontology federation demo]].
* GraphQL: We worked on documentation to get get the GraphQL endpoint ready for a first release.
* Wikidata Query Service: The Wikidata Platform team published their report of the evaluation of Blazegraph alternatives. You can read it at [[:File:WDQS Triple Store Evaluation - Benchmark Results Report.pdf]].

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:27, 16 February 2026 (UTC)'''

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:14, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 17 February 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/In the media|Global powers see Wikipedia as fundamental target for manipulation]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/News and notes|Discussions open for the next WMF Annual Plan]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Serendipity|Maintenance crews continue to slog through Wikipedia's oldest Featured Articles]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Disinformation report|Epstein's obsessions]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Technology report|Wikidata Graph Split and how we address major challenges]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Traffic report|Deaths, killings, films, and the Olympics]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Opinion|Incoming Incurables]]

* Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Crossword|Pop quiz]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Comix|herculean]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 08:03, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&amp;#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #720 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-02-23. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#719]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Jan Myšák|Jan Myšák]] - RfP scheduled to end after 28 February 2026 11:11 (UTC)
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator#Sjö|Sjö]] - Closed as successful, congratulations [[d:User:Sjö|User:Sjö]].
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Notability policy reform|Notability policy reform]]: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Notability_policy_reform#Round_2:_Context|Round 2]], where policy is suggested based on round 1 discussions.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[DiffBlog:https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/17/apply-now-scholarships-for-the-language-diversity-conference-2026-deadline-13-march-2026/|Apply Now: Scholarships for the Language Diversity Conference 2026]] - scholarship application deadline: 13 March 2026 / Conference dates: 2 - 4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Notability_policy_reform#Round_2:_Context|Office Hour: Notability Policy]] - February 26th 2026 at 5PM UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1772125200 your timezone]).
** (Catalan) [[m:Event:No_eren_bruixes,_eren_dones_d'Andorra|They were not witches, they were women from Andorra]] - a Wikimarathon for Witches edit-a-thon to make biographies of Andorran women accused of witchcraft more visible on Wikidata and Wikipedia. Sign-up on [[m:Event:No_eren_bruixes,_eren_dones_d'Andorra|Meta]]: 09:30 – 12:30 UTC, 7 March 2026.
*Ongoing: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] - February 21, 2026 – March 3, 2026

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://stackoverflow.blog/2026/02/20/even-genai-uses-wikipedia-as-a-source/ Stack Overflow: Even GenAI uses Wikipedia (+Wikidata) as a source] - transcript of the podcast audio between Ryan Donovan and Philippe Saade, on the Wikidata Embedding Project and vectorizing 30 million entities for semantic search.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/21/revitalizing-uk-history-series-2-expanding-multilingual-access-on-wikidata/ Diff Blog: Revitalizing UK History, Series 2: Expanding Multilingual Access on Wikidata] - [[d:User:JosefAnthony|Josef Anthony]] describes the projects efforts in documenting underrepresented UK historical figures in multiple languages.
** [[diffblog:https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/20/into-the-spotlight-sharing-archival-objects-through-wikimedia-commons/|Diff blog: Into the Spotlight: Sharing Archival Objects through Wikimedia Commons]] by [[c:User:LadyRabbit|User:LadyRabbit]]. Experience documenting Ellen Winstone, a historical figure, non-notability on Wikipedia doesn't mean they are not worth documenting. Wikidata and Commons can help.
* Papers: [https://arxiv.org/html/2602.14594v1 The Wikidata Query Logs Dataset (WDQL)] - presenting a dataset of 200,000 question-query pairs intended to help train Natural Language questions into SPARQL. By S. Walter,  H. Bast (2026).
* Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY-Vz-TS1X0 3rd Wikidata Training] of the On Wiki Skill Mentorship Program by Africa Wiki Women. Dives deeper into the core data modelling concepts, Wikidata-speciifc terminology and practical editing tips for beginners. Led by [[d:User:King_ChristLike|User:King ChristLike]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://dagbanli.info/ Dagbanli dictionary] - a monolingual Dagbanli dictionary built using Wikidata lexemes, with 20000 native audio recordings as usage examples pulled from Mozilla Common Voice. This means when you look up a word, you can hear it spoken in example sentences. See this in action here: [https://dagbanli.info/?word=L722895 suɣulo] 

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[wikimania:2026:Program|Wikimania:2026]] - The call for submissions for the program is open until March 1, 2026.
* [https://www.opensanctions.org/articles/2026-02-18-every-politician/ OpenSanctions: As the CIA closes The World Factbook, we’re opening our global map of political power] - introduces [https://everypolitician.org/ EveryPolitician.org], a global database of 690,000+ political office-holders across the globe. PoliLoom, GovDirectory, a dedicated [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_every_politician|WikiProject]] and the Wikidata community are helping make structured data on politicians transparent. Learn how you can [https://everypolitician.org/about/contribute/ contribute].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P14143|annual greenhouse gas emissions]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by this entity in a year&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14136|RFI topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14137|‎Delfi.lv theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P14138|SFDb original ID]], [[:d:Property:P14139|Artdoc.Media film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14140|‎Biographical Dictionary of British and Irish Architects 1800-1950 practice ID]], [[:d:Property:P14141|‎Walloon-French dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P14142|Bolivia INE code]], [[:d:Property:P14144|Russian Register of Film Distribution Certificates ID]], [[:d:Property:P14145|‎Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek ID]], [[:d:Property:P14146|‎Woordenboek van Nieuwe Woorden ID]], [[:d:Property:P14147|‎Woordcombinaties ID]], [[:d:Property:P14148|‎Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands ID]], [[:d:Property:P14149|Uzbek-Russian dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P14150|‎JMRC person id (he)]], [[:d:Property:P14151|Catalunya Romànica ID]], [[:d:Property:P14152|‎IEC 61355 identifier]], [[:d:Property:P14153|Yandex Object Answer id]], [[:d:Property:P14154|Michaelis Portuguese-English Modern Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P14155|Michaelis English-Portuguese Modern Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P14156|Uni24k indentifier]], [[:d:Property:P14157|The Retro Web company ID]], [[:d:Property:P14158|Hentaigana for Academic Information Exchange ID]], [[:d:Property:P14159|‎Gravestone Project Cemetery ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CWSAC classification|CWSAC classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IBAN countries|IBAN countries]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The country which the bank with this property may create accounts in. For example &quot;MyBank&quot; can create bank accounts in &quot;France&quot; with the prefix &quot;FR&quot;. 
Some banks have a single country they may create accounts in and other have many.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kloekecode|Kloekecode]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for locations in the Netherlands, Flanders, French Flanders, and north-western Germany&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ICAO 24-bit aircraft address|ICAO 24-bit aircraft address]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Unique 24-bit ICAO aircraft address assigned to an individual aircraft’s Mode S transponder, expressed as a six-character hexadecimal code and used in ADS-B and air traffic surveillance systems.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Faulhaber-Edition ID|Faulhaber-Edition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OldRacingCars.com drivers ID|OldRacingCars.com drivers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID Prix de Lausanne|ID Prix de Lausanne]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spellingwijzer Onze Taal ID|Spellingwijzer Onze Taal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Uitleenwoordenbank ID|Uitleenwoordenbank ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EpiMedDat ID|EpiMedDat ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/REVENCYT code|REVENCYT code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/X Games athlete ID (new)|X Games athlete ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pinkhof ID|Pinkhof ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scheikunde ID|Scheikunde ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JWS II ID|JWS II ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Buitenlandse aardrijkskundige namen in het Nederlands ID|Buitenlandse aardrijkskundige namen in het Nederlands ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeeringDB Facility ID|PeeringDB Facility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBNL place ID|DBNL place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBNL country ID|DBNL country ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBNL titel ID|DBNL titel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Movist person ID|Movist person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/HvHp Property table for a set of Wikidata items] (the Memory of the World International Register)
** [https://w.wiki/Hxec People with PolSys ID&lt;small&gt; (P1980)&lt;/small&gt;, and with or without Norwegian historical register of persons ID &lt;small&gt;(P4574)&lt;/small&gt;] - ([https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Request_a_query&amp;oldid=2465925132#A_list_of_person_having_Pol-sys_ID_and_HistReg_ID source])
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E502|federally recognized tribe (E502)]]: required and optional properties for items representing federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States.
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ski|Ski]] - The goal of WikiProject Ski is to improve items about athletes, events and results from the different skiiing and snowboarding disciplines.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/South_Africa|Nonprofit Orgs: South Africa]] - aims to add financial data to the biggest nonprofits
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Pages|Ontology: List of Ontology Pages]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Sociotechnology/Resources|Sociotechnology: Resources]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Chantiers_MNBAQ|Chantiers MNBAQ]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|India: International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L179567|чурка (L179567)]] - Russian noun (ˈtɕurkə) meaning &quot;a wooden block or stump&quot;, &quot;a short piece of wood used in games&quot;, or &quot;an offensive term for a person&quot;[[d:Lexeme:L179567|чурка (L179567)]] - Russian noun (ˈtɕurkə) meaning &quot;a wooden block or stump&quot;, &quot;a short piece of wood used in games&quot;, or &quot;an offensive term for a person&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are preparing to reach out to editors about improving specific templates that are written in a way that creates a lot of unnecessary entries in Recent Changes and Watchlists.
* Mobile statement editing: We are getting close to having editing support for all datatypes. We are currently still working on the support for globe coordinates. We also added support for showing constraint violations on qualifiers and references.
* Data quality: We are doing technical investigations about how to make constraint violations available for querying again.
* GraphQL: We are getting ready to make GraphQL available on Wikidata later this week.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Spain|Spain]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:51, 23 February 2026 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would &quot;not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland&quot;. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #721 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-03-02. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#720]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Jan_My%C5%A1%C3%A1k|Jan Myšák]]: Closed as successful, congratulations to Wikidata's newest admin!
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Notability_policy_reform|Notability Policy - Round 2]]: we are still requesting your input on the new Notablity policy. Including whether to elevate the [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Notability_policy_reform#Round_2:_Make_Wikidata:Self-promotion_a_policy|self-promotion essay]] to a policy.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 3 March, 2026: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, March 3 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET (Time zone converter). Wikiproject P244 maintenance uses SPARQL queries to identify and resolve two types of constraint violations in Wikidata: instances of Wikidata items with more than one LCNAF identifier and instances of the same LCNAF identifier existing on more than one Wikidata item. The February 17th session walked participants through how to resolve the former issue, while the March 3rd session will focus on the latter. This session will be more discussion-focused, since instances where two LCNAF identifier have the same Wikidata item can be difficult to resolve because of Wikidata’s innate quirks. Maybe your ideas will become the official best practice! Event page: [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Project Series/LCNAF Duplicate Detection P244 Maintenance|https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/LCNAF_Duplicate_Detection_P244_Maintenance]]
** [https://hermes-hub.de/aktuelles/news/save-the-date-byodl-2026-04-24.html Bring-Your-Own-Data-Lab], on 24.04.2026, the HERMES Data Competence centre hosts an online BYODL. Dr. Katrin Moeller and Dr. Olaf Simons will share how to enrich your own personal data with standard data and the Wikibase FactGrid. Click the link for registration and more information.
** Wikidata Workshop w/ Wikipedia Riba Aruba + University of Aruba Research Center (UARC), March 2, 12 - 2pm GMT-4. [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScQMobUMNF7TzQIS0yQAaODqIAlQ-5PMoESx_VAq_MIgYtUGQ/viewform Click here to register.]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://www.museodelprado.es/actualidad/noticia/el-museo-del-prado-y-wikimedia-espaa-consolidan-a/bb297f99-9445-68c8-250f-f2aa2765792a The Museo del Prado and Wikimedia Spain consolidate Wikidata as the connector axis of digital cultural heritage] - gathering of the second edition of ''Connected Heritage: Wikidata in the GLAM Ecosystem''
** (Dutch) [https://www.wikimedia.nl/actueel/blog/wikipielen-informele-wiki-hackathon-voor-de-glam-sector/ Wikipielen: an informal mini-hackathon for the GLAM sector], Olaf Janssen (WM coordinator at National Library of Netherlands) on the 10th edition of this micro-hackathon for people in cultural and heritage sector interested in Wikidata, Wikibase, SPARQL, OpenRefine and other technical skills.
** [https://medium.com/@michalmigurski/weeknotes-2026w04-boundary-issues-f037407a7f45 Boundary Issues]—Michal Migurski on representing disputed boundaries using Wikidata and OpenStreetMap.
* Papers:
** [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.471 From Websites to Wikidata: Digitising Scotland’s Stories] by Ross ''et al.'' (2026)
** [https://doi.org/10.1145/3795134 ''Entity Linking with Wikidata: A Systematic Literature Review'']
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2602.19133v1 ''A Dataset for Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction from Art-historical Image Descriptions''] by Schneider ''et al.'' (2026)., introduces FRAME for extracting art-historical entities and relationships from texts, enabling automatic linking of artworks, artists, and related metadata via Wikidata.
** [https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1247&amp;context=jcas Review of Ethics in Linked Data] by Rebecca Fried.
* Videos:
** (Swedish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjJHbF2aDCc Fotbollsspelare Wikipedia / Wikidata] - using QuickStatements to add P54 (member of sports team) to football players
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-hYIdzJLeg Jukun Wikipedia Outreach], day 2 took attendees through adding interwiki links, Wikidata essentials and adding {{Databox}} to Jukun Wiki articles.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgRWBAvoea0 Set-up Tutorial: Language Preferences and Gadgets on Wikidata], the International [Digital] Dura-Europos Archive (IDEA) takes us through enabling gadgets and setting your preferred languages (Babel).

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://mapsofthe.world/stadiums Maps Of the World / Stadiums] - explore the stadiums of the world (at least the ones with Wikidata Items), mapped by SPARQL.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P14164|SignWriting transcription]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;representation in SignWriting&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14160|Microsoft Store developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14161|Apple Music Classical work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14162|‎SIK-ISEA group ID]], [[:d:Property:P14163|‎CHZZK streamer ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Objectif plumes|Objectif plumes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Database managed by the General Service for Literature and Books, a department of the Cultural Administration of the Wallonia-Brussels Federation (basically the Ministry of Culture for the French-speaking part of Belgium). The database currently includes entries on books by more than 8.000 Belgian writers.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/usual forename|usual forename]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A name usually derived from a given name used to address a person in everyday life.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/apportionment diagram|apportionment diagram]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image that displays the representation of seats won by party in an election to an assembly&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LibriVox reader ID|LibriVox reader ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All Skies Encyclopaedia ID|All Skies Encyclopaedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KCUE academy ID|KCUE academy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catálogo de autoridades da BUSC|Catálogo de autoridades da BUSC]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISSN-H|ISSN-H]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hong Kong Cinema title ID|Hong Kong Cinema title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NPPM ID|NPPM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parlement.com ID|Parlement.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kokugakuin University god name database ID|Kokugakuin University god name database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Czech National Register of Health Service Providers ID|Czech National Register of Health Service Providers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Génération Nintendo game ID developer ID|Génération Nintendo game ID developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Génération Nintendo game ID publisher ID|Génération Nintendo game ID publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiru.jp wiki ID|wikiru.jp wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tribuna.com football players ID|Tribuna.com football players ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SnokaDB|SnokaDB]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/abadis.ir Persian word ID|abadis.ir Persian word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AIK soccer player ID|AIK soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BOIShistory|BOIShistory]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/HygX Works in Scottish museums by female artists, lacking an English Wikipedia article] ([[:d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/collections|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/J5hv Graph of Moominworld]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: {{Q|Q1774}} - semi-autonomous part of Tanzania
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L14515|snap (L14515)]] - English verb (snæp) meaning &quot;to break suddenly&quot;, &quot;to lose control emotionally&quot;, or &quot;to take a photograph&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** We worked on removing the constraint violations indicator from a statement after an edit that fixed it.
** We are fixing bugs uncovered in testing, such as [[phab:T218477]], [[phab:T418104]], [[phab:T417861]] and [[phab:T417647]].
* GraphQL: We are getting ready to launch the first version later this week, including preparing the documentation for how to use it.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] ·  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:42, 2 March 2026 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

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== This Month in Education: February 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:55, 3 March 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary 722 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-03-09. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#721]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DifoolBot 8|DifoolBot 8]] - Task: Remove Wikipedia import references from statements where the referenced article has since been deleted.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/2026/ The 6th Wikidata Workshop] has been announced for ISWC 2026. If you are interested in joining the wWorkshop for the scientific Wikidata community, contact: 6th-wikidata-workshop@googlegroups.com
** [https://events.ucf.edu/event/4071752/open-scholarly-profiles-with-wikidata/ Open Scholarly Profiles with Wikidata] - April 22, 2026, 13:00 - 14:30, at the University of Central Florida.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/03/08/becoming-a-trainer-assistant-at-wikilatih-wikidata-brin-a-journey-of-sharing-knowledge Diff blog: Becoming a Trainer Assistant at Wikilatih Wikidata BRIN: A Journey of Sharing Knowledge] by Affandy Murad
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/03/06/why-dagbanli-needs-a-dictionary-and-how-we-built-one-with-wikidata/ Diff blog: Why Dagbanli Needs a Dictionary (And How We Built One with Wikidata)] - by [[User:Masssly]]
* Papers: [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Scholia_2026_Compliance_with_SPARQL_1.1.pdf Scholia 2026: Compliance with SPARQL 1.1], to be presented at [https://www.swat4ls.org/ SWAT4HCLS 2026]
* Videos:
** (Swedish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvaPqzO2cWQ Mix'n'Match IFKDB] / [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7b9LR79y5U Mix'n'Match DIF Historia] - Magnus Sälgö
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpA19w3jM40  Introducción a Wikidata], Dinah M. W.Fraites and Dr. Claudia De Souza give a comprehensive tour and introduciotn of Wikidata for the ''Centro para la Excelencia Académica''
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuYkCUiP1wk Accessibility and Gen AI - Ep 15 w/ Denny Vrandečić (Head of Special Projects at Wikimedia Foundation)] - a conversation about Abstract Wikipedia, the relationship between Wikimedia, Wikipedia and other Projects and how the Foundation will adopt and adapt to  emergent technologies such as LLM's.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGZqljvsoow  Epigraphic Object Encoding] - Session 7 of the SunoikisisDC ''Digital Approaches to Cultural Heritage''. Experiences encoding epigraphic data into Wikidata starts at 58:27.
** (Arabic) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4F_n4xgUgKg Arabic Wikidata Days 2025: Adding Wikidata to include Arabic Content (example: Hijri Calendar)], Saeed Hubaishan presents a practical example of adapting Wikibase to enable adding new data types that haven't previously been modelled, such as dates in the Hijri Calendar.
**  Wikimania 2025 - Unpopular Opinions: Bold Lightning Talks to Shake Up Wikimedia: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cB76LpwRYYI&amp;t=2080s Moving Categories to Wikidata ((Ad Huikeshoven))] / [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cB76LpwRYYI&amp;t=2080s Introducing Wiki AI (Sam Klein)]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fELZCm-plHo Unlocking Government Data for Wikidata: Stories, Impacts &amp; Open Dialogue] from Wikimania 2025. Panelists: Butch Bustria, James M. Heilman (Doc James), Jan Ainali, Vanj Padilla, Wisdom Ferrer, Seddon explore how the reuse of public domain &amp; government datasets enriches Wikidata &amp; bolsters public engagement with Wikimedia projects.[[c:File:Unlocking_Government_Data_for_Wikidata._Stories,_Impacts,_and_Open_Dialogue_-_Wikimania_2025_Nairobi.pdf|Slides]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://codeberg.org/2Go/Data2Go Data2Go] : An iOS app for browsing and editing Wikidata with a mobile-first UI. It combines fast search, rich item detail views, statement editing, map previews, media galleries, and account-based write access to Wikidata.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikidata now has a GraphQL API! [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL|Read more about it and try it out]] or sign up for the [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply usability tests].
* The WMF is in the process of rolling out new global API rate limits. This will also affect Wikidata. For more details see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14165|ICAO 24-bit aircraft address]], [[:d:Property:P14166|BISMaL taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P14167|Xcity actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14168|All Skies Encyclopaedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P14169|Power Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P14170|Kvinnehistorie.no persons ID]], [[:d:Property:P14171|Mastercaller player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14172|dartn.de player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14173|darts1.de player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14174|pdpa.co.uk player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14175|‎People's Graphic Design Archive creator ID]], [[:d:Property:P14176|HKCinema film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14177|Medvik ID]], [[:d:Property:P14178|Obálky knih ID]], [[:d:Property:P14179|MusicaPopular.cl ID]], [[:d:Property:P14180|CAMEO page ID]], [[:d:Property:P14181|ciss.org sportsperson ID (deaf sport)]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maximum vehicle length|maximum vehicle length]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum authorized length for vehicles (especially heavy goods vehicles) on a bridge, tunnel or road segment&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peer-review propertiy for journals or publications|Peer-review propertiy for journals or publications]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{TranslateThis
| de = &lt;!-- Beschreibung auf Deutsch --&gt;
&lt;!-- | xx = Beschreibungen in anderen Sprachen --&gt;
 }}Scholarly journals or publications should have a property &quot;peer review process&quot; indicating which peer review process (if any) is applied for the publication.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maximum vehicle width|maximum vehicle width]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum authorized width for vehicles (especially heavy goods vehicles) on a bridge, tunnel or road segment&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maximum vehicle weight|maximum vehicle weight]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum authorized weight (tonnage / gross vehicle weight) for vehicles (especially heavy goods vehicles) on a bridge, tunnel or road segment (load limit)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/regional conservation status|regional conservation status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;conservation status of species in national or regional Red List publications that follow the IUCN red list criteria&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LINE official account ID|LINE official account ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kulturbase.no ID|Kulturbase.no ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CROWCASS file number|CROWCASS file number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Integbio Database Catalog ID|Integbio Database Catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norsk fangeregister historie ID|norsk fangeregister historie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Census of Italian Architecture since 1945|Census of Italian Architecture since 1945]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award ID|TMDB award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SocioMap ID|SocioMap ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AVefi ID|AVefi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NSK new ID|NSK new ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atlas of Endangered Alphabets ID|Atlas of Endangered Alphabets ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/J7cr Property count of characters in Tolkien's Universe] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Query_to_list_properties_and_their_counts|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/JFy7 Data about Norwegians in captivity during WWII (using ''Norwegian prisoner register person ID'' (P8269) + others] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#A_list_of_persons_in_Fanger.no|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Beer|WikiProject Beer]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: {{Q|Q733738}} - international airport serving Melbourne, Australia
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1154759|sampaa (L1154759)]] - Dagbanli noun that translates to a hut within a compound to provide shelter for people during the warm season.

''' Development '''
* GraphQL: We have released the first version of this new API. [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL|You can read more about it and try it out]].
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We have worked with editors to improve some highly-used modules that access Wikidata in a suboptimal way. They have been adjusted to lead to less unneeded change notification in people's watchlists and recent changes on Wikipedia and co.
* Mobile statement editing: We fixed an issue where certain Properties were not accessible in the new mobile UI. We are also working on fixing a bug with saving musical notation statements. We are continuing the work on supporting editing of geocoordinates.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory|agencies for the environment and nature conservation]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:51, 9 March 2026 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:50, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 10 March 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Interview|Bernadette Meehan, new Wikimedia Foundation CEO]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/News and notes|Security testing unleashes computer worm on Meta-wiki]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Special report|What actually happened during the Wikimedia security incident?]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/In the media|Indonesian government blocks Wikimedia logins; archive site scoured from Wikipedia after owner runs malware]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Recent research|To wiki, perchance to groki]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Obituary|Madhav Gadgil, Fredrick Brennan, Mark Miller, Chip Berlet]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Opinion|Interface administrators and trusting trust]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Technology report|English Wikipedia deprecates archive.today after DDoS against blog, altered content]]

* Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Op-ed|Why is &quot;Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes&quot; cited in &quot;List of tallest buildings in Chicago&quot;?]]

* Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Essay|The pursuit of a button click]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/In focus|Short descriptions: One year later]]

* WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/WikiProject report|Unreferenced articles backlog drive]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Community view|Speaking of planning ...]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Traffic report|Over the mountain, kissing silver inlaid clouds]]

* Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Crossword|&quot;It will never happen&quot;]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Comix|BRIEn't]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 04:14, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue II, February 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in 2026 is calling to action!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: A photo safari through Wiki Loves Fashion &amp; a rescue mission with Mission Gourmande!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library overview of 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Cultural Heritage and Memory: 2026 GLAM Call and Executed Renaissance Edit-a-thon
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students and an update on the NZBSI WiR
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedia in Cultural Marketing at Crash Mondays Warsaw
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: February in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikidata in the GLAM context II
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Neocomensia, SAPA, Atelier Winterthur, GLAM-on-Tour Disentis
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New content in African and Asian languages
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Focus on Indigenous issues
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 00:52, 12 March 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #723 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-03-16. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#722]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://almedaresearch.org/ The African Literary Metadata (ALMEDA) project] - The ALMEDA project’s key outcome is a linked, open, and searchable metadata repository—built from extensive cataloguing of previously uncatalogued materials and enriched through a user-friendly interface launching in 2025, designed to support ongoing growth beyond the project’s initial five-year funding.
** https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/03/13/structuring-dagbanli-on-wikidata-lexemes-senses-and-the-digraph-challenge/
* Papers: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11767 Understanding Wikidata Qualifiers: An Analysis and Taxonomy] - This study develops a refined taxonomy of Wikidata qualifiers—based on their semantics, frequency, and diversity—to help contributors select appropriate qualifiers, improve querying and inference, and enhance knowledge graph design, ultimately offering a structured framework that covers the most important qualifiers and supports better recommendation systems. By Falquet &amp; Aljalbout (2026).
* Videos: [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZQ67TzUJdM&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D LIVE Wikidata editing #118 at the Open Data Day] - Wikipedia Weekly Network:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=KI936x_IBT0&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D Introduction to editing Wikidata on mobile] - Art + Feminism in Wikimedia Botswana 
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=f1XtOtLzYDM&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D Queer women in the Arts (English): A panel discussion and Wikidata workshop] 
* Podcasts: [https://wikipediapodden.se/wikidata-notability-reform-356/ Wikipediapodden interviews Lydia Pintscher about the ongoing Wikidata notability reform] (also available on [[c:File:WP356 - Wikidata notability reform.mp3|Commons]])
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/who-gets-a-biography-on-french-language-wikipedia Who gets a biography on French-language Wikipedia?] A country-by-country portrait of biographical coverage for people born between 1950 and 2000.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/altilunium/wdquery Wdquery] : [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Wikibase_GraphQL GraphQL-powered] Wikidata item advanced search.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* https://casier-politique.fr
* [https://www.fornland.com Fornland]—aggregates over a million cultural heritage sites from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland into one interface, combining Wikidata and other sources . 
* [[m:Coolest Tool Award]]
*The [[MW:Wikidata_Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[:Wikidata:Wikidata_Platform_team/Newsletter|March 2026 newsletter]]. To have new issues of the WDP  '''monthly''' newsletter delivered to your user talk page, {{#tag:span| [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|Subscribe to WDP newsletter!]] | style=background-color:#E7F527; border-radius:3px; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold;}}
* Reminder that the 4 week grace period for switching to the v1 route for the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/Wikibase/master/js/rest-api/#/item%20search Wikibase REST API search endpoints] will end this week. The v0 route will be turned off and hence will no longer function.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14182|river regime]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;predominant pattern of annual changes to a stream's discharge at a particular period&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14186|seat occupied]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;seat held by a person within an academy or other society&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14183|Génération Nintendo publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P14184|KCI article ID]], [[:d:Property:P14185|‎LINCS ID]], [[:d:Property:P14187|radeberger-stadtgeschichte.de Object Identificator]], [[:d:Property:P14188|Flohic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14189|‎Vlaams Woordenboek ID]], [[:d:Property:P14191|‎Bach digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14192|‎Bach digital work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14193|Identificativo Antenati]], [[:d:Property:P14194|‎Liiga.fi player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14195|‎Pesistulokset.fi player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14196|‎Letterboxd producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14197|Fragplace brands ID]], [[:d:Property:P14198|Fragplace fragrances ID]], [[:d:Property:P14199|Fragplace notes ID]], [[:d:Property:P14200|Fragplace perfumers ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/population pyramid|population pyramid]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Age pyramid image for demography articles&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StatsF1 ID|StatsF1 ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Link to a Formula 1 specific database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maximum vehicle height|maximum vehicle height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum authorized height for vehicles (especially heavy goods vehicles) on a bridge, tunnel or road segment (regulatory limit from signage)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliografi.dk|Bibliografi.dk]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Bibliografi.dk&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeerTube instance URL|PeerTube instance URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the PeerTube instance of/about the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Central Registration Number (Indonesia)|Central Registration Number (Indonesia)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;primary service registration number assigned to a member of the Indonesian Armed Forces or Indonesian National Police&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Public Good|Digital Public Good]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUBW-RIPS-Wasserkraftanlage-ID|LUBW-RIPS-Wasserkraftanlage-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant QueenBallers.com d'une joueuse|Identifiant QueenBallers.com d'une joueuse]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Foto Atlas taxonomy ID|Foto Atlas taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brewver beer ID|Brewver beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Göteborgsalliansen|Göteborgsalliansen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Consumer Rights Wiki article ID|Consumer Rights Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Royal Air Force service number|Royal Air Force service number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne dans le Bianco|Identifiant d'une personne dans le Bianco]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tajik-Russian Dictionary word ID|Tajik-Russian Dictionary word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AmericanAristocracy person ID|AmericanAristocracy person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AmericanAristocracy house ID|AmericanAristocracy house ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shinmei database ID|Shinmei database ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: {{Q|Q161672}} - Congolese politician and independence leader (1925–1961)

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** If you have not tried it yet, now is an excellent time to turn it on in the beta features section of your preferences, test it and give feedback.
** We have added support for editing globe coordinate statements
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are continuing to work on the issue of too many Wikidata in recent changes and watchlists on Wikipedia and co. We are currently prototyping a way to only consider changes that actually have an impact on the article ([[phab:T419823]]). We also finished the work on an emergency switch to turn off sending changes for qualifiers and references to Wikipedia and co in case of major database disruptions ([[phab:T412956]]).
* Ontology federation: We are working towards getting the code for ontology federation (in its first version of using Wikidata Items as values on other Wikibase instances) ready for wider testing.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:33, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:07, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #724 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-03-23. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#723]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AraBot|AraBot]] - Tasks: Adding Aragonese sitelinks and updating articles on [[w:an:|Aragonese Wikipedia]] with Wikidata's data.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/InventaireBot|InventaireBot]] - Task: Make automated edits generated by the inventaire.io (Q32193244) server and manual edits on behalf of users without a Wikidata account. 
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DelintBot|DelintBot]] - Task: Fix [[mw:Help:Lint_errors|lint errors]] on pages across all namespaces where Wikitext can be written (namespaces not managed by Wikibase).
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/archive.today|archive.today]] - due to a [[w:Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Archive.is_RFC_5|RfC and policy on enwiki]], this discussion needs your input on whether Wikidata will continue listing archive.today links.
* Ongoing request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Notability policy reform|Notability policy reform]] is looking for input about remaining questions around marginalized knowledge and external identifiers

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: (German) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thXJ1XAbWJ0 Art History Loves Wiki im Museum Schnütgen, YouTube livestream] – 28 March 2026 (UTC+1): presentations by Lisa Dieckmann at 12.30 - 12.50 (“Bilder verknüpfen – prometheus, Normdaten und Wikidata”), Lucy Patterson &amp; Lukas Fuchsgruber at 16.30 - 16.45 (“Kritische Arbeit mit Sammlungsdaten auf Wikidata”), and Max Kristen at 17.30 - 17.45 (“usefulQueries: Unkompliziert Kunstgeschichte in Wikidata erkunden”).

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [[DiffBlog:2026/03/13/structuring-dagbanli-on-wikidata-lexemes-senses-and-the-digraph-challenge|Structuring Dagbanli on Wikidata: Lexemes, Senses, and the Digraph Challenge]] by Masssly and Mohammed Awal Alhassan
** [https://stevehedden.medium.com/open-knowledge-graphs-a-search-engine-for-ontologies-controlled-vocabularies-and-semantic-web-cfcf32a5babe Open Knowledge Graphs: A Search Engine for Ontologies, Controlled Vocabularies, and Semantic Web Tools], by Steve Hedden
** (German) [https://blog.tib.eu/2026/03/16/erinnerungskultur-zum-mitmachen-eine-digitale-landkarte-zum-gestapoterror-in-niedersachsen/ Erinnerungskultur zum Mitmachen: eine digitale Landkarte zum Gestapoterror in Niedersachsen] by Gabriele Fahrenkrog
* Papers: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11767 Understanding Wikidata Qualifiers: An Analysis and Taxonomy] presents an analysis of Wikidata qualifiers, focusing on semantics and usage, in order to develop a taxonomy to help in selecting appropriate qualifiers, querying the knowledge graph, and making logical inferences. By Gilles Falquet and Sahar Aljalbout (2026).
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwzBfV2bg_g Creating a Wikidata item for a Historic Building] - OpenStreetMap for History Buffs gives a practical example of creating a Wikidata Item for a historic Irish building, but you can adapt it for other historical or archeological sites.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XT27D-1JIUo&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Introduction to Wikidata (Creating items, Statements &amp; References)] - Africa Wiki Women continue their introductory series with trainer, Blessing Timothy.
** (French) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu0C1gWIgFQ Introduction à Wikidata] is also provided by Africa Wiki Women.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw5mfJRgFXk Simple steps to edit Wikidata Episode 1(WAMP)] - [[d:User:Dsp13|User:Dsp13]] of the Wiki Afrodemics Project covers a variety of topics to help new editors make meaningful contributions to Wikidata.
** (French) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZxnAI-PrK0 Introduction à la modification de Wikidata sur mobile] - Art+Feminism in partnership with WM Botswana provide a training session for mobile editing (with a focus on women artists, feminist movements and underrepresented cultural contributions).
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1XtOtLzYDM Queer Women in the Arts]: Art+Feminism teamed up with WikiLGBT+ ([[m:Event:Queer_Women_in_Arts|Event page]]) for a panel discussion and Wikidata training centering on Queer Women in the Arts, in honour of International Women's Day. Also available in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcBCJzH9OUI Spanish] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag5GyE7OtKI Portuguese].
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TXqT2ohfwE  Wikidata tools: Pet Scan] - [[d:User:Epìdosis|User:Epìdosis]] introduces this handy tool that allows you to query and generate lists of Wikipedia pages or Wikidata items based on defined criteria such as Categories, Properties, Templates, and others.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hTQF3Mde30 Introduction to Wikidata &amp; Property Dashboard] - ''Essential Wikidata Tools: Automating Your Workflow''  workshop given 13 March 2026. Hosted by Alan Ang, Camillo Pellizari, Pru Mitchell, and Taufik Rosman for the ESEAP community.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://property-helper.toolforge.org Wikidata Property Creation Helper] takes a property proposal page and translates it into a QuickStatements batch (and then a second one for the examples) that a property creator can use to quickly create a new property. By [[User:ArthurPSmith|ArthurPSmith]]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* GraphQL API ongoing feedback: If you haven’t tried it yet, you can still explore it as a developer-friendly alternative to select WDQS features. Please Share your feedback on the [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase_GraphQL|project page]], or [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up] for deeper usability testing.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mass number|mass number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total number of baryons in an atomic nucleus&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/soil acidity preference|soil acidity preference]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;soil acidity preference of a plant species or lichen&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diepkloof|Diepkloof]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Place in Johannesburg, South Africa&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/paid-up capital|paid-up capital]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;portion of a company’s issued share capital that has been paid by shareholders&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review:: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shinmei database ID|Shinmei database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kulturdenkmal-ID Baden-Württemberg|Kulturdenkmal-ID Baden-Württemberg]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Central Registration Number (Police)|Central Registration Number (Police)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NIP 9-digit|NIP 9-digit]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MeetStadium ID|MeetStadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/indexxx.com performer ID|indexxx.com performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGAFD actress ID|BGAFD actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shellers From the Past ID|Shellers From the Past ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/معرف منشور في قاعدة بيانات معرفة|معرف منشور في قاعدة بيانات معرفة]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/London Book Trades ID|London Book Trades ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KCI journal ID|KCI journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KCI publisher ID|KCI publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PeerJ person ID|PeerJ person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BIORAB–FRANKFURT ID|BIORAB–FRANKFURT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BIORAB–WEIMAR|BIORAB–WEIMAR]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BIORAB-KAISERREICH|BIORAB-KAISERREICH]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikiparfum perfume ingredient ID|Wikiparfum perfume ingredient ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikiparfum perfumer ID|Wikiparfum perfumer ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LAGL|WikiProject LAGL]] (Linked Ancient and Greek Latin) has been established to develop guidelines for adding statements for ancient authors. 
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IDEA/Oral_Histories|WikiProject IDEA: Oral Histories]] - &lt;small&gt;''International (Digital) Dura-Europos Archive (IDEA)''&lt;/small&gt; added a subpage for resources, guidelines and progress for adding oral history Items and Statements.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: {{Q|Q3339328}} - worship of water oracles and associated cultural traditions among the Sawa

''' Development '''
* Infrastructure sustainability: We started working with a contractor to look at Wikidata's data storage to find opportunities for improving it.
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are continuing the work on a prototype to compare a wiki page before and after it has been parsed to see if this is a feasible way to reduce the number of Wikidata changes in recent changes and watchlist that do not affect the article ([[phab:T419823]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]]  . [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:59, 23 March 2026 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #725 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-03-30. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#724]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Thetalentone|Thetalentone]] - Tasks: Adding and updating references, qualifiers, publication dates, and provenance on my own personal and company items ([[Q138324775]] and [[Q138324581]]) to improve entity confidence for Google Knowledge Graph. Small batches only, no edits to unrelated items.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Dušan Kreheľ (bot)|Dušan Kreheľ]] - Task: Sitelinks existing and newly created municipality pages on hrwiki and Wikidata.
* New request for comments: [[Wikidata:Requests for comment/Mass-editing policy]] has a new proposal incorporating feedback and is awaiting votes.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1775664000 18:00 CEST], 08th April 2026 in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
** [[m:Event:Wiki_Mentor_Africa_-_Women_Tech_Summit_(WMA-WTS)/en|Wiki Mentor Africa - Women Tech Summit]] takes place until 20:00 CET, 30 May 2026.
** &quot;Wikidata in der Sammlungserschließung&quot; (free online event in German on how GLAM institutions can use Wikidata, 20 April 2026, 10-11:30 CET, organized by [[d:Q51845259| Research and Competence Centre Digitalisation Berlin (Q51845259)]]. More info and registration [https://www.digis-berlin.de/workshop-wikidata-fuer-die-sammlungserschliessung-am-20-04/ here].
** '''Wikidata Ontology Course''':  The second offering of the Wikidata ontology course will be given in May and June 2026, with sessions 1-3 pm EDT (UTC-4) on Thursdays.  The Wikidata ontology provides structure and organization for the rest of Wikidata and is thus fundamental to Wikidata.  The course starts with the basic notions underlying the Wikidata ontology and goes on to cover querying using SPARQL, inference, constraints, advanced ontology notions, problems with the ontology, and other ontology-related aspects of Wikidata.  Participants in the course are expected to complete weekly exercise sets and a project.  More information on the course can be found at [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|WikiProject Ontology/Ontology Course]].  To register for this offering fill in and submit the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdlZ0r69Mkkfa_SWSdQPMNdVMKnae7-sIOyPuANVjFI4FRq0w/viewform  Google form].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://www.opensanctions.org/articles/2026-03-24-poliloom/ Wikidata contains many gaps in its political data. We’ve built a tool to change that (PoliLoom)]
** [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/from-summer-school-idea-eswc-paper-teaching-ai-repair-wikidata-zxxaf/  From a summer school idea to an ESWC paper: Teaching AI to “repair” Wikidata]
* Papers:
**[https://rubensworks.github.io/article-did-llms-kill-sparql-federation/ Did AI Crawlers Kill SPARQL Federation?], including Wikidata examples
** [https://www.emerald.com/dlp/article/doi/10.1108/DLP-11-2025-0265/1352756/Gender-and-intersectional-bias-in-featured Gender and intersectional bias in featured biographies on the front page of the Italian edition of Wikipedia, 2014–2024 Open Access] - Wikidata featured heavily in the design and methodology. By Rovira et al., (2026).
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KydQwvBelQ  Adding architectural data to a Wikidata item for a Historic Building] from OpenStreetMap for History Buffs.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h1KxXnaJrk Live Wikidata Editing #119] - Ainali and Abbe98 are back to edit Wikidata and explain their thinking along the way.
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W37StgITf0Y  Wikidata and the public domain] - Tools for bulk editing in Wikidata: Mix n Match and QuickStatements, last class of a [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmjmrXGUFVlJOyYM3S6CBdNFszYI4FwcM 9-part series] provided by Jorge Gemetto.
** (German) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thXJ1XAbWJ0 Art History Loves Wiki im Museum Schnütgen], day 2, digital/local collection loves wiki.
** (German) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rN19MWWtif8 Von OpenStreetMap zu semantisch vernetzten Wissensgraphen] FOSSGIS 2026 Conference.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76wkepRUZLg  Using Wikibase as an Integration Platform] with Matthew Ong. Originally given at the Digital Classicist Seminar Berlin, 19 November 2024.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikivisage.toolforge.org/ WikiVisage] - Train a machine learning model to detect depicted subjects in Wikimedia Commons images and assist with adding the P180 (depicts) property.
* [https://yesterdays.maprva.org/subjects/ Yesterdays] - A web platform for cataloging and georeferencing historical images of Richmond, Virginia. It uses Wikidata items to help organize the georeferenced images.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Mobile editing user testing: join the participant panel: Wikimedia Deutschland is planning new user tests for the mobile editing experience (including more data types as a beta feature) in late April–early May. Participants of all experience levels are welcome, and users of right‑to‑left scripts are especially encouraged to sign up. Register [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/bo2e7e2a/apply here]. Participants will be compensated for their time.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14223|Digital Public Good ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of a digital public good in the Digital Public Goods Registry&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14226|apportionment diagram]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image that displays the representation of seats won by party in an election to an assembly&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14251|peer-review process for scholarly journals or publications]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(without English description)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14201|‎X Games athlete ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P14202|AIK soccer player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14203|‎Uitleenwoordenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P14205|abadis.ir word ID]], [[:d:Property:P14206|‎AmericanAristocracy house ID]], [[:d:Property:P14207|‎AmericanAristocracy person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14208|British Newspaper Archive publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P14209|‎Buitenlandse aardrijkskundige namen in het Nederlands ID]], [[:d:Property:P14210|Landskrona BoIS player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14211|Library of the University of Santiago de Compostela authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P14212|‎DBNL place ID]], [[:d:Property:P14213|Faulhaber edition ID]], [[:d:Property:P14214|Foto Atlas taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P14215|‎Integbio Database Catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P14216|‎KCUE academy ID]], [[:d:Property:P14217|‎LibriVox reader ID]], [[:d:Property:P14220|‎Manga-DB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14221|‎Manga-DB magazine ID]], [[:d:Property:P14222|‎Manga-DB publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P14224|Digital Public Goods Registry]], [[:d:Property:P14225|NSK ID]], [[:d:Property:P14227|Tribuna.com football players ID]], [[:d:Property:P14228|Sport Express person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14229|‎Open Food Facts brand ID]], [[:d:Property:P14230|‎RITVA company ID]], [[:d:Property:P14231|OldRacingCars.com drivers ID]], [[:d:Property:P14232|‎Spellingwijzer Onze Taal ID]], [[:d:Property:P14233|‎EpiMedDat ID]], [[:d:Property:P14234|‎Pinkhof ID]], [[:d:Property:P14235|‎Scheikunde ID]], [[:d:Property:P14236|‎Movist person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14237|‎ISSN-H]], [[:d:Property:P14238|Names, Persons, and Groups of People of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P14239|‎Parlement.com object ID]], [[:d:Property:P14240|wikiru.jp wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P14241|BGAFD actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14243|IFK Norrköping  player]], [[:d:Property:P14244|‎LINE official account ID]], [[:d:Property:P14245|Norwegian war prisoner histories ID]], [[:d:Property:P14246|‎indexxx.com performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14247|SetesdalWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P14248|‎Shellers From the Past ID]], [[:d:Property:P14249|‎SocioMap ID]], [[:d:Property:P14250|Publication ID in e-Marefa database]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/civil service position level|civil service position level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;classification level of a civilian public service position within a government administrative hierarchy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Usenet newsgroup|Usenet newsgroup]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Usenet newsgroup associated with the item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/predicted winning party|predicted winning party]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the party predicted to win an election, according to some source&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numen ID|Numen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/member of the Azorean assembly ID|member of the Azorean assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Rappels d'une personne|identifiant Rappels d'une personne]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans la base de noms France Archives|Identifiant dans la base de noms France Archives]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anarâš aavis topic ID|Anarâš aavis topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perfumery Glossary ingredient ID|Perfumery Glossary ingredient ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MangaBaka manga ID|MangaBaka manga ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JVID performer ID|JVID performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlayStation Trophies achievement ID|PlayStation Trophies achievement ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BERON lexeme ID|BERON lexeme ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Hogback|WikiProject Hogback]] - Hogbacks are a type of gravestone marker used in 10th - 12th Century Northern England.
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_University_of_Otago_WMIR/WikiProject_Books_of_Mana|University of Otago/Books of Mana]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_sum_of_all_paintings/Collection/Schnütgen_Museum|Schnütgen Museum Collection/Sum of all paintings]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/United_Nations|Govdirectory/United Nations]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations|Nonprofit Organisations]] 
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/items_with_P569%3DP570|Humans with the same date of birth year (P569) and date of death year (P570)]]. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q275180|Australia (Q275180)]] - 2008 film by Baz Luhrmann
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L737913|viɛla]] -  Dagbanli adjective (of quality that is pleasing to human senses).

''' Development '''
* Wikibase GraphQL: We added support for a number of additional datatypes and started working on the functionality for querying Items by the external ID statement values or site links.
* Mobile editing of statements: We spent time testing the current state and fixing remaining issues we found.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Mongolia|Mongolia]] 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]]  . [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:31, 30 March 2026 (UTC)'''

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== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:22, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 31 March 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/In the media|AI ban, newspapers disrupt archiving; and antisemitism complaints]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Community view|Videos from WikiConference North America 2025 in NYC]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Disinformation report|Cleaning up after Jeffrey Epstein, Peter Nygard, and Mohamed Al-Fayed]]

* WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/WikiConference report|WikiConference North America 2025 in NYC review]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Obituary|Dr. Subas Chandra Rout]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Traffic report|Call in the dogs of war, soldier of fortune]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Gallery|Canadian Rangers participate in Operation ''Enduring Encyclopedia'']]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Comix|n00bsitting]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:08, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: March 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:21, 1 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== CEE Newsletter is out now! ==

Dear all,

The first CEE Newsletter issue of 2026 is now live, and we are happy to share it with you.

The past few months have been anything but quiet across our region. From Wikimedia CEE Spring and the CEE Women Campaign, to cross-border collaborations, youth initiatives, and new ideas taking shape, there is a lot happening -- and this issue brings together many of those stories in one place.

You will find highlights from community activities, updates from the CEE Hub, international news, and a wide range of contributions from across the region. It is a good snapshot of what we have been working on together at the start of the year.

As always, thank you to everyone who contributed -- by writing, sharing updates, or supporting behind the scenes.

Take a moment to explore the issue and see what is going on across the region: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/March_2026

As always, we have prepared a Russian version of the same issue: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/March_2026/ru

Happy reading!

On behalf of the CEE Newsletter team,
Karo
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:27, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:16, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #726 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-04-07. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#725]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Oversight: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Oversight/EPIC (2)|EPIC (2)]] (RfP scheduled to end at 9 April 2026 12:35 UTC)
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/ChooseLocal|ChooseLocal]] - '''Task/s:''' Read-only harvest of Wikidata entities (businesses, banks, etc.) by country, for use in a Canadia-centric local business directory.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/JigildikBot|JigildikBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Sitelink Management: Connecting newly created articles on kaa.wiki to their corresponding Wikidata items using Pywikibot. Label and Description Updates: Adding or updating Karakalpak (kaa) labels and descriptions for various items (especially geographical and biographical items) using OpenRefine.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/JJPMaster (bot)|JJPMaster (bot)]] - '''Task/s:''' Automatically add sitelinks for Abstract Wikipedia articles
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/TracklisterBot|TracklisterBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Adding missing external identifiers to Wikidata items for music artists, sourced from Tracklister ([[Q138905706]]), a music database that aggregates data from 20+ platforms. Properties: Discogs artist ID ([[Property:P1953|P1953]]), Spotify artist ID ([[Property:P1902|P1902]]), SoundCloud ID ([[Property:P3040|P3040]]), Bandcamp ID ([[Property:P3283|P3283]]), Beatport artist ID ([[Property:P5765|P5765]]), Deezer artist ID ([[Property:P2722|P2722]]), Last.fm ID ([[Property:P3192|P3192]]), AllMusic artist ID ([[Property:P1728|P1728]]), Apple Music artist ID ([[Property:P2850|P2850]]), Tidal artist ID ([[Property:P11853|P11853]]). Each claim includes a reference with stated in: Tracklister + reference URL pointing to the artist's page on tracklist.live.
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Dušan_Kreheľ_(bot)|Dušan Kreheľ (bot)]] (approved)

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1775664000 18:00 CEST], 08th April 2026 in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
** [[Event:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours_-_April_2026| Blazegraph Migration Office Hours]]: Blazegraph migeration office hours April edition is today, 7th January,  {{zonestamp|2026-03-27 16:00|16:00 UTC}}. These sessions focus exclusively on supporting the migration away from Blazegraph as the backend of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS). [[Event:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours_-_April_2026|See the office hour page for details and future sessions]].
** [https://wissenschaftliche-sammlungen.de/de/termine/digis-workshop-wikidata-fuer-die-sammlungserschliessung digiS Workshop: Wikidata für die Sammlungserschließung] - 20 April 2026, 10.00 CEST (08:00 UTC), this online workshop (held in German) will practice Wikidata skills across SPARQL, OpenRefine and QuickStatements with a focus on using Wikidata for GLAM Institutions. To register, visit the link.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/04/04/wikidata-graphs-for-data-visualisation-of-endangered-horse-breeds-in-wikipedia/ Wikidata graphs for data visualisation of endangered horse breeds in Wikipedia] By Tsaag Valren
** [[:w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:RAW/2026-04-05#L'Atelier|Does country of birth have an effect on the probability to have a biography in French-language Wikipedia?]] (Le pays de naissance a-t-il un effet sur les chances d'avoir une biographie sur Wikipédia ?), published in RAW-Regards sur l'actualité de Wikimedia in Wikipedia in French.
** (German) [[WMDEblog:2026/04/01/wikidata-ist-teil-von-wikimedia-enterprise|Wikidata ist ein teil von Wikimedia Enterprise]] - an update from Wikimedia Germany on Wikidata's inclusion with Wikimedia Enterprise.
** (German) [https://nearby.hypotheses.org/5479 How to edit nearby: Notizen für regionale Open GLAM-Labore und offene Daten] by Jens Bemme.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/03/17/building-the-dagbanli-dictionarys-audio-pipeline-ogg-ios-and-transcoding/ Building the Dagbanli Dictionary’s Audio Pipeline: OGG, iOS, and Transcoding], by Mohammed Sadat Abdulai and Mohammed Awal Alhassan
* Papers:
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2604.02618v1 OntoKG: Ontology-Oriented Knowledge Graph Construction with Intrinsic-Relational Routing] by Li ''et al.,'' (2026), includes a case study of cleaning and resolving entity labels and descriptions from a 100 million entity dump.
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2603.29801v1 ENEIDE: A High Quality Silver Standard Dataset for Named Entity Recognition and Linking in Historical Italian] by Santinia ''et al.,'' (2026), the ENEIDE dataset links over 2000 historical documents to 8,000+ Wikidata entities.
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2603.29336v1#S6 CADEL: A Corpus of Administrative Web Documents for Japanese Entity Linking] by Higashiyama ''et al.,'' (2026)
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDdGRXSOP24 Using content from Wikidata in your apps], lightning talk by Jan Ainali
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7cJNk2cZzBg&amp;pp=0gcJCcQBo7VqN5tDiggCQAE%3D 2025: OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Collaboration: Taiwan Case]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZaBKr5pCLc&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D 2025: The Ugandan Geo Quests: Mapping Libraries and Museums into the Knowledge Commons]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GomBxbkXZ00&amp;pp=0gcJCcQBo7VqN5tDiggCQAE%3D Using Wikidata for data enrichment in museums]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sOCYi3IJN3s&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D Art + Feminism | Introduction to Wikidata – Module 1: What is Wikidata &amp; Why Does It Matter?]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UPea-60l3tA&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D Art + Feminism | Introduction to Wikidata – Module 2: Wikidata Building Blocks]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lZdxNb-5Slw&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D Art + Feminism | Introduction to Wikidata – Module 3: Create an Account &amp; Your First Edits]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HsuydHCnpAE&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D Art + Feminism | Introduction to Wikidata – Module 4: First Edits: Adding References]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5L7Htxi3Vs&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D Art + Feminism | Introduction to Wikidata – Module 5: Creating a New Item]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wq42.toolforge.org/ An AI chat interface to Wikidata] by Santhosh Thottingal is a tool that gives answers to almost everything on Wikidata

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Mobile editing user testing: Wikimedia Deutschland is planning new user tests for the mobile editing experience (including more data types as a beta feature) in late April–early May. Participants of all experience levels are welcome, and users of right‑to‑left scripts are especially encouraged to sign up. Register [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/bo2e7e2a/apply here]. Participants will be compensated for their time.
* Wikidata's data is now also available via Wikimedia Enterprise APIs. ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/wikidata-api-endpoints-wikimedia-enterprise/ Wikimedia Enterprise blog post], [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Wikidata’s data will be available through Wikimedia Enterprise|WMDE announcement]])
* [[d:Wikidata:Vector_Database|Wikidata embedding]]: The vectors of the embedding are now also published.
* (Job vacancy) [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/7543775?gh_src=94cfded01us&amp;utm_source=MyJobMag: Engineering Manager, Wikidata Platform] (WMF)
* (Job vacancy in Indonesian) [https://wikimedia.or.id/karier/lowongan-pemagang-data-dan-teknologi-wikimedia-indonesia-2026/ Wikimedia Indonesia: Data and Technology Apprenticeship Vacancy, April-June 2026] - apply by April 10. Duties include recording Wikidata editing tutorial videos, prepare datathons and training materials and events.
* Research workshop on content verifiability in Wikidata: Researchers from King's College London (in partnership with the Wikimedia Foundation) invite Wikidata contributors of all experience levels to a 2‑hour online workshop. Participants receive £90 compensation. [[m:Research:Participatory Auditing AI Tools for Information Verifiability|Research details and registration]].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P14254|regional conservation status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;conservation status of species in national or regional Red List publications that follow the IUCN red list criteria&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14256|‎PeerTube instance URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the PeerTube instance of/about the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14252|PeerJ person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14253|‎RITVA corporate body ID]], [[:d:Property:P14255|‎Royal Air Force service number]], [[:d:Property:P14257|LUBW-RIPS hydroelectric power station-ID]], [[:d:Property:P14258|Biorab-Frankfurt ID]], [[:d:Property:P14259|‎Minfin company ID for banks]], [[:d:Property:P14260|Wikiparfum perfumer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14261|Cultural heritage ID in Baden-Württemberg]], [[:d:Property:P14262|MangaBaka manga ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikimedia Commons content descriptor|Wikimedia Commons content descriptor]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Wikimedia Commons content descriptor which applies to this media file&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/energy density|energy density]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of energy extractable from a substance (e.g. in a combustion engine) per unit of volume or of mass&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/main page URL|main page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;link to main page or item on website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bayerische Naturdenkmal-ID|Bayerische Naturdenkmal-ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for natural monuments in Bavaria (Germany), issued by the Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/election result|election result]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;map that displays the result of this election&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/meta-category for|meta-category for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;topic or class of items covered by the lowest categories in this meta-category's hierarchy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cast|Cast]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Cast&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mainline Station Heritage Artefacts Collection ID|Mainline Station Heritage Artefacts Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lit.link ID|lit.link ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiKids page ID|WikiKids page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KuLaDig ID|KuLaDig ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikiparfum brand ID|Wikiparfum brand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Turkey district ID|Turkey district ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Turkey province ID|Turkey province ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSDev|OSDev]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Giant Bomb Wiki ID|Giant Bomb Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Myrotvorets ID|Myrotvorets ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fraktionsprotokolle.de-ID|Fraktionsprotokolle.de-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KISTI article ID|KISTI article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Irish State Administration Database Unit ID|Irish State Administration Database Unit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hessische Parlamentarismusgeschichte Abgeordneten-ID|Hessische Parlamentarismusgeschichte Abgeordneten-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ocremix.org game ID|ocremix.org game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tube8 ID|Tube8 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YourPorn ID|YourPorn ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/KssE Wikispecies pages linked to Wikidata items via a specific property] (example given: Family Name &lt;small&gt;''(Q101352)''&lt;/small&gt;) - ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Wikispecies_page_linked_to_a_items_with_a_specific_property|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Salon_de_Paris|Salon de Paris]] - a list of annual temporary exhibitions usually held in the Salon Carré of the Louvre Palace.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Mesocosms|Mesocosms]] - about modelling research infrastructure, processes and outcomes involving use of [[d:Q138857216|mesocosm (Q138857216)]] ''(experimental system to examine the natural environment under controlled conditions).''
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Indonesia/Kegiatan/Datathon/Arsip/2025|Archive WikiProject for Wikimedia Indonesia February 2025 Datahon]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Eswatini|Govdirectory: Eswatini]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/badged_items_without_claims|Badged Items without Claims]] - this report lists items that have received a badge (such as Good / Featured Article) but have 0 statements.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q337480|Académie Julian (Q337480)]] - former art school in Paris, France
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L724819|kurugu (L724819)]] - Dagbanli noun that translate to English as metal, harem trousers, hour or coin.

''' Development '''
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are continuing to investigate how to reduce the number of irrelevant changes showing up in Recent changes and Watchlist by seeing if we can compare the articles before and after the Wikidata change and detect a change in the article ([[phab:T419823]])
* GraphQL: You can now do lookups using itemByExternalId and itemBySitelink
* Mobile statement editing: We worked on fixing remaining bugs ([[phab:T420585 ]], [[phab:T420028]], [[phab:T419586]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Eswatini|Eswatini]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:56, 7 April 2026 (UTC)'''
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&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2026 ==

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| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue III, March 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
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| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in Equinox
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikigap 2026 in Tirana, Albania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Celebrating 20 Years of Papiamentu/o Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Bolivia report|Bolivia report]]: The Family Treasures Project Returns, with New GLAM Partners
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Folklore Brazil defines six categories to represent Brazilian culture on Commons 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Architecture in the public domain in libraries in Nariño/Arquitectura en dominio público en bibliotecas nariñenses
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Main Wikimedian in Residence report for 2025 is here
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Art History Loves Wiki 2026 – digital/local. collection loves wiki
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration resumes with the British Library for Bangla Wikisource
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: 2026 winners projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence update, a letter published in Nature &amp; Architecture + Women NZ
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's GLAM Highlights: Botany and Beyond 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: March in Portugal
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: March in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Looking for similar images
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM Wiki Group, Donna, CoCreation PTT-Archive
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: CILIP MDG 2026 Conference, Library meetups and the World's Enamels
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring 2026 news from Ukraine – Wiki Loves Folklore &amp; more #1Lib1Ref
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: MoMA's International Traveling Exhibitions and Wikidata on the LD4 Arts Affinity Group April Community Call 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Oulu Löyly
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Indigenous languages on the Main Page
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Single|Single-page]]
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To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:20, 9 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:56, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #727 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-04-13. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#726]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/ZI_Jony_2|ZI Jony (2)]] - RfP scheduled to end after 17 April 2026 13:09 (UTC)
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/NirmosBot_3|Nirmos Bot 3]] - Task(s): Turn one or more consecutive hard (non-breaking) spaces into one regular space in Swedish descriptions. 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Alex_NB_OT|Alex NB OT]] - Task(s): Correction of incorrectly specified links to population data sources containing wikitext artifacts with categories, which leads to incorrect categorization of articles.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Alex_NB_OT_2|Alex NB OT 2]] - Task(s): Extract KCI article ID from [[d:Property:P953|P953]] and add it to [[d:Property:P14184|P14184]].
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/ReNeuralAgent|ReNeuralAgent]] - Task(s): (1) add descriptions, (2) Latvian labels/descriptions, (3) 'retrieved from' and 'source URL' to unreferenced Statements, (4) missing aliases from external Identifier sources, (5) Geo coordinates, (6) external identifiers, (7) Population numbers, (8) remove 'dead sitelinks', (9) constraint violations.
* Open request for comment: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Mass-editing_policy|Mass-editing policy]] is still open and requires your input.

''' Events ''' 
* Past: Missed the second quarter Wikidata+Wikibase office hour? You can catch up by reading the session transcript here: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2026-04-08|2026-04-08 (Q2 2026)]]
* Current: (Spanish) [[d:Event:Dominio_Público_en_América_Latina_2026|Public Domain in Latin America 2026]] - 1st edition of the campaign to improve public domain data for Latin America is running until 15 June.
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 14 April, 2026: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, April 14, 2026 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST (Time zone converter). QuickStatements is one of the most widely used tools in Wikidata, enabling users to upload and edit large volumes of structured data efficiently. Originally developed by Magnus Manske, the tool has become essential for institutions, researchers, and volunteers working with open data. The new QuickStatements 3.0, developed by Wikimedia Brasil with support from Wikimedia Deutschland, introduces a modernized interface, improved performance, and new features shaped by community input, making it easier than ever to contribute high-quality data to the Wikimedia ecosystem. Event page: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Project Series/QuickStatements3|https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/QuickStatements3]]
**[https://artandfeminism.org/panel/community-hours-af-wikidata-modules/ Art+Feminism is hosting a Community Hours session on April 17 to introduce their new Wikidata modules — don’t miss it!]
** [https://www.digis-berlin.de/workshop-wikidata-fuer-die-sammlungserschliessung-am-20-04/ digiS Workshop „Wikidata für die Sammlungserschließung“ am 20.04.] - (German), registration closes 16.04, takes place online (10:00 – 11:30 CEST), room link after registration.
** [https://events.ucf.edu/event/4102698/open-scholarly-profiles-with-wikidata Open Scholarly Profiles with Wikidata] - Wednesday, April 22, 2026 1300 - 1430 EDT (1700 - 1830 UTC). This is an onsite event at University of Central Florida.
** [[w:ig:Event:Visibility_of_Communities_in_Nigeria_2.0|Visibility of Communities in Nigeria 2.0]]: 17.04 - 25.04, (please register on the link). Help enrich Wikidata with cultural preservation, tourism and inclusive development data for items on South Nigerian communities.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: (Spanish) [[wmes:conectando-a-los-autores-y-autoras-del-patrimonio-documental-vasco-en-wikipedia-y-wikidata|Connecting: Basque documentary heritage on Wikipedia and Wikidata]] - a program to make Basque heritage data more visible, with events scheduled through April - June.
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiyhYerswVU Live Wikidata Editing #120] with Jan Ainali and Abbe98
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVUDn1E-yJU Can AI Replace Wikipedia? Jonathan Fraine &amp; Raja Amelung Explain Why It Cannot] - Wikimedia Deutschland's Jonathan and Raja discuss why human knowledge and contribution to Wikipedia and Wikidata will always be important.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEzUqaorHtg Interfacing with Wikidata for fun and profit] - Yaron Koren
** [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qwwpxtdGAG7oYKwlp2ykhyZIgrMYvUgt/view Introduction to Lexicographical data] - By Chinonso Chidi
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=TmMC8L89hOs&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D WMUK Wikidata Training (1/2) - Why &amp; how to add data to Wikidata] - a beginner-friendly introduction to Wikidata editing hosted by Dr. Martin Poulter.
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=acjchSUjq48&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D WMUK Wikidata training (2/2) - Make your first Wikidata query using SPARQL] - How to query Wikidata's vast store of knowledge using SPARQL.
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5WTkl4dXCKA&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D Wikidata and personal pronouns (P6553) by Clair Kronk and Crystal Yragui] - part of the [[m:Event:Queering_Wikipedia_Conference_2025|Queering Wikipedia Conference (2025)]]
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoSszuyG8tI Queering the public domain using Wikidata and Wikipedia] - with [[m:User:Hiperterminal|User:Hiperterminal]].
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRj3cXRn1uk Taller de OpenRefine por David Ramírez-Ordóñez] ([[m:User:Hiperterminal|User:Hiperterminal]]) - a workshop on OpenRefine with a geder perspective.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31VQumm49yM Introducing lgbtDB: A Collaborative Queer Resource and Pilot Data Area]  by Clair Kronk.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://humansmap.com/ HumansMap] - a connection-visualiser and explorer app for 3 million notable humans, all data sourced from Wikidata.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Call for tool builders: EntitySchemas listening tour: The Wikidata team wants your feedback on EntitySchemas to improve data quality and discoverability. Share your experiences, pain points, and needs via the [[d:Wikidata_talk:Schemas#EntitySchemas_listening_tour_(feedback_round_2)|project talk page]] or this short [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeF1snQbKid7WaurWtEyrYPJ31M9vN8cKl4EocOnwNCvMsZqw/viewform?usp=header Google form] (including option for a 30-min video call).

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14272|ConLang Code Registry code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;3-letter identifier for language defined in the ConLang Code Registry, using codes reserved for private use in ISO 639-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14280|‎official roster page]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a team's official page about this player&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14299|‎value type of this mathematical property]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of the value of this mathematical property when applied to this object or this type of objects&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14300|‎Usenet newsgroup]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Usenet newsgroup associated with the item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14317|hardware is incompatible with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;significant elements with which a computer hardware or electronic device is incompatible and which indicates a significant property of this hardware.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14319|Peh-oe-ji]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;writing system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Q36778) or other Southern Min (Q36495) language varieties in Fujian and South East Asia.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14332|‎heir apparent]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person designated to take on royal position after death of subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14341|thumbtime]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;time for video thumbnail in seconds&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14263|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Property:P14264|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Property:P14265|‎BERON lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P14266|‎Brussels BeStAddress street ID]], [[:d:Property:P14267|‎Brussels BeStAddress address ID]], [[:d:Property:P14268|‎Atlas of Endangered Alphabets ID]], [[:d:Property:P14269|Anarâš aavis topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14270|Wikiparfum perfume ingredient ID]], [[:d:Property:P14271|TMDB award ID]], [[:d:Property:P14273|Open Library Collection]], [[:d:Property:P14274|‎Ohio University ArchiveSpace subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P14275|VAi Archiefhub agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P14276|‎PBA.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14277|‎IRIS UNIL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14278|IPRESS ID]], [[:d:Property:P14279|GEMI Number]], [[:d:Property:P14281|‎StandardsMap ID]], [[:d:Property:P14282|‎Japanese Location Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P14283|‎IRDI]], [[:d:Property:P14284|‎Wendingen object ID]], [[:d:Property:P14285|‎Wendingen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14286|Oricon News ID]], [[:d:Property:P14287|‎JMRC person id (en)]], [[:d:Property:P14288|Rappels person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14289|KCI journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P14290|KCI publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P14291|BIORAB-Kaiserreich ID]], [[:d:Property:P14292|BIORAB–WEIMAR ID]], [[:d:Property:P14293|‎Mainline Station Heritage Artefacts Collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P14294|Göteborgsalliansen player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14295|‎Fungal Names taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P14296|‎Dicionário Biográfico de Cientistas, Engenheiros e Médicos em Portugal ID]], [[:d:Property:P14297|‎Brewver beer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14298|Central Registration Number (Indonesian police)]], [[:d:Property:P14301|‎UEA catalogue ID]], [[:d:Property:P14302|‎lit.link ID]], [[:d:Property:P14303|kulturbase.no ID]], [[:d:Property:P14304|KuLaDig-ID]], [[:d:Property:P14310|Topplista artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14311|TV Drama Database program ID]], [[:d:Property:P14315|‎Thyssen-Bornemisza work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14316|‎Swedish National Archives ID]], [[:d:Property:P14318|Perfumery Glossary ingredient ID]], [[:d:Property:P14320|‎PeeringDB facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P14321|‎Nişanyan Adlar ID]], [[:d:Property:P14322|National Theatre in Prague performance ID]], [[:d:Property:P14323|National Theatre in Prague artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14324|‎JVID performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14325|CICAP Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P14326|‎MJ character glyph name]], [[:d:Property:P14327|member of the Azorean parliament ID]], [[:d:Property:P14328|Master Ideographs Seeker character ID]], [[:d:Property:P14329|‎London Book Trades ID]], [[:d:Property:P14330|‎Kloekecode]], [[:d:Property:P14331|ID Prix de Lausanne]], [[:d:Property:P14333|‎GDUNO ID]], [[:d:Property:P14334|‎fotbolltransfers.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P14335|Foot Résultats player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14336|‎Dictionary of Unitarian &amp; Universalist Biography ID]], [[:d:Property:P14337|‎DBNL country ID]], [[:d:Property:P14338|‎CROWCASS file number]], [[:d:Property:P14339|‎European Dictionary Portal ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenType script tag|OpenType script tag]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a script in OpenType&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenType language system tag|OpenType language system tag]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a language (system) in OpenType&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tattoos|tattoos]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;anatomical location of a tattoo that this person or character have&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/organization in cooperation with ISO ID|organization in cooperation with ISO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EDAM Ontology ID|EDAM Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FISH Evidence Thesaurus Identifier|FISH Evidence Thesaurus Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FISH Thesaurus of Monument Types ID|FISH Thesaurus of Monument Types ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScriptSource script ID|ScriptSource script ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScriptSource language code|ScriptSource language code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Extended Defence of Britain Database ID|Extended Defence of Britain Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Max username|Max username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BE-monumen ID|BE-monumen ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/LAbm List of sitelinked small items to a single Wiki] ([https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Request_a_query&amp;oldid=2480451843 source]) - example wiki: Maori Wikipedia
** [https://w.wiki/FYno People who have herbarium specimens in Herbarium Dresdense (on a timeline)] ([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Collectors_affiliated_with_the_Herbarium_Dresdense_(DR)|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Collectors_affiliated_with_the_Herbarium_Dresdense_(DR)|Collectors affiliated with the Herbarium Dresdense (DR)]]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/QuickStatements3|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/QuickStatements3]] - don't forget to add yourself to the participants section if you plan to attend the 14.04 Zoom call.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Temples_in_Roman_Britain/Data_Model|Temples in Roman Britain/Data Model]] subpage was added.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Library_and_Information_Science|Library and Information Science]] added subpages: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Library_and_Information_Science/dashboard_of_librarians|Librarians dashboard]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Library_and_Information_Science/dashboard_of_indexers|Indexers dashboard]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Special:ShortPages|Short Pages]] - A list of pages (mostly Items) that are very small, often appear completely blank. A review to judge whether they are suitable for deletion, victims of vandalism or require merging or expanding may be appropriate.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q804859|Baldur's gate II: Shadows of Amn]] - an isometric CRPG created with the Infinity engine, adapting the Advanced Dungeons and Dragons 2nd edition ruleset. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1250690|spegnere]] (Italian verb) to turn off, switch off, extinguish.

''' Development '''
* The Wikibase Reuse Team is working on ensuring [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413655 language fallback works on the GraphQL] labels of linked entities functionality and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421994 improving the technical infrastructure behind wbsearchentities].
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: is working on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422564 introducing metrics] that help observe the impact of Recent Change related work. Work continues on improving the Diff ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419244 T419244], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419823 T419823])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/United Nations|United Nations]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:16, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== [[Incubator:Requests for deletions#Wikinews test projects]] ==

For record, I guess that this section affects some test projects you previous contributed, at least [[Wn/af]] and [[Wn/vi]], so your inputs are welcome on the future of those Wikinews tests which are currently frozen. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 00:29, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:34, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:57, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #728 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-04-20. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#727]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Yamato Shiya|Yamato Shiya]] - RfP scheduled to end after 26 April 2026 11:10 (UTC)
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/ZI Jony 2|ZI Jony 2]] - Closed as successful

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #88 May 11 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].
** Wikidata turns 14 this October, and it’s time to start thinking about birthday celebrations🥳. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/O6V5RI7VMZCQGFTJZNNFOYZPJ6OPPK2R/ See the various ways in which you can participate].
** [https://events.ucf.edu/event/4102698/open-scholarly-profiles-with-wikidata Open Scholarly Profiles with Wikidata] - April 22, 2026 1300 - 1430 EDT (1700 - 1830 UTC). This is an onsite event at University of Central Florida and requires registration (see link).
** [https://www.instagram.com/p/DXNPK8jkl7p University of Central Illinois - How does data power Wikipedia and Wikidata?] Discover how your data skills can make an impact. Join the two onsite sessions (April 21, follow the link for registration details). '''Module 1''' - GLAM Wiki and the Wikimedia Ecosystem: Commons and Structured Data: 0930 - 1130 CDT - An overview of GLAM-Wiki (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums). '''Module 2''' - Wikidata: Editing, Querying, Citations and GIS Applications, 1300 - 1500 CDT

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [[DiffBlog:2026/04/14/women-in-photography-wikidata-workshop-with-lightbox-library|Women in Photography – Wikidata Workshop with LightBox Photo Library]] - to address the underrepresentation of women photographers in the Wikimedia Projects, this workshop brought tech reporters, librarians, researchers and photography enthusiasts to understand how Wikidata can unlock data silos and connect different projects (in the Wikiverse and external) to make data on women photographers more searchable.  
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/04/14/her-heritage-wiki-challenge-artfeminism-in-ghana-month/ Her Heritage Wiki Challenge: Art+Feminism in Ghana Month]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/03/18/no-signal-no-problem-building-the-dagbanli-dictionary-for-offline-use/ No Signal? No Problem: Building the Dagbanli Dictionary for Offline Use], by Mohammed Sadat Abdulai and Mohammed Awal Alhassan
* Papers: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-026-05621-1 Optimising university web visibility: strategies using Wikidata identifiers and statements in Webometrics rankings] By Backory et al., (2026), this study analyses Webometrics rankings of universities, applying clustering algorithms (K-means, hierarchical clustering, fuzzy C-means, GMM, and DBSCAN) to identify which identifiers and statements the top-ranked institutions have in common on their Wikidata entities.
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8qG2QxqsQE OKI Internship 2026 -  Wikidata &amp; Screening Test Preparation] - Part of the Open Knowledge Initiative, hosted by Ankit V &amp; Kasyap P.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnOHrG_nVvY Charted Roots - Genealogy and worldbuilding in Obsidian] - includes an example of linking to Wikidata to quickly add location data to your visualised family history.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://hay.toolforge.org/depictor/index.php Depictor] by Hay Kranen is a tool that add structured data statements to Wikimedia Commons using a game-like interface

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://librarycarpentry.github.io/lc-wikidata/01-introduction.html What is Wikidata? - Library Carpentry] is part of ''The Carpentries'', a registered non-profit teaching foundational coding and data science skills. They recently updated their introductory course to Wikidata and knowledge graph concepts.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14344|‎ocremix.org game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/especially|especially]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for statements to refine a value that applies more generally, but applies especially to a more specific value; a more specific qualifier than &quot;including&quot; (P1012)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/independent of theory|independent of theory]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;theory that proves neither this proposition nor its negation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EPBC conservation status|EPBC conservation status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the conservation status from the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 assigned by the Australian Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/part of discography|part of discography]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;discography that this musical release is a part of&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai Government Agency GFMIS Code|Thai Government Agency GFMIS Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Conlang Database ID|Conlang Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plataforma Acácia|Plataforma Acácia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Observatório Terras Quilombolas|Observatório Terras Quilombolas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LMTA folkloro archyvo ID|LMTA folkloro archyvo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kulturdenkmal-ID Rheinland-Pfalz|Kulturdenkmal-ID Rheinland-Pfalz]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UNDRR-ISC Hazard Information Profile ID|UNDRR-ISC Hazard Information Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Код Вестра|Код Вестра]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/19star performer ID|19star performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EM-DAT disaster number|EM-DAT disaster number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ColBase ID|ColBase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BIOSOP ID|BIOSOP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BIOKAND ID|BIOKAND ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002BJC71J4LUqy0w0MAAygQUkoMc46KQ2QeA28GuQ6saU Depthness of subway stations in meters] (by [[User:Bouzinac|Bouzinac]])
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/children_of_unborn_parents|Children of unborn parents]], this list shows the child entity's birth date predates the parent entity's birth date: good candidates to check if the birth and relationship statements need correcting. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q41178|Haïlé Sélassié Ier]] - Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L9704|slide (L9704)]] - English noun (slaɪd) meaning &quot;a photographic transparency&quot;, &quot;a playground or gym apparatus&quot;, or &quot;a mass movement of earth or snow&quot;

''' Development '''
* The Wikibase Reuse team continued their work on ensuring [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413655 language fallback works for labels of linked entities in GraphQL] and on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421994 refactoring wbsearchentities] 
* The Wikidata team worked on explored how to reduce load for low data users [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400325 T400325], fixed some bugs on the new mobile editing on Items [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418110 T418110], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414454 T414454] and improved some error messages [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T417797 T417797], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412145 T412145]

* In the WIT team, engineering continued working on the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419823 LilDiffCheck prototype]

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/South_Korea|South Korea]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:04, 20 April 2026 (UTC)'''
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== ''The Signpost'': 21 April 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/News and notes|Six Serbian Wikipedia editors banned following controversy about political bias]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/In the media|Could Wikipedia be involved in Massachusetts' proposed social media ban for minors?]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Gallery|March equinox]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Traffic report|Time to change my galaxy in case, we outta space!]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Comix|Of skirts and articles]]

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&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:50, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #729 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-04-27. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#728]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: '''[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Yamato_Shiya|Yamato Shiya]]''' - Congratulations to our newest Admin!
* New requests for permissions/Bot: '''[[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Chamiln17@FineWiki|Chamiln17@FineWiki]]''' - '''Task/s:''' Read-only Wikidata entity cache build for an academic temporal language model dataset.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: Next [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session — 28 April 2026 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST. This session covers QuickStatements 3.0, the updated batch-editing tool for Wikidata, redeveloped by Wikimedia Brasil with support from Wikimedia Deutschland, featuring a modern interface and improved performance. Watch the previous session recording: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkd_W_K2CEQ on youtube]. More details: [[Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Project Series/QuickStatements3 | QuickStatements3]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/04/10/the-gballi-browser-designing-for-the-dagbanli-alphabet/ The Gballi Browser: Designing for the Dagbanli Alphabet], by Mohammed Sadat Abdulai and Mohammed Awal Alhassan
** [[DiffBlog:2026/04/21/building-visibility-for-african-women-on-wikimedia-the-empowerher-fellowship|Building Visibility for African Women on Wikimedia: The EmpowerHer Fellowship]] by Andikan Efiok Eduok.
* Papers:
** [https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.430 Call for Edits Nearby: Open Archives Metadata from Saxony] by J. Bemme &amp; M. Munke (2026), latest paper in the Journal of Open Humanities Data series.
** (Deutsch) [PDF] [https://arthist.net/reviews/52225/view=pdf Art History Loves Wiki 2026 | digital/local.collection loves wiki] - report from ArtHist.net on the recent 3rd edition of the conference, held at the Museum Schnütgen, Köln, from 27 – 29 March.
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GAI0MXlYBE Live Wikidata Editing, #121] with Jan Ainali and Abbe98.
** (Español) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ci-TFUyvnAU Build with Wikimedia open data: APIs, SPARQL and visualization] with Carla Toro Fernández, Director Technology WM Chile.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mehivb26qI Every Airport Ever Built (1909-2024)] - an animated map showing where and when airports were built. Powered by Wikidata and OurAirports.
** (Catalan) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xFbsSRMncs Barcelona Free Software: How to use Wikidata to make public domain digital works visible?], [[d:User:Hiperterminal|User:Hiperterminal]] presents Paulina, discusses the work done in digitising collections and how to make public domain works visible. 
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/does-the-country-of-birth-affect-the-likelihood-of Does the country of birth affect the likelihood of having a Wikipedia biography?] by [[User:PAC2]]

''' Tools of the week '''
* [https://app.wikitime.live/ The Human History Atlas (WikiTime)], a browser-based atlas that uses Wikidata and Wikipedia-sourced data to construct timelines and allows exploration of significant historical events.
* [https://olympians.toolforge.org/athletes Wikilympians], a real-time list of all 153,412 known Olympic competitors with Wikidata and Wikipedia coverage statistics

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikibase Suite 7.0 and Wikibase Suite Deploy 7.0.0 have been launched! It brings Wikibase closer to feature parity with Wikidata. Here's what's in the latest release:
** [[mw:Extension:Echo|Echo Extension]]: User activity alerts and notifications.
** [[mw:Extension:DiscussionTools|Discussion Tools Extension]]: Set of tools to enhance discussion pages.
** [[mw:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts|Temporary Accounts]]: The support for temporary accounts without IP address exposure has been added. It will, however, remain disabled by default, in line with Wikibase Cloud.
** Grouped External Identifiers (https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310898): External identifiers are now grouped on entity pages for better readability.
** “Mul” (multi-language) support: Adds support for multi-language values.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14345|perspective]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;point of view for an image of an object, for example an anatomical structure (ventral, dorsal, frontal)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14347|Bavarian natural monuments ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for natural monuments in Bavaria (Germany), issued by the Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14351|‎audio version of text]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The audio version of a text (e.g. book). Not the audio version of the Wikipedia article about the text (e.g. book).&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14359|‎motive]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;verified reasoning behind an action&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14360|‎award category or rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier of P166) specific category or rank of an award received, for awards with more than one category or rank&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14346|‎BE-monumen ID]], [[:d:Property:P14348|Team Norway athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P14349|‎Kantonsspital St.Gallen author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14350|‎Consumer Rights Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P14353|Central Registration Number (Indonesia Military)]], [[:d:Property:P14354|‎Conlang Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P14355|EM-DAT disaster number]], [[:d:Property:P14356|UNDRR-ISC Hazard Information Profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P14357|‎EDAM Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P14358|‎Turkey province ID]], [[:d:Property:P14361|Kvinnehistorie.no topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14362|CNVD-ID]], [[:d:Property:P14363|GiveSendGo fundraising ID]], [[:d:Property:P14364|radiko person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14365|Wikiparfum brand ID]], [[:d:Property:P14366|‎Turkey district ID]], [[:d:Property:P14367|OSDev article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/different from property|different from property]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property is to be distinguished from the other property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SELL rating|SELL rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;classification in the Syndicat des éditeurs de logiciels de loisirs rating system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/time expansion|time expansion]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;factor by which a recording's duration has been extended or compressed relative to the original real-time event, without pitch correction; values greater than 1 indicate time expansion (e.g. 10 = ten times longer than real life, pitch lowered tenfold); values less than 1 indicate time compression (e.g. 0.1 = ten times shorter, pitch raised tenfold); 1 = real-time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parental Advisory System rating|Parental Advisory System rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;content rating for coin-operated video games&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CINEFOX film ID (reproposal)|CINEFOX film ID (reproposal)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CINEFOX parson ID (reproposal)|CINEFOX parson ID (reproposal)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VK video ID|VK video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brew TV|Brew TV]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CycleBase cyclist ID (new)|CycleBase cyclist ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Royal Australian Air Force service number|Royal Australian Air Force service number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Files of the Reich Chancellery ID|Files of the Reich Chancellery ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/MDpD List of treaties/truces in the time] by  [[:d:User:Bouzinac | Bouzinac ]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Occupations|WikiProject Occupations]] for enriching items [[d:Property:P106|occupation ''&lt;small&gt;(P106)&lt;/small&gt;'']], [[d:Q12737077|occupation ''&lt;small&gt;(Q12737077)&lt;/small&gt;'']] with data verified from official national occupation classification systems.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/without_claims_by_site|Without Claims by Site]] - this report will list how many Wikidata Items have 0 Statements, with a linked Wiki Article/page. Click ''reports/all items'' for a per wiki list, and consider expanding.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q845661|Okazaki fragments]] - short DNA sequences synthesized discontinuously during DNA replication 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L29733|transfer (L29733)]] - English noun/verb (ˈtræns.fɜːr) meaning &quot;to move from one place to another&quot;, &quot;a sports team member moving to another team&quot;, or &quot;a ticket allowing continuation of a journey&quot;

''' Development '''
* Query Service: It is now possible to download query results in Wikidata Query Service that include coordinates as KML &amp; GPX (GeoJSON has been available since last year). Text from the first column in the results is used as the value for naming POIs. Thanks again to Atom.oil.2 for the patch. ([[phab:T414376]])
* The Wikidata team continued working on a prototype to make WikiProjects more visible ([[phab:T420907]]) and made the new Wikidata mobile UI use auto-resizing text areas instead of single-line text inputs, in order to make longer values easier to edit ([[phab:T414420]])
* The Wikidata Integrations team now has a working prototype of LilDiffCheck, injecting wikidata changes into recent changes only if there was a change on the wikipedia html ([[phab:T421390]])
* Language fallback will be available this week on the labels of linked entities functionality in GraphQL  ([[phab:T413655]])


[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Main dashboard|field of work]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:28, 27 April 2026 (UTC)'''
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== This Month in Education: April 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:01, 27 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:03, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kuwait National Assembly Building]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Kuwait City Arabian Gulf Street 10.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Kuwait National Assembly Building''' is the building that housed the National Assembly of Kuwait.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1972, it was completed in 1982 under the direction of his son Jan. The structural design was by Max Walt. The building was seriously damaged in February 1991 when retreating Iraqi troops set it on fire but has since been restored. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #730 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-05-04. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#729]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Chamiln17@FineWiki|Chamiln17@FineWiki]] - Task: This bot performs a read-only cache build for an academic temporal language model dataset.
* Other: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Ontology/Status of Ontology Classes and Properties|better tools to support constraints implied by properties like disjoint union of]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[d:Event:WikiProjects Days 2026|WikiProjects Days 2026]] (online, June 19 to 21). A community gathering focused on making WikiProjects more useful, visible, and alive. [[d:Event talk:WikiProjects Days 2026|Propose a session]] (deadline for proposals: May 26, 2026) or register now.
** [[m:Language_Diversity_Conference/Submissions|Language Diversity Conference]] - Call for Submissions ends 15 May 2026.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/04/29/wikidata-community-summit-2026-coscup-call-for-proposals/ Wikidata Community Summit 2026 @ COSCUP] - Call for Proposals ends May 9, 2026.
** [https://www.laguardia.edu/event/lic-photo-walking-tourwikipedia-workshop/ LIC Photo Walking Tour + Wikipedia &amp; Wikidata Workshop] - May 16, 12:30 - 16:00 EDT (UTC-4). A historical walking tour of Long Island City, New York, concluding with a Wiki-skills workshop at LaGuardia. Registration on the event link.
* Ongoing: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Coordinate_Me_2026|COORDINATE ME 2026]] - a Wikidata competition for geolocatable content has just started and ends 31 May 2026. Visit the link for details on how to participate.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://christianmahnke.de/en/post/blog-visualisation/ Visualised Blog metadata through SPARQL queries] - ChristianMahnke blog.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/04/22/mozilla-common-voice-meets-wikidata-how-the-dagbanli-dictionary-got-audio-usage-examples/ Mozilla Common Voice Meets Wikidata (How the Dagbanli Dictionary Got Audio Usage Examples)]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/05/03/wiki-loves-mother-tongue-2026-in-the-igbo-community/ Wiki Loves Mother Tongue 2026 in the Igbo Community]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/05/04/eduwiki-workshop-highlights-practical-uses-of-wikimedia-commons-in-education/ EduWiki Workshop Highlights Practical Uses of Wikimedia Commons in Education]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/05/02/recap-wiki-for-human-rights-lgbtiq-nigeria-february-and-march-training/ Recap: Wiki for Human Rights, LGBTIQ+ Nigeria, February and March Training]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/05/01/the-new-artfeminisms-wikidata-modules-are-here/ The new Art+Feminism’s Wikidata Modules are here!]
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lEyzX98BFE Panel on Wikidata and public domain in Colombia] (Spanish): on April 24th, the National Library of Colombia, The Cultural Network of the Bank of the Republic of Colombia, Wikimedia Colombia and Fundación Conector discussed about digital heritage and Wikidata, its challenges and opportunities for collaboration.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAnnn-Bk7Tk Wikibase - an introduction by Jason Evans] (Open Data Manager, National Library of Wales). Produced by the Wikimedian in Residence channel, University of Edinburgh.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV4aL2PdjIc A uMap based on Wikidata] - a use-case of Holy Wells located in Ireland, associated with female Saints, powered by Wikidata and OpenStreetMap.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViOkEYQLggM Wikifunctions in practice: Reusable Logic for Wikimedia] - Presentation given by Toby Hudson ([[d:User:99of9|User:99of9]]) at the Wikiconference Australia 2026.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qYi3xPtB8I Mentor Me! Session 3A] - This in-person and hands-on session is provided by the Wikimedia Tyap User Group, and continues in the following sessions: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4b6Y3w4_ME Mentor Me! Session 3B] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2QM5RdJhl0 Mentor Me! Session 3C]. Led by Gwakhap D. Anthony, it will cover how to document languages with Wikidata lexemes.
* Africa Wiki Women:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mrF98BA1SM Linking images from Commons to Wikidata and Wikipedia] -  how images are used across the Projects with examples documenting African Women.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fANX6mDde5A Newbies Monthly Meetup for Africa Wiki Women] - further training and introductory skills for Wikidata and how it interacts with the other Wikimedia Projects.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvatmrH1uhQ EditHer Africa Contest (April)] - a beginner-friendly hands-on Wikidata item creation guide and launch of the monthly contest, with a focus on African Women in Works and Leadership.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://openhistory.app OpenHistory] – interactive historical atlas of 21k+ Wikidata-sourced historical events, polities, and territories on a timeline+map. SPARQL-driven pipeline, MIT/CC BY-SA. ([https://github.com/kdhillon/openhistory GitHub])

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://wikitrivia.tomjwatson.com/ WikiTrivia] - the webgame about putting historical events in the correct order recently got a huge update, thanks to creator Tom Watson.
* [[mw:Wikimedia_APIs/Rate_limits|Wikimedia API's / Rate limits]] - new rate limits are being added for all Wikimedia projects, to ensure sustainable use to the REST an ACTION API's. If you operate a bot and it has recently started producing an error message for producing too many API requests, please consult the linked MediaWiki page and amend your bot as needed.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P14387|‎meta-category for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;topic or class of items covered by the lowest categories in this meta-category's hierarchy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14368|KISTI article ID]], [[:d:Property:P14369|FISH Monument Types Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P14370|FISH Evidence Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P14371|Organization in cooperation with ISO ID]], [[:d:Property:P14372|ScriptSource script code]], [[:d:Property:P14373|‎ScriptSource language code]], [[:d:Property:P14374|Tube8 performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14375|Bundestag Group Minutes ID]], [[:d:Property:P14376|Westra code]], [[:d:Property:P14377|Myrotvorets  ID]], [[:d:Property:P14378|‎Irish State Administration Database Unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P14379|Hessische Parlamentarismusgeschichte Abgeordneten-ID]], [[:d:Property:P14380|YouPorn performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14381|‎GFMIS Agency Code]], [[:d:Property:P14382|‎Royal Australian Air Force service number]], [[:d:Property:P14383|‎Plataforma Acácia ID]], [[:d:Property:P14384|‎Observatório Terras Quilombolas ID]], [[:d:Property:P14385|BIOSOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P14386|BIOKAND ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/(found) liable of|(found) liable of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;tort or civil wrong a person or organization was found liable of&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DMCA takedown policy URL|DMCA takedown policy URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) takedown policy or submitting page of this hosting site or UGC (User Generated Content) distributor&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/18 U.S.C. § 2257 policy URL|18 U.S.C. § 2257 policy URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;age requirement documentation URL statement of this website or company&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/monolingual text name properties|monolingual text name properties]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(with an associated language code) name by which a subject is recorded in a database, mentioned as a contributor of a work, or is referred to in a particular context&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gidrologicheskaya Izuchennost Code|Gidrologicheskaya Izuchennost Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/QBWiki article ID|QBWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dijital İstanbul ID|Dijital İstanbul ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NaPTAN stop area code|NaPTAN stop area code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cairn d'un éditeur|Identifiant Cairn d'un éditeur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Darwin Correspondence person ID|Darwin Correspondence person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACM Digital Library institution ID|ACM Digital Library institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SensCritique person ID|SensCritique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ National Archives of Japan Digital Archive ID| National Archives of Japan Digital Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VGs drapsoversikt ID|VGs drapsoversikt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Semanticscience Integrated Ontology ID|Semanticscience Integrated Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Senkyo.com|Senkyo.com]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Objectif plumes author pages|Objectif plumes author pages]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maoyan personage ID|Maoyan personage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/critify.de publication ID|critify.de publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookNotification author ID|BookNotification author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/MR9w Script style of manuscript Qur'ans]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Early_Modern_Silesia|Early Modern Silesia]] 
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Tango|Tango]]
* WikiProject Highlights: WikiProject Ontology has gathered a [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course/Projects_Offering_2|list of potential projects]] for the second offering of the Wikidata Ontology course, and has published a subpage to discuss the future of [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Status_of_Ontology_Classes_and_Properties|Ontology Classes and Properties]].
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/unmarked_supercentenarians|Unmarked Supercentenarians]] - this list displays humans who do not have a claim ''supercentenarian (Q1200828)'' (or ''alleged supercentenarian (Q106991708)''), but the difference between their Date of Birth and Date of Death is greater than 110 years.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q174284|Raiders of the Lost Ark]] - a 1981 film directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, and John Rhys-Davies.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L2205|gje (L2205)]] - Norwegian verb (jeː) meaning &quot;to give&quot;, &quot;to perform/hold&quot;, or &quot;to diminish in strength&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing: We continued fixing issues uncovered in testing
* WikiProjects: We are working on adding links to the sidebar of Items to lead people to the respective WikiProjects for that Item. This way we hope to help people more easily find data modelling documentation as well as other editors interested in the same topic.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:51, 4 May 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:40, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Macau National Security Law]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lei relative à defesa da segurança do Estado projecto.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Macau National Security Law''' is a law in Macau which prohibits and punishes acts of treason, secession, and subversion against the Central government, as well as preparative acts leading to any of the three acts. Taken into effect on 3 March 2009, the purpose of the law is to fulfil Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, the de facto constitution of the Macau Special Administration Region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:53, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IV, April 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: How the GLAM Community Can Shine in the 2026–27 Annual Plan
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day 2026 in Tirana, Albania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: WikiConf Argentina and GLAM projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Asia report|Asia report]]: Documenting and citing oral knowledge in audio and video
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiCon Australia, ICIP, Orphan works and Trans-Tasman partnerships
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia Brasil publishes book on the power and challenges of free knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We celebrate Public Domain Day with an expert panel / Celebramos el día del dominio público con un Panel de expertas
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ongoing and New GLAM-Wiki Projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime event at Auckland Museum &amp; an update for WiR NZBSI
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaign
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD in Action: Digitization, Wikisource and Educational Workshops
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Developments: Residencies, Partnerships and Audiovisual Heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: April in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Le Donne di Villa Massimo
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A tenth-century Quran and Islamic Art in Urdu
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki MIT launches and US meetups
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Update on the BHL Annual Meeting 27 April - 1 May &amp; BHL Day
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Eight new articles on MoW inscriptions
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:51, 11 May 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #731 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-05-11. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#730]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AAU_Research_NLP_Bot,_1|AAU Research NLP Bot 1]] - Task(s): Querying Wikidata for entities and relations and paths between them. From 1-hop until 3-hops.
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:User:MarisDreshmanisBot|MarisDreshmanisBot]] (formerly ''ReNeuralAgent Bot'') has been approved after a community intervention, see the discussion [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot#Maris_Dreshmanis_—_ReNeuralAgent|here]].

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** '''[[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026|WikiProjects Days 2026]]'''  will take place between '''19 - 21 June'''.&lt;br&gt;WikiProjects are crucial to improving data quality and onboarding newcomers to specific areas of Wikidata. This event is the place for all editors to discover WikiProjects, find ones to join, learn about their modelling practices and how to improve the content and tools of your favourite WikiProjects. '''[[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/3670|Register here]]''' to get any news or updates about this new Wikidata X Days event. The '''Call for Proposals''' is open! If you have an idea for a session, please '''[[d:Event_talk:WikiProjects_Days_2026|submit it here]]''' by '''26 May'''.
** [[d:Event:Wikidata Live Editing 122|Wikidata Live Editing]], 11 May
** [https://ai-bridges.org/2026/02/13/symposium/ AI Bridges Symposium] is taking place at ''Senate House, University of London'' across 28 and 29 May. (Free) Registration for this on-site event closes 21 May. The event will begin with introductions to Wikidata, Wikibase, connecting AI with Wikidata and follow on day 2 bringing the full ecosystem together for dialogue, debate, and collaborative action.
* Ongoing: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Coordinate_Me_2026|Coordinate Me 2026]] - edit items with a [[d:Property:P625|P625 ''(coordinate location)'']] from the focus countries and be in the running for a prize. Ends 31 May 2026.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/05/08/building-wikimedia-tools-in-northern-nigeria-the-arewa-techcom-hackathon/ Building Wikimedia tools in Northern Nigeria: launch of Arewa TechCom through the Arewa Wikimedia Hackathon 2026]
** [https://addshore.com/tag/wikibase-world/ Editing wikibase.world (a MediaWiki site), with Jules (an AI agent)] by Addshore.
** [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/libraries-ai-infrastructure-african-edition-stuart-michael-edelenbos-bsage/ Libraries as AI Infrastructure: The African Edition] - reflections on overlooked African contributions to linked data and AI infrastructure, highlighting Wikibase-powered projects African Literary Metadata (ALMEDA) and Nigeria’s Semantic Name Authority Recognition (SNAR). By Stuart Michael Edelenbos
** [https://www.tabakalera.eus/en/tabakalera-has-promoted-open-access-cultural-knowledge-linking-medialab-catalogue-wikidata Tabakalera promotes open access to cultural knowledge by linking their medialab catalogue to Wikidata]
** [https://blog.stoa.org/archives/4398 The Stoa: a Review for Digital Classics - report on Linked Pasts 11 - Epigraphic Data in Wikidata, from Ontology to Practice]
** [[Diffblog:technical-tinkering-for-commonsdb-at-the-wikimedia-hackathon/|Technical tinkering for CommonsDB at the WM Hackathon]] by Ainali.
** [https://www.ezrabrand.com/p/introducing-index-historical-jewish-figures Ezra Brand - Introducing a New Index of Biblical, Talmudic, and Medieval Jewish Figures] - Wikidata helps index and categorise Jewish figures into distinct periods.
** (Deutsch) [https://arthist.net/archive/52383 ArtHist: New Art-Historical Resource on the Web] and [https://blog.tib.eu/2026/05/11/eingepraegte-geschichte-das-meistersiegel-wiki-ist-online/ TIB Blog: Embossed story – the Meistersiegel-Wiki is online] are both articles about the new ''Meistersiegel'' Wikibase instance.
* Papers: [https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/dco/issue/view/7602 Volume 12,2] of [[:d:Q130266048|Digital Classics Online]] contains many papers regarding the use Wikidata and Wikibase in the field of Classics:
** [https://doi.org/10.11588/dco.2026.12.112296 ''Hypotheseis, a Database of Named Entities Surrounding Greek Rhetorical Exercises''] by [[:d:User:Epìdosis|Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo]]
** [https://doi.org/10.11588/dco.2026.12.112294 ''Altinum: a Wikidata Project for Digital Epigraphy and Prosopography''] by [[:d:User:Anna Clara Maniero Azzolini|Anna Clara Maniero Azzolini]]
** [https://doi.org/10.11588/dco.2026.12.112287 ''The NIKAW Project: An Infrastructure of Texts, Entities and Language Models to Study the Circulation of Knowledge in the Ancient World''] by [[:d:User:Ake1990|Margherita Fantoli]]
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGcTriZO6dA OpenDataDEx - Exploring Supreme Court Rulings in Wikidata], for The Knowledge Commons project. Try it out for yourself: [https://opendatadex.com/ Open Data Explorer]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGsdryuQwTI Wikidata: Introduction and Basics] - an introductory session provided by WMUG Uganda.
** (Arabic) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i67lJQfGPFg Introduction to Wikidata] hosted by Michel Bakhni for the channel: ''Wikimedia group for those interested in Islamic civilization''
* Presentations:
** (Deutsch) [[c:File:Wikidata_in_Museen,_Archiven_und_Bibliotheken.pdf|Wikidata in Museums, Archives and Libraries]]
** [[c:File:Wikicite_2025_white_paper_summary.pdf|White Paper (PDF) - Wikidata Days and Wikicite (2025)]] - Open bibliographic metadata in practice, what was learned in Bern and what libraries and the community can do next.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://opendatadex.com/ Open Data DEx Explorer] - ''&quot;an interactive graph visualizer of semantic Open Data. Relationships are discovered heuristically and a graph structure created in real time, allowing navigation and insight into raw data without building formal ontologies.&quot;''Read more on [https://theknowledgecommons.org/ The Knowledge Commons blog], by Michelle Tomlyn.
* [https://gapmap.wiki GapMap.Wiki] - explore knowledge gaps between different language Wikipedia's. GapMap identifies Wikipedia articles that exist in many languages but missing from the target, helping editors prioritize which articles to translate or create. No AI is used, just comparing publicly available databases.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Mobile editors can now edit all datatypes directly in the mobile view. To help improve this new interface, Wikimedia Deutschland is looking for volunteers (especially editors from Right-to-left languages) for UX testing sessions. Participants will be compensated for their time. Sign up [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/bo2e7e2a/apply here] (greatquestion) and learn more on the project page: [[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14392|‎energy density]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of energy extractable from a substance (e.g. in a combustion engine) per unit of volume or of mass&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14401|‎Parental Advisory System rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;content rating for coin-operated video games&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifierss: [[:d:Property:P14388|Cyprus company ID]], [[:d:Property:P14389|‎DBNL title ID]], [[:d:Property:P14390|ShotOnWhat film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14391|‎Shinmei database ID]], [[:d:Property:P14394|‎ColBase ID]], [[:d:Property:P14395|Lubimyczytać version/edition ID]], [[:d:Property:P14396|Files of the Reich Chancellery ID]], [[:d:Property:P14397|‎Darwin Correspondence person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14399|‎Gidrologicheskaya Izuchennost Code]], [[:d:Property:P14403|‎Brew TV movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14404|National Archives of Japan Digital Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P14405|PlayStation Trophies trophy ID]], [[:d:Property:P14406|Tax Identification Number (Spain)]], [[:d:Property:P14407|‎19star actor ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/concentration camp prisoner number|concentration camp prisoner number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;registration or prisoner number assigned to a person in camps operated under Nazi persecution between 1933 and 1945&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID für Kulturdenkmale in Lübeck|ID für Kulturdenkmale in Lübeck]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Datenbank-ID für Kulturdenkmale in Lübeck|Datenbank-ID für Kulturdenkmale in Lübeck]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Prime Video URL ID|Prime Video URL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Prime Video GTI|Prime Video GTI]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portable Antiquities Scheme record ID|Portable Antiquities Scheme record ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) éditeurice dans le DEF19 2.0|Identifiant d'un(e) éditeurice dans le DEF19 2.0]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple TV parson ID|Apple TV parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CINEMATODAY film ID|CINEMATODAY film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Verfassungsblog author ID|Verfassungsblog author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Blätter author ID|Blätter author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EGAFD film ID|EGAFD film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum of Canadian Music artist ID|Museum of Canadian Music artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum of Canadian Music work ID|Museum of Canadian Music work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGAFD film ID|BGAFD film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Movielens ID|Movielens ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrumentalistinnen-Lexikon ID|Instrumentalistinnen-Lexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parliament.scot member ID|parliament.scot member ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Space/Queries#Astronauts_members_of_space_missions|Astronauts members of Space Missions]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Horse_racing/Queries#All_horses|All Horses in Wikidata]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Horse racing|Project Horse Racing]] : On topics relating to horse racing.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_William_%26_Mary_Law_School_EMCO|Project William &amp; May Law School EMCO]] - to create and enhance entities for persons and corporate bodies related to the law school, for use in the library's metadata and archival work.
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Part_2:_How_to_use_QuickStatements_3.0_to_upload_data_to_Wikidata_for_Govdirectory|Project GovDirectory: How to use QuickStatements 3.0 to add data to GovDir]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course/Projects_Offering_2/Modelling_Dictionary_Usage_Labels_in_Wikidata|Ontology Course: Projects Offering 2]] - Modelling Dictionary Usage Labels in Wikidata, Roots and Rhythms: Modelling music as cultural heritage. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q208108|Catch Me If You Can]] - a 2002 film by Steven Spielberg starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. A dramatic re-telling of the life and exploits of serial confidence man Frank Abegnale Jr., ironically the events of the film were later found to be mostly fabricated. 

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing: We are continuing to improve the UX and fix issues uncovered in testing
* Making WikiProjects more visible: We are working on adding links to the sidebar menu of Items to make it easier for people to find the WikiProject(s) associated with an Item, find like-minded people and learn about data modelling conventions etc in that particular area
* Query Service: The service is being hit quite heavily and the Wikidata Platform team is working on blocking scrapers and misbehaving tools
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are continuing our experiment to further reduce the amount of Wikidata changes that show up on Recent changes and Watchlist but don't actually change the article. Specifically we are looking at checking if there is any difference in the rendered article before and after the change coming from Wikidata

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory|public universities]] 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:21, 11 May 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:18, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026 ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Eurovision edit-a-thon logo 2026.svg|right|250px]]

Hello everyone!

You are invited to participate in the &quot;[[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|Wiki Loves Eurovision]]&quot; article writing contest, where our goal is to create new Eurovision-related articles in the CEE-language Wikipedia editions and improve existing ones. The contest will take place from May 10 to June 10, 2026, and prizes are available:

* 1st prize: a voucher worth €60
* 2nd prize: a voucher worth €50
* 3rd prize: a voucher worth €40
* 4th–10th prize: a voucher worth €30

To participate in the contest and learn more, please visit [[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|this link]]. --[[User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub]] ([[User talk:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|talk]]) 14:00, 16 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #732 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-05-18. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#731]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/PatsaBot 1|PatsaBot 1]] - '''Task/s:''' Add sitelink from [[Special:PrefixIndex/Template:Taxonomy/|Template:Taxonomy/*]] on thwiki to same entry from enwiki and update Thai description from generic template format to &quot;แม่แบบอนุกรมวิธาน&quot; (taxonomy template).
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MarisDreshmanisBot 2|MarisDreshmanisBot 2]] - '''Task/s:''' Create occupation Q-items and add native-language labels on existing occupation Q-items from 33 state-issued national occupation classifiers (165 national registries, 154 countries, ~30,000 new Q-items, ~120,000 native labels across 53 languages).
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/ias-kbase|ias-kbase]] - '''Task/s:''' Read-only bulk entity lookups for an internal knowledge graph project. Fetches labels, claims, and sitelinks from Wikidata and intro-paragraph extracts from English Wikipedia. No writes.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Reminder: Propose a session for [[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026|WikiProject Days 2026]]. Your proposal can be just one or two sentences. Suggestions include topics on how to use WikiProjects to connect with others and improve data modelling, how to revive a neglected WikiProject, and what makes a good WikiProject. [[d:Event talk:WikiProjects Days 2026|Propose a session now]]. Deadline Sunday May 24.
** Wikimedia Indonesia is hosting the [[:c:Commons:Kompetisi Penyajian Data|2026 Data Visualization Competition]] from 10th to 31st May 2026. We welcome visualization and essay submissions from Indonesian participants on various topics ranging from Indonesian history to biological diversity.
** [[d:Event:Swedish online editathon 300|The three-hundred online Wikidata meetup in Swedish]], May 24
** [https://www.gw.uni-hamburg.de/ueber-die-fakultaet/digital-humanities/dh-lab/veranstaltungen/26-05-27-hands-on-wiki.html Wikidata: An Open Knowledge Graph for Research and Beyond], a workshop on-site at the Digital Humanities Lab (C2003), University Hamburg, 27 May, 14:15 – 15:45 CEST. Registration (via link).

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://forum.mapillary.com/t/easy-way-to-add-imagery-to-wikipedia-and-wikidata-items-with-wikishootme-and-mapillary/10375 Easy way to add images to Wikipedia &amp; Wikidata items, with WikiShootMe and Mapillary]
* Papers:
** [https://www.jlis.it/index.php/jlis/article/view/698 ''Wikidata and authority files: reconciliation and cooperation procedures''] by [[:d:User:Epìdosis|Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo]]: an overview of the interactions between Wikidata and library authority files and of the usage of Wikibase by library authority files up to July 2025
** [https://www.jlis.it/index.php/jlis/article/view/675 ''Institutional practices in gender recording: an analysis of National Libraries''] by Novaes de Mendonça, and Ana Carolina Simionato Arakaki: contains references to Wikidata and its interconnection with library authority files
** [https://www.aidainformazioni.it/index.php/aidainformazioni/article/view/350 ''Modellizzazione delle conoscenze: Thesaurus Nuovo soggettario e Wikidata, due strumenti a confronto''] by [[:d:User:Elena Cencetti|Elena Cencetti]], Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo and [[:d:User:Elisabetta Viti2|Elisabetta Viti]] (in Italian): a detailed comparison of Wikidata and the [[:d:Q16583225|Nuovo soggettario Thesaurus]] as knowledge organization systems, with a case study regarding the reconciliation with Wikidata of a group of terms of the Nuovo soggettario Thesaurus regarding photography
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fubhBJGz6YQ Curating shared knowledge about artifacts on Wikidata] with Till Grallert, it explores how the Jarāʾid project used Wikidata to build a multilingual, open knowledge graph of pre-1930 Arabic periodicals.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_oAlLw5CHs LIVE Wikidata editing #122] with User:Ainali and User:Abbe98 do some live editing on Wikidata (in English), and discuss the thought process of what they are doing and why they do it.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIoQFWGDb90 Every Major Oil and Gas Pipeline in History Mapped] - a visualisation utilising Wikidata, OpenStreetmap, Wikipedia and Global Energy Monitor.
*Presentations
**[[c:File:Reseau_LGBTQI_2026_-_John_SAMUEL.pdf|La fabrique collective des histoires queer dans les communs numériques]]. Presentation by [[User:Jsamwrites|John Samuel]] and panel, 2e Rencontres du Reseau Jeune Recherche LGBTQI+, Université Lyon 1, 12 May 2026

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://prop-explorer.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Property Explorer] is a tool by user Steven Liu. The tool is used for exploring Wikidata properties
* [https://securitybaseline.eu securitybaseline] use Wikidata to get the domain names for institutions

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://maproulette.org/browse/challenges/55009 MapRoulette Challenge (Chile)]: Improve heritage-related items around Santiago, Chile, linking them to Wikidata and OpenStreetMap.
* The Wikidata Platform team has published its [[D:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/Backend_Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata_Query_Service/WDQS_Architecture_re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[D:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/High-Impact_Use_Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[D:Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[D:Wikidata:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[D:Wikidata:Wikidata_Platform_team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P14408|contains cadastral area]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;cadastral area that is wholly or partly contained by a municipality&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14413|algebraic closure]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;‎algebraic closure of the field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14414|real closure]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;real closure of the formally real field&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14415|eusocial caste]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specialized type of an eusocial animal&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14416|Wikimedia Commons content descriptor]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Wikimedia Commons content descriptor which applies to this media file&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14424|‎time expansion]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;factor by which a recording's duration has been extended or compressed relative to the original real-time event, without pitch correction.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14425|‎SELL rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;French video game content rating (1999–2003)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14427|age requirement documentation URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for a website's statement of compliance with U.S. legal record-keeping requirements related to visual depictions of actual sexually explicit conduct&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14430|maximum vehicle length]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum authorized length for vehicles (especially heavy goods vehicles) on a bridge, tunnel or road segment&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14431|maximum vehicle width]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum authorized width for vehicles (especially heavy goods vehicles) on a bridge, tunnel or road segment&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14432|maximum vehicle weight]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum authorized weight (tonnage / gross vehicle weight) for vehicles (especially heavy goods vehicles) on a bridge, tunnel or road segment (load limit)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14433|maximum vehicle height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum authorized height for vehicles (especially heavy goods vehicles) on a bridge, tunnel or road segment (regulatory limit from signage)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14434|‎independent of theory]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;theory that proves neither this proposition nor its negation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14453|‎gender-neutral form of label]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;form of name or title with no assumption of gender&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14457|subject named as (monolingual text)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;with an associated language code) name by which a subject is recorded in a database, mentioned as a contributor of a work, or is referred to in a particular context&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14458|alternative name (monolingual text)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;with an associated language code) qualifier for alternative name(s), given for a subject in a database entry, or preserved in references (even these are no longer the preferred name&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14460|‎CWSAC classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Level of military significance for American Civil War battles as defined by the 1993 Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) report.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14465|DMCA takedown policy URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) takedown policy or submitting page of this hosting site or UGC (User Generated Content) distributor&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14469|election result map]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;map that displays the result of this election&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14471|‎paid-up capital]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;portion of a company’s issued share capital that has been paid by shareholders&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14407|‎19star actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P14409|ACM Digital Library institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P14410|Stockholm public transport stop ID]], [[:d:Property:P14411|Go2Senkyo.com politician ID]], [[:d:Property:P14412|SensCritique person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14417|Census of Italian Architecture since 1945]], [[:d:Property:P14418|CINEFOX film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14419|‎CINEFOX person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14420|Cultural heritage Database-ID in Lübeck]], [[:d:Property:P14422|Dijital İstanbul cultural property ID]], [[:d:Property:P14423|VG homicide ID]], [[:d:Property:P14426|Portable Antiquities Scheme record ID]], [[:d:Property:P14428|‎EGAFD film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14429|Cairn.info publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P14435|‎BGAFD film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14436|‎Apple TV person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14437|Blätter author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14438|‎critify.de publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P14439|Semanticscience Integrated Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P14440|Prime Video ID]], [[:d:Property:P14442|Objectif plumes author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14443|‎Museum of Canadian Music artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14444|‎Museum of Canadian Music work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14445|Lübeck Culturul heritage ID]], [[:d:Property:P14446|Rhineland-Palatinate Cultural heritage ID]], [[:d:Property:P14447|DEF19 2.0 publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P14449|MovieLens movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14450|Verfassungsblog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14451|QueenBallers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14452|NaPTAN stop area code]], [[:d:Property:P14459|CycleBase cyclist ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P14461|‎Book Notification author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14462|‎Prime Video GTI]], [[:d:Property:P14463|‎parliament.scot member ID]], [[:d:Property:P14464|Instrumentalistinnen-Lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P14468|Goodreads genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P14470|‎Giant Bomb Wiki ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to reviews: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/contributed to narrative universe|contributed to narrative universe]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(no English description proposed yet)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grokipedia page title|Grokipedia page title]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;page title used in a Grokipedia article URL&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/especially|especially]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for statements to refine a value that applies more generally, but applies especially to a more specific value; a more specific qualifier than &quot;including&quot; (P1012)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Common Vulnerability Scoring System score|Common Vulnerability Scoring System score]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) score&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Depicts taxon|Depicts taxon]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;depicts taxon&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Still taken from the film|Still taken from the film]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Still taken from the film&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StaphBase ID|StaphBase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Geohashing wiki page|Geohashing wiki page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'un fonds au catalogue collectif de France|identifiant d'un fonds au catalogue collectif de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oireachtas bill ID|Oireachtas bill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Defense Technical Information Center Accession Number|Defense Technical Information Center Accession Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European System of Accounts ID (Germany)|European System of Accounts ID (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un éditeur sur OpenEdition|Identifiant d'un éditeur sur OpenEdition]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Natalie ID|Natalie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AV CHANNEL actress ID|AV CHANNEL actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mineral Resources Data System deposit ID|Mineral Resources Data System deposit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikimedia Phabricator project|Wikimedia Phabricator project]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AWA artist ID|AWA artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rakuten Music artist|Rakuten Music artist]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/recochoku artist ID|recochoku artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant AnnuSéries d'une série télévisée|identifiant AnnuSéries d'une série télévisée]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/NadJ Library of Congress occupations by Label and Lccn no.] ([https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Request_a_query&amp;oldid=2492426393#Getting_'Subject_named_as'_qualifier source])
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Malaysia/Activity/Datathon/Wiki_x_K-pop_2026:_Datathon|Project Malaysia / Wiki x K-pop 2026 Datathon]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Occupations/Roadmap|Project Occupations / Roadmap]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/SummerCoworking|Project LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group / SummerCoworking]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/children_of_dead_mothers|Children born after  Mothers death date]]

''' Development '''
* Tighter connection of the Wikibase Ecosystem: We've been working on making it possible to use Wikidata Items (and later from other Wikibase instances) as values in statements on other Wikibase instances. You can now try it out on a demo system or set up your own test instance to give it a try. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4RA5JQAJ5MUUDIVHGELWWE7OSSWXV5B/ More details in the announcement].
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We are continuing the work on showing less irrelevant changes on recent changes and watchlist on Wikipedia and co by trying to determine if an edit from Wikidata actually changed the rendered article or not
* Mobile statement editing:
** We worked on reducing the load for users with limited data
** We are continuing to fix issues uncovered in testing
* Making Wikiprojects more visible: We are getting ready for testing of the prototype. We'll be adding links to the respective Wikirojects on Item pages in the tools menu to make it easier for people to find the corresponding Wikiprojects. This is based on statements already on the Item such as specific external IDs.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:03, 18 May 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:18, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&amp;#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== ''The Signpost'': 22 May 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/News and notes|Offline: Osama Khalid still in prison]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/In the media|Indonesian editors, you shall return!]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Disinformation report|Who is a typical paid editor? Who are their typical clients?]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Recent research|WikiLambda the Ultimate]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Traffic report|This is where I'll be, so heavenly, so come and dance with me Michael!]]

* Forum: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Forum|WikiAnnotate: help us build a dataset of article quality evaluations]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/In focus|Demystifying the 2026-27 Annual Plan]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Opinion|Wikipedia isn't a battleground. So why does it feel like one?]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Serendipity|Wikinews: Into the Wikiverse]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Special report|Wikimedia Foundation closes Wikinews after 21 years]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Community view|Wikipedia's traffic drop: more on languages and freshness]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Gallery|Earth Day and Mother's Day]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Comix|Brother, can you spare a page?]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 05:19, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as &quot;The Forbidden Fruit&quot;). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a &quot;scientific fraud&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #733 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-05-25. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#732]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Skolkoll-bot 1|Skolkoll-bot 1]] - '''Task(s)''': Adding Skolverket identifiers and source URLs to Swedish school items

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: Wikicafé May Edition: ''De Wikidata à Wikipédia abstraite : promesses et illusions du savoir structuré (From Wikidata to Abstract Wikipedia: Promises and Illusions of Structured Knowledge)'', Presentation by [[User:Jsamwrites|Jsamwrites]],  [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1779793200 May 26, 2026 at 13:00]  [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet:Wikifier_la_science/WikiCaf%C3%A9s video link], organized by [[User:DMontagne en résidence|DMontagne en résidence]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Papers: [[:d:User:Anna Clara Maniero Azzolini|Anna Clara Maniero Azzolini]], [[:d:User:Pietro Ortimini|Pietro Ortimini]], and [[:d:User:Epìdosis|Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo]], [https://www.saeg-papers.it/ultimo-fascicolo#h.6zzzvpg7mcw2 ''Wikibase and Wikidata for Greek and Latin Epigraphy: Modelling, Analysing, and Making Reusable Linked Open Data'']
* Videos: [[:d:User:Digitalphilologist|Monica Berti]] and Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo, [https://github.com/SunoikisisDC/SunoikisisDC-2025-2026/wiki/Summer-2026-Session-5 ''Wikidata Queries for Greek and Latin Philology''] (SunoikisisDC, Summer 2026); [[:commons:File:SunoikisisDC Summer 2026 - Wikidata Queries for Greek and Latin Philology.pdf|slides on Commons]] + [https://www.youtube.com/live/HuFZNZ7E9pw video on Youtube]; for more information, cf. the WikiProjects [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Antiquity/Pauly-Wissowa|Antiquity/Pauly-Wissowa]] and [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject LAGL|LAGL]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://lexemap.toolforge.org/ LexeMap] - is a lexeme coverage mapper that audits Wikidata lexeme data across languages. It runs live SPARQL queries against Wikidata and cross-references against Wiktionary to identify gaps in lexicographical data.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Starting May 28, 2026, the &lt;code&gt;Special:EntityData&lt;/code&gt; page will no longer support the PHP‑serialized format (e.g &lt;code&gt;.php&lt;/code&gt; URLs). Affected requests will return HTTP errors. Please switch to a stable format like JSON (example: &lt;code&gt;Q42.json&lt;/code&gt;). The change is already active on test and beta wikis. ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4SBS3PREJYEAVZU2JSV47ZJWOJJ7YM6/ full announcement])

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14475|‎SIK-ISEA document ID]], [[:d:Property:P14476|identifiant d'un fonds au catalogue collectif de France]], [[:d:Property:P14477|‎StaphBase ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCBS Locality code|PCBS Locality code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Locality Code of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nameplate image|nameplate image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image of a name-plate or similar identifying plate of the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/photographer|photographer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;photographer&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Bibliothèques patrimoniales de Paris|Identifiant Bibliothèques patrimoniales de Paris]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CUEAnexo|CUEAnexo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia Católica Wikitólica ID|Enciclopedia Católica Wikitólica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adult Film Database film series ID|Adult Film Database film series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adult Film Database studio ID|Adult Film Database studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Satker ID|Satker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inaproc Instance ID|Inaproc Instance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Libray catalogue ID|British Libray catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swedish-Danish Dictionary ID|Swedish-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roller-results.com skater ID|Roller-results.com skater ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23%20people%20born%20at%20sea%0ASELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Fperson%20%3FpersonLabel%20%3FplaceLabel%20%3Fdob%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%3Fperson%20wdt%3AP19%20%3Fplace.%0A%20%7B%20%3Fplace%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279*%20wd%3AQ165.%20%7D%20UNION%20%7B%20%3Fplace%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279*%20wd%3AQ1229765.%20%7D%0A%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fperson%20wdt%3AP569%20%3Fdob.%20%7D%0A%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AORDER%20BY%20%3Fdob%20%3FplaceLabel People born at the sea] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/832620159118385154 source])

* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Database_reports/Sitelinks_to_Wiktionary List of items with links to Wiktionary main space.]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66 Boeing(Q66)]

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing:
** We continued working on reducing the page size to make it easier on mobile data plans
** We are improving how error messages are shown
* Making WikiProjects more visible: We are continuing the work on getting it ready for a first rollout.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 25 May 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:49, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Umuganda&quot;Rwandan community work&quot;.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine.

The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #734 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-06-01. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#733]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/William Avery Bot 13|William Avery Bot 13]] - '''Task/s:'''
** Per [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#c-Limotecariu-20260524073600-Request_to_replace_Asturian_term_&quot;*estauxunidense&quot;_with_&quot;d'Estaos_Xuníos&quot;|Project Chat]], replace &quot;''estauxunidense''&quot; in Asturian descriptions with &quot;''d'Estaos Xuníos''&quot;. Example manual edits [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q60842075&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2496674720 here] and [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q20821183&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2496674345 here].
** Also adds a default label, per [[d:Help:Default values for labels and aliases#When should I use default values for labels and aliases?]] and remove redundant labels in the simplest cases.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://temporaerhaus.de/termine-und-oeffnungszeiten/ Temporaer Haus: OpenDataMonday], today, 1 June, 19:30 - 22:00 CEST, Augsburger Str. 23-25, 89231 Neu-Ulm.
** [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiKult_Netzwerktreffen_2026 WikiKult Netzwerktreffen 2026: “Wikidata in Kulturerbeinstitutionen”], 11-12th June, Wikimedia Deutschland. German-speaking event for people working with Wikidata in the cultural heritage sector. Open to experienced contributors and newcomers alike.
** [https://www.wikimedia.de/veranstaltungen/wikimedia-und-linked-open-data-im-glam-bereich-verankern/ Making Wikimedia and Linked Open Data Mainstream in GLAMs – The National Library of Wales Journey], 11 June 17:00 - 18:00 CEST, online (English with German translation) – Keynote by Jason Evans.
** (Deutsch) [https://www.zikg.eu/aktuelles/veranstaltungen/2026/podiumsdiskussion-wikibases-knowledge-graphs-und-wikidata Workshop // Wikibases, Knowledge Graphs und Wikidata], Tue 14 July, 10:00 - 13:00 CEST. Participation is for project members, Zentral Institut staff, and interested guests, on-site at Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte. See link for registration details.
** [https://mwsmigration.hypotheses.org/1115 Doing Migration History with Digital Methods: Beyond a Database - Wikibase as Research Infrastructure for Migration Prosopography] Summer University at the German Historical Institute Paris, 8, rue du Parc-Royal, 75003 Paris, 23 June 16:00 CEST.
** [[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026|WikiProjects Days 2026 - preparing the Program]] - watch this space next week for the first edition of the Event Program or [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/3670|register]] to be notified of updates.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** ''[[d:User:Niryhpr/Behind_the_QIDs|Behind the QIDs]]'' by User:Niryhpr
** [https://cerlblog.wordpress.com/2026/06/01/improving-the-interconnection-between-wikidata-and-the-cerl-thesaurus/ ''Improving the interconnection between Wikidata and the CERL Thesaurus''] by [[:d:User:Epìdosis|Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo]], also presented (in Italian) in Videos.
** [https://technology.inquirer.net/147036/digitally-mapping-the-philippines-historical-markers Digitally mapping the Philippines’ historical markers] by Eugene Alvin Villar.
* Papers:
** [https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32521446 A data-driven analysis of automotive model evolution and technological lineage using Wikidata and Python network visualization] by P. Trunova (2026).
** (Italiano) [https://journals.openedition.org/jtei/6987 De Catulo a Wikidata] by Nusch et al. (2026).
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCoOIan3G9Y Adding lifting stones to Wikidata] - OSM for History Buffs
** (O'zbekcha) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AloZrt8HA2Q Participate in the Interlingual Relations Marathon and win!] - Oʻzbekcha Vikipediyadagi (ukwiki) has over 12,000 articles missing a sitelink...time to change that.
** (Italiano) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb_WYaz9eYw&amp;t=12665s Wikidata and Library Catalogs: Building and Enabling a Digital Resources Network] by Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo
* Presentations:
** ''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikicafe-JohnSAMUEL.pdf De Wikidata à Wikipédia abstraite : promesses et illusions du savoir structuré] (From Wikidata to Abstract Wikipedia: Promises and Illusions of Structured Knowledge)'', Presentation by [[User:Jsamwrites|Jsamwrites]], May 26, 2026, [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet:Wikifier_la_science/WikiCaf%C3%A9s Wikicafé May Edition], organized by [[User:DMontagne en résidence|DMontagne en résidence]]. ([https://www.canal-u.tv/chaines/callisto/de-wikidata-a-wikipedia-abstraite-promesses-et-illusions-du-savoir-structure video])
** [https://zenodo.org/records/20409899 DARIAH-EU WG DHwiki - A first year of activity] by D. Lindemann and G. Candela (2026).

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wdrc.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Recent Changes API]: This API lets you query Wikidata edits by either properties, or labels/aliases/descriptions/sitelinks. You can retrieve any changes, or specify added/changed/removed.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* On 31 May, item '''[[Q140000000]]''' (&quot;Maxx&quot;, about a cinema in Delmenhorst, Germany) was created.
* Feedback wanted: To support improving Wikidata integration on the Programs &amp; Events Dashboard, the EduWiki Hub invites Wikidata organizers, trainers, and contributors to share suggestions on metrics, tracking features, and workflows you would like to see in the dashboard. In addition, try out the new Advanced Search share your thoughts on the Dashboard talk page. ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BK5OBZPHZ7WDGTDPV6LNSLSEJRQLJMKT/ full announcement])

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
** [[:d:Property:P14478|found liable for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;tort or civil wrong a person or organization was found liable of&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** [[:d:Property:P14489|‎PCBS Locality code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Locality Code of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14479|AV CHANNEL actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14480|AWA artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14481|CUE/Anexo]], [[:d:Property:P14482|‎Defense Technical Information Center Accession Number]], [[:d:Property:P14483|Catholic Encyclopedia Wikitólica ID]], [[:d:Property:P14484|European System of Accounts ID (Germany)]], [[:d:Property:P14485|OpenEdition Publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P14486|‎Mineral Resources Data System deposit ID]], [[:d:Property:P14487|‎Natalie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14488|‎Oireachtas bill ID]], [[:d:Property:P14490|Rakuten Music artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14491|recochoku artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14492|‎Adult Film Database film series ID]], [[:d:Property:P14493|‎Adult Film Database studio ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
** [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/category's topic is member of the class|category's topic is member of the class]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for use with {{p|14387}} and {{P|4224}} to describe certain sets of categories&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applicable Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons|applicable Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the dataset associated with this external id usually contains data applicable to this other wikidata property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/School ID of the Department of Education, Philippines|School ID of the Department of Education, Philippines]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beeld en Geluid series identifier|Beeld en Geluid series identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAM artist ID|DAM artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAM song ID|DAM song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Joysound artist ID|Joysound artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Joysound song ID|Joysound song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/K-MIB performer ID|K-MIB performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DUGA actress ID|DUGA actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chilean Museums Registry ID|Chilean Museums Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sokmil actress ID|Sokmil actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmmakers Person ID|Filmmakers Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Model Mayhem ID|Model Mayhem ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OCHA Place Code|OCHA Place Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sri Lanka NGO Secretariat Registration Number|Sri Lanka NGO Secretariat Registration Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sri Lanka Company Registration Number|Sri Lanka Company Registration Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AV CHANNEL director ID|AV CHANNEL director ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DUGA director ID|DUGA director ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllMyLinks ID|AllMyLinks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AV CHANNEL maker ID|AV CHANNEL maker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thegamerdex.com game ID|thegamerdex.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MyDirtyHobby ID|MyDirtyHobby ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fontaines de Belgique ID|Fontaines de Belgique ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikiparfum fragrance ID|Wikiparfum fragrance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Trademark Registration Number|Canadian Trademark Registration Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DMM director ID|DMM director ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pantheon.World ID|Pantheon.World ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/Pra Map of countries receiving the Nobel peace prize]
**
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Sri_Lanka|Project Sri Lanka]] for editors who would like to focus on adding materials for [[d:Q854|Sri Lanka &lt;small&gt;''(Q854)''&lt;/small&gt;]]. 
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Cape_Verde|Project Govdirectory added Cape Verde subpage]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_P244_maintenance/Progress_tracker|Project P244 maintenance progress]] - a manually-updated progress tracker, is there a way to automate it?
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Identified_duplicates|Identified duplicates]] - this list shows items that most likely need merging but cannot due to conflicting sitelinks.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q140000000|Q140000000: Wikidata's 140 Millionth Item]]

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements:
** We fixed how we handle statements with deleted Properties ([[phab:T402619]])
** We improved the behaviour when using the browser's back button ([[phab:T414454]])
** We continued working on improving the way error responses are shown ([[phab:T423613]])
** We addressed issues found in testing
* Improving the visibility of WikiProjects: We added support for finding the associated WikiProject of an Item based on statements on the Item
* GraphQL:
** We are working on expanding the data available through search. Specifically we are including all Item data in search result nodes ([[phab:T427389]]) and extending the query by Item and Property value to return all Item data ([[phab:T416885]])
** We are improving the documentation.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Nigeria|Nigeria]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:45, 1 June 2026 (UTC)'''
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== This Month in Education: May 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 5 • May 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities|Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania|Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Debating free license in Brazil|Debating free license in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India|Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects|Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges|Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem|Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria|Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia MKD's Education News &amp; Activities|Wikimedia MKD's Education News &amp; Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year|Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:53, 1 June 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2026-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:05, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Juryeonggu]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:kr:주령구]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:酒令具]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:주령구의 발굴 당시 사진.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Juryeonggu''' (주령구?, 酒令具?, JuryeongguLR, ChuryŏngguMR) è un dado a 14 facce, risalente al periodo del Silla unificato (668-935 d.C.), ritrovato nel 1975 dopo alcuni scavi occorsi presso il Donggung e lo stagno Wolji di Gyeongju, in Corea del Sud. Le facce del dado mostravano inscrizioni recanti varie penalità o sfide, legate ad un gioco di bevute, dimostrando l'importanza dell'alcool e la raffinatezza con cui la sua assunzione veniva celebrata.

L'artefatto originale è andato perduto, incendiato in un maldestro tentativo di preservazione: oggi ne esistono delle repliche, disponibili anche commercialmente. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:20, 8 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #735 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-06-08. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#734]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Mass-editing_policy|RfC: Mass editing policy]]: The community is currently voting on a proposed policy to regulate mass edits on Wikidata. More input is needed to reach a broad consensus. Please review the proposal and join the discussion/vote on the RFC page.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026#Sessions|'''WikiProjects Days 2026''' - see the first version of the program!]] The online event takes place during the weekend of June 19 - 21. [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/3670|Register]] for updates and access links.
** [[d:Wikidata:Mezi bajty/Mezi bajty 0|Mezi bajty 0]] - meetup of the Czech Wikidata community in Prague and online, 10th June 17:00 - 19:00 CEST (in Czech, Slovak, English)
** [[m:Event:GND_(Gemeinsame_Normdatei)_SPARQL_Workshop|GND (Gemeinsame Normdatei) SPARQL Workshop|]], 17th July 17:00 - 19:30 CEST (in German) - workshop from the German National Library on use of their SPARQL-endpoint for the GND (Gemeinsamer Normdatei) national authority file for wikidata users and wikipedians.
** (Deutsch) [https://www.nfdi4objects.net/events/n4o_activity_20260818-CM26-RS_Wikidata/ Workshop: Make Research Software Findable using the Software Marketplace Wikidata] - August 18, 14:00 – 16:00 Uhr (CEST), Zoom-link on registration.
** '''[[D:Event:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours_-_June_2026|Blazegraph Migration Office Hour (June session)]]''' will take place on Tuesday, 9 June 2026 (Tomorrow) at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781020800 16:00 UTC]. This office hour is focused on supporting the migration away from Blazegraph as the backend of WDQS. Whether you have questions, need clarification, or want to discuss how your use case may be affected. You can register for the session via  [[D:Event:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours_-_June_2026|the event page]]. In preparation, add questions, feedback, or migration-related support needs to [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours this etherpad].
* Ongoing: [[m:Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride/2026|Wiki Loves Pride 2026 (Meta)]] is ongoing and now has a dedicated Wikidata subpage: [[d:Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride_2026|Event: Wiki Loves Pride 2026]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** (日本語/Japanese) [https://note.com/shoku_pan_65/n/nc6a788a55c91 [Practice drill: SPARQL basics to make and learn - Let's master Wikidata Query Service] by Shoku_pan_65. Page offers AI translations.
** [https://rtnf.substack.com/p/behind-the-p812-academic-major-property Behind the &amp;lt;P812: academic major&amp;gt; Property] by rtnf.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/05/27/adding-visual-context-to-the-dagbanli-dictionary-how-the-university-of-ghana-hci-lab-dataset-powered-our-sentence-matching-system/ Adding Visual Context to the Dagbanli Dictionary: How the University of Ghana HCI Lab Dataset Powered our Sentence Matching System]. Diff post by Mohammed Sadat Abdulai and Mohammed Awal Alhassan.
* Papers:
** [[m:Research:Newsletter/2026/May|Volume 16, Issue 5 of the Wikimedia Research Newsletter is out!]] - includes 7 papers on Wikidata topics.
** [https://academic.oup.com/database/article/doi/10.1093/database/baag030/8699725  Rosetta Statements: simplifying FAIR knowledge graph construction with a user-centred approach] - Vogt et al., (2026)
** (Русский/Russian) [https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32579178 Automated Analysis and Visualization of Geographic Data on Global Volcanoes Based on the Wikidata Semantic Graph] - by Мария Паландер (2026).
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.02905 Speaker Mining: FAIR Data on Public Broadcasts for Question Answering] by Wittenborg et al., (2026)
* Videos:
** (Español) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9n8FH3dQ6o Wikidata for Climate Change, Wikipedia for Sustainable Futures] by Daniel Canedo, a workshop on using Wikidata to record linked open data from extreme weather events.
** (Svenska) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMKm7csn7SE Merge Wikidata samma som] by Magnus Sälgö. What to do when you find duplicate Wikidata Items pointing at the same location on OpenStreetMap.
** (Español) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoKYp0o5ar4 EntreWikis - Hacerwiki: Progress of Free Knowledge Projects in Colombia] - Colombian Art in Open Data: training and infrastructure on Wikidata
** (Français) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhe3wJ46xo4 Wikidata for research and teaching] by Pascal Martinolli. Introduces Wikidata basics, SPARQL, practical examples of data visualisation, enriching research data and exploring the opportunities and limitations of linked open personal data.
** (Français) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4NQb0-pb_k Literature review: FAIR data sharing | FAIR Data Spring 2026] - [https://zenodo.org/records/20510911 Presentation slides], given by Adélie Ranville on their experiences organizing and sharing data using Zenodo, DOI, Zotero, Wikidata, and OpenRefine.
** (Deutsch) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR8_cD-p4ek Building a shared knowledge infrastructure: a federated wikibase for video and podcasts] hosted by Tim @BorgNetzWerk.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[m:AutosuggestSitelink|AutoSuggestSitelink]]: New features available. See the update post on [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#c-M2k~dewiki-20260528122200-AutosuggestSitelink:_New_features_available|Project Chat]]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
*  The WMF [[D:Wikidata:Wikidata_Platform_team/Newsletter|Wikidata pltaform team monthly newsletter (June edition)]] is out
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/gender-diversity-in-french-wikipedias-occupation-a Gender diversity in French Wikipedia's occupation articles]
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/gender-diversity-in-french-wikipedias-articles-abo Gender diversity in French Wikipedia's articles about fields of knowledge]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:: 
**[[:d:Property:P14511|trailer of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works that this trailer video represents&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14516|‎EPBC conservation status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the conservation status from the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 assigned by the Australian Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14494|‎Joysound artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14495|‎Joysound song ID]], [[:d:Property:P14496|DUGA performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14497|Sri Lanka Company Registration Number]], [[:d:Property:P14498|Wikimedia Phabricator project PHID]], [[:d:Property:P14499|‎Indonesian government work unit ID (satker ID)]], [[:d:Property:P14501|‎DAM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14502|‎British Library catalogue ID]], [[:d:Property:P14503|‎OCHA Place Code]], [[:d:Property:P14504|Philippines ‎School ID]], [[:d:Property:P14505|‎Swedish-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P14506|Filmmakers actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P14507|Chilean Museums Registry ID]], [[:d:Property:P14508|Sri Lanka NGO Secretariat Registration Number]], [[:d:Property:P14509|Beeld &amp; Geluid series ID]], [[:d:Property:P14510|‎INAPROC instance ID (Indonesia)]], [[:d:Property:P14512|DUGA director ID]], [[:d:Property:P14513|AV CHANNEL maker ID]], [[:d:Property:P14514|AV CHANNEL director ID]], [[:d:Property:P14515|AllMyLinks ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applicable Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons|applicable Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the dataset associated with this external id usually contains data applicable to this other wikidata property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAU member ID (new)|IAU member ID (new)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID of members in the [https://www.iau.org/IAU/Default.aspx International Astronomical Union (IAU)].&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/height above ground level|height above ground level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a property intended to indicate the height of any objects from the ground&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storm intensity classification|Storm intensity classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category assigned to a meteorological system according to an intensity or classification scale; the scale should be indicated with a qualifier (P1013 and P585)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/service status|service status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the operational status of something like ship or building&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PTS News Network topic ID|PTS News Network topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OTOTOY ID|OTOTOY ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant EU sanctions tracker|identifiant EU sanctions tracker]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenParlData ID|OpenParlData ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catholica.cz ID|Catholica.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KSW person ID|KSW person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KSW organization ID|KSW organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KSW place ID|KSW place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Myludo ID|Myludo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans La Basa|Identifiant dans La Basa]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PurplePort ID|PurplePort ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sokmil idol ID|Sokmil idol ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hancinema company ID|Hancinema company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LinkMe ID|LinkMe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Netmath Glossary ID|Netmath Glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sokmil director ID|Sokmil director ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/QjCT Table of civic tech organizations with details] ([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Civic_Tech/Query|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/QjCZ Timeline of legalisation of same-sex marriage] ([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LGBT/Queries#Timeline_of_legalization_of_same-sex_marriages|source]])
* Schema examples: [[d:Q139959656|Nazareth Padilla Montero  &lt;small&gt;''(Q139959656)''&lt;/small&gt;]] has been added as a showcase example of [[d:EntitySchema:E10|human (E10)]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Civic_Tech|Project Civic Tech]] -  for anyone developing datasets about civic resources in cities, and discuss best practices for Wikidata collaboration in civic tech. 
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_AI_Cleanup|Project AI Cleanup]] - for reporting, monitoring and combatting edits and contributions from LLM and AI sources. 
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Who_is_who_in_marine_taxonomy%3F|Project: Whos who in marine taxonomy?]] - inititated by the World Register of Marine Species ([https://www.marinespecies.org%7C WoRMS]), this project will document and enrich entities of the persons who have described marine species.
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LGBT/Abstract_Wikipedia|Project LGBT]] added an Abstract Wikipedia subpage.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Roads/Greece/National_roads|Project Roads]] added a subpage for Greece National roads with highly-visual tables. 
** [[d:Event:Wiki_x_K-pop_2026:_Datathon_2.0|Wiki x K-Pop datathon 2.0]] - there is still some work to do to reach the goal on modelling the album: BABYMONSTER.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Deleted_Wikidata_entities_used_in_SDC|Deleted Wikidata entities that are connected to Commons files structured data (SDC)]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L652968|kafuni]] - Dagbanli noun that translate to &quot;fan&quot; in English

''' Development '''
* The team was involved in workshops last week so there are no updates.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:54, 8 June 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/&quot;Which came first?&quot; Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's &quot;On This Day&quot; content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-cite&amp;language=en&amp;action_source=search&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__HIDDENCAT__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The function signature for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945]
* '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product &amp; Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:27, 8 June 2026 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue V, May 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: May Global GLAM Call Recording and June Call Announcement
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating #1Lib1Ref Australasia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAM Connection: Fashion, History, and Biodiversity in May
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: New Wikimedian in Residence
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Connecting the Arctic and Sicily through Wikimedia Projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How the cultural, governmental, educational, and museum sectors contributed in unison to Wikimedia projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Setting up your own platform (part 1): from wish to the creation of a wiki
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ESEAP Conference 2026 and the NZBSI WiR update
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Shares GLAM Experience at International Conferences 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Partnerships, Participation, and Open Knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: May in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: El Prado en femenino III
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum for Communication, Panel IMD, Wikipedia Day
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Early Qurans on the front page of Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: New tools for multilingual audio, video and metadata
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: New articles in Urdu
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:22, 12 June 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cape Fiolent]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Beach of Cape Fiolent, Crimea.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cape Fiolent''' (Crimean Tatar: Felenk Burun; Ukrainian: Фіолент; Russian: Фиолент; Latin: Parthenium), also historically called Cape Fiolente, is a cape and nature reserve (zakaznik) located in southern Sevastopol, a city within Crimea that is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine but currently occupied by Russia since 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #736 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-06-15. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#735]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Request for comments: The discussion about reforming Wikidata's notability policy is ongoing. There is now a [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Notability policy reform|new proposal waiting for your feedback]].

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[:wmau:WikiLoves_Pride_Australia_2026|WikiLoves Pride 2026]] - six fortnightly editing sessions to add, expand and translate LGBTQ+ content on the Wikimedia projects. 
** [[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026|WikiProjects Days 2026]] is taking place this coming weekend, 19-21 June. Check out the daily program...&lt;small&gt;(click UTC for your local timezone)&lt;/small&gt;
*** [[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026#Friday,_June_19th|Day 1]] / Friday, 19.06, 17:00 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781888400 UTC] - 20:00 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781899200 UTC]
*** [[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026#Saturday,_June_20th|Day 2]] / Saturday, 20.06, 10:00 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781949600 UTC] - 18:00 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781978400 UTC] 
*** [[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026#Sunday,_June_21st|Day 3]] / Sunday, 21.06, 14:00 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782050400 UTC] - 18:00 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1782064800 UTC]
** Click here -&gt; [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/3670|Register]] &lt;- for access links to the event.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
**[https://jsamwrites.substack.com/p/preserving-pride-across-languages Preserving Pride, Across Languages] : From Wikidata to Abstract Wikipedia: A New Way to Think About Knowledge
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/06/13/visibility-of-communities-in-nigeria-on-wikidata-2-0-expanding-digital-representation-for-nigerian-communities/ Visibility of Communities in Nigeria on Wikidata 2.0: Expanding Digital Representation for Nigerian Communities] 
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/06/14/the-years-first-quarter-with-the-igbo-wikimedians-user-group/ The Year’s First Quarter with the Igbo Wikimedians User Group] - Expanding partnerships and contributions to Wikidata, Wikipedia and other sister projects.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/06/13/introducing-the-wiki-afrodemics-mentorship-project-cohort-1/ Introducing the Wiki Afrodemics Mentorship Project Cohort 1] - A pan-african and guided multilingual training on Wikipedia editing, Wikidata contribution, and resource mobilisation.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/ Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community] - Improving the representation of women and cultural heritage in Igbo language on Wikidata, Wikipedia and Wikiquote.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/ A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration] - Celebrating and documenting women activists and politicians on Wikipedia and Wikidata.
** [https://www.botany.one/three-tools-that-bring-digital-botany-within-reach/ Three Tools that bring digital botany within reach] (spoiler: One of them is Wikidata) - article available in DE, ES, FR, JA, PT and ZH-CN.
* Papers: [https://dhq.digitalhumanities.org/vol/20/1/000838/000838.html Open Tool Registries! Resolving the Directory Paradox with Wikidata] by Grallert et al., (2026). As digital humanities tools proliferate, this paper argues that Wikidata can help connect the research landscape by documenting, citing and connecting tool registries.
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCoOIan3G9Y OSM / Lifting Stones in Wikidata] - a video tutorial on mapping lifting stones on OpenStreetMap, using two examples from County Kilkenny, Ireland.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LANzP0OUoZs Mapping Every Wonder on Earth] - animated visualisation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites recorded in Wikidata.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AY_gst9R3I4 2025: Tales of Discovery] - Museums and Heritage channel mentions how Wikidata is being used as a bridge between several sites and projects for 3D modelling ships, wrecks and other artifacts from maritime history.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncPqSIvDm-Q Mentor Me! Session 6] with Jinoy Tom Jacob, who will show us how to use OpenRefine to batch edit Wikidata and the Commons.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://bisikbekasi.rf.gd/index.php?page=item&amp;id=L2 BisikBekasi] : Community-curated knowledge base where local data items [https://teletype.in/@hyloxira/qdyLFSX-1Px are integrated] with Wikidata items.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The [[mw:Growth/Feature_summary#NH|Newcomer Dashboard]] will be deployed to Wikidata pending on-wiki configuration by Admins. The dashboard aims to provide guidance, helpful links, and mentorship opportunities for new editors.
* [https://viaacode.github.io/documentation-visualisations-guido-gezelle/ Guido Gezelle on Wikidata: networking in map] - this project created 5 visualisations produced from Wikidata on the poet Guido Gezelle.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P14517|print matrix state]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;in printmaking, a stage of development of the relief matrix after a permanent modification&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14519|body modification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;deliberate altering of the human anatomy for non-medical reasons that this person or fictional character has undergone&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14518|Roller-results.com skater ID]], [[:d:Property:P14520|Wikiparfum fragrance ID]], [[:d:Property:P14521|EU sanctions tracker subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P14522|Maoyan celebrity ID]], [[:d:Property:P14523|CINEMATODAY film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14524|DMM director ID]], [[:d:Property:P14525|Model Mayhem ID]], [[:d:Property:P14526|‎DAM song ID]], [[:d:Property:P14527|OpenParlData ID]], [[:d:Property:P14528|‎IAU member ID]], [[:d:Property:P14529|PurplePort ID]], [[:d:Property:P14530|LinkMe ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;

&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vistonline|Vistonline]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Agenzia italiana di visti consolari e legalizzazione documenti, con sede a Roma&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Natural science/Taxon footprint|Natural science/Taxon footprint]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Taxon footprint&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sri Lanka Ministry of Education school census number|Sri Lanka Ministry of Education school census number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Unique identification number assigned to a school by the Ministry of Education of Sri Lanka, used in the annual school census and official examinations (G.C.E. O/L, A/L)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sport title|sport title]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;link to sport title (like master of sports or yokodzuna), besides chess and martial arts titles&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dual notion in category theory|dual notion in category theory]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;dual notion in category theory&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/penalty shootout kicked by|penalty shootout kicked by]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Indicates the person who took an individual penalty kick during a penalty shoot-out.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish educational institution ID|Finnish educational institution ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Five-digit identification number for Finnish educational institutes assigned by Statistics Finland.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)

* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur ZicTrad|Identifiant d'une personne sur ZicTrad]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Skeivopedia ID|Skeivopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artistas Visuales Chilenos ID|Artistas Visuales Chilenos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mathlib declaration ID|Mathlib declaration ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FES digital collections person ID|FES digital collections person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BBC Bitesize topic ID|BBC Bitesize topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID (2026)|Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID (2026)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sceneweb artwork ID|Sceneweb artwork ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sceneweb production ID|Sceneweb production ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/regjeringen.no government ID|regjeringen.no government ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/regjeringen.no ministry ID|regjeringen.no ministry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/regjeringen.no politician ID|regjeringen.no politician ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maoyan film ID|Maoyan film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant livres-cinema.info d'un auteur|Identifiant livres-cinema.info d'un auteur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Operator Code (UK)|National Operator Code (UK)]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Event:Wiki_x_K-pop_2026:_Datathon_3.0|Wiki x K-pop 2026: Datathon 3.0]] a.k.a the ICONIC BY MISTAKE EDITING party.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course/Projects_Offering_2/GLAM_Authority_Entity_Ontology_in_Wikidata|Ontology Course 2 / GLAM Authority Entity Ontology in Wikidata]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=thanks&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;excludetempacct=1&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=&amp;wpfilters%5B%5D=thanks&amp;wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist Thanks Log] - who's thanking who and on what. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q5020214|2026 FIFA World Cup (Q5020214)]] - in the United States, Mexico and Canada in 2026
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L720932|alikaali (L720932)]] - Dagbanli noun (derived from ha &lt;--ar) which can mean soothsayer, judge or Muslim scholar

''' Development '''
* Ontology federation: The development team is looking for people to give feedback on the new feature that allows editors on other Wikibase instances to use Wikidata's Items as statement values. ([https://wikibase-federation.com more details])
* GraphQL:
** We extended the searchItems field so that developers can now get all Item data immediately from the search results ([[phab:T416885]])
** We are working on the ability to get only best ranked statements ([[phab:T428138]])
* MCP: The Wikidata MCP has been extended. You can now also use an MCP for other Wikibase instances. ([[d:Wikidata:MCP#Wikibase MCP|more details]])
* Wikibase Cloud: We are looking into making it possible to log into Wikibase Cloud instances with your Wikidata account to make it easier for Wikimedians to contribute on Cloud instances.
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We are planning the migration of the entity usage table to a new database cluster to handle increased usage of Wikidata's data across the Wikimedia projects.
** We are continuing our work to decrease the number of irrelevant changes coming from Wikidata that show up in Wikipedia's recent changes and watchlist. Specifically we are evaluating a prototype that looks at the rendered article before and after the change and determines if anything actually changed in the article before adding an entry to recent changes and watchlist.
* Mobile editing of statements:
** We are improving support for RTL languages.([[phab:T360854]], [[phab:T427655]], [[phab:T427658]], [[phab:T427661]], [[phab:T428246]])
** We started fixing multiple UI layout and spacing issues, including mandatory fields, value fields, snak types, references, and add-statement button usability ([[phab:T428766]], [[phab:T428761]], [[phab:T428759]], [[phab:T428450]])
** We are improving the server-side rendering ([[phab:T409827]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:42, 15 June 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use &lt;code&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from thumbnail previews, or &lt;code&gt;class=noviewer&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. 
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-sort-order=&quot;desc&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page.
* Wikis that wish to replace the &quot;indefinitely&quot; button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change.
* The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited.
* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4).
* Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:45, 15 June 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 21 June 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* From the editors: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/From the editors|Ways for beginners to support ''The Signpost'' community journalism]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/News and notes|Community Tech development team disbanded]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Disinformation report|PR for the people?]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Recent research|Proposed tagging system for AI involvement; successful and unsuccessful AI tools for contributors]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/In the media|Who won a 14th century battle and who won the 2026 Iran war?]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Community view|Putting the Wish into the Wishlist]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/In focus|A global standard for Neutral Point of View]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/On the bright side|Flowers, blue helmets, reefs, pride, and Juneteenth]]

* Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Op-ed|Breathe, Don’t Panic, there is a different story about Wikimedia + AI futures]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Opinion|Wikimedia Foundation staff develop union and Wikimedia user community reacts]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Technology report|Community Tech team is disbanded, controversy erupts]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Traffic report|'Cause this is thriller, thriller night]]

* WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/WikiConference report|Report of Volunteer Supporters Network Annual Meeting 2026]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Comix|Take your turn]]

* Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Humour|Group of banned T-shirt makers comes out of hiding to sell new Wikipedia-themed merchandise]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 03:21, 21 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Renovating Action Party]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Partido de Acción Renovadora]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Flag of the Renovating Action Party.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Renovating Action Party''' was a left-wing Salvadoran political party that existed from 1944 to 1967. The party had three distinct phases of its existence under the leaderships of Colonel José Asencio Menéndez (1944–1950), the old line (1950–1964), and the new line (1964–1967). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #736 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-06-22. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#736]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Ziv|Ziv]] - RfP scheduled to end after 24 June 2026 19:26 (UTC)
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Nabbot_1|Nabbot 1]] - Task: Adding Turkish descriptions for scientific articles 

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/schedule/ Wikimania 2026 program] has been revealed, go bookmark your favourite sessions.
** [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdneBEtREhStI9VLsTJ9xKKt9L4NEU_BSr297jdOjNTkQJ64A/viewform?pli=1 Physical Training; Improving Health Articles in Africa] - 21 June, 10:00, University of Ibadan.
** The [[m:WikiIndaba_conference_2026|WikiIndaba Call for Proposals ends June 30th]]  - don't forget to submit your Wikidata-sessions.
** Sessions of the WikiProjects Days 2026 event will shortly be available on Commons: [[c:Category:Wikidata_WikiProjects_Days_2026_presentations|Presentations]] / [[c:Category:Wikidata_WikiProjects_Days_2026_videos|Videos]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://talk.tiddlywiki.org/t/wikitiddler-tiddlywiki-as-a-live-wikidata-frontend-zero-hosting-auto-updating/15419 WikiTiddler; Tiddlywiki as a live Wikidata frontend] - if you run a TiddlyWiki instance, you can now run queries to the Wikidata Query Service and convert the results to Tiddlers.
** [https://blog.tib.eu/2026/06/19/what-do-we-mean-when-we-talk-about-ai-and-open-knowledge/ TIB: What do we mean when we talk about AI and open knowledge?] - Lozana Rossenova details their experiences at the AI+Bridges Symposium.
* Papers:
** [https://www.elgaronline.com/monobook/book/9781035353750/9781035353750.xml  How to use Wikibase for Mixed-Methods Research], a book published by  F. Bailo, E. Booth, and J. Williams
** [https://zenodo.org/records/20693572 Wikimedia as a Platform for Evidence Synthesis: Quantifying Bias and Literature Coverage in Crowd-Sourced Knowledge Graphs] by D. Mietchen, and J. Dearborn, (2026).
** [https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/14/12/2227 From Wikidata to Smart Tourism: A Reproducible Pipeline Based on AI and Fuzzy Logic for Interpretable Multi-Category Classification of Points of Interest] - This paper develops a reproducible pipeline that converts Wikidata POIs into an interpretable tourism taxonomy, enabling multi-category classification and personalized smart tourism applications. By Kontogianni et al., (2026)
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKIVrRgLQ6w Name Suggestion Index Explained: How OpenStreetMap Standardizes Brands]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MbZtO2Q2U0  EMCO Wikidata CoP meeting (2026-06-04)]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsBMBpc05sQ Using the Duplicity and WD Fist Tools to edit Wikidata]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkFuyX605nU Unlocking Data through Semantic Linking], presented at ENDORSE 2025 by Thora Hagen. Experiences using 19th-century German encyclopedias, demonstrating how semantic enrichment via Wikidata can reveal fascinating patterns.
** (Deutsch) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9M4mIP0mZg From your pocket to the knowledge graph: SquirrelBase] is a Wikibase instance that functions as a semantic metadata and reference platform. Make 3D smartphone captures of cultural assets, artworks, and ephemeral structures FAIR.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://multilingualprogramming.github.io/MotusArtium/ MotusArtium] : Wikidata GraphQL showcase application for exploring and understanding art movements (alpha version). [https://github.com/multilingualprogramming/MotusArtium/tree/main/graphql GraphQL queries used]
* As seen during WikiProjects Days 2026 - [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Enhance_user_interface#Userscripts_for_improving_data_quality|Classification.js]], visualise parent classes and identify incorrections, detect superclass tree loops. To use, click ''Activate'' and copy the two lines into your Common.js page.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Reminder: Try Ontology Federation to import Items from Wikidata to your Wikibase instance. Share your feedback in the linked survey. ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LOTFJGPF7V6SQ7KVE6P6RF5MDDBZBV5Q/ full announcement])
* A session at WikiProjects Days 2026 was devoted to general-purpose tools for WikiProjects. A new page under the main Wikidata tools page was created with a list and description of these tools. Take a look at [[d:Wikidata:Tools/WikiProjects|Wikidata:Tools/WikiProjects]] and add any missing tools.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P14531|meteorological intensity classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category assigned to a meteorological system according to an intensity or classification scale; the scale should be indicated with a qualifier (P1013 and P585)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14539|perfumer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who created a perfume&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14540|‎dual notion (category theory)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;dual of the concept in category theory&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14532|catholica.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P14533|‎Skeivopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P14534|Mathlib Declaration ID]], [[:d:Property:P14535|Annuséries series ID]], [[:d:Property:P14536|FES digital collections person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14537|‎BBC Bitesize topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14538|Sri Lanka Ministry of Education school census number]], [[:d:Property:P14541|Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID (2026)]], [[:d:Property:P14542|OTOTOY artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14543|livres-cinema.info author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Visual style|Visual style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the visual style used in a video game (or other creative work)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gmedia rating (video games)|Gmedia rating (video games)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Video game ratings of the Saudi Arabian rating system ({{Q|Q28717438}})&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/altinget.se person ID|altinget.se person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il cinema ritrovato film ID|Il cinema ritrovato film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stockholm Archipelago Trail ID|Stockholm Archipelago Trail ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/some properties for category theory|some properties for category theory]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Farzonagon ID|Farzonagon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Guide film ID|TV Guide film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd Writer ID|Letterboxd Writer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/d Hits artist ID|d Hits artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/1SCREEN Person ID|1SCREEN Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/1SCREEN movie ID|1SCREEN movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fantia ID|Fantia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/17LIVE ID|17LIVE ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CFLapedia player ID|CFLapedia player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Model-Kartei.de ID|Model-Kartei.de ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U-NEXT Parson ID|U-NEXT Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U-NEXT Video ID|U-NEXT Video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/H-NEXT Parson ID|H-NEXT Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ABEMA Video ID|ABEMA Video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FOD Parson ID|FOD Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LRT topic ID|LRT topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FOD Video ID|FOD Video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jiji Press Member of Parliament ID|Jiji Press Member of Parliament ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wildenstein Plattner Institute ID|Wildenstein Plattner Institute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/belarusenc.by ID|belarusenc.by ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Huellas Digitales de la Memoria ID|Huellas Digitales de la Memoria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/socrealizm.com.ua person ID|socrealizm.com.ua person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pacelli edition person ID|Pacelli edition person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument number|Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Writing Systems Technical Resources script code|Writing Systems Technical Resources script code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Répertoire des films classés film ID|Répertoire des films classés film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum of Fine Arts, Houston person ID|Museum of Fine Arts, Houston person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sri Lankan Parliament member ID|Sri Lankan Parliament member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kanal Architecture entry ID|Kanal Architecture entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Web The Television Parson ID|Web The Television Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Web The Television Work ID|Web The Television Work ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q11446|ship (Q11446)]] - large buoyant watercraft

''' Development '''
* We enabled links to WikiProjects in the sidebar and added links to WikiProjects Music, Medicine, Datasets, sum of all paintings, and elections ([[phab:T422935|T422935]], [[phab:T422935|T422935]])
* We added a floating “add statement” button that makes it easier to add statements without looking through the existing statements ([[phab:T417641|T417641]], [[phab:T428450|T428450]]).
* We’re working on making sure that users can tell when statements exist before they add new ones ([[phab:T424009|T424009]]).
* We made some layout fixes to wbui2025 / MEX ([[phab:T428766|T428766]], [[phab:T428761|T428761]], [[phab:T428759|T428759]], [[phab:T427658|T427658]], [[phab:T428853|T428853]]).
* We refactored error handling ([[phab:T423613|T423613]]).
* We’re refactoring the server-side rendering so we don’t need separate .less style files ([[phab:T409827|T409827]]).
* We’re working on the interaction between scrollable values and indicator icons ([[phab:T425974|T425974]]).


[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:32, 22 June 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902]
* Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to &quot;require CAPTCHA verification&quot; will begin to also affect users with the &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595]
* Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox].
* The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:02, 23 June 2026 (UTC)
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== June 2026 CEE Newsletter is out ==

Dear all,

The [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/June_2026 June 2026 issue] of the CEE Newsletter has been published.

After a three years of being an editor of the Newsletter, this will be my last issue. Over the years, I've been putting on multiple hats and now is time to take one off. I would like to share many thanks to everyone I had the honor of collaborating with. Many of you are not only readers, but also authors. It was always a great joy to read all the amazing stories from all around the region, you are the ones making this newsletter special.

'''Read the full newsletter [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/June_2026 here].''' As always, we have prepared a [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/June_2026/ru Russian version] of the same issue. Happy reading! 

Take care,

Jan

--[[User:Janbery|janbery]] ([[User talk:Janbery|talk]]) 14:03, 26 June 2026 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: June 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 6 • June 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement|Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026|Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries|Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education|Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite|Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo|Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives|Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana|Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/&quot;25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia&quot; in Córdoba, Argentina|&quot;25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia&quot; in Córdoba, Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities|Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026|Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program|From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter|EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography|Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes|Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda|Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 04:15, 28 June 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Facial age estimation]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Facial age estimation''' is the use of artificial intelligence to estimate the age of a person based on their facial features. Computer vision techniques are used to analyse the facial features in the images of millions of people whose age is known and then deep learning is used to create an algorithm that tries to predict the age of an unknown person. The key use of the technology is to prevent access to age-restricted goods and services. Examples include restricting children from accessing internet pornography, checking that they meet a mandatory minimum age when registering for an account on social media, or preventing adults from accessing websites, online chat or games designed only for use by children. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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&lt;/div&gt;--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:44, 29 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to &quot;Create account&quot; and &quot;Log in&quot; actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220]
* After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292]
* An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:45, 29 June 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #738 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-06-29. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#737]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TopDevsBot|TopDevsBot]] - Task/s: Create new items for software-development, design, and consulting companies from source data: topdevs.ai 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/SonalBot|SonalBot]] - Task/s: Reference Gardener (archive dead reference links) + Welcome Bot (welcome new users) 
* New request for comments: [[c:Commons:Requests_for_comment/Policy_update_for_AI_content|WM Commons: Policy update for AI content]] - this RfC will seek opinions on the use and allowance of AI-generated and modified content. This can have downstream impacts on Wikidata.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[:meta:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/2026年7月嘉義維基媒體街景踏查團暨工作坊|2026 Chiayi Streetview Workshop]] July 13 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at Tâi-uân tôo-su-sik, Chiayi, Taiwan.
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #90 July 13 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://blog.lobid.org/2026/06/23/nwbib-wikipedia-bot.html Lobid Blog: NWBibBot – Making a regional bibliography visible in Wikipedia with help from Wikidata]
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2026/06/24/knowledge-wants-to-be-found/ Tech News (WMDE) Knowledge wants to be found] - We interview Tim Wittenborg about the [https://en.borgnetzwerk.org/ WissKomm Wiki], from the Leibniz Information Center for Science and Technology in TIB Hannover.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/06/29/bridging-open-knowledge-and-digital-rights-reflections-from-drif-2026-and-the-wikimedia-community/ Bridging Open Knowledge And Digital Rights: Reflections From DRIF 2026 And The Wikimedia Community]
* Papers: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.27933v1 MathModDB: A Database for Mathematical Models] - The Mathematical Models Database (MathModDB), deployed on the MaRDI Portal within Germany’s National Research Data Infrastructure, provides researchers with a curated knowledge graph that organizes scattered mathematical models, formulas, and assumptions, connects to related tools like MathAlgoDB and MaRDMO, and demonstrates practical use through cases such as plasma physics modeling. By Fiedler et al., (2026)
* Videos:
** [[d:Event:WikiProjects_Days_2026#Sessions|WikiProjects Days 2026 - recordings now on Commons]], if you missed the event or want to recap what was discussed, individual session recordings are now available from the Event program.
** [[commons:File:Jason Evans, &quot;Making Wikimedia and Linked Open Data Mainstream in GLAMs – The National Library of Wales Journey&quot;.webm|Jason Evans: Making Wikimedia and Linked Open Data Mainstream in GLAMs – The National Library of Wales Journey]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://cyllchuesnconii.rf.gd/panoply/?id=8 Altilunium Panoply] : A lightweight Wikibase alternative for creating collaborative knowledge bases, written as [https://github.com/altilunium/panoply a single PHP file] with no dependencies.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[d:Event:WikidataCon 2027/Call for expressions of interest to host|Call for local partners: WikidataCon 2027]]: Planning is underway for the next hybrid WikidataCon, and Wikimedia Deutschland is seeking a local affiliate to co-organize the on-site event. Expressions of Interest are due by 13 July. A Q&amp;A clinic will be held on 1 July at 15:00 UTC ([https://bbb.wikipedia.de/rooms/plp-qml-xrj-9ib/ join here]).
* [[mw:Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are now available at Wikidata. This update enables access to Mentorship, Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits).

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14544|‎Taiwan Central News Agency news topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14545|‎Stockholm Archipelago Trail ID]], [[:d:Property:P14546|‎Sceneweb artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P14547|‎Sceneweb production ID]], [[:d:Property:P14548|Fantia ID]], [[:d:Property:P14549|Finnish educational institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P14550|‎altinget.se person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14551|Il cinema ritrovato film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14552|TV Guide film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14553|FOD person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14554|LRT topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14555|Jiji Press Member of Parliament ID]], [[:d:Property:P14556|Huellas Digitales de la Memoria ID]], [[:d:Property:P14557|Museum of Fine Arts, Houston person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/subdiscipline of|subdiscipline of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;less specific academic discipline&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has garden|has garden]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Object is a {{Q|1107656}} related to this {{Q|16222597}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ranking by|ranking by]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;issuer of a ranking&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/linguistic group|linguistic group]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;group of people who share the same language, regardless of their ancestry or ethnicity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pure Adult actress ID|Pure Adult actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Central News Agency News tag id|Taiwan Central News Agency News tag id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pure Adult studio ID|Pure Adult studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Natural science/GBIF taxon ID|Natural science/GBIF taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digitaler Portraitindex person ID|Digitaler Portraitindex person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/torial ID|torial ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa ID|Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pontifical Urbaniana University ID|Pontifical Urbaniana University ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Samtrafiken-vehicle-id|Samtrafiken-vehicle-id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sundsvall Municipality opendata ID|Sundsvall Municipality opendata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nakamura Kikaku ID|Nakamura Kikaku ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KBS News topic ID|KBS News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GIGA actress ID|GIGA actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zen Pictures actress ID|Zen Pictures actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur Autoroc|Identifiant d'une personne sur Autoroc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/La Grange ID|La Grange ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rakuten Books author ID|Rakuten Books author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/RtYx Roles and contributions of ? in Fictional Universes and Media franchises] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#c-Jheald-20260627104200-Fantastoria-20260627091900|source]])
* Schema examples: it's World Cup time so here's 2 soccer/football-related EntitySchemas. 
** [[d:EntitySchema:E404|E404:Swedish Soccer Player]] and [[d:EntitySchema:E183|E183:Chilean Women's Football Players]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Logic|WikiProject Logic]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Roots_and_Rhythms|WikiProject Roots and Rhythms]]
* WikiProject Highlights: GovDirectory has opened a [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Madagascar|Madagascar]] page.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q615|Lionel Messi]] - 6 World Cups, scoring in the last 7 consecutive matches.

''' Development '''
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We are continuing to evaluate the prototype for reducing the number of unnecessary edits from Wikidata that show up in watchlist and recent changes of Wikipedia and co. The approach is to look at the diff of the rendered article before and after the change from Wikidata is made. If there is no difference then the change is probably not relevant for that article. We are collecting a sample to further understand how it performs.
** To continue to address Wikidata's scaling issues, we are planning the migration of entity usage tables to the X1 cluster.
* Mobile editing of statements:
** We implemented more feedback from testing of the new mobile front-end. Specifically we worked on making it clearer when a statements already exist that the editor is trying to add to the Item.
** Additionally, we made minor improvements to the look and feel of the mobile front-end.
* REST API:
** REST search routes now take apihighlimits right into account ([[phab:T428032]])
** We are starting to work on Lexeme support ([[phab:T429572]], [[phab:T429332]])
* GraphQL:
** We added support for requesting “best statements” for a given Property ([[phab:T428138]])
** We are working on adding support for negation in Property value pair filters ([[phab:T429580]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Poland|Poland]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:51, 29 June 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulo César Vinha State Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Capim dourado.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulo César Vinha State Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha) is a state park in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It protects an area of dunes, lagoons and marshes along the Atlantic shore. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:35, 6 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;src&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute and SVG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;srcset&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute.
* The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:54, 6 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #739 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-07-06. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#738]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Interface administrator/1Veertje|1Veertje]] - '''Closed as Successful'''
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Ziv|Ziv]] - '''Closed as Successful'''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/gov-wikidata-match 1|gov-wikidata-match 1]] - '''Task/s:''' Link existing GOV (historical gazetteer) building-like objects to existing Wikidata building-like objects.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AgenticCommonsBot 1|AgenticCommonsBot 1]] - '''Task/s:''' Add [[Property:P648|Open Library ID &lt;small&gt;(P648)&lt;/small&gt;]] (OpenLibrary author ID) to Wikidata items about people, only where the OpenLibrary author and the Wikidata person have been confirmed to be the same individual, with a source on every statement.
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: 
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/JigildikBot|JigildikBot]] - '''Approved'''
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/SonalBot|SonalBot]] - '''Approved'''
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/ias-kbase|ias-kbase]] - '''Approved'''

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The Wikidata Platform (WDP) [[D:Event:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours - July 2026|monthly office hour]] takes place '''tomorrow''', {{zonestamp|2026-07-07 16:00|7th July at 16:00 UTC}}. These office hours are focus on the Blazegraph migration work, and the team is inviting all community members to join the discussion. ''Register via [[D:Event:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours - July 2026|the event page]]'' 
** The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday, 18:00 CEST (in your [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783526400/1783530000?zdl=fU_LqsJADP2a6SZwqXMf9C66UEHQpSiu4zR2otNMnUkX_r2jG8GFEEjCeXDOlELrVcdsvufGrsro10BlnSOL86jlXNNyG-vz7x772XX7s7s0K819JThQe-ALd6gIxv7B4zliJoinEzsCH6dUdZRd4lE5SrsfXRxY-ifzowyiwIE6odzhzdglNOphM4Ub2LpIjG1mTYlc17CgFFiM_QcWUE8v7x0F6hMOUHqIUKhCdPjM8Y7cAQ timezone]), 08th July 2026 in the Wikidata Telegram group. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
** [[m:Event:WMUK_Sandbox_Sessions/Improving_Wikidata_References:_The_Reference_Validator_Tool|Sandbox sessions: Wikidata Reference Validator Tool - improving Wikidata references]] - Aug 15, 17:00 - 18:00 UTC.
** [https://wikiedu.org/courses/documenting-america-wikidata/ Wiki Education + AASLH: Documenting America with Wikidata], a collaboration between Wiki Education and the American Association for State and Local History is offering six hour-long meetings held weekly to introduce attendees to Wikidata and improve content for Wikidata and Wikipedia on American history. Registration ends: July 17, 23:59 Pacific Time (PT)

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: (fr) [[:w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:RAW/2026-07-05#Le_point_sur_la_diversit%C3%A9_de_genre_dans_les_articles|Le point sur la diversité de genre dans les articles]] in *Regards sur l'actualité du mouvement Wikimedia*
* Papers:
** Spatiotemporal-Heuristic A* Search for Pruning - Historical Influence and Succession Paths in Wikidata - [https://informatika.stei.itb.ac.id/~rinaldi.munir/Stmik/2025-2026/Makalah2026/13524106_Michael%20James%20Liman_Makalah%20Stima.pdf Paper], by Michael James Liman (2026).
** Wikontic: Constructing Wikidata-Aligned, Ontology-Aware Knowledge Graphs with Large Language Models - [https://aclanthology.org/2026.eacl-long.388/ Paper] by Chepurova et al., (2026).
* Videos: (Español) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AL_pyY2PIOE Introduction to Wikidata] - Dr. Claudia De Souza and Prof. Dinah Wilson Fraites introduce Wikidata with Spanish-slides.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://zelph.org/ Zelph]: Offers powerful analysis capabilities for the complete Wikidata knowledge graph while remaining adaptable for any semantic domain.
* [https://viz.luarai.com/worldcup-heights World Cup Heights]: An interactive data‑viz app that shows the heights of FIFA World Cup players, arranged so you can quickly compare teams, positions, and overall height distributions.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[d:Event:WikidataCon 2027/Call for expressions of interest to host|Call for local partners: WikidataCon 2027]]: Planning is underway for the next hybrid WikidataCon, and Wikimedia Deutschland is seeking a local affiliate to co-organize the on-site event. Expressions of Interest are due by 13 July.
* The Wikidata Platform team has published the [[D:Wikidata:Wikidata_Platform_team/Newsletter|8th issue of its monthly newsletter]]. This edition includes updates on the migration of WDQS backend away from Blazegraph, including a transition into the next phase '''Initial Implementation (pilot) phase''' following completion of the '''installation phase'''. This update also include some Documentation on Query Rewrites the team will like the Wikidata community and all WDQS users to help review and leave feedbacks. ''see [[D:Wikidata:Wikidata_Platform_team/Newsletter|WDP monthly newsletter]] for more details''

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
*  Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P14559|prisoner number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number or identifier assigned to a prisoner, to be used as a qualifier for P2632 (place of detention)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14574|photographer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who took this photograph&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14595|‎Gmedia rating (video games)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;video game ratings of the Saudi Arabian rating system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14603|visual style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the visual style used in a video game (or other creative work)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14610|garden]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;garden of this subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14613|objects (category theory)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise objects of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14614|morphisms]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise morphisms of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14615|terminal object]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise terminal object of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14616|initial object]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise initial object of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14617|products (category theory)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise products of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14618|coproducts (category theory)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise coproducts of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14619|isomorphisms]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise isomorphisms of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14620|monomorphisms]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise monomorphisms of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14621|epimorphisms]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise epimorphisms of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14622|regular monomorphisms]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise regular monomorphisms of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14623|regular epimorphisms]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise isomorphisms of the category (category theory)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14624|left adjoint]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the left adjoint of the functor&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14625|enriched over]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the base monoidal category, bicategory, etc. of the enriched category&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14626|monoidal category operation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the “tensor product” bifunctor of the monoidal category&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14627|2-morphisms]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the precise 2-morphisms of the 2-category&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P14635|taxon footprint]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image of a footprint of this taxon&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14558|Sri Lankan Parliament member ID]], [[:d:Property:P14560|‎Taiwan Central News Agency news tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P14561|Model-Kartei.de ID]], [[:d:Property:P14562|Wildenstein Plattner Institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P14564|Web The Television work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14565|Web The Television person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14566|U-NEXT person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14567|U-NEXT video ID]], [[:d:Property:P14568|Sokmil director ID]], [[:d:Property:P14569|Sokmil idol ID]], [[:d:Property:P14570|socrealizm.com.ua person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14571|Répertoire des films classés film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14572|‎regjeringen.no ministry ID]], [[:d:Property:P14573|‎regjeringen.no politician ID]], [[:d:Property:P14575|Objectif plumes work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14576|National Operator Code (UK)]], [[:d:Property:P14577|‎Extended Defence of Britain Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P14578|Pacelli edition person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14579|Myludo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14580|MyDirtyHobby ID]], [[:d:Property:P14581|Maoyan film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14582|‎Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument number]], [[:d:Property:P14583|Letterboxd writer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14584|KSW organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P14585|KSW person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14586|KSW place ID]], [[:d:Property:P14587|1SCREEN movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14588|1SCREEN Person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14589|‎Artistas Visuales Chilenos propertyvalue ID]], [[:d:Property:P14590|‎Canadian Trademark Registration Number]], [[:d:Property:P14591|occitanica.eu ID]], [[:d:Property:P14592|Hancinema company  ID]], [[:d:Property:P14593|ZicTrad person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14594|H-NEXT Person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14596|FOD video ID]], [[:d:Property:P14597|Farzonagon ID]], [[:d:Property:P14598|d Hits artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14599|ABEMA video ID]], [[:d:Property:P14600|17LIVE ID]], [[:d:Property:P14604|‎regjeringen.no government ID]], [[:d:Property:P14605|Pure Adult actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14606|Pure Adult studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P14607|‎GBIF taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P14608|Digital portrait index person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P14609|torial username]], [[:d:Property:P14611|Pontifical Urbaniana University ID]], [[:d:Property:P14628|CatDat category ID]], [[:d:Property:P14629|CatDat functor ID]], [[:d:Property:P14630|CatDat category property ID]], [[:d:Property:P14631|CatDat functor property ID]], [[:d:Property:P14632|‎Samtrafiken-vehicle ID]], [[:d:Property:P14633|GIGA actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14634|Zen Pictures actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14636|Olyrix artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14637|AutorÒc 16-18 author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dielectric strenght|dielectric strenght]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum electric field a material can withstand before electrical breakdown occurs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/about page URL|about page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL to the official about page&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rakuten Books author ID|Rakuten Books author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rakuten TV adult Person ID|Rakuten TV adult Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant sur le Western Orthodox Wiki|Identifiant sur le Western Orthodox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le GRoG ID|Le GRoG ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NHK On Demand Program ID|NHK On Demand Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Centre for Computing History exhibit reference ID|Centre for Computing History exhibit reference ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCD character ID|GCD character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identificador de agente econômico na ANCINE|Identificador de agente econômico na ANCINE]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/1SCREEN Program ID|1SCREEN Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Architectenregister-id|Architectenregister-id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUDAP ID|LUDAP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TakaWiki ID|TakaWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Terceiro Tempo Que Fim Levou ID|Terceiro Tempo Que Fim Levou ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BiDünyaFilm film ID|BiDünyaFilm film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNUC code|CNUC code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steady username|Steady username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NHK ONE Program ID|NHK ONE Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SongLyrics.com song ID|SongLyrics.com song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Braunschweiger ProfKat ID|Braunschweiger ProfKat ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ClayArena shooter profile ID|ClayArena shooter profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Collective ID|Open Collective ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anobii author ID|Anobii author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Development '''
* The development team are at an offsite retreat this week.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/France|France]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:05, 6 July 2026 (UTC)'''
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VI, June 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Tools, tech, and Wikimania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: New digitization partner
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Bangladesh report|Bangladesh report]]: International Museum Day Edit-a-thon and Workshop held in Dinajpur, Bangladesh
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Postal Mission on Wikimedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Empowering Institutions through Wikisource Education and GLAM Capacity Building
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Bridging the gap between labs and Wikipedia: continuing cooperation with FZU
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: From Museum Celebrations to Archival Documentation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Northern Wikimedist meetup in Oulu
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: #1lib1ref Recap and International Archives Week
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Heritage and Community Action
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open GLAM in Puebla
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Interview with Olaf Janssen, Wikimedia coordinator of the KB, National library of the Netherlands
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: BAU at Auckland Museum, Otago Uni Library Life and the NZBSI WiR is complete
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Collaboration with the Botanical garden at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Skopje
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Poland Report: New Partnerships, Conferences, and Wikimedians in Residence
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Opening the Doors of Serbian Heritage: Wikimedia Serbia’s Recent GLAM and Wikidata Successes
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: GLAM Labs Futures 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Finnish-Swedish cooperation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Exhibition, International Archives Week Panel
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Ninth Good Article from Khalili partnership
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Philadelphia WikiSalon
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Is the sauna still hot?
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: New articles
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:35, 11 July 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Caledonian MacBrayne]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Cal-Mac HQ2005.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Caledonian MacBrayne''', in short form CalMac, is the trade name of CalMac Ferries Ltd, the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries to the west coast of Scotland, serving ports on the mainland and 22 of the major islands. It is a subsidiary of holding company David MacBrayne, which is owned by the Scottish Government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:20, 13 July 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 13 July 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/News and notes|An exclusive club]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/In the media|Battle for a soul - who won?]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Opinion|We need to innovate with Wikimedia decision-making]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Recent research|LLMs and NPOV, 20 years of user blocks, Esperanto and Volapük Wikipedias]]

* News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/News from Diff|How to host Wikicurious in your own community]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Community view|CUNY Newmark Wikimedian-in-Residence Quarterly Brief – April to June 2026]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Special report|Wikipedia escapes Category 1 designation under the UK Online Safety Act - for now]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/On the bright side|Fatherhood, weather, and diplomacy]]

* Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Op-ed|A Layup Easy Proposal for Wikimedia at 25: Spend 25% of Donations on the Community]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Traffic report|The grass was greener, the light was brighter]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-07-13/Comix|schnozzed]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 07:27, 13 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis.
* The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778]
* To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:08, 13 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #740 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-07-13. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#739]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Discussions'''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/GA_Kevin|GA Kevin]] - &lt;small&gt;RfP scheduled to end after 14 July 2026 18:40 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Nabbot_2|Nabbot 2]] - '''Task:''' Translating English descriptions to Turkish using a predefined dictionary mapping. 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AgenticCommonsBot_1|AgenticCommonsBot 1]] - '''Task:''' Add [[d:Property:P648|Open Library ID (P648)]] (OpenLibrary author ID) to items about people, where the OpenLibrary author and Wikidata person are the same individual, when every  statement is sourced. 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/EquipboardBot|EquipboardBot]] -  '''Task''': Add [[d:Property:P6912|Equipboard artist ID (P6912)]] to Wikidata items for musicians, sourced from Equipboard's own database of public artist identifiers.
* Call for Participation in Improving Constraints
** Just about any aspect of constraints is in scope, from rewriting existing bots to expanding the power of property constraints to adding new kinds of constraint. If you are interested, sign up in [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_property_constraints/improving|WikiProject Property Constraints/improving]].

'''Events''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[wmania:2026:Wikimania|Wikimania 2026]] is fast approaching. Taking place 21 - 25 July in Paris, France. Can't attend? Register for a ticket to the [[wmania:2026:Registration|virtual event]] and watch sessions online.
** Interested in [[mw:Wikibase/Ontology-Federation|Wikibase Ontology Federation]]? Join the July 14 call, see the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Cleaning_Task_Force#Tuesday,_14_July_2026,_11:30_EDT_(UTC-4)|Cleaning Task Force]] page for more details.
* Previous events:
** The 3rd Quarter Wikidata + Wikibase office hour was held. The transcript  is available to read:&lt;br&gt;[[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2026-07-08|Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2026 07 08]]

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Blogs
** [[Diffblog:2026/07/10/behind-better-data-inside-wikidatas-first-wikiprojects-days|Behind Better Data: Inside Wikidata’s First WikiProjects Days]]
** [[Diffblog:2026/07/12/africa-wiki-challenge-2026-in-the-ghanaian-pidgin-community-documenting-water-for-life-through-wikimedia-projects|Africa Wiki Challenge 2026 in the Ghanaian Pidgin Community: Documenting “Water for Life” Through Wikimedia Projects]]
** [[Diffblog:2026/07/09/reflecting-on-progress-and-planning-ahead-dagbani-wikimedians-user-group-holds-its-last-quarter-team-meeting|Reflecting on progress and planning ahead: Dagbani Wikimedians User Group holds its last quarter team meeting]]
** [[Diffblog:2026/07/08/eduwiki-workshop-combining-petscan-and-generative-ai-for-smarter-wikipedia-editing|EduWiki Workshop: Combining PETScan and Generative AI for Smarter Wikipedia Editing]]
** [https://computationalhistory.substack.com/p/why-computational-historians-need Why Computational Historians need Wikidata] - a substack article by Jim Clifford
* Papers
** [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3805712.3808389 A Demonstration of WikiRAG: An Evidence-based Link Prediction for Wikidata with Retrieval Augmented Generation] - WikiRAG is an interactive framework that combines automated link prediction with retrieval‑augmented generation and human validation to reliably complete knowledge graphs like Wikidata by generating candidate links, retrieving supporting evidence, and enabling users to confirm and export validated triples. By Sabu, et al., (2026)
* Videos
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GRS-0nMsb1Q&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m Using Open Refine] by Wikimedia Australia, Paul Duchesne presents &quot;Using OpenRefine&quot; during WikiCon Australia 2026, (National Film and Sound Archive, Canberra).
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=oq2fjfAhsgc&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m Let’s Get Mappy - making maps on Wikimedia platforms] by Wikimedia Australia, Alex Lum presents  how location (pushpin) maps, locator maps, and interactive &quot;slippy&quot; local maps end up on Wikipedia, and how infoboxes, Wikidata and OpenStreetMap works together to generate them
** (繁體中文/zh-TW) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaOjh92PPuI Tutorial on Editing Temple Data for Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons] - recording of a workshop (July 5) on Tutorial on Editing Temple Data for Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons, held by Wikimedia Taiwan Community and OSM Taiwan.  
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxCTNRqnOKw Open data tools for cultural heritage] 2nd session in the workshop series “Open Data to Strengthen Online Cultural Heritage,” held March 24, 2026, and organized by the National Library of Uruguay (BNU), Wikimedians of Uruguay, Datysoc, and Data Uruguay.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrzycFNeVyI  GLAMs and Citizen Science Encouraging and Enabling Participation] - Siobhan Leachman presents &quot;citizen science workflows&quot; (BHL, iNaturalist, Bionomia, Wikidata) to show how GLAM's can empower citizen scientists to reuse their collections.

'''Tool of the week'''
*[https://rudof-project.github.io/ rudof] can be used as a command line tool or can be embedded as a library using cargo. It can be used to validate RDF data represented with different syntaxes like Turtle, NTriples, to name a few. As well as RDF data available through SPARQL endpoints like Wikidata

'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
* A [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#c-Ainali-20260623132900-Need_of_a_process_to_become_a_mentor|Project Chat discussion]] on the new [[mw:Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship features]]. Self-enrollment has been enabled with the following requirements - account age: 365 days, edits: 500.
* There is also a [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#c-Bovlb-20260709235700-Discussion|proposal]] to add an advisory message to new accounts that create multiple items.

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14638|Rakuten TV adult person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14639|KBS News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14640|Rakuten Books author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14641|PTS News Network topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14642|Nakamura Kikaku ID]], [[:d:Property:P14643|‎La Grange person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14644|‎Fontaines de Belgique ID]], [[:d:Property:P14645|NHK On Demand program ID]], [[:d:Property:P14646|1SCREEN program ID]], [[:d:Property:P14647|LUDAP ID]], [[:d:Property:P14648|Bianco keyword ID]], [[:d:Property:P14649|Architectenregister ID]], [[:d:Property:P14650|‎ClayArena shooter profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P14651|‎Sundsvall Municipality opendata beach ID]], [[:d:Property:P14652|Terceiro Tempo Que Fim Levou ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/relocated from|relocated from]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Object is the original or former {{Q|17334923}} of the permanently relocated {{Q|16222597}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenType script tag|OpenType script tag]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a script in OpenType&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/transforms from|transforms from]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this fictional or mythical entity transforms from that form&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Classification of Administrative Districts|Korean Classification of Administrative Districts]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;code assigned to an administrative district of South Korea in the Korean Classification of Administrative Districts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anobii book ID|Anobii book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Maps Place ID|Google Maps Place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Viberate Artist ID|Viberate Artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage style ID|Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage style ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage designer ID|Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage designer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TuneCore Japan artist ID|TuneCore Japan artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deltarune Wiki article ID|Deltarune Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/INAPP OA author ID|INAPP OA author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNR-IRIS ID|CNR-IRIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AnimeOshi anime ID|AnimeOshi anime ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Guide Japan Person ID|Guide Japan Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CD Journal Artist ID|CD Journal Artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CIDIM Artist ID|CIDIM Artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Operabook Artist ID|Operabook Artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mizan al-Arab poet ID|Mizan al-Arab poet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norton Simon Museum object ID|Norton Simon Museum object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenStreetMap data item ID|OpenStreetMap data item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant sur le Western Orthodox Wiki|Identifiant sur le Western Orthodox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A World Made by Travel person ID|A World Made by Travel person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scent Base notes ID|Scent Base notes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/radio.net IDs|radio.net IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scent Base perfumer ID|Scent Base perfumer ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/SJfA Items only connected to Telugu Wikipedia] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#c-Ainali-20260712084300-Stefan_Kühn-20260712083900|source]]) - change the language code 'te' to make it work with any other Wikipedia 
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E269|French historic monument (E269)]] - With Wikimania taking place in the French Capital, you can use this entity schema if you feel inspired to or expand items on French monuments.
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Pleasant_Goat_and_Big_Big_Wolf|Project Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf]] - a Chinese-animated television franchise.
** (Français) [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject_Orthodox_Christianity|Project Orthodox Christianity]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_SUNY_Libraries_EMCO|Project SUNY Libraries EMCO]]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Poland|Project Govdirectory Poland]] added several new subpages detailing coverage and progress on State, Local Agencies and Marshall's Offices.
**[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_property_constraints|Project Property Constraints]] added a subpage: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_property_constraints/improving|Improving]] - a call for participation, as a result of discussions during WikiProjects Days 2026.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Most_sitelinked_items/with_statements|Most sitelinked Items (with statements)]]

'''Development'''
* Blazegraph migration: We are continuing to prepare the Query UI, Query Builder, constraint checks, etc for the migration to QLever ([[phab:T425618]])
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We are investigating some Lua modules to find ones responsible for a lot of unnecessary entries in Watchlist and Recent changes on Wikipedia and co ([[phab:T429366]])
* GraphQL: Added support for negation in property value pair filters ([[phab:T429580]])
* REST API: We are working on the first pieces of support for Lexemes: retrieving a full Lexeme ([[phab:T429332]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''·   [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2026 07 06|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] ·''' [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:01, 13 July 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=30773585 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immigration to Switzerland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In 2023, resident foreigners made up 26.3% of Switzerland's population. Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, accounting for 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:18, 20 July 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30717601 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary 741 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-07-20. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#740]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/RupumpedBot|RupumpedBot]] - '''Task/s:''' When an Item on a Kenyan river has a Swahili label but no English version, this bot will derive an English label and description.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/William_Avery_Bot_14|William Avery Bot 14]] - '''Task/s:''' Change values of url properties in mainspace that link to http://web.archive.org/ to use the https protocol (requested at [[d:Wikidata:Bot_requests#Request_to_make_HTTPS_for_Wayback_Machine_recurrent_(2026-07-17)|Bot requests#Make HTTPS for Wayback Machine recurrent]])

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Wikimania is about to begin. Whether you're attending on-site or virtually, plan your sessions so you don't miss any.
*** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/schedule/ Full program] / [[wmania:2026:Program/Wikidata|Wikidata-only program]]
*** Get your [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/ virtual ticket]
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #91 Aug 10 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].
** [https://force11.org/post/webinar-metadata-for-all-with-wikidata Force11 webinar: Metadata for all with Wikidata] will look at three novel applications, WikiCite, the Trans Music Achive and the Pratt Institute. Held online August 26, 13-14:00 UTC. Please register for the access link.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://blog.johl.io/calling-wikifunctions-for-der-die-das/ Calling Wikifunctions for der, die, das]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/07/18/how-to-strengthen-the-public-domain-with-wikidata/ How to strengthen the public domain with Wikidata]
** [https://rtnf.substack.com/p/altilunium-panoply-v26719 Altilunium Panoply v26.7.19] : In this latest release, the external Wikidata connection logic has undergone a major architectural overhaul to improve internal trace mapping.
* Videos:
** (Svenska) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiYEdXCA3z4 Strategic inclusion of library data on Wikidata] - first recorded at Digikult 2019, with Alicia Fagerving.
** (Français) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FA5i80xTXpU I’ll explain how Wikidata works! (Livestream recording)], [[d:User:Lyoko%C3%AF|User:Lyokoï]] will introduce Wikidata and its concepts and the fundamentals of editing.
** (繁體中文/zh-TW) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCswknRt7wg Wikivoyage Guidelines for editing Temple information]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGtGZhE7e-E  How to use Wikibase for Mixed Methods Research], with Francesco Bailo. Recorded at SICSS Melbourne 2026 (Summer Institute in Computational Social Science).
* Games: [https://www.webwoven.org/ Webwoven] - a new game has surfaced, powered by Wikidata. Race from start to finish in as few connections as possible. Already includes Leaderboards, daily challenges and multiplayer. Sure to be a hit at future Wikidata events.

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://wikivibes.toolforge.org/#/ wikivibes] is a tool by [[User:Magnus Manske|Magnus Magnus]] that play public domain music from Commons, tracked by Wikidata

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Jobs:
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/65367316/Interim-Engineering-Manager-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=279178738&amp;l=en (Interim) Engineering Manager - Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects] - Hybrid
** [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/8060307?gh_src=uginyj6n1us Senior Software Engineer, Wikidata Platform] - Remote
** [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/8060261?gh_src=4n8hpqkx1us Software Engineer, Wikidata Platform] - Remote

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
***[[:d:Property:P14659|‎about page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL to the official about page&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14653|Western Orthodox Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P14654|Steady publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P14655|‎Open Collective ID]], [[:d:Property:P14656|‎Guide du Rôliste Galactique ID]], [[:d:Property:P14657|CNUC code]], [[:d:Property:P14658|Centre for Computing History exhibit reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P14660|Braunschweiger ProfKat ID]], [[:d:Property:P14661|CNR-IRIS author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14662|Anobii Book ID]], [[:d:Property:P14663|Anobii author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14664|TuneCore Japan artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14665|TakaWiki numeric page ID]], [[:d:Property:P14666|Norton Simon Museum object ID]], [[:d:Property:P14667|Guide Japan Person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14668|CD Journal artist ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/autoptic examination|autoptic examination]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;time of last direct examination of the inscribed object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tabular data series|Tabular data series]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A tabular data series in Commons that models the given concept&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/data series|data series]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A data series about the given topic.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incumbent before dissolution|incumbent before dissolution]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity incumbent in a position before its dissolution for an election&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/former operator|former operator]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity, company, military service, or organisation which is notable for previously operated the item, aircraft, vehicle, or other equipment&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/número de la plaza|número de la plaza]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;square number&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PISAI ID|PISAI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ko-fi page ID|Ko-fi page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scent Base brand ID|Scent Base brand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Etsy shop name|Etsy shop name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overcast podcast ID|Overcast podcast ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grillplatser.nu ID|Grillplatser.nu ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Criticker Film ID|Criticker Film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HAND ID|HAND ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Language Archives Community language code|Open Language Archives Community language code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Ciel d'oc d'une publication|identifiant Ciel d'oc d'une publication]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ODiD ID|ODiD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Generic/Numero de Registre Tributari|Generic/Numero de Registre Tributari]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UntitledDb People ID|UntitledDb People ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MissEvan drama ID|MissEvan drama ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MissEvan sound ID|MissEvan sound ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MissEvan ID|MissEvan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MissEvan voice actor ID|MissEvan voice actor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fmfenxiang FM ID|Fmfenxiang FM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fmfenxiang sound ID|Fmfenxiang sound ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fmfenxiang seiyuu ID|Fmfenxiang seiyuu ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Development '''
* Wikidata Query Service: We are working on adapting the Query Service UI to get it ready for the move to QLever
* Mobile editing of statements: We are continuing to fix small issues found in testing
* Lexemes: We are continuing the work on adding support for Lexemes to the REST API
* Sustainability:
** We are preparing the migration of some database tables on the client wikis that track the usage of Wikidata's data in articles on Wikipedia and co
** We are further investigating how many changes from Wikidata that currently get sent to Wikipedia and co don't actually lead to a change in the article to be able to reduce these cases further

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]]  · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:56, 20 July 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, &quot;media-limit-reached&quot;, will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:44, 21 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Study of Man's Impact on Climate]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''Study of Man's Impact on Climate''' (traduisible en français par « Étude de l'impact de l'homme sur le climat ») est une conférence scientifique internationale consacrée à l'influence humaine sur le climat qui s'est tenue à Stockholm, en Suède, du 28 juin au 16 juillet 1971. Elle aborde diverses hypothèses parmi lesquelles la destruction de la couche d'ozone et le réchauffement (ou refroidissement) climatique, établit l'état du savoir à leur sujet et, soulignant les nombreuses inconnues qui demeurent, appelle à consacrer davantage de fonds à la recherche scientifique sur le climat. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:00, 27 July 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #742 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-07-27. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#741]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AuntuBot|AuntuBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Per the approved bot request at commons:Commons:Bots/Requests/AuntuBot, I am in the process of uploading approximately 50,000 issues of the Bangladesh Gazette to Wikimedia Commons. We need to a parent Wikidata item for each specific issue/volume to import and organize these files on Bengali Wikisource.  Note that AuntuBot has already been granted a bot flag on Wikimedia Commons for the file uploads.
**[[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Rebot 2|Rebot 2]] - '''Task/s:''' We recently created the new property perspective (P14345) (Wikidata:Property proposal/anatomical view).  With Rebot, I plan to move:
*About 570 statements from depicts (P180) to perspective (P14345) as a property
*About 1400 statements from depicts (P180) to perspective (P14345) as a qualifier of image (P18)  
**[[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Rebot 3|Rebot 3]] - '''Task/s:''' Import 1389 instances of taxon author citation (P6507) from this Catalan Wikipedia list, compiled by bot from the articles.  
**[[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Rebot 4|Rebot 4]] - '''Task/s:''' The task consists in changing these 1072 items. It has to change creator (P170) to the new property photographer (P14574). Also there are 1000+ items in which the property should be used as a qualifier.  
**[[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Openpep|Openpep]] - '''Task/s:''' Maintenance of Politically Exposed Person (PEP) data on Wikidata for Thai government officials. Specifically:  
*Creating new Wikidata items for Thai politicians not yet in the database  
*Adding P39 (position held) claims with proper qualifiers (P580 start time, P582 end time, P2937 legislative term for legislators, P1365/P1366 replaces/replaced by, P1545 series ordinal)  
*Adding P102 (member of political party) with date qualifiers  
*Adding P569 (date of birth), P106 (occupation), P21 (sex or gender), P19 (place of birth), P1559 (name in native language)  
*Setting and correcting labels, descriptions, and aliases  
*Removing incorrect claims and deduplicating  
*Adding social media profiles (P2003 Instagram, P2013 Facebook, P11705 Facebook numeric ID)
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DutchFixer|DutchFixer]] - '''Task/s:''' Reformat Dutch verb forms that are listed as [[Q1994301|past tense &lt;small&gt;(Q1994301)&lt;/small&gt;]], [[Q814722|participle &lt;small&gt;(Q814722)&lt;/small&gt;]] to simply use [[Q12717679|past participle &lt;small&gt;(Q12717679)&lt;/small&gt;]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** Vladimir Terentyev used the set of names for [https://vova.today/en/works/plofornot/  every dish from Wikidata] -- labels and aliases in every language -- along with restaurant data from OpenStreetMap to develop a world map of dish names, attempting to answer the research question: &quot;Where does plov end and biryani begin, and who really draws these borders?&quot;
** [https://oshwa.org/announcements/giving-open-source-hardware-a-place-on-wikidata/ Giving Open Source Hardware a Place on Wikidata] 
** [https://blog.tib.eu/2026/07/27/simplified-entry-of-complex-data-into-wikibase/ Simplified entry of complex data into Wikibase]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/07/24/grateful-and-growing-reflecting-on-my-wiki-afrodemics-fellowship-pilot-cohort/ Grateful and Growing: Reflecting on My Wiki Afrodemics Fellowship, Pilot Cohort]
* Papers: [https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/42790 DivinWD: Exploring the Diversity of Scientific Publications in Wikidata] - DivinWD is a large open-source dataset of over 23 million triples and 1.2 million scholarly articles (2010–2024), integrating Wikidata with five bibliographic sources and gender data to enable transparent diversity analyses in science while documenting biases and infrastructural limitations. By Saletti et. al., (2026)

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://osm.wikidata.link/ OWL Places], the  Wikidata-OpenStreetMap matching tool, can now add OpenStreetMap IDs to Wikidata

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4ODLBGNPJVVMLFCRJUMODQ3SQEPPOXCE/ Wikibase Suite Deploy 7.1.0 and other upgrades]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14669|dielectric strength]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;electric field strength that causes electrical breakdown of an insulating material under specified test conditions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14672|still taken from the audiovisual work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image comes from the given audiovisual work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14670|Operabook artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14671|‎MPA certificate number]], [[:d:Property:P14673|‎Deltarune Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P14674|A World Made by Travel person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14675|UntitledDb person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fediverse app|Fediverse app]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Fediverse platform of the instance or address&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fediverse instance URL|Fediverse instance URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Ferdiverse instance of/about the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reference amount|reference amount]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Amount of the food that contains a particular quantity of a nutrient.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qidian Book ID|Qidian Book ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Garance item ID|Garance item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinorating|Kinorating]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGN producer|IGN producer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fediverse address|Fediverse address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Music &amp; Opera artist ID|Music &amp; Opera artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LFL player ID|LFL player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccer365.net tournament ID|Soccer365.net tournament ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/kicker.de coach ID|kicker.de coach ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BeSoccer team ID|BeSoccer team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FootballFakts.ru stadium ID|FootballFakts.ru stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SofaScore tournament ID|SofaScore tournament ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Foot Mercato club ID|Foot Mercato club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lithuanian movie register ID|Lithuanian movie register ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Foot Mercato referee ID|Foot Mercato referee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BeSoccer referee ID|BeSoccer referee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kicker.de referee ID|Kicker.de referee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccer365.net referee ID|Soccer365.net referee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UNESCO Observatory of Killed Journalists ID|UNESCO Observatory of Killed Journalists ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccer365.net stadium ID|Soccer365.net stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MFL player ID|MFL player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Okko movie ID|Okko movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RIA Novosti organization ID|RIA Novosti organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenParliamentTV person ID|OpenParliamentTV person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenParliamentTV organization ID|OpenParliamentTV organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenParliamentTV term ID|OpenParliamentTV term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Camping.se ID|Camping.se ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/classicalive artist ID|classicalive artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chess Games tournament ID|Chess Games tournament ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chess.com tournament ID|Chess.com tournament ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MusiciansPage artist ID|MusiciansPage artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flemish educational institution number|Flemish educational institution number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Giovani Artisti italiani ID|Giovani Artisti italiani ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365chess.com tournament ID|365chess.com tournament ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norwegian Athletics athlete ID|Norwegian Athletics athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LinkedIn numeric company ID|LinkedIn numeric company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lulu spotlight ID|Lulu spotlight ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPGnet Index ID|RPGnet Index ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EU Treaties and Agreements database ID|EU Treaties and Agreements database ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Development '''
* The team were at Wikimania this past week so not much development happened. 

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:32, 27 July 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:46, 27 July 2026 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: July 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 7 • July 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Practical Wikipedia Training for Teachers Held in Tetovo, Macedonia|Practical Wikipedia Training for Teachers Held in Tetovo, Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Wikimedia Ukraine at the Teachers of the Future Festival|Wikimedia Ukraine at the Teachers of the Future Festival]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Six Months of Growth, Learning, and Impact: My Journey as an EduWiki Mentor|Six Months of Growth, Learning, and Impact: My Journey as an EduWiki Mentor]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/PhilWiki Community pays homage to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry at Wikimania Paris 2026|PhilWiki Community pays homage to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry at Wikimania Paris 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Google25 Expands Tamil Wikipedia Community|Google25 Expands Tamil Wikipedia Community]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Edu Wiki camp gathers Serbian youth around the topic of open knowledge|Edu Wiki camp gathers Serbian youth around the topic of open knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Cátedra Glaciares: A Collaborative Experience for the Study and Conservation of Colombia’s Cryosphere|Cátedra Glaciares: A Collaborative Experience for the Study and Conservation of Colombia’s Cryosphere]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Continuing Wiki education partnerships in Brazil|Continuing Wiki education partnerships in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Building EduWiki in Albania: From school outreach to student contributions in Wikimedia projects|Building EduWiki in Albania: From school outreach to student contributions in Wikimedia projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/1Lib1Ref WUGN Kaduna, 2026|1Lib1Ref WUGN Kaduna, 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/We create the first master class on access to knowledge and open technology in collaboration with National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM|We create the first master class on access to knowledge and open technology in collaboration with National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 19:48, 30 July 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''The Signpost'': 2 August 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/In the media|Union drive, most prolific editor make headlines]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/News and notes|Foundation rejects voluntary recognition of union, proposed board eligibility rules sharply restrict candidates]]

* WikiConference: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/WikiConference|&quot;Kurier, Signpost, wikipress: You can be a Wikimedia journalist&quot; - Wikimania presentation by User:Noé Recap]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/In focus|Is Larry Sanger the co-founder of Wikipedia?]]

* Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/Arbitration report|Think, and not just about content]]

* News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/News from Diff|Meet the Wikimedians of the Year 2026!]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/On the bright side|The beautiful game]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/Traffic report|Odyssey and Oyarzabal]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-02/Comix|Well-spotted]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:17, 2 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plot of Prats de Molló]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ca:Fets de Prats de Molló]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Complot de Prats de Molló]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''plot of Prats de Molló''' was an attempted military invasion of Catalonia carried out from France to achieve its independence planned by Francesc Macià and the leadership of the Estat Català party, discovered and aborted in 1926. The plan consisted of the penetration of two columns (one from Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans, the other from Coll d'Ares), which were to occupy Olot and proclaim the Catalan Republic. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:11, 3 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:43, 3 August 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30872536 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #743 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-08-04. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#742]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
*[[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/INAPerson 1|INAPerson 1]] - Task/s: Create Wikidata pages entries for mostly French journalists, using INA (French National Audiovisual Institute) catalogue as reference.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[Diffblog:wikimedia-research-conference-in-the-cee-region-programme-coming-in-august-registration-open|Wikimedia &amp; Research conference in the CEE region: programme coming in August, registration open]] - follow link for registration instructions, (onsite) open until August 26, (online) open until at least October 5. Event takes place Katowice, Poland, October 9-10, 2026.
** [https://www.dublincore.org/conferences/2026/sessions/workshop-wikidata-open-innovation/ Workshop: Wikidata for Open Innovation] - DCMI 226. Held on August 3 by Kalliopi Mathios, participants will get hands-on experience of Wikidata for use in Libraries, Industry and Communities.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Papers:
** the [[:d:Q140818826|proceedings]] of the conference [[:d:Q131418010|Wikidata and Research]] (cf. [[:meta:Wikidata and research|Meta page]]), held in Florence (Italy) on June 5-6, 2025, have been published on July 2026 and are available in CC-BY 4.0 license: ''[https://books.fupress.com/isbn/9791221510102 Wikidata e la ricerca. Condividere esperienze / Wikidata and Research. Sharing Experiences]''; 32 papers, 25 in English and 7 in Italian, deal with the usage of Wikidata and other Wikibase instances in different fields of academic research
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2607.25959 Detecting Knowledge Inconsistencies Across Text, Tables, and Knowledge Graphs] by Wei et al., (2026). This paper introduces ''Kontrast'': a tool for comparing Wikidata's statements against Wikipedia tables (and text) to find conflicting information or inconsistencies and missing data.
* Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA8pp1Qsh4M LIVE Wikidata Editing #123] with hosts [[d:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]] and [[d:User:Abbe98|User:Abbe98]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://leximap.toolforge.org/ Leximap]: Create a colour-coded map of Lexemes from a Wikisource page's text, roll-over individual words to discover more about the lemma
* [https://thefilmmap.com/ Filmmap]: a free interactive map of filming locations built from Wikidata. Search the title to see where it’s shot or a place to see what was made there
*[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Danielyepezgarces/Cradle-gadget Cradle-gadget]  – A new user script embeds the Cradle form editor into Wikidata item pages, enabling schema-based editing with ShEx.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Job vacancy: [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/8060261 (Remote) Software Engineer for the Wikidata Platform team].
* [https://www.wikibase.cloud/hosting-policy/pilot Wikibase Cloud has a new hosting policy (pilot version)]
* [https://f-droid.org/en/packages/app.subster/ Subster] - a timeline-based Wikidata-powered game that plays songs from your own music collection and asks you to rank it against other songs in your hand. Like a digital, cardless version of Hitster. Requires a subsonic-compatible music server to connect to.
* Uyen developed a tool in which you can visualize and inspect content gaps and shared content between different Wikipedia editions, as well as topic distributions: https://wiki-gap-finder.toolforge.org/ Check it out and give them [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc-ff0w-oUCEQXoQsCRxuiz5aOiOSes6kfWti5-KsKGgOgezg/viewform feedback].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14687|tabular data series]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A tabular data series in Commons that models the given concept&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14701|infobox chronology]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicate the place of an item in an Infobox chronology, as seen on the Wikipedias.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14726|‎OpenType script tag]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a script in OpenType, without trailing spaces&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14733|‎Fediverse app]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Fediverse platform of the instance or address&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14734|‎Fediverse instance URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Ferdiverse instance of/about the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14676|Viberate artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14677|Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage style ID]], [[:d:Property:P14678|Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage designer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14679|radio.net station ID]], [[:d:Property:P14680|radio.net podcast ID]], [[:d:Property:P14681|Sokmil AV performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14682|Scent Base brand ID]], [[:d:Property:P14683|Scent Base notes ID]], [[:d:Property:P14684|Scent Base perfumers ID]], [[:d:Property:P14688|PISAI ID]], [[:d:Property:P14689|CIDIM Artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14690|Etsy shop name]], [[:d:Property:P14691|‎Open Language Archives Community language code]], [[:d:Property:P14692|‎OpenStreetMap Wiki item ID]], [[:d:Property:P14695|Ko-fi page ID]], [[:d:Property:P14696|KinoRating ID]], [[:d:Property:P14697|‎Korean Classification of Administrative Districts]], [[:d:Property:P14698|UNESCO Observatory of Killed Journalists ID]], [[:d:Property:P14699|SofaScore tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P14700|RIA Novosti organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P14702|MFL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14703|‎MissEvan username]], [[:d:Property:P14704|Soccer365.net referee ID]], [[:d:Property:P14705|Soccer365.net stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P14706|Soccer365.net tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P14707|‎IGN producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14708|kicker.de coach ID]], [[:d:Property:P14709|Kicker.de referee ID]], [[:d:Property:P14710|Lithuanian movie register ID]], [[:d:Property:P14712|LFL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14713|BeSoccer referee ID]], [[:d:Property:P14714|BeSoccer team ID]], [[:d:Property:P14715|OpenParliamentTV organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P14716|OpenParliamentTV person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14717|OpenParliamentTV term ID]], [[:d:Property:P14718|Foot Mercato referee ID]], [[:d:Property:P14719|Foot Mercato club ID]], [[:d:Property:P14720|FootballFakts.ru stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P14721|Chess Games tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P14722|Chess.com tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P14723|‎Camping.se ID]], [[:d:Property:P14724|Garance item ID]], [[:d:Property:P14725|‎OpenType language system tag]], [[:d:Property:P14727|Okko movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14728|‎Grillplatser.nu ID]], [[:d:Property:P14729|Número de Registre Tributari]], [[:d:Property:P14730|‎MissEvan sound ID]], [[:d:Property:P14731|‎MissEvan drama ID]], [[:d:Property:P14732|‎Flemish educational institution number]], [[:d:Property:P14735|Norwegian Athletics athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P14736|RPGnet Index ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ENS name|ENS name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Ethereum Name Service (ENS) domain associated with a person or entity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventaire régional du patrimoine en Wallonie ID|Inventaire régional du patrimoine en Wallonie ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/member of musical group|member of musical group]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;member of musical group&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name type|name type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of noun or name the sense is&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CINE21 Program ID|CINE21 Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rakuten TV adult maker ID|Rakuten TV adult maker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DMM maker ID|DMM maker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sukumizu.tv actress ID|sukumizu.tv actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GAS actress ID|GAS actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paradise TV Parson ID|Paradise TV Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/syukou-club(X-DIABLO) actress ID|syukou-club(X-DIABLO) actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brazilian Fauna Taxonomic Catalogue ID|Brazilian Fauna Taxonomic Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CINE21 company ID|CINE21 company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/STAPI Book ID|STAPI Book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/STAPI Comics ID|STAPI Comics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/STAPI Episode ID|STAPI Episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/STAPI Performer ID|STAPI Performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qidian Author ID|Qidian Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medieval Unicode Font Initiative ID|Medieval Unicode Font Initiative ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Apple Maps place id|Apple Maps place id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmycast person ID|Filmycast person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EORI|EORI]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GBIF Specimen (occurrence)|GBIF Specimen (occurrence)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/d anime store Parson ID|d anime store Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/d anime store work ID|d anime store work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crank-in! Parson ID|Crank-in! Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crank-in! drama ID|Crank-in! drama ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crank-in! animation ID|Crank-in! animation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crank-in! movie ID|Crank-in! movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elite Prospects team ID|Elite Prospects team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/r-hockey.ru team ID|r-hockey.ru team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elite Prospects stadium ID|Elite Prospects stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/izohli.uz word ID|izohli.uz word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dubbinfo ID|Dubbinfo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBNL chamber of rhetoric ID|DBNL chamber of rhetoric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BLS Code|BLS Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JoJo's Bizarre Encyclopedia article ID|JoJo's Bizarre Encyclopedia article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/T5E4 Retrieve all Belgian writers without an article on French Wikipedia] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#c-ScriptaBelgica-20260723083200-ScriptaBelgica-20260719201400|source]])
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E408|Swedish barbecue areas (E408)]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Occitan|Project Occitan]]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Broadcasting|Project Broadcasting]] - after 10 years of inactivity, the project has been revived with a flurry of activity . Of particular interest is the change in broadcasting scope from primarily airwave to internet transmission.
** [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Malaysia/Activity/Datathon/Japan_Week_Datathon/Data_Item_List/UNIS|Wiki x K-pop 2026 • Editing Party - Japan Week Datathon]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://wikidata-terminator.toolforge.org/?list&amp;mode=tx#/ Wikidata Terminator] - find items that lack Label, description or sitelink.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q842|Oman (Q842)]] - state in western Asia
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L648863|cheche (L648863)]]

''' Development '''
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We reviewed samples of Wikidata-related entries in Recent changes and watchlist on Wikipedia and co in order to see which additional changes we can remove because they don't change the article.
** We are preparing for the migration of the entity usage table to the extension database cluster to address database scalability issues ([[phab:T424133]])
* Wikidata Query Service: We are continuing to adapt the Query Service UI and the Quality Constraints extension for the upcoming move from Blazegraph to QLever.
* REST API: We are continuing to add support for Lexemes, specifically retrieving a full Lexeme (GET) ([[phab:T429332]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Seychelles|Seychelles]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] . [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:55, 4 August 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Composizione VII]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Composition VII - Wassily Kandinsky, GAC.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Composizione VII''' (Композиция VII o Zu Komposition 7) è un olio su tela del 1913, realizzato dal pittore russo Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij e conservato nella Galleria Tret'jakov di Mosca.

Prodotto centrale del pittore russo nel periodo 1910-1915, essa è considerata l'opera che certificò la raggiunta maturità creativa da parte di Kandinskij, rappresentando anche l'apice della sua energia creativa. È considerato il più rappresentativo tra i lavori completati durante l'anno del successo internazionale dell'artista, simboleggiando il punto di emancipazione definitivo dell'Astrattismo.

Opera più grande mai realizzata dall'artista per dimensione, facente parte della serie denominata Composizioni, rappresenta un'allegoria dell'Apocalisse, di cui riprende il tema e lo propone in una versione astratta, trasfigurata dalla realtà in una forma composta da sole linee e colori. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:24, 10 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #744 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-08-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#743]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''

* The order of properties on Wikidata is governed by [[mw:Manual:Interface/Wikibase-SortedProperties|MediaWiki/Wikibase-SortedProperties]]. We propose moving [[d:Property:P2559|(P2559) Wikidata usage instructions]]  to the top, so important guidance is more visible and less likely to be overlooked. To comment on this change, please visit [[mw:MediaWiki_talk#prominently displaying Wikidata usage instructions (P2559)|MediaWiki_talk#prominently displaying (P2559)]].
* Closed request for comments: '''19''' RfC's were closed recently, too many to list here. Please see the [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment#Closed_requests|RfC page]] for more information.

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** (Deutsch) [https://www.nfdi4objects.net/events/n4o_activity_20260818-CM26-RS_Wikidata/ nfdi4 / Workshop: Make Research Software Findable using the Software Marketplace Wikidata], 18.08.2026, 14:00–16:00 CEST ([https://terminplaner6.dfn.de/b/1439bb751afd1e9fc42ebc30069eb685-1762199 register for Zoom-link])
** [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:WMUK_Sandbox_Sessions/Improving_Wikidata_References:_The_Reference_Validator_Tool  Improving Wikidata References:  The hands-on session will explore how to identify and improve broken references on Wikidata] , 15.08.2026, 17:00–18:00 WAT (UTC+1).
* Looking ahead: (Deutsch) [https://www.fu-berlin.de/kalender/2026/10/20261022-tidy-data-versionskontrolle-wikidata-in-der-forschungspraxis.html Freie Universitat / Tidy data version control - Wikidata in research]: 22.10.2026, 09:00 - 16:00 CEST.
* Previous events: August 04 - [[d:Event:Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours_-_Aug_2026|Blazegraph Migration office hour]] - see the [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Blazegraph_Migration_Office_Hours Etherpad notes] for questions and answers.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://gdotv.com/blog/the-weekly-edge-fraud-graphs-graphtalk-gfql-wikidata-graphrag/#edge-item-4 gdottv / The Weekly Edge article: demonstrating the Wikidata Query Logs (WDQL) Dataset] talks about a paper released in February this year, ([https://arxiv.org/html/2602.14594v1 Wikidata Query Logs Dataset])
** [https://www.linkedin.com/posts/brian-hatten-434b7457_orthopedicsurgery-kneereplacement-knowledgegraph-activity-7465395166682583040-v0qH?utm_source=share&amp;utm_medium=member_desktop&amp;rcm=ACoAAAUVbMUB9qSIcEDloiodU_ZoBrIi4-bJtT8 LinkedIn] - [[d:User:Orthodoc10|User:Orthodoc10]] describes their experience mapping and modelling knee replacement surgical practices into Wikidata
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/08/07/wikisignals-org-helping-editors-evaluate-reference-reliability/ Wikisignals.org: Helping Editors Evaluate Reference Reliability]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/08/07/zero-budget-programs-you-could-start-tommorrow/ Zero-budget programs you could start tommorrow - Lessons from Wikimania Paris]]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/08/07/openspeaks-tools-update-subtitler-tome-and-bento-go-stable-meet-media-dashboard/ OpenSpeaks Tools Update: Subtitler, Tome, and Bento Go Stable — Meet Media Dashboard]
** [[Diffblog:a-look-at-a-2026-wikimania-hackathon-project-wikidata-bias-detector|A look at a 2026 Wikimania Hackathon Project – Wikidata Bias Detector]
** [https://nlnet.nl/project/Inventaire-Split/ nlnet Foundation / Inventaire Split] - a short article on this standalone Wikidata-federated Bibliographic database.
** [https://ktieb.org.mt/news-en/nbc-and-wikimedia-malta-renew-collaboration-on-national-book-prize/ Maltese national Book Council and WM Malta renew partnerhship]: Wikidata to support and feed Maltese Wikipedia.
** [Diffblog:wikisignals-org-helping-editors-evaluate-reference-reliability|Wikisignals.org: Helping Editors Evaluate Reference Reliability] - the project aims to add to news-related organisation entities to help feed Wikipedia infoboxes with structured data.
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/live/saeV6bZ7cIk?t=25105s India's Software Stories: A Hands-on Workshop with Software Heritage, Commons and Wikidata] - a Wikimania Lightning talk with  Mathilde Fichen and Pavan Santhosh. ([https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/wikimania2026/talk/review/EYFQXB9WHFAR9WATXTEUFSKADEVWMCP9 Session page])
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJq1926Jz5Q The Art of Editing Wikidata (Africa Wiki Women)] - Guest host David Palfrey will share valuable insights and help newcomers uncover the mysteries of editing Wikidata, this session is in collaboration with Art+Feminism.
** (no audio) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJbPTX18I4Q Tutorial: Add Geoshape to Wikimedia Commons and connect it to its Wikidata Item] - Anne Chen gives a visual demonstration of the steps provided in this [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A1FNy9NztkmxE2MhBds2caHGcxMNSNvgXnLfeJsAosw/edit?tab=t.0 google doc], found on the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IDEA/Resources_for_Participants#Links_to_useful_tutorials|WikiProject IDEA]] page.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9infd-TJ6z8 LIVE Wikidata Editing #124] is streaming today, 20:00 CEST (18:00 UTC)!
** (Bahasa Indonesian) [https://www.youtube.com/@WikimediaIndonesia/videos Wikimedia Indonesia] have released 4 short videos on editing practices, querying, basic structure and data quality of Wikidata.
** (Deutsch) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLH0W0coIw8 ZB MED LAB | The Carpentries] - aimed at researchers and professionals who work with data, a series of tutorials and workshops to teach you Wikidata, Python, R, OpenRefine and more.

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://toolhub.wikimedia.org/tools/cradle-gadget Cradle-gadget] is a tool by [[User:Danielyepezgarces]]This is an interactive, schema-based form editor that works directly within Wikidata item pages. It allows users to check, view, add, modify, or delete claims in a modern sidebar drawer or a dedicated special page, aligned with the Wikimedia design guidelines. This is the easiest way to exploit the benefits of Wikidata entity schemas, powered by ShEx.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScv4BEQqn-sSsJNvIFCRgMDpr_K59Y0UjdXx5rO8MzAs4CRjw/viewform 2026 OpenRefine User Survey] is now open. (Note that a link to a feature-prioritization survey is provided at the end of the Google Form so don't miss that if you want to influence what should get more focus.)

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14755|particularly]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for statements to refine a value that applies more generally, when the statement applies especially to a more specific value; a more specific qualifier than &quot;including&quot; (P1012)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14766|‎incumbent before dissolution]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity incumbent in a position before its dissolution for an election&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14737|CINE21 TV program ID]], [[:d:Property:P14738|GCD character ID]], [[:d:Property:P14739|ODiD ID]], [[:d:Property:P14740|365chess.com tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P14741|NHK ONE program ID]], [[:d:Property:P14742|CINE21 company ID]], [[:d:Property:P14743|‎Fmfenxiang seiyuu ID]], [[:d:Property:P14744|‎Fmfenxiang sound ID]], [[:d:Property:P14745|Elite Prospects team ID]], [[:d:Property:P14746|Elite Prospects stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P14747|r-hockey.ru team ID]], [[:d:Property:P14748|Classicalive artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14749|Apple Maps place id]], [[:d:Property:P14750|‎HAND ID]], [[:d:Property:P14751|Brazilian Fauna Taxonomic Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Property:P14752|‎Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa ID]], [[:d:Property:P14753|Giovani Artisti italiani ID]], [[:d:Property:P14754|MusiciansPage artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14756|LinkedIn numeric company ID]], [[:d:Property:P14757|‎MissEvan voice actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P14758|Music &amp; Opera artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14759|Dubbinfo ID]], [[:d:Property:P14760|GAS actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14761|‎EU Treaties and Agreements database ID]], [[:d:Property:P14762|syukou-club(X-DIABLO) actress ID]], [[:d:Property:P14763|sukumizu.tv model ID]], [[:d:Property:P14764|Paradise TV Person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14765|Regional heritage of Wallonia ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filing unit code|filing unit code]]
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has Member|has Member]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;has member&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/introduced to|introduced to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;region outside the natural range of a taxon into which it was introduced through direct or indirect human activity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lift-World lift ID|Lift-World lift ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schiffsdatenliste ID|Schiffsdatenliste ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/marketswiki|marketswiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Palace Museum Digital Archive ID|National Palace Museum Digital Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Information Commissioner's Office registration reference|Information Commissioner's Office registration reference]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Registry of Type Design ID|Registry of Type Design ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ariana Museum ID|Ariana Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Emulation General Wiki article ID|Emulation General Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal immovable object ID|Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal immovable object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sofia monuments register ID|Sofia monuments register ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal museum ID|Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal movable object ID|Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal movable object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal stone carving ID|Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal stone carving ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal protection zone ID|Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal protection zone ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal wall painting ID|Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal wall painting ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal documentation record ID|Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal documentation record ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian Cultural Heritage Portal movable object ID|Georgian Cultural Heritage Portal movable object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RIdIM ID|RIdIM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Weibo ID|Weibo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Weibo username|Weibo username]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/TGHU Ten longest State of the Union adress in the USA]
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E519|object with inscription]]  - schema for objects with inscriptions [[d:Q1640824|(Q1640824)]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Brigham_Young_University_Library|Project Brigham Young University Library]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Perth_Women_on_Wikipedia|Project Perth Women on Wikipedia]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_UC_Riverside_Library_Jay_Kay_Klein_Photographs|Project UC Riverside Library Jay Kay Klein Photographs]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Metaclasses|Project Ontology]] added a Metaclasses page
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Sitelink_statistics|Sitelink statistics]] by User:Pasleim.

''' Development '''
* Sustainability: We continued the work on migrating usage tracking on Wikipedia and co to the extension database cluster ([[phab:T424185]])
* Watchlist and recent changes on Wikipedia and co: We finished our review of a sample of Wikidata edits sent to Wikidata and co in order to better understand which remaining ones are not useful. It will soon be published on Commons.
* Query Service: We continued the work on preparing the Query Service UI for the migration from Blazegraph to QLever and will move to Query Builder and Quality Constraints next

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Seychelles|Seychelles]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:54, 10 August 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:42, 10 August 2026 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2026 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VII, July 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
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| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
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* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: July and Wikimania Have Come and Gone
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Strategic Workshops, Academic Publications, and Bidding Farewell to NeuroMat
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Colombia at Wikimania 2026: panel on how the far-right affects open knowledge institutions
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: From Al-Ahram to Zamalek: Exploring Archives and Art Galleries
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: GLAM Presentations at Wikimania 2026 + Wiki Fashion Show
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook; Wikipedia Workshop at Te Toi Uku
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki partnerships continue opening collections
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: At Wikimania and copyright process
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Faces and Masks - the interwoven relation, Wikimania Paris
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikimania report + New articles in Hindi
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM USA Report (Past &amp; Upcoming)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Academic paper in preparation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Wiki Knowledge Park report|Wiki Knowledge Park report]]: Preserving Islamic Cultural Heritage: The GLAM and Metadata Impact of Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events

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| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2026/Single|Single-page]]
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To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
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&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 00:04, 12 August 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Divorce in Poland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Divorce in Poland''' occurs at a rate slightly below that of the average for Europe. In the Polish legal system, divorce proceedings fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the civil court; there is no legal basis for resolving a marriage through the agreement of the spouses or through administrative procedures. Divorce requests are assessed by the court, in accordance with the positive and negative prerequisites set in the relevant law. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #745 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-08-17. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#744]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[wmau:WikiLoves_Pride_Australia_-_15_August_2026|WikiLoves Pride / Australia]], 15 August, drop-in online for a collaborative editing session on LGBT+ representation on Wikidata, Wikipedia and Commons.
** [[wmau:Drop_in_and_Wikidata_-_August_2026|Drop-in and Wikidata]], 27 August, WM Australia also hold a drop-in Wikidata ediitng sesison.
** [[m:Event:Open_Heritage-Wikidata_Contest|Open Heritage - Wikidata Islamic Civilization Contest]] from September 1 - 30, 2026. [[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/4303|Register for news]].
*** A Wikidata training webinar will be held August 25.
* Looking ahead: [https://www.gw.uni-hamburg.de/ueber-die-fakultaet/digital-humanities/dh-lab/veranstaltungen/26-11-12-hands-on-wikidata.html Hands-on workshop: Wikidata: An Open Knowledge Graph for Research and Beyond] - Digital Humanities Lab, 12.11.2026, 14:15-15:45 CEST.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/wikidata-for-historical-research Introductory lesson on Wikidata at the Programming Historian]
** [https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/wikimedia-deutschland Making open knowledge Gen-AI-ready] by IBM
** [https://noeflandre.com/posts/describe-place-on-earth-part1-wikidata How to describe a place on Earth using text? Part 1: Wikidata] by  Noé Flandre
* Papers: [https://www.ebsco.com/articles/arts-and-entertainment/7162dc3c-7d03-51bb-a950-30de681bb95e/cultural-information-bubbles-a-new-approach-for-automatic-ethical-evaluation-of-digital-artwork-collections-based-on-wikidata Cultural information bubbles: A new approach for automatic ethical evaluation of digital artwork collections based on Wikidata] by M. Zhitomirsky-Geffet and S. Minster, (2026).

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://ranker.toolforge.org This tool lets you edit the rank of multiple statements at once.]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[wmau:Partner_Projects_2026-2027|WM Australia is funding partner projects for 2026 - 2027]], for Australian organisations or individuals who want to build projects for open and free knowledge, including Wikidata.
* Job Vacancies: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/65367316/Interim-Engineering-Manager-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-all-genders- (Interim) Engineering Manager / Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]
* [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdnOtvIKyp5fGlAkqz8pYMdFxhtvaH9exlxmrQ8O3HtDIHM3A/viewform Survey: What content would you like to see on the Wikidata Social media channels?] - only want to hear about Wikidata events or news, would like to see more use-cases of Wikidata, or perhaps you'd like more beginner or advanced Wikidata tutorials? Let us know in this short survey.
* We are setting up to apply for recognition of a new Wikimedia user group, '''Wikimedians for Data Organization and Quality'''.  The group's goal will be to improve the organization and quality of data, particularly structured data, in Wikimedia projects.  You can see more details in [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_Organization_and_Quality the group's home page] and, if you wish, you can contribute to the discussion in its talk page. We invite you to be a part of this proposed user group by adding your Wikimedia signature to the Interested Parties section of the group's page. &lt;br /&gt;Ege Atacan Doğan and Peter Patel-Schneider

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14788|located at a height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a property intended to indicate the height of any objects from the ground&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14789|contributed to narrative universe]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;narrative universe that a person contributed to&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14792|‎name type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of noun or name the sense is&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14796|introduced to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;region outside the natural range of a taxon into which it was introduced through direct or indirect human activity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14767|d anime store Work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14768|d anime store Person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14769|Crank-in! drama ID]], [[:d:Property:P14770|Crank-in! animation ID]], [[:d:Property:P14771|Crank-in! person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14772|‎STAPI Book ID]], [[:d:Property:P14773|‎STAPI Episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P14774|‎STAPI Performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14775|‎Qidian Author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14776|Crank-in! movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14777|‎DBNL chamber of rhetoric ID]], [[:d:Property:P14778|‎Criticker Film ID]], [[:d:Property:P14779|Lulu spotlight ID]], [[:d:Property:P14780|German Maritime Museum Ship ID]], [[:d:Property:P14781|Rakuten TV adult maker ID]], [[:d:Property:P14782|izohli.uz word ID]], [[:d:Property:P14783|Ciel d'oc publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P14784|Lift-World lift ID]], [[:d:Property:P14785|‎STAPI Comics ID]], [[:d:Property:P14786|Qidian Book ID]], [[:d:Property:P14787|National Palace Museum Digital Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P14790|DMM maker ID]], [[:d:Property:P14791|Registry of Type Design ID]], [[:d:Property:P14793|‎Fediverse address]], [[:d:Property:P14794|Information Commissioner's Office registration reference]], [[:d:Property:P14795|‎WorldFootball.net ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P14797|Sofia monuments register ID]], [[:d:Property:P14798|Georgian Cultural Heritage GIS Portal immovable object ID]], [[:d:Property:P14799|Ariana Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P14800|RIdIM ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/school of martial arts|school of martial arts]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;school or style of martial arts this person studied&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has official Italian government website|has official Italian government website]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;tems that the item has an official website operated by or belonging to the Government of Italy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Infraestructuras de Portugal ID|Infraestructuras de Portugal ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;station code Infraestruturas de Portugal&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Silloria perfumer ID|Silloria perfumer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Silloria notes ID|Silloria notes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beer Advocate beer style ID|Beer Advocate beer style ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BBFC release ID|BBFC release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifier for a person in norwegian polar history|Identifier for a person in norwegian polar history]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmová databáze seriál ID|Filmová databáze seriál ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Serbo-Croatian Literary Language entry ID|Serbo-Croatian Literary Language entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dbv member slug|dbv member slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/idw member ID|idw member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sky programme ID|Sky programme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/immaterieelerfgoed.be ID|immaterieelerfgoed.be ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Geoshape Repository ID|Geoshape Repository ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FIBA.basketball event ID|FIBA.basketball event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SEASLUG.WORLD species ID|SEASLUG.WORLD species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Silloria brands ID|Silloria brands ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue du COMDT|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue du COMDT]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) ou plusieurs musicien(ne)s sur Paraulas en òc|Identifiant d'un(e) ou plusieurs musicien(ne)s sur Paraulas en òc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) ou plusieurs musicien(ne)s sur Trobasons|Identifiant d'un(e) ou plusieurs musicien(ne)s sur Trobasons]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinolights Parson ID|Kinolights Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinolights Work ID|Kinolights Work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un ouvrage dans le catalogue du CREDD'O|Identifiant d'un ouvrage dans le catalogue du CREDD'O]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parliament.uk constituency ID|parliament.uk constituency ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Europeans In East Africa ID|Europeans In East Africa ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke ID|Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Judoresults judoka ID|Judoresults judoka ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Silloria perfumes ID|Silloria perfumes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scent Base perfumes ID|Scent Base perfumes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMCDB work ID|IMCDB work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificador de sardana de somarxiu.cat|identificador de sardana de somarxiu.cat]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Xcity maker ID|Xcity maker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CrashPad Series performer ID|CrashPad Series performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PinkLabel.TV performer ID|PinkLabel.TV performer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Seiyu Grand Prix Person ID|Seiyu Grand Prix Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/animehack Person ID|animehack Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/animehack Program ID|animehack Program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/animehack movie ID|animehack movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/XBIZ.com topic ID|XBIZ.com topic ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/TYra roughly ~4.000 massacres reported in Wikidata]
**[https://w.wiki/TXBP Passports cover that have at least 4 languages]
** [https://w.wiki/TZjc Landkreis Reutlingen Items missing  a picture, displayed on a map] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#c-Stefan_Kühn-20260815083000-Windharp-20260812063800|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/TZjt Radio stations in Virginia, USA, plotted on a map] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#c-Stefan_Kühn-20260809204600-Bluerasberry-20260803150500|source]])
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E528|(E528) Space Telescope, instrument in outer space for observing distant space objects]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Côte_d'Ivoire/Tabs|Project Côte d'Ivoire]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Indonesia/Kegiatan/Datathon/Arsip/2026|Project Indonesia: Hari Domain Public International Datathon 2026]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Immigration_and_Visas|Project Immigration and Visas]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill_EMCO|Project University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill EMC0]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Recent_deaths|Recent deaths (this report can help for updating Wikipedia articles]]

''' Development '''
* Query Service: We started preparing the constraint checks for the migration from Blazegraph to QLever.
* Page load times: We looked into unnecessarily loaded modules related to the Wikidata Bridge to see if we can remove them and speed up page load times.
* Wikipedia and co:
** We worked with English Wikipedia to optimize the CiteQ module code to generate less usage tracking for &quot;Anonymous&quot;.
** We checked a variety of Mediawiki areas where Parsoid deprecation may lead to breakages.*
* Sustainability: We are planning to migrate the usage tracking data to the X1 extension cluster. We are checking which queries involving entity usage will need re-writing or updating.
* REST API: We finished adding support for getting a full Lexeme and started work on creating Lexemes.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Seychelles|Seychelles]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:40, 17 August 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:00, 17 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Growth/Newsletters/36 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]]

''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.''

=== Recent releases ===

====Account creation experiments====

Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results.

* An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]])
* A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) 
*A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]]
*We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a &quot;reveal password&quot; option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase).

====Revise Tone structured task====
[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone.
In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality.
The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration.
[[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis.

====Automated mentor list cleanup====
Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees).
Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active.
We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]].

====Growth features for Wikidata====

Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel.

=== Work in progress ===
[[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]]

====Home====
The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage.
Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment.

=== Research ===

The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community:

* [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] 

''&lt;small&gt;'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].&lt;/small&gt;''
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== ''The Signpost'': 24 August 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/News and notes|Union process progresses, unanswered questions about Littler Mendelson remain]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/In the media|Wikipedia editors save Sam Altman's life]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/Recent research|Women in blue? Wikipedia's gender gap reverses in some areas]]

* Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/Discussion report|Again and Again]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/Traffic report|Look out, here comes the Spider-Man!]]

* Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/Humour|Her tastes, her Wikimania, her upcoming tour... Baby Globe reveals everything]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/On the bright side|The great outdoors]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/Opinion|Are we embarrassed yet?]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/Special report|Paris Syndrome: Labor Strife, AI Anxiety, and a Leadership Test at Wikimania 2026]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-08-24/Comix|WP:FAOWN]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 01:24, 24 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:mk:Ден на македонската револуционерна борба]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle''' (Macedonian: Ден на македонската револуционерна борба),[1] also known as Day of VMRO, is a national holiday which is celebrated on October 23 in North Macedonia. In 2007, the holiday was voted into law as a new national holiday. It is a non-working day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikidata weekly summary #746 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-08-24. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#745]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: [[m:Event:Wikidata Lab XLVIII|Wikidata Lab XLVIII: Outreach Dashboard]], August 27, at 15:30 UTC. Come see and discuss new Wikidata functionalities of the Outreach Dashboard!

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/08/20/finishing-outreachy-with-wikidata-support-for-wikiscore/ Finishing Outreachy with Wikidata support for Wikiscore] by ACorrea WMB and AnaMRRuiz
* Papers: [https://zenodo.org/records/21032521 Climate Knowledge Graph (ClimateKG)] - A partnership project to make a knowledge graph of the 10,000 page Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report. 

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://lex-olympia.toolforge.org Lex-Olympia] — A new tool for improving Wikidata Lexemes. Try it out and share your feedback with the developer and community.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Research study: AI tools for content verifiability on Wikidata. Researchers from King's College London are inviting Wikidata editors (especially those working on health or GLAM/cultural heritage content) to participate in a two-stage study (1-hour interview + 2-hour workshop) exploring how AI tools can support content verifiability. Participants receive compensation via Love2Shop vouchers. Sign up [https://qualtrics.kcl.ac.uk/jfe/form/SV_brAn2DKOrDz0fum here] (Qualtrics form).

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14801|‎BBFC release ID]], [[:d:Property:P14802|Silloria brands ID]], [[:d:Property:P14804|Silloria notes ID]], [[:d:Property:P14805|Silloria perfumer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14806|Kinolights person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14808|Kinolights work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14809|‎BeerAdvocate beer style ID]], [[:d:Property:P14810|‎immaterieelerfgoed.be ID]], [[:d:Property:P14811|idw member ID]], [[:d:Property:P14812|Geoshape Repository municipality ID]], [[:d:Property:P14813|Filmová databáze seriál ID]], [[:d:Property:P14814|FIBA.basketball event ID]], [[:d:Property:P14815|dbv member slug]], [[:d:Property:P14816|Silloria perfumes ID]], [[:d:Property:P14817|SEASLUG.WORLD species ID]], [[:d:Property:P14818|parliament.uk constituency ID]], [[:d:Property:P14819|‎Judoresults judoka ID]], [[:d:Property:P14820|‎Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke ID]], [[:d:Property:P14821|IMCDB work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14822|Norwegian polarhistory ID]], [[:d:Property:P14824|CREDD'O catalog ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/substance control status|substance control status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;control regime a substance is placed under in a jurisdiction or by an international treaty — schedule, class, or explicitly uncontrolled; qualify with &quot;applies to jurisdiction&quot; (P1001) and start/end time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibcode access status|Bibcode access status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Indicator of the access statement for a document on Bibcode&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wowKorea Parson ID|wowKorea Parson ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wowKorea Work ID|wowKorea Work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TOWER RECORDS ONLINE artist ID|TOWER RECORDS ONLINE artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Antarctic Protected Areas database ID|Antarctic Protected Areas database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiPepper pepper ID|WikiPepper pepper ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Netherlands ID|Inventory Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Netherlands ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NAKED(X-DIABLO) actress ID|NAKED(X-DIABLO) actress ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Weibo ID|Weibo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Umamusume Wiki article ID|Umamusume Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue du CREDD'O|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue du CREDD'O]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Georgian NAPR identification number|Georgian NAPR identification number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Companyinfo.ge corporation ID|Companyinfo.ge corporation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/T&amp;F NCAAdb athlete ID|T&amp;F NCAAdb athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UkrBIN ID|UkrBIN ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture record identifier|Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture record identifier]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:[https://w.wiki/Tc4r Railway stations map in the two Koreas]

''' Development '''
* REST API: We are continuing the work on making it possible to create a Lexeme and will then move on to adding statements to Lexemes.
* GraphQL: We are working on moving the Item search from cirrussearch to mariadb to be able to add more functionality.
* Newcomer homepage: We are updating the text to move it away from some Wikipedia-specific phrases (e.g. articles)
* Mobile editing: We worked on not showing edit links on old revisions and diffs since those can not be edited.
* Page load times: We continued looking into unnecessarily loaded modules related to the Wikidata Bridge to see if we can remove them and speed up page load times.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:32, 24 August 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:42, 24 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wimmen's Comix]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Wimmen's Comix''''', later retitled (respelled) as Wimmin's Comix, is an influential all-female underground comics anthology published from 1972 to 1992. Though it covered a wide range of genres and subject matters, Wimmen's Comix focused more than other anthologies of the time on feminist concerns, homosexuality, sex and politics in general, and autobiographical comics. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:54, 31 August 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #747 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-08-31. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#746]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/INAPerson 1|INAPerson 1]] - '''Task/s:''' Create Wikidata pages entries for mostly French journalists, using INA (French National Audiovisual Institute) catalogue as reference.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DifoolBot 9|DifoolBot 9]] - '''Task/s:''' (1) Fix [[Property:P214|VIAF cluster ID &lt;small&gt;(P214)&lt;/small&gt;]] statements deprecated for [[Q14946528|conflation &lt;small&gt;(Q14946528)&lt;/small&gt;]] once VIAF has split the cluster. (2) Deprecate VIAF ID values that VIAF has since redirected or abandoned, and add the redirect target if it is not already on another Wikidata item.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Openpep|Openpep]] - '''Task/s:''' Maintenance of Politically Exposed Person (PEP) data on Wikidata for Thai government officials.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DutchFixer|DutchFixer]] - '''Task/s:''' Reformat Dutch verb forms that are listed as [[Q1994301|past tense &lt;small&gt;(Q1994301)&lt;/small&gt;]], [[Q814722|participle &lt;small&gt;(Q814722)&lt;/small&gt;]] to simply use [[Q12717679|past participle &lt;small&gt;(Q12717679)&lt;/small&gt;]]
* Closed request for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DL2204bot 4|DL2204bot 4]] - Closed as ''Approved''
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Yirbot|Yirbot]] - Closed as ''Approved''
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/RupumpedBot|RupumpedBot]] - Closed as ''Approved''
* Survey: The [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScv4BEQqn-sSsJNvIFCRgMDpr_K59Y0UjdXx5rO8MzAs4CRjw/viewform OpenRefine 2026 User Survey] is open.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** WikidataCon 2027 will be hosted in Istanbul, Türkiye from 29 to 31 October 2027, in partnership with the Wikimedians of Turkic Languages User Group. The dates mark Wikidata's 15th birthday. More details to follow.
** Wikidata Query Service Days, October 17-23: The next online event by Wikimedia Deutschland will be about the migration from Blazegraph to QLever. Learn what's changing, try the new system, and get help rewriting your queries. [[Event:Query Service Days 2026|Register now]]!
** Next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group session – 1 September 2026: Adélie Ranville will present how Wikidata can support literature reviews. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/Wikidata_for_literature_review|Event page]] — 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST.
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #92 Sep. 7 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].
* Looking ahead: [[w:Event:Wikidata_Day_NYC_2026|Wikidata Day in New York City 2026]] - hosted by the [[w:Pratt_Institute_School_of_Information|Pratt Institute School of Information]] on October 30, 19:00 - 23:00 CEST.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [[Diffblog:beyond-wikipedia-a-technical-workshop-introducing-moroccan-teachers-to-wikidata-and-the-wikimedia-technical-ecosystem|Beyond Wikipedia: A Technical Workshop Introducing Moroccan Teachers to Wikidata and the Wikimedia Technical Ecosystem]]
** [[Diffblog:wiki-oto-2026-a-new-collaboration-to-make-african-women-more-visible|Wiki OTO 2026: A new collaboration to make African women more visible]]
** [[Diffblog:six-months-of-building-leaders-bridging-knowledge-gaps-and-strengthening-community-by-africa-wiki-women|Six Months of Building Leaders, Bridging Knowledge Gaps, and Strengthening Community by Africa Wiki Women]]
** [https://casrai.org/guides/wikidata-qid-pid-hub-research-entities Wikidata as a PID Hub for Research Entities: QIDs Alongside ORCID, ROR, and ISNI] - by CASRAI, a community-maintained open vocabulary for research administration project.
* Videos:
** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=a2qV2wHPE_s&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m Wikidata Lab XLVIII: Outreach Dashboard], WM Brasil and EduWiki present Wikidata functionalities on the dashboard, including some new things coming.
** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=D3Gb1079BB4&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m WikiTree How-To: BEE Extension for Wikidata] - WikiTree is a family-tree generator and now includes a Wikidata-powered extension that will help surface notables for inclusion.
** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=Gz2-R-eBedk&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m LIVE Wikidata editing #125]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK2bTdHhV8s Wikidata plug-in for ArchivesSpace]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikidata-timetrail.toolforge.org/Wikidata Timetrail] is a tool by Nahom Araya it visualizes the movement of Wikidata items over time by mapping their associated events and locations. Enter an Item ID/Name and select a supported property from the dropdown list to fetch a timetrail.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The Wikimedia Deutschland software [[d:Wikidata:Linked Open Data development plan|development plan]] has been updated to include activity estimates for the third quarter (Q3).
* The Wikidata development team is proposing a redesign of [[d:Special:NewItem|Special:NewItem]] with a warning banner and conflict-of-interest checkbox to reduce the increase in promotional editing. We need your feedback on the wording and designs. Head over to [[d:Wikidata:Reducing promotional editing|Wikidata:Reducing promotional editing]] and share your thoughts on the talk page by 15 September.
* Due to an increase of non-notable item creation, and their subsequent request for deletion (and undeletion), a new page has been created. [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_new_items|Requests for new items]] exists for those who are unsure if their item idea is notable enough, or have a conflict of interest. The Wikidata Community can help by reviewing requests and offering advice.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14834|substance control status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;control regime a substance is placed under in a jurisdiction or by an international treaty — schedule, class, or explicitly uncontrolled; qualify with &quot;applies to jurisdiction&quot; (P1001) and start/end time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14825|animehack program ID]], [[:d:Property:P14826|animehack movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14827|animehack person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14828|Xcity maker ID]], [[:d:Property:P14829|XBIZ.com topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14830|WikiPepper pepper ID]], [[:d:Property:P14831|Seiyu Grand Prix person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14832|PinkLabel.TV performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14833|‎Antarctic Protected Areas database ID]], [[:d:Property:P14835|Infraestructuras de Portugal ID]], [[:d:Property:P14836|‎Umamusume Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P14837|Tower Records Online artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P14838|‎Inventory Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Netherlands ID]], [[:d:Property:P14839|SOMARXIU.CAT sardana ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Texas Legislators: Past &amp; Present ID|Texas Legislators: Past &amp; Present ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a legislator on the Legislative Reference Library of Texas website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/file page start and file page end|file page start and file page end]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicate a page number of a pdf file, if multiple pages is involved&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clubhouse|Clubhouse]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A proposal to denote the buildings occupied by members clubs. This can be useful when the clubs change clubhouse or merge or cease to exist.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LPF rating|LPF rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;film and media rating in Malaysia by the Film Censorship Board&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/phonetic synthesis method|phonetic synthesis method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic synthesis method used to process the recorded voice from a human source to build a voice bank&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans le Mémorial du clergé (1914-1918)|Identifiant dans le Mémorial du clergé (1914-1918)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sgpbusiness.com ID|sgpbusiness.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Redalyc author ID|Redalyc author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage glossary ID|Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Natural Heritage taxon ID|Brussels Inventory of Natural Heritage taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Movable Heritage designer ID|Inventory of Movable Heritage designer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage object type ID|Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage object type ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage material ID|Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage material ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage technique ID|Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage technique ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lunarstorm person ID|Lunarstorm person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Athletics competition ID|World Athletics competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archive in Baden-Württemberg ID|Archive in Baden-Württemberg ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arcinsys Niedersachsen/Bremen ID|Arcinsys Niedersachsen/Bremen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arcinsys Hessen ID|Arcinsys Hessen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sharjah Dictionary word ID|Sharjah Dictionary word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GenWiki|GenWiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stereo Ve Mono release ID|Stereo Ve Mono release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kudos author ID|Kudos author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stiftungsarchive ID|Stiftungsarchive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivportal Thüringen ID|Archivportal Thüringen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/findbuch.net subdomain|findbuch.net subdomain]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Onderwijstermen Taalunie ID|Onderwijstermen Taalunie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Allotrope Foundation Ontology function ID|Allotrope Foundation Ontology function ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Allotrope Foundation Ontology process ID|Allotrope Foundation Ontology process ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Allotrope Foundation Ontology quality ID|Allotrope Foundation Ontology quality ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Allotrope Foundation Ontology role ID|Allotrope Foundation Ontology role ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Allotrope Foundation Ontology result ID|Allotrope Foundation Ontology result ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant de l'annuaire Drag France|Identifiant de l'annuaire Drag France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Statistics Finland Concept Database ID|Statistics Finland Concept Database ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/T$Ys Items with a P275 value (''copyright licence'')] - [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#c-Stefan_K%C3%BChn-20260825102100-Janhrach-20260825093200|(source)]]
** [https://w.wiki/TfC$ English adverbs missing a P5238 (''combines lexemes'') value] - [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#c-Piecesofuk-20260820075100-English_adverbs_missing_P5238|(source)]]
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E311|English adverb (E311)]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Organized_Labour|Project Organized Labour]], a companion Project to [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Organized_Labour|Wikipedia's WikiProject]], it is established to expand articles and items, properties and ontologies for collective bargaining/organised labour and trade union practices.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_chublets-software|Project Chublets Software]]
* WikiProject Highlights: Project Ontology added subpages for [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/CCO|CC0]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/DOLCE|DOLCE]] and [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/BFO/Class_Order|BFO Class order]].
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Deaths_at_Wikipedia|Deaths at Wikipedia]] - This report collects items missing a [[d:Property:P570|P570 ''(date of death)'']] but they do feature in a Wikipedia 'Recent Deaths' article.

''' Development '''
* Query Service: We have continued adapting the Constraints system for the migration from Blazegraph to QLever.
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects:
** We are investigating how to treat watchlist and recent changes entries from Wikidata that are about adding, changing or removing a sitelink. These seem to be category of Wikidata changes not everyone is interested in and a candidate for filtering.
** We looked into how to make the process of adding Wikidata support for a newly created Wikimedia projects less manual for the team and did a proof of concept for automating some of the database operations.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Tunisia|Tunisia]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:22, 31 August 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:50, 31 August 2026 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: August 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 8 • August 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Coordinating Wikimedia's Presence in Iraqi Universities|Coordinating Wikimedia's Presence in Iraqi Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/The EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Is Now Available in Spanish|The EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Is Now Available in Spanish]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki and democracy campaign launches in Brazil|Wiki and democracy campaign launches in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki Clubs strengthen youth participation in open knowledge in the Philippines|Wiki Clubs strengthen youth participation in open knowledge in the Philippines]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wikidata for research in the UI1|Wikidata for research in the UI1]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Nupe Wikipedia Hits 1,000 Articles: The Next Chapter in Our Knowledge Journey |Nupe Wikipedia Hits 1,000 Articles: The Next Chapter in Our Knowledge Journey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Recruiting newcomers to preserve Yiddish using Wiktionary as a tool|Recruiting newcomers to preserve Yiddish using Wiktionary as a tool]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Voices in Our Hands: How Nigerian Kids are Documenting Nigerian Sign Language for the World|Voices in Our Hands: How Nigerian Kids are Documenting Nigerian Sign Language for the World]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki in Schools, Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in Schools, Architecture and Open Heritage]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/More than 200 registrations, 22 speakers, and seven hours of shared experience: Wikimedia Ukraine’s Education Community Conference 2026|More than 200 registrations, 22 speakers, and seven hours of shared experience: Wikimedia Ukraine’s Education Community Conference 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook|Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/EduWiki Hub Updates: Working Groups Feedback Session and a New Roundtable for Program Officers|EduWiki Hub Updates: Working Groups Feedback Session and a New Roundtable for Program Officers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Curiosity through academic inquiry - learning by writing Wikipedia articles in Serbia|Curiosity through academic inquiry - learning by writing Wikipedia articles in Serbia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:54, 1 September 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulet affair]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulet affair''', also known as British Hawaii, was the insubordinate five-month occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1843 by British naval officer Captain Lord George Paulet, of HMS Carysfort. It was ended by the arrival of American warships sent to defend Hawaii's independence. The British government in London did not authorise the move and it had no official status. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #748 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-09-07. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#747]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/HsfBot|HsfBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Mostly add missing Indonesian Wikipedia sitelinks to Wikidata items for taxonomy templates created by HsfBot on idwiki.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/CrossrefIDsBot|CrossrefIDsBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Adding Crossref ID, DOI, Print ISSN, and Online ISSN from Crossref dataset where they are missing in Wikidata.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/CatmapperBot|CatmapperBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add [[Property:P14249|SocioMap ID]] statements for reviewed SocioMap category mappings, and provisionally add [[Property:P2888|exact match]] URLs for reviewed ArchaMap category mappings until Wikidata approves an ArchaMap-specific identifier property.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/BenchfolkBot|BenchfolkBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add or correct sourced statements on existing items after explicit human approval.
* New request for comments:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Request for comments: in country of citizenship (P27), to remove class political territorial entity (Q1048835) as a valid value-type constraint (Q21510865)|Class Q1048835 as a not valid value-type constraint]] - To remove an incorrect value for {{Q|Q21510865}} for [[d:Property:P27|P27 &lt;small&gt;''(country of citizenship)''&lt;/small&gt;]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#c-Qbli2mHd-20260906142300-Anything_goes_for_P18?|Project chat: What images are appropriate for P18?]] - a lengthy discussion about quality control and what is acceptable for a [[d:Property:P18|P18 &lt;small&gt;''(image)''&lt;/small&gt;]] value.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: [https://www.sanchoelsabio.eus/en/actividades/taller-abierto-documentando-las-biografias-del-patrimonio-cultural-vasco-en-wikipedia-y-wikidata-22092026/ac-57/ Open Workshop: Connecting Basque heritage authors (Persons and entities) in Wikipedia and Wikidata] - 22 September - 09:00 - 11:30 CEST.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: What Does a Wikidata-Powered Abstract Wikipedia Article Look Like? (Links: [https://jsamwrites.substack.com/p/what-does-a-wikidata-powered-abstract Substack] and [https://jsamwrites.medium.com/what-does-a-wikidata-powered-abstract-wikipedia-article-look-like-91c071859780 Medium])
* Papers: Bemme, J., &amp; Winkler, A. (2026). Mehr Edits wagen? Virtuelle Ausstellungen erschließen mit Wikidata und Commons. LIBREAS. Library Ideas, (48). https://doi.org/10.18452/37905 / https://libreas.eu/ausgabe48/bemme/

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://tabernacle.toolforge.org/#/tab Tabernacle] is a tool by [[User: Magnus Manske]] it generates a table of Wikidata items and statements. Allows for quick addition of some types via WiDaR.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The 10th issue of the [[Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|Wikidata Platform Newsletter]] is out. Also remember to join the [[Event:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours - Sept 2026|next Blazegraph Migration Office Hour]], that will take place [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788883200 Tuesday, 8th September 2026 at 16:00 UTC]
* [https://thecastlemap.com/ The Castle Map] - every Castle, Fortress and Palace recorded on Wikidata, on a map.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14840|CREDDO author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14841|‎World Athletics competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P14842|Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture record identifier]], [[:d:Property:P14843|T&amp;F NCAAdb athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P14844|COMDT author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14845|Clergy Memorial (1914-1918) ID]], [[:d:Property:P14846|‎Texas Legislators: Past &amp; Present ID]], [[:d:Property:P14847|Stiftungsarchive ID]], [[:d:Property:P14848|Redalyc author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14849|Kudos author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pokémon Ability|Pokémon Ability]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Pokémon Ability assigned to this Pokémon species or form in games of the Pokémon series&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Collective bargaining coverage|Collective bargaining coverage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Percentage of workers covered by collective agreement coverage. This is distinct from union membership rate, because non-union members can also be covered, for example France has 7% union density but 98% collective bargaining coverage.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/encompasses|encompasses]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specific entity this placeholder item may represent when the exact one is unknown&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/marionetteist|marionetteist]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Person who manipulates a marionette in real time to create the illusion of life.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has expression of concern|has expression of concern]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(article) has an expression of concern (expression of concern notice)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Common Core Ontologies concept ID|Common Core Ontologies concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AbeBooks author ID|AbeBooks author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DEHIO digital Deutschland Bauwerk ID|DEHIO digital Deutschland Bauwerk ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VocaDB tag ID|VocaDB tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CCLI song ID|CCLI song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LIDO concept ID|LIDO concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Telegraph topic ID|The Telegraph topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BLL-Ontology concept ID|BLL-Ontology concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOLD linguistic concept ID|GOLD linguistic concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISBNdb author ID|ISBNdb author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookWyrm author ID|BookWyrm author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookWyrm book ID|BookWyrm book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Railway station telegraph code|China Railway station telegraph code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Darija.io ID|Darija.io ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vietnamese Administrative Unit Codes|Vietnamese Administrative Unit Codes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Officials of Nazi Reich Ministries ID|Officials of Nazi Reich Ministries ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fandom.com universe page|Fandom.com universe page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KennisWest ID|KennisWest ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue du Centre Delavouët|identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue du Centre Delavouët]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Phenotype and Trait Ontology ID|Phenotype and Trait Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Governors’ Association ID|National Governors’ Association ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista engraver or designer ID|Numista engraver or designer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Alabama ID (new schema)|Encyclopedia of Alabama ID (new schema)]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/UGCJ UNESCO Heritage sites 100km or less from the centre of the Meditrranean Sea] [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#c-Stefan_K%C3%BChn-20260907113600-Ecritures-20260906215500|(source)]]
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E213|spaceport]] (E213): schema for [[d:Q194188|spaceport ''&lt;small&gt;(Q194188)&lt;/small&gt;'']] locations, used to launch and receive spacecraft.
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Medicine/Knee_Arthroplasty|Project Medicine / Knee Arthroplasty]] - a comprehensive subpage to model the techniques and procedures for knee-related surgery.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Same_humans/Occupations_(1–50)|Same Humans/List by Occupations]] - this report presents possible human duplicates by comparing name and birth/death dates. They can be reviewed and flagged for merging and/or deletion.

''' Development '''
* Sustainability:
** We are looking into improvements to caching for Property labels ([[phab:T434204]])
** We are continuing to prepare the move of the entity_usage table to the extension database cluster. Moving the tables is tentatively scheduled to begin after 24. September. ([[phab:T427472]])
* Newcomer homepage: We are working on making the [[d:Special:Homepage|Newcomer Homepage]] show labels for Items instead of just the ID ([[phab:T429345]])
* Wikidata changes in Watchlist and Recent changes of Wikipedia and co: We are deciding how filtering will look for hiding language link changes on wikis where the sitelink has not changed ([[phab:T435904]])
* REST API: We are continuing to expand the support for Lexemes in the API, specifically creating a Lexeme, adding a statement to a Lexeme and adding a Form to a Lexeme

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Tunisia|Tunisia]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] ·  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:03, 7 September 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:41, 7 September 2026 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2026 ==
{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VIII, August 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Hot August/Cold August
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Love Monuments and new phase of Museu Paulista collaboration
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: The Catalan public domain: An application to identify Catalan works in public domain
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Explore the Colombian public domain app: Browse works an authors in the public domain
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Wikimedia CR introduces new members of GLAM/partnership team
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: Egypt’s GLAM Team Brings Egyptian Postal History and Public Libraries to Wikimedia 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: The Musical Heritage of the Santa Cecilia Conservatory
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Thesis Project Update and the upcoming TDWG 2026 conference
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Connecting Culture and Free Knowledge - Wikimedia MKD’s GLAM Partnerships 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: August in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Summer, Follow-up in Aarau, CoCreation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wikimedia gets Gazetted + Islamic Calligraphy on English Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: OpenGLAM Summer 2026 in Ukraine
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM USA Report (Past &amp; Upcoming)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Ghana national register
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Wikimedia Commons report|Wikimedia Commons report]]: Media loading change affects Commons Impact Metrics and GLAM analytics
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:37, 11 September 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-38 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:No-AI label]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:No AI Sign.svg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''no-AI label''' is a label used on a product to signify that it was not made using generative AI. Phrases on the labels include but are not limited to &quot;human-made&quot;, &quot;proudly human&quot; and &quot;AI-free&quot;. Some organisations that provide the labels allow product creators to download and use their no-AI labels for free, while others charge creators for analysing the content and allowing the use of the labels if the organisation believes that no AI was used. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:43, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-38 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:28, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #749 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-09-14. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#748]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: 
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Chrisahn|Chrisahn]]
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Amitie 10g|Amitie 10g]]
:&lt;small&gt;Both RfPs are scheduled to end after 17 September 2026 21:56 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/William Avery Bot 15|William Avery Bot 15]] - '''Task/s:''' Automatically update [[Wikidata:Administrators by language]], as requested at [[Wikidata:Bot requests#Request to automatically update Wikidata:Administrators by language (2026-08-04)]]
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CrossrefIDsBot|CrossrefIDsBot]] - Closed as Approved
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Request_for_comments:_in_country_of_citizenship_(P27),_to_remove_class_political_territorial_entity_(Q1048835)_as_a_valid_value-type_constraint_(Q21510865)|Should class ''political territorial entity &lt;small&gt;(Q1048835)&lt;/small&gt;'' as a valid ''value-type constraint &lt;small&gt;(Q21510865)&lt;/small&gt;'' be removed from ''country of citizenship &lt;small&gt;(P27)&lt;/small&gt;'' ?]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #93 Oct. 5 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Q61752245| Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]].
** Next Linked Data for Libraries [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group] session: Tuesday, September 15, 2026  9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1789488000 Time zone converter]). Adélie Ranville demonstrates useful tools around bibliographic data and citations in Wikidata, Wikipedia and Wikiversity, including Zotero, Cita, and Tabernacle.::Event page: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/Wikidata_for_literature_review|WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Project Series/'''Wikidata for literature review''']]
* '''[[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth_Birthday|Wikidata's 14th Birthday]] is approaching!''' Join us October 29 for a Birthday call. 
** [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/3536|Register]] to receive updates and news
** [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth_Birthday/Run_an_event|Run a local event]] or [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth_Birthday/Calendar|find events]] to join near you.
** Join the [[d:Event:Wikidata_Fourteenth_Birthday/Presents_%26_messages_call|Birthday Call]] and see what Presents and Messages will be shared.
* WikiCon (Regensburg) 2026 - the conference dedicated to the German-speaking Wikipedia and sister projects communities, is taking place from 18 - 20 September. The sessions involving Wikidata: [[:de:Wikipedia:WikiCon_2026/Programm/Wikidata_–_9_Jahre_danach|Wikidata - 9 Years later]], [[:de:Wikipedia:WikiCon_2026/Programm/Quellen_in_Wikidata_eingeben|Enter sources in Wikidata]], [[:de:Wikipedia:WikiCon_2026/Programm/Unkompliziert_Wikidata_erkunden_(usefulQueries)|Easily explore Wikidata (UsefulQueries)]],  and [[:de:Wikipedia:WikiCon_2026/Programm/WikiProjekt_Stolpersteine_goes_Wikidata|WikiProject Stolpersteine goes Wikidata]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://medium.com/@javierzomeo/how-i-inferred-the-family-relationships-of-nearly-one-million-people-from-wikidata-99724fd966fb Medium: How I inferred the family relationships of nearly 1 million people, from Wikidata]
** (Deutsch) [https://www.wikimedia.de/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Wikidata_in_Museen_Archiven_und_Bibliotheken.pdf Wikidata in Museen, Archiven und Bibliotheken (PDF)]
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=in3M5o_CMKM Live Wikidata Editing #126]
** (Español) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4eS1tcQzYE Workshop: Digital Humanities Methodologies Applied to Research]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9-MDvkO2Ow Sep 2026 Community Call:  International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) &amp; Wikimedia] - can IIIF be integrated with Wikimedia platforms, or as a Wikibase instance?
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5lxvetWlGqQ&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign Launch 2026 using Wikidata]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://lex-olympia.toolforge.org/ Lex-Olympia] is a tool by [[User: Luca.favorido]] it is an open, gamified challenge platform for exploring Wikidata lexemes, born as a successor to the now-unmaintained Lexeme Challenge tool. Players test their language knowledge by matching audio, hyphenations, and concepts to lexemes, competing via scores and a weekly leaderboard.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* WM Turkic languages user group ([https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc__Z8OxISH/ instagram post]): official co-hosts of WikidataCon 2027; Istanbul, Türkiye, in collaboration with Üsküdar University.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14867|phonetic synthesis method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic synthesis method used to process the recorded voice from a human source to build a voice bank&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14869|‎LPF rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;film and media rating in Malaysia by the Film Censorship Board&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14875|‎Collective bargaining coverage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Percentage of workers covered by collective agreement coverage. This is distinct from union membership rate, because non-union members can also be covered, for example France has 7% union density but 98% collective bargaining coverage.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14881|has Pokémon Ability]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Pokémon Ability assigned to this Pokémon species or form in games of the Pokémon series&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14850|‎Allotrope Foundation Ontology function ID]], [[:d:Property:P14851|‎Allotrope Foundation Ontology process ID]], [[:d:Property:P14852|‎Allotrope Foundation Ontology quality ID]], [[:d:Property:P14853|‎Allotrope Foundation Ontology result ID]], [[:d:Property:P14854|‎Allotrope Foundation Ontology role ID]], [[:d:Property:P14855|Arcinsys Hessen ID]], [[:d:Property:P14856|Arcinsys Niedersachsen/Bremen ID]], [[:d:Property:P14858|Archivportal Thüringen ID]], [[:d:Property:P14860|Baden-Württemberg archives ID]], [[:d:Property:P14861|BookWyrm author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14862|BookWyrm book ID]], [[:d:Property:P14863|VocaDB tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P14864|Statistics Finland Concept Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P14866|sgpbusiness.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P14868|‎LIDO concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P14870|‎Common Core Ontologies concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P14871|GenWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P14872|findbuch ID]], [[:d:Property:P14873|Darija.io ID]], [[:d:Property:P14874|‎China Railway telegraph code]], [[:d:Property:P14876|‎Sharjah Dictionary word ID]], [[:d:Property:P14877|CCLI song ID]], [[:d:Property:P14878|‎DEHIO digital Deutschland Bauwerk ID]], [[:d:Property:P14879|Vietnamese administrative unit code]], [[:d:Property:P14880|UkrBIN ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/stylized representation|stylized representation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;stylized visual representation of the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Former country|Former country]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Historical country that was in force at the time of this event/object or in the past&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/North Dakota Legislative Assembly biography ID|North Dakota Legislative Assembly biography ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a biography at the North Dakota Legislative Assembly&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wyoming Legislator Database ID|Wyoming Legislator Database ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a biography in the Wyoming Legislator Database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;EU legislation identifier for documents published by the EU, its member states and other (non-EU) countries&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Visa requirement|Visa requirement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Requirement for a non-citizen to enter a country&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FilmBaze people ID|FilmBaze people ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHRI Institution ID|EHRI Institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar Topics|Climate Policy Radar Topics]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SEASLUG.WORLD taxon ID|SEASLUG.WORLD taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Verenigingsloket vCode|Verenigingsloket vCode]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StoryGraph book ID|StoryGraph book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Railway Pinyin code|China Railway Pinyin code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ZFIN person ID|ZFIN person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BallotReady person ID|BallotReady person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Film Archive of Japan ID|National Film Archive of Japan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baza osób polskich ID|Baza osób polskich ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mycelium entity ID|Mycelium entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant DDH|identifiant DDH]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alberta Legislative Assembly member ID|Alberta Legislative Assembly member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Homeostasis imbalance process ontology|Homeostasis imbalance process ontology]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga (DBBL) Spieler ID|Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga (DBBL) Spieler ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Momijiyama Bunko ID|Digital Momijiyama Bunko ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunaicho Shoryobu Shuzo Kanseki Shuran ID|Kunaicho Shoryobu Shuzo Kanseki Shuran ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Union Catalogue Database of Japanese Texts ID|Union Catalogue Database of Japanese Texts ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Siwar entry ID|Siwar entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISDCF studio identifier|ISDCF studio identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISDCF facility identifier|ISDCF facility identifier]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/UGb4 Tram stops per network map]
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E133|adminstrative district in Turkey (E133)]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Medicine/Knee Arthroplasty|WikiProject Medicine/Knee Arthroplasty]] maintains structured data for knee replacement on Wikidata, covering the procedure tree and the taxonomy of surgical techniques, with a literature layer of referenced scholarly articles.
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LGBT/Duga|WikiProject LGBT / Duga]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Victims_of_National_Socialism/Data_Model|Project Victims of National Socialism / Data model]]

''' Development '''
* Query Service migration: We are adapting more of the example queries for QLever
* Mobile editing: We are making minor adjustments in preparation for the rollout for everyone
* Wikidata integration in Wikipedia and co:
** We are continuing to automate the connection of Wikidata to newly-created wikis, and replace the sites table with a Sitematrix lookup, which is more efficient ([[phab:T431093]])
** We are continuing the research into how best to handle changes for language link updates in Recent changes and Watchlist, which are mostly considered not relevant for editors

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Tunisia|Tunisia]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] ·  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:59, 14 September 2026 (UTC)'''
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== ''The Signpost'': 16 September 2026 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/News and notes|The Balance of Power]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/In the media|Shocking photos may be changed on Wikipedia]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Disinformation report|Have UN Secretary-General candidates manipulated Wikipedia?]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Recent research|Google's AI overviews may have reduced search engine referrals to English Wikipedia by 5%]]

* WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/WikiConference report|The backwater symbiosis – reflections from Wiki Conference India 2026]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Traffic report|Heaven let your light shine down]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Serendipity|Wikipedia Family Mosh Pit]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Obituary|Passing of Gobonobo, community leader advocating for women and minorities]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/On the bright side|Fantasy video games, hopeful science fiction, and the change of seasons]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-09-16/Comix|The Adventure of the Unknown Corpse]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 02:11, 16 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-39 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Scotty (dinosaur)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Scotty''' is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991.[3] The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, an around 65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:02, 21 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #750 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-09-21. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#749]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Kvazimodo|Kvazimodo]]
:&lt;small&gt;RfP is scheduled to end after 26 September 2026 08:42 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#Chrisahn|Chrisahn]] - voting has been closed.
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/BenchfolkBot|BenchfolkBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add or correct sourced statements on existing items after explicit human approval.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/CatmapperBot|CatmapperBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add [[Property:P14249|SocioMap ID]] statements for reviewed SocioMap category mappings, and provisionally add [[Property:P2888|exact match]] URLs for reviewed ArchaMap category mappings until Wikidata approves an ArchaMap-specific identifier property.
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/HsfBot|HsfBot]] - Closed as Approved
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Add properties to the Deletion policy|Add properties to the Deletion policy]] - following a [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#c-Amitie_10g-20260902214200-Should_identifier_properties_be_deleted_when_the_external_website_goes_offline?|Project Chat]] discussion, suggestions for an amendment to the policy are being discussed and your feedback is welcome.

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[m:Open_Knowledge:_Wikimedia_%26_Research_in_the_CEE_Region/Registration_%26_scholarships|Open Knowledge Wikimedia Research in the CEE Region]], online participation to the Conference is still open, [[m:Open_Knowledge:_Wikimedia_%26_Research_in_the_CEE_Region/Registration_%26_scholarships|register here]]: 09 - 10 October.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Papers:
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20057 WiCleanData: Guaranteeing the Type Consistency of Wikidata by Taxonomy Refinement and Constraint Enforcement] by Peng et al., (2026).
** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/414343459_The_Wikibase_Ecosystem_in_DH_and_GLAM The Wikibase Ecosystem in Digital Humanities and GLAM] by Lindemann et al., (2026).
* Videos: (Swedish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8clrj_3MG4 The SAT trail in OSM and Wikidata] by Magnus Sälgö.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikidata-todo.toolforge.org/cloudy_concept.php Concept cloud] - Shows language labels for Wikipedia links from a Wikidata item, and allows label editing.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Job vacancy: [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/8060261?gh_src=4n8hpqkx1us Software Engineer, Wikidata Platform]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14885|Wyoming Legislator Database ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a biography in the Wyoming Legislator Database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14891|‎has expression of concern]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(article) has an expression of concern (expression of concern notice)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14882|National Governors’ Association ID]], [[:d:Property:P14883|Numista engraver or designer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14884|‎Phenotype and Trait Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P14886|‎ZFIN person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14887|Association Service Desk vCode]], [[:d:Property:P14888|Nazi Reich Ministries ID]], [[:d:Property:P14889|‎North Dakota Legislative Assembly biography ID]], [[:d:Property:P14890|KennisWest ID]], [[:d:Property:P14892|‎GOLD linguistic concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P14897|‎Alberta Legislative Assembly member ID]], [[:d:Property:P14900|EHRI Institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P14901|‎Encyclopedia of Alabama ID (new schema)]], [[:d:Property:P14902|National Film Archive of Japan ID]], [[:d:Property:P14903|‎Homeostasis imbalance process ontology]], [[:d:Property:P14904|DDH ID]], [[:d:Property:P14905|Economic Operators Registration and Identification number]], [[:d:Property:P14907|wowKorea work ID]], [[:d:Property:P14908|wowKorea Person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/illustrator (character)|illustrator (character)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;artist who illustrated the character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/contribution URL|contribution URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a page explaining how to participate in or contribute to a project or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Holy See cardinal biography ID|Holy See cardinal biography ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a cardinal's biography at the website of the Holy See&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atomic radius, covalent radius and van der Waals radius|Atomic radius, covalent radius and van der Waals radius]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;measured or calculated radius of an atom of a chemical element&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Register of British Slave Traders person ID|Register of British Slave Traders person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tric Trac|Tric Trac]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PsychonautWiki article ID|PsychonautWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hitchwiki article ID|Hitchwiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Raras disease ID|Raras disease ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Heritage Overlay Number|Heritage Overlay Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Techniques de l'Ingénieur author ID|Techniques de l'Ingénieur author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nbsearch|nbsearch]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indian Film History film ID|Indian Film History film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indian Film History person ID|Indian Film History person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VideoGamesCritic game ID|VideoGamesCritic game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificador Eldoblatge d'actor original|identificador Eldoblatge d'actor original]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificador Eldoblatge d'actor de doblatge|identificador Eldoblatge d'actor de doblatge]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E206|(E206) ''Stolperstein'']]: Stumbling blocks, commemorative plaques set into the ground for victims of Nazism.
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Taiwan/Wikidata_Cross-Domain_Forum|(Traditional Chinese) Project Taiwan: Wikidata Cross-Domain Forum]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course/Projects_Offering_3|Project Ontology: Course Offering 3]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Ivan_A._Krestinin/To_merge/Categories|Categories (to merge)]] - this list generated by User:Ivan A. Krestinin suggests potential duplicate categories.

''' Development '''
*

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Tunisia|Tunisia]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:09, 21 September 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-39 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:53, 27 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Descartes Highlands]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Apollo 16 landingsite.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Descartes Highlands''' is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:27, 28 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-40 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:46, 28 September 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #751 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-09-28. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#750]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MamouriBot|MamouriBot]], '''Task/s:'''  Add census demographics — population, male population, female population, and no. of households — to existing Iranian settlement items identified by ''[[d:Property:P1010|Iran statistics ID (P1010)]]'', from the Statistical Center of Iran censuses of 1385 (2006) and 1395 (2016).

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The program for the Wikidata Query Service Days (October 17-23) is now published, covering the migration from Blazegraph to QLever with sessions for editors, reusers, and tool builders; see the event page for details and [[d:Event:Query_Service_Days_2026#Sessions|schedule]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [[Diffblog:from-university-research-to-free-knowledge-academics-discover-wikimedia/|From University Research to Free Knowledge: Academics Discover Wikimedia]] by [[m:User:Osps7|User:Osps7]]
** [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/wikidata-bulk-snapshots-batches/ WM Enterprise: Wikidata Bulk snapshots]
** [https://www.wikiloveswomen.org/2026/08/31/wiki-oto-2026-wiki-loves-women-and-africa-wiki-women-join-forces Wiki OTO 2026: Wiki Loves Women and Africa Wiki Women join forces!]
** [https://freeknowledgeafrica.org/making-african-restitution-efforts-more-visible/ Making African Restitution Efforts More Visible]
* Papers: [https://arxiv.org/html/2609.29474v1 CodeGraph: Open-Taxonomy Knowledge Graph for Source Code with Wikidata Grounding] by Pennino et al., (2026).
* Videos:
**When the Old Constraints Disappear: Work and Creativity in the Age of AI (Wikipedia-&gt;Wikidata-&gt;Wikifunctions-&gt;Abstract Wikipedia), John Samuel, Mindstone AI Meetup, September 22, 2026, Lyon, France ([https://community.mindstone.com/annotate/article_BAlTTMiMLlNJjjRpAn Video], [https://figshare.com/articles/presentation/When_the_Old_Constraints_Disappear_Work_and_Creativity_in_the_Age_of_AI_Mindstone_AI_Meetup_Lyon_-_John_Samuel/33968791 Slides])
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BS0BZF5WhRg&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D AI BRIDGES Open Forum meeting - September 2026]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://humansmap.com/gallery/gallery.html#power HumansMap Gallery] - The site offers various type of visualizations, and offers the possibility to navigate through connections between people and organizations, based on your interests, powered by Wikidata.
* [https://bookitemizer.toolforge.org/ 📚 Wikidata Book Itemizer] It is a simple tool to catalog books on Wikidata! Creating work and edition items manually on Wikidata with proper metadata and multilingual labels can often be tedious and error-prone. Wikidata Book Itemizer automates this entire process with a simple form!

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is researching how to improve interoperability between Wikidata, Wikibase Cloud, and Wikibase Suite. If you've worked with data imports or staging, or even if you haven't, your input would be valuable. The [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/LOD-Interoperability-Migration survey] takes 5 to 10 minutes and is anonymous. More information on the background of the questions: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Mass-editing policy#Context|Wikidata:Requests for comment/Mass-editing policy#Context]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14909|Union Catalogue Database of Japanese Texts ID]], [[:d:Property:P14910|‎Siwar entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P14911|Kunaicho Shoryobu Shuzo Kanseki Shuran ID]], [[:d:Property:P14912|‎Emulation General Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P14913|Digital Momijiyama Bunko ID]], [[:d:Property:P14914|Raras disease ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Writers at Risk database ID|Writers at Risk database ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier in the PEN America Writers at Risk database, cataloging writers threatened, imprisoned, and jailed worldwide&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio Entity Number|Ohio Entity Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NZPCN legacy ID|NZPCN legacy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Žmonės.lt topic ID|Žmonės.lt topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jersey HER Reference|Jersey HER Reference]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le Maitron|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le Maitron]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Search profile handle|Google Search profile handle]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Leipziger Biographie ID|Leipziger Biographie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LEO-BW person ID|LEO-BW person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biopsa ID|Biopsa ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Isle of Man Registered Building No.|Isle of Man Registered Building No.]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Waymark code|Waymark code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans OrthodoxWiki en français|Identifiant dans OrthodoxWiki en français]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WE League player ID|WE League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WE League manager ID|WE League manager ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delfi.lt topic ID|Delfi.lt topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lrytas.lt topic ID|Lrytas.lt topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baidu Baike article|Baidu Baike article]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [[Wikidata:Request a query#c-YoshiRulz-20260927103700-Paula_(WDU)-20260925145700|Latin American Cinema / Films with an English or Portuguese Wikipedia page, but not Spanish]]
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E422|(E422) 'Golden age of illustration']] book from the Maastricht University Library collection. 
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Schlaraffia|Project Schlaraffia]] - for enriching items about the German-language fraternity [[d:Q1305789|Schlaraffia ''&lt;small&gt;(Q1305789)&lt;/small&gt;'']] and its international and local associations.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Tamil_Nadu|Project Tamil Nadu]] dedicated to creating and improving Wikidata content related to [[d:Q1445|Tamil Nadu ''&lt;small&gt;(Q1445)&lt;/small&gt;'']] and [[d:Q5885|Tamil ''&lt;small&gt;(Q5885)&lt;/small&gt;'']]. 
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_PCC_EMCO_Wikidata_CoP/List_of_corporate_body_properties|Project PCC EMCO Wikidata CoP]] added a subpage for listing Properties normally associated with Corporate bodies.

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing: We are continuing with UX fixes. This is primarily visual polish and consistency as well as fixing bugs related to RTL display.
* Wikibase REST API:
** We are finishing the support for creating Lexemes and the statements on them.
** We are continuing working on support for adding Forms to a Lexeme.
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We are going to stop sending language link changes to the first few wikis. An initial deployment to group1 wikis is now planned for Monday, 05.10.2026. (Click group1 on [https://versions.toolforge.org this Toolforge page] to see which Wikis are included.) This will help reduce noise in Watchlists and Recent changes and help reduce the size of the database table holding recent changes on these wikis.
** Connecting a newly created Wiki to Wikidata is a manual task, we are automating that and optimising the SitesTable at the same time, making a 'single source of truth' that all wikis point to, rather than a table per Wiki that are all clones of each other.
** We are experimenting with raising the entity usage limit on wikis. If this is feasible, we can reduce the amount of bundled changes. This would reduce the quantity of Wikidata-triggered Recent Changes rows being created.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/The Gambia|The Gambia]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:38, 29 September 2026 (UTC)'''
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== September 2026 CEE Newsletter is out ==
Hi everyone,

The [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/September_2026 September 2026 issue] of the CEE Newsletter has been published.

This issue highlights diverse efforts to create, protect, and share open knowledge, featuring activities in education, GLAM, photography, and community engagement. It also explores new recognition and funding proposal, resources for smaller Wikipedia language editions, and peer-learning experiences.

'''Read the full newsletter [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CEE/Newsletter/September%202026 here].'''

Enjoy the read!&lt;br/&gt;
Caner (User:Kurmanbek)

--[[User:Kurmanbek|Kurmanbek]] ([[User talk:Kurmanbek|talk]]) 14:05, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: September 2026 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 9 • September 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikipedia Writing Training at Universitas Terbuka. WikiRempah Welcomes Wikimedians in Ternate|Wikipedia Writing Training at Universitas Terbuka. WikiRempah Welcomes Wikimedians in Ternate]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikimedia MKD’s Wiki Camp &amp; Team Building 2026|Wikimedia MKD’s Wiki Camp &amp; Team Building 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikimedia Commons Training for Students at Universitas Nurul Hasan Bacan: Mobilizing Bacan's Youth with WikiRempah|Wikimedia Commons Training for Students at Universitas Nurul Hasan Bacan: Mobilizing Bacan's Youth with WikiRempah]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikidata integration in the Library &amp; Information Science course|Wikidata integration in the Library &amp; Information Science course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Translating the EduWiki Newcomer's Starter Kit in Albanian language|Translating the EduWiki Newcomer's Starter Kit in Albanian language]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Training Wikimedia Commons WikiRempah in Bacan, Bringing Digital Education to an Island Without Electricity|Training Wikimedia Commons WikiRempah in Bacan, Bringing Digital Education to an Island Without Electricity]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Synergy Between WikiRempah, the West Halmahera Regency Education and Culture Office, and the Sultanate of Jailolo in Documenting Spice Route Cultural Sites|Synergy Between WikiRempah, the West Halmahera Regency Education and Culture Office, and the Sultanate of Jailolo in Documenting Spice Route Cultural Sites]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/St Aloysius Wiki Club Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Tulu Wikipedia|St Aloysius Wiki Club Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Tulu Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Road to Open Source: bringing open source contribution into Indian engineering classrooms|Road to Open Source: bringing open source contribution into Indian engineering classrooms]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Photography and education: initiatives in Brazil|Photography and education: initiatives in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Open Knowledge Initiatives Summer Internship 2026 – Project Workflow &amp; Learnings|Open Knowledge Initiatives Summer Internship 2026 – Project Workflow &amp; Learnings]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Media Literacy Teacher Training with Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful|Media Literacy Teacher Training with Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Heritage Across Borders: St Aloysius Wiki Club Students Celebrate Cultural Heritage Through Wikipedia|Heritage Across Borders: St Aloysius Wiki Club Students Celebrate Cultural Heritage Through Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/From Bandung's Street Signs to Wikipedia: Rediscovering Sundanese Script|From Bandung's Street Signs to Wikipedia: Rediscovering Sundanese Script]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/CSPC Wiki Club launches student community for open knowledge and youth leadership|CSPC Wiki Club launches student community for open knowledge and youth leadership]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Amplifying Underrepresented Voices: Lessons from the Language Diversity Hub 2026|Amplifying Underrepresented Voices: Lessons from the Language Diversity Hub 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Education activity: Can I trust Wikipedia?|Education activity: Can I trust Wikipedia?]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:36, 30 September 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Battaglia del pastificio]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Battle of Checkpoint Pasta]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:OTO Melara Somalia 1993.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''battaglia del pastificio''', talvolta chiamata anche battaglia del checkpoint Pasta, fu uno scontro a fuoco verificatosi a Mogadiscio tra le truppe italiane e le milizie Mooryaan somale del generale Aidid ed è ricordata per essere stata la prima battaglia che vide impiegati i militari dell'Esercito Italiano dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #752 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-10-05. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#751]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/SaadBot|SaadBot]] - '''Task/s:''' A read-only (no edits) entity lookups for an academic research project building a relation triplet extraction (RTE) dataset from web text.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/OKA bot|OKA bot]] - '''Tasks:''' Improve Wikidata items using authoritative open datasets, e.g., national mapping data and reference works: add sources, fill gaps, create missing items and report conflicts from the ''Swisstopo'' dataset and its subsets.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/FoxfindingBot|FoxfindingBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Passively enrich existing Wikidata games with gog.com metadata
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Wahl.de Bot|Wahl.de Bot]] - '''Task/s:''' Keep mandate data of German parliamentary members current. Edits to ''end date (P582)'', ''successor/replaced by  (P1366)'',  ''start time (P580)'', ''parliamentary term (P2937)''retrieved and sourced from official sources.
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Split needed from Q4167836|Wikidata:Requests for comment/Split needed from Q4167836]]: Split [[d:Q4167836|Wikimedia category &lt;small&gt;''(Q4167836)''&lt;/small&gt;]] into two items, because one is for [[d:Q35252665|MediaWiki non-main namespace &lt;small&gt;''(Q35252665)''&lt;/small&gt;]] and the other is for [[d:Q14204246|Wikimedia project page &lt;small&gt;''(Q14204246)''&lt;/small&gt;]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** On October 9 ends up the early-bird registration with its reduced fees for [https://www.semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Users_and_Developers_Conference_Fall_2026 MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2026], November 11-13, at {{Q|5918873}}. The program is already set up!
** [[d:Q139103554|Wikidata's 14th birthday &lt;small&gt;''(Q139103554)''&lt;/small&gt;]] in Taiwan: [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth Birthday/Taiwan|Wikidata Cross-Domain Forum 2026]],  24 Oct 2026.
** (Deutsch) [https://www.aarauinfo.ch/event/eP0MjgtY Wikidata Writing Workshop], takes place Saturday, 31 October, 10:00 to 13:00 CEST at the Aargauer Kantonsbibliothek, Obere Vorstadt 6, 5000 Aarau.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** (Deutsch) [https://www.compgen.de/2026/10/video-meeting-domus-projekt-zur-haeusergeschichte/ Domus – an open data project on the history of houses] - Wikidata and FactGrid Wikibase combine to help build a map visualiser.
** [[diffblog:2026/10/04/wikinusantara-2026-a-second-chance-in-makassar|WikiNusantara 2026: a second chance in Makassar]]
** [https://www.nationalcollection.org.uk/events/news/launching-n-rich-wikimedia-project N-RICH: a new Wikimedia Project to explore Wikidata as a connective layer for UK cultural heritage infrastructure]
* Videos:
** (Short) [https://www.instagram.com/reels/DeAfcHjRYBb/ Schomburg Center’s 2026 Wikidata Edit-a-thon during the New York Black and African Literature Festival]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqBKhxP_QoU RLUK DSF | Linked data and the research library] - explores how libraries are engaging with linked data (including Wikidata) and what this means for metadata creation, management, and discovery.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xmELa8KZkU Wikidata 14th Birthday Celebration stream] with Africa Wiki Women.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BS0BZF5WhRg AI BRIDGES Open Forum meeting], the September 2026 meeting, showcasing updates from the DARIAH’s DHWiki working group on Wikibase.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUJPT8w6NHk  Exploring networks of artists and scientists] with the Wikidata Query Service.
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZ5hWv7xW9s What does Wikidata contribute to open library data?] with Elena Sánchez Nogales.
* LD4 Conference streams:
** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=8tJ5E4i7rgw&amp;t=490 Sessions 1 / Building more complete and linked GLAM datasets: The Smithsonian’s (In)Visible Women’s Project]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeKkEd3OCEs Sessions 2], incl.
*** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=LeKkEd3OCEs?t=4715 EMCO: Entity management for everyone]
*** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=LeKkEd3OCEs?t=6476 Using Wikidata to identify duplicates in the Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF)]
*** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=LeKkEd3OCEs?t=7052 From Wikidata to Our Collection Management System: Automating GIS Import for Cultural Heritage Data]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CkLue6pZys Sessions 4] including Finding where to contribute on Wikidata with Dustpan and Broomstick. Wikidata is mentioned throughout the stream.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1S2VDS5F4k Sessions 5 / Reduced Fuzziness in Semantic Kompakkt 3D Object Viewer through Extensive Data Modelling in Wikibase]
** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=7x_K8nf1BpY?t=5029 Sessions 9 / Using Wikidata to Improve the Visibility of African Women in Open Knowledge]
** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=9VjMwwUM89c?t=1705 Sessions 10 / From Sounds to Solidarity: Jazz, Student Protests, and Wikidata]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duTs2dQtl98 Wikidata Affinity Group: Working with Corporate Bodies for EMCO]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://mna.toolforge.org/ Mergers &amp; Acquisitions: A Wikidata Merge Assistant], a new web app that surfaces possible duplicate items from Wikidata and provides a simple interface for evaluating the candidate pairs and merging them together or marking them as different.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14924|disjoint with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;instances of this type cannot be simultaneously instances of that type&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14934|‎contribution URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a page explaining how to participate in or contribute to a project or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14936|atomic radius]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;measured or calculated radius of an atom of a chemical element&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14937|covalent radius]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;radius of an atom of a chemical element when covalently bonded&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14938|Van der Waals radius]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for a non-bonded atom&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14915|Tric Trac game ID]], [[:d:Property:P14916|Techniques de l'Ingénieur author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14917|Stereo Ve Mono release ID]], [[:d:Property:P14918|‎Sky programme ID]], [[:d:Property:P14919|‎Sky series ID]], [[:d:Property:P14920|Scent Base perfumes ID]], [[:d:Property:P14921|‎Register of British Slave Traders person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14922|‎Onderwijstermen Taalunie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14923|‎NZPCN legacy ID]], [[:d:Property:P14925|Biopsa ID]], [[:d:Property:P14926|‎Writers at Risk database ID]], [[:d:Property:P14927|LEO-BW person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P14928|Leipziger Biographie ID]], [[:d:Property:P14929|Jersey HER Reference]], [[:d:Property:P14930|Isle of Man Registered Building No.]], [[:d:Property:P14931|‎Holy See cardinal biography ID]], [[:d:Property:P14932|‎Google Search profile handle]], [[:d:Property:P14933|Filmbaze people ID]], [[:d:Property:P14935|‎China Railway Pinyin code]], [[:d:Property:P14939|belarusenc.by ID]], [[:d:Property:P14940|‎BLL-Ontology concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P14941|‎IFWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P14942|Brussels ‎Inventory of Movable Heritage designer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14943|Eldoblatge original actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P14944|Eldoblatge original dub actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P14945|Drag France directory ID]], [[:d:Property:P14946|OrthodoxWiki ID (French)]], [[:d:Property:P14948|Le Maitron author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14949|‎Brussels Inventory of Architectural Heritage glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P14950|‎Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage material ID]], [[:d:Property:P14951|‎Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage object type ID]], [[:d:Property:P14952|‎Brussels Inventory of Movable Heritage technique ID]], [[:d:Property:P14953|‎Brussels Inventory of Natural Heritage taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P14954|‎WE League manager ID]], [[:d:Property:P14955|‎WE League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P14956|‎ArchaMap ID]], [[:d:Property:P14957|Womens German Basketball Bundesliga Player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has language or spelling variant|has language or spelling variant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the (multilingual) label of the linked item is a a language, spelling or etymological variation of the label of this item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/school of martial arts|school of martial arts]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;school or style of martial arts this person studied&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YouSaid person ID|YouSaid person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Demko ID|Demko ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Niconico Pedia article ID|Niconico Pedia article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scholastica scholar ID|Scholastica scholar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hannah Arendt edition person ID|Hannah Arendt edition person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AbeBooks author ID (2)|AbeBooks author ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans Calames|Identifiant dans Calames]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue du Centre Delavouët|identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue du Centre Delavouët]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E379|ICH item(E379)]] - schema for a Unesco Intangible Cultural Heritage item in the international lists or national inventories.
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_EastEnders|EastEnders (TV series)]] - a project for the BBC soap opera.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/EntitySchema_directory|The EntitySchema Directory]]

''' Development '''
* REST API: Continuing the work on adding support for lexicographical data, specifically creating a statement, Form and Sense on a Lexeme
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We are continuing to look into raising the entity usage limit. We are setting up monitoring to see how much it can reduce the amount of Recent Changes entries triggered from Wikidata.
* Mobile editing of statements: We continued addressing the remaining UX issues, including RTL and Kartographer issues
* hCaptcha: We are planning the support for it to Wikibase-specific pages like Special:New Item

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Tanzania|Tanzania]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:58, 5 October 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-41 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;

18:48, 5 October 2026 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2026 ==
{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IX, September 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: What a great month again in the GLAM community!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Wikifying the ALIA West Conference 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Thousands of eyes on Brazilian heritage through Wiki Loves Monuments
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: The Long Strides of Egypt’s GLAM Team in September
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: Organized Labour Month in France
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Note condivise opens up Italy’s musical heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Can I trust Wikipedia?, Books of Mana, an Auckland War Memorial Museum update and a report on TDWG2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wiki Loves Film – Collaboration with Manaki Film Festival
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Opening Collections, Growing Networks: Polish GLAM-Wiki in September
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Wiki Ambassadors, Wiki Partners, Raduni Wikigita
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Tunisia report|Tunisia report]]: Wikipedian in Residence: National Archives of Tunisia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art in Korean + UK Honours
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM USA Report (Past &amp; Upcoming)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Content Partnerships Hub: Some news from the first half of the year
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Peruvian heritage in Thai
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:57, 11 October 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lineup.5.JPG|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft''' is a transport museum which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses. It is located by the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:09, 12 October 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #753 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-10-12. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#752]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;


''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/DERDAKI ILIAS|DERDAKI ILIAS]] - {{Requests for permissions/Closetime|13 October 2026 11:19}}
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Aue Nai|Aue Nai]] - {{Requests for permissions/Closetime|15 October 2026 02:58}}
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/OKA bot 2|OKA bot 2]] - '''Tasks:''' Two additional datasets for the ([[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/OKA bot|already approved task of OKA bot]]). For each entry, the bot finds the matching item, adds the identifier if it is missing, and adds the facts the entry states, each referenced to the entry.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MisovalkoProfileBot|MisovalkoProfileBot]] - '''Task:''' A narrowly scoped source-verification and, only if approved, existing-item update process for [[Q97454550]].
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/RegularBot 4|RegularBot 4]] - '''Task/s:''' Create new items from Wikipedias.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/GZWDer (flood) 7|GZWDer (flood) 7]] - '''Task/s:''' Import data from external sources in comply with the recently approved [[Wikidata:Mass-editing policy]].
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/GZWDer (flood) 8|GZWDer (flood) 8]] - '''Task/s:''' Adding mul labels and aliases; cleanup existing labels in certain cases. No edits to other people's biographies, invented conference items, undocumented private engagements, unsupported future appearances, or promotional link dumps.
* Closed request for permissions/Bot, ''all closed as successful'': [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MamouriBot|MamouriBot]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/OKA bot|OKA bot]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Rebot|Rebot]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Rebot 2|Rebot 2]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Rebot 3|Rebot 3]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Rebot 4|Rebot 4]]
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/has part (P527) for european political alliances (Q127603408)|Requests for comment/has part (P527) for european political alliances (Q127603408)]] - [[d:Q127603408|Q127603408]] (European political alliance) was created as a subclass of [[d:Q60170135|Q60170135]] (political alliance) for european parties. While [[d:Q60170135|Q60170135]] allows using has part(s) ([[d:Property:P527|Property:P527]]), they were reverted, with &quot;Members are not &quot;parts&quot;.
* Closed request for comments:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Mass-editing_policy|Mass-editing Policy]] - Consensus reached, the policy will be implemented.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/External_identifier_sorting|External Identifier sorting]] - No consensus

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
* Wikidata [[d:Event:Query_Service_Days_2026|Query Service Days]] commences '''17 October, until 23 October''', make sure to [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/4448|register for access]].
** See the [[d:Event:Query_Service_Days_2026#Sessions|full program]], sessions will repeat for different timezones
* Wikidata's 14th Birthday is coming, '''29 October'''. Join the [[d:Event:Wikidata_Fourteenth_Birthday/Presents_%26_messages_call|Birthday call]] and see what presents have been prepared, and see what community events [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth_Birthday#Events_calendar|are happening near you]].
* [[d:Event:WikiData_Days_in_Africa/2026|Wikidata Days in Africa 2026]]
* Dates, location and scholarships are open for: [[wmania:2027:Scholarships|Wikimania 2027]]
* Dates and location for next Wikimedia Hackathon has been announced and scholarship applications are open: [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2027|Wikimedia Hackathon 2027]] * Previous event:
** If you missed the quarterly Wikidata + Wikibase Office Hour, you can [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2026-10-07|find the transcript here]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: ''[https://rtnf.substack.com/p/p101-field-of-work P101 - field of work]'' by rtnF
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S884qd1kcD0 Access to Memory (AtoM)] with Wikidata links.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5X3k6jzzA7w  Lightning Talk Wikilokal Exploring Wikimedia Around You] with Affandy Murad, it combines information from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, Wiktionary, and Nominatim within a 3-kilometer radius.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8w6Onlr26s  RDA Wikibase Cloud Sandbox Demonstration: Creating an Account and Logging In]  - demonstrates account creation and login process for Crystal Yragui's Wikibase cloud instance: A sandbox for students at  University of Washington information school as they learn  Official RDA cataloging.

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://wikidata-reference-validator.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Reference Validator] - A tool which helps validate external references of Wikidata items to check if their links are still accessible or now offline. This matters because we want to ensure that we have solid references for statements in Wikidata, so we can demonstrate how we know what we know

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[d:Wikidata:Mass-editing policy|Wikidata talk:Mass-editing policy]] has been accepted and is now in effect.
* [[f:Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2026-09-25#The_mayor_of_Paris|Wikifunctions Status Update 2026-09-25 (The Mayor of Paris)]] and Wikidata's spread across Wikipedias.
* [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Editing Wikidata statements on mobile devices is officially launching soon!]]&lt;br/&gt;The beta is ending, from '''October 14''', all editors will be able to edit all datatypes from mobile devices.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/disambiguated by|disambiguated by]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Links a Wikibase Lexeme to a general disambiguation page, such as a [[Q4167410|Wikipedia disambiguation page]].&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/biome|biome]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;biome in which a geographical area is wholly or partly located, according to a documented ecological classification&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliothèque nationale de Tunisie ID|Bibliothèque nationale de Tunisie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mappola ID|Mappola ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/On Think Tanks ID|On Think Tanks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beeld &amp; Geluid program ID|Beeld &amp; Geluid program ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le Random subject ID|Le Random subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RETE ID|RETE ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificativo Corago di un evento|identificativo Corago di un evento]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AVN company ID|AVN company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AVN person ID 2|AVN person ID 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/swissNAMES3D ID|swissNAMES3D ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/THB Wiki ID|THB Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nederlands Fotomuseum-id|Nederlands Fotomuseum-id]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/YvAY Current collections of Astrolabes by the Lahore astrolabists] ([[:w:en:Lahore family of astrolabists|relevant English Wikipedia article]])

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing: We fixed a few remaining issues before the full roll-out to everyone later this week.
* hCaptcha support: We planned how to integrate support for hCaptcha in the Wikibase-related pages.
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We are collecting feedback from the first wikis about removing the language link change entries from Recent changes and watchlists.
** We are collecting data to determine how much we can increase the entity usage limit.
* REST API: We are continuing to add support for Lexeme editing to the REST API.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:49, 12 October 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-42 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Starting October 13, wikis can change the default pattern for [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]] (currently &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). They will be able to use human-readable, content-based reference names that are more helpful to contributors using the source editor (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller2026-1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). VisualEditor reference name patterns can be defined using MediaWiki system messages, JSON, templates and modules ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|more information]]). Admins can enable these changes via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|community configuration]]. This is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to English Wikipedia on October 14 and to remaining Wikimedia Foundation wikis by end of October (likely October 21). The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. This is a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-standing community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304]

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] will be removing the list view of the Watchlist and defaulting everyone to the changelog view. Previously, there were two versions of how the Watchlist is shown to mobile web users: the list view, where editors could see watched articles in a list format, and the changelog view, where editors could see changes to watched articles in a log format, controlled by a user's Advanced Mobile Control settings. This has created issues for code-base maintenance: two different displays means two sets of code to manage. By defaulting to the changelog view, we are simplifying the codebase and avoiding the likelihood of missing bugs.
* The Wikipedia Android app is testing a way to listen to article introductions in the “For you” feed. A text-to-speech model reads the existing article text aloud without rewriting it or adding any content. The 30-day experiment will begin in the Wikipedia Beta app during the third week of September, then move to the regular Wikipedia Android app in October for a limited group of eligible users. A small portion of app users (those with English feeds and at least one topic interest) will have access to the feature. This experiment is part of broader efforts to give app readers options in how they consume content in order to deepen engagement and user retention. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Learn more]] and [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|share feedback]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighting]] was [[phab:T288161|enabled]] by default for all logged out and newly registered users on the English Wikipedia on September 14. With no signs of adverse effects, the same change is being proposed to be made globally across all wikis in a few weeks. If you have concerns or feedback, or if your wiki would like to opt out, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|please see the help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077]
* [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Wikidata mobile statement editing]] of all datatypes will be officially launched on October 13, when it will be removed from Wikidata [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] and become available to all editors. Users can [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|report bugs and share feedback]].
* Last week, language link changes were removed from [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] feeds on Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wiktionary. As no adverse effects have been observed, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] plans to roll out this change globally to all Wikipedias. This is scheduled for October 13 at 07:00 UTC, after which editors will no longer see when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or ask to opt out their wiki on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where accidentally touching the graph while scrolling on the Pageviews tool on mobile could unintentionally zoom in has now been fixed. Click-and-drag zoom is now disabled on touch devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There are three major changes coming to dumps: the legacy content dumps [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ deprecated in January 2026] will now be sunset, the replacement [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports MediaWiki Content File Exports] will be delayed to implement a “safety buffer”, and they are now also available as 7zip-compressed files. Users will need to switch the URL they download their dump from. For more information, timeline and migration instructions, see [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Legacy content dumps sunset].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation discovered unauthorized activity by OpenAI agents on Wikimedia projects, including edits to wikis, attempts to exploit a public note-taking tool, and heavy automated traffic. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Read the blog post on Diff]] for more details about the activity and the Foundation’s response.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon! We’ll be meeting in lovely Tirana, Albania for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] from April 9–11, 2027. Scholarship and staff sponsorship applications are currently being [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ accepted through Pretix] and will close on October 30, 2026. General registration will open in January 2027.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 07:36, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
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== ''The Signpost'': 13 October 2026 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/News and notes|AELECT returns, Jimbo gives a union update, VisualEditor is now default]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Serendipity|From a rare portrait of a female millionaire in Nancy to a Japanese painter in Lyon]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Obituary|Doug Weller]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/In the media|A(I)pocalypses afoot]]

* WikiConference Report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/WikiConference Report|WikiConference 2026 &amp; the importance of in-person community]]

* By the numbers: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/By the numbers|Does the country of birth affect the likelihood of having a Wikipedia biography?]]

* News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/News from Diff|OpenAI &quot;rogue&quot; agent activities found on Wikimedia projects]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/On the bright side|Good people]]

* Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Op-ed|Who are our readers?]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Traffic report|This world is big and wild and half insane]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/Comix|Fudging the numbers]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:46, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-43 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jalapeño popper]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Cooking-food-stuffed-jalapenos-peppers.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jalapeño poppers''', or jalapeño bites, are jalapeño peppers that have been hollowed out, stuffed with a mixture of cheese, spices, and sometimes ground meat, and breaded and deep-fried or wrapped with bacon and baked. They are a common dish on appetizer menus in chain restaurants in the United States. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:15, 19 October 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-43 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To measure the impact of incorporating some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#November 2025: Ideas and feedback|community-requested features]] on logged-out reader retention, a test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing|Image Carousel]] will be pushed to logged-out readers. With the Image Carousel feature, readers browse community-uploaded images, selected by editors as relevant to specific articles. The test starts on November 20.
* An experimental notice will be pushed to 0.5% of logged-out mobile readers who come to English Wikipedia from Google, asking them to add Wikipedia as a [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/preferred-sources/ Google Preferred Source]. The test is to see if this notice increases reader retention and encourages people who use Google Search to visit Wikipedia more often. It will run from October 15–29 and will be assessed for its impact on retention and referrals.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[quarry:|Quarry]] returned an “Access denied” error when users tried to run SQL queries, preventing queries from running normally, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440966]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Cog-icon-grey.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Due to a long-standing bug, applications that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For_Developers|OAuth 2]] client credentials flow to act on their owners’ behalf are treated as if they are logged out. This will be fixed for new applications registered on or after Monday, October 19. Some affected applications need to re-register. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420297]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A proposal to hold the Wikimedia Hackathon every three years, with regional hackathons in between, [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|has been shared]]. It explores making the event more accessible to technical communities in different regions. Share your feedback on the proposal’s [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|talk page]] before November 6.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:35, 19 October 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #754 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-10-19. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#753]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/OKA_bot_3|OKA Bot 3]] - '''Task/s:''' Reference works and registers, like [[d:User:OKA_bot#Task_2:_facts_from_reference_works|Task 2]] (Historical Dictionary of Switzerland and Store norske leksikon). Each item-linked entry, adds statements, references, sources where value is same and missing identifiers.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/UBZH_Videothek_bot|UBZH Videothek Bot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add external identifiers of films and film directors/people to existing items (from film catalogue of the University Library of Zurich: UZH, Videothek database).
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/EZBIDsBot|EZBIDsBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Adding [[d:Property:P8089|EZB ID]], [[d:Property:P1042|ZDB ID]], [[d:Property:P856|website URL]], [[d:Property:P236|Print ISSN]], and Online ISSN from [[d:Q1327244|EZB dataset]] where they are missing in Wikidata.
* Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Schema_virtual_tour|Schema Virtual tour]] - the RfC has been inactive since 2025, but discussion can continue on a dedicated page: [[d:Wikidata:Schema_proposals/virtual_tour|Schema Proposals/Virtual Tour]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The [[d:Event:Query_Service_Days_2026|Query Service Days]] is currently ongoing! We still have many great sessions left so don't miss out, especially if you use SPARQL, &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Wikidata List}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; or the query service (WDQS) in anyway...here's some helpful links:
*** [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/4448|Register]] to get access to the live-sessions
*** See the [[d:Event:Query_Service_Days_2026#Sessions|full program]], including links to the previous sessions and recordings.
** Wikidata's [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth_Birthday|14th Birthday]] is approaching soon...see what events are planned on the [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth_Birthday#Events_calendar|Calendar]] or near you on the [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth_Birthday#Events_map|Map]].
** Rutgers University is holding 2 Wikidata Edit-A-Thons, open to all students, faculty, staff and community members. No Wikidata experience is required.
*** [https://libcal.rutgers.edu/event/17361479 Newark Activists, Artists, Academics] edit-a-thon, Oct 19, 12:00 - 14:00 EDT
*** [https://libcal.rutgers.edu/event/17614499 Black Bibliograohy] edit-A-Thon, Oct 21, 12:00 - 16:00 EDT
** [[wmau:Drop_in_and_Wikidata_-_October_2026|Drop in and Wikidata (Oct)]], a community call and live session will take place 29 Oct, 19:00 pm – 20:30 pm AEDT

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** [https://rtnf.substack.com/p/wdlite-v261018 wdlite v26.10.18] by rtnF
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/16/growing-active-technical-contributors-in-eseap/ Growing Active Technical Contributors in ESEAP]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/16/wiki-hour-initiative-trains-government-agency-on-wikipedia/ Wiki Hour Initiative trains government agency on Wikipedia, Wikidata and other Wikimedia projects.]
* Papers:
** [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-10-13/By the numbers|Does the country of birth affect the likelihood of having a Wikipedia biography?]], The Signpost, October 13, 2026
** [https://repository.ifla.org/items/b028a2b0-b909-4a22-b32b-b4d8c3eb076a Using Wikidata to find duplicates in the Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF)] - Librarians used Wikidata queries to identify and resolve duplicate records in the Library of Congress Name Authority File, improving 1,559 Wikidata items and reporting 166 duplicate records for deletion over six months. By  Muratsubaki, (2026).
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6xmELa8KZkU&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m Africa Wiki Women’s Wikidata 14th birthday celebration]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WMRILU3a-nI&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m Wikidata Editing - an introduction with Lepidoptera data]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=h_rJ4mG7eak&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m Sandbox Session September 2026 - The Wikidata Toolbox]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=MQNfQKz3x98&amp;pp=0gcJCY8Co7VqN5tDiggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m Sandbox Session August 2026 - The Wikidata reference Validator Tool]
* Datasets:  A dataset comparing Wikipedia biographies count to UN birth estimates by country, gender, and language edition&quot;. Codeberg, 2026-07-12, https://codeberg.org/pac2/biographies-vs-births

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:GZWDer/newentity.js Script newentity.js] Generates new items (including lexemes) from the given JSON object. The tool was created by [[User:GZWDer]]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YQTPWNCTCIDO3SNDLIRNRFA2XTFFK5KR/ Upcoming changes to XML dumps]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EOG5DIAYBCYMDIJDV4CDUCWR5S2YAGSJ/ Mobile statement editing, now available to all editors]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3U5VHOU2SJ2Y72TITJZ7EUVUFDB6H6IA/ Wikimania scholarships]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14967|‎European Legislation Identifier (EU)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;EU legislation identifier for documents published by the EU, its member states and other (non-EU) countries&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14958|‎YouSaid person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14959|StoryGraph book ID]], [[:d:Property:P14960|Scholastica scholar ID]], [[:d:Property:P14961|Ohio Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P14962|Lrytas.lt topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14963|‎ISDCF studio identifier]], [[:d:Property:P14964|‎ISDCF facility identifier]], [[:d:Property:P14965|Calames  archives ID]], [[:d:Property:P14966|Hannah Arendt edition person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14968|‎Climate Policy Radar Topics]], [[:d:Property:P14970|E-CRIS.SR ID]], [[:d:Property:P14971|Demko ID]], [[:d:Property:P14972|Delfi.lt topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P14973|Beeld &amp; Geluid program ID]], [[:d:Property:P14974|Baza osób polskich ID]], [[:d:Property:P14975|‎BallotReady person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14976|swissNAMES3D ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan article|National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan article]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A reference to an article in the printed National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan, identified by its volume and page number.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/juvenile form of|juvenile form of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon (or taxa) of which instances of this item may be juveniles&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/development code|development code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;code assigned by a company or research organisation to a drug substance or product during development, before or alongside its nonproprietary name&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/part of the observance of|part of the observance of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;holiday or observation on which this tradition is observed, this item is used, or with which this character is associated&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID závodiště podle českého Jockey Clubu|ID závodiště podle českého Jockey Clubu]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/German War Memorial Website ID|German War Memorial Website ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERef Bayreuth ID|ERef Bayreuth ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EPub Bayreuth ID|EPub Bayreuth ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kansallinen Liiga player ID|Kansallinen Liiga player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SPL person ID|SPL person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon|Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inscriptions of Aphrodisias ID|Inscriptions of Aphrodisias ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Session composer ID|The Session composer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania 2021 ID|Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania 2021 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmoteket|Filmoteket]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ecocard ID|Ecocard ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kanalregister|Kanalregister]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IBA cocktail ID|IBA cocktail ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/ZijK Botched executions list]
**[https://w.wiki/dM6e Québec governments duration]
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E208|(E208) SPARQL endpoint]] - entity schema of entities with SPARQL endpoint.
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Lukion_taulukot|Project Lukion taulukot]] - aims to develop a source-based, mul vocabulary of secondary-school science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) (uses Finnish reference work ''Lukion taulukot'' as its starting corpus).
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Estonia|Project GovDirectory]] have added an [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Estonia|Estonian]] subpage.
** [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Library_and_Information_Science/Statistics|Project Library and Information Services]] added a Statistics subpage.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ethnomusicological_descriptors_-_University_of_Turin/Instruments|Project Ethnomusicological descriptors]] from the University of Turin added an Instruments subpage.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/Wikidata_Query_Help|Wikidata Query Help]] - with many database reports using the Query Service as a source, this will be a helpful page for the planned migration.

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements: We set the new mobile statement editing UI live for all mobile users
* REST API: We are finishing the work on being able to add Senses to existing Lexemes ([[phab:T432569]])
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** Wikidata entities used in this page in the Page Information ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pole_Telescope&amp;action=info#mw-pageinfo-header-properties example]) and Edit source views will now render with their local-language labels (in addition to their QID/PIDs) so it is easier to understand which Items, Properties, etc are used in an article ([[phab:T440430]])
** We are continuing to investigate the impacts of raising the entity usage limit ([[phab:T441306]])
** We are protyping wireframe versions of a new filter on Recent changes and Watchlist for Language Links under &quot;Wikidata Edits&quot; in Active Filters ([[phab:T441388]])
* hCaptcha: We started implementation work for hCaptcha on Wikidata.org ([[phab:T426089]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 20:56, 19 October 2026 (UTC)'''
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&lt;!-- Message sent by User:JosefAnthony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=31177905 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-44 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:National Day of Bhutan]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''National Day of Bhutan''' (Dzongkha: རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་དུས་ཆེན་; Wylie: rgyal yongs dus chen) known as Gyalyong Düchen is a major national event celebrated annually on 17 December in the Kingdom of Bhutan 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:05, 26 October 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata weekly summary #755 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-10-26. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#754]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Horcrux|Horcrux]] - ''RfP scheduled to end after 28 October 2026 13:29 (UTC)''
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/NDG|NDG]] - ''RfP scheduled to end after 30 October 2026 18:09 (UTC)''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Chemobot|Chemobot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add german substance name in existing wikidata entries.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/KnutuxBot|KnutuxBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add &quot;described by source&quot; (P1343) statements citing the 1925 gazetteer ''Lietuvos apgyventos vietos'' ([[Q141805965]]) to about 14,000 existing Lithuanian settlement and rural-district (valsčius) items, with page, name-as-printed and Wikisource-URL qualifiers.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AipAerobot|AipAerobot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add [[Property:P973|described at URL &lt;small&gt;(P973)&lt;/small&gt;]] (described at URL) to aerodrome items that carry [[Property:P239|ICAO airport code &lt;small&gt;(P239)&lt;/small&gt;]] (ICAO code), pointing to that aerodrome's page on aip.aero, qualified with [[Property:P407|language of work or name &lt;small&gt;(P407)&lt;/small&gt;]] (language of work or name).
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: '''''all closed as successful''' -'' [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/EZBIDsBot|EZBIDsBot]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Alex NB OT|Alex NB OT]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Wahl.de Bot|Wahl.de Bot]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/FoxfindingBot|FoxfindingBot]] and [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/OKA bot 2|OKA bot 2]]

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** 🎂 Wikidata turns 14 on 29 October! Join an event, add a birthday gift, or hop on the birthday call at 17:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1793293200 see in your own time zone]). Find everything here: [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth Birthday|Wikidata Fourteenth Birthday]]. Share with #Wikidata14 or #WikidataBirthday. See you Thursday 🥳
** [https://www.sas.ac.uk/news-events/news/ai-bridges-project-invites-organisations-submit-questions-wikidata AI-BRIDGES project invites organisations to submit questions for Wikidata]
** [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/wikidata-day-nyc-2026-tickets-2003013314744 Wikidata Day NYC 2026] - this meetup is at capacity, but anyone is welcome to join the livestream. See event for details.
** (Deutsch) [https://forschungsdaten-thueringen.de/veranstaltung/wikidata.html Share research – Basics for the participation in the Wikiverse using the example of the Gotha Research Library], a free webinar via Zoom taking place 25 November 14:00-14:30 CEST.
* Past Events: [[d:Event:Query_Service_Days_2026|Query Service Days 2026]] - catch up on all recorded sessions from the Event page.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://theartofinformation.org/2026/10/21/from-wikidata-to-axiell-collections-automating-geographic-data-for-museum-collections/ The Art of Information &quot;From Wikidata to Axiell Collections: Automating Geographic Data for Museum Collections&quot;]
* Papers:
** [preprint] ''“A Dictionary Without Its Own Database: Building an Offline-First Dagbanli Dictionary on Wikidata Lexemes”'' ([https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23601230 zenodo]). Describes the Dagbanli Dictionary, reporting data-quality findings from linking recorded speech to Lexemes and noting that two-thirds of Lexemes have only one Form and some frequent words are missing from Wikidata entirely. By Mohammed Sadat Abdulai and Mohammed Awal Alhassan
** [https://dara.ui.ac.id/en/research-output/a54df376-4658-4a08-9226-3d3d6697f3ce AC-IQuAD: Automatically Constructed Indonesian Question Answering Dataset by Leveraging Wikidata]
* Videos:
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Deus2Y5sDz8&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m Wikidata Workshop: Black Artists on Wikidata Project] - by Wiki Activate Africa, aims to improve representation and visibility of Black artists, creatives, and cultural practitioners in  global digital knowledge ecosystem.
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=b3BFgMoNRho&amp;pp=iggCQAE%3D&amp;ra=m LIVE Wikidata editing #126 Wikidata Query Service Days 2026] -  User:Ainali and User:Abbe98 will do some livestreaming (in English), and discuss how to adapt the queries of WikiProject Govdirectory and the thought process behind it.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0RBey5eKms Canvas vs SVG: drawing a Wikidata graph] No. 10 from the &quot;Building smollerGraph&quot; series.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naO2NtZX4fM EMCO Wikidata Community of Practice autumn meeting] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljoku5_-ZSM Part 2])
** (zh-TW/Chinese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEu_oKpDn2Q Wikidata Cross-Domain Forum 2026] - part of the [[d:Wikidata:Fourteenth_Birthday/Taiwan|Fourteenth Birthday events]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://mna.toolforge.org/?sort=detectedAt A Wikidata Merge Assistance] By connorshea web-based tool designed to help editors find, evaluate, and resolve duplicate items on Wikidata

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://wikidata-castles-qa.tderflinger.workers.dev Wikidata Castles QA] is a tool to see which data properties are still missing in Wikidata in the domain of castles, palaces and fortresses. Feedback welcome!

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P14982|martial arts style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;school or style of martial arts this person studied or practiced&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14984|‎has language or spelling variant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the (multilingual) label of the linked item is a a language, spelling or etymological variation of the label of this item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14988|‎biome]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;biome in which a geographical area is wholly or partly located, according to a documented ecological classification&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P14990|juvenile form of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;instances of the subject item are juveniles of one of these class(es) of organisms&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P15001|development code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;code assigned by a company or research organisation to a drug substance or product during development, before or alongside its nonproprietary name&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P14977|RETE ID]], [[:d:Property:P14978|Tabularius entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P14979|On Think Tanks Directory ID]], [[:d:Property:P14980|Mappola ID]], [[:d:Property:P14981|‎GBIF occurrence key]], [[:d:Property:P14983|NicoNicoPedia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P14985|‎German War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P14986|ERef Bayreuth ID]], [[:d:Property:P14987|EPub Bayreuth ID]], [[:d:Property:P14989|‎AbeBooks author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14991|Nederlands Fotomuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P14992|Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon]], [[:d:Property:P14993|AVN company ID]], [[:d:Property:P14994|AVN person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14995|SPL person ID]], [[:d:Property:P14996|‎Victorian Heritage Overlay Number]], [[:d:Property:P14997|Centre Delavouët catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P14998|‎The Session composer ID]], [[:d:Property:P14999|Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania 2021 ID]], [[:d:Property:P15000|Inscriptions of Aphrodisias (2007) ID]], [[:d:Property:P15002|‎Filmoteket ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/accumulated cyclone energy|accumulated cyclone energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;sum of the squared maximum sustained winds at 6-hour intervals of a tropical cyclone, a tropical cyclone season, or a time period, where the winds at that particular point in time are at least gale-force (34 knots or higher), in units of 10 kilo-square-knots (unit implied)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/full work formatter URL|full work formatter URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formatter URL for the web page containing this work; URI template from which &quot;$1&quot; can be automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items. If the site goes offline, set it to deprecated rank. If the formatter URL changes, add a new statement with preferred rank.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Key or index image|Key or index image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Secondary image which acts as an index or key to the contents of the subject image&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Montessorians ID|The Montessorians ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI Horse ID|FEI Horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IT History Forum Data Archive ID|IT History Forum Data Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Allotrope Foundation Ontology equipment ID|Allotrope Foundation Ontology equipment ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historical East German Biographies ID|Historical East German Biographies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TURKPATENT geographical indication ID|TURKPATENT geographical indication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGA ID|BGA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MEMO ID|MEMO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hong Kong Jockey Club horse ID|Hong Kong Jockey Club horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Der Spiegel sports data ID|Der Spiegel sports data ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GitHub Advisory Database ID|GitHub Advisory Database ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/exuB Japanese Ethnic Group Claims]
* Schema example: [[d:EntitySchema:E257|(E257) Politician]] - simple schema for validating a politician (occupation = Q82955)

''' Development '''
* hCaptcha support: We've added hCaptcha support to Special:Set* forms and started implementing support on Special:NewItem/Special:NewProperty forms
* Wikidata integration in the other Wikimedia projects:
** We are verifying that not bundling entity usages reduces the amount of unnecessary changes coming from Wikidata in the Recent changes and Watchlist on Wikipedia and co ([[phab:T440856]])
** We are conducting interviews and prototype testing on wireframe versions of a new filter for language link changes under &quot;Wikidata Edits&quot; in the filters on Recent changes and Watchlist

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] . [[:d:User:JosefAnthony |JosefAnthony]] [[:d:User talk:JosefAnthony|talk]] ·[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:32, 26 October 2026 (UTC)'''
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== Tech News: 2026-44 ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* An experiment launched on September 29 is testing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Experience/Reading_recommendations|article recommendations]] for new account holders who also identify as readers. By suggesting articles to read, similar to recommendations in the Wikipedia app for logged-in readers, the experiment aims to encourage new account holders to read and return to the website regularly, with the goal of increasing internal referrals by 1%. See the related [[m:Community Wishlist/W505|Community Wishlist]] proposal.
* Several Wikimedia services were taken offline last week because of a [https://www.php.net/archive/2026.php#2026-10-20-1 security vulnerability in PHP]. This is because they need to be updated before they are safe to put back online. This is not a problem just for the Wikimedia movement but affects a lot of websites. You can follow updates on [[wikitech:Incidents/2026-10-21 PHP security update/Community|Wikitech]]. Cloud VPS and Toolforge will take longer to bring back online. This is to make sure that applications which run on Cloud VPS or Toolforge are not affected. Tool developers can see updates and more information on the [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/cloud-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ Cloud-announce mailing list]. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-tools-and-services/][https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-cloud-services/]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Last week we shared]] that to measure the impact of incorporating some community-requested features on logged-out reader retention, a test for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Carousel]] feature would be pushed to logged-out readers. Due to an issue, we will be restarting the test, but it will be live on October 26, not November 20 as initially announced.

'''Updates for editors'''
* A new [[wikitech:KAPOW|bot detection system]] to better identify automated traffic that disguises itself as human visitors, is coming to the Wikimedia wikis. This might cause sudden changes to visitor statistics starting from 26 October, going back to 20 June 2026.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] which renders musical notation inside wiki pages, has been temporarily disabled on all wikis due to a security issue. Affected pages will display a notice instead of musical scores, but the underlying code remains intact. No action is needed from editors, and a fix is in progress. A separate announcement will follow when the extension is re-enabled. Read more on [[phab:T441579|Phabricator]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where CodeMirror syntax highlighter appears to have been enabled in error for existing editors has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T441308]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, October 28 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1793199600 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439703]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship and sponsorship applications for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] will close on Friday, October 30th. Submit your application [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ through Pretix] before the deadline!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 26 October 2026 (UTC)
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== This Month in Education: October 2026 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 10 • October 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/Wikipedia Education Awareness Campaign Held in Dinajpur, Bangladesh|Wikipedia Education Awareness Campaign Held in Dinajpur, Bangladesh]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/Wikimedia MKD Continues Its Educational Activities in the New School Year|Wikimedia MKD Continues Its Educational Activities in the New School Year]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/WikiLatih Bogor Méré Rohangan pikeun Diajar, Silih Bagikeun Pangaweruh, jeung Nyambungkeun Antargenerasi|WikiLatih Bogor Méré Rohangan pikeun Diajar, Silih Bagikeun Pangaweruh, jeung Nyambungkeun Antargenerasi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/Wiki Club Organise Two-Day Technical Workshop on MediaWiki Projects at St Aloysius University|Wiki Club Organise Two-Day Technical Workshop on MediaWiki Projects at St Aloysius University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/WIKI 101 learning module developed for Filipino university students|WIKI 101 learning module developed for Filipino university students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/When the Forest Changes, What Can We Learn Through Wikimedia|When the Forest Changes, What Can We Learn Through Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/Open Knowledge Course inspires students in Olomouc in writing Wikipedie articles|Open Knowledge Course inspires students in Olomouc in writing Wikipedie articles]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/New student-led Wikimedia communities expand youth participation in ESEAP|New student-led Wikimedia communities expand youth participation in ESEAP]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/Improving health-related content on Wikipedia: an initiative in Brazil|Improving health-related content on Wikipedia: an initiative in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/How EduWiki Hub Partnerships Are Building Capacity for Wikimedia Education Worldwide|How EduWiki Hub Partnerships Are Building Capacity for Wikimedia Education Worldwide]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/From the First Cohort to the Second: Learning and Teaching Wikipedia at a University in Türkiye|From the First Cohort to the Second: Learning and Teaching Wikipedia at a University in Türkiye]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/From Forgotten Pages to Living Heritage: Bikol Wikisource marks its second year|From Forgotten Pages to Living Heritage: Bikol Wikisource marks its second year]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/First workshops for Serbian students and pupils in the academic year|First workshops for Serbian students and pupils in the academic year]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/Czech seniors visited Vyšší Brod Monastery and are heading to the 10th anniversary of Senior Wikitown|Czech seniors visited Vyšší Brod Monastery and are heading to the 10th anniversary of Senior Wikitown]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2026/Auckland Museum's fourth cohort of Wiki summer students|Auckland Museum's fourth cohort of Wiki summer students]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:19, 30 October 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''The Signpost'': 1 November 2026 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/News and notes|AELECT5 concludes, a Wikimedian arrested for treason, and updates to GANs and FARs]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/Recent research|How Wikipedians use (or don't use) LLMs; experienced editors contribute more to &quot;underproduced&quot; articles than newbies]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/Disinformation report|Better bots or bothersome baby borgs?]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/In the media|Stop the internet, I was deleted]]

* News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/News from Diff|Why Wikimedia Is Speaking Up in a Major AI Copyright Case]]

* By the numbers: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/By the numbers|Wikipedian Nobel Prize 2026]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/On the bright side|Gone fishing]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/Traffic report|October, and the articles are stripped bare]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/In focus|Two Roles, One Wikimedia Education Ecosystem]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/Comix|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-11-01/Comix]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 13:52, 1 November 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-45 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:AI washing]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''AI washing''' is a deceptive marketing tactic that consists of promoting a product or a service by overstating the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and the integration of it. Companies often involve in the practice to mislead customers to boost their offerings, and to secure funding from investors. The practice raises concerns regarding transparency, and legal issues. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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== Wikidata weekly summary #756 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2026-11-02. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#755]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Horcrux|Horcrux]] - ''Closed as successful''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: 
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/CampaignCommsBot|CampaignCommsBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Add missing factual, sourced statements (identifiers, official website, party, candidacy, offices held, verified social accounts, freely licensed image) to existing items about US political candidates who use CampaignComms. Paid editing disclosed below.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Karlb42Bot|Karlb42Bot]] - '''Task/s''': Create a first sense with [[Property:P5137|item for this sense (P5137)]] on lexemes that have no senses, when the item's label or alias in the lexeme's language equals the lemma.
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/PeneBot 1|PeneBot 1]] - '''Task/s:''' Add ِPersian Wikipedia sitelinks to existing Wikidata items for French communes
**[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AcervoFilmicoBot|AcervoFilmicoBot]] - '''Task/s:''' Create items for Mexican fiction television films (later also feature films), longer than 70 minutes, that have an IMDb ID but no Wikidata item.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:Mezi bajty/Mezi bajty 1|Mezi bajty 1]] - meetup of the Czech Wikidata community in Prague and online, 11th November 17:00 - 19:00 CET (in Czech, Slovak, English)
** [https://www.gw.uni-hamburg.de/ueber-die-fakultaet/digital-humanities/dh-lab/veranstaltungen/26-11-19-hands-on-wikidata.html Hands-on workshop: Wikidata: An Open Knowledge Graph for Research and Beyond] for students and researchers. 19 November 14:15 - 15:45 CET at the DH Lab, Philturm (C2003), University of Hamburg.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs:
** ''[https://rtnf.substack.com/p/the-intersection-of-openstreetmap The intersection of OpenStreetMap and Wikidata]'' by rtnF
** (Deutsch) [[wmde:wikidata-wird-14-und-schafft-neue-wege-fuer-freies-wissen|Wikidata turns 14 and creates new ways for free knowledge]]
** [https://mollystarkdean.substack.com/p/mrs-krueger-won-again-wikidata-day My Two Favorite Holidays Collided: Halloween + Wikidata Day] - The Stark Report and organising birthday celebrations at [https://www.pratt.edu/events/wikidata-day-nyc-2026/ Wikidata NYC Day].  
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doHlmS2ARYI&amp;list=PLRlF8IYVhm58 Query Service Days 2026 (Playlist)] - catch up on any missed sessions
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7F6sM3vMQc Wikidata. Wiki, data, or neither?] by Marcin Cieślak, drawing on five years worth of observations of the Ionian Wikithon and LOD research to invite attendees to build a shared stance on teaching open data's value.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqxj3veuTIk Vandalism Detection Systems for Wikipedia and Wikidata] by Mykola Trokhymovych. Presents two projects designed to aid patrolling and vandalism detection including ''Graph2Text'' designed for Wikidata.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EKh2RKJ5tA Epistemic Practices Behind Wikidata’s Ontology Evolution] with Marcin Roszkowski. Wikidata's Ontology can and does change, who shapes and makes those decisions? This talk explores that.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dakTLF7sDE Data, Science, and Technology Talk Show 2026: Data Reuse: (AI) reusing Wikidata’s data] - (this session is in English but has a Bahasa Indoesian introduction) Alan Ang (WMDE) discusses how Wikidata is being reused in the development of AI.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wsl5JAb2LIo Repertory of Colonial Plunder] from the WiNoDa Knowledge Lab. Explores issues that arise from encoding looted cultural heritage items on digital data platforms, with three exemplary cases.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPfRebT-bBk RDA Wikibase Cloud Sandbox Demonstration 2: Creating &quot;Stub&quot; WEMI Entities with Access Points] - create initial linked data entities for a work, expression, manifestation, and item associated with a single-part manifestation.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_viTl_aGDeg RDA Wikibase Cloud Sandbox Demonstration 3: Describing Manifestations Pt. I] - describe a single-part manifestation.
* Presentations: [[c:Category:Wikidata_Query_Service_Days_2026_presentations|Query Service Days 2026]] - slides for all presentations are on Commons

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/altilunium/wd-provenance wd-provenance] : A tool that analyzes Wikidata item provenance, historical edits, deleted facts, and active contributor rankings by parsing its revision history.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P15005|‎part of the observance of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;holiday or observance during which this tradition is observed, this item is used, or this story or story element is commemorated&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P15012|‎accumulated cyclone energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;sum of the squared maximum sustained winds at 6-hour intervals of a tropical cyclone, a tropical cyclone season, or a time period, where the winds at that particular point in time are at least gale-force&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P15003|‎IBA cocktail ID]], [[:d:Property:P15004|IT History Forum Data Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P15007|BGA numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P15008|BGA ID]], [[:d:Property:P15009|‎Allotrope Foundation Ontology equipment ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Politicômetro|Politicômetro]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;politician identifier on the Politicômetro website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Derived from language|Derived from language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;language from which a lexeme is directly derived, when the source lexeme is unknown or not yet available on Wikidata&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yaayuwee ethnobotanical use|Yaayuwee ethnobotanical use]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category of traditional use of a plant taxon by the Yaayuwee people of Garoua-Boulaï, Cameroon {{!}} fr=catégorie d'usage traditionnel d'une plante par le peuple Yaayuwee de Garoua-Boulaï&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reuses footage from|reuses footage from]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;audiovisual work from which this work incorporates pre-existing moving-image footage&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name on ballot|name on ballot]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name used on the ballot for an election&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VSCO username|VSCO username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Docker Hub namespace|Docker Hub namespace]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/il Palio.Siena.it Palio ID|il Palio.Siena.it Palio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/il Palio.Siena.it jockey ID|il Palio.Siena.it jockey ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/il Palio.Siena.it person ID|il Palio.Siena.it person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ilpalio.org jockey ID|ilpalio.org jockey ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ilpalio.org Palio ID|ilpalio.org Palio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/State Catalogue of Geographical Names (Belarus) ID|State Catalogue of Geographical Names (Belarus) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VLKK given name ID|VLKK given name ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames ID|Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Austriasoccer.at football players ID|Austriasoccer.at football players ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HKeL ID|HKeL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Library authority ID|Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Library authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sraidainm ID|Sraidainm ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RNAL registration number|RNAL registration number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KEIBA.GO.JP horse ID|KEIBA.GO.JP horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/2Day Chrono-Wiki ID|2Day Chrono-Wiki ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Repertorium_Eruditorum_Totius_Europae|Project Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_GovanStones|Project GovanStones]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IrishRoundTowers|Project Irish Round Towers]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Epigraphy|Project Epigraphy]] - new data model, workshop and taster session. 

''' Development '''
* REST API:
** We added the ability to add Forms and Senses to a Lexeme when creating a Lexeme
** We are working on modifying an existing Lexeme
* hCaptcha: We are continuing to adapt the UI and APis for the upcoming rollout of hCaptcha
* Wikidata integration in the Wikimedia projects: We are doing usability tests for a new filter option for Recent changes and Watchlist to filter out changes to sitelinks
* Mobile UI: We are addressing small issues that came up after the rollout for everyone

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

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    <title>Wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον (πολιτεία)</title>
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      <text bytes="9074" sha1="secbger7rdvx9yb7luxgh9x3xhdpyq7" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεία τῶν ΗΠΑ|
Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τοῦ Νέου Ἐβοράκου|
Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of New York|
Σημεῖον=Flag of New York.svg|
Σφραγίς=Seal of New York.svg|
Ἐπωνυμίαι=The Empire State ''(Ἡ Αὐτοκρατορικὴ Πολιτεία)''|
Ἐπίγραμμα=Excelsior|
Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Μᾶλλον Μετεώρως|
Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=New York|
Πρωτεύουσα=[[wp/grc/Ἀλβανία (Νέον Ἐβόρακον)|Ἀλβανία]]|
Κυβερνήτης=[[wp/grc/Ἀνδρέας Κουῶμος|Ἀνδρέας Κουῶμος]] (R)|
Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=26 Ἰουλ. 1788 (11η)|
Συντομία=NY|
Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−05:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−04:00 θέρει)|
Ἐμβαδόν=122.057|
Μέγιστον ὕψος=1.629|
Βραχύτατον ὕψος=0|
Πλῆθος=19.453.561|
Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=159|
Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον|Νέον Ἐβόρακον]]|
Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=[[wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|Ἀγγλική]]|
Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.ny.gov/ ny.gov]}}
Τὸ '''Νέον Ἐβόρακον''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' New York {{Wp/grc/IPA|/nu ˈjɔɹk/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις ἡ [[Wp/grc/Ἀλβανία (Νέον Ἐβόρακον)|Ἀλβανία]]. Μεγίστη πόλις αὐτῆς ἐστὶ τὸ [[wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον|Νέον Ἐβόρακον]], παγκόσμιος πόλη,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf Global power city index 2009]&quot; (PDF), ''The Mori Memorial Foundation,'' 2009&lt;/ref&gt; κοινωνικὸν καὶ οἰκονομικὸν κέντρον τῆς οἰκουμένης.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130505181316/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/culture/intro.htm Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture]&quot;. The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497 New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock; essays by Dore Ashton ... [et al.]]&quot;. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.businessinsider.com/top-8-cities-by-gdp-china-vs-the-us-2011-8 Top 8 Cities by GDP: China vs. The U.S.]&quot; Business Insider, Inc. 31 Ἰουλίου 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Huw Jones (27 Ἰανουαρίου 2020). &quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-survey-banks/new-york-surges-ahead-of-brexit-shadowed-london-in-finance-survey-idUSKBN1ZQ0BE New York surges ahead of Brexit-shadowed London in finance: survey]&quot;. Reuters&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard Florida (3 Μαρτίου 2015). &quot;[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-03/the-world-s-most-economically-powerful-cities-in-2015 Sorry, London: New York Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City]&quot;. The Atlantic Monthly Group.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ἱστορία==
[[File:New Netherland 'NOVI BELGII NOVAEQUE ANGLIAE NEC NON PARTIS VIRGINIAE TABULA'.jpg|left|thumb|143x143px|Παλαιὸς πίναξ τῆς Νέας Βαταυΐας]]
Πρὸ τῆς ἀφίξεως τῶν Εὐρωπαίων τὴν χώραν οἰκοῦσι αὐτόχθονες Ὁδινοσῶνοι καὶ Ἀλγωνκουϊανοί.

Τὸν 17ον αἰῶνα, [[Wp/grc/Βαταυΐα|Βαταυοὶ]] ἄποικοι ἐποίησαν τὴν ἀποικίαν τῆς ''Νέας Βαταυΐας'' καί τινα ἐμπόρια ἀν' αὐτήν. Ἕνα τούτων ἦν τὸ ''Νέον Ἀμστελόδαμον'' ἐπὶ τῆς νήσου Μαναττίας. Ὅθ' οἱ [[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλία|Ἄγγλοι]] ἐκράτησαν τῆς χώρας, ὠνόμασαν αὐτὴν Ἐπαρχία τοῦ Νέου Ἐβοράκου, ἐπώνυμος τοῦ Δουκὸς τοῦ Ἐβοράκου μέλλοντος [[Wp/grc/Ιάκωβος Β΄ τῆς Ἀγγλίας|Βασιλέως Ἰακώβου Β]]. Προηγόρευσε τὴν αὐτῆς αὐτονομίαν τὸ 1776 καὶ ἔγραψε τὸ σύνταγμαν τῶν ΗΠΑ τὸ 1788.

== Γεωγραφία ==
[[File:Hudsonmap.png|thumb|right|182x182px|Πίναξ τοῦ [[Wp/grc/Μόαυκος Ποταμός|Μοαύκου]] καὶ τοῦ [[Wp/grc/Ὕδσων Ποταμός|Ὕδσονος]] ποταμοῦ]]
=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει τῇ ἄρκτῳ τῇ χώρᾳ τῆς [[Wp/grc/Κανάδη|Κανάδης]] καὶ ἔτι δυοῖν τῶν [[Wp/grc/Μεγάλαι Λίμναι|Μεγάλων Λιμνῶν]], τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἠρία Λίμνη|Ἠρίᾳ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ὀνταρία Λίμνη|Ὀνταρίᾳ]]. Μεταξὺ αὐτῶν κεῖνται οἱ [[Wp/grc/Καταρράκται τοῦ Νιαγάρου|Καταρράκται τοῦ Νιαγάρου]]. Τῷ νότῳ γειτνιᾷ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Πενσυλουανία|Πενσυλουανίᾳ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Νέα Καισάρεια|Νέᾳ Καισαρείᾳ]] Τῇ ἀνατολῇ γειτνιᾷ ταῖς τρισὶ τῶν τῆς Νέας Ἀγγλίας πολιτειῶν, τῇ [[Wp/grc/Κοννεκτικούτη|Κοννεκτικούτῃ]], τῇ [[Wp/grc/Μασσαχουσέττη|Μασσαχουσέττῃ]] καὶ τῷ [[Wp/grc/Χλωρὸν Ὄρος|Χλωρῷ Ὄρῳ]].

=== Ποταμοί ===
* [[Wp/grc/Ὕδσων Ποταμός|Ὕδσων]]
* [[Wp/grc/Ἅγιος Λαυρέντιος (Ποταμός)|Ἅγιος Λαυρέντιος]]
* [[Wp/grc/Μόαυκος Ποταμός|Μόαυκος]]
* [[Wp/grc/Γεννισεῖος Ποταμός|Γεννισεῖος]]

=== Νῆσοι ===
* [[Wp/grc/Μακρὰ Νῆσος|Μακρὰ Νῆσος]]
* [[Wp/grc/Στάτην Νῆσος|Στάτην Νῆσος]]
* [[Wp/grc/Μαναττία|Μαναττία]]

==Δημογραφία==
===Πόλεις===
62 πόλεις εἰσὶ τῇ Πολιτείᾳ. Κάτω γεγραμμέναι αἱ δέκα μέγιστες:&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.biggestuscities.com/ny U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New York]&quot;. ''New York—2018 Populations''.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Πόλις
!Κομητεία
!Πλῆθος
|-
|1
|[[Wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον|Νέον Ἐβόρακον]]
|Ν. Ἐβοράκου, Ῥιχμώνδης, Βασιλέως, Βασιλίσσης, Βρόγξ
|8.398.748
|-
|2
|[[Wp/grc/Βούβαλος (Νέον Ἐβόρακον)|Βούβαλος]]
|Ἠρίου
|256.304
|-
|3
|[[Wp/grc/Δυροβρίβαι|Δυροβρίβαι]]
|Μονρόου
|206.284
|-
|4
|[[Wp/grc/Ἰονκήρη|Ἰονκήρη]]
|Δυτικῆς Κεστρίας
|199.663
|-
|5
|[[Wp/grc/Συράκουσαι (Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Νεοικουμένης)|Συράκουσαι]]
|Ὀνονδάγης
|142.749
|-
|6
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀλβανία (Νέον Ἐβόρακον)|Ἀλβανία]]
|Ἀλβανίας
|97.279
|-
|7
|[[Wp/grc/Νέα Ῥυπέλλη|Νέα Ῥυπέλλη]]
|Δυτικῆς Κεστρίας
|78.742
|-
|8
|[[Wp/grc/Ὄρος Οὐέρνων|Ὄρος Οὐέρνων]]
|Δυτικῆς Κεστρίας
|67.593
|-
|9
|[[Wp/grc/Σκανεκταδία|Σκανεκταδία]]
|Σκανεκταδίας
|65.575
|-
|10
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐτίκη|Οὐτίκη]]
|Ὀνείδων
|60.100
|}

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:New York Relief 1-EDIT.jpg|Τοπογραφικὸς Πίναξ τοῦ Νέου Ἐβοράκου
File:New York Population Map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τοῦ Νέου Ἐβοράκου
File:Early Localization Native Americans NY.svg|Πίναξ εἰκάζων τὰς χώρας οἰκηθείσας ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτοχθόνων ἀμερικανῶν πρὸ τῆς ἀφίξεως τῶν [[wp/grc/Εὐρώπη|Εὐρωπαίων]]
File:Statue of Liberty, NY.jpg|Τὸ [[wp/grc/Ἄγαλμα τῆς Ἐλευθερίας|Ἄγαλμα τῆς Ἐλευθερίας]]
File:AlbanyNewYorkfromRensselaer.jpg|Ὄραμα τῆς [[Wp/grc/Ἀλβανία (Νέον Ἐβόρακον)|Ἀλβανίας]]
File:Lower Manhattan skyline - June 2017.jpg|Ὄραμα τοῦ [[wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον|Νέου Ἐβοράκου]] 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι ==
* [http://www.ny.gov/  Ό τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|New York (state)|τοῦ Νέου Ἐβοράκου}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον (Πολιτεία)|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1384}}</text>
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|Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τῆς Ἰνδιανῆς
|Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of Indiana
|Σημεῖον=Flag of Indiana.svg
|Σφραγίς=Indiana-StateSeal.svg
|Ἐπωνυμίαι=The Hoosier State
|Ἐπίγραμμα=The Crossroads of America
|Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Ἀμερικῆς Τριοδία
|Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=Indiana
|Πρωτεύουσα=[[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανάπολις|Ἰνδιανάπολις]]
|Κυβερνήτης=[[Wp/grc/Ἑρρῖκος Ὁλκόμβος|Ἑρρῖκος Ὁλκόμβος]] (R)
|Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=11 Δεκ. 1816 (19η)
|Συντομία=IN
|Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−06:00-05:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−05:00-04:00 θέρει)
|Ἐμβαδόν=92.789
|Μέγιστον ὕψος=383
|Βραχύτατον ὕψος=97
|Πλῆθος=6.732.219
|Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=70,7
|Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανάπολις|Ἰνδιανάπολις]]
|Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=Ἀγγλική
|Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.in.gov/ in.gov]}}
Ἡ '''Ἰνδιανὴ''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' Indiana {{Wp/grc/IPA|/ˌɪndiˈænə/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις καὶ μεγίστη πόλις ἡ [[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανάπολις|Ἰνδιανάπολις]].

== Γεωγραφία ==

=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει τῇ ἄρκτῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανὴ Λίμνη|Μισιγανῇ Λίμνῃ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή|Μισιγανῇ]], τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἰλλινοισία|Ἰλλινοισίᾳ]], τῇ ἀνατολῇ τῷ [[Wp/grc/Ὀῗον|Ὀΐῳ]] καὶ τῷ νότῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Κεντακία|Κεντακίᾳ]].

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:Angel mound with turret HRoe 2008.jpg|Τῦμβος τῶν Ἰθαγενῶν
File:Indiana population map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τῆς Ἰνδιανῆς
File:Campo de maiz, Walker, Indiana, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-20, DD 03.jpg|Ἡ πολιτεία πολλὰ σῖτα φύει
File:Indianapolis-1872528.jpg|Ὄραμα τῆς [[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανάπολις|Ἰνδιαναπόλεως]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι  ==
* [http://www.in.gov/  Ό τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|Indiana|τῆς Ἰνδιανῆς}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{Wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανή|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ινδιανη}}

{{INTERWIKI|Q1415}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/grc/Μιννεσώτα</title>
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|Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τῆς Μιννεσώτης
|Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of Minnesota
|Σημεῖον=Flag of Minnesota.svg
|Σφραγίς=Seal of Minnesota (1983–2024).svg
|Ἐπωνυμίαι=Land of 10,000 Lakes ''(Πολιτεία τῶν Μυρίων Λιμνῶν)'', North Star State ''(Πολιτεία τοῦ Βορείου Ἀστέρος)''
|Ἐπίγραμμα=L'Étoile du Nord 
|Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Βορρᾶ Ἄστρον
|Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=Minnesota
|Πρωτεύουσα=[[Wp/grc/Ἁγία Παυλούπολις (Μιννεσώτα)|Ἁγία Παυλούπολις]]
|Κυβερνήτης=[[Wp/grc/Τιμόθεος Οὐάλσος|Τιμόθεος Οὐάλσος]] (DFL)
|Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=11 Μαΐ. 1858 (32η)
|Συντομία=MN
|Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−06:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−05:00 θέρει)
|Ἐμβαδόν=206.232
|Μέγιστον ὕψος=701
|Βραχύτατον ὕψος=183
|Πλῆθος=5.639.632
|Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=26,6
|Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[Wp/grc/Μιννεάπολις|Μιννεάπολις]]
|Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=Ἀγγλική
|Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.mn.gov/ mn.gov]}}
Ἡ '''Μιννεσώτα''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' Minnesota {{Wp/grc/IPA|/ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις ἡ [[Wp/grc/Ἁγία Παυλούπολις (Μιννεσώτα)|Ἁγία Παυλούπολις]].

== Γεωγραφία ==

=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει τῇ ἄρκτῳ τῇ χώρᾳ τῆς [[Wp/grc/Κανάδη|Κανάδης]], τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Βόρειος Δακώτα|Βορείῳ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Νότιος Δακώτα|Νοτίῳ Δακώτῃ]], τῇ ἀνατολῇ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Οὐισκωνσινία|Οὐισκωνσινίᾳ]] καὶ τῷ νότῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἴουα|Ἰούᾳ]].

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:MendotaBridge8.jpg|Γέφυρα ὑπὲρ τοῦ Μιννεσώτου ποταμοῦ
File:Minnesota population map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τῆς Μιννεσώτης
File:Pf026012.jpg|Ἰθαγενεῖς γυναῖκες ἐν μικρᾷ νηΐ (1900)
File:Minneapolis skyline from Prospect Park Water Tower, July 2014.jpg|Ὄραμα τῆς [[Wp/grc/Μιννεάπολις|Μιννεαπόλεως]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι  ==
* [http://www.mn.gov/  Ό τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|Minnesota|τῆς Μιννεσώτης}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{Wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Μιννεσώτα|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1527}}</text>
      <sha1>q57z23q86j0sbxdeil6fixayl3trbbx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/grc/Πενσυλουανία</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>406211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382245</id>
      <parentid>5599632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Γεωγραφία */</comment>
      <origin>7382245</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3389" sha1="gtnf9e8rce5kncog1ozqscvjqqx3fpl" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεία τῶν ΗΠΑ|
|Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τῆς Πενσυλουανίας
|Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of Pennsylvania
|Σημεῖον=Flag of Pennsylvania.svg
|Σφραγίς=Seal of Pennsylvania.svg
|Ἐπωνυμίαι=Keystone State ''(Ἡ Πολιτεία Ὀμφαλός)'', Quacker State ''(Πολιτεία τῶν Κουακέρων)''
|Ἐπίγραμμα=Virtue, Liberty and Independence
|Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Ἀρετή, Ἐλευθερία καὶ Αὐτονομία
|Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=Pennsylvania
|Μητρόπολις=[[wp/grc/Ἁρρισβοῦργον (Πενσυλουανία)|Ἁρρισβοῦργον]]
|Κυβερνήτης=[[wp/grc/Θωμᾶς Οὐόλφος|Θωμᾶς Οὐόλφος]] (D)
|Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=12 Νοε. 1787 (2η)
|Συντομία=PA
|Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−05:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−04:00 θέρει)
|Ἐμβαδόν=115.883
|Μέγιστον ὕψος=979
|Βραχύτατον ὕψος=0
|Πλῆθος=12.801.989
|Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=110
|Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[wp/grc/Φιλαδέλφεια (Πενσυλουανία)|Φιλαδέλφεια]]
|Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=Οὐδεμία
|Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.pa.gov/ pa.gov]}}
Ἡ '''Πενσυλουανία''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' Pennsylvania {{Wp/grc/IPA|/ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις τὸ [[wp/grc/Ἁρρισβοῦργον (Πενσυλουανία)|Ἁρρισβοῦργον]].

== Γεωγραφία ==

=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει ταῖσδε τῶν πολιτειῶν: τῷ [[Wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον (πολιτεία)|Νέῳ Ἐβοράκῳ]], τῇ [[Wp/grc/Δελαυέρη|Δελαυέρῃ]], τῇ [[Wp/grc/Νέα Καισάρεια|Νέᾳ Καισαρείᾳ]], τῇ [[Wp/grc/Γῆ Μαριάμ|Γῇ Μαριάμ]], τῇ [[Wp/grc/Δυτικὴ Οὐιργινία|Δυτικῇ Οὐιργινίᾳ]], τῷ [[Wp/grc/Ὀῗον|Ὀΐῳ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἠρία Λίμνη|Ἠρίᾳ Λίμνῃ]].

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:Edward Hicks - Penn's Treaty.jpeg|Γουλιέλμος Πέννος σπένδεται τοῖς αὐτοχθόνοις
File:Pennsylvania population map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τῆς Πενσυλουανίας
File:Flickr - Nicholas T - Endless Mountains Landscape (1).jpg|Ἡ Πενσυλουανία ἐν ὀπώρᾳ
File:Philadelphia from South Street Bridge July 2016 panorama 1.jpg|Ὄραμα τῆς [[wp/grc/Φιλαδέλφεια (Πενσυλουανία)|Φιλαδελφείας]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι  ==
* [http://www.pa.gov/  Ό τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|Pennsylvania|τῆς Πενσυλουανίας}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Πενσυλουανία|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1400}}</text>
      <sha1>gtnf9e8rce5kncog1ozqscvjqqx3fpl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/grc/Ὀῗον</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>408894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382243</id>
      <parentid>6298722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:51:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Γεωγραφία */</comment>
      <origin>7382243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3930" sha1="if2vgfn272vgfu4px7dsgspcjh6x5io" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεία τῶν ΗΠΑ|
|Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τοῦ Ὀΐου
|Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of Ohio
|Σημεῖον=Flag of Ohio.svg
|Σφραγίς=Seal of Ohio (B&amp;W).svg
|Ἐπωνυμίαι=The Buckeye State, Birthplace of Aviation ''(Γενέθλιος χώρα τῆς ἀεροπορίας)'', Mother of presidents ''(Μήτηρ Προέδρων)''
|Ἐπίγραμμα=With God, all things are possible
|Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Σὺν Θεῷ τὰ πάντα δυνατά
|Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=Ohio
|Πρωτεύουσα=[[wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβούπολις]]
|Κυβερνήτης=[[wp/grc/Μιχαὴλ Οὐινέιος |Μιχαὴλ Οὐινέιος]] (R)
|Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=01 Μαρ. 1803 (17η)
|Συντομία=OH
|Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−05:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−04:00 θέρει)
|Ἐμβαδόν=105.829	
|Μέγιστον ὕψος=472
|Βραχύτατον ὕψος=139
|Πλῆθος=11.689.100
|Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=109
|Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβούπολις]]
|Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=Οὐδεμία
|Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.ohio.gov/ ohio.gov]}}

Τὸ '''Ὀῗον''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' Ohio {{Wp/grc/IPA|/oʊˈhaɪoʊ/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις καὶ μεγίστη πόλις ἡ [[Wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβούπολις]].

==Ἔτυμον==
Ἡ πολιτεία ἐπώνυμος τοῦ [[Wp/grc/Ὀῗος|Ὀΐου Ποταμοῦ]] ὃς λαμβάνει ἐκ τῆς τῶν Σενκάων λέξεως ''ohiːyo''' σημαίνουσα «ἀγαθὸς ποταμὸς» ἢ «μεγάλος ποταμός».&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Welcome_To_Ohio_History_Central Quick Facts About the State of Ohio]&quot;. Ohio History Central.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mithun, Marianne (1999). &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&amp;pg=PA311 Borrowing]&quot;. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. σελ. 311–3. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Γεωγραφία ==

=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει τῇ ἄρκτῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή|Μισιγανῇ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἠρία Λίμνη|ἠρίᾳ Λίμνῃ]], τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Πενσυλουανία|Πενσυλουανίᾳ]], τῇ ἀνατολῇ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανή|Ἰνδιανῇ]] καὶ τῷ νότῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Κεντακία|Κεντακίᾳ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Δυτικὴ Οὐιργινία|Δυτικῇ Οὐιργινίᾳ]].

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:Lake Erie Land's End.jpg|Αἰγιαλός τις παρὰ τῇ [[wp/grc/Ἤριος Λίμνη|Ἠρίῳ Λίμνῃ]]
File:Ohio population map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τοῦ Ὀΐου
File:Cincinnati I.jpg|Ζωγράφημα τῆς [[wp/grc/Κιγκινατία|Κιγκινατίας]]
File:Columbus Skyline as seen from Children's Hospital.JPG|Ὄραμα τῆς [[Wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβουπόλεως]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι  ==
* [http://www.ohio.gov/  Ὁ τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|Ohio|τοῦ Ὀΐου}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Ὀῗον|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Οῗον}}

{{INTERWIKI|Q1397}}</text>
      <sha1>if2vgfn272vgfu4px7dsgspcjh6x5io</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382244</id>
      <parentid>7382243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:51:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ὅροι */</comment>
      <origin>7382244</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3930" sha1="8f3oaoynyufeqt4hqs9gw0cwx87kive" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεία τῶν ΗΠΑ|
|Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τοῦ Ὀΐου
|Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of Ohio
|Σημεῖον=Flag of Ohio.svg
|Σφραγίς=Seal of Ohio (B&amp;W).svg
|Ἐπωνυμίαι=The Buckeye State, Birthplace of Aviation ''(Γενέθλιος χώρα τῆς ἀεροπορίας)'', Mother of presidents ''(Μήτηρ Προέδρων)''
|Ἐπίγραμμα=With God, all things are possible
|Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Σὺν Θεῷ τὰ πάντα δυνατά
|Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=Ohio
|Πρωτεύουσα=[[wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβούπολις]]
|Κυβερνήτης=[[wp/grc/Μιχαὴλ Οὐινέιος |Μιχαὴλ Οὐινέιος]] (R)
|Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=01 Μαρ. 1803 (17η)
|Συντομία=OH
|Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−05:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−04:00 θέρει)
|Ἐμβαδόν=105.829	
|Μέγιστον ὕψος=472
|Βραχύτατον ὕψος=139
|Πλῆθος=11.689.100
|Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=109
|Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβούπολις]]
|Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=Οὐδεμία
|Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.ohio.gov/ ohio.gov]}}

Τὸ '''Ὀῗον''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' Ohio {{Wp/grc/IPA|/oʊˈhaɪoʊ/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις καὶ μεγίστη πόλις ἡ [[Wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβούπολις]].

==Ἔτυμον==
Ἡ πολιτεία ἐπώνυμος τοῦ [[Wp/grc/Ὀῗος|Ὀΐου Ποταμοῦ]] ὃς λαμβάνει ἐκ τῆς τῶν Σενκάων λέξεως ''ohiːyo''' σημαίνουσα «ἀγαθὸς ποταμὸς» ἢ «μεγάλος ποταμός».&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Welcome_To_Ohio_History_Central Quick Facts About the State of Ohio]&quot;. Ohio History Central.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mithun, Marianne (1999). &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&amp;pg=PA311 Borrowing]&quot;. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. σελ. 311–3. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Γεωγραφία ==

=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει τῇ ἄρκτῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή|Μισιγανῇ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἠρία Λίμνη|Ἠρίᾳ Λίμνῃ]], τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Πενσυλουανία|Πενσυλουανίᾳ]], τῇ ἀνατολῇ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανή|Ἰνδιανῇ]] καὶ τῷ νότῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Κεντακία|Κεντακίᾳ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Δυτικὴ Οὐιργινία|Δυτικῇ Οὐιργινίᾳ]].

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:Lake Erie Land's End.jpg|Αἰγιαλός τις παρὰ τῇ [[wp/grc/Ἤριος Λίμνη|Ἠρίῳ Λίμνῃ]]
File:Ohio population map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τοῦ Ὀΐου
File:Cincinnati I.jpg|Ζωγράφημα τῆς [[wp/grc/Κιγκινατία|Κιγκινατίας]]
File:Columbus Skyline as seen from Children's Hospital.JPG|Ὄραμα τῆς [[Wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβουπόλεως]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι  ==
* [http://www.ohio.gov/  Ὁ τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|Ohio|τοῦ Ὀΐου}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Ὀῗον|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Οῗον}}

{{INTERWIKI|Q1397}}</text>
      <sha1>8f3oaoynyufeqt4hqs9gw0cwx87kive</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/grc/Μισιγανή</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>437588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382235</id>
      <parentid>5599185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:47:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3500" sha1="1rvse841mdbqa2zsn9t8qqgyys4u2j1" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεία τῶν ΗΠΑ|
|Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τῆς Μισιγανῆς
|Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of Michigan
|Σημεῖον=Flag of Michigan.svg
|Σφραγίς=Seal of Michigan.svg
|Ἐπωνυμίαι=The Great Lakes State ''(Πολιτεία τῶν Μεγάλων Λιμνῶν)'', Water/Winter Wonderland ''(Πολιτεία Ὑδάτων/Χειμῶνος)''
|Ἐπίγραμμα=Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice
|Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Εἴπερ ἠδεῖαν χερσόνησον ζητεῖς, ἰδὲ περί σε.
|Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=Michigan
|Πρωτεύουσα=[[Wp/grc/Λανσίγγη|Λανσίγγη]]
|Κυβερνήτης=[[Wp/grc/Λαύρα Κελλία|Λαύρα Κελλία]] (D)
|Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=26 Ἰαν. 1837 (26η)
|Συντομία=MI
|Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−06:00-05:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−05:00-04:00 θέρει)
|Ἐμβαδόν=146.435
|Μέγιστον ὕψος=603
|Βραχύτατον ὕψος=147
|Πλῆθος=9.986.857
|Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=67,1
|Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[Wp/grc/Δητρόϊτον|Δητρόϊτον]]
|Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=Οὐδεμία
|Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.michigan.gov/ michigan.gov]}}
Ἡ '''Μισιγανή''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' Michigan {{Wp/grc/IPA|/ˈmɪʃɪɡən/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις ἡ [[Wp/grc/Λανσίγγη|Λανσίγγη]].

== Γεωγραφία ==
Ἡ πολιτεία κεχωρισμένη δίχα ἐστὶ εἰς δύο χερσονήσους (ὧν γ' ἡ κάτω ὁμοία χειρεῖδι) ὑπὸ πορθμοῦ.

=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει τῇ ἄρκτῳ τῇ χώρᾳ τῆς [[Wp/grc/Κανάδη|Κανάδης]], τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Οὐισκωνσινία|Οὐισκωνσινίᾳ]] καὶ τῷ νότῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανή|Ἰνδιανῇ]] καὶ τῷ [[Wp/grc/Ὀῗον|Ὀΐῳ]]. Πέριξ αὐτῆς κατοικοῦσι τέσσαρες τῶν [[Wp/grc/Μεγάλαι Λίμναι|Μεγάλων Λιμνῶν]]: ἡ [[Wp/grc/Ἠρία Λίμνη|Ἠρία]], ἡ [[Wp/grc/Ἀνωτἐρα Λίμνη|Ἀνωτέρα]], ἡ [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανὴ Λίμνη|Μισιγανή]] καὶ [[Wp/grc/Οὑρονία Λίμνη|Οὑρονία]].

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:Lake Michigan Sleeping Bear Dunes.jpg|Αἰγιαλοὶ παρὰ τῇ ἄνω χερσονήσῳ
File:Michigan population map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τῆς Μισιγανῆς
File:Lawyers Club.jpg|Πανεπιστήμιον τῆς Μισιγανῆς
File:Detroit Skyline 1942d.jpg|Ὄραμα τοῦ [[Wp/grc/Δητρόϊτον|Δητροΐτου]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι  ==
* [http://www.michigan.gov/  Ό τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|Michigan|τῆς Μισιγανῆς}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{Wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγανή|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1166}}</text>
      <sha1>1rvse841mdbqa2zsn9t8qqgyys4u2j1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382237</id>
      <parentid>7382235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:47:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>PastelKos moved page [[Wp/grc/Μισιγάνη]] to [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3500" sha1="1rvse841mdbqa2zsn9t8qqgyys4u2j1" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεία τῶν ΗΠΑ|
|Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τῆς Μισιγανῆς
|Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of Michigan
|Σημεῖον=Flag of Michigan.svg
|Σφραγίς=Seal of Michigan.svg
|Ἐπωνυμίαι=The Great Lakes State ''(Πολιτεία τῶν Μεγάλων Λιμνῶν)'', Water/Winter Wonderland ''(Πολιτεία Ὑδάτων/Χειμῶνος)''
|Ἐπίγραμμα=Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice
|Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Εἴπερ ἠδεῖαν χερσόνησον ζητεῖς, ἰδὲ περί σε.
|Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=Michigan
|Πρωτεύουσα=[[Wp/grc/Λανσίγγη|Λανσίγγη]]
|Κυβερνήτης=[[Wp/grc/Λαύρα Κελλία|Λαύρα Κελλία]] (D)
|Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=26 Ἰαν. 1837 (26η)
|Συντομία=MI
|Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−06:00-05:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−05:00-04:00 θέρει)
|Ἐμβαδόν=146.435
|Μέγιστον ὕψος=603
|Βραχύτατον ὕψος=147
|Πλῆθος=9.986.857
|Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=67,1
|Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[Wp/grc/Δητρόϊτον|Δητρόϊτον]]
|Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=Οὐδεμία
|Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.michigan.gov/ michigan.gov]}}
Ἡ '''Μισιγανή''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' Michigan {{Wp/grc/IPA|/ˈmɪʃɪɡən/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις ἡ [[Wp/grc/Λανσίγγη|Λανσίγγη]].

== Γεωγραφία ==
Ἡ πολιτεία κεχωρισμένη δίχα ἐστὶ εἰς δύο χερσονήσους (ὧν γ' ἡ κάτω ὁμοία χειρεῖδι) ὑπὸ πορθμοῦ.

=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει τῇ ἄρκτῳ τῇ χώρᾳ τῆς [[Wp/grc/Κανάδη|Κανάδης]], τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Οὐισκωνσινία|Οὐισκωνσινίᾳ]] καὶ τῷ νότῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανή|Ἰνδιανῇ]] καὶ τῷ [[Wp/grc/Ὀῗον|Ὀΐῳ]]. Πέριξ αὐτῆς κατοικοῦσι τέσσαρες τῶν [[Wp/grc/Μεγάλαι Λίμναι|Μεγάλων Λιμνῶν]]: ἡ [[Wp/grc/Ἠρία Λίμνη|Ἠρία]], ἡ [[Wp/grc/Ἀνωτἐρα Λίμνη|Ἀνωτέρα]], ἡ [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανὴ Λίμνη|Μισιγανή]] καὶ [[Wp/grc/Οὑρονία Λίμνη|Οὑρονία]].

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:Lake Michigan Sleeping Bear Dunes.jpg|Αἰγιαλοὶ παρὰ τῇ ἄνω χερσονήσῳ
File:Michigan population map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τῆς Μισιγανῆς
File:Lawyers Club.jpg|Πανεπιστήμιον τῆς Μισιγανῆς
File:Detroit Skyline 1942d.jpg|Ὄραμα τοῦ [[Wp/grc/Δητρόϊτον|Δητροΐτου]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι  ==
* [http://www.michigan.gov/  Ό τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|Michigan|τῆς Μισιγανῆς}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{Wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγανή|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1166}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Incubator:Main Page/su</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>437673</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>2585031</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="9167" sha1="obw80j91rrcfj7v1dlhla9s2dttugn1" xml:space="preserve"> {{noexternallanglinks}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Incubator:Main Page/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;small&gt;You can read this page in other languages. The language menu is [[#languages|here]].&lt;/small&gt;''
&lt;div class=&quot;mainpage-box&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;mf-welcome&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia logo family complete-current.svg|180px|right|Yayasan Wikimédia]]
&lt;h1 style=&quot;border-bottom: none;&quot;&gt;Wilujeng sumping di Inkubator Wikimédia!&lt;/h1&gt;
Ieu téh '''[[Special:MyLanguage/I:About|Inkubator Wikimédia]]''', tempat proyék-proyék poténsial Wikimédia dina vérsi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia|Wikipédia]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikibooks|Wikipustaka]], [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikiquote|Wikicutatan]], [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiktionary|Wikikamus]] sarta [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikivoyage|Wikiwisata]] basa kakara bisa direncanakeun, dieusi, diuji, sarta dibuktikeun meujeuhna pikeun dipangnyieunkeun ku [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimédia Foundation]].

Sanajan wiki uji coba ieu tacan ngabogaan wiki maranéhanana sorangan, Anjeun bisa makéna di dieu sarua kawas Anjeun makéna di proyék Wikimédia séjénna.

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;
Vérsi basa anyar ti [[m:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] sumangga ngarujuk ka [[betawikiversity:|Béta Wikiversity]], sarta [[m:Wikisource|Wikisource]] ka [[oldwikisource:|Old Wikisource]].
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;
Anjeun teu bisa ngamimitian proyek anyar ti scratch, anjeun ngan bisa ngamimitian édisi basa anyar tina hiji proyék aya. Lamun hayang nyieun proyek anyar, mangga buka [[meta:proposals for new projects|proposals for new projects page]], atawa tingali [[m:Wikispore|Wikispore]] lamun anjeun hayang nyieun pilot.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;clear: both; display: none;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!--

          WIKIS a.k.a. INCUBATING WIKIS a.k.a. TEST WIKIS a.k.a. TEST LANGUAGES a.k.a. DEVELOPMENT WIKIS a.k.a. ... :-)

--&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;mainpage-wikis&quot; class=&quot;mainpage-box&quot;&gt;
=== [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Wikis| Wiki anu diinkubasi]] ===
&lt;!--&lt;div id=&quot;mf-search&quot;&gt;
{{Special:SearchWiki}}
&lt;/div&gt;--&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks editsection&quot;&gt;[[{{fullurl:Incubator:Featured wikis|action=edit}} {{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}]]&lt;/div&gt;
Di handap ieu nyaéta sawatara wiki aktip:
{{Incubator:Featured wikis}}
&lt;div id=&quot;mf-allwikis&quot; style=&quot;font-size:115%; padding:.2em;&quot;&gt;''Pikeun daptar lengkep wiki di Wikimédia Incubator, tingali '''[[Special:MyLanguage/I:Wikis|Incubator:Wikis]]'''.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!--

                           HOW TO USE THIS WIKI &amp; NEWS

--&gt;
{| style=&quot;padding:0; margin:0; width:100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;mainpage-box&quot; style=&quot;width:55%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
==== Kumaha ngamimitian wiki test anyar ====
Lamun Anjeun di dieu pikeun mitembeyan édisi basa anyar ti hiji proyék, Anjeun bisa meunangkeun kabéh informasi di [[Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manual|Pitulung:Manual]]. Ménta maca leuwih tiheula [[Special:MyLanguage/I:Policy|kawijakan]].

Sawatara aturan penting:

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;
* Anjeun peryogi [[I:ISO 639|kode basa]] anu sah (dijelaskeun dina [[Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manual|pituduh]]), upami anjeun teu gaduh, anjeun tiasa ngalamar pikeun meunangkeun kodeu, atanapi nganggo wiki non-Wikimedia [https://incubator.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page Incubator Plus 2.0].
* Ngamimitian wiki uji di dieu henteu hartosna yén éta bakal otomatis ditarima ku Wikimedia; Anjeun kedah nampi éta ku [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Panitia Basa]] heula. Tingali [[m:Paménta basa anyar|kaca paménta basa anyar]] pikeun inpormasi anu langkung lengkep.
* Punten hormat konvénsi pangaranan pikeun basa tés, pikeun ngabantosan migrasi halaman ka hareup kana proyék wiki nyata. Sadaya halaman uji anjeun (kalebet témplat sareng kategori) kedah dingaranan sacara unik (ku ngagunakeun) sareng konsistén.
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Kumaha cara berkontribusi ka wiki uji coba di Incubator? ====
Lamun Anjeun ngabogaan kanyaho ngeunaan hiji basa anu ayeuna ngabogaan wiki uji coba di dieu, Anjeun &lt;u&gt;pohara diharepkeun&lt;/u&gt; pikeun berkontribusi ka dina wiki uji coba kasebut.

Ménta bikeun préfiks anu bener pikeun kabéh halaman anu Anjeun jieun. [[I:PREFIX|Informasi saterusna ngeunaan préfiks]].
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;width:3%;&quot; | 
| class=&quot;mainpage-box&quot; style=&quot;width:42%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks editsection&quot;&gt;[[{{fullurl:Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:News|action=edit}} {{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}]]&lt;/div&gt;
====  [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:News|{{msg|currentevents|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]] ====
{{msg|News|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|local|ns=Incubator}}
|-
| style=&quot;height:25px;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;mainpage-box&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
'''Kontak/Pitulung:'''
* [[Incubator:Community Portal|Portal masarakat]], pikeun sadaya patarosan
* [ircs://irc.libera.chat/wikimedia-incubator Kanal IRC #wikimedia-incubator] (&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://kiwiirc.com/nextclient/irc.libera.chat/?#wikimedia-incubator obrol sacara éksternal]&lt;/span&gt;)
|}
&lt;!--

                           SISTER PROJECTS

--&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;mainpage-sisterprojects&quot; class=&quot;mainpage-box&quot;&gt;
=== [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Wikimedia projects|Proyék sawargi]] ===
[[m:Wikimedia|Yayasan Wikimédia]] ngajalankeun sababaraha proyék [[w:Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination|multibasa]] jeung [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights|kontén-bébas]]:
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterprojects&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikipedia-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[w:su:Tepas|'''Wikipédia''']]&lt;br /&gt;Énsiklopédi bébas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wiktionary&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[wikt:su:Tepas|'''Wikikamus''']]&lt;br /&gt;Kamus jeung tésaurus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikisource&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[s:su:Tepas|'''Wikisource''']]&lt;br /&gt;Pabukon kontén-bébas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikiquote&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[q:su:Tepas|'''Wikiquote''']]&lt;br /&gt;Kumpulan cutatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikibooks&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[b:su:Tepas|'''Wikipustaka''']]&lt;br /&gt;Pustaka jeung manual bébas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikiversity&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[v:su:Wikiversity:Tepas|'''Wikiversity''']]&lt;br /&gt;Bahan diajar jeung kagiatan bébas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikivoyage&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[wikivoyage:su:Wikivoyage:Tepas|'''Wikivoyage''']]&lt;br /&gt;Panduan nyaba daring bébas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikispecies-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikispecies&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[wikispecies:Tepas|'''Wikispecies''']]&lt;br /&gt;Diréktori spésiés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikidata&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[wikidata:Wikidata:Tepas|'''Wikidata''']]&lt;br /&gt;Basis pangaweruh bébas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[commons:Tepas|'''Wikimedia Commons''']]&lt;br /&gt;Gudang média balaréa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Meta-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[m:Tepas|'''Meta-Wiki''']]&lt;br /&gt;Koordinasi proyék Wikimédia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:|'''MediaWiki''']]&lt;br /&gt;Wiki software development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wminc-mainpage-sisterproject&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;[[File:Wikifunctions-logo.svg|35x35px|&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikifunctions&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[f:|'''Wikifunctions''']]&lt;br /&gt;Library of functions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span id=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;languages/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Main Page||/{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]]
[[Category:Incubator:(all)| ]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    <title>Translations:Incubator:Main Page/3/su</title>
    <ns>1198</ns>
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        <id>2585031</id>
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      <text bytes="342" sha1="76u2i9p6uzyl4oexz10qj1iapaer8pr" xml:space="preserve">Ieu téh '''[[$1|Inkubator Wikimédia]]''', tempat proyék-proyék poténsial Wikimédia dina vérsi [[$wp|Wikipédia]], [[$wb|Wikipustaka]], [[$wq|Wikicutatan]], [[$wikt|Wikikamus]] sarta [[$voy|Wikiwisata]] basa kakara bisa direncanakeun, dieusi, diuji, sarta dibuktikeun meujeuhna pikeun dipangnyieunkeun ku [[$wmf|Wikimédia Foundation]].</text>
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    <title>Wp/grc/Οὐισκωνσινία</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Γεωγραφία */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3312" sha1="0vx7oppqzaebqvb6alrvvlpq2rsr9wj" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεία τῶν ΗΠΑ|
|Ὄνομα τῆς Πολιτείας=Πολιτεία τῆς Οὐισκωνσινίας
|Ὄνομα τῇ ἑκείνων γλώσσᾳ=State of Wisconsin
|Σημεῖον=Flag of Wisconsin.svg
|Σφραγίς=Seal of Wisconsin.svg
|Ἐπωνυμίαι=Badger State ''(Πολιτεία Καστόρων)'', America's Dairyland ''(Χώρα Γάλακτος τῆς Ἀμερικῆς)''
|Ἐπίγραμμα=Forward
|Ἐπίγραμμα ἑλληνιστί=Πρόσω
|Ἁπλοῦν ὄνομα ἀγγλιστί=Wisconsin
|Πρωτεύουσα=[[wp/grc/Μαδισωνία (Οὐισκωνσινία)|Μαδισωνία]]
|Κυβερνήτης=[[wp/grc/Ἀντώνιος Ἐούερος|Ἀντώνιος Ἐούερος]] (D)
|Εἴσοδος τῇ ἑνώσει=29 Μαΐ. 1848 (30η)
|Συντομία=WI
|Ζώνη Ὥρας=UTC−06:00&lt;br&gt;(UTC−05:00 θέρει)
|Ἐμβαδόν=140.268
|Μέγιστον ὕψος=595
|Βραχύτατον ὕψος=176
|Πλῆθος=5.822.434
|Πυκνότης  Πλήθους=40,6
|Μέγιστη Πόλις=[[wp/grc/Μιλουαύχη|Μιλουαύχη]]
|Δημόσιαι γλῶσσαι=Οὐδεμία
|Ἱστοσελίδα=[http://www.wisconsin.gov/ wisconsin.gov]}}
Ἡ '''Οὐισκωνσινία''' (''[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγλικὴ γλῶττα|ἀγγλιστί]]:'' Wisconsin {{Wp/grc/IPA|/wɪˈskɒnsɪn/}}) ἐστὶ πολιτεία τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] ἧς ἡ μητρόπολις ἡ [[wp/grc/Μαδισωνία (Οὐισκωνσινία)|Μαδισωνία]].

== Γεωγραφία ==

=== Ὅροι ===
Γειτνιάει τῇ ἄρκτῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή|Μισιγανῇ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἀνωτέρα Λίμνη|Ἀνωτέρᾳ Λίμνῃ]], τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Μιννεσώτα|Μιννεσώτῃ]] καὶ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἴουα|Ἰούᾳ]], τῇ ἀνατολῇ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανὴ Λίμνη|Μισιγανῇ Λίμνῃ]] καὶ τῷ νότῳ τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἰλλινοισία|Ἰλλινοισίᾳ]].

==Πινακοθήκη==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
File:Little White Schoolhouse Ripon Wisconsin Feb 2012.jpg|Ὁ Σμικρὸς Λευκὸς Φωλεὸς οὗ ἱδρύθη ἡ Ῥησπουβλικὴ Ἑταιρία
File:Wisconsin population map.png|Πίναξ πλήθους τῆς Οὐισκωνσινίας
File:Chase Stone Barn - Green Grass.jpg|Ἡ Daniel E. Krause Stone Καλιὰ ἣ ἐκτίσθη ὅτ' ἦρξε ἡ βιομηχανία γάλακτος, τυροῦ καὶ βουτύρου ἐν τῇ πολιτείᾳ
File:Milwaukeedowntown.jpg|Ὄραμα τῆς [[wp/grc/Μιλουαύχη|Μιλουαύχης]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Πηγαί==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι  ==
* [http://www.wisconsin.gov/  Ό τῆς πολιτείας σύνδεσμος] 

{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|Wisconsin|τῆς Οὐισκωνσινίας}}
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
{{wp/grc/Ἔκτασις-Γεωγραφία}}

[[Category:Wp/grc/Οὐισκωνσινία|!]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1537}}</text>
      <sha1>0vx7oppqzaebqvb6alrvvlpq2rsr9wj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Mai T Bang</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>612513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382139</id>
      <parentid>7117646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:54:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Veritas Sapientiae</username>
        <id>2581447</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Veritas Sapientiae moved page [[User talk:Mai Thanh Bang]] to [[User talk:Mai T Bang]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Mai Thanh Bang|Mai Thanh Bang]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Mai T Bang|Mai T Bang]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4828885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1242" sha1="qmu2semp0542km9ree1u3gdkikjpazh" xml:space="preserve">== Chào ==

Buổi tối tốt lành, Lúc này tôi thấy bạn bên wikipedia tiếng Việt đúng không nhỉ - [[User:TuanUt|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman ; font-weight:kusiv; color:#006400; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em; letter-spacing: 1px; padding: 1px 3px;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;'''Tuấn&lt;span style=&quot;color:#960018;&quot;&gt; Út&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''''[[User talk:TuanUt#footer|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Thảo luận&lt;/span&gt;]]'''''-[[Special:Contributions/TuanUt|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Đóng góp&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;18:52, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
::Ok, Thân- [[User:TuanUt|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman ; font-weight:kusiv; color:#006400; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em; letter-spacing: 1px; padding: 1px 3px;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;'''Tuấn&lt;span style=&quot;color:#960018;&quot;&gt; Út&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''''[[User talk:TuanUt#footer|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Thảo luận&lt;/span&gt;]]'''''-[[Special:Contributions/TuanUt|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Đóng góp&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;19:10, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

== sysop ==

Mời bạn cho ý kiến tại [[Wy/vi/Wikivoyage:Thảo luận#Sysop của dự án (chính thức)]]. Cảm ơn.--[[User:Cheers!|Cheers!]] ([[User talk:Cheers!|talk]]) 08:03, 2 May 2013 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qmu2semp0542km9ree1u3gdkikjpazh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wy/ar/المالديف</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>688050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381743</id>
      <parentid>7376385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:14:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Almajidy</username>
        <id>2647497</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* الأقاليم */</comment>
      <origin>7381743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="71061" sha1="9bp354f18ij9l8wkodq6s0x4pboytb4" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ar/بانر|Maldives banner Small island shoreline with beach.jpg|المالديف}}
'''جزر المالديف''' (بالديفيهية: [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|الدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''atholhu'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
|خريطة المنطقة=Maldives regions map.png
|عنوان الخريطة=الجزر المرجانية العشرون في جزر المالديف
|حجم الخريطة=160px

| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
|المنطقة1نوع=Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
|المنطقة2نوع=Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
|المنطقة4نوع=شمال وجنوب جزيرة ماليه المرجانية
| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

| المنطقة5اسم=[[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف]]
| المنطقة5لون=#a7e0e3
|المنطقة5نوع=آري
| المنطقة5وصف=تقع غرب كافو، وهي ثاني أكثر مجموعات الجزر شعبية.

| المنطقة6اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة6لون=#aae4b2
|المنطقة6نوع=فيليدو
| المنطقة6وصف=

| المنطقة7اسم=[[Wy/ar/ميمو|ميمو]]
| المنطقة7لون=#d5b7b7
|المنطقة7نوع=مولاك
| المنطقة7وصف=

| المنطقة8اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة8لون=#a3c9d6
|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة8وصف=

| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
| المنطقة9لون=#e2f2a4
|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Main topic|الغوص في المالديف}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

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'''المالديف''' (بالديفيهية: [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|الدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''atholhu'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

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|عنوان الخريطة=الجزر المرجانية العشرون في جزر المالديف
|حجم الخريطة=160px

| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
|المنطقة1نوع=Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
|المنطقة2نوع=Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
|المنطقة4نوع=شمال وجنوب جزيرة ماليه المرجانية
| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

| المنطقة5اسم=[[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف]]
| المنطقة5لون=#a7e0e3
|المنطقة5نوع=آري
| المنطقة5وصف=تقع غرب كافو، وهي ثاني أكثر مجموعات الجزر شعبية.

| المنطقة6اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة6لون=#aae4b2
|المنطقة6نوع=فيليدو
| المنطقة6وصف=

| المنطقة7اسم=[[Wy/ar/ميمو|ميمو]]
| المنطقة7لون=#d5b7b7
|المنطقة7نوع=مولاك
| المنطقة7وصف=

| المنطقة8اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة8لون=#a3c9d6
|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة8وصف=

| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
| المنطقة9لون=#e2f2a4
|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Main topic|الغوص في المالديف}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''(بالديفيهية: [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|الدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''atholhu'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
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| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
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| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
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| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
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| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

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| المنطقة5لون=#a7e0e3
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|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
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| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
| المنطقة9لون=#e2f2a4
|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Main topic|الغوص في المالديف}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''(بالديفيهية: [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|الدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''atholhu'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
|خريطة المنطقة=Maldives regions map.png
|عنوان الخريطة=الجزر المرجانية العشرون في جزر المالديف
|حجم الخريطة=160px

| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
|المنطقة1نوع=Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
|المنطقة2نوع=Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
|المنطقة4نوع=شمال وجنوب جزيرة ماليه المرجانية
| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

| المنطقة5اسم=[[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف]]
| المنطقة5لون=#a7e0e3
|المنطقة5نوع=آري
| المنطقة5وصف=تقع غرب كافو، وهي ثاني أكثر مجموعات الجزر شعبية.

| المنطقة6اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة6لون=#aae4b2
|المنطقة6نوع=فيليدو
| المنطقة6وصف=

| المنطقة7اسم=[[Wy/ar/ميمو|ميمو]]
| المنطقة7لون=#d5b7b7
|المنطقة7نوع=مولاك
| المنطقة7وصف=

| المنطقة8اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة8لون=#a3c9d6
|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة8وصف=

| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
| المنطقة9لون=#e2f2a4
|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Main topic|الغوص في المالديف}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''(بالديفيهية: [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|الدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''atholhu'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
|خريطة المنطقة=Maldives regions map.png
|عنوان الخريطة=الجزر المرجانية العشرون في جزر المالديف
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| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
|المنطقة1نوع=Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
|المنطقة2نوع=Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
|المنطقة4نوع=شمال وجنوب جزيرة ماليه المرجانية
| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

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| المنطقة7اسم=[[Wy/ar/ميمو|ميمو]]
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| المنطقة8اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
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|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
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| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
| المنطقة9لون=#e2f2a4
|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
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أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|الغوص في المالديف}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''(بالديفيهية: [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|الدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''atholhu'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
|خريطة المنطقة=Maldives regions map.png
|عنوان الخريطة=الجزر المرجانية العشرون في جزر المالديف
|حجم الخريطة=160px

| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
|المنطقة1نوع=Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
|المنطقة2نوع=Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
|المنطقة4نوع=شمال وجنوب جزيرة ماليه المرجانية
| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

| المنطقة5اسم=[[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف]]
| المنطقة5لون=#a7e0e3
|المنطقة5نوع=آري
| المنطقة5وصف=تقع غرب كافو، وهي ثاني أكثر مجموعات الجزر شعبية.

| المنطقة6اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة6لون=#aae4b2
|المنطقة6نوع=فيليدو
| المنطقة6وصف=

| المنطقة7اسم=[[Wy/ar/ميمو|ميمو]]
| المنطقة7لون=#d5b7b7
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| المنطقة8اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة8لون=#a3c9d6
|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة8وصف=

| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
| المنطقة9لون=#e2f2a4
|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
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أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|الغوص في المالديف|الغوص بجهاز تنفس}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''([[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|بالدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''atholhu'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

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| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|الغوص في المالديف|الغوص بجهاز تنفس}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''([[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|بالدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''އަތޮޅު'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
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|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
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| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
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| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

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| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|الغوص في المالديف|الغوص بجهاز تنفس}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''([[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|بالدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''އަތޮޅު'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''مالهوسمادولو دِكُنُبُري''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''Baa''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
|خريطة المنطقة=Maldives regions map.png
|عنوان الخريطة=الجزر المرجانية العشرون في جزر المالديف
|حجم الخريطة=160px

| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
|المنطقة1نوع=Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
|المنطقة2نوع=Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
|المنطقة4نوع=شمال وجنوب جزيرة ماليه المرجانية
| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

| المنطقة5اسم=[[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف]]
| المنطقة5لون=#a7e0e3
|المنطقة5نوع=آري
| المنطقة5وصف=تقع غرب كافو، وهي ثاني أكثر مجموعات الجزر شعبية.

| المنطقة6اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة6لون=#aae4b2
|المنطقة6نوع=فيليدو
| المنطقة6وصف=

| المنطقة7اسم=[[Wy/ar/ميمو|ميمو]]
| المنطقة7لون=#d5b7b7
|المنطقة7نوع=مولاك
| المنطقة7وصف=

| المنطقة8اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة8لون=#a3c9d6
|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة8وصف=

| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
| المنطقة9لون=#e2f2a4
|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|الغوص في المالديف|الغوص بجهاز تنفس}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''([[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|بالدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''އަތޮޅު'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''مالهوسمادولو دِكُنُبُري''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''با''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
|خريطة المنطقة=Maldives regions map.png
|عنوان الخريطة=الجزر المرجانية العشرون في جزر المالديف
|حجم الخريطة=160px

| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
|المنطقة1نوع=Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
|المنطقة2نوع=Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع=Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
|المنطقة4نوع=شمال وجنوب جزيرة ماليه المرجانية
| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

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|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
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| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
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|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|الغوص في المالديف|الغوص بجهاز تنفس}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''([[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|بالدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''އަތޮޅު'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''مالهوسمادولو دِكُنُبُري''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''با''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

{{Wy/ar/قائمة المناطق
|خريطة المنطقة=Maldives regions map.png
|عنوان الخريطة=الجزر المرجانية العشرون في جزر المالديف
|حجم الخريطة=160px

| المنطقة1اسم=[[Wy/ar/لافياني|لافياني]]
| المنطقة1لون=#a9d5c9
|المنطقة1نوع=Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة1وصف=

| المنطقة2اسم=[[Wy/ar/را|را]]
| المنطقة2لون=#bab4c8
|المنطقة2نوع=Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة2وصف=

| المنطقة3اسم=[[Wy/ar/با|با]]
| المنطقة3لون=#e8e5ba
|المنطقة3نوع= مالهوسمادولو دِكُنُبُري
| المنطقة3وصف=

| المنطقة4اسم=[[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو]]
| المنطقة4لون=#d6d1e5
|المنطقة4نوع=شمال وجنوب جزيرة ماليه المرجانية
| المنطقة4وصف=تقع فيها العاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] والمطار، وتضم معظم المنتجعات المالديفية.

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| المنطقة5لون=#a7e0e3
|المنطقة5نوع=آري
| المنطقة5وصف=تقع غرب كافو، وهي ثاني أكثر مجموعات الجزر شعبية.

| المنطقة6اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
| المنطقة6لون=#aae4b2
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| المنطقة7اسم=[[Wy/ar/ميمو|ميمو]]
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| المنطقة8اسم=[[Wy/ar/فافو|فافو]]
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|المنطقة8نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
| المنطقة8وصف=

| المنطقة9اسم=[[Wy/ar/دالو|دالو]]
| المنطقة9لون=#e2f2a4
|المنطقة9نوع=Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
| المنطقة9وصف=

| المنطقة10اسم=[[Wy/ar/سينو|سينو]]
| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|الغوص في المالديف|الغوص بجهاز تنفس}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''المالديف''' أو '''المَحَلدِيبِيَّة '''([[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات الديفيهية|بالدهيفية]]: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''دهيفيا راجي'') هي سلسلة من الجزر المرجانية المنخفضة الواقعة في [[Wy/ar/جزر المحيط الهندي|المحيط الهندي]]، وتشتهر بشواطئها الخلابة ومياهها الزرقاء اللافتة للأنظار ومنتجعاتها الفاخرة. تضم البلاد 200 جزيرة مأهولة و165 جزيرة تضم منتجعات سياحية. وتحت سطح المحيط الأزرق الجميل عالم غني بالحياة البرية؛ إذ تجوب المياه الصافية المحيطة بالجزر أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك بألوان قوس قزح المختلفة.

==الأقاليم==
تتكون جزر المالديف من نحو 1192 '''جزيرة مرجانية''' موزعة على 26 جزيرة مرجانية حلقية طبيعية، تُسمى الواحدة منها باللغة الديفيهية ''أثولهو'' (''އަތޮޅު'')، وهي أصل الكلمة الإنجليزية ''Atoll''. وهذه التكوينات ليست جزرًا منفردة، بل تشكيلات مرجانية حلقية هائلة قد يصل عرضها إلى مئات الكيلومترات، وقد تجزأت إلى عدد لا يحصى من الجزر.

الجزيرة المرجانية الحلقية ليست جزيرة واحدة، بل هي تكوين مرجاني ضخم على شكل حلقة يضم بحيرات شاطئية وشعابًا مرجانية وممرات مائية، وغالبًا عشرات الجزر المنفصلة. بعض هذه الجزر مأهول بمجتمعات مالديفية، وبعضها مخصص بالكامل للمنتجعات السياحية، وبعضها يُستخدم للزراعة أو الصناعة، بينما لا يزال الكثير منها غير مأهول.

قد تبدو أسماء الجزر المرجانية مربكة؛ إذ تحمل أسماء ديفيهية تقليدية طويلة، مثل ''مالهوسمادولو دِكُنُبُري''، وأسماء إدارية مختصرة، مثل ''با''، تشير إلى مناطق إدارية وقد تشمل أكثر من جزيرة مرجانية جغرافية واحدة. وتستخدم المنتجعات وقطاع السياحة الأسماء الإدارية القصيرة على نطاق واسع لأنها أسهل على غير المالديفيين في التذكر والنطق. ومن بين مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الإدارية البالغ عددها 21 مجموعة، لا يُسمح بالسياحة إلا في عشر مجموعات، أو أجزاء منها. وهذه المجموعات، من الشمال إلى الجنوب، هي:

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| المنطقة10لون=#8da8e6
|المنطقة10نوع=أدو
| المنطقة10وصف=تقع في أقصى جنوب البلاد، وهي ثاني أكبر مجموعة من حيث عدد السكان، وتضم مطار غان الدولي.
}} 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

أما مجموعات الجزر المرجانية الأخرى فهي غافو أليف، وغافو دالو، وغنافياني، وها أليف، ونونو، وها دالو، ولاّمو، ونيافاني، وشافياني، وثا.

==المدن==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/ماليه|ماليه]]|wikidata=Q9347}} &amp;mdash; العاصمة وأكبر مدينة بفارق كبير، تمتد على جزيرة صغيرة ومكتظة بالسكان، وتُعد وفق بعض المقاييس أكثر مدن العالم كثافة سكانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/أدو|أدو]]|wikidata=Q4681407}} &amp;mdash; ثاني مدن المالديف، وتقع في أقصى جنوب الأرخبيل، وكانت عاصمة جمهورية سوفاديف المتحدة قصيرة العمر.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/فوفامولا|فوفامولا]]|wikidata=Q2060910}} &amp;mdash; تقع شمال أدو بقليل، بعيدًا عن المسارات السياحية المعتادة.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ar/كولهودهوفوشي|كولهودهوفوشي]]|wikidata=Q3185775}} &amp;mdash; أكبر مدن شمال المالديف.

==وجهات أخرى==
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/كوريدو|كوريدو]]|wikidata=Q4176474}} &amp;mdash; إحدى الجزر المأهولة في جزيرة لافياني المرجانية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ماثيفيري|ماثيفيري]]|wikidata=Q1920590}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة تابعة لجزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/رازدّو|رازدّو]]|wikidata=Q2053471}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة صغيرة نسبيًا، وعاصمة جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/ثودو|ثودو]]|wikidata=Q3040414}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة مأهولة معزولة تتبع إداريًا جزيرة آري المرجانية الشمالية، وهي أيضًا أكبر منتج للبطيخ في المالديف.
* {{Wy/ar/Marker|name=[[Wy/ar/أوكولهاس|أوكولهاس]]|wikidata=Q4177376}} &amp;mdash; جزيرة صغيرة يبلغ طولها نحو كيلومتر واحد، وتقع في جزيرة أليف أليف المرجانية.

==تعرّف==
{{Wy/ar/Quickbar|location=LocationMaldives.png}}

يستحضر اسم «المالديف» لدى كثير من المسافرين صورة الجزيرة الاستوائية الكلاسيكية: جزيرة صغيرة تغطيها أشجار النخيل، وشريط من الرمال شبه البيضاء، ومياه فيروزية شديدة الصفاء، وربما صف من الفيلات المبنية فوق الماء والممتدة داخل بحيرة شاطئية. هذه الصورة حقيقية، لكنها لا تمثل سوى جانب واحد من جوانب الجزر المرجانية.

فخارج المنتجعات الفاخرة، يوجد بلد جزري متنوع على نحو لافت، يضم مجتمعات لصيد الأسماك وبلدات صغيرة وموانئ مزدحمة وشعابًا مرجانية ومساجد ومقاهي ومراكز للغوص ومئات الجزر المأهولة وغير المأهولة. يمكن للمسافرين إنفاق آلاف الدولارات في الليلة في منتجع على جزيرة خاصة، أو الإقامة في دار ضيافة تديرها عائلة محلية مقابل جزء بسيط من ذلك المبلغ، أو السفر على متن سفينة مخصصة لرحلات الغوص، أو الجمع بين عدة أنماط من الإقامة والسفر في رحلة واحدة.

البحر هو السمة الأبرز للبلاد. فقد سُجل وجود أكثر من 2000 نوع من الأسماك في مياه المالديف، إلى جانب أسماك قرش الشعاب المرجانية والسلاحف والشفنينيات والدلافين، وفي الأماكن والمواسم المناسبة، أسماك شيطان البحر وأسماك قرش الحوت. وحتى المسافرون الذين لا يهتمون بالغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس يمكنهم استكشاف جانب كبير من هذا العالم بمجرد ارتداء قناع الغوص واستخدام أنبوب التنفس.

===التاريخ===
يروي التراث المالديفي حكاياته من خلال الأساطير والنقوش المحفوظة على الصفائح النحاسية القديمة والكتابات التاريخية المحفورة في المرجان وأصداء الثقافة التقليدية. وتتوافق بعض ملامح هذه الروايات مع التاريخ المعروف لجنوب آسيا، الذي يذكر الإمبراطور أشوكا، الحاكم العظيم من سلالة ماوريا.

بعد أن كانت المالديف سلطنة خاضعة للحماية الهولندية ثم البريطانية، نالت استقلالها عن بريطانيا عام 1965، وأصبحت جمهورية عام 1968. حكم مأمون عبد القيوم البلاد بقبضة حديدية، ولم يتردد في سجن المعارضين. وأُعيد انتخابه خمس مرات في انتخابات شابتها مخالفات بدرجات متفاوتة. وبلغت مقاومة حكمه ذروتها في أعمال شغب عنيفة عامي 2003 و2004.

وعلى خلاف التوقعات، أُجريت انتخابات حرة ونزيهة عام 2008، وأقر مأمون بهزيمته أمام زعيم المعارضة محمد نشيد، المعروف بلقب «آني». لكن بحلول ديسمبر 2011، تبدل الوضع؛ إذ غادر معظم حلفاء نشيد حكومته، واندلعت احتجاجات واسعة مناهضة للحكومة. واستقال نشيد عام 2012 في ظروف غامضة، ثم خسر انتخابات مثيرة للجدل عام 2013 أمام عبد الله يمين، الأخ غير الشقيق لمأمون. وشددت إدارة يمين القيود على الحريات السياسية وسجنت شخصيات معارضة.

وخلال فترة حكمه، سحب يمين المالديف من الكومنولث، وغيّر اتجاه السياسة الخارجية بعيدًا عن الهند، الحليف التقليدي للمالديف، وتقارب أكثر مع الصين مقابل الاستثمارات الصينية.

في انتخابات عام 2018، هُزم يمين أمام مرشح المعارضة إبراهيم محمد صليح. وعلى الرغم من المخاوف من رفضه التنحي، أقر يمين علنًا بالهزيمة بعد وقت قصير، وسلم السلطة سلميًا إلى خلفه في 17 نوفمبر 2018. وفي عهد صليح، عادت المالديف إلى الكومنولث عام 2020، وتحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى التقارب مجددًا مع الهند إلى حد كبير، مع استمرار العلاقات الودية مع الصين.

[[File:Male-total.jpg|thumb|258x258px|مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بأكملها.]]
تسبب تسونامي 26 ديسمبر 2004 في أضرار واسعة النطاق في المالديف. فمن أصل عدد سكان لم يتجاوز 290 ألف نسمة، تأثر أكثر من الثلث مباشرة بالتسونامي، وأصبح أكثر من 15 ألف شخص بلا مأوى. وتجاوزت الخسائر الاقتصادية وحدها 62% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أي نحو 470 مليون دولار أمريكي. وسرعان ما حشد المانحون والوكالات الدولية مساعدات تجاوزت 400 مليون دولار أمريكي بعد الكارثة، استُخدم جزء كبير منها لمساعدة المتضررين على إعادة بناء منازلهم والبنية التحتية التي دمرتها الأمواج.

===الاقتصاد===
السياحة هي أكبر قطاعات الاقتصاد المالديفي، إذ تمثل 28% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وأكثر من 60% من إيرادات البلاد من العملات الأجنبية. ويأتي أكثر من 90% من الإيرادات الضريبية الحكومية من الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات والضرائب المرتبطة بالسياحة. وقد زار الجزر أكثر من 1.7 مليون سائح عام 2019.

يأتي صيد الأسماك في المرتبة الثانية بين القطاعات الاقتصادية. وبدأت الحكومة المالديفية برنامجًا للإصلاح الاقتصادي عام 1989، من خلال إلغاء حصص الاستيراد وفتح بعض أنشطة التصدير أمام القطاع الخاص. وبعد ذلك، خففت القيود التنظيمية للسماح بمزيد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية.

لا تزال الزراعة والصناعات التحويلية تؤديان دورًا محدودًا في الاقتصاد، بسبب قلة الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة ونقص العمالة المحلية. ويجب استيراد معظم المواد الغذائية الأساسية. أما الصناعة، التي تشمل أساسًا النقل البحري وبناء القوارب والحرف اليدوية، فتمثل نحو 18% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

وتشعر السلطات المالديفية بالقلق من آثار تآكل السواحل والاحتباس الحراري على البلاد المنخفضة؛ إذ تقع 80% من مساحة البلاد على ارتفاع متر واحد أو أقل فوق مستوى سطح البحر.

===الثقافة===
جميع سكان المالديف تقريبًا من المسلمين السنة، والثقافة المحلية مزيج من التأثيرات السنهالية والجنوب هندية والعربية. ويُحظر الكحول ولحم الخنزير والكلاب والممارسات العلنية للديانات غير الإسلامية في الجزر المأهولة، بينما يُسمح للمنتجعات بالعمل ضمن بيئة خاصة تُتاح فيها معظم هذه الأمور.

لاحظ أن عطلة نهاية الأسبوع في المالديف تمتد من الجمعة إلى السبت، وخلالها تُغلق المصارف والمكاتب الحكومية والعديد من المتاجر. ولن تلاحظ ذلك في المنتجعات، باستثناء احتمال تغيير مواعيد الغداء لتتناسب مع صلاة الجمعة.

[[File:Bathala (Maldives) 6.jpg|thumb|منظر جزيرة باتالا من قارب]]

===المناخ===
المناخ في المالديف استوائي، مع وفرة أشعة الشمس ودرجات حرارة تتراوح على مدار العام بين 26.4 درجة مئوية (79.5 درجة فهرنهايت) و31.5 درجة مئوية (88.7 درجة فهرنهايت). ومع ذلك، تزداد الأمطار بشكل ملحوظ خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية من أبريل إلى أكتوبر، ولا سيما من يونيو إلى نوفمبر.

===للقراءة===
* ''The Maldives: Islamic Republic, Tropical Autocracy''، للصحفي ج. ج. روبنسون، الذي عاش في المالديف خلال بعض الاضطرابات السياسية التي شهدها البلد في القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإلى جانب تقديم نظرة مثيرة للاهتمام عن حياة الأجانب في ماليه وعن العاملين خلف الكواليس في المنتجعات، يقدم الكتاب سردًا مفصلًا وسهل القراءة على نحو مدهش للأزمات السياسية المعقدة التي مرت بها البلاد بين عامي 2008 و2015.

===الدليل السياحي الرسمي للمالديف===
* [https://visitmaldives.com/ موقع Visit Maldives]

==تحدث==
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|كتاب محادثات الديفيهية}}

اللغة المالديفية، المعروفة باسم '''الديفيهية''' (''Dhivehi'')، هي اللغة الرسمية والوطنية. وهي قريبة من [[Wy/ar/كتاب محادثات السنهالية|اللغة السنهالية]] المستخدمة في سريلانكا، لكنها تتضمن كلمات مستعارة من الأردية والهندية والعربية ولغات أخرى كثيرة.

تُكتب الديفيهية بنظام كتابة مميز يُسمى ''تانا'' (''Thaana'')، وهو نظام هجين يستند إلى الأرقام العربية والهندية في بناء حروفه، وتُكتب كلماته من اليمين إلى اليسار باستخدام علامات الحركات العربية. ويُعتقد أن هذا الخط نشأ بوصفه شفرة سرية لكتابة الصيغ السحرية بحيث لا يستطيع الغرباء قراءتها، وهو ما قد يفسر أيضًا الترتيب العشوائي لأحرف الأبجدية، وفقًا لما يستطيع علماء اللغة تحديده.

تُستخدم الإنجليزية على نطاق واسع، ولا سيما بين المسؤولين الحكوميين والعاملين في قطاع السياحة. وهي أيضًا لغة التدريس في المدارس. ويشير مصطلح «الشعاب المرجانية المنزلية» (''House reef'') إلى الشعاب التي يمكن الوصول إليها من الشاطئ أو الرصيف البحري؛ لذلك قد تسمع نقاشات حول ما إذا كانت إحدى الجزر تتمتع بشعاب مرجانية منزلية جيدة أم لا.

وبما أن المالديف وجهة شهيرة لقضاء العطلات لدى السياح الألمان والإيطاليين، فإن كثيرًا من العاملين في المنتجعات المحلية يتحدثون الألمانية والإيطالية. ويختلف ذلك من منتجع إلى آخر.

==الوصول==
===متطلبات الدخول===
{{Wy/ar/قيود التأشيرات|يُحظر على المواطنين الإسرائيليين دخول المالديف.|lastedit=2026-10-26}}

تتميز المالديف بسياسة تأشيرات ميسرة للغاية؛ إذ يحصل جميع المسافرين، باستثناء المواطنين الإسرائيليين، على تأشيرة مجانية لمدة 30 يومًا عند الوصول، بشرط أن يكون جواز السفر صالحًا لمدة لا تقل عن شهر من تاريخ الدخول، وأن يمتلك المسافر تذكرة عودة مؤكدة وتذاكر أو متطلبات دخول للوجهات التالية في رحلته، وحجزًا فندقيًا مؤكدًا ومدفوعًا مسبقًا في فندق مسجل، أو ما يثبت امتلاكه أموالًا كافية لتغطية إقامته، بمقدار 100 دولار أمريكي إضافة إلى 50 دولارًا عن كل يوم. راجع [https://www.immigration.gov.mv/visa/tourist-visa موقع إدارة الهجرة المالديفية] للاطلاع على التفاصيل.

يجب على جميع الأجانب القادمين إلى المالديف تعبئة نموذج إقرار المسافر وإرساله خلال 96 ساعة (أربعة أيام) قبل موعد الرحلة الجوية. ويجب تقديم النموذج إلكترونيًا عبر [http://imuga.immigration.gov.mv/ منصة IMUGA].

يُحظر استيراد المتفجرات والأسلحة والأسلحة النارية والذخائر والمواد الإباحية ومنتجات التدخين الإلكتروني والمواد التي تُعد مخالفة للإسلام، بما فيها «الأصنام المعدة للعبادة» والكتب المقدسة غير الإسلامية مثل الكتاب المقدس، ولحم الخنزير ومنتجاته، والكحول. وتُفحص جميع الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية عند الوصول.

لا تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية ومنتجات لحم الخنزير إلا في جزر المنتجعات الحاصلة على ترخيص خاص. كما يُحظر '''تصدير الرمال والأصداف البحرية والمرجان'''. ويُحظر دخول '''جميع الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/Individuals/Items%20for%20Personal%20Use/Individual-Prohibited-and-Restricted-Items-for-Import موقع جمارك المالديف].

===بالطائرة===
[[File:Male Airport 2010.jpg|thumb|مطار ماليه الدولي]]

يصل جميع الزوار تقريبًا إلى '''[https://macl.aero/ مطار فيلانا الدولي]''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|MLE}})، الواقع في جزيرة هولهولي المجاورة للعاصمة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. ويستقبل المطار مجموعة واسعة من الرحلات الجوية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]] و[[Wy/ar/سريلانكا|سريلانكا]] و[[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]] والمطارات الرئيسية في [[Wy/ar/جنوب شرق آسيا|جنوب شرق آسيا]]، إضافة إلى الرحلات العارضة القادمة من أوروبا. وتتوقف رحلات كثيرة في [[Wy/ar/كولومبو|كولومبو]]، عاصمة سريلانكا، في طريقها إلى المالديف.

إذا أردت الاستمتاع بمنظر جوي رائع للجزر، فحاول الحصول على مقعد في الجانب الأيسر من الطائرة.

تُسيّر الخطوط الجوية البريطانية رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن غاتويك إلى ماليه خلال فصل الشتاء، من أكتوبر إلى مارس. ولا توجد رحلات مباشرة من مطار لندن هيثرو، لكن يمكن السفر برحلات غير مباشرة عبر الهند أو الإمارات العربية المتحدة، على سبيل المثال.

وتُسيّر الخطوط الجوية السنغافورية رحلات مباشرة يومية من سنغافورة إلى ماليه، بمواعيد مغادرة في وقت متأخر من الليل.

يخدم '''مطار غان''' ({{Wy/ar/IATA|GAN}})، الواقع في جزيرة أدو المرجانية الجنوبية، عددًا محدودًا من الرحلات الدولية.

تكون ضرائب المغادرة مشمولة في سعر التذكرة.

===بالقارب===
لا توجد قوارب ركاب منتظمة إلى المالديف. وحتى اليخوت تتجنب عادةً الإبحار في المنطقة، لأن الملاحة بين الشعاب المرجانية خطرة والتصاريح مكلفة.

يُحظر دخول '''الكلاب''' إلى المالديف. وحتى إذا بقيت الكلاب على متن قاربك، فقد تتعامل السلطات مع هذا الاستثناء بطريقة غير متوقعة، وقد تتعرض حياة كلبك للخطر إذا لم يتفهم المسؤولون الذين تتعامل معهم ظروفك. تصرف بحكمة، ولا تُدخل الكلاب إلى أي ميناء مالديفي.

==تجوّل==
[[File:Ile de Kani - Atoll de Malé Nord.jpg|thumb|عبّارة بالقرب من جزيرة كاني]]

توجد أربع وسائل رئيسية للتنقل في المالديف: '''الرحلات الجوية الداخلية'''، و'''القوارب'''، و'''الطائرات المائية'''، و'''اليخوت الخاصة''' (بما فيها سفن الإقامة والإبحار). وتُعد القوارب بمنزلة السيارات في المالديف، بينما تُخصص الطائرات المائية واليخوت الخاصة وسفن الإقامة والإبحار أساسًا للسياح.

لا تعمل الطائرات المائية عادةً ليلًا؛ لذا إذا وصلت إلى المطار بعد حلول الظلام وكنت متجهًا إلى منتجع بعيد، فقد تضطر إلى قضاء الليلة في [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] أو هولهوماليه أو في فندق المطار في [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]. ويمكن اختيار النقل الخاص بدلًا من قضاء الليل في مدينة ماليه، رغم ارتفاع تكلفته. وقد تتراوح تكلفة النقل الخاص بين 500 و800 دولار أمريكي. وفي رحلة العودة، قد توجد أيضًا فترة انتظار طويلة بين وصول وسيلة النقل وموعد إقلاع رحلتك. تحقق من التفاصيل مع المنتجع أو وكيل السفر.

===بالطائرة===
لا تبعد أي نقطة في المالديف أكثر من 90 دقيقة بالطائرة عن [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]، ويستخدم زوار المنتجعات النائية خدمات التاكسي الجوي.

تُعد '''[https://www.transmaldivian.com/ شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز]''' أكبر مشغل للطائرات المائية في العالم، إذ تمتلك أسطولًا من طائرات DHC-6 Twin Otter المائية، تتسع الواحدة منها لنحو 15 راكبًا.

قد لا تُحدد مواعيد الرحلات الجوية إلا في اليوم السابق، كما أن التأخيرات متكررة. وليس من النادر الانتظار خمس ساعات في صالة شركة ترانس مالديفيان إيرويز. وترتفع احتمالات إلغاء الرحلات المائية المقررة في المساء، لأن التأخيرات المتراكمة تجعل السماء أكثر ظلمة. وفي مثل هذه الحالات، قد تضطر الشركة إلى ترتيب رحلة داخلية تليها رحلة بالقارب، ما قد يؤدي إلى وصولك إلى وجهتك بعد موعد العشاء بوقت طويل.

تُشغّل شركة '''[https://maldivian.aero/ مالديفيان]''' رحلات منتظمة بين الجزر، وتربط [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]] بكل من [[Wy/ar/غان|غان]] ومافارو وثيمارافوشي ودارافاندو وفونادو وفوفامولا وهانيمادهو وإيفورو وكايدهدو وكادهو وكودو وكوداهوفادهو ومافارولو وفاريسماثودا وهوارافوشي وماديفارو وكولهودهوفوشي. كما تُشغّل شركتا '''[https://mantaair.mv/ مانتا إير]''' و'''[https://villaair.aero/ فيلا إير]''' رحلات جوية منتظمة.

===بالقارب===
تنقل قوارب الأجرة السياح عادةً من جزر شمال وجنوب ماليه المرجانية وإليها. وتختلف القوارب في أشكالها وأحجامها بحسب مستوى المنتجع الذي تقيم فيه؛ إذ تمتلك منتجعات فور سيزونز طرادات كبيرة مغلقة مزودة بالمشروبات والطعام، بينما تستخدم المنتجعات الأقل تكلفة قوارب صيد مفتوحة الجوانب تُسمى ''دوني'' (''dhoni'').

تتوفر عبّارات ''دوني'' العامة وقوارب الشحن للمسافرين المستقلين وأصحاب الميزانيات المحدودة. والمشغل الرئيسي هو [http://www.mtcc.com.mv/content/comprehensive-transport-network شركة النقل المالديفية MTCC]، التي تنشر الجداول الزمنية والأسعار على موقعها الإلكتروني.

أُلغيت الإجراءات السابقة التي كانت تشترط تقديم دعوات مكتوبة وتصاريح سفر بين الجزر المرجانية (IATP) لمن يرغب في زيارة جزر أخرى. وأصبح بإمكانك الآن السفر إلى أي مكان ترغب فيه. ومع ذلك، لا تزال تصاريح السفر بين الجزر مطلوبة إذا كنت تريد إرساء يختك الخاص. راجع [https://www.customs.gov.mv/ موقع الجمارك] لمزيد من التفاصيل.

===بالحافلة===
توجد عدة خطوط للحافلات في أنحاء العاصمة، بما في ذلك خطوط تربط المدينة بالمطار. وتُشغّل هذه الخطوط شركة [https://rtl.mv/#/busticket RTL].

==شاهد==
[[File:Muliaage presidential residence of maldives.jpg|thumb|المقر الرئاسي في ماليه]]

يأتي معظم الزوار للاستمتاع بالمنتجعات الفاخرة والشواطئ الممتازة و'''الحياة البحرية الغنية بالألوان''' على نحو مذهل. وبسبب موقع الجزر المعزول، فإن الحيوانات البرية على اليابسة محدودة العدد، لكن المحيط يزخر بالحياة. ومن المرجح أن ترى أنواعًا عديدة من شقائق النعمان البحرية والشفنينيات والأخطبوطات والحبار، وحتى المحار العملاق. كما تُشاهد الحيتان والدلافين والسلاحف كثيرًا.

أصبحت جزيرة [[Wy/ar/با|با المرجانية]]، التي أُدرجت ضمن محميات المحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو عام 2011، واحدة من أبرز مناطق الجذب السياحي، بفضل شعابها المرجانية التي تُعد من أغنى الشعاب في العالم، كما أصبحت مثالًا للسياحة المستدامة في منطقة محمية. وباختصار، فإن الغوص باستخدام أنبوب التنفس أو أجهزة التنفس أمر لا بد منه. راجع قسم «الأنشطة» أدناه لمزيد من المعلومات.

تُعد '''الشواطئ الرملية البيضاء''' المنتشرة في أرجاء البلاد مشهدًا رائعًا بحد ذاتها، ولا سيما وسط الأجواء الاستوائية للجزر. وتمنح الرحلات الجوية إلى جزر المنتجعات العديدة مناظر جوية مذهلة لهذه الجزر الصغيرة الخلابة، التي تتميز بحواف من الرمال البيضاء ومساحات واسعة من المياه الزرقاء الداكنة.

ومع ذلك، إذا استطعت الابتعاد قليلًا عن منتجعك الفاخر، فقد تكون العاصمة '''[[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]''' وجهة تستحق الزيارة. فهي المركز المالي والسياسي النابض بالحياة في البلاد، وتضم عددًا من المعالم السياحية. يمكنك زيارة '''المتحف الوطني''' للتعرف على التاريخ. ورغم أن مبنى المتحف قد لا يبدو واعدًا من الخارج، فإن مجموعته المميزة تضم أعمالًا خشبية منقوشة بالعربية وبخط تانا، وقطعًا دينية وأسلحة ومقتنيات تاريخية أخرى.

تضم المدينة أيضًا عددًا من المساجد الجديرة بالزيارة. ويُعد '''مسجد الجمعة القديم'''، الذي يعود إلى القرن السابع عشر، أقدم مسجد في البلاد، وغالبًا ما يسمح المسؤولون للزوار المهذبين والمرتدين ملابس مناسبة بالدخول. أما '''الجامع الكبير والمركز الإسلامي'''، الذي اكتمل بناؤه عام 1984، فهو نظيره الحديث، ويهيمن على أفق المدينة. ويتميز المبنى الكبير المصنوع من الرخام الأبيض بتصميم بسيط وقبة ذهبية لامعة تجعله مشهدًا جذابًا.

==افعل==
[[File:Surgeonfish Powderblue.JPG|thumb|سمكة الجراح الزرقاء، إحدى أكثر أسماك الشعاب المرجانية شيوعًا في المالديف]]

===الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس والغوص السطحي===
{{Wy/ar/Seealso|الغوص في المالديف|الغوص بجهاز تنفس}}

إلى جانب الاستمتاع بتمايل الفيلا فوق الماء خلال شهر العسل، يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس النشاط الرئيسي في المالديف. فجميع الجزر المرجانية محاطة بشعاب مرجانية تقع على بُعد مئات الكيلومترات من أي كتلة أرضية كبيرة، ما يعني أن المياه تتمتع بصفاء ممتاز وأن الحياة البحرية وفيرة. سواء كنت ترغب في مشاهدة أسماك شيطان البحر أو أسماك القرش أو حتى حطام السفن، فستجد ذلك في المالديف.

يُعد الغوص في المالديف ممتازًا وفقًا للمعايير العالمية، حتى بالقرب من العاصمة ماليه. لكن وضوح الرؤية واحتمالات مشاهدة الأسماك البحرية الكبيرة تزداد كلما اتجهت نحو الجزر المرجانية الخارجية. ويختار كثير من الغواصين الرحلات على متن سفن الإقامة والإبحار المخصصة للغوص، إذ قد تكون أقل تكلفة بكثير من دفع الرسوم المرتفعة التي تفرضها المنتجعات.

تختلف التيارات البحرية اختلافًا كبيرًا؛ فهي ضعيفة عمومًا داخل الجزر المرجانية، لكن توجد تيارات قوية في الجهات المواجهة للبحر المفتوح. وتظل المياه دافئة طوال العام، ويكفي عادةً ارتداء بدلة غوص قصيرة بسماكة 3 ملم أو بدلة غوص خفيفة من الليكرا.

يمكن ممارسة الغوص طوال العام، لكن الأمطار والرياح والأمواج تكون أكثر شيوعًا خلال موسم الرياح الموسمية الجنوبية الغربية، من يونيو إلى نوفمبر. وأفضل فترة للغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس هي من يناير إلى أبريل، عندما يكون البحر هادئًا والشمس مشرقة وقد تصل الرؤية إلى 30 مترًا.

توجد غرف لإعادة الضغط في باندوس ضمن جزيرة [[Wy/ar/كافو|كافو المرجانية]]، على بُعد 15 دقيقة من ماليه، وفي كوريدو بجزيرة لافياني المرجانية، وفي كوراماتي بجزيرة [[Wy/ar/أليف|أليف المرجانية]].

العيب الوحيد للغوص في المالديف هو ارتفاع تكلفته مقارنةً بالمعايير الآسيوية. وتختلف الأسعار كثيرًا من منتجع إلى آخر، وتقدم المنتجعات المتخصصة في الغوص أسعارًا أفضل عادةً. وتبلغ تكلفة الغوصة الواحدة بالقارب نحو 50 دولارًا أمريكيًا عند استخدام معداتك الخاصة، ونحو 75 دولارًا عند استئجار المعدات. انتبه إلى الرسوم الإضافية، فقد تُفرض رسوم لاستخدام القارب أو الغوص برفقة مرشد أو استخدام أسطوانات أكبر حجمًا وغير ذلك.

في المقابل، تكون معايير السلامة مرتفعة عمومًا، مع معدات جيدة الصيانة والالتزام الصارم بإجراءات السلامة، مثل الغوصة التجريبية والتحقق من المهارات، والالتزام بأقصى عمق مسموح به واستخدام حاسوب الغوص.

يُعد '''[[Wy/ar/با|خليج هانيفارو]]''' محمية للمحيط الحيوي تابعة لليونسكو، ويشتهر بوجود بعض أكبر تجمعات أسماك شيطان البحر في العالم.

===ركوب الأمواج===
أصبحت المالديف وجهة تزداد شعبيتها بين هواة ركوب الأمواج. فالمياه الفيروزية والأمواج الممتازة تجعلها مكانًا مثاليًا وغير مزدحم للباحثين عن ظروف مناسبة لركوب الأمواج.

[[File:Picasso triggerfish2.jpg|thumb|يُعد الغوص باستخدام أجهزة التنفس نشاطًا شائعًا في المالديف.]]

أفضل فترة لركوب الأمواج في المالديف هي من مارس إلى أكتوبر، بينما تحدث أكبر الأمواج خلال يونيو ويوليو وأغسطس. وتتلقى هذه الجزر الأمواج نفسها التي تصل إلى إندونيسيا، لكن موقعها على خط عرض أعلى وانفتاحها نحو الجنوب الشرقي يجعلان ظروف ركوب الأمواج أبرد وأقل شدة.

ساهمت مسابقات ''O'Neil Deep Blue'' التي أُقيمت في المالديف في ترسيخ مكانتها على خريطة ركوب الأمواج العالمية. ومع أن معظم مواقع ركوب الأمواج المعروفة تقع في جزيرة ماليه المرجانية، فمن المؤكد أن هناك مواقع أخرى لا تزال بحاجة إلى الاستكشاف.

تنظم شركات متخصصة رحلات بحرية تستمر عدة أيام، وتُصمم خصيصًا لهواة ركوب الأمواج، ما يسمح لهم بالتنقل بسهولة بين المواقع المختلفة والاستفادة إلى أقصى حد من وقت ممارسة هذه الرياضة.

==اشترِ==

===المال===
{{Wy/ar/Exchange rates
| currency=الروفية المالديفية
| currencyCode=Rf
| date=August 2026
| USD=15
| EUR=18
| GBP=21
| INR=16
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/mvr-maldivian-rufiyaa XE.com]
}}

العملة المحلية هي '''الروفية المالديفية'''، ويرمز إليها بالرمز '''Rf''' أو '''MRF'''، ورمزها الدولي وفق معيار ISO هو '''MVR'''. وتنقسم الروفية الواحدة إلى 100 لاري.

لكن القانون يلزم المنتجعات بتسعير خدماتها بالدولار الأمريكي، كما تشترط الدفع بعملة أجنبية قابلة للتداول أو باستخدام بطاقة ائتمان. وتضم معظم الفنادق متجرًا، لكن معروضاته تقتصر على مستلزمات الغوص والعطلات، مثل واقي الشمس وأردية الشاطئ والكاميرات ذات الاستخدام الواحد وغيرها.

وقد تنظم بعض المنتجعات رحلات إلى الجزر المحلية لشراء الحرف اليدوية والهدايا التذكارية، لكن هذه المنتجات تُصنع عادةً خارج المالديف وتُباع بأسعار أعلى بكثير من قيمتها الأصلية.

تتوفر العملات المعدنية بفئات لاري واحد واثنين وخمسة وعشرة و25 و50 لاري، إضافة إلى قطعة من فئة روفية واحدة وقطعة من فئة روفيتين. أما الأوراق النقدية فتتوفر بفئات 5 و10 و20 و50 و100 و500 و1000 روفية. وتُطبع السلسلة الحالية من الأوراق النقدية للروفية بالكامل من البوليمر.

إذا كنت تنوي زيارة مدينة ماليه أو الجزر المأهولة الأخرى، فسيكون من المفيد استبدال بعض الأموال بالروفية. وتتميز العملات المعدنية، على وجه الخصوص، بجمالها وقد تكون تذكارًا مميزًا بحد ذاتها، رغم أن الفئات الصغيرة منها نادرًا ما تُستخدم أو تُشاهد.

ترتبط الروفية بالدولار الأمريكي ضمن نطاق يبلغ 20%، لكن سعر الصرف العملي يقارب 15 روفية مقابل الدولار الواحد. وتُقبل الدولارات الأمريكية في معظم الأماكن تقريبًا؛ إذ تستبدلها المتاجر عادةً بسعر 15 روفية أو 10 روفيات للدولار.

يمكن استبدال العملات بالروفية المالديفية في بنك المالديف بمنطقة الوصول في المطار. وإذا أردت استبدال الروفيات المتبقية بعملتك قبل المغادرة، فيجب الاحتفاظ بالإيصال. وبعد إنهاء إجراءات تسجيل الوصول، يمكنك استبدال الروفيات في بنك المالديف بمنطقة المغادرة بالعملة التي استبدلتها بها سابقًا، بشرط ألا تتجاوز المبلغ المذكور في الإيصال. ومع ذلك، قد لا تتوفر لدى البنك أوراق نقدية صغيرة من عملتك الأصلية.

===الإكراميات===
ليست الإكراميات إلزامية في المالديف، إذ تُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى جميع الفواتير، لكن لا يوجد ضمان بأن هذه الأموال تصل إلى الموظفين.

تغيرت ثقافة الإكراميات في المالديف على مر السنين، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى اختلاف المبالغ النقدية التي يقدمها الزوار الأجانب.

===التكاليف===
تُعد المالديف وجهة مكلفة لمن يبحثون عن السياحة القائمة على الراحة والخدمات. فالمنتجعات تحتكر الخدمات المقدمة لضيوفها، وتفرض أسعارًا تتناسب مع ذلك. وبالنسبة إلى المنتجعات متوسطة المستوى، فإن ميزانية قدرها 1000 دولار أمريكي أسبوعيًا للزوجين تُعد تقديرًا متحفظًا لتغطية الطعام والمشروبات والرحلات، وذلك بالإضافة إلى تكاليف الطيران والإقامة.

وتُضاف رسوم خدمة بنسبة 10% إلى كل شيء تقريبًا، بما في ذلك غرف الفنادق عند حجزها محليًا، كما يُتوقع تقديم إكراميات إضافية.

أما المسافر المغامر الذي يملك الوقت الكافي، فيمكنه الاستمتاع بتجربة ميسورة التكلفة ومجزية في المالديف، بأسعار تضاهي تلك الموجودة في ماليزيا. وتضم عدة جزر مأهولة بيوت ضيافة تتراوح أسعار الغرفة فيها عادةً بين 25 و40 يورو. وفي الجزر النائية، يمكن استئجار غرف في المنازل أو القرى بأسعار أقل.

الطعام رخيص نسبيًا، وأطباق الكاري المحضرة بالسمك لذيذة. ويمكن للعبّارات العامة نقلك بين جزر الجزيرة المرجانية الواحدة مقابل بضعة دولارات أمريكية. لكن في الجزر الأقل شهرة، قد تتوفر عبّارة واحدة فقط يوميًا، ولا تعمل العبّارات أيام الجمعة.

أما الانتقال إلى الجزر المرجانية النائية، فيمكن التفاوض بشأنه مع قوارب الشحن، التي تنقل الركاب غالبًا مقابل 14 إلى 38 يورو، بحسب الوجهة. ولا تلتزم هذه القوارب بجداول زمنية ثابتة، بل تغادر عندما تكتمل حمولتها. وقد يمر قارب واحد كل يوم إلى ثلاثة أيام لخدمة كل جزيرة مرجانية.

من المهم مراعاة أن الإقامة في الجزر المأهولة تعني احترام الأعراف الإسلامية الصارمة، بما في ذلك حظر الكحول وضرورة ارتداء الملابس المحتشمة والتحلي بسلوك متحفظ. ومع ذلك، فإن السكان المحليين ودودون للغاية، وقد تكون التجربة الثقافية أعمق وأكثر ثراءً من الإقامة في المنتجعات.

==كُل==
تضم جميع المنتجعات مرافق مستقلة، ولذلك يوجد في كل منها مطعم واحد على الأقل يقدم عادةً أنواع الطعام التي يتوقعها الضيوف، مثل المأكولات الأوروبية الحديثة أو الأطباق الآسيوية العامة.

يشمل سعر الإقامة وجبة الإفطار دائمًا تقريبًا، وتوفر معظم المنتجعات خيار '''نصف إقامة'''، أي بوفيه العشاء، أو '''إقامة كاملة'''، أي بوفيه الغداء والعشاء. ويمكن لهذه الخيارات تقليل النفقات مقارنةً بطلب الأطباق بشكل منفصل، لكن الخيارات المتاحة غالبًا محدودة، كما أن المشروبات لا تكون مشمولة عادةً، وقد لا يشمل ذلك الماء.

إذا كنت تخطط لتناول الكثير من المشروبات، فقد يكون خيار '''الإقامة الشاملة كليًا''' مناسبًا، لكنه غالبًا ما يقتصر على المشروبات المحلية التي يوفرها المنتجع.

أما خارج المنتجعات، فإن المكان الآخر الذي يمكن العثور فيه على الطعام هو مدينة [[Wy/ar/مالي|ماليه]]. وتتوفر فيها فئتان من المطاعم: مطاعم صغيرة تستهدف السياح، ومنها عدد قليل من المطاعم التايلاندية الجيدة التي تكون أسعارها مرتفعة غالبًا، ومقاهٍ محلية صغيرة تُسمى ''هوتا'' (''hotaa'')، وتبيع الأطعمة المالديفية المحلية بأسعار تبدأ من 20 روفية، أي نحو 6 دولارات أمريكية للوجبة الكاملة، وفقًا للأسعار المذكورة في المصدر.

===المطبخ المالديفي===
[[File:Meal Maldives.JPG|thumb|وجبة مالديفية تقليدية: معجنات ''ماسروشي''، وكاري السمك ''ماس ريها''، و''بابارو''، وسمك مشوي، وأرز وشاي أسود محلى.]]

يعتمد المطبخ المالديفي بدرجة كبيرة على '''الأسماك'''، التي تُسمى ''ماس'' (''mas'')، ولا سيما '''التونة'''، المعروفة باسم ''كاندو ماس'' (''kandu mas''). ويتأثر المطبخ كثيرًا بالتقاليد الغذائية لجنوب الهند، وخصوصًا ولاية [[Wy/ar/كيرلا|كيرلا]].

غالبًا ما تكون الأطباق حارة ومتّبلة وتُنكّه بجوز الهند، مع استخدام قليل للخضراوات. وتتكون الوجبة التقليدية من الأرز ومرق سمك صافٍ يُسمى ''غاروديا'' (''garudhiya'')، إلى جانب الليمون والفلفل الحار والبصل.

كما تحظى أطباق الكاري المعروفة باسم ''ريها'' (''riha'') بشعبية كبيرة. وغالبًا ما يُقدم الأرز مع خبز ''روشي'' (''roshi'') غير المختمر، المشابه لخبز الروتي الهندي، ومع ''بابارو'' (''paaparu'')، وهو النسخة المالديفية من رقائق البابادوم الهندية المقرمشة.

تشمل الأطباق الشائعة الأخرى ما يلي:

* ''ماس هوني'' (''mas huni'') — سمك مدخن أو معلب ومفتت، يُخلط بجوز الهند المبشور والبصل والفلفل الحار وعصير الليمون. وهو أشهر أطباق الإفطار المالديفية، ويؤكل عادةً مع خبز ''روشي''.
* ''فيهونو ماس'' (''fihunu mas'') — سمك مشوي على الفحم ومغطى بالفلفل الحار.
* ''بامبوكيليو هيتي'' (''bambukeylu hiti'') — كاري فاكهة الخبز.

يمكن العثور في المطاعم المالديفية على وجبات خفيفة تُسمى ''هيديكا'' (''hedhikaa'')، وهي غالبًا أطعمة مقلية تعتمد على السمك. وتشمل:

* ''باجيا'' (''bajiya'') — معجنات محشوة بالسمك وجوز الهند والبصل.
* ''غولها'' (''gulha'') — كرات من العجين محشوة بالسمك المدخن.
* ''كيميا'' (''keemia'') — لفائف السمك المقلية.
* ''كولهي بوركيبا'' (''kulhi borkibaa'') — كعكة سمك حارة.
* ''ماسروشي'' (''masroshi'') — خليط ''ماس هوني'' ملفوف بخبز ''روشي'' ومخبوز.
* ''ثيلولي ماس'' (''theluli mas'') — سمك مقلي مع الفلفل الحار والثوم.

==اشرب==
بما أن المالديف بلد مسلم، فإن الكحول محظور على السكان المحليين، كما يُحظر استيراد هذه المنتجات. وفي مطار فيلانا الدولي، تفحص الجمارك الأمتعة بالأشعة السينية، وتصادر أي زجاجات كحول أو كلاب من فصيلة روتفايلر تعثر عليها. ثم تصدر إيصالًا جمركيًا يجب الاحتفاظ به طوال الوقت لاستعادة زجاجات الكحول قبل مغادرة المالديف.

مع ذلك، فإن جميع المنتجعات تقريبًا، وسفن الإقامة والإبحار، وفندق جزيرة [[Wy/ar/هولهولي|هولهولي]]، الواقع في الجزيرة نفسها التي يوجد فيها المطار، حاصلة على تراخيص لتقديم المشروبات الكحولية، عادةً بأسعار مرتفعة جدًا.

قد تكون مياه الصنبور في المنتجعات صالحة للشرب أو غير صالحة؛ لذا تحقق من إدارة المنتجع. أما المياه المعبأة فتُباع بأسعار مرتفعة للغاية، وقد يصل السعر المعتاد للزجاجة إلى 5 دولارات أمريكية.

==نَم==
{{Wy/ar/متوسط أسعار الإقامة|أقل من 100 دولار أمريكي|100–300 دولار أمريكي|أكثر من 300 دولار أمريكي}}

اتبعت المالديف لسنوات طويلة سياسة تقضي بإقامة السياح في جزر مخصصة للمنتجعات، ما يعني أن الإقامة كانت تقتصر على المنتجعات المتكاملة التي تبدأ تكلفة الليلة فيها من نحو 200 دولار أمريكي وترتفع إلى مبالغ باهظة للغاية. ولا يزال معظم الزوار يختارون هذه المنتجعات.

لكن منذ عام 2008، فُتحت جميع الجزر أمام السياحة، وظهرت بيوت ضيافة مناسبة للمسافرين ذوي الميزانيات المحدودة، بأسعار تبدأ من 30 دولارًا أمريكيًا لليلة، في الجزر المأهولة المنتشرة في أنحاء الأرخبيل.

===المنتجعات===
يشغل معظم المنتجعات جزيرة خاصة بها، يتراوح حجمها بين 1500 × 1500 متر و250 × 250 مترًا. وهذا يعني أن نسبة الشواطئ إلى عدد الضيوف من الأفضل في العالم، ومن الصعب تخيل أنك ستضطر إلى البحث طويلًا للعثور على مساحة شاطئية خاصة للاسترخاء.

تتبع منتجعات كثيرة سياسة «عدم ارتداء الأحذية»، ومع الرمال الناعمة جدًا، يسهل فهم سبب الإعجاب بهذه الفكرة.

تتنوع المنتجعات من حيث الطابع والمرافق إلى درجة كبيرة، ويمكن لمعظم الناس العثور على منتجع يناسبهم. ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أنواع:

* '''منتجعات الغوص'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للغواصين. وتستهدف الأشخاص الذين يرغبون في قضاء معظم وقتهم تحت الماء، لذلك تكون المرافق البرية محدودة، لكن الشعاب المرجانية المحيطة بالمنتجع تكون ممتازة عادةً. وتوجد هذه المنتجعات غالبًا في المناطق النائية من الأرخبيل.
* '''منتجعات العطلات'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للعائلات. وتتميز بكبر حجمها وتكامل مرافقها، مثل المطاعم المتعددة ومراكز رعاية الأطفال وغيرها، لكنها لا تقدم عادةً مستويات الفخامة المبالغ فيها، وتوفر خصوصية أقل. ويقع معظمها في [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]، مع سهولة الوصول إليها من مدينة ماليه.
* '''المنتجعات الفاخرة'''، وهي مصممة أساسًا للأزواج في شهر العسل والأثرياء. وهي الخيار المناسب لمن يرغب في أثاث فاخر وأطعمة راقية وتلفزيون بلازما في فيلا فوق الماء لا يمكن الوصول إليها إلا بقارب تجديف، ولا يمانع دفع أسعار مرتفعة مقابل ذلك.

[[File:Thulhagiri Bungalows Row.JPG|thumb|أكواخ فوق الماء في ثولهاجيري، [[Wy/ar/كافو|جزيرة كافو المرجانية]]]]

تُعد '''الأكواخ فوق الماء''' من أشهر معالم السياحة المالديفية. وتُبنى هذه الأكواخ على أعمدة فوق البحيرات الشاطئية مباشرةً. ورغم مظهرها الرائع وجاذبيتها، فإن لها بعض السلبيات:

* غالبًا ما تكون متقاربة جدًا، وقد تشترك في جدار واحد، ما يقلل الخصوصية.
* قد ينخفض مستوى الماء كثيرًا عند الجَزر، فلا يعود مناسبًا للسباحة أو الغوص السطحي.
* قد تقع مرافق المنتجع على مسافة بعيدة من الأكواخ.
* قد يكون صوت الأمواج المتلاطمة رومانسيًا في الأيام الهادئة، لكنه قد يجعل النوم شبه مستحيل عندما تمر عاصفة.

تختلف هذه العوامل من منتجع إلى آخر؛ لذا يُنصح بالبحث بعناية قبل الحجز. ومن المؤكد أن تجربة الإقامة في كوخ فوق الماء تستحق المحاولة مرة واحدة على الأقل، لكن كثيرًا ممن يكررون زيارة المالديف يفضلون الأكواخ التي تضم '''شاطئًا خاصًا'''.

عند اختيار المنتجع، ضع في الحسبان وقت الانتقال وتكاليفه من المطار. فالمنتجعات الأبعد تحتاج عادةً إلى انتقال مكلف بالطائرة المائية، وقد تضطر إلى قضاء ليلة في المطار أو بالقرب منه. وفي المقابل، كلما ابتعدت عن ماليه، ازدادت هدوء الجزر وتحسنت فرص الغوص.

تستهدف منتجعات كثيرة، ولا سيما الصغيرة المتخصصة في الغوص، جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين في المقام الأول. ولذلك توجد منتجعات توصف بأنها «إيطالية» أو «هولندية» أو «ألمانية» وغيرها. ورغم أن معظمها يرحب بالزوار من جميع الجنسيات ويوفر موظفين يتحدثون الإنجليزية، فقد تجد نفسك بعيدًا عن الأنشطة المسائية، أو تواجه صعوبات في الغوص إذا لم تتحدث اللغة الشائعة في المنتجع.

===بيوت الضيافة===
توجد بيوت ضيافة في الجزر المأهولة، وتُعد جزيرة [[Wy/ar/مافوشي|مافوشي]] وجهة شهيرة لمن يبحثون عن هذا النوع من الإقامة دون تعقيدات. وتتراوح أسعار الخيارات الاقتصادية بين 25 و35 يورو لليلة.

ومن الأمثلة على ذلك قرية إكواتور في جزيرة أدو المرجانية، وهي قاعدة سابقة لسلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني حُولت إلى فندق يضم 78 غرفة. وتبلغ التكلفة نحو 100 إلى 150 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في اليوم، شاملة الطعام والمشروبات وبعض المشروبات الكحولية.

ومن الأماكن المميزة أيضًا بيت ضيافة كايوضو، الواقع فوق مركز ترفيهي بناه أسترالي بعد التسونامي. وتبلغ تكلفته نحو 20 دولارًا أمريكيًا للشخص في الليلة.

وتوجد نُزُل وأماكن للمبيت والإفطار في جزر فافو ودالو وكافو، وشمال وجنوب ماليه، وجزيرة آري المرجانية، بما في ذلك هانغاميدهو. ولا يضم سوى عدد قليل من هذه المنشآت مسبحًا خاصًا بها.

تحقق مما إذا كان ارتداء ملابس السباحة ذات القطعتين (البكيني) مسموحًا على الشاطئ. وتكون المسافة بين النُزُل والشواطئ قصيرة عادةً، لكن ينبغي للزوار الالتزام بارتداء الملابس المناسبة للأعراف المالديفية.

===الإقامة لدى العائلات المحلية===
يمكن للمسافرين الأكثر استقلالية والباحثين عن تجربة ثقافية استئجار غرف في القرى المحلية. وقد يتطلب ذلك التجول في القرية والسؤال عن الغرف المتاحة، إذا كنت واثقًا من مهاراتك الاجتماعية، أو الاستفسار في مدينة ماليه عما إذا كان أحد يستطيع توصيلك بأصدقائه أو أقاربه في جزيرة نائية لتوفير إقامة منزلية غير رسمية.

وقد تبدأ الأسعار من 15 يورو لليلة في غرفة نظيفة وعملية.

==تعلم==
افتُتحت أول جامعة في المالديف، وهي الجامعة الوطنية المالديفية، في 15 فبراير 2011. وتعمل كلية التعليم العالي والتدريب، إلى جانب الجامعة الإسلامية في المالديف، ضمن منظومة مؤسسات التعليم العالي. وتُعد هذه المؤسسات من الجهات العامة التي تقدم درجات علمية مجانية في البلاد.

تقدم الكلية مجموعة من برامج الدرجات العلمية والدبلومات والشهادات، مع تركيز خاص على الهندسة والعلوم الصحية والتعليم والسياحة والإدارة. ويبلغ متوسط عدد المسجلين في البرامج طويلة الأجل، التي تتجاوز سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 4000 طالب، فيما يبلغ عدد الملتحقين بالدورات القصيرة، التي تقل مدتها عن سنة دراسية واحدة، نحو 2000 طالب.

كما تقدم المؤسسات الحكومية، مثل معهد مالديف بوليتكنيك وبرنامج TVET Maldives، تدريبًا تقنيًا ومهنيًا مجانيًا للمساعدة على تطوير المهارات اللازمة للعمل. وتقدم عدة مؤسسات خاصة برامج جامعية ودراسات عليا معترفًا بها دوليًا.

==اعمل==
قد يكون العثور على وظيفة في المالديف أمرًا صعبًا. فهذا ليس مكانًا يمكنك الوصول إليه والبدء فيه بالبحث عن عمل مباشرةً. توظف المنتجعات عادةً مزيجًا من العاملين المحليين والدوليين، ولذلك ينبغي التواصل مع أقسام الموارد البشرية في المنتجعات.

توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الوظائف، لكن كثيرًا منها يرتبط بالغوص، مثل مرشدي الغوص والمدربين والمصورين وغيرهم.

توظف معظم المنتجعات في الغالب أشخاصًا من جنسية واحدة أو جنسيتين؛ لذا فإن العثور على منتجعات تتناسب مع مهاراتك اللغوية يساعدك على زيادة فرصك. وتفيد الخبرة السابقة دائمًا، ولا سيما لمدربي الغوص، لأن المالديف تشتهر بتياراتها القوية، وقد تدفع هذه التيارات الغواصين إلى عرض المحيط الهندي مباشرةً.

إذا حصلت على وظيفة في أحد المنتجعات، فسيتولى المنتجع عادةً استخراج تصريح العمل ودفع تكاليف رحلتك الجوية والطعام والإقامة. وليس أمامه خيار كبير في ذلك، إذ لا يمكنك ببساطة الخروج إلى متجر البقالة وشراء بيتزا لتناول العشاء.

==السلامة==
[[File:Malediven Rashdoo Kuramathi.jpg|thumb|جزيرة رازدّو المرجانية من الطائرة]]

اتصل بالرقم المجاني '''1478''' أو '''(+960) 9790070''' للتواصل مع شرطة السياحة في أي وقت وطلب المعلومات أو المساعدة.

يقيم معظم زوار المالديف في منتجعات فندقية تكون مستويات الجريمة فيها منخفضة نسبيًا. ومع ذلك، تحدث جرائم بسيطة، بما فيها سرقة الأغراض التي تُترك دون مراقبة على الشاطئ أو في غرف الفنادق. لذلك احرص على مقتنياتك الثمينة وأغراضك الشخصية الأخرى، ولا سيما عند التجول في مدينة ماليه. استخدم صناديق الأمانات المتوفرة في المنتجعات.

قد تكون التيارات البحرية حول المالديف قوية، ويغرق عدد من السياح كل عام. احرص دائمًا على طلب المشورة المحلية قبل النزول إلى البحر.

تفرض المالديف قوانين صارمة جدًا لمكافحة المخدرات. وقد يؤدي استيراد المخدرات أو حيازتها إلى عقوبات قاسية، بما في ذلك السجن المؤبد وعقوبة الإعدام. كما قد يتعامل السكان المحليون والشرطة بجدية مع حيازة الكحول أو استهلاكه، وكذلك مع حالة السكر، خارج المنتجعات وسفن الإقامة والإبحار.


ليست حالات '''التحرش الجنسي''' نادرة في المالديف، وينبغي للنساء المسافرات بمفردهن توخي الحذر.

يُعد التجديف على الدين الإسلامي أو انتقاده والتبشير بأديان أخرى من قبل غير المسلمين أمورًا غير قانونية في المالديف، بما في ذلك الحيازة العلنية للمواد الدينية غير الإسلامية، مثل الكتاب المقدس، وتوزيعها.

==الحفاظ على الصحة==
توجد مرافق صحية في كل جزيرة مأهولة، تشمل مراكز للرعاية الصحية الأولية على مستوى الجزيرة، تليها مرافق صحية أكبر ومستشفيات للرعاية التخصصية على مستوى الجزيرة المرجانية، ثم مرافق للرعاية المتقدمة في المدن والمناطق الحضرية.

إذا أُصبت بمرض خطير خلال إقامتك، فقد تُنقل إلى بلد آخر للحصول على الرعاية الطبية المناسبة.

لا توجد مشكلات خطيرة متعلقة بالأمراض في المالديف. ومع ذلك، انتبه إلى أن '''[[Wy/ar/مياه الصنبور|مياه الصنبور]]''' قد لا تكون صالحة للشرب في جميع المنتجعات؛ لذا استفسر محليًا.

المالديف خالية من الملاريا، لكن بعض الجزر تضم بعوضًا، ومن الممكن الإصابة بحمى الضنك بسببه، وإن كان احتمال ذلك منخفضًا جدًا. أما القادمون من المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الحمى الصفراء، فيُطلب منهم تقديم شهادة تطعيم دولية.

تتعلق معظم المشكلات الصحية بإصابات الغوص أو التعرض للشمس. ويُعد الإجهاد الحراري مشكلة شائعة في المناطق الاستوائية، ويزداد خطره لدى الغواصين الذين يقضون ساعات طويلة على القوارب مرتدين بدلات الغوص، ما قد يؤدي إلى ارتفاع حرارة الجسم.

يمكن تجنب هذه الإصابات بسهولة نسبيًا من خلال شرب كميات وافرة من الماء والجلوس في الظل قدر الإمكان.

تضم كثير من المنتجعات طبيبًا أو ممرضًا خاصًا بها، وتقع معظمها على مسافة يسهل الوصول منها إلى غرف إعادة الضغط. وتوجد في مدينة ماليه مستشفيات فعالة وحديثة نسبيًا، لكن تذكر أن الإجلاء الطبي من المالديف إلى بلدك قد يستغرق وقتًا طويلًا.

==احترم==
{{Wy/ar/Ramadandates}}

تنطبق على المالديف كثير من قواعد السلوك الحسن المتعارف عليها في [[Wy/ar/جنوب آسيا|جنوب آسيا]].

المالديف بلد شديد التدين، وقد يؤدي التحدث بسلبية عن الدين إلى ردود فعل قوية، ولا سيما إذا صدرت الانتقادات من وجهة نظر لاأدرية.

ينبغي مراعاة معايير اللباس المحلية عند زيارة الجزر المأهولة أو الإقامة في جزيرة لا يقتصر ملكها على المنتجع وحده. احرص على تغطية الكتفين وتجنب السراويل القصيرة جدًا أو الضيقة، سواء للرجال أو النساء.

لا يُسمح بارتداء البكيني إلا في مناطق محددة في بعض الجزر المحلية. ويُحظر التعري أو الاستحمام تحت أشعة الشمس دون ارتداء الجزء العلوي من الملابس في أي مكان، بما في ذلك جزر المنتجعات.

==اتصل==
توجد شركتان للاتصالات المتنقلة: '''[https://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/ ديراغو]''' و'''[https://ooredoo.mv أوريدو]'''. وتبيع كلتاهما شرائح SIM محلية مسبقة الدفع أو شرائح eSIM مع اتصال بالإنترنت بأسعار تنافسية.

تُعد ديراغو الشركة الرائدة محليًا في مجال الاتصالات، وتتمتع بتغطية أوسع، بينما تتقارب الأسعار مع أسعار منافستها. ولدى الشركتين متاجر بجوار منطقة وصول المسافرين في المطار، ويمكن الوصول إليها عند الخروج من صالة الوصول. كما توفر الشركتان اتصالات بيانات بتقنيات الجيل الثالث والرابع والخامس (3G/4G/5G).

إذا كنت تخطط للإبحار، فقد تهمك أيضًا خدمة الاتصالات عبر الأقمار الصناعية التي تقدمها أوريدو.

توفر معظم الفنادق والمقاهي خدمة واي فاي عامة، لكن الاتصال يكون بطيئًا عادةً. وقد تحتاج إلى رقم هاتف محلي لشراء رصيد أو وقت استخدام في كثير من نقاط الاتصال بالواي فاي في البلاد.

===خدمات الطوارئ===
اتصل بالرقم '''911''' للشرطة والإسعاف والإطفاء والإنقاذ وخفر السواحل، وبالرقم '''(+960) 3322211''' للاستفسار عن معلومات الرحلات الجوية.

{{Wy/ar/جزء|جنوب آسيا}}
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'''ஆசியா''' என்பது உலகின் ஏழு கண்டங்களுள் ஒன்றாகும். இது நிலப்பரப்பு மற்றும் மக்கள் தொகை அடிப்படையில் உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய கண்டமான ஆசியா, 460 கோடி மக்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இது உலக மக்கள் தொகையில் பாதிக்கும் மேலாகும்.

இந்தப் கண்டம் மிகவும் பரந்ததும் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டதுமாகும். எனவே, இதனை எளிதில் உள்வாங்கிக்கொள்ளக்கூடிய ஒரேயொரு பயணத் தலமாக மட்டும் கருதிவிட முடியாது. மத்திய கிழக்கின் பாலைவனச் சிதைவுகள் மற்றும் நவீனப் பிரம்மாண்ட வணிக வளாகங்கள் முதல், தெற்காசியாவின் பிரம்மாண்டமான பழங்காலச் சின்னங்கள் மற்றும் மலைத்தொடர்கள் வரையிலும்; தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின் கடற்கரை இல்லங்கள் மற்றும் காட்டுப் பயணங்கள் முதல், கிழக்காசியாவின் பெருநகரங்கள் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்கள் வரையிலும் பயணத்திற்கான வாய்ப்புகள் மிகவும் விரிவானவை.

[[File:TajMahal.jpg|279x279px|thumb|[[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவின்]] ஆக்ராவில் உள்ள தாஜ் மகால்]]
சுற்றுலா மற்றும் வணிகம் என இரு நோக்கங்களுக்காகவும் ஆசியாவுக்கு ஏராளமான பயணிகள் வருகை தருகின்றனர். பல்வேறு வெளியீடுகள் வெவ்வேறு புள்ளிவிவரங்களை வழங்கினாலும், காலப்போக்கில் அவற்றில் மாற்றங்கள் ஏற்பட்டாலும், உலகின் அதிகம் பார்வையிடப்படும் நகரங்களில் பல ஆசியாவிலேயே அமைந்துள்ளன என்பதை அனைவரும் ஒப்புக்கொள்கின்றனர். [https://www.en-vols.com/en/getaways/travel/most-visited-cities-2025/ ஒரு ஆய்வின்படி], 2025-ஆம் ஆண்டிற்கான முதல் பத்து நகரங்களில் எட்டு நகரங்கள் ஆசியாவில் உள்ளன. அந்தப் பட்டியலில் இடம்பெற்ற நகரங்களின் வரிசை பின்வருமாறு: [[Wy/ta/பேங்காக்|பேங்காக்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]], [[Wy/ta/இலண்டன்|இலண்டன்]], [[Wy/ta/மக்காவு|மக்காவு]] (முக்கியமாக சூதாட்டத்திற்காக), [[Wy/ta/இசுதான்புல்|இசுதான்புல்]], [[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]], [[Wy/ta/மெக்கா|மெக்கா]] (முக்கியமாக ஹஜ் யாத்திரைக்காக), [[Wy/ta/ஆந்தாலியா|ஆந்தாலியா]] (துருக்கிய கடற்கரைகள்), [[Wy/ta/பாரிசு|பாரிசு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/கோலாலம்பூர்|கோலாலம்பூர்]]. இதில் பத்தாவது இடத்தைப் பிடித்த கோலாலம்பூருக்குக் கூட அந்த ஆண்டில் 17 மில்லியனுக்கும் அதிகமான பயணிகள் வருகை தந்திருந்தனர்.

ஆசியா அனைத்து வகையான பயணிகளுக்கும் — அவர்கள் புதியவராகவோ அல்லது அனுபவம் வாய்ந்த பயணிகளாகவோ இருந்தாலும் — சுவாரஸ்யமான இடங்களை வழங்குகிறது. [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பான்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]], [[Wy/ta/தைவான்|தைவான்]], [[Wy/ta/தென் கொரியா|தென் கொரியா]] போன்ற கிழக்கு ஆசியப் புலிகள் என்று அழைக்கப்படும் நவீன மற்றும் செழிப்பான நாடுகள் இதில் அடங்கும்; இந்நாடுகளில் மக்கள் மிக உயர்ந்த வாழ்க்கைத்தரத்தை அனுபவிக்கின்றனர்.

[[Wy/ta/கம்போடியா|கம்போடியா]], [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/லாவோசு|லாவோசு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/திமோர்-லெசுடே|திமோர்-லெசுடே]] போன்ற குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அளவில் ஊட்டச்சத்துக் குறைபாடுள்ள ஏழை ஆசிய நாடுகளும் உள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/வியட்நாம்|வியட்நாம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தோனேசியா|இந்தோனேசியா]] உள்ளிட்ட சில நாடுகள், குறைந்த செலவில் பயணம் செய்பவர்களுக்கான [[Wy/ta/வாழைப்பழ கற்காரைவட்டு நடைப்பயணம்|வாழைப்பழ கற்காரைவட்டு நடைப்பயண]] பாதையில் நன்கு அறியப்பட்ட இடங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன.

[[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]] போன்ற நாடுகள், குறிப்பிட்ட சில பகுதிகளுக்கு அல்லது குறிப்பிட்ட வகையான சுற்றுலா நடவடிக்கைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே அனுமதி அளித்து, அதில் கடுமையான கட்டுப்பாடுகளை விதிக்கின்றன. உலகின் மிகவும் தனிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்ட மற்றும் அடக்குமுறை மிகுந்த நாடுகளாகத் திகழும் [[Wy/ta/வட கொரியா|வட கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/துர்க்மெனிஸ்தான்|துர்க்மெனிஸ்தான்]] ஆகியவை இதை இன்னும் ஒரு படி மேலே கொண்டு சென்று, தங்கள் &quot;மகாத் தலைவர்களை&quot; மையமாகக் கொண்ட, தொடர்ந்து கண்காணிக்கப்படும் குழுச் சுற்றுலாக்களை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கின்றன.

நிச்சயமாக, இவற்றுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட நிலையில் உள்ள பல நாடுகளும் உள்ளன. வளர்ந்து வரும் வல்லரசுகளான [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவையும்]] [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவையும்]] இவ்வகையில் குறிப்பிடலாம். நீண்ட வரலாறு, பண்பாட்டுப் பாரம்பரியம் மற்றும் பன்முகத்தன்மை ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட இந்த மிகப்பெரிய, அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட நாடுகள், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்குச் சிறந்த இடங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Worldimagemap/Asiaimagemap}}
{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
|region1name=[[Wy/ta/காக்கேசியா|காக்கேசியா]]
|region1color=#bf82d8
|region1items=[[Wy/ta/அப்காசியா|அப்காசியா]], [[Wy/ta/ஆர்மீனியா|ஆர்மீனியா]], [[Wy/ta/அசர்பைசான்|அசர்பைசான்]], [[Wy/ta/சியார்சியா|சியார்சியா]], [[Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஒசேத்தியா|தெற்கு ஒசேத்தியா]]
|region1description=காக்கேசியா என்பது ஐரோப்பாவையும் மத்திய கிழக்கையும் இணைக்கும் ஒரு மலைத்தொடராகும். இது பண்டைய காலத்திலிருந்தே தொடரும் ஒரு உயிருள்ள பாரம்பரியத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

|region2name=[[Wy/ta/மத்திய ஆசியா|மத்திய ஆசியா]]
|region2color=#43aad2
|region2items=[[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/கசகசுத்தான்|கசகசுத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/கிருகிசுத்தான்|கிருகிசுத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/தசிகிசுத்தான்|தசிகிசுத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/துருக்குமெனிசுத்தான்|துருக்குமெனிசுத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான்|உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான்]]
|region2description=[[Wy/ta/பட்டுப் பாதை|பட்டுப் பாதையின்]] மையப்பகுதியாகத் திகழும் இநாடுகள், பாலைவனங்கள் முதல் மலைகள் வரையிலான கண்கவர் நிலப்பரப்புகளையும், [[Wy/ta/மார்கோ போலோ|மார்கோ போலோவின்]] அடிச்சுவடுகளைப் பின்பற்றும் வகையிலான உண்மையான சாகச அனுபவத்தையும் வழங்குகின்றன. அத்துடன் இங்குப் பல பழமையான மசூதிகளையும் சோவியத் காலக் கட்டிடக்கலை பாணியிலான கட்டிடங்களையும் காண முடியும்.

|region3name=[[Wy/ta/கிழக்கு ஆசியா|கிழக்கு ஆசியா]]
|region3color=#d5b66b
|region3items=[[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]], [[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]], [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பான்]], [[Wy/ta/மக்காவு|மக்காவு]], [[Wy/ta/மங்கோலியா|மங்கோலியா]], [[Wy/ta/வட கொரியா|வட கொரியா]], [[Wy/ta/தென் கொரியா|தென் கொரியா]], [[Wy/ta/தைவான்|தைவான்]]
|region3description=பழமைக்கும் புதுமைக்கும் இடையிலான ஒரு கச்சிதமான முரண்பாடு இங்கே காணப்படுகிறது; தொழில்நுட்ப வளர்ச்சியில் முன்னணியில் திகழும் பிரம்மாண்டமான பெருநகரங்கள், இன்றும் அன்றாட வாழ்வில் நீடிக்கும் பண்டைய பண்பாடுகள் மற்றும் தத்துவங்களின் அடையாளங்களான நன்கு பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட கோயில்கள் மற்றும் வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க இடங்களுடன் இணைந்துள்ளன. அதேவேளையில், சீனாவின் கிராமப்புறங்கள் மற்றும் மங்கோலியாவின் பரந்த திறந்தவெளி சமவெளிகள் முற்றிலும் மாறுபட்டதொரு அனுபவத்தை அளிக்கின்றன.

|region4name=[[Wy/ta/மத்தியக் கிழக்கு|மத்தியக் கிழக்கு]]
|region4color=#814800
|region4items=[[Wy/ta/பகுரைன்|பகுரைன்]], [[Wy/ta/ஈரான்|ஈரான்]], [[Wy/ta/ஈராக்கு|ஈராக்கு]], [[Wy/ta/இசுரேல்|இசுரேல்]], [[Wy/ta/யோர்தான்|யோர்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/குவைத்து|குவைத்து]], [[Wy/ta/லெபனான்|லெபனான்]], [[Wy/ta/ஓமன்|ஓமன்]], [[Wy/ta/பாலத்தீனப் பகுதிகள்|பாலத்தீனப் பகுதிகள்]], [[Wy/ta/கத்தார்|கத்தார்]], [[Wy/ta/சவூதி அரேபியா|சவூதி அரேபியா]], [[Wy/ta/சிரியா|சிரியா]], [[Wy/ta/துருக்கி|துருக்கி]], [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்]], [[Wy/ta/ஏமன்|ஏமன்]]
|region4description=உலகின் மிகத் தொன்மையான நாகரிகங்களில் ஒன்றின் தாயகமாகவும், ஆபிரகாமிய மதங்கள் (யூத, கிறிஸ்தவ மற்றும் இஸ்லாமிய மதங்கள்) தோன்றிய இடமாகவும் இது திகழ்கிறது; தற்போது வளர்ந்து வரும் மேம்பாடு மற்றும் செழுமையான பாரம்பரியத்துடன், உலகின் மிக வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வரும் பிராந்தியங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் இது விளங்குகிறது.

|region5name=[[Wy/ta/உருசியா|உருசியா]]
|region5color=#c0599e
|region5items=[[Wy/ta/உரால் மலைகள்|உரால் மலைகள்]], [[Wy/ta/சைபீரியா|சைபீரியா]], [[Wy/ta/உருசியத் தொலைக் கிழக்கு|உருசியத் தொலைக் கிழக்கு]]
|region5description=வடக்கு ஆசியா உருசியாவிற்குச் சொந்தமானது. ஆசிய உருசியா பாரம்பரியமாக 'சைபீரியா' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டாலும், இப்பகுதியின் உட்பகுதியை உள்ளடக்கிய ஒரு கூட்டாட்சிப் பிராந்தியத்தின் பெயரும் இதுவேயாகும். இது [[Wy/ta/ஆர்க்டிக்கு|ஆர்க்டிக்கு]] முதல் மத்திய ஆசியப் பாலைவனங்கள் வரை பரந்து விரிந்துள்ள, பரந்த மற்றும் குறைந்த மக்கள் அடர்த்தி கொண்ட ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.

|region6name=[[Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஆசியா|தெற்கு ஆசியா]]
|region6color=#008153
|region6items=[[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]], [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியா]], [[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளம்]], [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/இலங்கை|இலங்கை]]
|region6description=வடக்கே பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் இமயமலைகள், தெற்கே வெப்பமண்டல ஈரப்பதமிக்க நீர்வழிகள், மற்றும் இவற்றுக்கு இடையே துடிப்பான, பரபரப்பான நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பல பழமையான வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க இடங்கள் எனப் பல்வேறு அம்சங்கள் இங்கு உள்ளன. இங்கு மிகுந்த மதப் பன்முகத்தன்மை காணப்படுகிறது.

|region7name=[[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா]]
|region7color=#d56d76
|region7items=[[Wy/ta/புரூணை|புரூணை]], [[Wy/ta/கம்போடியா|கம்போடியா]], [[Wy/ta/திமோர்-லெசுதே|திமோர்-லெசுதே]] (கிழக்குத் திமோர்), [[Wy/ta/இந்தோனேசியா|இந்தோனேசியா]], [[Wy/ta/இலாவோசு|இலாவோசு]], [[Wy/ta/மலேசியா|மலேசியா]], [[Wy/ta/மியான்மார்|மியான்மார்]] (பர்மா), [[Wy/ta/பிலிப்பீன்சு|பிலிப்பீன்சு]], [[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/வியட்நாம்|வியட்நாம்]]
|region7description=வெப்பமான மற்றும் ஈரப்பதமான காலநிலை, பௌத்த மடாலயங்கள், வெப்பமண்டலக் கடற்கரைகள், பரபரப்பான தெரு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் ஏராளமான தேவாலயங்கள் மற்றும் மசூதிகள் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா, முதுகுப்பையில் சுமைகளை ஏந்திப் பயணிக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடையே (backpackers) பிரபலமான அதே சமயம், இரைச்சலான மற்றும் பரபரப்பான நகரங்களிலிருந்து விலகி அமைதியான விடுமுறையைக் கழிக்க ஏற்ற இடங்களையும் வழங்குகிறது.
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
[[File:Commuting to Work.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவின்]] [[Wy/ta/பெய்சிங்|பெய்சிங்கில்]] உள்ள தியனன்மென் சதுக்கம்]]
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பேங்காக்|பேங்காக்]]|wikidata=Q1861}} — கோயில்கள், இரவு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் துடிப்பான சூழல் கொண்ட [[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்தின்]] பரபரப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை வாய்ந்த தலைநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பெய்சிங்|பெய்சிங்]]|wikidata=Q956}} — தியனன்மென் சதுக்கம், தடைசெய்யப்பட்ட நகரம் மற்றும் பல பண்பாட்டுச் சின்னங்களைக் கொண்ட [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவின்]] தலைநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} — நம்பமுடியாத வேகத்தில் வளர்ந்து வரும், [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின்]] மிகவும் நவீன மற்றும் முன்னேறிய அமீரகம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]]|wikidata=Q8646}} — சீன மற்றும் பிரித்தானிய பண்பாடுகளின் தனித்துவமான கலவையைக் கொண்ட, உண்மையான உலகத்தரம் வாய்ந்த பெருநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/எருசலேம்|எருசலேம்]]|wikidata=Q1218}} — யூதர்கள், கிறித்தவர்கள் மற்றும் இசுலாமியர்களுக்குப் புனிதமான இடமாகவும், யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரியத் தளமான 'பழைய நகரம்' அமைந்துள்ள இடமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]]|wikidata=Q1156}} — [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவின்]] நிதி மையமான இது, இரவு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் பாலிவுட்டின் தலைநகராக அறியப்படும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட பரபரப்பான பெருநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சியோல்|சியோல்]]|wikidata=Q8684}} — அழகான அரண்மனைகள், சிறந்த உணவு மற்றும் துடிப்பான இரவு வாழ்க்கை கொண்ட சியோல், ஆசியாவின் பழைய மற்றும் புதிய முகங்களை ஒரே நேரத்தில் அனுபவிக்க ஏற்ற இடமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]]|wikidata=Q334}} — சீன, இந்திய, மலாய் மற்றும் பிரித்தானிய தாக்கங்களின் கலவையைக் கொண்ட ஒரு நவீன, வளமான நகர-நாடு.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/தோக்கியோ|தோக்கியோ]]|wikidata=Q7473516}} — உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய நகரமான இது, எதிர்காலத்திற்கான அதிநவீன தொழில்நுட்பக் காட்சிகளையும் பழமையான [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பானின்]] அடையாளங்களையும் ஒருங்கே கொண்ட ஒரு பிரம்மாண்டமான, வளமான மற்றும் வசீகரிக்கும் பெருநகரமாகும்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
முக்கிய நகரங்களைத் தவிர்த்து, இவை மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் மிகவும் பிரபலமான சில இடங்களாகும்.
[[File:Tari Rejang desa.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/பாலி|பாலியில்]] ரெசாங்கு நடனம்]]
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/அங்கோர் தொல்பொருள் பூங்கா|அங்கோர் தொல்பொருள் பூங்கா]]|lat=13.4333|long=103.8333}} — கெமர் பேரரசின் பல தலைநகரங்களின் பிரம்மாண்டமான எச்சங்கள்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பாலி|பாலி]]|wikidata=Q3125978}} — தனித்துவமான இந்துப் பண்பாடு, கடற்கரைகள் மற்றும் மலைகளைக் கொண்ட 'தெய்வங்களின் தீவு'
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/சாக்கடல்|சாக்கடல்]]|wikidata=Q23883}} — அதிக உப்புத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்த ஏரியில் நீரில் மூழ்காமல் மிதக்கும் அனுபவம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/சீனப் பெருஞ்சுவர்|சீனப் பெருஞ்சுவர்]]|wikidata=Q12501}} — பல ஆயிரம் கிலோமீட்டர் நீளம் கொண்டது; இதன் நிலை மிகச் சிறந்த நிலை முதல் சிதிலமடைந்த நிலை வரை உள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பைக்கால் ஏரி|பைக்கால் ஏரி]]|wikidata=Q5513}} — உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் ஆழமான நன்னீர் ஏரி. இது உலகின் நன்னீர் இருப்பில் ஐந்தில் ஒரு பங்கிற்கும் மேலானதைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்|எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்]]|wikidata=Q513}} — [[Wy/ta/திபெத்து|திபெத்து]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாள]] எல்லைக்கு இடையே அமைந்துள்ள உலகின் மிக உயரமான மலை
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பெட்ரா|பெட்ரா]]|wikidata=Q5788}} — மணற்கல்லில் செதுக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு பழங்கால நகரம் மற்றும் உலகின் புதிய ஏழு அதிசயங்களில் ஒன்று
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/ரெசிகுத்தான்|ரெசிகுத்தான்]]|wikidata=Q5753}} — [[Wy/ta/பட்டுப் பாதை|பட்டுப் பாதையில்]] அமைந்த முக்கிய வணிக நகரமான சமர்கண்டின் ஈர்க்கக்கூடிய வரலாற்று மையம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/தாஜ் மகால்|தாஜ் மகால்]]|wikidata=Q9141}} — ஆக்ராவில் உள்ள இணையற்ற சலவைக்கல் கல்லறை
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;

மேலும் காண்க: [[Wy/ta/யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரிய பட்டியல்#ஆசியா|யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரிய பட்டியல்#ஆசியா]].

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
ஆசியா பதினொரு முக்கிய மதங்கள் மற்றும் ஆன்மீக நெறிகளின் பிறப்பிடமாகும். அவை முறையே இந்து மதம், பௌத்தம், இசுலாம், கிறிசுதவம், யூத மதம், சொராசுட்டிரிய மதம், சீக்கிய மதம், சின்டோ மதம், தாவோ மதம், சமண மதம் மற்றும் பகாய் சமயம் ஆகியனவாகும். இவை தவிர எண்ணற்ற பழங்குடி வழிபாட்டு முறைகளும் இங்கு உள்ளன. மேற்கு உலகிலிருந்து வேறுபடுத்திக் காட்டுவதற்காகப் பெரும்பாலும் '''கிழக்கு''' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இக்கண்டம், உலகின் மிக வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வரும் நகரங்கள், பல்வேறு வகையான தனித்துவமான உணவு வகைகள், உலகின் மிக உயர்ந்த மலைத்தொடர்கள் மற்றும் உலகின் மிகத் தொன்மையான பண்பாடுகள் ஆகியவற்றின் தாயகமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

===புவியியல்===
ஆசியா கண்டங்களிலேயே மிகப் பெரியது. எனவே, புவியியல் ரீதியாக இது மிகுந்த பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டது. சைபீரியாவின் உறைபனி சமவெளிகள், இந்தோனேசியாவின் காடுகள், அரேபியாவின் பாலைவனங்கள் என, உலகில் காணப்படக்கூடிய ஏறக்குறைய அனைத்து வகையான காலநிலைகளும் நிலப்பரப்புகளும் ஆசியாவில் உள்ளன. 

[[File:Everest North Face toward Base Camp Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|படத்தில் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ள எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம் உட்பட, 7,000 மீட்டருக்கு மேல் உயரமான அனைத்து சிகரங்களும் ஆசியாவிலேயே உள்ளன.]]

=== வரலாறு ===

== பேச்சுமொழி ==

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==


== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==


== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==

=== பயணவிவர ஏடுகள் ===


== செய்யுங்கள் ==


== உண்ணுங்கள் ==


== பருகுங்கள் ==


== உறங்குங்கள் ==


== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==


== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==


== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==


== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Continent articles]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q48}}</text>
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'''ஆசியா''' என்பது உலகின் ஏழு கண்டங்களுள் ஒன்றாகும். இது நிலப்பரப்பு மற்றும் மக்கள் தொகை அடிப்படையில் உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய கண்டமான ஆசியா, 460 கோடி மக்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இது உலக மக்கள் தொகையில் பாதிக்கும் மேலாகும்.

இந்தப் கண்டம் மிகவும் பரந்ததும் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டதுமாகும். எனவே, இதனை எளிதில் உள்வாங்கிக்கொள்ளக்கூடிய ஒரேயொரு பயணத் தலமாக மட்டும் கருதிவிட முடியாது. மத்திய கிழக்கின் பாலைவனச் சிதைவுகள் மற்றும் நவீனப் பிரம்மாண்ட வணிக வளாகங்கள் முதல், தெற்காசியாவின் பிரம்மாண்டமான பழங்காலச் சின்னங்கள் மற்றும் மலைத்தொடர்கள் வரையிலும்; தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின் கடற்கரை இல்லங்கள் மற்றும் காட்டுப் பயணங்கள் முதல், கிழக்காசியாவின் பெருநகரங்கள் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்கள் வரையிலும் பயணத்திற்கான வாய்ப்புகள் மிகவும் விரிவானவை.

[[File:TajMahal.jpg|279x279px|thumb|[[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவின்]] ஆக்ராவில் உள்ள தாஜ் மகால்]]
சுற்றுலா மற்றும் வணிகம் என இரு நோக்கங்களுக்காகவும் ஆசியாவுக்கு ஏராளமான பயணிகள் வருகை தருகின்றனர். பல்வேறு வெளியீடுகள் வெவ்வேறு புள்ளிவிவரங்களை வழங்கினாலும், காலப்போக்கில் அவற்றில் மாற்றங்கள் ஏற்பட்டாலும், உலகின் அதிகம் பார்வையிடப்படும் நகரங்களில் பல ஆசியாவிலேயே அமைந்துள்ளன என்பதை அனைவரும் ஒப்புக்கொள்கின்றனர். [https://www.en-vols.com/en/getaways/travel/most-visited-cities-2025/ ஒரு ஆய்வின்படி], 2025-ஆம் ஆண்டிற்கான முதல் பத்து நகரங்களில் எட்டு நகரங்கள் ஆசியாவில் உள்ளன. அந்தப் பட்டியலில் இடம்பெற்ற நகரங்களின் வரிசை பின்வருமாறு: [[Wy/ta/பேங்காக்|பேங்காக்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]], [[Wy/ta/இலண்டன்|இலண்டன்]], [[Wy/ta/மக்காவு|மக்காவு]] (முக்கியமாக சூதாட்டத்திற்காக), [[Wy/ta/இசுதான்புல்|இசுதான்புல்]], [[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]], [[Wy/ta/மெக்கா|மெக்கா]] (முக்கியமாக ஹஜ் யாத்திரைக்காக), [[Wy/ta/ஆந்தாலியா|ஆந்தாலியா]] (துருக்கிய கடற்கரைகள்), [[Wy/ta/பாரிசு|பாரிசு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/கோலாலம்பூர்|கோலாலம்பூர்]]. இதில் பத்தாவது இடத்தைப் பிடித்த கோலாலம்பூருக்குக் கூட அந்த ஆண்டில் 17 மில்லியனுக்கும் அதிகமான பயணிகள் வருகை தந்திருந்தனர்.

ஆசியா அனைத்து வகையான பயணிகளுக்கும் — அவர்கள் புதியவராகவோ அல்லது அனுபவம் வாய்ந்த பயணிகளாகவோ இருந்தாலும் — சுவாரஸ்யமான இடங்களை வழங்குகிறது. [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பான்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]], [[Wy/ta/தைவான்|தைவான்]], [[Wy/ta/தென் கொரியா|தென் கொரியா]] போன்ற கிழக்கு ஆசியப் புலிகள் என்று அழைக்கப்படும் நவீன மற்றும் செழிப்பான நாடுகள் இதில் அடங்கும்; இந்நாடுகளில் மக்கள் மிக உயர்ந்த வாழ்க்கைத்தரத்தை அனுபவிக்கின்றனர்.

[[Wy/ta/கம்போடியா|கம்போடியா]], [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/லாவோசு|லாவோசு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/திமோர்-லெசுடே|திமோர்-லெசுடே]] போன்ற குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அளவில் ஊட்டச்சத்துக் குறைபாடுள்ள ஏழை ஆசிய நாடுகளும் உள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/வியட்நாம்|வியட்நாம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தோனேசியா|இந்தோனேசியா]] உள்ளிட்ட சில நாடுகள், குறைந்த செலவில் பயணம் செய்பவர்களுக்கான [[Wy/ta/வாழைப்பழ கற்காரைவட்டு நடைப்பயணம்|வாழைப்பழ கற்காரைவட்டு நடைப்பயண]] பாதையில் நன்கு அறியப்பட்ட இடங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன.

[[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]] போன்ற நாடுகள், குறிப்பிட்ட சில பகுதிகளுக்கு அல்லது குறிப்பிட்ட வகையான சுற்றுலா நடவடிக்கைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே அனுமதி அளித்து, அதில் கடுமையான கட்டுப்பாடுகளை விதிக்கின்றன. உலகின் மிகவும் தனிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்ட மற்றும் அடக்குமுறை மிகுந்த நாடுகளாகத் திகழும் [[Wy/ta/வட கொரியா|வட கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/துர்க்மெனிஸ்தான்|துர்க்மெனிஸ்தான்]] ஆகியவை இதை இன்னும் ஒரு படி மேலே கொண்டு சென்று, தங்கள் &quot;மகாத் தலைவர்களை&quot; மையமாகக் கொண்ட, தொடர்ந்து கண்காணிக்கப்படும் குழுச் சுற்றுலாக்களை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கின்றன.

நிச்சயமாக, இவற்றுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட நிலையில் உள்ள பல நாடுகளும் உள்ளன. வளர்ந்து வரும் வல்லரசுகளான [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவையும்]] [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவையும்]] இவ்வகையில் குறிப்பிடலாம். நீண்ட வரலாறு, பண்பாட்டுப் பாரம்பரியம் மற்றும் பன்முகத்தன்மை ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட இந்த மிகப்பெரிய, அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட நாடுகள், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்குச் சிறந்த இடங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Worldimagemap/Asiaimagemap}}
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|region4description=உலகின் மிகத் தொன்மையான நாகரிகங்களில் ஒன்றின் தாயகமாகவும், ஆபிரகாமிய மதங்கள் (யூத, கிறிஸ்தவ மற்றும் இஸ்லாமிய மதங்கள்) தோன்றிய இடமாகவும் இது திகழ்கிறது; தற்போது வளர்ந்து வரும் மேம்பாடு மற்றும் செழுமையான பாரம்பரியத்துடன், உலகின் மிக வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வரும் பிராந்தியங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் இது விளங்குகிறது.

|region5name=[[Wy/ta/உருசியா|உருசியா]]
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|region5items=[[Wy/ta/உரால் மலைகள்|உரால் மலைகள்]], [[Wy/ta/சைபீரியா|சைபீரியா]], [[Wy/ta/உருசியத் தொலைக் கிழக்கு|உருசியத் தொலைக் கிழக்கு]]
|region5description=வடக்கு ஆசியா உருசியாவிற்குச் சொந்தமானது. ஆசிய உருசியா பாரம்பரியமாக 'சைபீரியா' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டாலும், இப்பகுதியின் உட்பகுதியை உள்ளடக்கிய ஒரு கூட்டாட்சிப் பிராந்தியத்தின் பெயரும் இதுவேயாகும். இது [[Wy/ta/ஆர்க்டிக்கு|ஆர்க்டிக்கு]] முதல் மத்திய ஆசியப் பாலைவனங்கள் வரை பரந்து விரிந்துள்ள, பரந்த மற்றும் குறைந்த மக்கள் அடர்த்தி கொண்ட ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.

|region6name=[[Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஆசியா|தெற்கு ஆசியா]]
|region6color=#008153
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|region6description=வடக்கே பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் இமயமலைகள், தெற்கே வெப்பமண்டல ஈரப்பதமிக்க நீர்வழிகள், மற்றும் இவற்றுக்கு இடையே துடிப்பான, பரபரப்பான நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பல பழமையான வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க இடங்கள் எனப் பல்வேறு அம்சங்கள் இங்கு உள்ளன. இங்கு மிகுந்த மதப் பன்முகத்தன்மை காணப்படுகிறது.

|region7name=[[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா]]
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|region7description=வெப்பமான மற்றும் ஈரப்பதமான காலநிலை, பௌத்த மடாலயங்கள், வெப்பமண்டலக் கடற்கரைகள், பரபரப்பான தெரு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் ஏராளமான தேவாலயங்கள் மற்றும் மசூதிகள் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா, முதுகுப்பையில் சுமைகளை ஏந்திப் பயணிக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடையே (backpackers) பிரபலமான அதே சமயம், இரைச்சலான மற்றும் பரபரப்பான நகரங்களிலிருந்து விலகி அமைதியான விடுமுறையைக் கழிக்க ஏற்ற இடங்களையும் வழங்குகிறது.
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
[[File:Commuting to Work.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவின்]] [[Wy/ta/பெய்சிங்|பெய்சிங்கில்]] உள்ள தியனன்மென் சதுக்கம்]]
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பேங்காக்|பேங்காக்]]|wikidata=Q1861}} — கோயில்கள், இரவு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் துடிப்பான சூழல் கொண்ட [[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்தின்]] பரபரப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை வாய்ந்த தலைநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பெய்சிங்|பெய்சிங்]]|wikidata=Q956}} — தியனன்மென் சதுக்கம், தடைசெய்யப்பட்ட நகரம் மற்றும் பல பண்பாட்டுச் சின்னங்களைக் கொண்ட [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவின்]] தலைநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} — நம்பமுடியாத வேகத்தில் வளர்ந்து வரும், [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின்]] மிகவும் நவீன மற்றும் முன்னேறிய அமீரகம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]]|wikidata=Q8646}} — சீன மற்றும் பிரித்தானிய பண்பாடுகளின் தனித்துவமான கலவையைக் கொண்ட, உண்மையான உலகத்தரம் வாய்ந்த பெருநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/எருசலேம்|எருசலேம்]]|wikidata=Q1218}} — யூதர்கள், கிறித்தவர்கள் மற்றும் இசுலாமியர்களுக்குப் புனிதமான இடமாகவும், யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரியத் தளமான 'பழைய நகரம்' அமைந்துள்ள இடமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]]|wikidata=Q1156}} — [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவின்]] நிதி மையமான இது, இரவு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் பாலிவுட்டின் தலைநகராக அறியப்படும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட பரபரப்பான பெருநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சியோல்|சியோல்]]|wikidata=Q8684}} — அழகான அரண்மனைகள், சிறந்த உணவு மற்றும் துடிப்பான இரவு வாழ்க்கை கொண்ட சியோல், ஆசியாவின் பழைய மற்றும் புதிய முகங்களை ஒரே நேரத்தில் அனுபவிக்க ஏற்ற இடமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]]|wikidata=Q334}} — சீன, இந்திய, மலாய் மற்றும் பிரித்தானிய தாக்கங்களின் கலவையைக் கொண்ட ஒரு நவீன, வளமான நகர-நாடு.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/தோக்கியோ|தோக்கியோ]]|wikidata=Q7473516}} — உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய நகரமான இது, எதிர்காலத்திற்கான அதிநவீன தொழில்நுட்பக் காட்சிகளையும் பழமையான [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பானின்]] அடையாளங்களையும் ஒருங்கே கொண்ட ஒரு பிரம்மாண்டமான, வளமான மற்றும் வசீகரிக்கும் பெருநகரமாகும்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
முக்கிய நகரங்களைத் தவிர்த்து, இவை மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் மிகவும் பிரபலமான சில இடங்களாகும்.
[[File:Tari Rejang desa.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/பாலி|பாலியில்]] ரெசாங்கு நடனம்]]
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/அங்கோர் தொல்பொருள் பூங்கா|அங்கோர் தொல்பொருள் பூங்கா]]|lat=13.4333|long=103.8333}} — கெமர் பேரரசின் பல தலைநகரங்களின் பிரம்மாண்டமான எச்சங்கள்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பாலி|பாலி]]|wikidata=Q3125978}} — தனித்துவமான இந்துப் பண்பாடு, கடற்கரைகள் மற்றும் மலைகளைக் கொண்ட 'தெய்வங்களின் தீவு'
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/சாக்கடல்|சாக்கடல்]]|wikidata=Q23883}} — அதிக உப்புத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்த ஏரியில் நீரில் மூழ்காமல் மிதக்கும் அனுபவம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/சீனப் பெருஞ்சுவர்|சீனப் பெருஞ்சுவர்]]|wikidata=Q12501}} — பல ஆயிரம் கிலோமீட்டர் நீளம் கொண்டது; இதன் நிலை மிகச் சிறந்த நிலை முதல் சிதிலமடைந்த நிலை வரை உள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பைக்கால் ஏரி|பைக்கால் ஏரி]]|wikidata=Q5513}} — உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் ஆழமான நன்னீர் ஏரி. இது உலகின் நன்னீர் இருப்பில் ஐந்தில் ஒரு பங்கிற்கும் மேலானதைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்|எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்]]|wikidata=Q513}} — [[Wy/ta/திபெத்து|திபெத்து]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாள]] எல்லைக்கு இடையே அமைந்துள்ள உலகின் மிக உயரமான மலை
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பெட்ரா|பெட்ரா]]|wikidata=Q5788}} — மணற்கல்லில் செதுக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு பழங்கால நகரம் மற்றும் உலகின் புதிய ஏழு அதிசயங்களில் ஒன்று
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/ரெசிகுத்தான்|ரெசிகுத்தான்]]|wikidata=Q5753}} — [[Wy/ta/பட்டுப் பாதை|பட்டுப் பாதையில்]] அமைந்த முக்கிய வணிக நகரமான சமர்கண்டின் ஈர்க்கக்கூடிய வரலாற்று மையம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/தாஜ் மகால்|தாஜ் மகால்]]|wikidata=Q9141}} — ஆக்ராவில் உள்ள இணையற்ற சலவைக்கல் கல்லறை
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;

மேலும் காண்க: [[Wy/ta/யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரிய பட்டியல்#ஆசியா|யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரிய பட்டியல்#ஆசியா]].

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
ஆசியா பதினொரு முக்கிய மதங்கள் மற்றும் ஆன்மீக நெறிகளின் பிறப்பிடமாகும். அவை முறையே இந்து மதம், பௌத்தம், இசுலாம், கிறிசுதவம், யூத மதம், சொராசுட்டிரிய மதம், சீக்கிய மதம், சின்டோ மதம், தாவோ மதம், சமண மதம் மற்றும் பகாய் சமயம் ஆகியனவாகும். இவை தவிர எண்ணற்ற பழங்குடி வழிபாட்டு முறைகளும் இங்கு உள்ளன. மேற்கு உலகிலிருந்து வேறுபடுத்திக் காட்டுவதற்காகப் பெரும்பாலும் '''கிழக்கு''' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இக்கண்டம், உலகின் மிக வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வரும் நகரங்கள், பல்வேறு வகையான தனித்துவமான உணவு வகைகள், உலகின் மிக உயர்ந்த மலைத்தொடர்கள் மற்றும் உலகின் மிகத் தொன்மையான பண்பாடுகள் ஆகியவற்றின் தாயகமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

===புவியியல்===
ஆசியா கண்டங்களிலேயே மிகப் பெரியது. எனவே, புவியியல் ரீதியாக இது மிகுந்த பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டது. சைபீரியாவின் உறைபனி சமவெளிகள், இந்தோனேசியாவின் காடுகள், அரேபியாவின் பாலைவனங்கள் என, உலகில் காணப்படக்கூடிய ஏறக்குறைய அனைத்து வகையான காலநிலைகளும் நிலப்பரப்புகளும் ஆசியாவில் உள்ளன. 

[[File:Everest North Face toward Base Camp Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|படத்தில் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ள எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம் உட்பட, 7,000 மீட்டருக்கு மேல் உயரமான அனைத்து சிகரங்களும் ஆசியாவிலேயே உள்ளன.]]
ஆசியாவின் (மற்றும் உலகின்) மிக உயர்ந்த புள்ளி [[Wy/ta/இமயமலை|இமயமலையில்]], [[Wy/ta/திபெத்|திபெத்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாள]] எல்லைக்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள [[Wy/ta/எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்|எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்]] ஆகும். இது கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து {{Wy/ta/M|8,848.89}} உயரத்தில் உள்ளது. ஆசியாவின் மிகத் தாழ்ந்த புள்ளி [[Wy/ta/சாக்கடல்|சாக்கடல்]] ஆகும். இது [[Wy/ta/இசுரேல்|இசுரேல்]], [[Wy/ta/பலத்தீன் நாடு|பலத்தீன் நாடு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/யோர்தான்|யோர்தான்]] ஆகிய நாடுகள் சந்திக்கும் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இதன் மேற்பரப்பு கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 400 மீட்டர் கீழே உள்ளது. ஆசியாவின் மிக நீளமான ஆறு [[Wy/ta/யாங்சே நதிக்கரையோரம்|யாங்சே]] ஆகும். இது திபெத்திய பீடபூமியிலிருந்து [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] வழியாக {{Wy/ta/Km|6,300}} தூரம் பயணித்து [[Wy/ta/சாங்காய்|சாங்காயை]] அடைகிறது. ஆசியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய ஏரி காஸ்பியன் கடல் ஆகும். இது 386,400 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவு கொண்டது, மற்றும் மத்திய ஆசியாவின் பல நாடுகளால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஆசியாவின் கிழக்கே [[Wy/ta/அமைதிப் பெருங்கடல்|அமைதிப் பெருங்கடலும்]], தென்கிழக்கே [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரேலியா|ஆத்திரேலியாவும்]], தெற்கே [[Wy/ta/இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல்|இந்தியப் பெருங்கடலும்]] எல்லைகளாக உள்ளன. மேலும், தென்மேற்கே செங்கடலும், மேற்கே [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பா]] மற்றும் யுரல் மலைத்தொடரும், வடக்கே [[Wy/ta/ஆர்க்டிக் பெருங்கடல்|ஆர்க்டிக் பெருங்கடலும்]] ஆசியாவின் எல்லைகளாக அமைந்துள்ளன.

=== வரலாறு ===

== பேச்சுமொழி ==

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==


== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==


== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==

=== பயணவிவர ஏடுகள் ===


== செய்யுங்கள் ==


== உண்ணுங்கள் ==


== பருகுங்கள் ==


== உறங்குங்கள் ==


== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==


== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==


== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==


== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Continent articles]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q48}}</text>
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'''ஆசியா''' என்பது உலகின் ஏழு கண்டங்களுள் ஒன்றாகும். இது நிலப்பரப்பு மற்றும் மக்கள் தொகை அடிப்படையில் உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய கண்டமான ஆசியா, 460 கோடி மக்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இது உலக மக்கள் தொகையில் பாதிக்கும் மேலாகும்.

இந்தப் கண்டம் மிகவும் பரந்ததும் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டதுமாகும். எனவே, இதனை எளிதில் உள்வாங்கிக்கொள்ளக்கூடிய ஒரேயொரு பயணத் தலமாக மட்டும் கருதிவிட முடியாது. மத்திய கிழக்கின் பாலைவனச் சிதைவுகள் மற்றும் நவீனப் பிரம்மாண்ட வணிக வளாகங்கள் முதல், தெற்காசியாவின் பிரம்மாண்டமான பழங்காலச் சின்னங்கள் மற்றும் மலைத்தொடர்கள் வரையிலும்; தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின் கடற்கரை இல்லங்கள் மற்றும் காட்டுப் பயணங்கள் முதல், கிழக்காசியாவின் பெருநகரங்கள் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்கள் வரையிலும் பயணத்திற்கான வாய்ப்புகள் மிகவும் விரிவானவை.

[[File:TajMahal.jpg|279x279px|thumb|[[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவின்]] ஆக்ராவில் உள்ள தாஜ் மகால்]]
சுற்றுலா மற்றும் வணிகம் என இரு நோக்கங்களுக்காகவும் ஆசியாவுக்கு ஏராளமான பயணிகள் வருகை தருகின்றனர். பல்வேறு வெளியீடுகள் வெவ்வேறு புள்ளிவிவரங்களை வழங்கினாலும், காலப்போக்கில் அவற்றில் மாற்றங்கள் ஏற்பட்டாலும், உலகின் அதிகம் பார்வையிடப்படும் நகரங்களில் பல ஆசியாவிலேயே அமைந்துள்ளன என்பதை அனைவரும் ஒப்புக்கொள்கின்றனர். [https://www.en-vols.com/en/getaways/travel/most-visited-cities-2025/ ஒரு ஆய்வின்படி], 2025-ஆம் ஆண்டிற்கான முதல் பத்து நகரங்களில் எட்டு நகரங்கள் ஆசியாவில் உள்ளன. அந்தப் பட்டியலில் இடம்பெற்ற நகரங்களின் வரிசை பின்வருமாறு: [[Wy/ta/பேங்காக்|பேங்காக்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]], [[Wy/ta/இலண்டன்|இலண்டன்]], [[Wy/ta/மக்காவு|மக்காவு]] (முக்கியமாக சூதாட்டத்திற்காக), [[Wy/ta/இசுதான்புல்|இசுதான்புல்]], [[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]], [[Wy/ta/மெக்கா|மெக்கா]] (முக்கியமாக ஹஜ் யாத்திரைக்காக), [[Wy/ta/ஆந்தாலியா|ஆந்தாலியா]] (துருக்கிய கடற்கரைகள்), [[Wy/ta/பாரிசு|பாரிசு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/கோலாலம்பூர்|கோலாலம்பூர்]]. இதில் பத்தாவது இடத்தைப் பிடித்த கோலாலம்பூருக்குக் கூட அந்த ஆண்டில் 17 மில்லியனுக்கும் அதிகமான பயணிகள் வருகை தந்திருந்தனர்.

ஆசியா அனைத்து வகையான பயணிகளுக்கும் — அவர்கள் புதியவராகவோ அல்லது அனுபவம் வாய்ந்த பயணிகளாகவோ இருந்தாலும் — சுவாரஸ்யமான இடங்களை வழங்குகிறது. [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பான்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]], [[Wy/ta/தைவான்|தைவான்]], [[Wy/ta/தென் கொரியா|தென் கொரியா]] போன்ற கிழக்கு ஆசியப் புலிகள் என்று அழைக்கப்படும் நவீன மற்றும் செழிப்பான நாடுகள் இதில் அடங்கும்; இந்நாடுகளில் மக்கள் மிக உயர்ந்த வாழ்க்கைத்தரத்தை அனுபவிக்கின்றனர்.

[[Wy/ta/கம்போடியா|கம்போடியா]], [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/லாவோசு|லாவோசு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/திமோர்-லெசுடே|திமோர்-லெசுடே]] போன்ற குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அளவில் ஊட்டச்சத்துக் குறைபாடுள்ள ஏழை ஆசிய நாடுகளும் உள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/வியட்நாம்|வியட்நாம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தோனேசியா|இந்தோனேசியா]] உள்ளிட்ட சில நாடுகள், குறைந்த செலவில் பயணம் செய்பவர்களுக்கான [[Wy/ta/வாழைப்பழ கற்காரைவட்டு நடைப்பயணம்|வாழைப்பழ கற்காரைவட்டு நடைப்பயண]] பாதையில் நன்கு அறியப்பட்ட இடங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன.

[[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]] போன்ற நாடுகள், குறிப்பிட்ட சில பகுதிகளுக்கு அல்லது குறிப்பிட்ட வகையான சுற்றுலா நடவடிக்கைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே அனுமதி அளித்து, அதில் கடுமையான கட்டுப்பாடுகளை விதிக்கின்றன. உலகின் மிகவும் தனிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்ட மற்றும் அடக்குமுறை மிகுந்த நாடுகளாகத் திகழும் [[Wy/ta/வட கொரியா|வட கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/துர்க்மெனிஸ்தான்|துர்க்மெனிஸ்தான்]] ஆகியவை இதை இன்னும் ஒரு படி மேலே கொண்டு சென்று, தங்கள் &quot;மகாத் தலைவர்களை&quot; மையமாகக் கொண்ட, தொடர்ந்து கண்காணிக்கப்படும் குழுச் சுற்றுலாக்களை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கின்றன.

நிச்சயமாக, இவற்றுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட நிலையில் உள்ள பல நாடுகளும் உள்ளன. வளர்ந்து வரும் வல்லரசுகளான [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவையும்]] [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவையும்]] இவ்வகையில் குறிப்பிடலாம். நீண்ட வரலாறு, பண்பாட்டுப் பாரம்பரியம் மற்றும் பன்முகத்தன்மை ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட இந்த மிகப்பெரிய, அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட நாடுகள், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்குச் சிறந்த இடங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Worldimagemap/Asiaimagemap}}
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|region5description=வடக்கு ஆசியா உருசியாவிற்குச் சொந்தமானது. ஆசிய உருசியா பாரம்பரியமாக 'சைபீரியா' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டாலும், இப்பகுதியின் உட்பகுதியை உள்ளடக்கிய ஒரு கூட்டாட்சிப் பிராந்தியத்தின் பெயரும் இதுவேயாகும். இது [[Wy/ta/ஆர்க்டிக்கு|ஆர்க்டிக்கு]] முதல் மத்திய ஆசியப் பாலைவனங்கள் வரை பரந்து விரிந்துள்ள, பரந்த மற்றும் குறைந்த மக்கள் அடர்த்தி கொண்ட ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.

|region6name=[[Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஆசியா|தெற்கு ஆசியா]]
|region6color=#008153
|region6items=[[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]], [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியா]], [[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளம்]], [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/இலங்கை|இலங்கை]]
|region6description=வடக்கே பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் இமயமலைகள், தெற்கே வெப்பமண்டல ஈரப்பதமிக்க நீர்வழிகள், மற்றும் இவற்றுக்கு இடையே துடிப்பான, பரபரப்பான நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பல பழமையான வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க இடங்கள் எனப் பல்வேறு அம்சங்கள் இங்கு உள்ளன. இங்கு மிகுந்த மதப் பன்முகத்தன்மை காணப்படுகிறது.

|region7name=[[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா]]
|region7color=#d56d76
|region7items=[[Wy/ta/புரூணை|புரூணை]], [[Wy/ta/கம்போடியா|கம்போடியா]], [[Wy/ta/திமோர்-லெசுதே|திமோர்-லெசுதே]] (கிழக்குத் திமோர்), [[Wy/ta/இந்தோனேசியா|இந்தோனேசியா]], [[Wy/ta/இலாவோசு|இலாவோசு]], [[Wy/ta/மலேசியா|மலேசியா]], [[Wy/ta/மியான்மார்|மியான்மார்]] (பர்மா), [[Wy/ta/பிலிப்பீன்சு|பிலிப்பீன்சு]], [[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/வியட்நாம்|வியட்நாம்]]
|region7description=வெப்பமான மற்றும் ஈரப்பதமான காலநிலை, பௌத்த மடாலயங்கள், வெப்பமண்டலக் கடற்கரைகள், பரபரப்பான தெரு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் ஏராளமான தேவாலயங்கள் மற்றும் மசூதிகள் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா, முதுகுப்பையில் சுமைகளை ஏந்திப் பயணிக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடையே (backpackers) பிரபலமான அதே சமயம், இரைச்சலான மற்றும் பரபரப்பான நகரங்களிலிருந்து விலகி அமைதியான விடுமுறையைக் கழிக்க ஏற்ற இடங்களையும் வழங்குகிறது.
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
[[File:Commuting to Work.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவின்]] [[Wy/ta/பெய்சிங்|பெய்சிங்கில்]] உள்ள தியனன்மென் சதுக்கம்]]
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பேங்காக்|பேங்காக்]]|wikidata=Q1861}} — கோயில்கள், இரவு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் துடிப்பான சூழல் கொண்ட [[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்தின்]] பரபரப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை வாய்ந்த தலைநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பெய்சிங்|பெய்சிங்]]|wikidata=Q956}} — தியனன்மென் சதுக்கம், தடைசெய்யப்பட்ட நகரம் மற்றும் பல பண்பாட்டுச் சின்னங்களைக் கொண்ட [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனாவின்]] தலைநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} — நம்பமுடியாத வேகத்தில் வளர்ந்து வரும், [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின்]] மிகவும் நவீன மற்றும் முன்னேறிய அமீரகம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]]|wikidata=Q8646}} — சீன மற்றும் பிரித்தானிய பண்பாடுகளின் தனித்துவமான கலவையைக் கொண்ட, உண்மையான உலகத்தரம் வாய்ந்த பெருநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/எருசலேம்|எருசலேம்]]|wikidata=Q1218}} — யூதர்கள், கிறித்தவர்கள் மற்றும் இசுலாமியர்களுக்குப் புனிதமான இடமாகவும், யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரியத் தளமான 'பழைய நகரம்' அமைந்துள்ள இடமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]]|wikidata=Q1156}} — [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவின்]] நிதி மையமான இது, இரவு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் பாலிவுட்டின் தலைநகராக அறியப்படும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட பரபரப்பான பெருநகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சியோல்|சியோல்]]|wikidata=Q8684}} — அழகான அரண்மனைகள், சிறந்த உணவு மற்றும் துடிப்பான இரவு வாழ்க்கை கொண்ட சியோல், ஆசியாவின் பழைய மற்றும் புதிய முகங்களை ஒரே நேரத்தில் அனுபவிக்க ஏற்ற இடமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]]|wikidata=Q334}} — சீன, இந்திய, மலாய் மற்றும் பிரித்தானிய தாக்கங்களின் கலவையைக் கொண்ட ஒரு நவீன, வளமான நகர-நாடு.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/தோக்கியோ|தோக்கியோ]]|wikidata=Q7473516}} — உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய நகரமான இது, எதிர்காலத்திற்கான அதிநவீன தொழில்நுட்பக் காட்சிகளையும் பழமையான [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பானின்]] அடையாளங்களையும் ஒருங்கே கொண்ட ஒரு பிரம்மாண்டமான, வளமான மற்றும் வசீகரிக்கும் பெருநகரமாகும்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
முக்கிய நகரங்களைத் தவிர்த்து, இவை மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் மிகவும் பிரபலமான சில இடங்களாகும்.
[[File:Tari Rejang desa.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/பாலி|பாலியில்]] ரெசாங்கு நடனம்]]
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/அங்கோர் தொல்பொருள் பூங்கா|அங்கோர் தொல்பொருள் பூங்கா]]|lat=13.4333|long=103.8333}} — கெமர் பேரரசின் பல தலைநகரங்களின் பிரம்மாண்டமான எச்சங்கள்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பாலி|பாலி]]|wikidata=Q3125978}} — தனித்துவமான இந்துப் பண்பாடு, கடற்கரைகள் மற்றும் மலைகளைக் கொண்ட 'தெய்வங்களின் தீவு'
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/சாக்கடல்|சாக்கடல்]]|wikidata=Q23883}} — அதிக உப்புத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்த ஏரியில் நீரில் மூழ்காமல் மிதக்கும் அனுபவம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/சீனப் பெருஞ்சுவர்|சீனப் பெருஞ்சுவர்]]|wikidata=Q12501}} — பல ஆயிரம் கிலோமீட்டர் நீளம் கொண்டது; இதன் நிலை மிகச் சிறந்த நிலை முதல் சிதிலமடைந்த நிலை வரை உள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பைக்கால் ஏரி|பைக்கால் ஏரி]]|wikidata=Q5513}} — உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் ஆழமான நன்னீர் ஏரி. இது உலகின் நன்னீர் இருப்பில் ஐந்தில் ஒரு பங்கிற்கும் மேலானதைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்|எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்]]|wikidata=Q513}} — [[Wy/ta/திபெத்து|திபெத்து]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாள]] எல்லைக்கு இடையே அமைந்துள்ள உலகின் மிக உயரமான மலை
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/பெட்ரா|பெட்ரா]]|wikidata=Q5788}} — மணற்கல்லில் செதுக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு பழங்கால நகரம் மற்றும் உலகின் புதிய ஏழு அதிசயங்களில் ஒன்று
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/ரெசிகுத்தான்|ரெசிகுத்தான்]]|wikidata=Q5753}} — [[Wy/ta/பட்டுப் பாதை|பட்டுப் பாதையில்]] அமைந்த முக்கிய வணிக நகரமான சமர்கண்டின் ஈர்க்கக்கூடிய வரலாற்று மையம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|name=[[Wy/ta/தாஜ் மகால்|தாஜ் மகால்]]|wikidata=Q9141}} — ஆக்ராவில் உள்ள இணையற்ற சலவைக்கல் கல்லறை
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;

மேலும் காண்க: [[Wy/ta/யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரிய பட்டியல்#ஆசியா|யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரிய பட்டியல்#ஆசியா]].

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
ஆசியா பதினொரு முக்கிய மதங்கள் மற்றும் ஆன்மீக நெறிகளின் பிறப்பிடமாகும். அவை முறையே இந்து மதம், பௌத்தம், இசுலாம், கிறிசுதவம், யூத மதம், சொராசுட்டிரிய மதம், சீக்கிய மதம், சின்டோ மதம், தாவோ மதம், சமண மதம் மற்றும் பகாய் சமயம் ஆகியனவாகும். இவை தவிர எண்ணற்ற பழங்குடி வழிபாட்டு முறைகளும் இங்கு உள்ளன. மேற்கு உலகிலிருந்து வேறுபடுத்திக் காட்டுவதற்காகப் பெரும்பாலும் '''கிழக்கு''' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இக்கண்டம், உலகின் மிக வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வரும் நகரங்கள், பல்வேறு வகையான தனித்துவமான உணவு வகைகள், உலகின் மிக உயர்ந்த மலைத்தொடர்கள் மற்றும் உலகின் மிகத் தொன்மையான பண்பாடுகள் ஆகியவற்றின் தாயகமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

===புவியியல்===
ஆசியா கண்டங்களிலேயே மிகப் பெரியது. எனவே, புவியியல் ரீதியாக இது மிகுந்த பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டது. சைபீரியாவின் உறைபனி சமவெளிகள், இந்தோனேசியாவின் காடுகள், அரேபியாவின் பாலைவனங்கள் என, உலகில் காணப்படக்கூடிய ஏறக்குறைய அனைத்து வகையான காலநிலைகளும் நிலப்பரப்புகளும் ஆசியாவில் உள்ளன. 

[[File:Everest North Face toward Base Camp Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|படத்தில் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ள எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம் உட்பட, 7,000 மீட்டருக்கு மேல் உயரமான அனைத்து சிகரங்களும் ஆசியாவிலேயே உள்ளன.]]
ஆசியாவின் (மற்றும் உலகின்) மிக உயர்ந்த புள்ளி [[Wy/ta/இமயமலை|இமயமலையில்]], [[Wy/ta/திபெத்|திபெத்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாள]] எல்லைக்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள [[Wy/ta/எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்|எவரெசுட்டு சிகரம்]] ஆகும். இது கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து {{Wy/ta/M|8,848.89}} உயரத்தில் உள்ளது. ஆசியாவின் மிகத் தாழ்ந்த புள்ளி [[Wy/ta/சாக்கடல்|சாக்கடல்]] ஆகும். இது [[Wy/ta/இசுரேல்|இசுரேல்]], [[Wy/ta/பலத்தீன் நாடு|பலத்தீன் நாடு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/யோர்தான்|யோர்தான்]] ஆகிய நாடுகள் சந்திக்கும் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இதன் மேற்பரப்பு கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 400 மீட்டர் கீழே உள்ளது. ஆசியாவின் மிக நீளமான ஆறு [[Wy/ta/யாங்சே நதிக்கரையோரம்|யாங்சே]] ஆகும். இது திபெத்திய பீடபூமியிலிருந்து [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] வழியாக {{Wy/ta/Km|6,300}} தூரம் பயணித்து [[Wy/ta/சாங்காய்|சாங்காயை]] அடைகிறது. ஆசியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய ஏரி காஸ்பியன் கடல் ஆகும். இது 386,400 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவு கொண்டது, மற்றும் மத்திய ஆசியாவின் பல நாடுகளால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஆசியாவின் கிழக்கே [[Wy/ta/அமைதிப் பெருங்கடல்|அமைதிப் பெருங்கடலும்]], தென்கிழக்கே [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரேலியா|ஆத்திரேலியாவும்]], தெற்கே [[Wy/ta/இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல்|இந்தியப் பெருங்கடலும்]] எல்லைகளாக உள்ளன. மேலும், தென்மேற்கே செங்கடலும், மேற்கே [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பா]] மற்றும் யுரல் மலைத்தொடரும், வடக்கே [[Wy/ta/ஆர்க்டிக் பெருங்கடல்|ஆர்க்டிக் பெருங்கடலும்]] ஆசியாவின் எல்லைகளாக அமைந்துள்ளன.

[[Wy/ta/கிழக்கு ஆசியா|கிழக்கு ஆசியா]] ([[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]], [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பான்]], [[Wy/ta/கொரியா|கொரியா]]) தெளிவான பருவகால வேறுபாடுகளுடன் ஒப்பீட்டளவில் மிதமான காலநிலையைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. தெற்கு மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா]] ([[Wy/ta/தாய்லாந்து|தாய்லாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/இந்தோனேசியா|இந்தோனேசியா]], [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியா]], [[Wy/ta/மியான்மர்|பர்மா]] போன்றவை) பருவமழை காலநிலையைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. பொதுவாக ஆண்டு முழுவதும் வெப்பமாக இருந்தாலும், ஈரமான மற்றும் வறண்ட பருவங்களைக் கொண்டது. ஆசியாவின் பெரும்பாலான மழைக்காடுகளும் கடற்கரைகளும் இங்குதான் காணப்படுகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு ஆசியா|மேற்கு ஆசியா]] ([[Wy/ta/ஈரான்|ஈரான்]], [[Wy/ta/சவுதி அரேபியா|சவுதி அரேபியா]], [[Wy/ta/லெபனான்|லெபனான்]] போன்றவை) வெப்பமாகவும் பெரும்பாலும் வறண்டதாகவும் இருக்கும். குளிர்காலம் மிதமாக இருக்கலாம், ஆனால் கோடைக்காலம் மிகவும் வெப்பமாக இருக்கும். மத்திய மற்றும் வடக்கு ஆசியா கண்ட காலநிலையைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. [[Wy/ta/அந்தாட்டிடிகா|அந்தாட்டிடிகாவிற்கு]] வெளியே மிகவும் குளிரான குளிர்காலங்களையும் வெப்பமான கோடைக்காலங்களையும் கொண்டது. சில இடங்களில், இதுவரை இல்லாத அதிகபட்ச மற்றும் குறைந்தபட்ச வெப்பநிலைகளுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு 100°C-க்கு மேல் இருக்கலாம்.

=== வரலாறு ===

== பேச்சுமொழி ==

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==


== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==


== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==

=== பயணவிவர ஏடுகள் ===


== செய்யுங்கள் ==


== உண்ணுங்கள் ==


== பருகுங்கள் ==


== உறங்குங்கள் ==


== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==


== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==


== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==


== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Continent articles]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q48}}</text>
      <sha1>m9cfsqtal5bwuyzs4vy188h2shcq8nh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Nueva Valencia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1313573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381831</id>
      <parentid>7274244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381831</origin>
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      <text bytes="812" sha1="4qzyhri8oe8hy8c7xbt2pojvmr8sqj4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator guimaras nueva valencia.png|right|250px]]

Ang '''Nueva Valencia''' ikatlo nga klase sang munisipalidad nga makita sa probinsya sang [[Wp/hil/Guimaras|Guimaras]], [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. May 137.12 kilometro kwadrado ini nga kalaparon kag ini kabahin sang bugtong nga distrito kongresyonal. 
Base sa 2024 census, ini may populasyon nga 43,822.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSA2024&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population and Housing (2024 CPH) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=2025 |access-date=2026-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ang zip code sini 5046.

==Mga reperensya==
{{Wp/hil/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/hil]]
[[Category:Wp/hil/Municipalidad sang Guimaras]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q313810}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Pulupandan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1315393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381855</id>
      <parentid>7302801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:49:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <origin>7381855</origin>
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      <text bytes="838" sha1="phrmr1lxfn3wxhun153zlgmf5u16chp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator negros occidental pulupandan.png|right|250px]]

Ang '''Pulupandan''' ikatlo nga klase sang munisipalidad nga makita sa probinsya sang [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]], [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. May 23 kilometro kwadrado ini nga kalaparon kag ini kabahin sang ika-tatlo nga distrito kongresyonal. 
Base sa 2024 census, ini may populasyon nga 31,942.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSA2024&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=2024 Census of Population and Housing (2024 CPH) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=2025 |access-date=2026-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ang zip code sini 6102.

==Mga reperensya==
{{Wp/hil/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/hil]]
[[Category:Wp/hil/Municipalidad sang Negros Occidental]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q195489}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Tunga-tungang Mindanaw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1367043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381897</id>
      <parentid>5650108</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:14:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <origin>7381897</origin>
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      <text bytes="408" sha1="a6rhi5rxankv0ktpm0bwp4ckdv70xu2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph_locator_region_12.png|right|270px]]				
						
'''Soccsksargen''' ang isa ka rehiyon sang [[wp/hil/Mindanao|Mindanao]], [[wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. 22,466.00 kilometro kwadrado ang kalaparon sang iya duta. &lt;br&gt;
						
Base sa 2010 census, ini may populasyon nga 4,109,571. &lt;br&gt; 				
						
[[Category: Wp/hil/Mga rehiyon sang Pilipinas]]         						
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q13701}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Anao, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381781</id>
      <parentid>7264853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:56:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
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      <text bytes="886" sha1="p57xge9gydmhm3ndl9owvm0xxwj0tdj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac anao.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Anao''' usad na ikalimang klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 23.87 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 12,865 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2310.    
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Anao sa 18 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Baguindoc (Baguinloc)
* [[Wp/bto/Bantog, Tarlac|Bantog]]
* Campos
* Carmen
* Casili
* Don Ramon
* Hernando
* [[Wp/bto/Poblacion|Poblacion]]
* Rizal
* San Francisco East
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* San Francisco West
* San Jose North
* San Jose South
* San Juan
* San Roque
* Santo Domingo
* Sinense
* Suaverdez        
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56414}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Bamban, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381779</id>
      <parentid>7264852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2693215</id>
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      <text bytes="820" sha1="d7kr9lmfedwzsfvgvali089rvbelwwy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac bamban.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Bamban''' usad na ikarwang klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 251.98 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa ikatlung distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 81,012 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2317.    
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Bamban sa 15 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Anupul
* Banaba 
* Bangcu 
* Culubasa 
* Dela Cruz 
* La Paz 
* Lourdes 
* Malonzo 
* San Nicolas ([[Wp/bto/Poblacion|Poblacion]]) 
* San Pedro 
* San Rafael 
* San Roque 
* San Vicente 
* Santo Niño 
* Virgen de los Remedios (VDR)    
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q56420}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Camiling, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381777</id>
      <parentid>7264851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:48:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
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      <text bytes="1667" sha1="5vt3g5ybngrc0k3yzmvjy9bil2v5no8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac camiling.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Camiling''' usad na primera klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 140.53 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 91,400 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2306.    
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Camiling sa 61 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Anoling 1st
* Anoling 2nd
* Anoling 3rd
* Bacabac
* Bacsay
* Bancay 1st
* Bilad
* Birbira
* Bobon 1st Casarratan
* Bobon 2nd
* Bobon Caarosipan
* Cabanabaan
* Cacamilingan Norte (with Kipping village)
* Cacamilingan Sur
* Caniag
* Carael
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Cayaoan
* Cayasan
* Florida
* Lasong
* Libueg (with sitio Pugo)
* Malacampa (With sitio Cacelestinuan and Sitio Camartinisan)
* Manaquem
* Manupeg
* Marawi
* Matubog
* Nagrambacan
* Nagserialan
* Palimbo Proper
* Palimbo Caarosipan
* Pao 1st
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Pao 2nd
* Pao 3rd
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Papaac
* Pindangan 1st
* Pindangan 2nd
* Poblacion A
* Poblacion B
* Poblacion C
* Poblacion D
* Poblacion E
* Poblacion F
* Poblacion G
* Poblacion H
* Poblacion I
* Poblacion J
* San Isidro (Bancay 2nd)
* Santa Maria
* Sawat
* Sinilian 1st (with Sitio Cabalaongan and Nangalisan)
* Sinilian 2nd (with Sitio Puyaoan)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Sinilian 3rd (Northern, Bitawa, Centro)
* Sinilian Cacalibosoan (with Sitio Barikir)
* Sinulatan 1st
* Sinulatan 2nd
* Surgui 1st
* Surgui 2nd
* Surgui 3rd
* Tambugan
* Telbang
* Tuec

[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56424}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Capas, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381774</id>
      <parentid>7264850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381774</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="953" sha1="scby9ze20940qwx3kvi41hp65ez26t7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac capas.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Capas''' usad na primera klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 376.39 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa ikatlung distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 162,724 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2315.    

== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Capas sa 20 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
*Aranguren
*Bueno
*Cristo Rey
*Cubcub ([[Wp/bto/Poblacion|Poblacion]])
*Cutcut 1st (Poblacion)
*Cutcut 2nd (Poblacion)
*Dolores (Poblacion)
*Estrada (Calingcuan)
*Lawy
*Manga
*Manlapig
*Maruglu
*[[Wp/bto/O'Donnell, Capas|O'Donnell]]
*Santa Juliana
*Santa Lucia
*Santa Rita
*Santo Domingo 1st (Poblacion)
*Santo Domingo 2nd (Poblacion)
*Santo Rosario (Poblacion)
*Talaga 


[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Concepcion, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381763</id>
      <parentid>7264849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:38:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1372" sha1="20gsx3iflpggns2csw4aawbi8nuncha" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac concepcion.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Concepcion''' usad na primera klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 242.99 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa ikatlung distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 178,549 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2316.    
        
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Concepcion sa 45 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Alfonso
* Balutu
* Cafe
* Calius Gueco
* Caluluan
* Castillo
* Corazon de Jesus (Darabulbul)
* Culatingan
* Dungan
* Dutung-A-Matas (Jefmin)
* Green Village
* Lilibangan
* Mabilog
* Magao
* Malupa
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Minane
* Panalicsian (Panalicsican)
* Pando
* Parang
* Parulung
* Pitabunan
* San Antonio
* San Agustin (Murcia)
* San Bartolome (Balen a Melacuan)
* San Francisco
* San Isidro (Almendras)
* San Jose (Poblacion)
* San Juan (Castro)
* San Martin
* San Nicolas (Poblacion)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* San Nicolas Balas
* San Vicente (Calius/Corba)
* Santa Cruz
* Santa Maria
* Santa Monica
* Santa Rita
* Santa Rosa (Bucsit)
* Santiago
* Santo Cristo
* Santo Niño
* Santo Rosario (Magunting)
* Talimunduc Marimla
* Talimunduc San Miguel
* Telabanca
* Tinang

[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q30934}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Gerona, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381754</id>
      <parentid>7264847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:28:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1159" sha1="el9cwunuxb9gj80hvasgd8hgci0licb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac gerona.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Gerona''' usad na primera klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 128.89 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa ikarwang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 97,837 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2302.    

== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Gerona sa 44 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 

* Abagon
* Amacalan
* Apsayan
* Ayson
* Bawa
* Buenlag
* Bularit
* Calayaan
* Carbonel
* Cardona
* Caturay
* Danzo
* Dicolor
* Don Basilio
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Luna
* Mabini
* Magaspac
* Malayep
* Matapitap
* Matayuncab
* New Salem
* Oloybuaya
* Padapada
* Parsolingan
* Pinasling (Pinasung)
* Plastado
* [[Wp/bto/Poblacion|Poblacion]] 1
* Poblacion 2
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Poblacion 3
* Quezon
* Rizal
* Salapungan
* San Agustin
* San Antonio
* San Bartolome
* San Jose
* Santa Lucia
* Santiago
* Sembrano
* Singat
* Sulipa
* Tagumbao
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Tangcaran
* Villa Paz    
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56439}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/La Paz, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381747</id>
      <parentid>7264845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:21:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="872" sha1="n0ddncf9s1vq9553ls1ug45xwrm4uk9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac la paz.png|270px|right]]      
A '''La Paz''' usad na ikarwang klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 114.33 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa ikatlung distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 71,978 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2314.    
   
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a La Paz sa 21 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  

* Balanoy
* Bantog-Caricutan
* Caramutan
* Caut
* Comillas
* Dumarais
* Guevara
* Kapanikian
* La Purisima
* Lara
* Laungcupang
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Lomboy
* Macalong
* Matayumtayum
* Mayang
* Motrico
* Paludpud
* Rizal
* San Isidro (Poblacion)
* San Roque (Poblacion)
* Sierra

     
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q28733}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Mayantoc, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381741</id>
      <parentid>7264844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:00:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="937" sha1="suikpeby1kaacdbjbqt7g11lhv6o5ba" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac mayantoc.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Mayantoc''' usad na ikatlung klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 311.42 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 34,091 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2304.    
      
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Mayantoc sa 24 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  
* Ambalingit
* Baybayaoas 
* Bigbiga 
* Binbinaca 
* Calabtangan 
* Caocaoayan 
* Carabaoan 
* Cubcub 
* Gayonggayong 
* Gossood 
* Labney 
* Mamonit 
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  
* Maniniog 
* Mapandan 
* Nambalan 
* Pedro L. Quines 
* Pitombayog 
* Poblacion Norte 
* Poblacion Sur 
* Rotrottooc 
* San Bartolome 
* San Jose 
* Taldiapan
* Tangcarang 
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56444}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Moncada, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381716</id>
      <parentid>7264843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T12:57:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1128" sha1="rey1td7eovbzjkseibwxt7qhkd3op4i" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac moncada.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Moncada''' usad na primera klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 85.75 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 66,925 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2308.    
        
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a San Moncada sa 37 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  
* Ablang-Sapang
* Aringin
* Atencio
* Banaoang East
* Banaoang West
* Baquero Norte
* Baquero Sur
* Burgos
* Calamay
* Calapan
* Camangaan East
* Camangaan West
* Camposanto 1 - Norte
* Camposanto 1 - Sur
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Camposanto 2
* Capaoayan
* Lapsing
* Mabini
* Maluac
* Poblacion 1
* Poblacion 2
* Poblacion 3
* Poblacion 4
* Rizal
* San Juan
* San Julian
* San Leon
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* San Pedro
* San Roque
* Santa Lucia East
* Santa Lucia West
* Santa Maria
* Santa Monica
* Tolega Norte
* Tolega Sur
* Tubectubang
* Villa
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56453}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381739</id>
      <parentid>7381716</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T12:58:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mga Barangay */</comment>
      <origin>7381739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1128" sha1="5lzb6lp3f2j6pnvutzltzi6njsxyps1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac moncada.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Moncada''' usad na primera klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 85.75 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 66,925 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2308.    
        
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a San Moncada sa 37 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  
* Ablang-Sapang
* Aringin
* Atencio
* Banaoang East
* Banaoang West
* Baquero Norte
* Baquero Sur
* Burgos
* Calamay
* Calapan
* Camangaan East
* Camangaan West
* Camposanto 1 - Norte
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Camposanto 1 - Sur
* Camposanto 2
* Capaoayan
* Lapsing
* Mabini
* Maluac
* Poblacion 1
* Poblacion 2
* Poblacion 3
* Poblacion 4
* Rizal
* San Juan
* San Julian
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* San Leon
* San Pedro
* San Roque
* Santa Lucia East
* Santa Lucia West
* Santa Maria
* Santa Monica
* Tolega Norte
* Tolega Sur
* Tubectubang
* Villa
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56453}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Paniqui, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381715</id>
      <parentid>7264842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T12:54:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1154" sha1="kmv07agtbug3lbtd5zikeb6qt8rii2m" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac paniqui.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Paniqui''' usad na primera klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 105.16 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 106,190 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2307.    
  
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Paniqui sa 35 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  
* Abogado
* Acocolao
* Aduas 
* Apulid 
* Balaoang 
* Barang 
* Brillante 
* Burgos 
* Cabayaoasan 
* Canan 
* [[Wp/bto/Cariño, Paniqui, Tarlac|Cariño]] 
* Cayanga 
* Colibangbang
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Coral
* Dapdap
* Estacion
* Mabilang
* Manaois
* Matalapitap 
* Nagmisaan 
* Nancamarinan
* Nipaco 
* [[Wp/bto/Patalan, Paniqui|Patalan]]
* [[Wp/bto/Poblacion|Poblacion]] Norte
* Poblacion Sur 
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | 
* Rang-ayan 
* Salomague
* [[Wp/bto/Samput, Paniqui|Samput]]
* San Carlos
* San Isidro
* San Juan de Milla
* Santa Ines
* Sinigpit
* Tablang
* Ventenilla
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56457}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Pura, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381714</id>
      <parentid>7264841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T12:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381714</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="801" sha1="jcehmou1o3oletngzola2rfu4v6s6ub" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac pura.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Pura''' usad na ikaupat na klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 31.01 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 27,017  katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2312.    
 
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Pura sa 16 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  
* Balite
* Buenavista 
* Cadanglaan 
* Estipona 
* Linao 
* Maasin 
* Matindeg 
* Maungib 
* Naya 
* Nilasin 1st 
* Nilasin 2nd 
* [[Wp/bto/Poblacion|Poblacion]] 1 
* Poblacion 2 
* Poblacion 3 
* Poroc 
* Singat 

       
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56461}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/Ramos, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381711</id>
      <parentid>7264840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T12:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="728" sha1="cvk5806mry1eysk4bb2pihc2r91cnfv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac ramos.png|270px|right]]      
A '''Ramos''' usad na ikalimang klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 24.40 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 23,808 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2311.    
        
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a Ramos sa 9 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  
* Coral-Iloco
* Guiteb
* Pance
* [[Wp/bto/Poblacion|Poblacion]] Center
* Poblacion North
* Poblacion South
* San Juan
* San Raymundo
* Toledo

[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56465}}</text>
      <sha1>cvk5806mry1eysk4bb2pihc2r91cnfv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bto/San Clemente, Tarlac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1375452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381708</id>
      <parentid>7264839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T12:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kxsteynn</username>
        <id>2693215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381708</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="783" sha1="23hvowka73s6v2961prwkitxzdcb2ce" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac san clemente.png|270px|right]]      
A '''San Clemente''' usad na ikalimang klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 49.73 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa unang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 13,781 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2305.    
        
== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a San Clemente sa 12 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-----
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |  
* Balloc
* Bamban 
* Casipo 
* Catagudingan 
* Daldalayap 
* Doclong 1 
* Doclong 2 
* Maasin 
* Nagsabaran 
* Pit-ao 
* [[Wp/bto/Poblacion|Poblacion]] Norte 
* Poblacion Sur

[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56471}}</text>
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      <text bytes="724" sha1="ff6w9lh01la7w2chq82mjpmn989crnk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ph locator tarlac san jose.png|270px|right]]      
A '''San Jose''' usad na ikatlung klaseng banwaan na namumutang sa probinsya kan [[Wp/bto/Tarlac|Tarlac]], [[Wp/bto/Filipinas|Filipinas]]. &lt;br&gt;
Agku din karagaan nin 592.81 kilometro kwadrado saka namumutang sa ikarwang distrito. Sosog sa sensus ku 2024, agku 43,185 katawo na nag-eeruk sini.  
Ana designadong zip code kadi amo 2309.    

== Mga Barangay ==
Nababanga a San Jose sa 13 na barangay.
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Burgos
* David
* Iba 
* Labney
* Lawacamulag
* Lubigan
* Maamot
* Mababanaba
* Moriones
* Pao
* San Juan de Valdez
* Sula
* Villa Aglipay
|}
[[Category: wp/bto]]        
[[Category:Wp/bto/Mga banwaan kan Tarlac]]

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&lt;!-- ---------- BEGINNING OF HEADER SECTION --------------------------- --&gt;
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|-
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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em:&quot;&gt;Ҡуш килтегес! &lt;/center&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:102%;text-transform:uppercase;&quot;&gt;  
'''Татар Википедия!'''  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:108%;&quot;&gt; &lt;big&gt; Ҡәсер '''{{Wp/sty/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''&lt;/big&gt;  &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; мәҡәлә пар.&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div&gt;
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*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Биография|Биография]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Тариҡ|Тариҡ]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Биология|Биология]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Пелем|Пелем]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!-- [[Портал:Ғылым|Ғылым]]--&gt;
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*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Технология|Технология]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Инженерия|Инженерия]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Музыка|Музыка]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/География|География]]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Математика|Математика]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Йәмәғәт|Йәмәғәт]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Геометрия|Геометрия]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Мәтәнийәт|Мәтәнийәт]]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Сәйәсәт|Сәйәсәт]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Ижат|Ижат]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Иҡтисәт|Иҡтисәт]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Әтәбийәт|Әтәбийәт]]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Сәңәт|Сәңәт]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Тин|Тин]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Wp/sty/Спорт|Спорт]]&lt;br /&gt;


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&lt;!--------------------------------
2.1 Сайланҡан мәҡәлә
----------------------------------&gt;
! style=&quot;background-color: #cedff2; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #B1CDEB; text-align: left;  padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;float:right;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wbar_blue.jpg|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float:left;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal_Clear_bordered_yellow_star.svg|25px|link=|Избранная статья]] [[Wp/sty/Wikipedia:Сайланҡан мәҡәлә|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Сайланҡан мәҡәлә&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%&quot; | 
&lt;div id=&quot;mf-galicia&quot; title=&quot;Сайланҡан мәҡәлә&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size:92%; background:#FFFAF0; border:2px solid #cedff2; border-top:1&quot; |[[File:Trüsche Walchensee.jpg|right|thumb|220px|]]
'''Ҡурты палыҡ''' — таса сыута йәшәйтеген палыҡ, төптә йөсөп йөрөйтө. Таса сыуның пашҡа палыҡлары ҡышҡылыҡ йоҡласалар, ҡурты палыҡ у уаҡытны иңере йөрөй пашлайты. 
Йәйгелек це сыуның температурасы әр күтәрелгән градусҡа 12°С-тан артыҡ ҡуртының ҡәленә пәрәте. Аның өцөн у сыуның төбөнә мәңәте, сыуларның аҡмаларынта йөсәте.
Олло түгел сыулыҡларта йылғаның ҡысҡацыларын ҡыуып ташлап ойаларына урнашаты, антайын нимә пулмаса, таш астыларға, йағын ағацларның тамыр астыларына йөсәте. Йәй пуйы йәшенер урыннарта ҡышлаған ма ҡатып ҡалғантай ҡәлле торатылар.

Цәнтә пер төнлә, посоҡ көннәртә асыҡ эстәгәле цығатылар. У уаҡыт ҡурты палыҡ сыулап йылмайты, цын та сыуның төбөнтә йөсөнөп йөрөйтө.

([[Wp/sty/Ҡурты палыҡ|Ҡурты палыҡ…]])&lt;/div&gt;
|-

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2.2 Йаҡшы мәҡәлә
----------------------------------&gt;
! style=&quot;background-color: #ffe496; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #ffb466; text-align: left;  padding-left: 7px; -moz-border-radius:10px&quot;  | &lt;div style=&quot;float:right;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikibar2.png|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float:left;&quot;&gt;[[File:HSBra.svg|22px|link=|Йаҡшы мәҡәлә]] [[Wp/sty/Wikipedia:Хорошая статья| &lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Йаҡшы мәҡәлә&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 90%&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mf-destacado&quot; title=&quot;Йаҡшы мәҡәлә&quot;&gt;[[File:Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg|right|thumb|220px|]]
Себер татарларның йасма әтәбийәте үс пашланҡыцын ҡалыҡ ижатыннан алаты. Ҡалыҡ телтә саҡланҡан риүәйәтләр, йомаҡлар, пәйетләр, йырлар, лағап-әйтемнәр себер татарларның тариғын, йолаларын, йәшәү тәртибен саҡлап ҡалғаннар. 1859 – 1871 йылларта пилгеле алим В.В. Радловның ун томлыҡ тупламасы пасылып цығаты. IV томы себер татарларныңҡы фольклорыннан тораты. Радловныңҡы пы китабынта ҡалыҡ ижатының 119 исәпле әсәре йыйылған. Радлов «Итегәй» тастанның йерле үсенцәлекләрен күргәскән вариантны та йасып-төсөп ҡалтыраты. Тастаннарның кәне пестә – себер татарларның арабыста - саҡланып ҡалған, пестән – себер татарлартан йасылып алынҡан. «Итегәй», «Атаҡлы ҡыс Туҡпигә», &lt;br&gt;
([[Wp/sty/Себертатар әтәбийәт|Пөтөннәй…]])&lt;/div&gt;
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4. Columna da dereita 
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&lt;!--------------------------------
4.1 Сес пелгән итегес мә?
----------------------------------&gt;
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|-
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2.3 Пөгөнкө сүрәт
----------------------------------&gt;
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{{Wp/sty/Википедиятағы пашҡа телләр}}
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[[Wp/sty/Википедия:Перләшмә|Себертатар Википедияның ҡатнашыуцылар перләшмәсе]] &lt;br /&gt;

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'''இந்தியா''' ([[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: भारत ''பாரத்''), [[Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஆசியா|தெற்கு ஆசியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகும். உலகின் மிக உயர்ந்த மலைகள், அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் மற்றும் மிக நீண்ட நதிகள் பலவற்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. பண்டைய உலகின் மாபெரும் நாகரிகங்களில் ஒன்றாகத் திகழ்ந்ததும், ஒரு காலத்தில் 'பொன்னிறப் பறவை' எனப் போற்றப்பட்டதுமான இந்தியாவின் மரபும் பண்பாடும், கடந்த காலத்தையும் நிகழ்காலத்தையும் இணைக்கும் ஒரு செழுமையான கலவையாக விளங்குகின்றன. உலகின் அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட இந்த பரந்த நாடு, பயணிகளுக்குப் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் சமயங்கள் மற்றும் இனவியல் கூறுகள், மொழிகளின் ஒரு பெரும் தொகுப்பு, பலவிதமான உணவு வகைகள், அத்துடன் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு கட்டப்பட்டு இன்றும் சிதையாமல் நிற்கும் கட்டிடக்கலைச் சான்றுகள் ஆகியவற்றைக் காணும் வாய்ப்பை வழங்குகிறது. உலகமயமாக்கப்பட்ட சூழலுக்குள் இந்நாடு தன்னைத் திறந்துகொண்டிருந்தாலும், இங்கு வருகை தரும் பலரையும் வியப்பிலும் ஈர்ப்பிலும் ஆழ்த்தும் வரலாற்று ஆழத்தையும் பண்பாட்டுச் செழுமையையும் இந்தியா இன்றும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது.

இந்திய நாகரிகம் வரலாறு முழுவதும் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு செலுத்தி வந்துள்ளது. [[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின்]] பல பண்பாடுகள் வலுவான இந்தியத் தாக்கங்களை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. பௌத்த மதத்தின் பரவல் வாயிலாக, சில இந்தியத் தாக்கங்கள் கிழக்கு ஆசியப் பண்பாடுகளிலும் ஊடுருவியுள்ளன.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
இந்தியா நிர்வாக ரீதியாக 28 மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் 8 ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகளாக பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மாநிலங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் மொழி அடிப்படையில் வரையறுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. அவை அளவில் வேறுபடுகின்றன. பெரிய மாநிலங்கள் [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பாவின்]] சில நாடுகளை விடப் பெரியதாகவும், அதிக பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டதாகவும் உள்ளன. ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகள் பொதுவாக மாநிலங்களை விட மிகவும் சிறியவை — சில சமயங்களில் அவை ஒரே ஒரு நகரமாக மட்டுமே இருக்கும். மேலும், அவற்றுக்கு மிகக் குறைந்த சுயாட்சியே உண்டு. இந்தியாவின் பிரதான நிலப்பரப்பிற்கு அப்பால் இரண்டு தீவுச் சங்கிலிகள் உள்ளன – [[Wy/ta/வங்காள விரிகுடா|வங்காள விரிகுடாவில்]] உள்ள [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] மற்றும் அரபிக்கடலில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]].

மாநிலங்களும் யூனியன் பிரதேசங்களும் மரபுரீதியாகப் பின்வரும் மண்டலங்களாக வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன:
{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
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| regionInteractiveMap=map1
| regionmapsize=400px

| region1name=[[Wy/ta/வடக்கு இமயமலை|வடக்கு இமயமலை]]
| region1color=#d5b66b
| region1items=[[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]], [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]], [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]]
| region1description=மலைகள் நிறைந்த அழகிய இப்பகுதி, சாகச விரும்பிகள் மற்றும் ஆன்மீக நாட்டம் கொண்டவர்களுக்கான ஒரு சுற்றுலாத் தலமாகும். இந்தியாவில் அதிகம் பார்வையிடப்படும் மலைவாசஸ்தலங்கள் மற்றும் புனிதத் தலங்கள் சில இப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளன.

| region2name=[[Wy/ta/சமவெளிகள் (இந்தியா)|சமவெளிகள்]]
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| region2description=இந்தியாவின் 'தானியக் களஞ்சியம்' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இப்பகுதி, புனித நதிகளான கங்கை, யமுனை மற்றும் அவற்றின் துணை ஆறுகளால் நீர்ப்பாசனம் பெறுகிறது. நாட்டின் தலைநகரான [[Wy/ta/புது தில்லி|புது தில்லி]], ''தாஜ் மகால்'' அமைந்துள்ள [[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா|ஆக்ரா]], மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மதுரா|மதுரா]], [[Wy/ta/பிரயாக்ராஜ்|பிரயாக்ராஜ்]], [[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]], [[Wy/ta/போத் கயா|போத் கயா]], [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரசு|அமிர்தசரசு]] போன்ற புனித நகரங்களும் இப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளன. இந்தியாவின் வரலாற்றை வடிவமைத்த பல முக்கிய நிகழ்வுகள் இப்பகுதியிலேயே நடைபெற்றன.

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியா]]
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| region4name=[[Wy/ta/மத்திய இந்தியா|மத்திய இந்தியா]]
| region4color=#8a84a3
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| region5name=[[Wy/ta/கிழக்கு இந்தியா|கிழக்கு இந்தியா]]
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| region5items=[[Wy/ta/சார்க்கண்டு|சார்க்கண்டு]], [[Wy/ta/ஒடிசா|ஒடிசா]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]], [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு வங்காளம்|மேற்கு வங்காளம்]]
| region5description=பொருளாதார ரீதியாகக் குறைவாக வளர்ச்சியடைந்திருந்தாலும், கலாச்சார ரீதியாகச் செழுமையானதும், வெளியிலிருந்து வருவோரை மிகவும் அன்புடன் வரவேற்கும் தன்மையுடையதுமான பகுதியாகும் இது. பிரித்தானிய இந்தியாவின் தலைநகராக ஒருகாலத்தில் திகழ்ந்த [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பூரி|பூரி]], [[Wy/ta/புவனேஸ்வர்|புவனேஸ்வர்]], [[Wy/ta/கோனார்க்கு|கோனார்க்கு]] ஆகிய கோயில் நகரங்கள் இப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளன. மலைப்பகுதிகள் முதல் கடற்கரை வரை இப்பகுதி பரவியிருப்பதால், இங்குள்ள காலநிலையில் சுவாரஸ்யமான வேறுபாடுகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், நாட்டின் மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் வளமான சுரங்கங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, இந்தியாவின் கனிம வளக் களஞ்சியமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

| region6name=[[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா]]
| region6color=#d56d76
| region6items=[[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]], [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/மேகாலயா|மேகாலயா]], [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]], [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுரா]]
| region6description=செழிப்பான மற்றும் அழகான நிலப்பரப்புகள், இந்தோ-மலேயப் பகுதியைச் சார்ந்த தனித்துவமான தாவர மற்றும் விலங்கினங்கள், மற்றும் புகழ்பெற்ற தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்கள் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட இப்பகுதி, நாட்டின் பழங்குடியினர் வசிக்கும் ஒரு தனித்துவமான மற்றும் பெரும்பாலும் மனிதத் தலையீடற்ற பகுதியாகும். இது &quot;ஏழு சகோதரிகள்&quot; என்று பரவலாக அறியப்படும் ஏழு மாநிலங்களை உள்ளடக்கியது. உலகின் மிகப் பழமையான போலோ மைதானம், உலகின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் தேசியப் பூங்கா, பெண்களால் மட்டுமே நடத்தப்படும் உலகின் ஒரே சந்தை மற்றும் உலகின் மிக உயரமான ''செடிக் கத்தரிப்புக்கலை'' தாவரம் ஆகியவற்றை [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூரில்]] காணலாம். மேகாலயா மாநிலம் அதன் வசீகரிக்கும் சூழல் காரணமாக ''இந்தியாவின் ஸ்காட்லாந்து'' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

| region7name=[[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]]
| region7color=#b383b3
| region7items=[[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்|ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகம்]], [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளம்]], [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/புதுச்சேரி (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|புதுச்சேரி]], [[Wy/ta/தமிழ்நாடு|தமிழ்நாடு]], [[Wy/ta/தெலங்காணா|தெலங்காணா]]
| region7description=இப்பகுதியில் புகழ்பெற்ற மற்றும் வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கோயில்கள், வெப்பமண்டலக் காடுகள், உப்பங்கழிகள், கடற்கரைகள், மலைவாசஸ்தலங்கள், [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது (இந்தியா)|ஐதராபாது]] ஆகிய மூன்று முக்கிய நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற சிறிய நகரங்கள் ஆகியவை அமைந்துள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/மைசூரு|மைசூரு]] நகரம், குறிப்பாக மைசூர் அரண்மனை போன்ற அரண்மனைகளுக்கு உலகப் புகழ்பெற்றது. வசதிக்காக இப்பகுதியுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள் (கிழக்கே) மற்றும் லட்சத்தீவுகள் (மேற்கே) ஆகிய தீவுக்கூட்டங்கள், பிரதான நிலப்பகுதியிலிருந்து வெகு தொலைவில் அமைந்து தனித்துவமான சிறப்பியல்புகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளன; இவை அழகான கடற்கரைகளுக்கும், வழக்கமான சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களிலிருந்து மாறுபட்ட அனுபவத்தை விரும்புவோருக்கான இடமாகவும் அறியப்படுகின்றன.
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் அதிகபட்சம் 9 இடங்களுக்கு மட்டுமே வரையறுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்கள் குறித்து முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
இவை இந்தியாவின் மிக முக்கியமான நகரங்களில் சிலவாகும். பிற நகரங்களை அவற்றின் குறிப்பிட்ட மண்டலங்களின் கீழ் காணலாம்.
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 40 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]] பல பழைய பண்பாட்டு மதிப்பீடுகளைக் கொண்டுள்ள புதுக் கூர்மாடப் பாணி அதிசயங்களின் இருப்பிடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.]]
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]]|wikidata=Q1353}} — இந்தியாவின் தலைநகரம் மற்றும் வட இந்தியாவின் இதயம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]]|wikidata=Q1355}} (''பேங்களூர்'') — அழகான பூங்கா நகரம்; ஒரு காலத்தில் ஓய்வூதியம் பெறுவோர் அமைதியாக வாழ்ந்த இடமாக இருந்தது, இப்போது உயர் தொழில்நுட்ப நிறுவனங்கள் மற்றும் பல மதுக்கூடங்கள் நிறைந்த தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையமாக மாறியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]]|wikidata=Q1352}} (''மெட்ராஸ்'') — தென் இந்தியாவின் முக்கிய துறைமுகம், கலாச்சார மையம் மற்றும் இந்தியாவின் வாகனத் தொழில்துறைத் தலைநகரம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது (இந்தியா)|ஐதராபாது]]|wikidata=Q1361}} — முத்து மற்றும் வைர வர்த்தகம் மற்றும் பாரம்பரிய இந்திய அரிசி உணவான 'பிரியாணி'க்கு பெயர் பெற்றது; தற்போது முக்கிய உற்பத்தி மற்றும் நிதி நிறுவனங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]]|wikidata=Q66485}} — ''இளஞ்சிவப்பு நகரம்''; இடைக்கால வட இந்தியாவின் இந்து ராஜபுத்திர கலாச்சாரத்தின் முக்கிய அடையாளமாகத் திகழ்கிறது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]]|wikidata=Q1348}} (''கல்கத்தா'') — இந்தியாவின் கலாச்சாரத் தலைநகரம்; 'மகிழ்ச்சியின் நகரம்' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது மற்றும் பல காலனித்துவ கால கட்டிடங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]]|wikidata=Q1156}} (''பாம்பே'') — இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம் மற்றும் நிதித் தலைநகரம்; ''எப்போதும் உறங்காத நகரம்'' மற்றும் இந்தித் திரைப்படத் துறையான ''பாலிவுட்''-இன் தாயகம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சிம்லா|சிம்லா]]|wikidata=Q83786}} — இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசத்தின் தலைநகரம்; கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 2 கி.மீ-க்கும் அதிகமான உயரத்தில் இமயமலையில் அமைந்துள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]]|wikidata=Q79980}} (''பனாரசு'') — இந்துக்களின் மிகப்புனிதமான நகரமாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது; கங்கை நதிக்கரையில் அமைந்துள்ளது மற்றும் உலகின் மிகப்பழமையான, தொடர்ந்து மக்கள் வசித்து வரும் நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகும்

== பிற சேருமிடங்கள் ==
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுமே இருக்க வேண்டும். முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
இந்தியாவில் பல சிறப்பான அடையாளங்களும், ஈடு இணையற்ற அழகு வாய்ந்த இடங்களும் உள்ளன. அவற்றில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க சில இங்கே:

*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/போத் கயா|போத் கயா]]|wikidata=Q176767}} — மகாபோதி கோயில் உள்ளிட்ட முக்கிய கோயில் வளாகம்; சாக்கியமுனி புத்தர் ஞானம் பெற்ற இடம் இதுவாகும்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/எல்லோரா|எல்லோரா]]|wikidata=Q189616}} மற்றும்
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/அஜந்தா|அஜந்தா]]|wikidata=Q184427}} — பாறையைக் குடைந்து அமைக்கப்பட்ட அற்புதமான குகை மடாலயங்கள் மற்றும் கோயில்கள்; பௌத்தர்கள், சமணர்கள் மற்றும் இந்துக்களுக்கான புனிதத் தலங்கள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[அமிர்தசரஸ்#பொற்கோயில்|பொற்கோயில்]]|wikidata=Q180422}} — [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரஸ்|அமிர்தசரஸ்]] நகரில் உள்ள சீக்கியர்களின் புனிதத் தலம்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/அம்பி (கருநாடகா)|அம்பி]]|wikidata=Q26732}} — விஜயநகரப் பேரரசின் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் இடிபாடுகள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/கஜுராஹோ|கஜுராஹோ]]|wikidata=Q178948}} — காமக் கலைச் சிற்பங்களுக்குப் புகழ்பெற்ற கோயில் வளாகங்கள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/கொனார்க்|கொனார்க்]]|wikidata=Q749189}} — சூரியக் கோயில்; கலிங்கக் கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு ஒரு தனித்துவமான எடுத்துக்காட்டு மற்றும் {{Wy/ta/UNESCO World Heritage Site}}.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/மதுரை#மீனாட்சி அம்மன் கோயில்|மீனாட்சி கோயில்]]|wikidata=Q1424358}} — [[Wy/ta/மதுரை|மதுரையில்]] உள்ள ஒரு அற்புதமான இந்து கோயில்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா#தாஜ் மகால்|தாஜ் மகால்]]|wikidata=Q9141}} — [[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா|ஆக்ராவில்]] உள்ள இணையற்ற சலவைக்கல் கல்லறை; நவீன உலகின் ஏழு அதிசயங்களில் ஒன்று.
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுமே இருக்க வேண்டும். முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்==
இந்தியா, நல்ல விதத்திலும் கெட்ட விதத்திலும், மனதைக் கவரும் ஒரு நாடு. பகட்டான ஆடம்பரம் முதல் கொடிய துயரம் வரை, நெரிசல் மிகுந்த நகரங்கள் முதல் அமைதியான கிராமப்புறங்கள் வரை, அடர்ந்த காடுகள் மற்றும் பவளப்பாறைகள் முதல் பாழடைந்த பாலைவனங்கள் மற்றும் உயர்ந்த மலைகள் வரை, இந்தியாவில் உண்மையிலேயே அனைத்தும் உள்ளன. இது மக்கள், பண்பாடு, மொழி மற்றும் உணவுக்கும் பொருந்தும்; இவை சிறிய மற்றும் பெரிய வழிகளில் பெருமளவில் வேறுபடலாம். ஒரு மிக எளிய உதாரணம் சொல்ல வேண்டுமென்றால், மும்பையில் ஒரு வாடகை சிற்றுந்து ஓட்டுநர் ஒரு வார்த்தை கூட பேசாமல் தனது மீட்டர் கொடியை இறக்கி, சரியான சில்லறையைத் திருப்பிக் கொடுப்பார். ஆனால் தில்லியில், ஓட்டுநரிடம் மீட்டரைப் பயன்படுத்தச் சொல்லி, சில்லறை கிடைக்குமா என்று எதிர்பார்க்க வேண்டும். மற்ற சில பகுதிகளில், ஓட்டுநர்களிடம் மீட்டர்களே இருப்பதில்லை; அவர்கள் குறுகிய தூரங்களுக்குக் கூட கட்டணங்களை நிர்ணயித்து விடுகிறார்கள். அவர்கள் கேட்கும் தொகையை மட்டும் செலுத்தினால் போதும்.  ஒரு நேர்மையான ஓட்டுநர் கிடைத்தால், பயணி தன்னை பாக்கியவான் என்று கருதிக்கொள்ளலாம். இந்தியா பெரும்பாலான அம்சங்களில்  தீவிரமான வேறுபாடுகளைக் காட்டுகிறது, மேலும் சிறந்ததைக் கண்டறிய ஒருவருக்கு பொறுமையும் வாய்ப்பும் தேவை. இந்தியாவின் எந்தவொரு அம்சத்தைப் பற்றியும் நமக்கு எல்லாம் தெரியும் என்று ஒருபோதும் கருத வேண்டாம்; ஒவ்வொரு நாளும் முற்றிலும் புதிய அம்சங்களை காணத் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும்.

இந்திய நாகரிகம் வரலாறு முழுவதும் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு செலுத்தி வந்துள்ளது; தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின் பல பண்பாடுகள் வலுவான இந்தியத் தாக்கங்களை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. பௌத்த மதத்தின் பரவல் வாயிலாக, சில இந்தியத் தாக்கங்கள் கிழக்கு ஆசியக் கலாச்சாரங்களிலும் ஊடுருவியுள்ளன.

===வரலாறு===
மனிதர்கள் முதன்முதலில் இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டத்திற்கு சுமார் கி.மு. 70,000-ஆம் ஆண்டில் குடியேறியதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது; மேலும், இந்தியாவின் கற்காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த சில தொல்லியல் தளங்களும் இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளன. இவற்றுள் ஒரு முக்கியமான தளம் பாக்கித்தானில் உள்ள மெகர்கர் ஆகும். இங்குதான், இத்துணைக்கண்டத்திலேயே மிகவும் பழமையானதாக அறியப்படும் வேளாண்மைக்கான சான்றுகள் — சுமார் கி.மு. 7000-ஆம் ஆண்டைச் சேர்ந்தவை என கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ளன.

சிந்து சமவெளி நாகரிகம் (கி.மு. 3300–1300) உலகின் முதல் வெண்கலக் கால நாகரிகங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். மேலும், அந்நாகரிகம் தன் காலத்திற்கு மிகவும் மேம்பட்டதாகத் திகழ்ந்தது. அதன் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில் (கி.மு. 2600–1900), இது தற்போதைய பாகித்தானின் பெரும்பகுதியையும், வட இந்தியாவின் சில பகுதிகளையும், கிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தானின் சில பகுதிகளையும் உள்ளடக்கியிருந்தது. பாக்கித்தானில் அமைந்துள்ள மொகஞ்சதாரோ மற்றும் அரப்பா ஆகியவையே இந்நாகரிகத்தின் மிகப்பெரிய இரண்டு தொல்லியல் தளங்களாகும்.

கி.மு. 2000- ஆண்டுக்குப் பிறகு ஒரு காலகட்டத்தில், வடமேற்கில் எங்கோ ஓர் இடத்திலிருந்து வந்த கால்நடை மேய்ப்பர்களான ஆரியர்கள் இப்பகுதிக்குக் குடிபெயர்ந்தனர். ஏறக்குறைய அதே நேரத்தில், தொடர்புடைய குழுக்கள் கிரீசு (மினோயர்களை இடம்பெயரச் செய்த எலனிக்கு கிரேக்கர்கள்), அனடோலியா அல்லது துருக்கி (இட்டைட்டுகள்), பாரசீகம் மற்றும் பிற பகுதிகள் மீது படையெடுத்தன. இந்தப் பழங்குடியினர் அனைவரும் தொடர்புடைய மொழிகளைப் பேசியதாகவும், வட இந்தியா, ஐரோப்பா மற்றும் மத்திய ஆசியாவில் பேசப்படும் பெரும்பாலான மொழிகள் உட்பட பல நவீன மொழிகள் அவர்களிடமிருந்து தோன்றியவை என்றும் நம்பப்படுகிறது. மொழியியலாளர்கள் இவை அனைத்தையும் இந்தோ-ஐரோப்பிய மொழிக்குடும்பத்தில் வகைப்படுத்துகின்றனர்.

வேத காலம் ஏறத்தாழ கி.மு. 1500 முதல் 500 வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தைச் சேர்ந்ததாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. இந்து சமயத்தின் மிகப் பழமையான மற்றும் புனிதமான நூல்களான வேதங்கள் தொகுக்கப்பட்ட காலம் இதுவே ஆகும். இவை, இந்தோ-ஆரிய மொழியான வேத சமசுகிருதத்தில் இயற்றப்பட்டிருந்தன. இக்காலத்தைப் பற்றிய விவரங்களும் தொல்லியல் சான்றுகளும் மிகக் குறைவாகவே கிடைத்திருப்பினும், இந்து சமயத்தின் பல சடங்குகள் இக்காலத்தில்தான் வடிவம் பெற்றன.

[[File:Varanasikedarghat.JPG|thumb|240px|வாரணாசியில் கங்கை நதியில் நீராடும் இந்துப் பயணிகள்]]

வேத நாகரிகமானது, தார்மீக சமயங்களின் வாயிலாக இன்றும் இந்தியாவைத் தொடர்ந்து பாதித்து வருகிறது. தற்கால இந்து சமயம் தனது வேர்களை வேதங்களில் கொண்டிருந்தாலும், உபநிடதங்கள் மற்றும் புராணங்கள் முதல் இராமாயணம், மகாபாரதம் ஆகிய பெருங்காப்பியங்கள் வரையிலான, வேதங்களுக்குப் பிந்தைய இலக்கியங்களாலும் பெரிதும் தாக்கம் பெற்றுள்ளது. மரபுசார்ந்து பார்க்கையில், இவ் இலக்கியங்கள் அனைத்தும் வேதங்களில் ஏற்கனவே பொதிந்துள்ள அறிவையே விரிவுபடுத்திச் செறிவூட்டுவனவாகவே கருதப்படுகின்றன.

மகாபாரதத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியான 'பகவத் கீதை', மிகவும் பரவலாக வாசிக்கப்படும் நூல்களில் ஒன்றாகும். இந்து மதத்தின் நான்கு வேதங்களின் சுருக்கமான சாரமாகவே கீதை கருதப்படுகிறது. கிருட்டிணரின் உடலுக்குள் புகுந்த 'காலன்' 18 அத்தியாயங்களில் அமைந்த 700 செய்யுள்கள் வாயிலாக கீதையின் ஞானத்தை எடுத்துரைத்ததாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. குருசேத்திரத்தில் நடைபெறவிருந்த ஒரு மாபெரும் போருக்குச் சற்று முன்னதாக, அந்தப் போரின் நாயகனான அர்ச்சுனனுக்கும் — அவனுக்குத் தேரோட்டியாகப் பணியாற்றிய — கடவுள் கிருட்டிணருக்கும் இடையே நிகழ்ந்த உரையாடலாகவே இந்நூல் அமைந்துள்ளது. இன்றைய காலகட்டத்தில், குருசேத்திரம் ஒரு புனித யாத்திரை மற்றும் சுற்றுலாத் தலமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.

பொ.மு. முதல் ஆயிரமாண்டில், பல்வேறு தத்துவச் சிந்தனைப் பள்ளிகள் தோன்றி, இந்து சமயத்தை வெகுவாகச் செழுமைப்படுத்தின. அவற்றில் பெரும்பாலானவை வேதங்களிலிருந்தே தோன்றியதாகக் கூறின. இருப்பினும், இப்பள்ளிகளுள் சில—அவற்றில் பௌத்தமும் சமணமும் அடங்கும்—வேதங்களின் அதிகாரத்தையே கேள்விக்குள்ளாக்கின; தற்போது அவை தனித்தனிச் சமயங்களாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

கி.மு. 500 மற்றும் கி.பி. 590-ஆம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் பல மாபெரும் பேரரசுகள் தோன்றின. அவற்றுள் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கவை மௌரியர்களும் குப்தர்களும் ஆவர். இவ்விரு பேரரசுகளின் தலைநகரமும், தற்போது பாட்னா என்று அழைக்கப்படும் பாடலிபுத்திரம் நகரமாகவே விளங்கியது. குப்தப் பேரரசு (கி.பி. 3-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு முதல் கி.பி. 590 வரை) பெரும்பாலும் இந்தியாவின் 'பொற்காலம்' என்று போற்றப்படுகிறது. இதற்கு மேலும் மேற்கே, காந்தார நாகரிகம் (முதலில் ஒரு சுதந்திர அரசாகவும், பின்னர் மௌரியப் பேரரசின் ஒரு பகுதியாகவும் விளங்கியது) — தற்போது பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் ஆப்கானித்தான் என அழைக்கப்படும் நிலப்பரப்பின் பெரும்பகுதியை ஆட்சி செய்தது. இவர்களின் நகரமான தட்சசீலம், பௌத்தம் மற்றும் பிற துறைகள் சார்ந்த கல்விக்கு ஒரு சிறந்த மையமாகத் திகழ்ந்தது.

காலப்போக்கில், பௌத்தமும் சமணமும் படிப்படியாகச் சரிவைச் சந்தித்தன. குறிப்பாக, பௌத்த சமய நடைமுறைகள் இந்தியாவின் மையப்பகுதியிலிருந்து மறைந்தே போயின. இருப்பினும், புத்தர் இந்து சமயத் தெய்வங்களின் வரிசையில் ஒருவராக இணைத்துக்கொள்ளப்பட்டார். சமண சமயமானது, தங்களை இந்துக்களாகக் கருதிக்கொள்வதா அல்லது வேண்டாமா என்பது குறித்துத் தெளிவற்ற நிலையில் உள்ள, கணிசமான எண்ணிக்கையிலான ஒரு சிறுபான்மைச் சமூகத்தினரால் இன்றும் தொடர்ந்து பின்பற்றப்பட்டு வருகிறது. இந்து சமயமும் கூடப் பெரும் மாற்றங்களுக்கு உள்ளானது. இந்திரன், அக்னி போன்ற வேதகாலத் தெய்வங்களின் முக்கியத்துவம் குறைந்த அதே வேளையில், விசுணு, சிவன் மற்றும் அவர்களின் பல்வேறு அவதாரங்கள், குடும்ப உறுப்பினர்கள் போன்ற புராணகாலத் தெய்வங்கள் முதன்மை பெற்றன.

[[File:Jama Masjid, Delhi, morning view.jpg|thumb|சாமா பள்ளிவாசல் தில்லி]]

8 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் இசுலாமியப் படையெடுப்புகள் தொடங்கின. படிப்படியாக, படையெடுப்பாளர்கள் ஆட்சியாளர்களாக நிலைபெறத் தொடங்கினர், விரைவில் வட இந்தியாவின் பெரும்பகுதி முசுலிம்களால் ஆளப்பட்டது. மிக முக்கியமான முசுலிம் ஆட்சியாளர்கள் முகலாயப் பேரரசு ஆவர். இப்பேரரசு அதன் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில் (தெற்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு முனைகளைத் தவிர) கிட்டத்தட்ட முழு துணைக்கண்டத்தையும் உள்ளடக்கியிருந்தது. அதே நேரத்தில், வடக்கில் தப்பிப்பிழைத்த முக்கிய இந்துப் படை இராசபுத்திரர்கள் ஆவர். தங்கள் நிலத்தின் மீதான படையெடுப்பை எதிர்த்து நின்ற இராசபுத்திரர்களின் வீரம் புகழ்பெற்றது; அது இராசத்தானின் கோட்டைகள் முழுவதும் உள்ள நாட்டுப்புறப் பாடல்களில் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. இராசபுத்திரர்களில் முக்கியமானவர் சித்தோர்கரின் ஆட்சியாளரான மகா ராணா பிரதாப் ஆவார். இவர் முகலாயர்களின் மூன்றாமவரான அக்பருடன் போரிட்டு, பல ஆண்டுகள் நாடுகடத்தப்பட்ட நிலையில் கழித்தார். இருப்பினும், இறுதியில் இராசபுத்திரர்கள் அடக்கப்பட்டனர். சில முகலாயப் படைகளில் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான இராசபுத்திர அதிகாரிகள் இருந்தனர், ஆனாலும் சகாங்கீர், சாச்சகான் மற்றும் அவுரங்கசீப் ஆகியோரின் ஆட்சிக்காலத்தில் சில இராசபுத்திரக் கிளர்ச்சிகள் நிகழ்ந்தன. வட இந்தியாவின் இந்தக் காலகட்டமே இராசத்தானின் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களையும் தாச்மகாலையும் உருவாக்கியது. இந்தி மற்றும் உருது மொழிகளும் இடைக்கால வட இந்தியாவில் வேரூன்றின. இசுலாமிய காலத்தில், இந்துக்கள் இசுலாமிற்கு மதம் மாறினர்; பெரும்பாலும் கட்டாயமாகவோ அல்லது சிசியா வரியைத் தவிர்ப்பதற்காகவோ மதம் மாறினர் என முசுலிம் வரலாற்றாசிரியர்கள் கூறுகின்றனர். இன்று, இந்தியாவின் மக்கள் தொகையில் சுமார் 15% பேர் இசுலாத்தைப் பின்பற்றுகிறார்கள்.

மற்றொரு முக்கிய மதமான சீக்கிய மதம், முகலாயர் காலத்தில் பஞ்சாப் பகுதியில் தோற்றுவிக்கப்பட்டது. சீக்கிய மதத்திற்கும் முகலாயர்களுக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள் காலப்போக்கில் மாறுபட்டன. அமிர்தசரசில் அமைந்துள்ள பொற்கோயில் கட்டப்பட்டதுடன், சீக்கிய மதத்தின் முதன்மையான புனித யாத்திரை மையமாக உலகம் முழுவதும் அங்கீகாரமும் பெற்றது. இருப்பினும், பத்தாவது குருவான குரு கோவிந்த் சிங்கின் காலக்கட்டத்தில், முகலாயர்களிலேயே மிகவும் சகிப்புத்தன்மையற்றவரும், கொடுமையானவரும், மதவெறி பிடித்தவருமான ஔரங்கசீப்பின் பகைமையே முதன்மைக் காரணமாக, இரு தரப்பினருக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள் பகையுணர்வு கொண்டவையாக மாறின. சீக்கியர்களுக்கும் முகலாயர்களுக்கும் இடையிலான மோதலே, முகலாயப் பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்கு வழிவகுத்த காரணங்களில் ஒன்றாக அமைந்தது. மற்றொரு காரணம், மகாராட்டிரப் பகுதியில் மராட்டியப் பேரரசின் எழுச்சியாகும்; இது சிவாச்சியால் தொடங்கப்பட்டு, பின்னர் பேசுவாக்களால் முன்னெடுத்துச் செல்லப்பட்டது. மராட்டியர்கள், முகலாயப் பேரரசின் பரப்பளவிற்கு ஏறக்குறைய இணையான ஒரு குறுகிய காலக் கூட்டமைப்பை நிறுவினர். மூன்றாம் பானிபட் போருக்குப் பிறகு, மராட்டியர்கள் இந்தியாவின் மீதான தங்கள் ஆதிக்கத்தை இழந்தனர்; இதுவே பிற்காலத்தில் பிரிட்டிசு காலனித்துவ ஆட்சி அமைவதற்கு வழிவகுத்தது. மராட்டியர் காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பன்னிரண்டு இராணுவக் கோட்டைகள்—குறிப்பாக மகாராட்ராவின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளவை—யுனெசுகோவால் 'இந்தியாவின் மராட்டிய இராணுவ நிலப்பரப்புகள்'  எனும் உலகப் பாரம்பரியச் சின்னமாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

[[File:ShoreTemple Approach2.JPG|thumb|கடற்கரைக் கோயில், மாமல்லபுரம்]]

[[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]] ஒரு மாறுபட்ட பாதையைப் பின்பற்றியது; ஏனெனில், இசுலாமிய ஆட்சியின் தாக்கம் இப்பகுதியில் குறைவாகவே இருந்தது. கி.பி. 500 முதல் 1600 வரையிலான காலகட்டம் 'செவ்வியல் காலம்'  என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது; இக்காலகட்டத்தில் தென்னிந்தியாவின் மாபெரும் பேரரசுகளே ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்தி வந்தன. இவற்றுள் மிக முக்கியமான பேரரசுகளாக, இன்றைய கர்நாடகப் பகுதியிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த சாளுக்கியர்கள், இராட்டிரகூடர்கள் மற்றும் விசயநகரப் பேரரசினர் ஆகியோரும்; இன்றைய தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் கேரளப் பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த பல்லவர்கள், சேரர்கள், பாண்டியர்கள் மற்றும் சோழர்கள் ஆகியோரும் திகழ்ந்தனர். இவற்றுள், தஞ்சாவூர் மற்றும் கங்கைகொண்ட சோழபுரம் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு தலைநகரங்களிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த சோழர்களே, தென்னிந்தியப் பேரரசுகளிலேயே மிகவும் வலிமை வாய்ந்தவர்களாகப் பரவலாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்படுகின்றனர். இவர்களது ஆட்சியின் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில், இவர்களது பேரரசின் எல்லை வடக்கே பாடலிபுத்திரம் வரையிலும் விரிந்திருந்ததுடன், இவர்களது செல்வாக்கு கிழக்கே சுமத்ரா, மேற்கு போர்னியோ மற்றும் தெற்கு வியட்நாம் வரையிலும் பரவியிருந்தது. இந்தியாவில் இன்றும் நிலைத்திருக்கும் மிகச் சிறப்பான இந்து மற்றும் சமணச் சின்னங்கள் சில, இக்காலகட்டத்தில்தான் தென்னிந்தியா மற்றும் கிழக்கு இந்தியாவில் கட்டப்பட்டன.

காலனித்துவக் காலம் வரை, வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா நாட்டின் பிற பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஓரளவுக்குத் தனித்தே இருந்தது. வடகிழக்குப் பகுதியை ஆண்ட மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் நீண்ட காலப் பேரரசு, மணிப்பூரைச் சேர்ந்த நிங்தௌச்சா வம்சமாகும் (கி.பி. 33–1891); இவர்களுக்கு அடுத்தபடியாக அகோம் வம்சத்தினர் இப்பகுதியை ஆண்டனர். இவர்கள் 13-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு முதல் 19-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு வரை, முகலாயர்களின் ஆதிக்க விரிவாக்கத்திலிருந்து அசாம் மற்றும் அதன் அண்டை மண்டலங்களை வெற்றிகரமாகப் பாதுகாத்து வந்தனர்.

[[File:Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|கொல்கத்தாவில் அமைந்துள்ள விக்டோரியா நினைவிடம், விக்டோரியா மகாராணியின் நினைவாக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு பிரம்மாண்டமான பளிங்குக் கட்டிடமாகும். கொல்கத்தாவின் வரலாறு, கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனத்துடனும் பிரிட்டிசு ஆட்சியுடனும் தொடர்புடையதாகும்.  அக்காலத்தில் 'கல்கத்தா' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்ட இந்நகரமே பிரிட்டிசு ஆட்சியின் தலைநகராகத் திகழ்ந்தது.]]

16 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதியில் ஐரோப்பிய வர்த்தகர்கள் இந்தியாவிற்கு வரத் தொடங்கினர். இவர்களில் ஆங்கிலேயர்கள், டச்சுக்காரர்கள், பிரெஞ்சுக்காரர்கள் மற்றும் போர்த்துகீசியர்கள் முக்கியமானவர்கள். பிரிட்டிசு கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனம் 1772 ஆம் ஆண்டில்  கல்கத்தாவைத் தங்கள் தலைமையிடமாக ஆக்கியது. அவர்கள் பம்பாய் மற்றும் மெட்ராசு போன்ற துணை நகரங்களையும் நிறுவினர். கல்கத்தா பின்னர் 'இலண்டனுக்குப் பிறகு பேரரசின் இரண்டாவது நகரம்' ஆனது. 19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு வாக்கில், ஆங்கிலேயர்கள் ஏதோ ஒரு வகையில் இந்தியாவின் கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்துப் பகுதிகளின் அரசியல் கட்டுப்பாட்டையும் கைப்பற்றினர். இருப்பினும் போர்த்துகீசியர்கள், டச்சுக்காரர்கள் மற்றும் பிரெஞ்சுக்காரர்களுக்கும் கடற்கரையோரம் தங்களுடைய பகுதிகள் இருந்தன. ஆங்கிலேயர்கள் இந்தியத் தொழிலாளர்கள், காவலர்கள் மற்றும் வீரர்களைப் பேரரசு முழுவதும் அனுப்பினர். இதன் விளைவாக இந்தியப் புலம்பெயர் சமூகங்கள் நிறுவப்பட்டன. மியான்மார், மலேசியா, சிங்கப்பூர், ஆங்காங், பிச்சி, தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, மொரிசியசு, கென்யா, கயானா, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ மற்றும் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் ஆகியவை இவற்றில் மிகவும் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கவையாகும்.

1857-ஆம் ஆண்டில் இந்திய ஆட்சியாளர்களால் ஒரு கிளர்ச்சி ஏற்பட்டது. அது அடக்கப்பட்டாலும், கம்பெனியிடமிருந்து ஆட்சியைப் பெற்று இந்தியாவைத் தனது பேரரசின் ஒரு பகுதியாக ஆக்குவதற்கு பிரிட்டிசு அரசாங்கத்தைத் தூண்டியது. 1858 முதல் 1947 வரையிலான இந்த முடியாட்சிக் காலம், பிரிட்டிசு இராச்சியம் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது சில இந்தியர்கள் கிறித்தவ மதத்திற்கு மாறிய ஒரு காலகட்டமாகும். இருப்பினும், 1859-ஆம் ஆண்டுக்குப் பிறகு பிரிட்டிசு இந்தியாவில் கட்டாய மதமாற்றங்கள் முடிவுக்கு வந்தன. மேலும், இந்தியர்களின் மத நம்பிக்கைகளை மதிப்பதாக விக்டோரியா மகாராணியின் பிரகடனம் உறுதியளித்தது.

மோகன்தாசு கரம்சந்த் காந்தி (மகாத்மா காந்தி) தலைமையிலான பிரிட்டிசு காலனித்துவத்திற்கு எதிரான அகிம்சை எதிர்ப்பு, மற்ற வழிமுறைகளுடன் இணைந்து, 1947 ஆகத்து மாதம் 15 அன்று சுதந்திரத்திற்கு வழிவகுத்தது. இருப்பினும், மதச்சார்பற்ற இந்துக்கள் பெரும்பான்மையாக உள்ள இந்திய அரசுக்கும், சிறிய முசுலிம்கள் பெரும்பான்மையாக உள்ள பாக்கித்தான் அரசுக்கும் ஒரே நேரத்தில் சுதந்திரம் வழங்கப்பட்டது. மேலும், பிரிவினையைத் தொடர்ந்து நடந்த இந்து-முசுலிம் இரத்தக் களரி, குறைந்தது அரை மில்லியன் மக்களின் இறப்புக்கும், 12 முதல் 14 மில்லியன் மக்கள் இடம்பெயர்வதற்கும் வழிவகுத்தது.

1970-ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் இந்தியா உணவு தானியங்களில் தன்னிறைவு அடைந்தது. இதனால், அதுவரை சாதாரணமாக இருந்த பெரும் பஞ்சங்கள் இப்போது வரலாறாகிவிட்டன. இருப்பினும், இந்தக் கொள்கைகள் பற்றாக்குறை, மெதுவான வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் பெரும் ஊழலுக்கும் வழிவகுத்தன. 1991-ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஏற்பட்ட செலுத்து இருப்பு நெருக்கடிக்குப் பிறகு, நாடு தாராள சந்தை சீர்திருத்தங்களை மேற்கொண்டது. அவை அப்போதிருந்து சீரான வேகத்தில் தொடர்ந்து, வலுவான வளர்ச்சிக்கு உந்துதலாக இருந்து வருகின்றன. தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம், வணிகச் செயல்முறை வெளிப்பணியமர்த்தல் மற்றும் பிற தொழில்கள் இந்த வளர்ச்சிக்கு உந்துசக்தியாக இருந்துள்ளன. அதே சமயம், சீர்திருத்தங்களை எதிர்கொள்ளாத உற்பத்தித் துறையும் விவசாயத் துறையும் பின்தங்கியுள்ளன. சுமார் 60% இந்தியர்கள் விவசாயத்தை நம்பி வாழ்கின்றனர், மேலும் சுமார் 36% பேர் வறுமையில் உள்ளனர்.

பாக்கித்தானுடனான உறவுகள் சுமுகமாக இல்லை. இரு நாடுகளும் நான்கு போர்களில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளன, அவற்றில் மூன்று காசுமீரின் நிலை குறித்தவை. 1971-ஆம் ஆண்டில் இரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே நடந்த மூன்றாவது போரின் விளைவாக, கிழக்கு பாக்கித்தான் வங்காளதேசமாக உருவானது. இந்தியா அவ்வப்போது பயங்கரவாதத் தாக்குதல்களைத் தொடர்ந்து சந்தித்து வருகிறது, அவற்றில் பல பாக்கித்தானில் இருந்து தொடங்குவதாகவும், அதன் இராணுவ-உளவுத்துறை அமைப்பால் உத்தரவிடப்படுவதாகவும் அல்லது உதவி செய்யப்படுவதாகவும் பரவலாக நம்பப்படுகிறது.

இமயமலை எல்லைப் பிரச்சினை காரணமாக 1962-ஆம் ஆண்டில் சீனாவும் இந்தியாவும் போரிட்டன. தற்போதைய உறவுகள் பெரும்பாலும் அமைதியானவையாக இருந்தாலும், பதற்றம் நிறைந்தவையாக உள்ளன. இரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே தரைவழிப் போக்குவரத்து அனுமதிக்கப்படவில்லை, இருப்பினும் சிக்கிமுக்கும் திபெத்துக்கும் இடையிலான ஓர் எல்லைக் கடக்கும் பாதை 2006-ஆம் ஆண்டில் வர்த்தகத்திற்காக மீண்டும் திறக்கப்பட்டது. பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் சீனா மீதான பாதுகாப்பு குறித்த கவலைகள், இந்தியாவை இரண்டு முறை அணு ஆயுதங்களைச் சோதிக்கத் தூண்டின (1974-ஆம் ஆண்டில் &quot;அமைதியான வெடிப்புகள்&quot; என்று விவரிக்கப்பட்ட சோதனைகள் உட்பட). இந்தியா ஒரு முறையான அணுசக்தி நாடாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட விரும்புகிறது மற்றும் ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் பாதுகாப்பு சபையில் நிரந்தர இடத்திற்காகப் பிரச்சாரம் செய்து வருகிறது.

இந்தியா தனது மக்களாட்சிப் பதிவைக் குறித்துப் பெருமை கொள்கிறது. ஒரு சுதந்திர நாடாகத் திகழ்ந்த காலத்தின் பெரும்பகுதி முழுவதும், அரசியலமைப்பு சார்ந்த ஆட்சியும் சனநாயகச் சுதந்திரங்களும் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்டு வந்துள்ளன.

இந்தியாவில் தற்போது நிலவும் கவலைகளில் ஊழல், வறுமை, மக்கள் தொகைப் பெருக்கம், மாசுபாடு மற்றும் சுற்றுச்சூழல் சீரழிவின் பல்வேறு வடிவங்கள், பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் சீனாவுடனான தொடர்ச்சியான எல்லைப் பிரச்சினைகள், எல்லை தாண்டிய பயங்கரவாதம், மற்றும் அவ்வப்போது நிகழும் இன, அரசியல், மத மோதல்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். குறைந்தபட்சம் படித்த மேட்டுக்குடியினரிடையே, பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியில் சீனாவை முந்தி, ஒரு பொருளாதார மற்றும் இராணுவ வல்லரசாக இந்தியா திகழ முடியுமா என்பதே இந்தியாவின் தற்போதைய பெரும் கவலையாக உள்ளது. இன்று, பல இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் நாட்டை பன்னாட்டு அரசியலில் ஒட்டுமொத்த உலகத் தெற்கின் குரலாகவும் தலைவராகவும் கருதுகின்றனர்.

===புவியியல்===
[[File:Loktak Lake Boat people Moirang Manipur India.jpg|thumb|உலகத்தின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் ஏரியான உலோக்தக்கு ஏரி]]

இந்தியா 3,287,263 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் (1,269,219 சதுர மைல்) பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் மூலம் இந்தியா  உலகின் ஏழாவது மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும், ஆசியாவின் மூன்றாவது மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும் (உருசியாவையும் கணக்கில் கொண்டால்), மற்றும் தெற்காசியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. இந்தியா அமெரிக்காவை விட மூன்று மடங்கு சிறியதாகவும், ஆத்திரேலியாவின் பரப்பளவில் பாதியாகவும், ஆசியாவின் மிகச்சிறிய நாடான மாலத்தீவை விட ஏறக்குறைய 11,000 மடங்கு பெரியதாகவும் உள்ளது.

மலைகள், காடுகள், பாலைவனங்கள் மற்றும் கடற்கரைகள் என—இந்தியா அனைத்தையும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் வடக்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு எல்லைகள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான மலைத்தொடரான ​​பனிபடர்ந்த இமயமலையால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளன. அந்நியப் படையெடுப்பாளர்களிடமிருந்து நாட்டைக் காப்பதுடன், இந்தியாவின் நாகரிகம் செழித்தோங்கிய சமவெளிகளுக்கு உயிரூட்டும் வற்றாத நதிகளான கங்கை, யமுனை மற்றும் சிந்து ஆகியவற்றுக்கும் இம்மலைகள் நீராதாரமாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. சிந்து நதியின் பெரும்பகுதி தற்போது பாக்கித்தானில் அமைந்திருந்தாலும், அதன் மூன்று துணை நதிகள் பஞ்சாப் மாநிலத்தின் வழியாகப் பாய்கின்றன. கங்கை நதிக்கு இரண்டு கிளை நதிகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் பாகீரதி-ஊக்ளி எனும் கிளை நதி இந்தியாவின் நிலப்பரப்பின் வழியே பாய்ந்து, மேற்கு வங்க மாநிலத்தின் உயிர்நாடியாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இவ்விரு கிளை நதிகளும் இறுதியில் வங்காள விரிகுடாவில் சங்கமித்து, உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய ஆற்று முகத்துவாரப் பகுதியையும், மிகப்பெரிய சதுப்புநிலக் காடுகளையும் உருவாக்குகின்றன.

மற்றொரு இமயமலை நதியான பிரம்மபுத்திரா, வடகிழக்குப் பகுதி வழியாகவும் — பெரும்பாலும் அசாம் மாநிலத்தின் ஊடாகவும் — பாய்கிறது. அங்கு இது பல்வேறு பெயர்களால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. மணிப்பூரில் உற்பத்தியாகும் மணிப்பூர் நதி, மியான்மரின் சிண்ட்வின்-இராவதி நதி அமைப்போடு இணைகிறது.

பஞ்சாபிற்குத் தெற்கே ஆரவல்லி மலைத்தொடர் அமைந்துள்ளது. இது இராசத்தானை இரண்டாகப் பிரிக்கிறது. இராசத்தானின் மேற்குப் பகுதி தார் பாலைவனத்தால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. விந்திய மலைத்தொடர் மத்திய இந்தியாவைக்—குறிப்பாக மத்தியப் பிரதேசத்தை—ஊடறுத்துச் செல்கிறது; இது தக்காணப் பீடபூமியின் தொடக்கத்தைக் குறிக்கிறது. இப்பீடபூமியானது, தமிழ்நாட்டின் பெரும்பகுதியையும் கேரளாவையும் தவிர்த்து, தென் தீபகற்பத்தின் ஏறக்குறைய முழுப் பகுதியையும் உள்ளடக்கியுள்ளது.

தக்காணப் பீடபூமியானது, மேற்கில் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலையாலும் (மகாராட்டிராவில் 'சகயாத்ரி' என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது), கிழக்கில் கிழக்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலையாலும் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. இப்பகுதிக்குப் நீர் வழங்கும் நர்மதை, கோதாவரி மற்றும் காவேரி போன்ற ஆறுகள் கோடைக்காலத்தில் வற்றிவிடுவதால், சமவெளிப் பகுதிகளைக் காட்டிலும் இப்பீடபூமி மிகவும் வறண்ட நிலையில் காணப்படுகிறது. தக்காணப் பீடபூமியின் வடகிழக்கு திசையில், சத்தீசுகர், சார்க்கண்ட், மகாராட்டிராவின் கிழக்கு விளிம்பு மற்றும் ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசத்தின் வடமுனை ஆகிய மாநிலங்களை உள்ளடக்கிய, ஒரு காலத்தில் அடர்ந்த காடுகளாகத் திகழ்ந்த ஒரு பகுதி அமைந்துள்ளது. இப்பகுதி இன்றும் காடுகளால் சூழப்பட்டதாகவும், வறுமையால் வாடுவதாகவும், பழங்குடியின மக்கள் வசிக்கும் இடமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் மீதான படையெடுப்புகளுக்குத் தடையாக இக்காடு விளங்கியது.

உலகின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் ஏரி, மணிப்பூரின் மையப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள கிண்ணம் போன்ற சமவெளியில் உள்ள உலோக்தக்கு ஏரியாகும். இது தனது தனித்துவமான, வட்ட வடிவ மிதக்கும் உயிரித்திரள்களுக்காக குறிப்பிடத்தக்க வகையில் அறியப்படுகிறது.

இந்தியா நீண்ட கடற்கரையைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் மேற்கு கடற்கரை அரபிக்கடலையும், கிழக்கு கடற்கரை வங்காள விரிகுடாவையும் ஒட்டி அமைந்துள்ளன; இவை இரண்டும் இந்தியப் பெருங்கடலின் பகுதிகளாகும்.

===காலநிலை===
[[File:A beach side resort at Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|இலட்சத் தீவுகள்]]
[[File:Jammu and Kashmir 3.JPG|thumb|குல்மார்க்கு, சம்மு மற்றும் காசுமீர்]]
இந்தியாவில், வருடத்தின் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்தில் மட்டுமே மழை பெய்கிறது. அந்தப் பருவமும், அதை ஏற்படுத்தும் நிகழ்வும் பருவமழை காலம் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. தென்மேற்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு என இரண்டு பருவமழைகள் உள்ளன; இவை இரண்டும் காற்று வீசும் திசைகளின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. தென்மேற்குப் பருவமழையே மிகவும் முக்கியமானது, ஏனெனில் இது நாட்டின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளில் மழையைப் பொழிவிக்கிறது. மேலும் பயிர்கள் எவ்வாறு விளையும் என்பதைத் தீர்மானிக்கும் முக்கிய காரணியாகவும் இது விளங்குகிறது. சூன் முதல் செப்டம்பர் வரை இம்மழை நீடிக்கும். தென்மேற்குப் பருவமழை மேற்குக் கடற்கரையை அதிகமாகத் தாக்குகிறது.  ஏனெனில் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகளைக் கடந்து இந்தியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளை அடைவது காற்றுக்கு ஒரு கடினமான பணியாகும். எனவே, உள்நாட்டுப் பகுதிகளை விட மேற்குக் கடற்கரை மிகவும் பசுமையாக இருக்கிறது. வடகிழக்குப் பருவமழை அக்டோபர் முதல் பிப்ரவரி வரை கிழக்குக் கடற்கரையைத் தாக்குகிறது.  இது பெரும்பாலும் அவ்வப்போது ஏற்படும் புயல்களின் வடிவத்தில் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் பெரும் அழிவை ஏற்படுத்துகிறது. இரண்டு பருவமழைகளின் மழையையும் பெறும் ஒரே பகுதி வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா ஆகும். இதன் விளைவாக இப்பகுதி உலகில் அதிக மழைப்பொழிவைப் பெறுகிறது.

இந்தியாவில் ஒரு வருடத்தில் கோடை, மழைக்காலம் (அல்லது பருவமழை) மற்றும் குளிர் காலம் என குறைந்தது மூன்று பருவங்கள் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், வெப்பமண்டல தென்பகுதியில் 25°செல்சியசு (77°பாரங்கீட்டு) வெப்பநிலையை 'குளிர்காலம்' என்று அழைப்பது பொருத்தமற்றதாகிவிடும். வட இந்தியாவில் கோடையில் கடுமையான வெப்பமும், குளிர்காலத்தில் கடும் குளிரும் நிலவுகிறது. ஆனால், இமயமலைப் பகுதிகளைத் தவிர, பனிப்பொழிவு என்பது கேள்விப்படாத ஒன்றாகும். நவம்பர் முதல் சனவரி வரை குளிர்காலமாகவும், ஏப்ரல் மற்றும் மே மாதங்கள் வெப்பமான மாதங்களாகவும் உள்ளன. இந்த மாதங்களில் அனைவரும் மழையை ஆவலுடன் எதிர்பார்க்கின்றனர். குறிப்பாக வட இந்தியாவில், பிப்ரவரி மற்றும் மார்ச்சு மாதங்களில் ஒரு குறுகிய கால வசந்த காலமும் நிலவுகிறது.

இந்தியாவின் ஏதேனும் ஒரு பகுதியில் இலையுதிர் காலம் நிலவுகிறதா என்பது குறித்துக் கருத்துக்கள் மாறுபட்டுள்ளன. ஆயினும் ஓராண்டை ஆறு பருவங்களாகப்  பிரித்திருந்த பண்டைய மக்கள், அத்தகைய ஒரு பருவத்தை நிச்சயமாகவே அடையாளம் கண்டிருந்தனர்.

=== அளவீட்டு அலகுகள் ===
இந்தியா ஏறக்குறைய முழுமையாக மெட்ரிக் முறைக்கு மாறிவிட்டது. இருப்பினும், பிரித்தானிய ஏகாதிபத்திய அளவீட்டு முறையின் சில எச்சங்கள் இன்னும் பயன்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. உதாரணமாக:
* ஆடைகளின் அளவுகள் அங்குலம் மற்றும் சென்டிமீட்டர் ஆகிய இரண்டிலும் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.
* கேக்குகளின் எடை இன்னும் பவுண்டுகளில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது; அதே சமயம் மற்ற பொருட்களின் எடை கிலோகிராம் மற்றும் கிராம்களில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது.
* நிலத்தின் பரப்பளவு இன்னும் ஏக்கர் கணக்கில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது.
* வீட்டுச் சொத்துக்கள் இன்னும் சதுர அடி கணக்கில் விளம்பரப்படுத்தப் படுகின்றன.
* திரையின் அளவுகள் இன்னும் அங்குலங்களில் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

மேலும், 100,000 மற்றும் 10,000,000-க்கு முறையே 'லட்சம்' மற்றும் 'கோடி' என்ற சொற்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவதையும் கவனிக்கவும். இது பெரும்பாலும் பணத்தைப் பற்றியதாகும். அவற்றின் பயன்பாடு இலக்கங்களின் குழுவாக்கத்தையும் பாதிக்கிறது.

===நேர மண்டலம்===
இந்தியத் திட்ட நேரம், ஒருங்கிணைந்த உலக நேரத்தைவிட 5 மணி 30 நிமிடங்கள் முன்னிலையில் உள்ளது. இந்தியாவில் பகலொளி சேமிப்பு நேரம் கடைப்பிடிக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

===அரசியல்===
[[File:Back view of Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|குடியரசுத் தலைவர் மாளிகை, புது தில்லி]]
[http://tourism.gov.in/ சுற்றுலா]
இந்தியா, பிரித்தானிய வெசுட்மின்சுட்டர் முறையை மாதிரியாகக் கொண்ட ஒரு நாடாளுமன்றக் குடியரசு மற்றும் சனநாயகம் ஆகும். மறைமுகமாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படும் குடியரசுத் தலைவர் நாட்டின் தலைவர் ஆவார். ஆனால் இந்தப் பதவி முற்றிலும் சம்பிரதாயமானது அல்ல என்றாலும், வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட அதிகாரங்களையே கொண்டுள்ளது. பிரதமர், அமைச்சரவையுடன் அரசாங்கத்தை நடத்துகிறார். மேலும் நடைமுறையில் அரசாங்கத்தில் அதிக அதிகாரத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளார். நாடாளுமன்றம் ஈரவை கொண்டது. கீழ்சபையான மக்களவை (மக்களவை), வயது வந்தோர் அனைவருக்கும் வாக்குரிமை மூலம் நேரடியாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படுகிறது. அதேசமயம் மேற்சபையான மாநிலங்களவை (மாநிலங்களவை) மறைமுகமாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படுகிறது. இவ்விரண்டில் மக்களவையே அதிக அதிகாரம் வாய்ந்தது. ஏனெனில் அரசாங்கத்தை அமைக்கவும் வரவு செலவுத் திட்டங்களை நிறைவேற்றவும் மக்களவையில் பெரும்பான்மை தேவைப்படுகிறது. மேலும் மரபுப்படி பிரதமர் எப்போதும் மக்களவை உறுப்பினராகவே இருப்பார்.

இந்தியாவும் மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு கூட்டாட்சி அமைப்பாகும். இவற்றில் ஒவ்வொன்றும் தனக்கென ஒரு சட்டமன்றத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இவற்றுக்கான அரசாங்கம் ஒரு முதலமைச்சர் மற்றும் அமைச்சரவையின் தலைமையில் செயல்படுகிறது. ஒரு மாநிலத்திற்கும் ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசத்திற்கும் இடையிலான வேறுபாடு, மத்திய அரசாங்கத்தால் அந்தந்த சட்டமன்றத்திற்கு எவ்வளவு அதிகாரம் வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளது என்பதைச் சார்ந்திருக்கிறது. ஒவ்வொரு மாநிலமோ அல்லது ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசமோ பல மாவட்டங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது; அந்தந்த மாநிலம் அல்லது ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசத்தைப் பொறுத்து, இம்மாவட்டங்கள் மேலும் பல சிறிய பிரிவுகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

இந்தியாவில் இரண்டு வகையான உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகள் உள்ளன: நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பேரூர்களுக்கான 'நகர்ப்புற உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகள்'  மற்றும் எஞ்சியிருக்கும் கிராமப்புறங்களுக்கான 'பஞ்சாயத்து இராச்சியம் (இதன் நேரடிப் பொருள்: &quot;ஐந்து அதிகாரிகளின் ஆட்சி&quot;). நகர்ப்புற உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகளுள் நகராட்சிகள், மாநகராட்சிகள், இராணுவக் குடியிருப்புப் பகுதிகள் , நகரப் பஞ்சாயத்துகள், அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி மன்றங்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். அதேவேளையில், பஞ்சாயத்து இராச்சிய அமைப்பானது மூன்று நிலைகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது: தனித்தனி கிராமங்களுக்கான 'கிராமப் பஞ்சாயத்துகள்', கிராமங்களின் தொகுப்புகளுக்கான 'வட்டார வளர்ச்சி மன்றங்கள்', மற்றும் மாவட்டங்களுக்கான 'மாவட்டக் குழுக்கள் என்பனவாகும்.

இந்தியாவில் ஏராளமான அரசியல் கட்சிகள் உள்ளன. தற்போதைய ஆளும் கட்சியான இந்து தேசியவாத பாரதிய ஜனதா கட்சி, அரசாங்கத்தில் அங்கம் வகிக்கும் தேசிய ஜனநாயகக் கூட்டணியின் அங்கம் வகிக்கும் பிற அரசியல் கட்சிகள், மற்றும் மைய-இடதுசாரி இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு ஆகியவை பிரதான எதிர்க்கட்சிகளாகும். இந்த இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு, இந்திய தேசிய வளர்ச்சி உள்ளடக்கிய கூட்டணி (இந்தியா) எனப்படும் பல அரசியல் கட்சிகளைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரிய எதிர்க்கட்சிக் கூட்டணியின் ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.

இந்தியாவில் வலிமையான மற்றும் சுதந்திரமான நீதித்துறையும், சுதந்திரமான பத்திரிகைத் துறையும் உள்ளன.

எந்தவொரு சனநாயக நாட்டிலும் நடப்பதைப் போலவே, தெரு ஆர்ப்பாட்டங்கள், போராட்டங்கள் மற்றும் கிளர்ச்சிகள் நடைபெறுகின்றன. அவ்வப்போது குறைந்த அளவிலான அரசியல் வன்முறைகளும் நிகழ்கின்றன; அவற்றில் ஒரு பார்வையாளர் பிடிபடுவதற்கான வாய்ப்பு மிக மிகக் குறைவு.

=== பண்பாடு ===
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|பண்பாட்டு அதிர்ச்சி|மகாராஜாக்களையும் பிரம்மாண்டமான அரண்மனைகளையும் எதிர்பார்த்து வரும் பல சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், வறுமையைக் காணும்போது அதிர்ச்சிக்குள்ளாகிறார்கள். பின்வருவனவற்றிற்குத் தயாராக இருங்கள்:

* '''கவன ஈர்ப்பு''' – சிலர் வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளைத் தயக்கமின்றி உற்று நோக்குவார்கள்; மேலும், இடைத்தரகர்கள் மற்றும் பிச்சைக்காரர்கள் இவர்களை எளிதில் சூழ்ந்துகொள்வார்கள். மக்கள் தங்கள் அலைபேசிகளை உங்கள் முகத்திற்கு மிக அருகில் கொண்டு வந்து புகைப்படம் எடுக்கலாம். அப்போது உங்கள் முகத்தைத் திருப்பிக்கொள்ளுங்கள். பிச்சைக்காரர்கள், குறிப்பாக ஊட்டச்சத்துக் குறைபாடுள்ள குழந்தைகள் மற்றும் கடுமையான உடல் ஊனமுற்றவர்கள், மனதை மிகவும் பாதிக்கும் வகையில் இருக்கலாம்.
* '''கூட்டம்''' – இந்தியாவின் பல தெருக்கள், சந்தைகள் மற்றும் வணிகப் பகுதிகள் மக்கள், வாகனங்கள் மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் விலங்குகளால் நிரம்பி வழிகின்றன. மேலும் தெருக்கள் குறுகலாகவும் இருக்கின்றன. பேருந்துகள் அல்லது ரயில்களில் மிகக் குறைந்த கட்டண வகுப்பில் பயணம் செய்தால், அங்கேயும் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும், இது மிகுந்த சோர்வை ஏற்படுத்தலாம்.
* '''நாய்கள்''' – இந்தியாவில் எல்லா இடங்களிலும் தெருநாய்களைக் காணலாம். அவை மக்களைப் பற்றிக் கவலைப்படாமல் சாதாரணமாகப் படுத்திருக்கலாம் அல்லது ஆக்ரோஷமாக குரைக்கலாம். சில சமயங்களில் அவை கூட்டமாகத் தெருக்களில் சுற்றித் திரியும். அவை நட்பாகத் தோன்றினாலும், அவற்றிலிருந்து விலகி இருப்பதே சிறந்தது. இந்தியாவில் நாய்களுக்கு நாடு தழுவிய ''வெறிநாய்க்கடி தடுப்பூசித் திட்டங்கள்'' இல்லை, மேலும் அவற்றின் உடல்நல நிலை என்னவென்று உங்களுக்குத் தெரியாது.
* '''அசுத்தம்''' – நகரங்களில் அழுக்கு, குப்பைகள் மற்றும் பூச்சிகள் நிறைந்து காணப்படுகின்றன. சாலையோரங்கள் சில சமயங்களில் சிறுநீர் கழிக்கும் இடமாகவோ அல்லது குட்கா துப்பிய கறைகள் நிறைந்த இடமாகவோ இருக்கலாம். சில இடங்களில் தார்ச் சாலைகள் இல்லாததால் சாலைகளில் தூசி அதிகமாக இருக்கும்; எனவே பேருந்தில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​தேவைப்பட்டால் ஜன்னலை விரைவாக மூடிவிடுவது நல்லது.
* '''இரைச்சல்''' – வாகன ஓட்டிகள் தொடர்ந்து ஒலிப்பான் பயன் படுத்துகிறார்கள்; ரேடியோ மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சிகளில் பாலிவுட் பாடல்கள் சத்தமாக ஒலிக்கின்றன; மேலும் கோயில்கள், மசூதிகள் மற்றும் தேவாலயங்கள் கூட தங்கள் செய்திகளைப் பரப்ப ஒலிபெருக்கிகளைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றன. வாகனம் ஓட்டும்போது ஒலிப்பான் பயன்படுத்துவது மற்ற ஓட்டுநர்கள் அல்லது பாதசாரிகளின் கவனத்தை ஈர்ப்பதற்காகவே செய்யப்படுகிறது — மக்கள் பெரும்பாலும் வலது அல்லது இடதுபுறம் பார்க்காமலேயே சாலைக்கு வந்துவிடுவார்கள். ஆபத்து ஏதேனும் இருந்தால் யாராவது ஒலிப்பான் பயன்படுத்துவார்கள் என்று அவர்கள் எதிர்பார்க்கிறார்கள்.
* '''மாசுபாடு''' – வட இந்திய நகரங்கள் (குறிப்பாக தில்லி) இதனால் கடுமையாகப் பாதிக்கப்படுகின்றன. வாகனப் புகையும் தூசியும் கலப்பதால், வறண்ட காலநிலையானது ஆஸ்துமா நோயாளிகளுக்கு ஒரு மோசமான அனுபவமாக அமையலாம்.

நகரமயமாக்கலால் ஏற்படும் இத்தகைய சிக்கல்களுக்குப் பெரும்பாலான பார்வையாளர்கள் விரைவிலேயே பழகிவிடுவதோடு, அதன் நல்ல அம்சங்களையும் காணத் தொடங்குகிறார்கள். இருப்பினும், வருகையின் முதல் சில நாட்களில் நிதானமாகச் செயல்படுங்கள். அத்துடன் இச்சூழலிலிருந்து சற்று விலகி ஓய்வெடுக்கவும் நேரம் ஒதுக்குங்கள்.}}

இந்தியாவின் செழுமையான மற்றும் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட பண்பாடுகளில் மதமும், ஆன்மீகக் கருப்பொருள்களும் முக்கிய இடம் வகிக்கின்றன. நாடு முழுவதும் ஒரே பண்பாடு என்று கருதுவது தவறானதாக இருந்தாலும், பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகளை ஒன்றிணைக்கும் பொதுவான அம்சங்கள் நிச்சயமாக உள்ளன. எண்ணற்ற மொழிகள் வாயிலாக இந்தியாவின் பண்பாட்டுப் பாரம்பரியம் வெளிப்படுகிறது. இம்மொழிகளில் மிகச்சிறந்த இலக்கியங்களும் கவிதைகளும் படைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. கருநாடக மற்றும் இந்துஸ்தானி போன்ற பாரம்பரிய இசை வடிவங்களிலும், நவீன ''பாலிவுட்'' இசையிலும் இந்தக் பண்பாடின் வெளிப்பாட்டைக் காண முடிகிறது. மேலும், பாரம்பரிய மற்றும் நாட்டுப்புற நடனங்களின் பரந்த மரபையும் இந்தியா கொண்டுள்ளது. மேற்கத்திய பண்பாட்டுத் தாக்கங்கள் தொடர்ந்து அதிகரித்து வரும் சூழலிலும், நாட்டின் பரபரப்பான நகரங்களில் கலை மற்றும் நாடகக் கலைகள் செழித்தோங்கி வருகின்றன.

இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் குடும்ப அமைப்பிற்கு மிகுந்த முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கின்றனர். ஒரு இந்தியக் குடும்பம் பொதுவாக மேற்கத்திய நாடுகள் ''விரிவாக்கப்பட்ட குடும்பம்'' என்று கருதும் அமைப்பைக் கொண்டதாக உள்ளது. இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் வாழ்நாள் முழுவதும் தந்தையின் வழி வந்த குடும்ப அமைப்பின் ஒரு பகுதியாகவே வாழ்வது வழக்கம். மகன்கள் தங்கள் வாழ்நாள் முழுவதும், மகள்கள் திருமணம் ஆகும் வரையிலும் பெற்றோருடன் வசிக்கின்றனர். இக்குடும்ப அமைப்பில் உள்ள உறவுகள் பரஸ்பரம் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் ஆதரவளிக்கும் தன்மையைக் கொண்டவை. மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளில் வழக்கமாக இருப்பதை விட நீண்ட காலத்திற்குப் பெற்றோர்கள் தங்கள் பிள்ளைகளுக்கு ஆதரவளிக்கலாம். சகோதர சகோதரிகள் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் உதவிக் கொள்ளலாம். மேலும், மகன்கள் தங்கள் பெற்றோரின் முதுமைக் காலத்தில் அவர்களைக் கவனித்துக் கொள்வது எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது. மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளின் சில பகுதிகளில் இருப்பது போல, பெற்றோருடன் வசிப்பது என்பது இங்கு ஒரு குறையாகவோ அல்லது அவமானமாகவோ கருதப்படுவதில்லை. இயல்பாகவே, இத்தகைய குடும்ப அமைப்புகளில் குறைபாடுகள் இல்லாமல் இல்லை; குறிப்பாக மூன்றாம் தலைமுறை வளரும்போது கருத்து வேறுபாடுகளோ அல்லது குடும்பப் பிரிவினைகளோ ஏற்படக்கூடும். மேலும், கல்வி மற்றும் வேலைவாய்ப்புக்காகப் பிள்ளைகள் தங்கள் பெற்றோர் வீட்டிலிருந்து வெளியேறிச் செல்வதும் இப்போது சாதாரணமாகிவிட்டது. இருப்பினும், இன்றும் விரிவாக்கப்பட்ட குடும்பம் என்பதே இயல்பான மற்றும் விரும்பத்தக்க ஒரு சிறந்த அமைப்பாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது என்று கூறுவது சரியே. மேலும், ஒன்றாக வசிக்காத நிலையிலும் இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் குடும்பத்தின் கௌரவம், சாதனைகள் மற்றும் தோல்விகள் குறித்து அக்கறை கொண்டவர்களாகவே இருக்கிறார்கள்.

இந்திய அரசால் அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாகத் தடை செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும் ''சாதி அமைப்பு முறை'' பலவீனமடைந்த நிலையிலும், இந்தியா இன்றும் சமூகப் படிநிலைகள் கொண்ட ஒரு சமூகமாகவே நீடிக்கிறது. தனிநபர் சுதந்திரத்திற்கு முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கும் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளைக் காட்டிலும், இந்தியாவில் ஒருவரின் பின்னணி மற்றும் சமூக அந்தஸ்து ஆகியவற்றிற்கு மக்கள் அதிக முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கின்றனர். காலனித்துவ ஆட்சியின் தாக்கமும் இந்த மனப்பான்மையும் இணையும்போது, ​​சில சுவாரஸ்யமான அதேசமயம் துரதிர்ஷ்டவசமான விளைவுகள் ஏற்படுகின்றன. சருமவண்ணத்தின் அடிப்படையில் சமூகப் படிநிலையில் உயர்வு, தாழ்வு இன்னமும் நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகளிலும் தொடர்கின்றன. இந்தியர்கள் வெளிநாட்டினரிடம் மட்டுமல்லாமல், தங்களுக்குள்ளேயும் கூட சரும நிறம் மற்றும் இனத்தின் அடிப்படையில் இத்தகைய பாரபட்சமான மனப்பான்மையை வெளிப்படுத்துகிறார்கள். இது குறித்த கூடுதல் தகவல்களுக்கு [[#பாதுகாப்புடன் இருங்கள்]] மற்றும் [[#மதிப்பளியுங்கள்]] ஆகிய பகுதிகளைப் பார்க்கவும்.

''சித்தி'' எனப்படும் ஒரு சமூகத்தினரும் உள்ளனர். இவர்கள் அரேபிய அடிமை வர்த்தகத்தின் மூலம் இந்தியாவிற்குக் கொண்டுவரப்பட்ட கிழக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்க அடிமைகளின் வழித்தோன்றல்கள் என்று கருதப்படுகிறார்கள். இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் தொலைதூரக் கிராமப்புறங்களில் காணப்படுகிறார்கள். தற்காலத்தில் இவர்கள் ஆப்பிரிக்க மொழிகளுக்குப் பதிலாக இந்திய மொழிகளையே பேசினாலும், ஆப்பிரிக்க நடனம் மற்றும் இசை உள்ளிட்ட பல ஆப்பிரிக்கப் பண்பாட்டு மரபுகளைத் தொடர்ந்து கடைப்பிடித்து வருகின்றனர். இவர்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களாக இருந்தபோதிலும், இவர்களின் இருப்பைப் பற்றிய பொதுமக்களின் விழிப்புணர்வு இன்மையால், இவர்கள் தொடர்ந்து பல பாகுபாடுகளுக்கு ஆளாகின்றனர். மேலும், இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலிருந்து வந்த சட்டவிரோதக் குடியேறிகளாகவே தவறாகக் கருதப்படுகிறார்கள். பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சியின் விளைவாக ''ஆங்கிலோ-இந்தியர்'' எனப்படும் கலப்பு இனத்தவர் உருவானார்கள். இந்திய விடுதலைக்குப் பிறகு இவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோர் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளுக்குக் குடிபெயர்ந்தாலும், இச்சமூகத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள் இந்தியாவின் முக்கிய நகரங்களில் இன்னும் சில இடங்களில் வசிக்கின்றனர்.

=== மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள் ===
இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின்படி, இந்தியா மாநிலங்களின் ஒன்றியமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இந்திய ஜனநாயகத்தின் இத்தகைய கூட்டாட்சித் தன்மையானது சமத்துவத்தை ஊக்குவிப்பதோடு, பரந்த நிலப்பரப்பைக் கொண்ட நாட்டின் நிர்வாகத்தையும் எளிதாக்குகிறது. இது தவிர, ஒன்றிய அரசால் நேரடியாக நிர்வகிக்கப்படும் சில பிரதேசங்களும் உள்ளன; அவை &quot;ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள்&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.
{{Wy/ta/Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# [[Wy/ta/ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்|ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/பிகார்|பிகார்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சத்தீசுகர்|சத்தீசுகர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]]
# [[Wy/ta/குசராத்து|குசராத்து]]
# [[Wy/ta/அரியானா|அரியானா]]
# [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சார்க்கண்டு|சார்க்கண்டு]]
# [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்|மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மேகாலயா|மேகாலயா]]
# [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]]
# [[Wy/ta/ஒடிசா|ஒடிசா]]
# [[Wy/ta/பஞ்சாப்|பஞ்சாப்]]
# [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தமிழ்நாடு|தமிழ்நாடு]]
# [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுரா]]
# [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்|உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு வங்காளம்|மேற்கு வங்காளம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தெலங்காணா|தெலங்காணா]]
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'''ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள்''' என்றழைக்கப்படும் ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகள்:
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# [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சண்டிகர்|சண்டிகர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்|தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்]]
# [[Wy/ta/லட்சத்தீவுகள்|லட்சத்தீவுகள்]]
# [[Wy/ta/புதுச்சேரி|புதுச்சேரி]]
# [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]]
# [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]]
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== பேச்சுமொழி ==
[[File:Trilingual signboard in the Imphal International Airport (Tulihal International Airport) displaying in Meitei, Hindi and English languages.jpg|thumb|மெய்டேய், இந்தி மற்றும் ஆங்கிலத்தில் [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூரில்]] மும்மொழிக் குறியீடு]]
ஒன்றிய (கூட்டாட்சி) மட்டத்தில், இந்தியாவின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழிகள் '''[[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]''' மற்றும் '''[[Wy/ta/ஆங்கில மொழிவகைகள்|ஆங்கிலம்]].''' பெரும்பாலான இந்தியர்கள் பன்மொழி பேசுபவர்கள்.

ஓரளவிற்கு அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாக இருக்கும் பிற மொழிகள் (பெரும்பாலும் மாநில அளவில்) [[Wy/ta/அசாமிய சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''அசாமிய மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/வங்காள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''வங்காள மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/போடோ சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''போடோ''']], [[Wy/ta/டோக்ரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''டோக்ரி''']], [[Wy/ta/குசராத்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''குசராத்தி''']], [[Wy/ta/கன்னட சொற்றொடர்நூல் |'''கன்னடம்''']], [[Wy/ta/காசுமீரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''காசுமீரி''']], [[Wy/ta/கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''கொங்கணி''']], [[Wy/ta/மைதிலி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மைதிலி''']], [[Wy/ta/மலையாள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மலையாளம்''']], [[Wy/ta/மராத்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மராத்திய மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/நேபாளி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''நேபாளி''']], [[Wy/ta/ஒடியா சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''ஒடியா''']], [[Wy/ta/பஞ்சாபி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''பஞ்சாபி''']], [[Wy/ta/சமசுகிருதம் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''சமசுகிருதம்''']], [[Wy/ta/சிந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''சிந்தி''']], '''தமிழ்''', '''[[Wy/ta/தெலுங்கு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''தெலுங்கு''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உருது சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''உருது''']]. இவை தவிர குறைவான முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்த நூற்றுக்கணக்கான மொழிகள் உள்ளன: [[Wy/ta/துளு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''துளு''']],  [[Wy/ta/போஜ்புரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''போஜ்புரி''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''இலடாக்கி''']].

இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் 40–50% மக்களால் பேசப்படும் '''இந்தி''' மொழி, வட இந்தியாவின் பொதுத் தொடர்பு மொழியாக விளங்குகிறது. இருப்பினும், இந்தியாவின் மொழிசார் பன்முகத்தன்மை காரணமாக, தேசிய அளவில் இதன் பயன்பாடு சில சமயங்களில் விவாதத்திற்குரியதாக அமைகிறது. [[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவில்]] இந்தி மொழி பேச்சுவழக்கில் மிகக் குறைவாகவே உள்ளது; எனினும், பள்ளிகளில் இது கட்டாயப் பாடமாக இருப்பதால், பெரும்பாலான மக்களால் இதைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள முடிகிறது. இந்தியாவில் 120-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட இந்தி மொழி வட்டார வழக்குகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் ஒன்று ''அரியான்வி'' ஆகும்; இது அரியானா மற்றும் தில்லிப் பகுதிகளில் பரவலாகப் பேசப்படும் ஒரு வட்டார வழக்காகும்.

நகர்ப்புறங்களில் '''ஆங்கிலம்''' பேசப்படுகிறது; மேலும் இது உயர்கல்வி மற்றும் வணிகத் துறைகளில் முதன்மையான மொழியாகவும், நாட்டின் பொதுத் தகவல் தொடர்பு மொழியாகவும் விளங்குகிறது. ''இந்திய ஆங்கிலம்'' பொதுவாக பிரித்தானிய ஆங்கிலத்தை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டிருப்பினும், அது தனித்துவமான இந்தியப் பாணியையும் கொண்டுள்ளது. இந்த வட்டார வழக்கைப் பற்றி பெரும்பாலும் முன்வைக்கப்படும் விமர்சனம் அதன் &quot;முறையற்ற&quot; இலக்கணப் பயன்பாடு குறித்ததாகும்; இது பிற நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த ஆங்கிலம் பேசுபவர்களுக்கு விசித்திரமாகத் தோன்றலாம். இந்திய ஆங்கிலம் பெரும்பாலும் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட உச்சரிப்புப் பாணியுடன் பேசப்படுகிறது. இந்த உச்சரிப்பு பேசுபவரின் தாய்மொழியைப் பொறுத்து மாறுபடுகிறது. மேலும், இதில் உள்ளூர் மொழிகளிலிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட பல சொற்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன (இவை பிற ஆங்கில வகைகளில் காணப்படுவதில்லை), இதனால் பிற பகுதிகளைச் சேர்ந்த, ஆங்கிலத்தைத் தாய்மொழியாகக் கொண்டிராதவர்கள் இதனைப் புரிந்துகொள்வது சவாலாக அமையலாம். கிராமப்புறங்களில் ஆங்கிலப் புலமை குறைவாகவே இருப்பதால், அங்கு பயணம் செய்யும்போது இந்தி மற்றும்/அல்லது உள்ளூர் மொழியின் அடிப்படைகளைக் கற்றுக்கொள்வது பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும். சர்வதேசப் பள்ளிகள் மற்றும் ஆங்கில வழிப் பள்ளிகளின் பரவலான இருப்பு காரணமாக, இளைஞர்களிடையே ஆங்கில அறிவு இருப்பதற்கான வாய்ப்பு அதிகம்; இருப்பினும், எப்போதும் போல, அவர்களது ஆங்கிலப் புலமை முழுமையற்றதாகவோ அல்லது பிழைகள் நிறைந்ததாகவோ இருக்கலாம்.

இந்திய ஆங்கிலத்தின் சில சிறப்பம்சங்கள்:
*   மிகவும் பொதுவாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் கேள்வித் துணுக்கு '''&quot;Isn't it&quot;''' ஆகும்; இது ஒரு உண்மையான கேள்வியைக் கேட்கவோ, அல்லது கிண்டல், திகைப்பு போன்ற உணர்வுகளை வெளிப்படுத்தவோ பயன்படுத்தப்படலாம். (எ.கா. ''&quot;He is from Tamil Nadu, isn't it?&quot;'')
* பெயர்ச்சொற்கள் பொதுவாகப் பன்மையாக மாற்றப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா. ''furniture'' அல்லது ''stuff'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''furnitures'' அல்லது ''stuffs'' என்று பயன்படுத்துவது).
* வினைச்சொற்கள் மாறுபட்ட வடிவங்களில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா. ''knew'' அல்லது ''bought'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''knowed'' அல்லது ''buyed'' என்று பயன்படுத்துவது).
* பேச்சுவழக்குச் சொற்கள், வட்டார வழக்குகள் மற்றும் மரபுத்தொடர்கள் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன; இவற்றில் சில, இந்தியர் அல்லாதவர்களால் முரட்டுத்தனமான அல்லது நாகரிகமற்றவையாகக் கருதப்படலாம் (எ.கா. ''What do you want?'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''What you want?'' என்று கேட்பது).
* முன்னிடைச்சொற்கள் மற்றும் சுட்டுச்சொற்கள் பெரும்பாலும் தவிர்க்கப்படுகின்றன அல்லது விசித்திரமான முறையில் இணைக்கப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா., ''&quot;I want a computer&quot;'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''&quot;I want computer&quot;'' என்று கூறுவது).
* சில சொற்கள் மற்றும் சொற்றொடர்கள் வேறு இடங்களில் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் அதே அர்த்தத்தில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவதில்லை (எ.கா., ''&quot;vote bank&quot;'' - இது ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட அரசியல் கட்சியை ஆதரிக்கும் மக்கள் குழுவைக் குறிக்கிறது).

ஆங்கில மொழித் தொலைக்காட்சி நிகழ்ச்சிகளும் திரைப்படங்களும் பரவலாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன. இந்திய மொழிகளிலான சேனல்களை விட ஆங்கிலத் தொலைக்காட்சி சேனல்களே அதிக எண்ணிக்கையில் உள்ளன. நீங்கள் இருக்கும் இடத்தைப் பொறுத்து, சில நிகழ்ச்சிகள் வேறு மொழிகளில் மொழிமாற்றம் செய்யப்பட்டு ஒளிபரப்பப்படலாம். கேபிள் டிவி சேனல்களில் பெரும்பாலும் பல ஒலி மொழிகளில் ஒன்றைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கும் வசதி உள்ளது.

'''சமசுகிருதம்''' பண்டைய இந்திய இலக்கியங்கள் மற்றும் இந்து, பௌத்த மத நூல்கள் பெரும்பாலும் எழுதப்பட்ட மொழி ஆகும். இது மிகப்பழமையான மொழிகளில் ஒன்றாக, அல்லது மிகப்பழமையான மொழியாகவே கருதப்படுகிறது. இன்று சமசுகிருதம் முக்கியமாக வழிபாட்டு மொழியாகவே நிலைத்திருக்கிறது. இதனைத் தாய்மொழியாகக் கொண்டவர்கள் மிகச் சிலரே என்றாலும், இந்தியாவில் பலர் பள்ளியில் ஒரு பாடமாக இதைக் கற்றுள்ளனர் அல்லது இதில் உள்ள பெரும்பாலான சொற்களைப் புரிந்துகொள்கிறார்கள். பல நவீன இந்திய மொழிகள் சமசுகிருதத்திலிருந்து தோன்றியவை; சமசுகிருதத்துடன் நேரடித் தொடர்பில்லாத மொழிகள் கூட அதன் வலுவான தாக்கத்திற்கு உட்பட்டுள்ளன.

இந்தி உள்ளிட்ட பெரும்பாலான வட இந்திய மொழிகள் சமசுகிருதத்திலிருந்து தோன்றியவை என்றாலும், தென்னிந்தியாவின் முக்கிய மொழிகளான [[Wy/ta/தெலுங்குச் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''தெலுங்கு''']], தமிழ், [[Wy/ta/கன்னடச் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''கன்னடம்''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மலையாள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மலையாளம்''']] ஆகியவை வேறுபட்ட ஒரு மூல மொழியிலிருந்து தோன்றியவை. இவை திராவிட மொழிகள் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. ஒரு சுவையான விஷயம் என்னவென்றால், அப்பகுதிகளில் இஸ்லாமிய ஆட்சி குறைவாகவே இருந்ததால், இந்தியை விட தெலுங்கு, கன்னடம் மற்றும் மலையாளம் ஆகிய மொழிகளில் சமசுகிருதத்தின் தாக்கம் அதிகமாகவே காணப்படுகிறது. வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவில், [[Wy/ta/மணிப்புரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மணிப்புரி''']] (அல்லது ''மெய்தெய்'') மொழி சீன-திபெத்திய மொழிக்குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்தது; இது சீனம், பர்மீயம் மற்றும் திபெத்தியம் ஆகிய மொழிகளுடன் தொடர்புடையது என்பதால், பிற இந்திய மொழிகளிலிருந்து தனித்து விளங்குகிறது.

இருப்பினும், நீங்கள் செல்லவிருக்கும் இடத்தின் உள்ளூர் மொழியில் முடிந்தவரை சில சொற்களையாவது கற்றுக்கொள்வது நல்லது. மக்கள் தங்கள் மாநிலம் அல்லது பிராந்தியத்தின் பண்பாடு மற்றும் மொழி குறித்துப் பெருமிதம் கொள்கிறார்கள், எனவே வெளியிலிருந்து வருபவர் ஒருவர் அம்மொழியில் உரையாட முயற்சிப்பதை அவர்கள் பெரிதும் மதிப்பார்கள். நகர்ப்புற இளைஞர்களிடையே ஆங்கிலம் மற்றும் உள்ளூர் மொழி ஆகியவற்றை மாறி மாறிப் பயன்படுத்தும் வழக்கம் காணப்பட்டாலும், அந்நியர்களிடம் பேசும்போது படித்தவர்கள் பலரும் தரமான ஆங்கிலத்தையே (பிரித்தானிய ஆங்கிலம்) பயன்படுத்துவார்கள்.

எசுக்காண்டினாவிய மொழிகளைப் போலவே, பல இந்திய மொழிகளிலும் &quot;தயவுசெய்து&quot; என்ற சொல்லுக்கு இடமில்லை. அதற்குப் பதிலாக, மரியாதை மற்றும் முறைமையின் நிலைகளைக் குறிக்கும் பல வடிவங்களில் வினைச்சொற்கள் உள்ளன. ஆங்கிலத்தில் அத்தகைய வேறுபாடு இல்லாததால், இந்தியர்கள் ஒரு மேற்கத்தியருக்குக் கட்டளையிடுபவர்களாகவும் தோன்றலாம். ''இங்கே வா'' போன்ற சொற்றொடர்களை நீங்கள் கேட்கலாம்; அவை மேற்கத்திய பண்பாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த ஆங்கிலம் பேசுபவர்களுக்குக் கட்டளையிடுவது போல் ஒலிக்கலாம், ஆனால் இது முரட்டுத்தனமாகக் கருதப்படுவதல்ல.

'''சொற்கள் சாராத தகவல் பரிமாற்றமும்''' முக்கியமானது. &quot;ஆம்&quot; மற்றும் &quot;இல்லை&quot; என்பதைக் குறிக்க இந்தியர்கள் தலையை அசைக்கும் விதம் குழப்பத்தை ஏற்படுத்துவதாகப் பலரும் பேசுகின்றனர்; ஆனால், இந்தியர்கள் '''ஆம், சரி மற்றும் இல்லை ஆகியவற்றுக்கு வெவ்வேறு விதமான தலை அசைவுகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளனர்''' என்பதைப் புரிந்துகொள்வதே முக்கியமான விஷயமாகும்.

* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை '''மேலிருந்து கீழாக''' அசைத்தால், அது '''ஆம்''' அல்லது '''நான் ஒப்புக்கொள்கிறேன்''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது (இது ஒரு வழக்கமான தலையசைப்பு).
* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை வலமிருந்து இடமாகவும் மீண்டும் பழைய நிலைக்கு வருமாறும் '''சாய்வாக''' அசைத்தால், அது '''எனக்குப் புரிகிறது''' அல்லது '''நீங்கள் சொன்னதை நான் புரிந்துகொண்டேன்''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது.
* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை பக்கவாட்டில் (இடமிருந்து வலமாகவும் வலமிருந்து இடமாகவும்) அசைத்தால், அது '''இல்லை''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது.
* வட இந்தியா மற்றும் தென் இந்தியாவில் இந்தச் சைகைகள் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் விதத்தில் வேறுபாடுகள் உள்ளன. வட இந்தியாவில் தலையை முன்னும் பின்னும் அசைப்பது 'ஆம்' என்பதையும், தீவிரமாக இடமும் வலமும் அசைப்பது 'இல்லை' என்பதையும் குறிக்கிறது; ஆனால், தமிழ்நாட்டைப் போன்ற தென் மாநிலங்களில் அந்தப் பக்கவாட்டு அசைவு 'ஆம்' என்று கூடப் புரிந்துகொள்ளப்படலாம். எனவே, தென்னிந்தியாவில் சரியான பொருளைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள, அந்த அசைவுகளுடன் வெளிப்படும் வாய்மொழிச் சைகைகளையும் (உதாரணமாக, 'ஆம்' என்பதற்கு 'ஆங்' அல்லது 'ஆ' என்பது போன்ற ஒலிகள்) கவனிக்க வேண்டும்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction
|இந்தியாவின் சில மாநிலங்களுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] ([[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மக்காவு|மக்காவு]] உட்பட) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மியான்மார்|மியான்மார்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் அல்லது முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள், உள்துறை அமைச்சகத்திடமிருந்து சிறப்பு அனுமதி பெற்றிருந்தாலன்றி, பொதுவாக இத்தகைய அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளைப் பெறத் தகுதியற்றவர்கள் ஆவர்.
* '''கட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி (''RAP''):''' [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குள் நுழைய தேவைப்படுகிறது. [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் மற்றும் முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள், [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகளின்]] எந்தவொரு பகுதிக்கும் செல்லவும் இந்த அனுமதியைப் பெற வேண்டும்.
* '''பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி (''PAP''):'''  [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]], [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]], [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குள் நுழைவதற்கு  தேவைப்படுகிறது.
* '''உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி (''ILP''):''' நீங்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமகனாக இருந்தால், [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]], [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]] ஆகிய மாநிலங்களுக்குள் நுழைய தேவைப்படுகிறது. பெரும்பாலான வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்த அனுமதி இல்லாமலே அங்கு செல்லலாம்; ஆனால், அங்கு சென்றடைந்ததும் உள்ளூர் காவல்துறையினரிடம் தங்களைப் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். அதேவேளையில், [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மாநிலத்திற்குச் செல்லும் அனைவரும், அவர்களின் குடியுரிமை எதுவாக இருந்தாலும், உள்-வரிசை அனுமதியைப் பெற வேண்டியது கட்டாயமாகும். எனினும், வெளிநாட்டினர் பொதுவாக எல்லைப் பகுதியிலேயே இதைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ள முடியும்.
நீங்கள் இப்பகுதிகளில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றிற்குச் செல்லத் திட்டமிட்டிருந்தால், இந்திய விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே அதற்கான உரிய அனுமதியைக் கோர வேண்டும். அனுமதி வழங்கப்பட்டால், அது உங்கள் விசாவில் சேர்க்கப்படும். எனினும், எளிதாகப் பெறக்கூடிய ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம்'' அல்லது ''மின்னணு விசா'' மூலம் இதைச் செய்ய முடியாது. வழக்கமான விசாக்களுக்கு மட்டுமே இது பொருந்தும்.
|lastedit=permanent
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[[File:Visa Policy Of India.svg|thumb|இந்தியாவின் விசா கொள்கை.]]
மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல் பாதிப்புள்ள நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த குடிமக்கள் அல்லது அந்நாடுகளிலிருந்து வரும் பயணிகள், இந்தியாவுக்கு வருகை தரும்போது '''மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல் தடுப்பூசி அட்டை'''யை வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும்; இல்லையெனில், அவர்கள் 6 நாட்களுக்குத் தனிமைப்படுத்தப்படலாம்.

இந்தியாவிற்குப் பயணம் செய்யும் அனைத்து வெளிநாட்டுப் பயணிகளும் (''இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன்'' ஆவணதாரர்கள் உட்பட) வருகைக்கு முன்பாக, கட்டாயமான '''எண்ம மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டையை''' பூர்த்தி செய்ய வேண்டும். இந்திய மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டை என்பது, 1 அக்டோபர் 2025 அன்று அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்ட, பாரம்பரிய காகித இறங்குதளப் படிவத்தின் எண்ம வடிவமாகும். இது, முன்பு விமானங்களிலோ அல்லது குடிவரவு கல்லாக்களிலோ பூர்த்தி செய்யப்பட்ட காகித இறங்குதள அட்டைக்கு மாற்றாக வந்துள்ளது. மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டையை, இந்தியாவிற்கு வருகைக்கு 72 மணி நேரத்திற்குள் இணைநிலையில் பூர்த்தி செய்ய வேண்டும். சமர்ப்பித்த பிறகு, பயணிகள் ஒரு விதுக்குறி உறுதிப்படுத்தலைப் பெறுவார்கள். அதை வருகையின்போது குடிவரவுத் துறையில் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். இந்தப் படிவத்தை இந்த இணைப்பின் மூலம் பூர்த்தி செய்யலாம்: [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/earrival/ மின்னணு-வருகை]

முன்னாள் அல்லது தற்போதைய குடியுரிமை, பிறப்பு அல்லது அண்மைய பயணம் போன்றவற்றின் மூலம் '''[[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தானுடன்]] தொடர்புடைய''' நபர்களுக்குச் சிறப்பு விதிமுறைகள் பொருந்தும்; கீழே உள்ள [[#பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்.

=== விசா ===
166 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கும் '''மின்னணு விசா''' அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டதன் மூலம் இந்தியாவின் விசா நடைமுறை எளிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க விதிவிலக்குகள் பின்வருமாறு:

'''இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன்''' (''இககு'') ஆவணத்தை வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் இந்தியாவில் காலவரையறையின்றி தங்க அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். மேலும் அவர்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு இணையான உரிமைகளைப் பெற்று, சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களில் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கான கட்டணச் சலுகைகளையும் பெறுகிறார்கள். குடியேற்றச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் (மின்னணு அல்லது நேரடிச் சோதனை) கடவுச்சீட்டுடன் அசல் இககு சான்றிதழையும் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். இருப்பினும், இந்தியாவில் உள்ள சில குறிப்பிட்ட பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல அவர்கள் அனுமதி பெற வேண்டும்; அவர்களால் விவசாய நிலத்தை வாங்கவோ அல்லது எந்தத் தேர்தலிலும் வாக்களிக்கவோ முடியாது. இககு சான்றிதழ் எந்தச் சூழ்நிலையிலும் இந்தியக் குடியுரிமைக்கான சான்றாகக் கருதப்படாது. மேலும், நீங்கள் எந்த நாட்டின் கடவுச்சீட்டை வைத்திருக்கிறீர்களோ, அந்த நாடே உங்களுக்குத் தூதரக உதவிகளை வழங்க முடியும். தற்போது ''மின்னணு-இககு'' என்ற எண்ம வடிவம் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது; இது அட்டைதாரர்கள் தங்கள் இககு விவரங்களை திறன்பேசியில் கடவுச்சீட்டுடன் சேர்த்துச் சேமித்து வைத்துக்கொள்ளவும் காண்பிக்கவும் அனுமதிக்கிறது, இதனால் காகித வடிவிலான கையேட்டை கட்டாயம் எடுத்துச் செல்ல வேண்டிய அவசியம் நீக்கப்படுகிறது. காகித வடிவிலான இககு கையேடுகளும் தொடர்ந்து முழுமையாகச் செல்லுபடியாகும் மற்றும் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும். 20 வயதிற்குப் பிறகு கடவுச்சீட்டைப் புதுப்பித்தவுடன் புதிய இககு கையேட்டைப் பெற வேண்டும் என்ற விதி நீக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனினும், இணையம் வழியாகக் கடவுச்சீட்டு விவரங்களைப் புதுப்பிப்பது கட்டாயமாகும்.

[[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] நாட்டு குடிமக்கள் விசா இல்லாமலேயே இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைந்து காலவரையறையின்றி வசிக்கலாம். '''[[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]]''' நாட்டு குடிமக்கள் விசா இல்லாமல் 90 நாட்கள் வரை தங்கலாம். [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பான்]], [[Wy/ta/தென் கொரியா|தென் கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் ''வருகையின்போது விசா'' பெறும் வசதிக்குத் தகுதியுடையவர்கள் மற்றும் 60 நாட்கள் வரை தங்கலாம். [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/வட கொரியா|வட கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஈரான்|ஈரான்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் (தற்போதைய அல்லது முன்னாள்) விசா பெறுவதற்கு குறைந்தபட்சம் 4 வாரங்கள் காத்திருக்க வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

இந்தியாவில் பணி தொடர்பான நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபட விரும்பினால், உங்களுக்கு '''வணிக விசா''' தேவைப்படலாம் (இககு ஆவணதாரர்களுக்கு வணிக விசா தேவையில்லை). மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் முறைமையானது &quot;சாதாரண வணிக ரீதியிலான வருகைகளை&quot; அனுமதிக்கிறது. மேலும் இதைப் பெறுவது எளிதானது. ஒருவேளை உங்களுக்கு வணிக விசா தேவைப்பட்டால், உங்கள் சொந்த நாட்டில் உள்ள உங்கள் நிறுவனம் மற்றும் இந்தியாவில் நீங்கள் பார்வையிடவிருக்கும் நிறுவனம் ஆகியன தொடர்பான விரிவான ஆவணங்களைச் சமர்ப்பிக்கத் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும். இதில், நீங்கள் பார்வையிடவிருக்கும் நிறுவனத்திடமிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட அழைப்புக் கடிதம், வணிகப் பதிவு ஆவணங்கள் மற்றும் தேவைப்பட்டால் வருமான வரித் தாக்கல் விவரங்கள் உள்ளிட்ட முக்கிய ஆவணங்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். குறுகிய கால விசாவிற்கு (எ.கா. 6 மாதங்கள்) விண்ணப்பிப்பது பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கலாம்; ஏனெனில், அத்தகைய சூழலில் அதற்கான தகுதி நிபந்தனைகள் குறைவாக இருக்கக்கூடும்.

அமெரிக்கக் குடிமக்கள் உட்பட குறிப்பிட்ட சில நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்கு 10 ஆண்டுகளுக்கான சிறப்பு விசா கிடைக்கிறது (கட்டணம்: 100 அமெரிக்க டாலர்கள்).

மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்திற்குத் தகுதியற்ற அமெரிக்கக் குடிமக்களுக்கான வழக்கமான விசா விண்ணப்பச் செயல்முறை '''[https://services.vfsglobal.com/usa/en/ind/ விஎஃப்எஸ் குளோபல்]''' இணையதளத்தில் தொடங்குகிறது. பின்னர், விண்ணப்பங்கள் ஃபெடெக்ஸ் மூலமாகவோ அல்லது நேரடியாகவோ விசா விண்ணப்ப மையத்தில் சமர்ப்பிக்கப்பட வேண்டும்.

நீங்கள் அதைப் பயன்படுத்தத் திட்டமிடவில்லை என்றாலும், பன்முக நுழைவு விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிப்பது எப்போதும் நல்லது. ஏனெனில், இதற்கான கட்டணம் ஒன்றுதான், இவை தாராளமாக வழங்கப்படுகின்றன, மேலும் கடைசி நேரத்தில் அண்டை நாடுகளுக்குச் செல்ல நீங்கள் முடிவெடுத்தால் இவை மிகவும் பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும்.

இந்திய அரசின் [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/visa/index.html அதிகாரபூர்வமான இணையதளம்] வழியாக வழக்கமான விசாக்களுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்.

==== மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் / மின்னணு விசா ====
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction|நீங்களோ அல்லது உங்கள் பெற்றோரோ அல்லது தாத்தா-பாட்டிமார்களோ எப்போதாவது [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தானின்]] குடிமகனாகவோ அல்லது நிரந்தரக் குடியிருப்பாளராகவோ இருந்திருந்தாலோ, அல்லது பாக்கித்தானின் தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (NIC card) அல்லது வெளிநாடு வாழ் பாகிஸ்தானியர்களுக்கான தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (NICOP card) வைத்திருந்தாலோ (பாகிஸ்தானிய வம்சாவளியினர் பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்), நீங்கள் மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்திற்குத் தகுதி பெறமாட்டீர்கள். அதற்குப் பதிலாக, நீங்கள் இந்தியத் தூதரகம் அல்லது துணைத் தூதரகத்தில் நேரில் சென்று விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும்.
|lastedit=2026-08-18
}}
இந்தியாவிற்கான விசா பெறுவதற்கு ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் (ஈடிஏ)'' அல்லது ''மின்னணு விசா (ஈ-விசா)'' என்பதே மிக எளிதான வழியாகும். இதற்கு இணையதளம் மூலமாக மட்டுமே விண்ணப்பிக்கவும் அனுமதி பெறவும் முடியும்; அதாவது, விவரங்களைப் பூர்த்தி செய்தல், சமீபத்திய புகைப்படம் (ஜெபிஜி வடிவம்; தரமான செல்ஃபி கூட ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும்) மற்றும் கடவுச்சீட்டு நகல் (கையடக்க ஆவண வடிவமைப்பு (பிடிஎஃப்); அதிகபட்சம் 300kB) ஆகியவற்றை பதிவேற்றுதல் மற்றும் (திரும்பப் பெற முடியாத) செயலாக்கக் கட்டணத்தைச் செலுத்துதல் ஆகிய அனைத்தும்    [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html இந்திய அரசின் சிறப்பு மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகார இணையதளம்] வழியாகவே மேற்கொள்ளப்பட வேண்டும். பெரும்பாலான ஈடிஏ வகைகளுக்கு இந்தியா வருவதற்கு 4 முதல் 120 நாட்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்; ஆனால், '30 நாள் ''மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப்பயணி'' விசாவிற்கு மட்டும் வருகைக்கு 4 முதல் 30 நாட்களுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும். கட்டணத்தை எஸ்பிஐ ஈ-பே (பாரத ஸ்டேட் வங்கி) அல்லது ஆக்சிஸ் வங்கி வழியாக கடனட்டை/பற்று அட்டை மூலமாகவோ (+2.5% வங்கி கட்டணம்) அல்லது ''பேபால்'' மூலமாகவோ (+3.5% வங்கி கட்டணம்) செலுத்தலாம். கட்டணம் செலுத்துவதில் ஏதேனும் தோல்வி ஏற்பட்டால், ஒரே தொகையை இருமுறை செலுத்துவதைத் தவிர்க்கச் சில மணிநேரங்கள் காத்திருக்கவும். கட்டணம் வெற்றிகரமாகச் செலுத்தப்பட்ட பிறகு ஈடிஏ விண்ணப்பச் செயல்முறை தொடங்குகிறது. முடிவு தெரிய வருவதற்கு 72 மணிநேரம் வரை ஆகலாம்; இருப்பினும், பல சந்தர்ப்பங்களில் 24 மணிநேரத்திலேயே முடிவு கிடைத்துவிடுகிறது.

கீழே உள்ள செயலாக்கக் கட்டணங்கள் பட்டியலில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள 166 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்கு மட்டுமே ஈடிஏ வசதி கிடைக்கும். சாலை அல்லது தொடருந்து வழியாக இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு இதைப் பயன்படுத்த முடியாது; ஆனால், சாலை அல்லது தொடருந்து வழியாக வெளியேற முடியும் (விவரங்களுக்குக் கீழே பார்க்கவும்). அசல் ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட பழைய கடவுச்சீட்டை உடன் வைத்திருந்தால், புதிய கடவுச்சீட்டைப் பயன்படுத்தி நாட்டிற்குள் நுழையவும் வெளியேறவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படும்.

அதே ஈடிஏ மற்றும் மின்னணு-விசா சேவைகளை வழங்கும் வணிக ரீதியிலான இணையதளங்களும் உள்ளன. ஆனால், அந்தச் சேவைகளுக்குச் செலவழிக்கும் பணம் பொதுவாகப் பயனுள்ளதாக இருப்பதில்லை. எனவே, உங்கள் பணத்தை மிச்சப்படுத்தி, அதிகாரப்பூர்வ இணையதளம் மூலமாக மட்டுமே விண்ணப்பிக்கவும்.

பின்வரும் வகையான ஈடிஏ-க்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன:
* '''மின்னணு-சுற்றுலா விசா''':
** 30 நாட்கள் – இரட்டை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும்
** 1 அல்லது 5 ஆண்டுகள் – பன்முக நுழைவு, ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட தேதியிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரே நேரத்தில் அதிகபட்சம் 90 நாட்கள், ஒரு காலிகை ஆண்டிற்கு அதிகபட்சம் 180 நாட்கள்
* '''மின்னணு-வணிக விசா''' – 1 ஆண்டு, பன்முக நுழைவு, ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட தேதியிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரே நேரத்தில் அதிகபட்சம் 180 நாட்கள்
* '''மின்னணு-மாநாட்டு விசா''' – ஒற்றை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 30 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும்
* '''மின்னணு-மருத்துவ விசா''' – மும்முறை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 60 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும்
* '''மின்னணு-மருத்துவ உதவியாளர் விசா''' – மும்முறை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 60 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரு நோயாளிக்கு அதிகபட்சம் 2 உதவியாளர்கள்

'''நுழைவிடங்கள்:''' ஈடிஏ வில் இந்தியாவுக்குள் பின்வருமாறு:
* விமான நிலையங்கள் - அகமதாபாத், அமிருதசரசு, பாக்டோக்ரா (சிலிகுரி), பெங்களூரு, புவனேசுவரம், கோழிக்கோடு, சென்னை, சண்டிகர், கொச்சி, கோயம்புத்தூர், தில்லி, கயா, கோவா, குவகாத்தி, ஐதராபாது, செய்ப்பூர், கண்ணூர், கொல்கத்தா, இலக்னோ, மதுரை, மங்களூரு, மும்பை, நாக்பூர், ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம், புனே, திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி திருவனந்தபுரம், வாரணாசி, விசாகபட்டினம்.
* துறைமுகங்கள் – சென்னை, கொச்சி, கோவா, மங்களூரு, மும்பை

'''வெளியேறுமிடங்கள்:''' மேலே குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட அனைத்தையும், அத்துடன் பின்வருவனவற்றையும் சேர்த்துக்கொள்ளவும்:
* விமான நிலையங்கள் - பட்னா, சிறிநகர், சூரத்து, திருப்பதி, விஜயவாடா
* துறைமுகங்கள் - அலங், பேடி பந்தர், பவநகர், கோழிக்கோடு, கடலூர், காக்கிநாடா, காண்ட்லா, கொல்கத்தா, மாண்டவி, நாகப்பட்டினம், நவா ஷேவா, பாராதீப், போர்பந்தர், ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம், தூத்துக்குடி, விசாகப்பட்டினம், விழிஞ்சம், அகத்தி மற்றும் மினிகாய் தீவு, இலட்சத்தீவுகள், வல்லார்பாடம், முந்திரா, கிருஷ்ணபட்டினம், துப்ரி, பாண்டு, நகோன், ஸ்ரீபூமி, காட்டுப்பள்ளி
* நிலவழி ஒருங்கிணைந்த சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் - அட்டாரி சாலை, அகௌரா, பன்பாசா, சங்ரபந்தா, தாலு, டாவ்கி, தலாய்காட், கௌரிபந்தா, கோஜதங்கா, ஹரிதாஸ்பூர், ஹிலி, ஜெய்கான், ஜோக்பானி, கைலாஷாஹர், ஸ்ரீபூமி, கோவல், லால்கோலாகாட், மகாதிபூர், மங்காச்சார், மோரே, முஹுரிகாட், ரதி, முகுரிகாட், ரக்சால், ருபைதிகா, சப்ரூம், சோனௌலி, ஸ்ரீமந்தபூர், சுதர்கண்டி, புல்பாரி, கவார்பூச்சியா, சோரின்புரி, சோகவ்தர்
* தொடருந்து ஒருங்கிணைந்த சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் - அட்டாரி, சித்பூர், கெடே (தொடருந்து மற்றும் சாலை), அரிதாஸ்பூர், முனாபாவ்

ஈடிஏ விண்ணப்பத்தில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள நுழைவு மற்றும் வெளியேறும் இடங்கள் கட்டாயமானவை அல்ல.

[https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/images/Etourist_fee_final.pdf மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப் பயணி விசா] மற்றும் [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/images/eTV_revised_fee_final.pdf பிற அனைத்து மின்னணு-விசா] வகைகளுக்கான '''செயலாக்கக் கட்டணங்கள்''' (மற்றும் தகுதி) விவரங்கள்:

{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப் பயணி விசா}}
! கட்டணம் !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;30&amp;nbsp;நாட்கள்&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt;(ஏப்ரல்-சூன்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;30&amp;nbsp;நாட்கள்&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt;(சூலை-மார்ச்) !! 1&amp;nbsp;வருடம் !! 5&amp;nbsp;வருடங்கள் !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || அர்கெந்தீனா, குக் தீவுகள், பிஜி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பப்புவா நியூ கினி, சமோவா, சீசெல்சு, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 10 || 25 || 25 || 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 10 || 25 || 40 || 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கோலா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பெனின், பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கொமொரோசு, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், சீபூத்தீ, டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எரித்திரியா, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், காம்பியா, சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரெனடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கினி, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோனேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கஜகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், இலாவோசு, லாத்வியா, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மலேசியா, மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், மொசாம்பிக்கு, நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, நைஜர், வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, உருசியா, உருவாண்டா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செனிகல், செர்பியா, சியேரா லியோனி, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தஜிகிஸ்தான், தன்சானியா, தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், உகாண்டா, உக்ரைன், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சாம்பியா, சிம்பாப்வே
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-வணிக விசா}}
! கட்டணம்&lt;br/&gt;(அமேரிக்க டாலர்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 0 || அங்கோலா, அர்கெந்தீனா, பெனின், புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கொமொரோசு, குக் தீவுகள், சீபூத்தீ, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எரித்திரியா, பிஜி, காம்பியா, கினி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, இலாவோசு, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மொசாம்பிக்கு, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நைஜர் குடியரசு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பாப்புவா நியூ கினி, உருவாண்டா, சமோவா, செனெகல், சீசெல்சு, சியேரா லியோனி, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தன்சானியா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உகாண்டா, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு, சாம்பியா
|-
| 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
|-
| 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலாருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரனெடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோநேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கசகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், லாத்வியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மலேசியா, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செர்பியா, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தஜிகிஸ்தான், தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சிம்பாப்வே
|-
| 100 || உருசியா, ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், உக்ரைன், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-மாநாட்டு விசா&lt;br&gt;மின்னணு-மருத்துவ விசா&lt;br&gt; மின்னணு-மருத்துவ உதவியாளர் விசா}}
! கட்டணம்&lt;br/&gt;(அமேரிக்க டாலர்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 0 || அர்கெந்தீனா, குக் தீவுகள், பிஜி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பாப்புவா நியூ கினி, சமோவா, சீசெல்சு, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு
|-
| 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
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| 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலாருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கொமொரோசு, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், சீபூத்தீ, டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எரித்திரியா, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், காம்பியா, சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரெனடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கினி, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோனேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கஜகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், இலாவோசு, லாத்வியா, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மலேசியா, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, நைஜர், வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, உருவாண்டா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செனிகல், செர்பியா, சியேரா லியோனி, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தன்சானியா, தஜிகிஸ்தான், தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், உகாண்டா, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சாம்பியா, சிம்பாப்வே
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| 100 || பெனின், மொசாம்பிக்கு, ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், உருசியா, உக்ரைன், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்
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முன்னர் நடைமுறையில் இருந்த வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட ''வருகையின்போது விசா'' திட்டத்திற்குப் பதிலாக ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம்'' அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. தற்போது இந்தியாவில் வருகையின்போது விசா வசதிகள் ஏதுமில்லை.

====குறிப்பிட்ட வகையிலான விசாக்கள்====
சிறப்பு நோக்கங்களுக்காக வேறு சில விசா வகைகளும் உள்ளன. &quot;முதன்மையாக சமய நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபடுவதற்காக&quot; இந்தியாவுக்கு வரும் எவருக்கும் '''சமயப்பரப்பாளர் விசா''' கட்டாயமாகும். மதமாற்றத்தைத் தடுக்கும் நோக்கிலேயே, குறிப்பாக இந்துக்களைக் கிறிஸ்தவ அல்லது இஸ்லாமிய மதங்களுக்கு மாற்றுவதைத் தடுப்பதற்காகவே இந்த விதி உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. சுற்றுலா விசாவில் வந்து சமயக் கூட்டங்களில் உரையாற்றியதற்காக சமயப் பிரசாரகர்கள் நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேற்றப்பட்ட நிகழ்வுகள் நடந்துள்ளன. ஆனால், நீங்கள் இந்தியாவில் உள்ள தேவாலயங்களைப் பார்வையிடும் ஒரு சமயச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணத்தை மேற்கொள்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், இதைப் பற்றிக் கவலைப்படத் தேவையில்லை.

நீங்கள் மாணவர், வேலைவாய்ப்பு, ஆராய்ச்சி அல்லது சமயப்பரப்பாளர் விசா ஆகியவற்றில் வந்திருந்தால், இந்தியாவுக்கு வந்த 14 நாட்களுக்குள் நீங்கள் தங்கும் பகுதியில் உள்ள [https://mea.gov.in/foreigners-registration.htm '''வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகம்'''] சென்று பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும் (இந்த இணையதளத்தை இந்தியாவுக்கு வெளியே அணுக முடியாது). நீங்கள் தங்கும் பகுதியில் அத்தகைய அலுவலகம் இல்லையென்றால், உள்ளூர் காவல் நிலையத்தில் பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டும். '''180 நாட்களுக்கு மேல்''' தங்குவதற்குத் திட்டமிடும் அனைத்துப் பார்வையாளர்களும் பதிவு செய்துகொள்வது கட்டாயமாகும்.

==== பாக்கித்தான் ====
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction|ஏப்ரல் 2025 முதல் பாகிஸ்தான் குடிமக்களுக்கான விசா சேவைகள் இடைநிறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. பெரும்பாலான வகைகளுக்கான புதிய விசா விண்ணப்பங்கள் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுவதில்லை. 
|lastedit=2026-08-20
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இரட்டை குடியுரிமை கொண்ட பாக்கித்தானியர்கள், தங்கள் மற்றொரு கடவுச்சீட்டைப் பயன்படுத்தி இந்தியாவுக்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

நீங்கள் உங்கள் பாக்கித்தானிய குடியுரிமையை முறையாகத் துறந்திருந்தால், இந்திய சுற்றுலா விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கத் தகுதி பெறுவீர்கள். ஆனால், விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போது குடியுரிமை துறப்புச் சான்றிதழின் அசல் நகலைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். மேலும், உங்களுக்கு ஒரே முறை மட்டுமே நுழையக்கூடிய 3 மாத கால விசா மட்டுமே வழங்கப்படும். இந்தியா வந்தடைந்ததும், உங்களிடம் கூடுதல் கேள்விகள் கேட்கப்படவோ அல்லது சோதனைகள் நடத்தப்படவோ, அல்லது நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதி மறுக்கப்படவோ அதிக வாய்ப்புள்ளது.

உங்களிடம் பாக்கித்தான் கடவுச்சீட்டு இல்லையென்றால், ஆனால் தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (''NIC'') அல்லது வெளிநாடு வாழ் பாக்கித்தானியர்களுக்கான தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (''NICOP'') வைத்திருந்தால், நீங்கள் ''NIC/NICOP'' வைத்திருப்பது மற்றும் கடவுச்சீட்டு வைத்திருக்கவில்லை என்பது குறித்த உண்மைகளை உறுதிப்படுத்தும் சான்றொப்பமிடப்பட்ட அறிக்கை ஒன்றைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். உங்களிடம் தற்போதுள்ள அனைத்துக் கடவுச்சீட்டுகளையும் நீங்கள் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். அத்துடன், விசா அதிகாரியின் விருப்பத்தின் பேரில் உங்கள் முந்தைய கடவுச்சீட்டுகளையும் சமர்ப்பிக்குமாறு உங்களிடம் கேட்கப்படலாம்.

இயல்புரிமை பெற்ற வெளிநாட்டு குடிமக்கள் தங்கள் இயல்புரிமையை உறுதிப்படுத்தும் சான்றிதழையும், பாக்கித்தானுக்கு வெளியே பிறந்தவர்கள் தங்கள் பிறப்புச் சான்றிதழையும் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும்.

நேரத்தை மிச்சப்படுத்த, நீங்கள் ஒரு படிவத்தை பூர்த்தி செய்யலாம். இதில் பெரும்பாலும் 'ஆம்' அல்லது 'இல்லை' என்று பதிலளிக்கக்கூடிய கேள்விகள் மட்டுமே இடம்பெற்றிருக்கும். நீங்கள் பாக்கித்தான் வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்தவராக இருந்தால், உங்கள் விசா பரிசீலனைக்குக் குறைந்தபட்சம் 7 முதல் 9 வாரங்கள் வரை ஆகலாம்.

கடந்த 21 நாட்களுக்குள் நீங்கள் பாக்கித்தானுக்குச் சென்றிருந்தாலோ அல்லது உங்கள் பயண ஆவணத்தில் பாக்கித்தானின் விசா அல்லது முத்திரை இருந்தாலோ, உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி மறுக்கப்படலாம் மற்றும் உங்கள் விசா செல்லாததாக்கப்படலாம்.

=== சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் ===
{{Wy/ta/Cautionbox|boldtext=சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் குழப்பமானவை!
|இந்தியாவின் சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் மிகவும் சிக்கலானவை. இவற்றைக் கவனமாகக் கையாளாவிட்டால், உங்கள் பொருட்கள் பறிமுதல் செய்யப்படுதல், அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படுதல், நாடு கடத்தப்படுதல் அல்லது சிறைத்தண்டனை போன்ற விளைவுகளை நீங்கள் சந்திக்க நேரிடலாம். சட்டவிரோத போதைப்பொருட்கள் அல்லது பெருமளவிலான பணம் அல்லது நகைகளை இறக்குமதி அல்லது ஏற்றுமதி செய்வது சுங்கத் துறையினரிடையே சந்தேகத்தை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடும்.
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சுங்கச் சோதனையை முடிப்பது சற்று சிரமமான விஷயமாக இருக்கலாம், இருப்பினும் இதில் இப்போது பெரும் முன்னேற்றம் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளது. பொதுவாக, உங்கள் உடைமைகளைச் சுங்கச் சோதனை வழியாக எளிதாகக் கொண்டு செல்ல உதவுவதாகக் கூறும் இடைத்தரகர்களைத் தவிர்க்கவும். வரி விலக்குச் சலுகைகள் தொடர்பாகப் பல்வேறு விதிகள் உள்ளன. இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள், வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், நேபாளம், பூட்டான் மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் நாட்டுப் பயணிகள், இந்திய வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்த வெளிநாட்டினர் மற்றும் இந்தியாவிற்குக் குடியேறுபவர்கள் ஆகியோருக்கு வெவ்வேறு விதிகள் பொருந்தும். நீங்கள் எவற்றையெல்லாம் கொண்டு வரலாம் என்பது குறித்த தகவல்களை அறிய, [https://www.cbic.gov.in/ மத்திய கலால் மற்றும் சுங்க வாரியம்] இணையதளத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தவும்.

நேபாளம், பூட்டான் மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் நாட்டவர்கள் அல்லது அந்த நாடுகள் வழியாக வருபவர்களைத் தவிர்த்த பிற வெளிநாட்டு சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், தாங்கள் பயன்படுத்திய தனிப்பட்ட பொருட்கள், பயணத்தின்போது வாங்கிய நினைவுப் பொருட்கள் மற்றும் பரிசுப் பொருட்களாக ₹4,000 மதிப்புள்ள பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வர அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். நீங்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமகனாகவோ அல்லது இந்திய வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்தவராகவோ இருந்தால் (நேபாளம், பூட்டான் அல்லது பாக்கித்தான் வழியாக வராத பட்சத்தில்), ₹25,000 மதிப்புள்ள பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வர உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி உண்டு. இது தொடர்பான பிற விதிமுறைகள் இணையதளத்தில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. புதியதாகப் பொட்டலமிடப்பட்ட பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வருவதாக இருந்தால், அவற்றின் மதிப்பைக் காட்டுவதற்கு உரிய ரசீதுகளை உடன் வைத்திருப்பது நல்லது. மேலும், 200 சிகரெட்டுகள் அல்லது 50 சுருட்டுகள் அல்லது 250 கிராம் புகையிலை மற்றும் 1 லிட்டர் மதுபானம் (இந்தியர்களுக்கு 2 லிட்டர்) ஆகியவற்றை வரி ஏதுமின்றி கொண்டு வரவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது. சுங்கவரிக்கு உட்பட்ட பொருட்கள் ஏதுமில்லை என்றால், விமான நிலையங்களில் தெளிவாகக் குறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ள ''பச்சை வழித்தடம்'' வழியாக நீங்கள் செல்லலாம். பொதுவாக அங்கு உங்களுக்கு எந்தச் சிரமமும் இருக்காது. இந்தியாவில் உள்ள அனைத்து சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், பச்சை அல்லது சிவப்பு வழித்தடங்கள் வழியாக வெளியேறும்போது உங்கள் பைகள் பரிசோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்தப்படும்.

மின்னணு சிகரெட்டுகள், ஆவியாக்கிகள் மற்றும் அவற்றின் மறு செறிவுகளை இறக்குமதி செய்வது சட்டவிரோதமானது.

வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்திய ரூபாயை நாட்டிற்குள் கொண்டுவருவதோ அல்லது நாட்டிலிருந்து வெளியே கொண்டு செல்வதோ '''கண்டிப்பாகத் தடைசெய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது'''. இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு இது ₹25,000 வரை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது. இது குறித்த விவரங்களை [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/CR3105F871DDFD343407BA1BC640B96AFB21A.PDF இந்திய ரிசர்வ் வங்கியின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ அறிவிப்பில்] காணலாம். இருப்பினும், வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் இது அரிதாகவே சோதிக்கப்படுகிறது.

=== இந்தியாவை விட்டு வெளியேறுதல் ===
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|இந்தியாவில் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட காலத்திற்கு மேல் தங்குவது (ஒரு நாள் கூடுதலாக இருந்தாலும் கூட) அதிகாரிகளால் மிகக் தீவிரமாக எடுத்துக்கொள்ளப்படுகிறது. இதனால் அபராதம், சட்ட நடவடிக்கை, தாமதங்கள் மற்றும் [https://mea.gov.in/foreigners-registration.htm '''வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகம் (''FRRO'')'''] அல்லது குடியேற்றத் துறையிடமிருந்து வெளியேறும் அனுமதி பெறும் வரை நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேற முடியாமல் போவது போன்ற விளைவுகள் ஏற்படலாம். நீண்ட காலம் கூடுதலாகத் தங்குவது கடுமையான அபராதங்களுக்கு வழிவகுப்பதோடு, எதிர்காலத்தில் இந்திய விசா பெறுவதற்கான வாய்ப்புகளையும் கடுமையாகப் பாதிக்கலாம். மருத்துவக் காரணங்கள் அல்லது விமான ரத்து போன்ற உண்மையான அவசரச் சூழல்களால் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட காலத்திற்கு மேல் தங்க நேரிடுபவர்கள், உடனடியாக அருகிலுள்ள ''FRRO'' அல்லது காவல் நிலையத்திற்குத் தகவல் தெரிவிக்க வேண்டும் மற்றும் அதற்கான ஆவணங்களை வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும்; அவ்வாறு செய்யத் தவறினால் நடவடிக்கை எடுக்கப்படலாம். முழு விவரங்களையும்  [https://indianfrro.gov.in/frro/Financial_Penalty.pdf இங்கே காணலாம்:]
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உங்களிடம் நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைந்ததற்கான முத்திரை இல்லையென்றால் — உதாரணமாக, புதிதாக வழங்கப்பட்ட கடவுச்சீட்டு அல்லது அவசர காலப் பயண ஆவணம் வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் — இந்தியாவிற்குள்ளிருந்தே வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகத்தில் சிறப்பு வெளியேறும் அனுமதிக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும் (இதற்கான இணையதளத்தை இந்தியாவிற்கு வெளியே அணுக முடியாது). எவ்விதச் சிக்கலுமற்ற விண்ணப்பங்களுக்கு 5 முதல் 15 வேலை நாட்கள் வரை ஆகலாம். எனவே, விமானப் பயணங்களை முன்பதிவு செய்யும்போது, ​​இந்தியாவிலிருந்து புறப்படுவதற்கான காலக்கெடுவில் இதையும் கருத்தில் கொள்ளவும்.

இந்தியாவிலிருந்து வெளியேறும் அனைத்துப் பயணிகளும் குடியேற்றச் சோதனைகளுக்கு உட்பட வேண்டும். சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் நாணயப் பரிமாற்ற மையங்கள் உள்ளன. அங்கிருந்து புறப்படுவதற்கு முன், உங்களிடம் உள்ள கூடுதல் இந்திய ரூபாயை வெளிநாட்டு நாணயமாக மாற்றிக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்.

வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்தின் ''வருகைப் பதிவு'' நடைமுறைகளை முடித்த பிறகு பயணிகள் குடியேற்றப் பிரிவு அறைக்குச் செல்வார்கள். அங்குள்ள அதிகாரிகள் உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டைச் சரிபார்த்து, உங்கள் விசா அல்லது மின்னணு விசா விவரங்களை உறுதிசெய்து, இந்தியாவில் நீங்கள் நுழைந்தது முறையாகப் பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளதா என்பதைச் சரிபார்ப்பார்கள். உங்கள் பயணம் அல்லது நாட்டில் நீங்கள் தங்கியிருந்த காலம் குறித்த சில சுருக்கமான கேள்விகளை அவர்கள் கேட்கலாம். குறிப்பாக, உங்கள் வருகைப் பதிவில் ஏதேனும் தெளிவுபடுத்தல் தேவைப்பட்டால், திரும்புவதற்கான பயணத் திட்டம் அல்லது தங்குமிடம் தொடர்பான ஆவணங்களை அதிகாரிகள் சரிபார்ப்பது வழக்கம். புறப்பாட்டிற்கான முத்திரை உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டில் இடப்பட்டதும், நீங்கள் விமான நிலைய நடைமுறையின் அடுத்த கட்டத்திற்குச் செல்லலாம்.

தரை எல்லைகளில், கடக்கும் இடத்தைப் பொறுத்து நடைமுறைகள் பெரிதும் மாறுபடலாம். சில சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் நவீனமாகவும் ஒழுங்கமைக்கப்பட்டதாகவும் இருக்கும், மற்றவை எளிமையானவையாக இருக்கும், மேலும் அவை திறந்தவெளியில் காத்திருப்பதையோ அல்லது பல சிறிய அலுவலகங்களுக்கு இடையில் செல்வதையோ உள்ளடக்கியிருக்கலாம். நியமிக்கப்பட்ட குடிவரவுச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டை நீங்கள் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும், அங்கு அதிகாரிகள் உங்கள் நுழைவு முத்திரையைச் சரிபார்த்து, உங்கள் விசாவை உறுதிசெய்து, உங்கள் புறப்பாட்டை கணினி அமைப்பில் பதிவு செய்வார்கள். பயணிகள் வேறு எல்லையில் இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைந்திருந்தாலோ அல்லது அவர்களின் ஆவணங்களுக்கு நேரடிச் சரிபார்ப்பு தேவைப்பட்டாலோ அவர்களிடம் கூடுதல் கேள்விகள் கேட்கப்படலாம். வசதிகள் குறைவாக இருக்கக்கூடும் என்பதால், வானூர்தி நிலையங்களை விட இங்கு செயலாக்கம் மெதுவாக இருக்கும் என எதிர்பார்க்கலாம்.

துறைமுகங்களில், குடிவரவுச் சோதனைகள் பொதுவாகப் பயணிகள் முனையத்திற்கு உள்ளேயோ அல்லது சில சமயங்களில் கப்பல் புறப்படுவதற்கு முன்பு கப்பலுக்குள்ளேயோ கையாளப்படுகின்றன. வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் செய்வது போலவே அதிகாரிகள் அதே சோதனைகளை நடத்துகின்றனர்: உங்கள் அடையாளத்தை உறுதி செய்தல், உங்கள் விசா அல்லது மின்னணு-விசாவை மதிப்பாய்வு செய்தல், மற்றும் உங்கள் நுழைவுப் பதிவு சரியாக உள்ளதா என்பதை உறுதி செய்தல். சொகுசுக் கப்பல் பயணிகள் குழுவாகச் சோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்தப்படலாம், அதேசமயம் சிறிய கப்பல்களில் புறப்படுபவர்கள் துறைமுக அதிகாரிகளால் தனித்தனியாகச் சோதிக்கப்படலாம். நடைமுறைகள் பொதுவாகச் சுமுகமாகவே இருக்கும், ஆனால் சோதனைக்கான நேரம் கப்பலின் அளவு மற்றும் பயணிகளின் எண்ணிக்கையைப் பொறுத்து அமையும்.

அனைத்து விதமான வெளியேறும் வழிகளிலும், குடிவரவுத் துறையிடம் உள்ள பதிவுகளுடன் உங்கள் ''நுழைவு முத்திரை மற்றும் விசா விவரங்கள்'' பொருந்த வேண்டும் என்பதே முக்கியத் தேவையாகும்.

=== வான்னுர்தியில் ===
==== நுழைவிடங்கள் ====
[[File:Arrival area at Indira Gandhi International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/இந்திரா காந்தி சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையம்|இந்திரா காந்தி சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையம்]] [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லிக்குச்]] சேவை அளிப்பதோடு, [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவிற்கான]] மிக முக்கியமான நுழைவு வாயில்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.]]
நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைவதற்கான முக்கிய இடங்களாக [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|DEL}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|BOM}}) ஆகியவை உள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|BLR}}), [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|CCU}}), [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது|ஐதராபாது]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|HYD}}), [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|MAA}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாத்|அகமதாபாத்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|AMD}}) ஆகிய நகரங்களுக்கும் நீண்ட தூர சர்வதேச வானூர்திகள் பல இயக்கப்படுகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பா]], [[Wy/ta/வட அமெரிக்கா|வட அமெரிக்கா]], [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள்|மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆப்பிரிக்கா|ஆப்பிரிக்கா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரேலியா|ஆத்திரேலியா]] ஆகிய பகுதிகளிலிருந்து இந்நகரங்களுக்குச் செல்ல பல நேரடி மற்றும் இணைப்பு விமான சேவைகள் உள்ளன.

[[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவிலிருந்து]] வரும் பயணிகளுக்கான பிற முக்கிய நுழைவிடங்களில் [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|GOI}} மற்றும் {{Wy/ta/IATA|GOX}}), [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளத்தின்]] கடற்கரைப் பகுதி மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சமவெளிகள் (இந்தியா)|இந்தியச் சமவெளிப் பகுதிகள்]] ஆகியவை அடங்கும். மத்திய கிழக்கிலிருந்து [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|COK}}), [[Wy/ta/கோழிக்கோடு|கோழிக்கோடு]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|CCJ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/திருவனந்தபுரம்|திருவனந்தபுரம்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|TRV}}) போன்ற கேரளத்தின் கடற்கரை நகரங்களுக்குப் பல வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் உள்ளன. மத்திய கிழக்கின் பெரும்பாலான முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள், வளைகுடாப் பிராந்தியத்திலுள்ள தங்கள் மையங்களிலிருந்து இக்கடற்கரைப் பகுதிகளுக்கு ஒற்றை நிறுத்தத்துடன் கூடிய வானூர்திச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. இந்தியச் சமவெளிப் பகுதிகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, [[Wy/ta/இலக்னோ|இலக்னோ]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|LKO}}), [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரஸ்|அமிர்தசரஸ்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|ATQ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சண்டிகர்|சண்டிகர்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|IXC}}) வழியாகவும் சில விமானச் சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவில்]], [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|PNQ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|JAI}}) ஆகியவையும் முக்கியமான வானூர்தி நிலையங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பியா|ஐரோப்பிய]] சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு மிகவும் விருப்பமான இடமாக இருப்பதால், ''காண்டோர்'' மற்றும் ''தாம்சன் ஏர்வேஸ்'' போன்ற பல ஐரோப்பிய தனித்து முழு உரிமையுடை வாடகை வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் அங்கு சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன.

==== வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் ====
சர்வதேச வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்கும் இந்திய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* '''[https://www.airindia.com ஏர் இந்தியா]:''' இந்தியாவின் முதன்மை வானூர்தி நிறுவனமான இது, டாடா குழுமத்திற்குச் சொந்தமானது மற்றும் 'ஸ்டார் அலையன்ஸ்' கூட்டமைப்பின் உறுப்பினராக உள்ளது. தற்போது டாடா குழுமத்தின் கீழ் இது ஒரு பெரிய மாற்றத்திற்கு உட்படுத்தப்பட்டு வருகிறது. காலதாமதமான சேவைகள், சுகாதாரக் குறைபாடுகள் மற்றும் போட்டியாளர்களை விடக் குறைவான பாதுகாப்புத் தரம் ஆகியவற்றால் இது கடந்த காலத்தில் மோசமான நற்பெயரைக் கொண்டிருந்தது.
* '''[https://www.goindigo.in இண்டிகோ]:''' 40-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையில் நல்ல நற்பெயர் கொண்ட நிறுவனங்களில் ஒன்றாகக் கருதப்படுவதோடு, சிறந்த பாதுகாப்புப் பதிவையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.spicejet.com ஸ்பைஸ்ஜெட்]:''' 13 சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம்.
* '''[http://www.akasaair.com ஆகாசா ஏர்]:''' 5 சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையிலேயே மிகத் துல்லியமான நேரத்தைக் கடைப்பிடிக்கும் வானூர்தி நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.

இந்த வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் உலகம் முழுவதிலும் உள்ள முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிலைய மையங்களிலிருந்து தினசரி வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. வானூர்தி நிலைய முனையத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு முன்பாகவே, அச்சிடப்பட்ட வானூர்தி பயணச் சீட்டு, நுழைவுச் சீட்டு மற்றும் அடையாள அட்டை (கடவுச்சீட்டு, இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன் ஆவண அட்டை, அல்லது ஆதார் அட்டை) ஆகியவற்றை நீங்கள் வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும். பெரும்பாலான இந்திய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள், அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட பயணச் சாமான்களின் எடையை அதிகரிப்பது அல்லது பயணத் தேதிகளை மாற்றுவது போன்றவற்றில் மிகவும் கடுமையான அல்லது வாடிக்கையாளர்களுக்குச் சாதகமற்ற கொள்கைகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளன. எனவே, உங்கள் பயணத்தில் ஏதேனும் மாற்றங்கள் தேவைப்படலாம் என்று கருதினால், முன்பதிவு செய்வதற்கு முன்பே அந்த நிறுவனத்தின் கொள்கைகளைச் சரிபார்ப்பது நல்லது.

அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் கனடாவின் பல நகரங்களிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்தி சேவைகள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் லத்தீன் அமெரிக்காவிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்திகள் எதுவும் இல்லை. ஐரோப்பா மற்றும் காகசஸ் பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஏராளமான விமான சேவைகள் உள்ளன. பயணச் சீட்டுக் கட்டணத்தைச் சேமிக்க, மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள் வழியாகச் செல்லும் பயண வழிகளைப் பரிசீலிக்கலாம்; அங்கிருந்து ஏராளமான வானூர்தி சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. ஆசியாவின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளிலிருந்து நல்ல இணைப்பு வசதிகள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் பாக்கித்தானிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்திகள் எதுவும் இல்லை. ஓசியானியா பகுதியைப் பொறுத்தவரை, ஆத்திரேலியாவிலிருந்து மட்டுமே நேரடி வானூர்திகள் உள்ளன. ஆப்பிரிக்காவைப் பொறுத்தவரை, முக்கிய நகரங்களிலிருந்து வானூர்தி சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன.

இந்தியாவிற்கு வந்தடைந்ததும் உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டு சரிபார்க்கப்படும் என்பதால், அதைத் தவறாமல் பத்திரமாக வைத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். தில்லி போன்ற சில இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், கடவுச்சீட்டை ஸ்கேன் செய்வதன் மூலம் அருகலை (''Wi-Fi'') வசதியைப் பெறலாம் மற்றும் குறுகிய கால சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கான செறிவு அட்டைகளைப் பெறலாம்; ஆனால் பெரும்பாலான வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் அருகலை அல்லது செறிவு அட்டை வசதிகள் வழங்கப்படுவதில்லை.

==== விரைவு குடிவரவு வழிமுறை (''எப்டிஐ'') - நம்பகமான பயணித் திட்டம் (''டிடிபி'')====
[https://ftittp.mha.gov.in/fti/ '''எப்டிஐ‑டிடிபி''' ('''விரைவு குடிவரவு வழிமுறை – நம்பகமான பயணித் திட்டம்''')] என்பது அரசாங்கத்தால் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட பயணிகளுக்கான குடிவரவுச் சோதனைகளை விரைவுபடுத்தும் இந்தியாவின் ஒரு அமைப்பாகும். இணையம் வழியாக விண்ணப்பித்து அடையாளச் சரிபார்ப்பை நிறைவு செய்த பிறகு, பயணிகள் ''நம்பகமான பயணிகள்'' தரவுத்தளத்தில் சேர்க்கப்படுகிறார்கள். இத்திட்டத்தில் பங்கேற்கும் வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்கு அவர்கள் வரும்போது, ​​வழக்கமான வரிசைகளுக்குப் பதிலாக, இதற்கென ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட விரைவு குடிவரவுப் பாதைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம். இப்பாதைகளில், தானியங்கி அமைப்புகள் மூலம் அவர்களின் கடவுச்சீட்டு மற்றும் உயிரியல் அளவீட்டு விவரங்கள் சரிபார்க்கப்படுகின்றன. இதனால் அவர்கள் வழக்கத்தை விட மிக விரைவாகக் குடிவரவு நடைமுறைகளை நிறைவு செய்ய முடிகிறது. அடிக்கடி பயணம் செய்பவர்கள், குடும்பங்கள் மற்றும் வருகையின்போது மிகவும் திறமையான மற்றும் எளிதான அனுபவத்தை விரும்புபவர்கள் ஆகியோருக்காக சர்வதேசப் பயணத்தை மென்மையாக்கும் வகையில் இது வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது இந்தியா முழுவதும் உள்ள 13 முக்கிய சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் நடைமுறையில் உள்ளது.

=== படகில் ''அல்லது'' கப்பலில் ===
2026-ஆம் ஆண்டில், இந்தியாவிற்கான சர்வதேச கடல்வழிப் பயணம் குறைந்த அளவிலேயே உள்ளது. தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் வடக்கு இலங்கைக்கு இடையே இயக்கப்படும் '''நாகப்பட்டினம் – காங்கேசன்துறை இடையிலான படகுச் சேவை''' மட்டுமே திட்டமிடப்பட்ட ஒரே பயணிகள் சேவையாகும். இது பொதுவாக வாரத்திற்குப் பலமுறை இயக்கப்படுகிறது மற்றும் பயண நேரம் சுமார் நான்கு மணிநேரம் ஆகும்.

இந்தியாவிற்கு வேறு எந்த சர்வதேச பயணிகள் படகுச் சேவைகளும் இயக்கப்படுவதில்லை. இருப்பினும், இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல் மற்றும் அரபிக்கடல் வழித்தடங்களில் பயணிக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணக் கப்பல்கள் பருவகால அடிப்படையில் இந்தியாவிற்கு வருகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] ([[Wy/ta/மர்மகோவா|மர்மகோவா]]), [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]], [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]], [[Wy/ta/புதிய மங்களூரு|புதிய மங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/விசாகப்பட்டினம்|விசாகப்பட்டினம்]] மற்றும் அவ்வப்போது [[Wy/ta/ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்|ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்]] ஆகியவை கப்பல்கள் வந்து நிற்கும் முக்கிய துறைமுகங்களாகும். [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவில்]] உள்ள [[Wy/ta/மினிக்காய் தீவு|மினிக்காய் தீவும்]] அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட நுழைவிடமாக உள்ளது, இருப்பினும் அங்குள்ள வசதிகள் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன.

கடல் வழியாக வரும் பயணிகள் இந்தியக் ''கடலோரக் காவல் படை'' மற்றும் குடியேற்றத் துறை நடைமுறைகளுக்குக் கட்டுப்பட வேண்டும்; இதில் அடையாளச் சரிபார்ப்பு மற்றும் சுங்கத்துறை சோதனைகள் ஆகியவை அடங்கலாம். வானூர்தி நிலையங்களை விட, குறிப்பாகச் சிறிய துறைமுகங்களில், இச்செயல்முறைகளுக்கு அதிக நேரம் ஆகலாம்.

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
நேபாள இரயில்வேயால் இயக்கப்படும் தொடருந்துகள், [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளத்தின்]] தனுசா மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/கசூரி|கசூரி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பிகார்|பிகாரில்]] உள்ள ''செயநகர்'' ஆகிய இடங்களுக்கு இடையே சேவையில் உள்ளன. இவ்விரு இடங்களும் பயணிகளுக்குப் பெரிதாக ஈர்ப்பை ஏற்படுத்துவதில்லை என்பதாலும், அங்கிருந்து நேபாளத்தின் பிற பகுதிகளுக்குத் தொடர் பயண வசதிகள் இல்லாததாலும், பெரும்பாலான பயணிகள் பேருந்து அல்லது வானூர்திப் பயணத்தையே தேர்ந்தெடுக்கின்றனர்.

[[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து]] இயக்கப்படும் தொடருந்துச் சேவைகள்: ''மைத்ரி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' ([[Wy/ta/டாக்கா|டாக்கா]] - [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]]), ''பந்தன் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' (குல்னா - கொல்கத்தா) மற்றும் ''மிதாலி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' (டாக்கா - [[Wy/ta/நியூ சல்பைகுரி|நியூ சல்பைகுரி]]).

[[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] மற்றும் இந்தியா இடையிலான அனைத்து இரயில் சேவைகளும் 2019-ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் நிறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன.

[http://www.indianrail.gov.in இந்தியத் தொடருந்து விசாரணை] இணையதளத்தில் நிலையங்களுக்கு இடையே எந்தெந்த தொடருந்துகள் உள்ளன என்பதை நீங்கள் தெரிந்துகொள்ளலாம். இருப்பினும், இணையம் வழியாக தொடருந்து பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்ய, இந்திய அரசின் இணையதளமான [https://www.india.gov.in/ இந்திய அரசின் அதிகாரபூர்வ இணையதளத்]-தைப் பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும். இந்தத் தளத்தின் மூலம் முன்பதிவு செய்ய, நீங்கள் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும் (இதற்கு எவ்விதக் கட்டணமும் இல்லை); மேலும், உங்களுக்கு ஒரு கடனட்டை அல்லது பற்று அட்டை தேவைப்படும். தொடருந்து பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்யக் குறைந்தபட்சச் சேவைக்கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கும் பல பயண முகவர்களின் சேவைகளையும் நீங்கள் பயன்படுத்திக்கொள்ளலாம்.

=== நிலவழி ===
==== நேபாளம் ====
[[Wy/ta/காட்மாண்டு|காட்மாண்டு]], [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளம்]], பேருந்துகள் தினசரி எல்லையைக் கடக்கின்றன. வழக்கமாக [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]], [[Wy/ta/இலக்னோ|இலக்னோ]], [[Wy/ta/பட்னா|பட்னா]], [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]] ஆகிய இடங்களுக்குச் செல்லும். இருப்பினும், எல்லைக் கடக்கும் ஒரு பேருந்தையும் அங்கிருந்து மற்றொரு பேருந்தையும் எடுத்துச் செல்வது மலிவானது மற்றும் நம்பகமானது. எல்லைக் கடப்புகள் (இந்தியா/நேபாளம் பக்கம்) வாரணாசிக்கு சுனௌலி/பைரவா, [[Wy/ta/பட்னா|பட்னாக்கான]] ரக்சால்/பிர்கஞ்ச், கொல்கத்தா, [[Wy/ta/காகர்பிட்டா|காகர்பிட்டா]] சிலிகுரி மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/டார்ஜிலிங்|டார்ஜிலிங்]], மற்றும் தில்லிக்கு மகேந்திரநகர்-பன்பாசா. நேபாளத்துடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புகளும் ''சஷாஸ்த்ரா சீமா பாலின்'' அதிகார வரம்பிற்கு உட்பட்டவை, மேலும் எல்லைக் கடக்கும் செயல்முறையின் மூலம் உங்களுக்கு வழிகாட்டும் இந்த அதிகாரிகளுடன் நீங்கள் இணங்க வேண்டும்.

==== பூட்டான் ====
[[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] அரசாங்கம் புயன்ட்சோலிங்கிலிருந்து ஒரு சேவையை இயக்குகிறது. இப்பயணத்திற்கு சுமார் 18 மணிநேரம் ஆகும். [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரிக்கும்]] புயன்ட்சோலிங்கிற்கும் இடையே அடிக்கடி சேவைகள் உள்ளன.

==== மியான்மார் ====
[[File:India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway.svg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியா-மியான்மார்-தாய்லாந்து முத்தரப்பு நெடுஞ்சாலை&quot;யானது, மியான்மார் வழியாக இந்தியாவின் மணிப்பூர் மாநிலத்திலுள்ள மோரே நகரையும் தாய்லாந்தின் மே சோட் நகரையும் இணைக்கிறது. இதன் மூலம் 1,813 கி.மீ நீளமுள்ள &quot;இம்பால்-மண்டலே-பாங்காக்&quot; வழித்தடம் உருவாகிறது.]]
[[Wy/ta/மியான்மார்|மியான்மார்]] நாட்டிலிருந்து '''மோரே/[[Wy/ta/தாமு|தாமு]]''' வழியாக நுழைவது சாத்தியமாகும். இதுவே இவ்விரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே பயணிக்க இந்தியாவில் உள்ள மிகவும் மேம்பட்ட மற்றும் ஒரே வளர்ச்சியடைந்த பாதையாகும். இது '''இந்தியா-மியான்மார் நட்புச் சாலை''' மற்றும் '''இந்தியா-மியான்மார்-தாய்லாந்து முத்தரப்பு நெடுஞ்சாலை''' ஆகியவற்றின் வழித்தடமாகும். மியான்மாருடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பகுதிகளும் '''அசாம் ரைப்பிள்ஸ்''' படையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எனவே, எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது இராணுவ அதிகாரிகளின் வழிகாட்டுதல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

==== பாக்கித்தான் ====
[[Wy/ta/வாகா|வாகா]]/[[Wy/ta/அட்டாரி|அட்டாரி]], [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான் நிர்வகிக்கும் காசுமீர்|சக்கோதி]]/[[Wy/ta/ஊரி|ஊரி]], [[Wy/ta/பூஞ்சு  பிரிவு|சக்கன் தா பாகு]]/[[Wy/ta/பூஞ்சு|பூஞ்சு]], [[Wy/ta/கசூர்|கசூர்]]/[[Wy/ta/பெரோசுபூர்|பெரோசுபூர்]], [[Wy/ta/பகாவல்நகர்|பகாவல்நகர்]]/[[Wy/ta/பட்டிண்டா|பட்டிண்டா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/லோங்கேவாலா|லோங்கேவாலா]] ஆகிய வழிகள் வழியாக நீங்கள் '''நுழைய முடியாது'''. இந்தியாவின் பாதுகாப்பு கவலைகள் காரணமாக இவை காலவரையின்றி மூடப்பட்டுள்ளன. எல்லைப் பதற்றம் காரணமாக, பாகித்தானுடனான எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பாதைகள் வழியாக வெளியேறுவதற்கும் உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி இல்லை.

இந்த எல்லையிலிருந்து 10 கி.மீ சுற்றளவிற்குள் பயணம் செய்வதைத் தவிர்க்குமாறு பல நாடுகள் தொடர்ந்து அறிவுறுத்தி வருகின்றன.

பாகித்தானுடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பாதைகளும் '''எல்லைப் பாதுகாப்புப் படை'''யின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது வழிகாட்டும் அந்த அதிகாரிகளின் அறிவுறுத்தல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

==== வங்காளதேசம் ====
[[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து]] இந்தியாவுக்குள் நுழைவதற்குப் பல தரைவழிப் பாதைகள் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், எல்லைப் பகுதிகளில் அவ்வப்போது ஏற்படும் மோதல்கள் காரணமாக, இந்தியா-வங்காளதேச எல்லைக்குச் செல்லும்போது அங்குள்ள நிலவரத்தை முன்கூட்டியே சரிபார்க்குமாறு பல நாடுகள் அறிவுறுத்துகின்றன.

வங்காளதேசத்துடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பகுதிகளும் '''எல்லைப் பாதுகாப்புப் படை'''யின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எனவே, எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது அந்த அதிகாரிகளின் வழிகாட்டுதல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

{{Wy/ta/Anchor|அரிதாசுபூர்-பெனாபோல் கிராசிங்}}
டாக்காவிலிருந்து கொல்கத்தாவிற்கு, [[Wy/ta/பங்கான்|பங்கான்]] அருகே உள்ள [[Wy/ta/பெனாபோல்|'''பெட்ராபோல்-பெனாபோல்''']] எல்லைச் சாவடி வழியாக இயக்கப்படும் வழக்கமான குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட மற்றும் வசதியான பேருந்து சேவைகளே மிகவும் பொதுவான வழியாகும். [[Wy/ta/டாக்கா|டாக்காவிலிருந்து]] ''வங்காளதேச சாலை போக்குவரத்துக் கழக (BRTC)'' சிட்டையின் கீழ் ''ஷியாமோலி'' மற்றும் பிற நிறுவனங்களால் இயக்கப்படும் மற்றொரு தினசரி பேருந்து சேவை [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரியை]] இணைக்கிறது, ஆனால் இந்த வழித்தடத்தில் உள்ள பேருந்துகள் சங்ரபந்தா/புரிமாரி அல்லது புருங்மாரி எல்லைச் சாவடிகளைக் கடப்பதில்லை. டாக்காவிற்கும் [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுராவின்]] தலைநகரான [[Wy/ta/அகர்தலா|அகர்தலாவிற்கும்]] இடையே ஒரு வழக்கமான பேருந்து சேவையும் உள்ளது. வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து மேற்கு வங்காளத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கான இலி, சிலாகதி/அல்திபாரி, பங்களாபந்த் எல்லைச் சாவடிகள்; மேகாலயாவில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/சில்லாங்|சில்லாங்கிற்குச்]] செல்லும் வழித்தடத்திற்கான தமாபில் எல்லைச் சாவடி; மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு இந்தியப் பகுதிகளுக்கு அதிகம் அறியப்படாத வழித்தடங்களைக் கொண்ட வேறு சில இடங்களும் வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து மற்ற நுழைவிடங்களாகும்.

==== சீனா ====
[[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/நாது லா|'''நாது லா கணவாய்''']], [[Wy/ta/திபெத்|திபெத்]] எல்லையில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இந்தக் எல்லைப் பகுதி சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்குத் திறக்கப்படவில்லை. உள்ளூர் வணிகர்கள் மட்டுமே இதைக் கடந்து செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். இருபுறமிருந்தும் இந்தக் கணவாயைச் சென்று பார்க்கச் சிறப்பு அனுமதிகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்தியப் பகுதிக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி இல்லை.

திபெத் எல்லையில் அமைந்துள்ள [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] மாநிலத்தின் '''லிபுலேக் கணவாய்''', முக்கியமாக [[Wy/ta/கயிலை மலை|கயிலை மலை]] மற்றும் மானசரோவர் ஏரிக்குச் செல்லும் இந்து, பௌத்த மற்றும் சமண மத பயணிகளுக்கான பாதையாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. இக்கணவாய் திபெத்தில் உள்ள புரங் நகருக்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இதன் வழியாகச் செல்ல அனுமதிகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன.

திபெத் எல்லையில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசத்தின்]] '''சிப்கி லா கணவாய்''', எல்லை தாண்டிய சிறிய அளவிலான உள்ளூர் வர்த்தகத்திற்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. இப்பகுதி அப்பகுதியைச் சாராதவர்களுக்குத் திறக்கப்படவில்லை.

எனவே, பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளத்தில்]] உள்ள தரைவழிப் பாதைகள் மூலமாகவே பயணம் செய்கிறார்கள்.

சீனாவுடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புகளும் ''இந்தோ-திபெத்திய எல்லைக் காவல் படையின் (ஐடிபிபி)'' கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது வழிகாட்டும் இவர்களின் அறிவுறுத்தல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==
இந்தியா ஒரு மிகப்பெரிய நாடு. இங்குப் பயணம் செய்வதற்குப் பல சுவையான வழிகள் உள்ளன. ஆனால், அவற்றில் பெரும்பாலானவற்றைத் திறமையானவை அல்லது நேரத்தைக் கச்சிதமாகக் கடைப்பிடிப்பவை என்று சொல்ல முடியாது. ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட நேரத்திற்குள் (உதாரணமாக, நீங்கள் ஊர் திரும்பும் வானூர்திப் பயணத்திற்கு) சென்றடைய வேண்டிய கட்டாயம் இருந்தால், பயணத்திற்குத் தாராளமான கூடுதல் நேரத்தை ஒதுக்குங்கள். அத்துடன், பயணத்தின் நோக்கத்தை அடைவது மட்டுமல்லாமல், அந்தப் பயணத்தை மேற்கொள்வதே அதில் உள்ள பாதி மகிழ்ச்சி என்பதையும் நினைவில் கொள்ளுங்கள்.

[[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவின்]] பெரும்பகுதி ([[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]] மாநிலம் இதற்கு விதிவிலக்கு), [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]], [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]], [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல '''பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி''' அல்லது '''உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி''' பெற வேண்டியிருக்கும் ([[#உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி|கீழே உள்ள]] பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்). சாதாரண விசா வைத்திருக்கும் வெளிநாட்டினரைப் பொறுத்தவரை, இந்திய விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே இந்த அனுமதிகளையும் கோருவது எளிதான வழியாகும்; அப்போது அவை உங்கள் விசாவிலேயே இணைக்கப்படும் (மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் அல்லது மின்னணு-விசா வசதியைப் பயன்படுத்தும்போது இது சாத்தியமில்லை). இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் உள்ளூர் உள்துறை அமைச்சக அலுவலகத்தைத் (மாவட்ட மாஜிஸ்திரேட் அலுவலகம் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) தேடிக் கண்டுபிடித்து, அதிகாரத்துவ நடைமுறைகளை எதிர்கொள்ள வேண்டியிருக்கும். உள்ளூர் பயண முகவர்கள் மூலமாகவும் இந்த அனுமதிகளைப் பெறலாம். ஆனால், பெரும்பாலும் அவர்களிடமே சுற்றுலாப் பயணத் திட்டத்தைப் பதிவு செய்வது இதற்கு நிபந்தனையாக இருக்கலாம். இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் இந்த அனுமதிகளுக்கு இணையம் வழியாக விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்.

=== முகவரிகள் ===
நீங்கள் ஒரு இடத்திற்குச் செல்ல வேண்டுமென்றால், முன்கூட்டியே தொலைபேசியில் அழைத்து விரிவான வழிமுறைகளைக் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்வது நல்லது. நகரங்களுக்கு வெளியே சாலைப் பெயர்ப் பலகைகள் அரிதாகவோ அல்லது இல்லாமலோ இருக்கலாம் என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்ளுங்கள். முகவரிகளை எளிதாகக் கண்டறியும் வகையில், &quot;பிரித்வி திரையரங்குக்கு எதிரில்&quot;, &quot;மாருதி காட்சி அறைக்குப் பின்னால்&quot; அல்லது &quot;கோவில்/தேவாலயம்/மசூதி/வங்கி கிளை/காவல் நிலையம்/பள்ளிக்கு அருகில்&quot; போன்ற முக்கிய அடையாளங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் முகவரிகளில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டிருக்கும். மேற்கத்திய முகவரி முறையைப் போலன்றி, இந்திய முறையில் தெருப் பெயர் மற்றும் தொகுதி எண்ணுக்குப் பதிலாக, மனையின் எண் அல்லது வீட்டு எண் (சில சமயங்களில் வீட்டுப் பெயர்), தெரு அல்லது சாலையின் பெயர், அதைத் தொடர்ந்து முக்கிய அடையாளம் மற்றும் அஞ்சல் குறியீட்டு எண் ஆகியவை பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. ஒரு இடத்தைக் கண்டறியச் சற்று தேட வேண்டியிருக்கலாம். ஆனால், அந்தப் பகுதியில் உங்களுக்கு வழிகாட்ட முன்வரும் யாரையாவது நீங்கள் நிச்சயம் காணலாம். பல நாடுகளைப் போலன்றி, இந்தியாவில் மக்கள் தெரு முகவரிகள் குறித்த வழிகாட்டுதலுக்கு வழிப்போக்கர்கள், அருகிலுள்ள கடைக்காரர்கள் அல்லது காவல்துறையினரை அணுகுவது வழக்கம். எனவே நீங்களும் அவ்வாறே செய்யலாம். மக்கள் உங்களுக்கு உதவ மகிழ்ச்சியுடன் முன்வருவார்கள். முக்கிய நகரங்களில் புவிநிலை காட்டி (''ஜிபிஎஸ்'') வசதியுடன் கூடிய கூகுள் நிலப்படங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் சிறப்பாகச் செயல்படும். இருப்பினும், சாலைப் பெயர்களின் எழுத்துப்பிழை அல்லது வரைபடத்தில் தவறான இருப்பிடக் குறிப்பு போன்ற காரணங்களால் சில நேரங்களில் அது துல்லியமாக இல்லாமல் போகலாம்.

==== உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி ====
உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி என்பது, இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட அல்லது கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்கு உட்பட்ட பகுதிகளுக்குள் குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்திற்குச் சென்று வர இந்திய அரசால் வழங்கப்படும் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ பயண ஆவணமாகும். பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட மாநிலங்களுக்குள் நுழைவதற்கு, அந்த மாநிலங்களுக்கு வெளியேயுள்ள இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் இத்தகைய அனுமதியைப் பெறுவது கட்டாயமாகும். இந்தியாவின் சர்வதேச எல்லைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள குறிப்பிட்ட சில பகுதிகளுக்கான நடமாட்டத்தைக் முறைப்படுத்துவதற்காக அரசின் முயற்சியாக இந்த ஆவணம் உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது ஒரு பாதுகாப்பு நடவடிக்கையாகும்; மேலும் இது பின்வரும் மாநிலங்களுக்குப் பொருந்தும்:

* [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] — இதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேச அரசுச் செயலாளரால் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. அசாம் அல்லது நாகாலாந்துடனான மாநில எல்லைகளில் உள்ள சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் வழியாக அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேச மாநிலத்திற்குள் நுழைய இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் அவசியமாகும். முக்கிய நகரங்களில் உள்ள 'அருணாச்சல் பவன்' அலுவலகங்களில் இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளைப் பெறலாம். குறிப்பிட்ட மாவட்டங்களுக்கென அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் வழங்கப்படுவதால், மாவட்ட நுழைவு அனுமதிகளுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும் முன்பே உங்கள் பயணத் திட்டத்தை வகுத்துக்கொள்ள வேண்டும். ஒவ்வொரு மாவட்ட எல்லையிலும் உள்ள சோதனைச் சாவடிகள், உள்ளூர்வாசிகள் மற்றும் அனுமதிச் சீட்டு வைத்திருப்பவர்களை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கின்றன.
* [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]] — கட்டுப்பாடற்ற மக்கள் வருகையைத் தவிர்க்கும் பொருட்டு, இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்திற்குள் மாநிலத்திற்குள் நுழைவதை அனுமதிக்கும் வகையில் அந்தந்த மாநில அரசுகளால் இதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. பெரும்பாலான வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவையில்லை; இருப்பினும், அவர்கள் மாநிலத்திற்கு வந்தடைந்த 24 மணி நேரத்திற்குள் காவல்துறையிடம் தங்களைப் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். வழக்கமாக உங்கள் தங்கும் விடுதியே இந்தப் பணியைச் செய்துவிடும் என்றாலும், அதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக்கொள்வது நல்லது. ஆப்கானித்தான், சீனா மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் அல்லது முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள் இப்பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல உள்துறை அமைச்சகத்திடமிருந்து சிறப்பு அனுமதி பெற வேண்டும்.
* [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] — இடைக்காலத்தில் பட்டுப் பாதையின் முக்கியப் பகுதியாகத் திகழ்ந்ததும், தற்போது இந்தியா-சீனா இடையிலான எல்லையின் ஒரு பகுதியாக அமைந்திருப்பதுமான [[Wy/ta/நாது லா|நாது லா]] கணவாய்க்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவைப்படுகிறது. இக்கணவாய்க்குச் செல்ல வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு அனுமதி வழங்கப்படுவதில்லை. இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் மட்டுமே இங்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். மேலும், [[Wy/ta/லாச்சுங்|லாச்சுங்]]-[[Wy/ta/லாச்சென்|லாச்சென்]] போன்ற உயரமான மலைப்பகுதிகள் மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/குருடோங்மார் ஏரி|குருடோங்மார் ஏரி]] ஆகிய இடங்களுக்குச் செல்வதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளை கேங்டாக்கிலிருந்து நேரடியாகப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். இப்பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல வெளிநாட்டினரும் அனுமதிக்கப்படலாம். &quot;சீரோ பாயிண்ட்&quot; எனப்படும் மற்றொரு இடத்திற்கும் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவைப்படுகிறது.
* [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] — இந்தியர் அல்லாதவர்கள் இத்தீவுகளுக்குச் செல்ல ''கட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி'' பெற வேண்டும். தற்போது இவ்வனுமதி [[Wy/ta/ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்|ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்]], நீங்கள் கடல் வழியாக வருவதாக இருந்தால், [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] அல்லது இந்திய விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே அதற்கான அனுமதியை முன்கூட்டியே பெற்றுக்கொள்ள வேண்டும். இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு அந்தமான் தீவுகளுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி தேவையில்லை. இருப்பினும், நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள் மற்றும் பிற பழங்குடியினப் பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி தேவைப்படுகிறது, மேலும் இத்தகைய அனுமதிகள் அரிதாகவே வழங்கப்படுகின்றன.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
இந்தியாவின் பரந்த நிலப்பரப்பும், சீரற்ற சாலைகளும் வானூர்திப் பயணத்தை ஒரு நடைமுறைக்கு ஏற்ற விருப்பமாக்குகின்றது. குறிப்பாக, கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளில் கட்டணங்கள் சரிந்துள்ளதால் இது சாத்தியமாகியுள்ளது. இந்தியாவின் கடலோரத் தீவுகள் மற்றும் தொலைதூர மலை மாநிலங்களுக்குக் கூட வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளில் ஏற்பட்ட வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்து வளர்ச்சியின் காரணமாக, வானூர்தி நிலையங்களால் இந்த வான் போக்குவரத்தைச் சமாளிக்க முடியவில்லை. பெரும்பாலான இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்கள் ஒரே ஒரு ஓடுபாதை மற்றும் சில பயணிகள் ஏறும் வாயில்களுடன் தொடர்ந்து இயங்கி வருகின்றன. குறிப்பாக தில்லி மற்றும் மும்பையில், வருகைப் பதிவு மற்றும் பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைக்கான வரிசைகள் மிகவும் நீளமாக இருக்கலாம். இந்தியா, ஐதராபாத்து மற்றும் பெங்களூருவில் இரண்டு புதிய சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களைக் கட்டியுள்ளது. அவை நவீனமானவை மற்றும் சிறந்த வசதிகளுடன் கூடியவை. தில்லி வானூர்தி நிலையத்தில் புதிதாகக் கட்டப்பட்ட முனையம் 3, உலகின் 8-வது பெரிய முனையமாகும்.

வட இந்தியாவில், குறிப்பாக தில்லியில், '''கடுமையான குளிர்காலப் பனிமூட்டம்''' பயண அட்டவணைகளில் பெரும் பாதிப்பை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடும். குறிப்பாக கிறிஸ்துமஸ் பண்டிகைக் காலத்திலும் சனவரி மாதத்திலும் இது நிகழ்ந்து, நாடு முழுவதும் மிகப்பெரிய தாமதங்களுக்கு வழிவகுக்கிறது. மலைகளில் உள்ள சிறிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்கு, குறிப்பாக ஆண்டின் பெரும்பாலான நாட்களில் வானூர்தி மூலம் மட்டுமே சென்றடையக்கூடிய இலடாக்கிலுள்ள [[Wy/ta/லே|லே]] போன்ற இடங்களுக்கு, வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்து எப்போதுமே சீரற்றதாகவே இருக்கும்.

==== வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் ====
[[File:IndiGo A320neo (VT-ITZ) @ GAU, Sept 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய உள்நாட்டு வானூர்தி நிறுவனம் இன்டிகோ ஆகும். இது அதன் A320neo வானூர்தி.]]
ஒரு காலத்தில், உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் அரசுக்குச் சொந்தமான இந்தியன் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் நிறுவனத்தின் ஏகபோக உரிமையாக இருந்தன. ஆனால் நிலைமை இப்போது பெருமளவு மாறிவிட்டது. தற்போது பல போட்டியாளர்கள் களத்தில் உள்ளனர், மேலும் அவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் மிகச் சிறந்த சேவைகளைச் சிறந்த கட்டணத்தில் வழங்குகின்றனர். இந்தியாவில் செயல்படும் வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் இவைதான்.

* [https://www.goindigo.in/ '''இன்டிகோ'''] – இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். உள்நாட்டுச் சந்தையில் ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்தும் இது, நாடு முழுவதும் 88 நகரங்களை இணைக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி சேவையாகும். இது ஏர்பஸ் ''ஏ320'' மற்றும் ''ஏடிஆர்'' பிராந்திய ரக விமானங்களைக் கொண்ட நவீன விமானத் தொகுப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. பல விமான நிறுவனங்களுடன் ''குறியீடு-பகிர்வு'' எனப்படும் கூட்டுச் சேவை ஒப்பந்தங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.airindia.com/ ஏர் இந்தியா]''' – இந்தியாவின் முதன்மை வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். வரலாற்று ரீதியாக இது மோசமான நற்பெயரைக் கொண்டிருந்தாலும், தற்போது டாடா குழுமத்தால் புத்துயிர் அளிக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது. இது நாடு முழுவதும் பரந்த வலையமைப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளதோடு, சிறந்த பிராந்திய இணைப்பு வசதியையும் வழங்குகிறது. இது ''இசுடார் கூட்டணி'' அமைப்பின் உறுப்பினராக உள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.airindiaexpress.in/ ஏர் இந்தியா எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்]''' – ஏர் இந்தியாவின் குறைந்த கட்டண துணை நிறுவனம். இது முக்கிய வழித்தடங்களிலும், வளைகுடா மற்றும் தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவில் உள்ள சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்கும் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* [https://www.spicejet.com/ '''ஸ்பைஸ்ஜெட்'''] – மற்றொரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது சுமார் 34 உள்நாட்டு இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[https://www.akasaair.com/ ஆகாசா ஏர்]''' – போயிங் 737 மேக்ஸ் ரக விமானங்களைக் கொண்டு 20 உள்நாட்டு இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்கும் குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய விமானப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையில் மிகத் துல்லியமான நேரக் கட்டுப்பாட்டுடன் இயங்கும் நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.
* '''[https://www.allianceair.in/ அலையன்ஸ் ஏர்]:''' இந்தியாவின் அரசுக்குச் சொந்தமான வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது சிறிய ரக வானூர்திகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி, அதிகம் அறியப்படாத இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[http://www.starair.in/ இசுடார் ஏர்]''' – பெங்களூரைத் தலைமையிடமாகக் கொண்ட குறைந்த கட்டண பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம்; இது சிறிய எம்பிரேயர் ஜெட் வானூர்திகளைக் கொண்டு பெரும்பாலும் தென்னிந்தியா மற்றும் மேற்கு இந்தியப் பகுதிகளில் உள்ள இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[https://fly91.in/ பிளை91]''' – கோவாவைத் தலைமையிடமாகக் கொண்ட குறைந்த கட்டண பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது ஏடிஆர்-72 ரக வானூர்திகளைக் கொண்டு 8 இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குவதோடு, பல்வேறு நகரங்களையும் இணைக்கிறது.
* '''[https://www.indiaoneair.com/ இந்தியா ஒன் ஏர்]''' – சிறிய நகரங்களை பெருநகரங்களுடன் இணைப்பதை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்ட ஒரு பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். ஒற்றை-இயந்திரம் கொண்ட வானூர்தியை இயக்கும் இந்தியாவின் முதல் திட்டமிடப்பட்ட விமான சேவை நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.

====கட்டணங்கள்====
பெரும்பாலான இடங்களுக்குப் பல வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் சேவையை வழங்குவதால், பயணக் கட்டணங்கள் ஒப்பீட்டளவில் குறைவாகவும் நிலையானதாகவும் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், வாரத்தின் வெவ்வேறு நாட்களில் சில முறை கட்டணங்களைச் சரிபார்ப்பது நல்லது.

₹500-க்கு வானூர்தி பயணச்சீட்டுகள் கிடைப்பதாக நீங்கள் கேள்விப்பட்டிருக்கலாம். ஆனால் அவை குறிப்பிட்ட எண்ணிக்கையிலான இருக்கைகளுக்கான சிறப்புச் சலுகை கட்டணங்கள் மட்டுமே, அவை சில நொடிகளிலேயே விற்றுத் தீர்ந்துவிடும். சில சமயங்களில், விளம்பரப்படுத்தப்படும் கட்டணத்தில் பயணிகள் சேவைக்கான கட்டணம், எரிபொருள் கூடுதல் கட்டணம் மற்றும் வரிகள் போன்றவை சேர்க்கப்படாமல் இருக்கலாம். இவை பின்னர் கூடுதலாகச் சேர்க்கப்படும். இருப்பினும், குறைந்த கட்டணத்தில் சேவை வழங்கும் விமான நிறுவனங்களிடமிருந்து நல்ல கட்டணத்தில் பயணச்சீட்டுகளைப் பெற முடியும். மேலே குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட குறைவான சேவைத் தொடர்புகள் காரணமாக, பெரிய நகரங்களுக்கான பயணக் கட்டணத்தை விடச் சிறிய நகரங்களுக்கான கட்டணம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும். அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளில் காணப்படுவது போன்ற மிகவும் சிக்கலான கட்டண முறைகள் இந்தியாவில் இன்னும் முழுமையாக நடைமுறைக்கு வரவில்லை என்றாலும், அத்தகைய முறையை நோக்கியே இங்கேயும் மாற்றங்கள் நிகழ்ந்து வருகின்றன. வார இறுதி நாட்களில் அதிக கட்டணம், இருவழிப் பயணங்களுக்குக் குறைந்த கட்டணம் அல்லது வார இறுதி நாட்களை ஒட்டிய ''சுற்றுப்பயணங்களுக்கு''க் குறைந்த கட்டணம் போன்ற விஷயங்களைப் பற்றி நீங்கள் கவலைப்படத் தேவையில்லை.

==== வருகைப் பதிவு ====
இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் வருகைப் பதிவு செயல்முறை பெரும்பாலும் மெதுவாகவே இருக்கும். இதில் நீண்ட வரிசைகள் மற்றும் பல கட்ட பாதுகாப்பு சோதனைகள் அடங்கும்.

உங்கள் பயணத்தை எளிதாக்க சில குறிப்புகள்:

* முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலிருந்து பயணம் செய்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், '''விமானம் புறப்படுவதற்கு குறைந்தது இரண்டு முதல் மூன்று மணி நேரத்திற்கு முன்னதாகவே''' அங்கு வந்து சேரவும். சிறிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலிருந்து உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளில் பயணிப்பதாக இருந்தால், 60 அல்லது 90 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாக வருவது போதுமானது. வானூர்தி புறப்படும் நேரத்திற்கு 45 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே வருகைப் பதிவு முடிந்துவிடும். அதேபோல், வானூர்தியில் ஏறும் வாயில் 25 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே மூடப்படும். வானூர்தி புறப்படுவதில் ஏற்படும் தாமதத்தைத் தவிர்க்க, இந்த விதிமுறைகள் இப்போது பரவலாகவும் கடுமையாகவும் அமல்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
*   முன்பெல்லாம் பயணிகள் தங்கள் வானூர்திப் பயணத்திற்குச் சில மணிநேரங்களுக்கு முன்னதாக மட்டுமே வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்பட்டனர். ஆனால் இப்போது இந்த விதிமுறை தளர்த்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனவே, அதிகாலையில் வானூர்திப் பயணம் இருந்தால், நீங்கள் வானூர்தி நிலையத்திலேயே இரவு முழுவதும் தங்கலாம்.
*   '''உங்கள் பயணச்சீட்டின் அச்சுப்பிரதி அல்லது மென்நகலை''' மற்றும் '''அரசு வழங்கிய அடையாள அட்டையை''' (உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளுக்கு இது பயன்படும், சர்வதேச வானூர்திகளுக்கு இது கட்டாயம் - ''டிஜி யாத்திரா'' பயன்படுத்தினால் இது தேவையில்லை) உடன் எடுத்து வரவும். இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டீர்கள். வானூர்தி நிலைய நுழைவு வாயிலில் உள்ள பாதுகாப்புப் பணியாளர்கள் இவற்றை கட்டாயமாகச் சரிபார்த்து உறுதிப்படுத்துவார்கள். உங்களிடம் அச்சுப்பிரதியோ அல்லது மென்நகலோ இல்லையென்றால், நுழைவு வாயிலுக்கு வெளியே உள்ள வானூர்தி நிறுவன அலுவலகங்களில் நகலைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். சில வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் இந்தச் சேவைக்குக் கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கத் தொடங்கியுள்ளன.
*   சில வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் '''டிஜி யாத்திரா''' வசதி உள்ளது (குறிப்பிட்ட இடங்களிலிருந்து புறப்படும் உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளுக்கு மட்டுமே இது கிடைக்கும்). இது வருகைப் பதிவு, பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனை மற்றும் வானூர்தியில் ஏறும் வாயில் போன்ற பல்வேறு இடங்களில், காகித வடிவிலான ஆவணங்கள் இல்லாமலேயே பயணிகளின் அடையாளத்தைச் சரிபார்க்க உதவுகிறது. டிஜி யாத்திரா செயலி மூலம் பதிவு செய்த பயணிகளுக்காக, வானூர்தி நிலைய நுழைவு, வருகைப் பதிவு மற்றும் பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனை ஆகிய இடங்களில் தனி வரிசைகள் 24 வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. டிஜி யாத்திராவில் பதிவு செய்ய உங்களுக்கு ''ஆதார் அட்டை'' தேவைப்படும்.
* பெரும்பாலான பழைய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், பெருநகரங்களுக்கு வெளியே உள்ள பல வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், வருகைப் பதிவுக்கு முன்பாகவே (பொதுவாக நுழைவாயிலுக்கு அருகிலுள்ள ஒரு இடத்தில்) உங்கள் பயணப் பைகளை பரிசோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்த வேண்டும். சம்மு, சிறிநகர் அல்லது வடகிழக்கு மாநிலங்களில் உள்ள அதிக பாதுகாப்புள்ள வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், வானூர்திக்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்லும் கைப்பைக்கும் கூட பரிசோதனை கட்டாயமாகும். அனைத்துக் கைப்பைகளும் ஊடுகதிர் ஸ்கேனர் மூலம் பரிசோதிக்கப்படும். அத்துடன் பாதுகாப்புப் பணியாளர்களின் விருப்பத்தின் பேரில், அவை நேரிடையாகவும் சோதிக்கப்படலாம்.
* '''வானூர்தி நிலையத்தின் வருகைப் பதிவுப் பகுதிக்குள் நுழைந்த பிறகு, உங்கள் வானூர்தி தாமதமானாலோ அல்லது ரத்து செய்யப்பட்டாலோ ஒழிய, நீங்கள் மீண்டும் வெளியேற முடியாது.''' எனவே, வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு முன்பே உங்கள் அனைத்து வேலைகளையும் முடித்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். மேலும், பாதுகாப்பான பயணத்திற்காக வானூர்தி புறப்படுவதற்கு பல மணிநேரங்களுக்கு முன்பே நீங்கள் அங்கு சென்றால், உள்ளே நேரத்தை எவ்வாறு பயனுள்ளதாகக் கழிப்பது என்பதை முன்கூட்டியே திட்டமிட்டுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.
* '''உங்களுடன் எடுத்துச் செல்லும் ஒவ்வொரு கைப்பைக்கும் ஒரு பயணப்பைச் சிட்டை பெற்று, அதை அதில் இணைத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.''' பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் உள்ள பணியாளர்கள் உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டு மற்றும் உங்கள் கைப்பைகளின் பயணப்பைச் சிட்டைகள் ஆகியவற்றில் முத்திரையிடுவார்கள். உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டை ஊடுகதிர் பெல்ட்டில் வைக்காதீர்கள். உலோக உணர்வி வழியாகச் செல்லும்போது அதை உங்களுடனேயே எடுத்துச் செல்லுங்கள். பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைப் பகுதியை விட்டு வெளியேறும் முன், இந்த முத்திரைகள் அனைத்தும் சரியாகப் பெறப்பட்டிருப்பதை உறுதிசெய்துகொள்ளுங்கள். முத்திரையிடப்பட்ட நுழைவுச் சீட்டு இல்லையென்றால், நீங்கள் வானூர்தியில் ஏற அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டீர்கள்.
அதேபோல், முத்திரையிடப்பட்ட பயணப்பைச் சிட்டை இணைக்கப்படாத பொருட்களை வானூர்திக்க்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்லவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டாது.

ஏதேனும் சந்தேகம் இருந்தால், தயங்காமல் மற்றவர்களிடம் கேளுங்கள். வானூர்தி நிலையப் பணியாளர்கள் பொதுவாகப் பயணிகளுக்கு மிகவும் உதவியாக இருப்பார்கள். அவர்களுக்குப் பொதுவாக ஆங்கிலம் புரியும். நீங்கள் உங்கள் வானூர்தியைத் தவறவிடாமல் இருப்பதை உறுதிசெய்ய அவர்கள் முழு முயற்சி எடுப்பார்கள். குறைவான உடைமைகளுடன் (அதாவது வருகைப் பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டிய பெரிய பைகள் இல்லாமல்) பயணிப்பவர்களுக்கெனத் தனி வரிசைகள் உள்ளன. இந்த வரிசைகளில் பொதுவாகக் கூட்டம் குறைவாகவே இருக்கும். வானூர்திக்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படும் உடைமைகள் குறித்த விதிமுறைகள் ஒவ்வொரு வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்திற்கும் மாறுபடும். எனவே, முன்னெச்சரிக்கை நடவடிக்கையாக உங்கள் வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்தின் இணையதளத்தில் இதுகுறித்த விவரங்களைச் சரிபாருங்கள். குறிப்பாகக் குறைந்த கட்டண விமான சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்தும்போது இதைச் செய்வது அவசியம். பொதுவாக, பெரும்பாலான வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களில் 15 கிலோ வரையிலான உடைமைகளை இலவசமாகக் கொண்டு செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது.

மிகவும் அரிதான சூழலில் ஏதேனும் வானூர்தி விபத்து ஏற்பட்டால், உதவிக்கு {{Wy/ta/Phone|1011}} என்ற எண் கொண்ட உதவி மையம் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. 

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
{{Wy/ta/Main|Wy/ta/இந்தியாவில் தொடருந்துப் பயணம்}}

[[File:Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_(Victoria_Terminus).jpg|thumb|1878 முதல் 1887 வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தில் பம்பாயில் (தற்போது மும்பை) ''விக்டோரியா டெர்மினஸ்'' என்ற பெயரில் கட்டப்பட்ட [[Wy/ta/சத்திரபதி சிவாசி தொடருந்து நிலையம்|சத்திரபதி சிவாசி தொடருந்து நிலையம்]], ஆங்கிலோ-இந்தியக் கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு ஒரு குறிப்பிடத்தக்க எடுத்துக்காட்டாகும்.]]
இந்தியா உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய தொடருந்து வலைப்பின்னல்களில் ஒன்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. தொடருந்து சேவை மிகவும் திறமையானது என்றாலும், தொடருந்துகள் பெரும்பாலும் சரியான நேரத்தில் வருவதில்லை. இந்திய தொடருந்தில் பயணம் செய்வது இந்தியாவின் நிலப்பரப்பையும் அழகையும் கண்டறியும் வாய்ப்பை அளிப்பதோடு, உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திப் பயணத்தை விட இது பொதுவாகக் குறைந்த செலவுடையதாகவும் உள்ளது. ஆடம்பரமான வசதிகள் முதல் சாதாரண வசதிகள் வரை பல்வேறு வகுப்புகள் இருப்பதால், நாட்டையும் அதன் மக்களையும் அறிந்துகொள்ள இதுவே சிறந்த வழியாகும். தொடருந்தில் பயணிக்கும் பெரும்பாலான பயணிகள் உங்கள் மீது ஆர்வம் காட்டுவதோடு, உங்களுடன் உரையாடி நேரத்தைச் செலவிடுவதில் மகிழ்ச்சியும் கொள்வார்கள். இரவு நேர துயிலுறை வசதி வகுப்பு
கொண்ட தொடருந்தில் பயணிப்பது ஓட்டல் செலவை மிச்சப்படுத்தினாலும், சில வழித்தடங்களில் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருப்பதால் உங்கள் தூக்கம் அவ்வளவு வசதியாக இல்லாமல் போகலாம்.

அரிதாக நிகழக்கூடிய தொடருந்து விபத்து ஒன்றில் நீங்கள் சிக்கும் சூழல் ஏற்பட்டால், உதவிக்கான தொலைபேசி எண் {{Wy/ta/Phone|1011}} ஆகும். இந்தியாவில் தொடருந்துப் பயணம் பொதுவாகப் பாதுகாப்பானது என்றாலும், விபத்துகள் நிகழக்கூடும். கடந்த காலங்களில் இத்தகைய விபத்துகளால் உயிரிழப்புகளும் கடுமையான காயங்களும் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளன.

உங்களுக்கு உதவி தேவைப்பட்டால், தொடருந்துகளிலும் தொடருந்து நிலையங்களிலும் காவல்துறையினரோ அல்லது பாதுகாவலர்களோ இருப்பார்கள் (அவர்கள் தொடருந்து பாதுகாப்புப் படையைச் (ஆர்பிஎஃப்) சேர்ந்தவர்கள் என்பதைத் தெளிவாக அடையாளம் காண முடியும்).

==== பயணிகள் தொடருந்துகள் ====
'''உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகள்''' என்பவை ''இந்திய ரயில்வே''யால் இயக்கப்படும் பயணிகள் தொடருந்துகள் ஆகும். இவை முக்கிய நகரங்களைச் சுற்றியுள்ள ஊர்கள் மற்றும் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளை இணைக்கின்றன. தொடருந்து நிலையங்களின் நடைமேடைகளைப் போலவே, இந்த தொடருந்துகளும் பெரும்பாலும் அதிக நெரிசலுடன் காணப்படும். உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​நிலையங்களிலும் தொடருந்துகளிலும் ஜேப்படி திருடர்கள் இருக்கக்கூடும் என்பதால் உங்கள் சுற்றுப்புறம் குறித்து விழிப்புடன் இருக்கவும். இருப்பினும், இந்த தொடருந்துகளைச் சுற்றி ஒரு தனித்துவமான பண்பாடு நிலவுகிறது.

பெரும்பாலான முக்கிய நகரங்களில் ''பெருநகர்த் தொடரி'' மற்றும் ''இலகுத் தொடரி'' சேவைகள் உள்ளன. இவை பாதுகாப்பானவை மற்றும் முறையான காவல் கண்காணிப்புக்கு உட்பட்டவை. தொடருந்துகள் மற்றும் நிலையங்களில் மறைகாணிகள் பொருத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன, மேலும் நன்கு பயிற்சி பெற்ற பணியாளர்கள் பணியில் உள்ளனர். இவற்றின் தரம் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளுக்கு இணையானதாக உள்ளது. இருப்பினும், குறிப்பாக மக்கள் நடமாட்டம் மிகுந்த நேரங்களில் கூட்ட நெரிசல் ஏற்பட வாய்ப்புள்ளது. உள்ளே செல்வதற்கு முன், நீங்கள் ஒரு விரைவான பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனையை மேற்கொள்ள வேண்டியிருக்கலாம்.

பெண் பயணிகளுக்காக உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகளில் பெண்களுக்கு மட்டுமான பெட்டிகள் உள்ளன (அவை எங்குள்ளன என்பதைச் சரிபார்க்கவும். தொடருந்தின் ஜன்னல்களில் அதற்கான குறியீடுகள் இருக்கும்).

==== வழக்கமான தொடருந்துகள் ====
[[File:Chennai train station.jpg|thumb|புரட்சித் தலைவர் டாக்டர் எம்.ஜி.ஆர். சென்னை மத்தியத் தொடருந்து நிலையம், [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]]]]


==== பயணச்சீட்டு முன்பதிவு ====


==== உணவு ====


=== வாடகை மகிழுந்தில் ===

=== பேருந்தில் ===


=== மகிழுந்தில் ===


==== வாடகை மகிழுந்தை தானே செலுத்துதல் ====


==== ஓட்டுநருடன் கூடிய வாடகை மகிழுந்து ====


=== விசையுந்தில் ===


=== பெருவிரல் செய்கையால் ====


=== இழுவண்டியில் ===


=== படகில் ===


== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==


== செய்யுங்கள் ==


== கற்றுக் கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


== பணியாற்றுங்கள் ==


== வாங்குங்கள் ==


== உண்ணுங்கள் ==


== பருகுங்கள் ==


== உறங்குங்கள் ==


== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==


== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==


== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==


== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


== சமாளியுங்கள் ==


[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q668}}

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'''இந்தியா''' ([[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: भारत ''பாரத்''), [[Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஆசியா|தெற்கு ஆசியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகும். உலகின் மிக உயர்ந்த மலைகள், அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் மற்றும் மிக நீண்ட நதிகள் பலவற்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. பண்டைய உலகின் மாபெரும் நாகரிகங்களில் ஒன்றாகத் திகழ்ந்ததும், ஒரு காலத்தில் 'பொன்னிறப் பறவை' எனப் போற்றப்பட்டதுமான இந்தியாவின் மரபும் பண்பாடும், கடந்த காலத்தையும் நிகழ்காலத்தையும் இணைக்கும் ஒரு செழுமையான கலவையாக விளங்குகின்றன. உலகின் அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட இந்த பரந்த நாடு, பயணிகளுக்குப் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் சமயங்கள் மற்றும் இனவியல் கூறுகள், மொழிகளின் ஒரு பெரும் தொகுப்பு, பலவிதமான உணவு வகைகள், அத்துடன் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு கட்டப்பட்டு இன்றும் சிதையாமல் நிற்கும் கட்டிடக்கலைச் சான்றுகள் ஆகியவற்றைக் காணும் வாய்ப்பை வழங்குகிறது. உலகமயமாக்கப்பட்ட சூழலுக்குள் இந்நாடு தன்னைத் திறந்துகொண்டிருந்தாலும், இங்கு வருகை தரும் பலரையும் வியப்பிலும் ஈர்ப்பிலும் ஆழ்த்தும் வரலாற்று ஆழத்தையும் பண்பாட்டுச் செழுமையையும் இந்தியா இன்றும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது.

இந்திய நாகரிகம் வரலாறு முழுவதும் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு செலுத்தி வந்துள்ளது. [[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின்]] பல பண்பாடுகள் வலுவான இந்தியத் தாக்கங்களை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. பௌத்த மதத்தின் பரவல் வாயிலாக, சில இந்தியத் தாக்கங்கள் கிழக்கு ஆசியப் பண்பாடுகளிலும் ஊடுருவியுள்ளன.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
இந்தியா நிர்வாக ரீதியாக 28 மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் 8 ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகளாக பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மாநிலங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் மொழி அடிப்படையில் வரையறுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. அவை அளவில் வேறுபடுகின்றன. பெரிய மாநிலங்கள் [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பாவின்]] சில நாடுகளை விடப் பெரியதாகவும், அதிக பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டதாகவும் உள்ளன. ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகள் பொதுவாக மாநிலங்களை விட மிகவும் சிறியவை — சில சமயங்களில் அவை ஒரே ஒரு நகரமாக மட்டுமே இருக்கும். மேலும், அவற்றுக்கு மிகக் குறைந்த சுயாட்சியே உண்டு. இந்தியாவின் பிரதான நிலப்பரப்பிற்கு அப்பால் இரண்டு தீவுச் சங்கிலிகள் உள்ளன – [[Wy/ta/வங்காள விரிகுடா|வங்காள விரிகுடாவில்]] உள்ள [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] மற்றும் அரபிக்கடலில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]].

மாநிலங்களும் யூனியன் பிரதேசங்களும் மரபுரீதியாகப் பின்வரும் மண்டலங்களாக வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன:
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| region2color=#d5dc76
| region2items=[[Wy/ta/பஞ்சாப் (இந்தியா)|பஞ்சாப்]], [[Wy/ta/அரியானா|அரியானா]], [[Wy/ta/உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்|உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/பிகார்|பிகார்]], [[Wy/ta/சண்டிகர்|சண்டிகர்]], [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]]
| region2description=இந்தியாவின் 'தானியக் களஞ்சியம்' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இப்பகுதி, புனித நதிகளான கங்கை, யமுனை மற்றும் அவற்றின் துணை ஆறுகளால் நீர்ப்பாசனம் பெறுகிறது. நாட்டின் தலைநகரான [[Wy/ta/புது தில்லி|புது தில்லி]], ''தாஜ் மகால்'' அமைந்துள்ள [[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா|ஆக்ரா]], மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மதுரா|மதுரா]], [[Wy/ta/பிரயாக்ராஜ்|பிரயாக்ராஜ்]], [[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]], [[Wy/ta/போத் கயா|போத் கயா]], [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரசு|அமிர்தசரசு]] போன்ற புனித நகரங்களும் இப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளன. இந்தியாவின் வரலாற்றை வடிவமைத்த பல முக்கிய நிகழ்வுகள் இப்பகுதியிலேயே நடைபெற்றன.

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியா]]
| region3color=#71b37b
| region3items=[[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/குசராத்து|குசராத்து]], [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரம்]], [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]], [[Wy/ta/தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்|தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்]]
| region3description= பரந்து விரிந்த தார் பாலைவனம்; இராசத்தானின் வண்ணமயமான அரண்மனைகள், கோட்டைகள் மற்றும் நகரங்கள்; நாட்டின் மிகவும் துடிப்பான மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரமான [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]]; மகாராட்டிரத்தில் உள்ள அஜந்தா மற்றும் எல்லோரா குகைகளின் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் பாறைச் சிற்பங்கள்; தூய்மையான காடுகள்; [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவாவின்]] அற்புதமான கடற்கரைகள்; [[Wy/ta/குசராத்து|குசராத்தின்]] கிர் காடுகளில் உள்ள ஆசியச் சிங்கங்கள்; மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாது|அகமதாபாது]], [[Wy/ta/சூரத்து|சூரத்து]], [[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]] போன்ற வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வரும் நகரங்கள் ஆகியவற்றை இது கொண்டுள்ளது.

| region4name=[[Wy/ta/மத்திய இந்தியா|மத்திய இந்தியா]]
| region4color=#8a84a3
| region4items=[[Wy/ta/சத்தீசுகர்|சத்தீசுகர்]], [[Wy/ta/மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்|மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்]]
| region4description=அற்புதமான மற்றும் துடிப்பான நிலப்பரப்பைக் கொண்ட இப்பகுதி, அலை அலையான மலைகள், கண்கவர் அருவிகள் மற்றும் செழிப்பான வனவிலங்குகள் முதல் பாரம்பரியக் கட்டிடக்கலை, பழங்குடியினரின் பண்பாட்டுப் பாரம்பரியம் மற்றும் நவீன எஃகுத் தொழில் வரை அனைத்தையும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது. இது விந்திய மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சத்புரா மலைத்தொடர்கள்|சத்புரா மலைத்தொடர்கள்]], [[Wy/ta/ஜெகதல்பூர்|சித்திரகூட அருவி]], வரலாற்றுக்கு முந்தைய காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த [[Wy/ta/பீம்பேட்கா பாறை வாழிடங்கள்|பீம்பேட்கா பாறை வாழிடங்கள்]], [[Wy/ta/கசுராகோ நினைவுச்சின்னங்களின் தொகுதி|கசுராகோவின் கலைநயமிக்க சிற்பங்கள்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பிலாய்-துர்க் தொழிற்பகுதி|பிலாய்-துர்க் தொழிற்பகுதி]] ஆகியவற்றின் தாயகமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.

| region5name=[[Wy/ta/கிழக்கு இந்தியா|கிழக்கு இந்தியா]]
| region5color=#4da9c4
| region5items=[[Wy/ta/சார்க்கண்டு|சார்க்கண்டு]], [[Wy/ta/ஒடிசா|ஒடிசா]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]], [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு வங்காளம்|மேற்கு வங்காளம்]]
| region5description=பொருளாதார ரீதியாகக் குறைவாக வளர்ச்சியடைந்திருந்தாலும், கலாச்சார ரீதியாகச் செழுமையானதும், வெளியிலிருந்து வருவோரை மிகவும் அன்புடன் வரவேற்கும் தன்மையுடையதுமான பகுதியாகும் இது. பிரித்தானிய இந்தியாவின் தலைநகராக ஒருகாலத்தில் திகழ்ந்த [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பூரி|பூரி]], [[Wy/ta/புவனேஸ்வர்|புவனேஸ்வர்]], [[Wy/ta/கோனார்க்கு|கோனார்க்கு]] ஆகிய கோயில் நகரங்கள் இப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளன. மலைப்பகுதிகள் முதல் கடற்கரை வரை இப்பகுதி பரவியிருப்பதால், இங்குள்ள காலநிலையில் சுவாரஸ்யமான வேறுபாடுகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், நாட்டின் மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் வளமான சுரங்கங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, இந்தியாவின் கனிம வளக் களஞ்சியமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

| region6name=[[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா]]
| region6color=#d56d76
| region6items=[[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]], [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/மேகாலயா|மேகாலயா]], [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]], [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுரா]]
| region6description=செழிப்பான மற்றும் அழகான நிலப்பரப்புகள், இந்தோ-மலேயப் பகுதியைச் சார்ந்த தனித்துவமான தாவர மற்றும் விலங்கினங்கள், மற்றும் புகழ்பெற்ற தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்கள் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட இப்பகுதி, நாட்டின் பழங்குடியினர் வசிக்கும் ஒரு தனித்துவமான மற்றும் பெரும்பாலும் மனிதத் தலையீடற்ற பகுதியாகும். இது &quot;ஏழு சகோதரிகள்&quot; என்று பரவலாக அறியப்படும் ஏழு மாநிலங்களை உள்ளடக்கியது. உலகின் மிகப் பழமையான போலோ மைதானம், உலகின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் தேசியப் பூங்கா, பெண்களால் மட்டுமே நடத்தப்படும் உலகின் ஒரே சந்தை மற்றும் உலகின் மிக உயரமான ''செடிக் கத்தரிப்புக்கலை'' தாவரம் ஆகியவற்றை [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூரில்]] காணலாம். மேகாலயா மாநிலம் அதன் வசீகரிக்கும் சூழல் காரணமாக ''இந்தியாவின் ஸ்காட்லாந்து'' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

| region7name=[[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]]
| region7color=#b383b3
| region7items=[[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்|ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகம்]], [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளம்]], [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/புதுச்சேரி (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|புதுச்சேரி]], [[Wy/ta/தமிழ்நாடு|தமிழ்நாடு]], [[Wy/ta/தெலங்காணா|தெலங்காணா]]
| region7description=இப்பகுதியில் புகழ்பெற்ற மற்றும் வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கோயில்கள், வெப்பமண்டலக் காடுகள், உப்பங்கழிகள், கடற்கரைகள், மலைவாசஸ்தலங்கள், [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது (இந்தியா)|ஐதராபாது]] ஆகிய மூன்று முக்கிய நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற சிறிய நகரங்கள் ஆகியவை அமைந்துள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/மைசூரு|மைசூரு]] நகரம், குறிப்பாக மைசூர் அரண்மனை போன்ற அரண்மனைகளுக்கு உலகப் புகழ்பெற்றது. வசதிக்காக இப்பகுதியுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள் (கிழக்கே) மற்றும் லட்சத்தீவுகள் (மேற்கே) ஆகிய தீவுக்கூட்டங்கள், பிரதான நிலப்பகுதியிலிருந்து வெகு தொலைவில் அமைந்து தனித்துவமான சிறப்பியல்புகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளன; இவை அழகான கடற்கரைகளுக்கும், வழக்கமான சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களிலிருந்து மாறுபட்ட அனுபவத்தை விரும்புவோருக்கான இடமாகவும் அறியப்படுகின்றன.
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் அதிகபட்சம் 9 இடங்களுக்கு மட்டுமே வரையறுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்கள் குறித்து முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
இவை இந்தியாவின் மிக முக்கியமான நகரங்களில் சிலவாகும். பிற நகரங்களை அவற்றின் குறிப்பிட்ட மண்டலங்களின் கீழ் காணலாம்.
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 40 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]] பல பழைய பண்பாட்டு மதிப்பீடுகளைக் கொண்டுள்ள புதுக் கூர்மாடப் பாணி அதிசயங்களின் இருப்பிடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.]]
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]]|wikidata=Q1353}} — இந்தியாவின் தலைநகரம் மற்றும் வட இந்தியாவின் இதயம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]]|wikidata=Q1355}} (''பேங்களூர்'') — அழகான பூங்கா நகரம்; ஒரு காலத்தில் ஓய்வூதியம் பெறுவோர் அமைதியாக வாழ்ந்த இடமாக இருந்தது, இப்போது உயர் தொழில்நுட்ப நிறுவனங்கள் மற்றும் பல மதுக்கூடங்கள் நிறைந்த தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையமாக மாறியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]]|wikidata=Q1352}} (''மெட்ராஸ்'') — தென் இந்தியாவின் முக்கிய துறைமுகம், கலாச்சார மையம் மற்றும் இந்தியாவின் வாகனத் தொழில்துறைத் தலைநகரம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது (இந்தியா)|ஐதராபாது]]|wikidata=Q1361}} — முத்து மற்றும் வைர வர்த்தகம் மற்றும் பாரம்பரிய இந்திய அரிசி உணவான 'பிரியாணி'க்கு பெயர் பெற்றது; தற்போது முக்கிய உற்பத்தி மற்றும் நிதி நிறுவனங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]]|wikidata=Q66485}} — ''இளஞ்சிவப்பு நகரம்''; இடைக்கால வட இந்தியாவின் இந்து ராஜபுத்திர கலாச்சாரத்தின் முக்கிய அடையாளமாகத் திகழ்கிறது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]]|wikidata=Q1348}} (''கல்கத்தா'') — இந்தியாவின் கலாச்சாரத் தலைநகரம்; 'மகிழ்ச்சியின் நகரம்' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது மற்றும் பல காலனித்துவ கால கட்டிடங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]]|wikidata=Q1156}} (''பம்பாய்'') — இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம் மற்றும் நிதித் தலைநகரம்; ''எப்போதும் உறங்காத நகரம்'' மற்றும் இந்தித் திரைப்படத் துறையான ''பாலிவுட்''-இன் தாயகம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சிம்லா|சிம்லா]]|wikidata=Q83786}} — இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசத்தின் தலைநகரம்; கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 2 கி.மீ-க்கும் அதிகமான உயரத்தில் இமயமலையில் அமைந்துள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]]|wikidata=Q79980}} (''பனாரசு'') — இந்துக்களின் மிகப்புனிதமான நகரமாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது; கங்கை நதிக்கரையில் அமைந்துள்ளது மற்றும் உலகின் மிகப்பழமையான, தொடர்ந்து மக்கள் வசித்து வரும் நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகும்

== பிற சேருமிடங்கள் ==
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுமே இருக்க வேண்டும். முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
இந்தியாவில் பல சிறப்பான அடையாளங்களும், ஈடு இணையற்ற அழகு வாய்ந்த இடங்களும் உள்ளன. அவற்றில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க சில இங்கே:

*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/போத் கயா|போத் கயா]]|wikidata=Q176767}} — மகாபோதி கோயில் உள்ளிட்ட முக்கிய கோயில் வளாகம்; சாக்கியமுனி புத்தர் ஞானம் பெற்ற இடம் இதுவாகும்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/எல்லோரா|எல்லோரா]]|wikidata=Q189616}} மற்றும்
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/அஜந்தா|அஜந்தா]]|wikidata=Q184427}} — பாறையைக் குடைந்து அமைக்கப்பட்ட அற்புதமான குகை மடாலயங்கள் மற்றும் கோயில்கள்; பௌத்தர்கள், சமணர்கள் மற்றும் இந்துக்களுக்கான புனிதத் தலங்கள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[அமிர்தசரஸ்#பொற்கோயில்|பொற்கோயில்]]|wikidata=Q180422}} — [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரஸ்|அமிர்தசரஸ்]] நகரில் உள்ள சீக்கியர்களின் புனிதத் தலம்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/அம்பி (கருநாடகா)|அம்பி]]|wikidata=Q26732}} — விஜயநகரப் பேரரசின் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் இடிபாடுகள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/கஜுராஹோ|கஜுராஹோ]]|wikidata=Q178948}} — காமக் கலைச் சிற்பங்களுக்குப் புகழ்பெற்ற கோயில் வளாகங்கள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/கொனார்க்|கொனார்க்]]|wikidata=Q749189}} — சூரியக் கோயில்; கலிங்கக் கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு ஒரு தனித்துவமான எடுத்துக்காட்டு மற்றும் {{Wy/ta/UNESCO World Heritage Site}}.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/மதுரை#மீனாட்சி அம்மன் கோயில்|மீனாட்சி கோயில்]]|wikidata=Q1424358}} — [[Wy/ta/மதுரை|மதுரையில்]] உள்ள ஒரு அற்புதமான இந்து கோயில்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா#தாஜ் மகால்|தாஜ் மகால்]]|wikidata=Q9141}} — [[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா|ஆக்ராவில்]] உள்ள இணையற்ற சலவைக்கல் கல்லறை; நவீன உலகின் ஏழு அதிசயங்களில் ஒன்று.
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுமே இருக்க வேண்டும். முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்==
இந்தியா, நல்ல விதத்திலும் கெட்ட விதத்திலும், மனதைக் கவரும் ஒரு நாடு. பகட்டான ஆடம்பரம் முதல் கொடிய துயரம் வரை, நெரிசல் மிகுந்த நகரங்கள் முதல் அமைதியான கிராமப்புறங்கள் வரை, அடர்ந்த காடுகள் மற்றும் பவளப்பாறைகள் முதல் பாழடைந்த பாலைவனங்கள் மற்றும் உயர்ந்த மலைகள் வரை, இந்தியாவில் உண்மையிலேயே அனைத்தும் உள்ளன. இது மக்கள், பண்பாடு, மொழி மற்றும் உணவுக்கும் பொருந்தும்; இவை சிறிய மற்றும் பெரிய வழிகளில் பெருமளவில் வேறுபடலாம். ஒரு மிக எளிய உதாரணம் சொல்ல வேண்டுமென்றால், மும்பையில் ஒரு வாடகை சிற்றுந்து ஓட்டுநர் ஒரு வார்த்தை கூட பேசாமல் தனது மீட்டர் கொடியை இறக்கி, சரியான சில்லறையைத் திருப்பிக் கொடுப்பார். ஆனால் தில்லியில், ஓட்டுநரிடம் மீட்டரைப் பயன்படுத்தச் சொல்லி, சில்லறை கிடைக்குமா என்று எதிர்பார்க்க வேண்டும். மற்ற சில பகுதிகளில், ஓட்டுநர்களிடம் மீட்டர்களே இருப்பதில்லை; அவர்கள் குறுகிய தூரங்களுக்குக் கூட கட்டணங்களை நிர்ணயித்து விடுகிறார்கள். அவர்கள் கேட்கும் தொகையை மட்டும் செலுத்தினால் போதும்.  ஒரு நேர்மையான ஓட்டுநர் கிடைத்தால், பயணி தன்னை பாக்கியவான் என்று கருதிக்கொள்ளலாம். இந்தியா பெரும்பாலான அம்சங்களில்  தீவிரமான வேறுபாடுகளைக் காட்டுகிறது, மேலும் சிறந்ததைக் கண்டறிய ஒருவருக்கு பொறுமையும் வாய்ப்பும் தேவை. இந்தியாவின் எந்தவொரு அம்சத்தைப் பற்றியும் நமக்கு எல்லாம் தெரியும் என்று ஒருபோதும் கருத வேண்டாம்; ஒவ்வொரு நாளும் முற்றிலும் புதிய அம்சங்களை காணத் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும்.

இந்திய நாகரிகம் வரலாறு முழுவதும் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு செலுத்தி வந்துள்ளது; தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின் பல பண்பாடுகள் வலுவான இந்தியத் தாக்கங்களை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. பௌத்த மதத்தின் பரவல் வாயிலாக, சில இந்தியத் தாக்கங்கள் கிழக்கு ஆசியக் கலாச்சாரங்களிலும் ஊடுருவியுள்ளன.

===வரலாறு===
மனிதர்கள் முதன்முதலில் இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டத்திற்கு சுமார் கி.மு. 70,000-ஆம் ஆண்டில் குடியேறியதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது; மேலும், இந்தியாவின் கற்காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த சில தொல்லியல் தளங்களும் இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளன. இவற்றுள் ஒரு முக்கியமான தளம் பாக்கித்தானில் உள்ள மெகர்கர் ஆகும். இங்குதான், இத்துணைக்கண்டத்திலேயே மிகவும் பழமையானதாக அறியப்படும் வேளாண்மைக்கான சான்றுகள் — சுமார் கி.மு. 7000-ஆம் ஆண்டைச் சேர்ந்தவை என கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ளன.

சிந்து சமவெளி நாகரிகம் (கி.மு. 3300–1300) உலகின் முதல் வெண்கலக் கால நாகரிகங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். மேலும், அந்நாகரிகம் தன் காலத்திற்கு மிகவும் மேம்பட்டதாகத் திகழ்ந்தது. அதன் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில் (கி.மு. 2600–1900), இது தற்போதைய பாகித்தானின் பெரும்பகுதியையும், வட இந்தியாவின் சில பகுதிகளையும், கிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தானின் சில பகுதிகளையும் உள்ளடக்கியிருந்தது. பாக்கித்தானில் அமைந்துள்ள மொகஞ்சதாரோ மற்றும் அரப்பா ஆகியவையே இந்நாகரிகத்தின் மிகப்பெரிய இரண்டு தொல்லியல் தளங்களாகும்.

கி.மு. 2000- ஆண்டுக்குப் பிறகு ஒரு காலகட்டத்தில், வடமேற்கில் எங்கோ ஓர் இடத்திலிருந்து வந்த கால்நடை மேய்ப்பர்களான ஆரியர்கள் இப்பகுதிக்குக் குடிபெயர்ந்தனர். ஏறக்குறைய அதே நேரத்தில், தொடர்புடைய குழுக்கள் கிரீசு (மினோயர்களை இடம்பெயரச் செய்த எலனிக்கு கிரேக்கர்கள்), அனடோலியா அல்லது துருக்கி (இட்டைட்டுகள்), பாரசீகம் மற்றும் பிற பகுதிகள் மீது படையெடுத்தன. இந்தப் பழங்குடியினர் அனைவரும் தொடர்புடைய மொழிகளைப் பேசியதாகவும், வட இந்தியா, ஐரோப்பா மற்றும் மத்திய ஆசியாவில் பேசப்படும் பெரும்பாலான மொழிகள் உட்பட பல நவீன மொழிகள் அவர்களிடமிருந்து தோன்றியவை என்றும் நம்பப்படுகிறது. மொழியியலாளர்கள் இவை அனைத்தையும் இந்தோ-ஐரோப்பிய மொழிக்குடும்பத்தில் வகைப்படுத்துகின்றனர்.

வேத காலம் ஏறத்தாழ கி.மு. 1500 முதல் 500 வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தைச் சேர்ந்ததாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. இந்து சமயத்தின் மிகப் பழமையான மற்றும் புனிதமான நூல்களான வேதங்கள் தொகுக்கப்பட்ட காலம் இதுவே ஆகும். இவை, இந்தோ-ஆரிய மொழியான வேத சமசுகிருதத்தில் இயற்றப்பட்டிருந்தன. இக்காலத்தைப் பற்றிய விவரங்களும் தொல்லியல் சான்றுகளும் மிகக் குறைவாகவே கிடைத்திருப்பினும், இந்து சமயத்தின் பல சடங்குகள் இக்காலத்தில்தான் வடிவம் பெற்றன.

[[File:Varanasikedarghat.JPG|thumb|240px|வாரணாசியில் கங்கை நதியில் நீராடும் இந்துப் பயணிகள்]]

வேத நாகரிகமானது, தார்மீக சமயங்களின் வாயிலாக இன்றும் இந்தியாவைத் தொடர்ந்து பாதித்து வருகிறது. தற்கால இந்து சமயம் தனது வேர்களை வேதங்களில் கொண்டிருந்தாலும், உபநிடதங்கள் மற்றும் புராணங்கள் முதல் இராமாயணம், மகாபாரதம் ஆகிய பெருங்காப்பியங்கள் வரையிலான, வேதங்களுக்குப் பிந்தைய இலக்கியங்களாலும் பெரிதும் தாக்கம் பெற்றுள்ளது. மரபுசார்ந்து பார்க்கையில், இவ் இலக்கியங்கள் அனைத்தும் வேதங்களில் ஏற்கனவே பொதிந்துள்ள அறிவையே விரிவுபடுத்திச் செறிவூட்டுவனவாகவே கருதப்படுகின்றன.

மகாபாரதத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியான 'பகவத் கீதை', மிகவும் பரவலாக வாசிக்கப்படும் நூல்களில் ஒன்றாகும். இந்து மதத்தின் நான்கு வேதங்களின் சுருக்கமான சாரமாகவே கீதை கருதப்படுகிறது. கிருட்டிணரின் உடலுக்குள் புகுந்த 'காலன்' 18 அத்தியாயங்களில் அமைந்த 700 செய்யுள்கள் வாயிலாக கீதையின் ஞானத்தை எடுத்துரைத்ததாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. குருசேத்திரத்தில் நடைபெறவிருந்த ஒரு மாபெரும் போருக்குச் சற்று முன்னதாக, அந்தப் போரின் நாயகனான அர்ச்சுனனுக்கும் — அவனுக்குத் தேரோட்டியாகப் பணியாற்றிய — கடவுள் கிருட்டிணருக்கும் இடையே நிகழ்ந்த உரையாடலாகவே இந்நூல் அமைந்துள்ளது. இன்றைய காலகட்டத்தில், குருசேத்திரம் ஒரு புனித யாத்திரை மற்றும் சுற்றுலாத் தலமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.

பொ.மு. முதல் ஆயிரமாண்டில், பல்வேறு தத்துவச் சிந்தனைப் பள்ளிகள் தோன்றி, இந்து சமயத்தை வெகுவாகச் செழுமைப்படுத்தின. அவற்றில் பெரும்பாலானவை வேதங்களிலிருந்தே தோன்றியதாகக் கூறின. இருப்பினும், இப்பள்ளிகளுள் சில—அவற்றில் பௌத்தமும் சமணமும் அடங்கும்—வேதங்களின் அதிகாரத்தையே கேள்விக்குள்ளாக்கின; தற்போது அவை தனித்தனிச் சமயங்களாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

கி.மு. 500 மற்றும் கி.பி. 590-ஆம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் பல மாபெரும் பேரரசுகள் தோன்றின. அவற்றுள் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கவை மௌரியர்களும் குப்தர்களும் ஆவர். இவ்விரு பேரரசுகளின் தலைநகரமும், தற்போது பாட்னா என்று அழைக்கப்படும் பாடலிபுத்திரம் நகரமாகவே விளங்கியது. குப்தப் பேரரசு (கி.பி. 3-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு முதல் கி.பி. 590 வரை) பெரும்பாலும் இந்தியாவின் 'பொற்காலம்' என்று போற்றப்படுகிறது. இதற்கு மேலும் மேற்கே, காந்தார நாகரிகம் (முதலில் ஒரு சுதந்திர அரசாகவும், பின்னர் மௌரியப் பேரரசின் ஒரு பகுதியாகவும் விளங்கியது) — தற்போது பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் ஆப்கானித்தான் என அழைக்கப்படும் நிலப்பரப்பின் பெரும்பகுதியை ஆட்சி செய்தது. இவர்களின் நகரமான தட்சசீலம், பௌத்தம் மற்றும் பிற துறைகள் சார்ந்த கல்விக்கு ஒரு சிறந்த மையமாகத் திகழ்ந்தது.

காலப்போக்கில், பௌத்தமும் சமணமும் படிப்படியாகச் சரிவைச் சந்தித்தன. குறிப்பாக, பௌத்த சமய நடைமுறைகள் இந்தியாவின் மையப்பகுதியிலிருந்து மறைந்தே போயின. இருப்பினும், புத்தர் இந்து சமயத் தெய்வங்களின் வரிசையில் ஒருவராக இணைத்துக்கொள்ளப்பட்டார். சமண சமயமானது, தங்களை இந்துக்களாகக் கருதிக்கொள்வதா அல்லது வேண்டாமா என்பது குறித்துத் தெளிவற்ற நிலையில் உள்ள, கணிசமான எண்ணிக்கையிலான ஒரு சிறுபான்மைச் சமூகத்தினரால் இன்றும் தொடர்ந்து பின்பற்றப்பட்டு வருகிறது. இந்து சமயமும் கூடப் பெரும் மாற்றங்களுக்கு உள்ளானது. இந்திரன், அக்னி போன்ற வேதகாலத் தெய்வங்களின் முக்கியத்துவம் குறைந்த அதே வேளையில், விசுணு, சிவன் மற்றும் அவர்களின் பல்வேறு அவதாரங்கள், குடும்ப உறுப்பினர்கள் போன்ற புராணகாலத் தெய்வங்கள் முதன்மை பெற்றன.

[[File:Jama Masjid, Delhi, morning view.jpg|thumb|சாமா பள்ளிவாசல் தில்லி]]

8 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் இசுலாமியப் படையெடுப்புகள் தொடங்கின. படிப்படியாக, படையெடுப்பாளர்கள் ஆட்சியாளர்களாக நிலைபெறத் தொடங்கினர், விரைவில் வட இந்தியாவின் பெரும்பகுதி முசுலிம்களால் ஆளப்பட்டது. மிக முக்கியமான முசுலிம் ஆட்சியாளர்கள் முகலாயப் பேரரசு ஆவர். இப்பேரரசு அதன் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில் (தெற்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு முனைகளைத் தவிர) கிட்டத்தட்ட முழு துணைக்கண்டத்தையும் உள்ளடக்கியிருந்தது. அதே நேரத்தில், வடக்கில் தப்பிப்பிழைத்த முக்கிய இந்துப் படை இராசபுத்திரர்கள் ஆவர். தங்கள் நிலத்தின் மீதான படையெடுப்பை எதிர்த்து நின்ற இராசபுத்திரர்களின் வீரம் புகழ்பெற்றது; அது இராசத்தானின் கோட்டைகள் முழுவதும் உள்ள நாட்டுப்புறப் பாடல்களில் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. இராசபுத்திரர்களில் முக்கியமானவர் சித்தோர்கரின் ஆட்சியாளரான மகா ராணா பிரதாப் ஆவார். இவர் முகலாயர்களின் மூன்றாமவரான அக்பருடன் போரிட்டு, பல ஆண்டுகள் நாடுகடத்தப்பட்ட நிலையில் கழித்தார். இருப்பினும், இறுதியில் இராசபுத்திரர்கள் அடக்கப்பட்டனர். சில முகலாயப் படைகளில் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான இராசபுத்திர அதிகாரிகள் இருந்தனர், ஆனாலும் சகாங்கீர், சாச்சகான் மற்றும் அவுரங்கசீப் ஆகியோரின் ஆட்சிக்காலத்தில் சில இராசபுத்திரக் கிளர்ச்சிகள் நிகழ்ந்தன. வட இந்தியாவின் இந்தக் காலகட்டமே இராசத்தானின் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களையும் தாச்மகாலையும் உருவாக்கியது. இந்தி மற்றும் உருது மொழிகளும் இடைக்கால வட இந்தியாவில் வேரூன்றின. இசுலாமிய காலத்தில், இந்துக்கள் இசுலாமிற்கு மதம் மாறினர்; பெரும்பாலும் கட்டாயமாகவோ அல்லது சிசியா வரியைத் தவிர்ப்பதற்காகவோ மதம் மாறினர் என முசுலிம் வரலாற்றாசிரியர்கள் கூறுகின்றனர். இன்று, இந்தியாவின் மக்கள் தொகையில் சுமார் 15% பேர் இசுலாத்தைப் பின்பற்றுகிறார்கள்.

மற்றொரு முக்கிய மதமான சீக்கிய மதம், முகலாயர் காலத்தில் பஞ்சாப் பகுதியில் தோற்றுவிக்கப்பட்டது. சீக்கிய மதத்திற்கும் முகலாயர்களுக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள் காலப்போக்கில் மாறுபட்டன. அமிர்தசரசில் அமைந்துள்ள பொற்கோயில் கட்டப்பட்டதுடன், சீக்கிய மதத்தின் முதன்மையான புனித யாத்திரை மையமாக உலகம் முழுவதும் அங்கீகாரமும் பெற்றது. இருப்பினும், பத்தாவது குருவான குரு கோவிந்த் சிங்கின் காலக்கட்டத்தில், முகலாயர்களிலேயே மிகவும் சகிப்புத்தன்மையற்றவரும், கொடுமையானவரும், மதவெறி பிடித்தவருமான ஔரங்கசீப்பின் பகைமையே முதன்மைக் காரணமாக, இரு தரப்பினருக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள் பகையுணர்வு கொண்டவையாக மாறின. சீக்கியர்களுக்கும் முகலாயர்களுக்கும் இடையிலான மோதலே, முகலாயப் பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்கு வழிவகுத்த காரணங்களில் ஒன்றாக அமைந்தது. மற்றொரு காரணம், மகாராட்டிரப் பகுதியில் மராட்டியப் பேரரசின் எழுச்சியாகும்; இது சிவாச்சியால் தொடங்கப்பட்டு, பின்னர் பேசுவாக்களால் முன்னெடுத்துச் செல்லப்பட்டது. மராட்டியர்கள், முகலாயப் பேரரசின் பரப்பளவிற்கு ஏறக்குறைய இணையான ஒரு குறுகிய காலக் கூட்டமைப்பை நிறுவினர். மூன்றாம் பானிபட் போருக்குப் பிறகு, மராட்டியர்கள் இந்தியாவின் மீதான தங்கள் ஆதிக்கத்தை இழந்தனர்; இதுவே பிற்காலத்தில் பிரிட்டிசு காலனித்துவ ஆட்சி அமைவதற்கு வழிவகுத்தது. மராட்டியர் காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பன்னிரண்டு இராணுவக் கோட்டைகள்—குறிப்பாக மகாராட்ராவின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளவை—யுனெசுகோவால் 'இந்தியாவின் மராட்டிய இராணுவ நிலப்பரப்புகள்'  எனும் உலகப் பாரம்பரியச் சின்னமாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

[[File:ShoreTemple Approach2.JPG|thumb|கடற்கரைக் கோயில், மாமல்லபுரம்]]

[[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]] ஒரு மாறுபட்ட பாதையைப் பின்பற்றியது; ஏனெனில், இசுலாமிய ஆட்சியின் தாக்கம் இப்பகுதியில் குறைவாகவே இருந்தது. கி.பி. 500 முதல் 1600 வரையிலான காலகட்டம் 'செவ்வியல் காலம்'  என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது; இக்காலகட்டத்தில் தென்னிந்தியாவின் மாபெரும் பேரரசுகளே ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்தி வந்தன. இவற்றுள் மிக முக்கியமான பேரரசுகளாக, இன்றைய கர்நாடகப் பகுதியிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த சாளுக்கியர்கள், இராட்டிரகூடர்கள் மற்றும் விசயநகரப் பேரரசினர் ஆகியோரும்; இன்றைய தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் கேரளப் பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த பல்லவர்கள், சேரர்கள், பாண்டியர்கள் மற்றும் சோழர்கள் ஆகியோரும் திகழ்ந்தனர். இவற்றுள், தஞ்சாவூர் மற்றும் கங்கைகொண்ட சோழபுரம் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு தலைநகரங்களிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த சோழர்களே, தென்னிந்தியப் பேரரசுகளிலேயே மிகவும் வலிமை வாய்ந்தவர்களாகப் பரவலாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்படுகின்றனர். இவர்களது ஆட்சியின் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில், இவர்களது பேரரசின் எல்லை வடக்கே பாடலிபுத்திரம் வரையிலும் விரிந்திருந்ததுடன், இவர்களது செல்வாக்கு கிழக்கே சுமத்ரா, மேற்கு போர்னியோ மற்றும் தெற்கு வியட்நாம் வரையிலும் பரவியிருந்தது. இந்தியாவில் இன்றும் நிலைத்திருக்கும் மிகச் சிறப்பான இந்து மற்றும் சமணச் சின்னங்கள் சில, இக்காலகட்டத்தில்தான் தென்னிந்தியா மற்றும் கிழக்கு இந்தியாவில் கட்டப்பட்டன.

காலனித்துவக் காலம் வரை, வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா நாட்டின் பிற பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஓரளவுக்குத் தனித்தே இருந்தது. வடகிழக்குப் பகுதியை ஆண்ட மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் நீண்ட காலப் பேரரசு, மணிப்பூரைச் சேர்ந்த நிங்தௌச்சா வம்சமாகும் (கி.பி. 33–1891); இவர்களுக்கு அடுத்தபடியாக அகோம் வம்சத்தினர் இப்பகுதியை ஆண்டனர். இவர்கள் 13-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு முதல் 19-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு வரை, முகலாயர்களின் ஆதிக்க விரிவாக்கத்திலிருந்து அசாம் மற்றும் அதன் அண்டை மண்டலங்களை வெற்றிகரமாகப் பாதுகாத்து வந்தனர்.

[[File:Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|கொல்கத்தாவில் அமைந்துள்ள விக்டோரியா நினைவிடம், விக்டோரியா மகாராணியின் நினைவாக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு பிரம்மாண்டமான பளிங்குக் கட்டிடமாகும். கொல்கத்தாவின் வரலாறு, கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனத்துடனும் பிரிட்டிசு ஆட்சியுடனும் தொடர்புடையதாகும்.  அக்காலத்தில் 'கல்கத்தா' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்ட இந்நகரமே பிரிட்டிசு ஆட்சியின் தலைநகராகத் திகழ்ந்தது.]]

16 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதியில் ஐரோப்பிய வர்த்தகர்கள் இந்தியாவிற்கு வரத் தொடங்கினர். இவர்களில் ஆங்கிலேயர்கள், டச்சுக்காரர்கள், பிரெஞ்சுக்காரர்கள் மற்றும் போர்த்துகீசியர்கள் முக்கியமானவர்கள். பிரிட்டிசு கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனம் 1772 ஆம் ஆண்டில்  கல்கத்தாவைத் தங்கள் தலைமையிடமாக ஆக்கியது. அவர்கள் பம்பாய் மற்றும் மெட்ராசு போன்ற துணை நகரங்களையும் நிறுவினர். கல்கத்தா பின்னர் 'இலண்டனுக்குப் பிறகு பேரரசின் இரண்டாவது நகரம்' ஆனது. 19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு வாக்கில், ஆங்கிலேயர்கள் ஏதோ ஒரு வகையில் இந்தியாவின் கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்துப் பகுதிகளின் அரசியல் கட்டுப்பாட்டையும் கைப்பற்றினர். இருப்பினும் போர்த்துகீசியர்கள், டச்சுக்காரர்கள் மற்றும் பிரெஞ்சுக்காரர்களுக்கும் கடற்கரையோரம் தங்களுடைய பகுதிகள் இருந்தன. ஆங்கிலேயர்கள் இந்தியத் தொழிலாளர்கள், காவலர்கள் மற்றும் வீரர்களைப் பேரரசு முழுவதும் அனுப்பினர். இதன் விளைவாக இந்தியப் புலம்பெயர் சமூகங்கள் நிறுவப்பட்டன. மியான்மார், மலேசியா, சிங்கப்பூர், ஆங்காங், பிச்சி, தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, மொரிசியசு, கென்யா, கயானா, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ மற்றும் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் ஆகியவை இவற்றில் மிகவும் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கவையாகும்.

1857-ஆம் ஆண்டில் இந்திய ஆட்சியாளர்களால் ஒரு கிளர்ச்சி ஏற்பட்டது. அது அடக்கப்பட்டாலும், கம்பெனியிடமிருந்து ஆட்சியைப் பெற்று இந்தியாவைத் தனது பேரரசின் ஒரு பகுதியாக ஆக்குவதற்கு பிரிட்டிசு அரசாங்கத்தைத் தூண்டியது. 1858 முதல் 1947 வரையிலான இந்த முடியாட்சிக் காலம், பிரிட்டிசு இராச்சியம் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது சில இந்தியர்கள் கிறித்தவ மதத்திற்கு மாறிய ஒரு காலகட்டமாகும். இருப்பினும், 1859-ஆம் ஆண்டுக்குப் பிறகு பிரிட்டிசு இந்தியாவில் கட்டாய மதமாற்றங்கள் முடிவுக்கு வந்தன. மேலும், இந்தியர்களின் மத நம்பிக்கைகளை மதிப்பதாக விக்டோரியா மகாராணியின் பிரகடனம் உறுதியளித்தது.

மோகன்தாசு கரம்சந்த் காந்தி (மகாத்மா காந்தி) தலைமையிலான பிரிட்டிசு காலனித்துவத்திற்கு எதிரான அகிம்சை எதிர்ப்பு, மற்ற வழிமுறைகளுடன் இணைந்து, 1947 ஆகத்து மாதம் 15 அன்று சுதந்திரத்திற்கு வழிவகுத்தது. இருப்பினும், மதச்சார்பற்ற இந்துக்கள் பெரும்பான்மையாக உள்ள இந்திய அரசுக்கும், சிறிய முசுலிம்கள் பெரும்பான்மையாக உள்ள பாக்கித்தான் அரசுக்கும் ஒரே நேரத்தில் சுதந்திரம் வழங்கப்பட்டது. மேலும், பிரிவினையைத் தொடர்ந்து நடந்த இந்து-முசுலிம் இரத்தக் களரி, குறைந்தது அரை மில்லியன் மக்களின் இறப்புக்கும், 12 முதல் 14 மில்லியன் மக்கள் இடம்பெயர்வதற்கும் வழிவகுத்தது.

1970-ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் இந்தியா உணவு தானியங்களில் தன்னிறைவு அடைந்தது. இதனால், அதுவரை சாதாரணமாக இருந்த பெரும் பஞ்சங்கள் இப்போது வரலாறாகிவிட்டன. இருப்பினும், இந்தக் கொள்கைகள் பற்றாக்குறை, மெதுவான வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் பெரும் ஊழலுக்கும் வழிவகுத்தன. 1991-ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஏற்பட்ட செலுத்து இருப்பு நெருக்கடிக்குப் பிறகு, நாடு தாராள சந்தை சீர்திருத்தங்களை மேற்கொண்டது. அவை அப்போதிருந்து சீரான வேகத்தில் தொடர்ந்து, வலுவான வளர்ச்சிக்கு உந்துதலாக இருந்து வருகின்றன. தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம், வணிகச் செயல்முறை வெளிப்பணியமர்த்தல் மற்றும் பிற தொழில்கள் இந்த வளர்ச்சிக்கு உந்துசக்தியாக இருந்துள்ளன. அதே சமயம், சீர்திருத்தங்களை எதிர்கொள்ளாத உற்பத்தித் துறையும் விவசாயத் துறையும் பின்தங்கியுள்ளன. சுமார் 60% இந்தியர்கள் விவசாயத்தை நம்பி வாழ்கின்றனர், மேலும் சுமார் 36% பேர் வறுமையில் உள்ளனர்.

பாக்கித்தானுடனான உறவுகள் சுமுகமாக இல்லை. இரு நாடுகளும் நான்கு போர்களில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளன, அவற்றில் மூன்று காசுமீரின் நிலை குறித்தவை. 1971-ஆம் ஆண்டில் இரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே நடந்த மூன்றாவது போரின் விளைவாக, கிழக்கு பாக்கித்தான் வங்காளதேசமாக உருவானது. இந்தியா அவ்வப்போது பயங்கரவாதத் தாக்குதல்களைத் தொடர்ந்து சந்தித்து வருகிறது, அவற்றில் பல பாக்கித்தானில் இருந்து தொடங்குவதாகவும், அதன் இராணுவ-உளவுத்துறை அமைப்பால் உத்தரவிடப்படுவதாகவும் அல்லது உதவி செய்யப்படுவதாகவும் பரவலாக நம்பப்படுகிறது.

இமயமலை எல்லைப் பிரச்சினை காரணமாக 1962-ஆம் ஆண்டில் சீனாவும் இந்தியாவும் போரிட்டன. தற்போதைய உறவுகள் பெரும்பாலும் அமைதியானவையாக இருந்தாலும், பதற்றம் நிறைந்தவையாக உள்ளன. இரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே தரைவழிப் போக்குவரத்து அனுமதிக்கப்படவில்லை, இருப்பினும் சிக்கிமுக்கும் திபெத்துக்கும் இடையிலான ஓர் எல்லைக் கடக்கும் பாதை 2006-ஆம் ஆண்டில் வர்த்தகத்திற்காக மீண்டும் திறக்கப்பட்டது. பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் சீனா மீதான பாதுகாப்பு குறித்த கவலைகள், இந்தியாவை இரண்டு முறை அணு ஆயுதங்களைச் சோதிக்கத் தூண்டின (1974-ஆம் ஆண்டில் &quot;அமைதியான வெடிப்புகள்&quot; என்று விவரிக்கப்பட்ட சோதனைகள் உட்பட). இந்தியா ஒரு முறையான அணுசக்தி நாடாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட விரும்புகிறது மற்றும் ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் பாதுகாப்பு சபையில் நிரந்தர இடத்திற்காகப் பிரச்சாரம் செய்து வருகிறது.

இந்தியா தனது மக்களாட்சிப் பதிவைக் குறித்துப் பெருமை கொள்கிறது. ஒரு சுதந்திர நாடாகத் திகழ்ந்த காலத்தின் பெரும்பகுதி முழுவதும், அரசியலமைப்பு சார்ந்த ஆட்சியும் சனநாயகச் சுதந்திரங்களும் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்டு வந்துள்ளன.

இந்தியாவில் தற்போது நிலவும் கவலைகளில் ஊழல், வறுமை, மக்கள் தொகைப் பெருக்கம், மாசுபாடு மற்றும் சுற்றுச்சூழல் சீரழிவின் பல்வேறு வடிவங்கள், பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் சீனாவுடனான தொடர்ச்சியான எல்லைப் பிரச்சினைகள், எல்லை தாண்டிய பயங்கரவாதம், மற்றும் அவ்வப்போது நிகழும் இன, அரசியல், மத மோதல்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். குறைந்தபட்சம் படித்த மேட்டுக்குடியினரிடையே, பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியில் சீனாவை முந்தி, ஒரு பொருளாதார மற்றும் இராணுவ வல்லரசாக இந்தியா திகழ முடியுமா என்பதே இந்தியாவின் தற்போதைய பெரும் கவலையாக உள்ளது. இன்று, பல இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் நாட்டை பன்னாட்டு அரசியலில் ஒட்டுமொத்த உலகத் தெற்கின் குரலாகவும் தலைவராகவும் கருதுகின்றனர்.

===புவியியல்===
[[File:Loktak Lake Boat people Moirang Manipur India.jpg|thumb|உலகத்தின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் ஏரியான உலோக்தக்கு ஏரி]]

இந்தியா 3,287,263 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் (1,269,219 சதுர மைல்) பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் மூலம் இந்தியா  உலகின் ஏழாவது மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும், ஆசியாவின் மூன்றாவது மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும் (உருசியாவையும் கணக்கில் கொண்டால்), மற்றும் தெற்காசியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. இந்தியா அமெரிக்காவை விட மூன்று மடங்கு சிறியதாகவும், ஆத்திரேலியாவின் பரப்பளவில் பாதியாகவும், ஆசியாவின் மிகச்சிறிய நாடான மாலத்தீவை விட ஏறக்குறைய 11,000 மடங்கு பெரியதாகவும் உள்ளது.

மலைகள், காடுகள், பாலைவனங்கள் மற்றும் கடற்கரைகள் என—இந்தியா அனைத்தையும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் வடக்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு எல்லைகள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான மலைத்தொடரான ​​பனிபடர்ந்த இமயமலையால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளன. அந்நியப் படையெடுப்பாளர்களிடமிருந்து நாட்டைக் காப்பதுடன், இந்தியாவின் நாகரிகம் செழித்தோங்கிய சமவெளிகளுக்கு உயிரூட்டும் வற்றாத நதிகளான கங்கை, யமுனை மற்றும் சிந்து ஆகியவற்றுக்கும் இம்மலைகள் நீராதாரமாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. சிந்து நதியின் பெரும்பகுதி தற்போது பாக்கித்தானில் அமைந்திருந்தாலும், அதன் மூன்று துணை நதிகள் பஞ்சாப் மாநிலத்தின் வழியாகப் பாய்கின்றன. கங்கை நதிக்கு இரண்டு கிளை நதிகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் பாகீரதி-ஊக்ளி எனும் கிளை நதி இந்தியாவின் நிலப்பரப்பின் வழியே பாய்ந்து, மேற்கு வங்க மாநிலத்தின் உயிர்நாடியாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இவ்விரு கிளை நதிகளும் இறுதியில் வங்காள விரிகுடாவில் சங்கமித்து, உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய ஆற்று முகத்துவாரப் பகுதியையும், மிகப்பெரிய சதுப்புநிலக் காடுகளையும் உருவாக்குகின்றன.

மற்றொரு இமயமலை நதியான பிரம்மபுத்திரா, வடகிழக்குப் பகுதி வழியாகவும் — பெரும்பாலும் அசாம் மாநிலத்தின் ஊடாகவும் — பாய்கிறது. அங்கு இது பல்வேறு பெயர்களால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. மணிப்பூரில் உற்பத்தியாகும் மணிப்பூர் நதி, மியான்மரின் சிண்ட்வின்-இராவதி நதி அமைப்போடு இணைகிறது.

பஞ்சாபிற்குத் தெற்கே ஆரவல்லி மலைத்தொடர் அமைந்துள்ளது. இது இராசத்தானை இரண்டாகப் பிரிக்கிறது. இராசத்தானின் மேற்குப் பகுதி தார் பாலைவனத்தால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. விந்திய மலைத்தொடர் மத்திய இந்தியாவைக்—குறிப்பாக மத்தியப் பிரதேசத்தை—ஊடறுத்துச் செல்கிறது; இது தக்காணப் பீடபூமியின் தொடக்கத்தைக் குறிக்கிறது. இப்பீடபூமியானது, தமிழ்நாட்டின் பெரும்பகுதியையும் கேரளாவையும் தவிர்த்து, தென் தீபகற்பத்தின் ஏறக்குறைய முழுப் பகுதியையும் உள்ளடக்கியுள்ளது.

தக்காணப் பீடபூமியானது, மேற்கில் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலையாலும் (மகாராட்டிராவில் 'சகயாத்ரி' என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது), கிழக்கில் கிழக்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலையாலும் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. இப்பகுதிக்குப் நீர் வழங்கும் நர்மதை, கோதாவரி மற்றும் காவேரி போன்ற ஆறுகள் கோடைக்காலத்தில் வற்றிவிடுவதால், சமவெளிப் பகுதிகளைக் காட்டிலும் இப்பீடபூமி மிகவும் வறண்ட நிலையில் காணப்படுகிறது. தக்காணப் பீடபூமியின் வடகிழக்கு திசையில், சத்தீசுகர், சார்க்கண்ட், மகாராட்டிராவின் கிழக்கு விளிம்பு மற்றும் ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசத்தின் வடமுனை ஆகிய மாநிலங்களை உள்ளடக்கிய, ஒரு காலத்தில் அடர்ந்த காடுகளாகத் திகழ்ந்த ஒரு பகுதி அமைந்துள்ளது. இப்பகுதி இன்றும் காடுகளால் சூழப்பட்டதாகவும், வறுமையால் வாடுவதாகவும், பழங்குடியின மக்கள் வசிக்கும் இடமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் மீதான படையெடுப்புகளுக்குத் தடையாக இக்காடு விளங்கியது.

உலகின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் ஏரி, மணிப்பூரின் மையப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள கிண்ணம் போன்ற சமவெளியில் உள்ள உலோக்தக்கு ஏரியாகும். இது தனது தனித்துவமான, வட்ட வடிவ மிதக்கும் உயிரித்திரள்களுக்காக குறிப்பிடத்தக்க வகையில் அறியப்படுகிறது.

இந்தியா நீண்ட கடற்கரையைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் மேற்கு கடற்கரை அரபிக்கடலையும், கிழக்கு கடற்கரை வங்காள விரிகுடாவையும் ஒட்டி அமைந்துள்ளன; இவை இரண்டும் இந்தியப் பெருங்கடலின் பகுதிகளாகும்.

===காலநிலை===
[[File:A beach side resort at Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|இலட்சத் தீவுகள்]]
[[File:Jammu and Kashmir 3.JPG|thumb|குல்மார்க்கு, சம்மு மற்றும் காசுமீர்]]
இந்தியாவில், வருடத்தின் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்தில் மட்டுமே மழை பெய்கிறது. அந்தப் பருவமும், அதை ஏற்படுத்தும் நிகழ்வும் பருவமழை காலம் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. தென்மேற்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு என இரண்டு பருவமழைகள் உள்ளன; இவை இரண்டும் காற்று வீசும் திசைகளின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. தென்மேற்குப் பருவமழையே மிகவும் முக்கியமானது, ஏனெனில் இது நாட்டின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளில் மழையைப் பொழிவிக்கிறது. மேலும் பயிர்கள் எவ்வாறு விளையும் என்பதைத் தீர்மானிக்கும் முக்கிய காரணியாகவும் இது விளங்குகிறது. சூன் முதல் செப்டம்பர் வரை இம்மழை நீடிக்கும். தென்மேற்குப் பருவமழை மேற்குக் கடற்கரையை அதிகமாகத் தாக்குகிறது.  ஏனெனில் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகளைக் கடந்து இந்தியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளை அடைவது காற்றுக்கு ஒரு கடினமான பணியாகும். எனவே, உள்நாட்டுப் பகுதிகளை விட மேற்குக் கடற்கரை மிகவும் பசுமையாக இருக்கிறது. வடகிழக்குப் பருவமழை அக்டோபர் முதல் பிப்ரவரி வரை கிழக்குக் கடற்கரையைத் தாக்குகிறது.  இது பெரும்பாலும் அவ்வப்போது ஏற்படும் புயல்களின் வடிவத்தில் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் பெரும் அழிவை ஏற்படுத்துகிறது. இரண்டு பருவமழைகளின் மழையையும் பெறும் ஒரே பகுதி வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா ஆகும். இதன் விளைவாக இப்பகுதி உலகில் அதிக மழைப்பொழிவைப் பெறுகிறது.

இந்தியாவில் ஒரு வருடத்தில் கோடை, மழைக்காலம் (அல்லது பருவமழை) மற்றும் குளிர் காலம் என குறைந்தது மூன்று பருவங்கள் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், வெப்பமண்டல தென்பகுதியில் 25°செல்சியசு (77°பாரங்கீட்டு) வெப்பநிலையை 'குளிர்காலம்' என்று அழைப்பது பொருத்தமற்றதாகிவிடும். வட இந்தியாவில் கோடையில் கடுமையான வெப்பமும், குளிர்காலத்தில் கடும் குளிரும் நிலவுகிறது. ஆனால், இமயமலைப் பகுதிகளைத் தவிர, பனிப்பொழிவு என்பது கேள்விப்படாத ஒன்றாகும். நவம்பர் முதல் சனவரி வரை குளிர்காலமாகவும், ஏப்ரல் மற்றும் மே மாதங்கள் வெப்பமான மாதங்களாகவும் உள்ளன. இந்த மாதங்களில் அனைவரும் மழையை ஆவலுடன் எதிர்பார்க்கின்றனர். குறிப்பாக வட இந்தியாவில், பிப்ரவரி மற்றும் மார்ச்சு மாதங்களில் ஒரு குறுகிய கால வசந்த காலமும் நிலவுகிறது.

இந்தியாவின் ஏதேனும் ஒரு பகுதியில் இலையுதிர் காலம் நிலவுகிறதா என்பது குறித்துக் கருத்துக்கள் மாறுபட்டுள்ளன. ஆயினும் ஓராண்டை ஆறு பருவங்களாகப்  பிரித்திருந்த பண்டைய மக்கள், அத்தகைய ஒரு பருவத்தை நிச்சயமாகவே அடையாளம் கண்டிருந்தனர்.

=== அளவீட்டு அலகுகள் ===
இந்தியா ஏறக்குறைய முழுமையாக மெட்ரிக் முறைக்கு மாறிவிட்டது. இருப்பினும், பிரித்தானிய ஏகாதிபத்திய அளவீட்டு முறையின் சில எச்சங்கள் இன்னும் பயன்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. உதாரணமாக:
* ஆடைகளின் அளவுகள் அங்குலம் மற்றும் சென்டிமீட்டர் ஆகிய இரண்டிலும் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.
* கேக்குகளின் எடை இன்னும் பவுண்டுகளில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது; அதே சமயம் மற்ற பொருட்களின் எடை கிலோகிராம் மற்றும் கிராம்களில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது.
* நிலத்தின் பரப்பளவு இன்னும் ஏக்கர் கணக்கில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது.
* வீட்டுச் சொத்துக்கள் இன்னும் சதுர அடி கணக்கில் விளம்பரப்படுத்தப் படுகின்றன.
* திரையின் அளவுகள் இன்னும் அங்குலங்களில் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

மேலும், 100,000 மற்றும் 10,000,000-க்கு முறையே 'லட்சம்' மற்றும் 'கோடி' என்ற சொற்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவதையும் கவனிக்கவும். இது பெரும்பாலும் பணத்தைப் பற்றியதாகும். அவற்றின் பயன்பாடு இலக்கங்களின் குழுவாக்கத்தையும் பாதிக்கிறது.

===நேர மண்டலம்===
இந்தியத் திட்ட நேரம், ஒருங்கிணைந்த உலக நேரத்தைவிட 5 மணி 30 நிமிடங்கள் முன்னிலையில் உள்ளது. இந்தியாவில் பகலொளி சேமிப்பு நேரம் கடைப்பிடிக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

===அரசியல்===
[[File:Back view of Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|குடியரசுத் தலைவர் மாளிகை, புது தில்லி]]
[http://tourism.gov.in/ சுற்றுலா]
இந்தியா, பிரித்தானிய வெசுட்மின்சுட்டர் முறையை மாதிரியாகக் கொண்ட ஒரு நாடாளுமன்றக் குடியரசு மற்றும் சனநாயகம் ஆகும். மறைமுகமாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படும் குடியரசுத் தலைவர் நாட்டின் தலைவர் ஆவார். ஆனால் இந்தப் பதவி முற்றிலும் சம்பிரதாயமானது அல்ல என்றாலும், வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட அதிகாரங்களையே கொண்டுள்ளது. பிரதமர், அமைச்சரவையுடன் அரசாங்கத்தை நடத்துகிறார். மேலும் நடைமுறையில் அரசாங்கத்தில் அதிக அதிகாரத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளார். நாடாளுமன்றம் ஈரவை கொண்டது. கீழ்சபையான மக்களவை (மக்களவை), வயது வந்தோர் அனைவருக்கும் வாக்குரிமை மூலம் நேரடியாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படுகிறது. அதேசமயம் மேற்சபையான மாநிலங்களவை (மாநிலங்களவை) மறைமுகமாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படுகிறது. இவ்விரண்டில் மக்களவையே அதிக அதிகாரம் வாய்ந்தது. ஏனெனில் அரசாங்கத்தை அமைக்கவும் வரவு செலவுத் திட்டங்களை நிறைவேற்றவும் மக்களவையில் பெரும்பான்மை தேவைப்படுகிறது. மேலும் மரபுப்படி பிரதமர் எப்போதும் மக்களவை உறுப்பினராகவே இருப்பார்.

இந்தியாவும் மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு கூட்டாட்சி அமைப்பாகும். இவற்றில் ஒவ்வொன்றும் தனக்கென ஒரு சட்டமன்றத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இவற்றுக்கான அரசாங்கம் ஒரு முதலமைச்சர் மற்றும் அமைச்சரவையின் தலைமையில் செயல்படுகிறது. ஒரு மாநிலத்திற்கும் ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசத்திற்கும் இடையிலான வேறுபாடு, மத்திய அரசாங்கத்தால் அந்தந்த சட்டமன்றத்திற்கு எவ்வளவு அதிகாரம் வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளது என்பதைச் சார்ந்திருக்கிறது. ஒவ்வொரு மாநிலமோ அல்லது ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசமோ பல மாவட்டங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது; அந்தந்த மாநிலம் அல்லது ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசத்தைப் பொறுத்து, இம்மாவட்டங்கள் மேலும் பல சிறிய பிரிவுகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

இந்தியாவில் இரண்டு வகையான உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகள் உள்ளன: நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பேரூர்களுக்கான 'நகர்ப்புற உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகள்'  மற்றும் எஞ்சியிருக்கும் கிராமப்புறங்களுக்கான 'பஞ்சாயத்து இராச்சியம் (இதன் நேரடிப் பொருள்: &quot;ஐந்து அதிகாரிகளின் ஆட்சி&quot;). நகர்ப்புற உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகளுள் நகராட்சிகள், மாநகராட்சிகள், இராணுவக் குடியிருப்புப் பகுதிகள் , நகரப் பஞ்சாயத்துகள், அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி மன்றங்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். அதேவேளையில், பஞ்சாயத்து இராச்சிய அமைப்பானது மூன்று நிலைகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது: தனித்தனி கிராமங்களுக்கான 'கிராமப் பஞ்சாயத்துகள்', கிராமங்களின் தொகுப்புகளுக்கான 'வட்டார வளர்ச்சி மன்றங்கள்', மற்றும் மாவட்டங்களுக்கான 'மாவட்டக் குழுக்கள் என்பனவாகும்.

இந்தியாவில் ஏராளமான அரசியல் கட்சிகள் உள்ளன. தற்போதைய ஆளும் கட்சியான இந்து தேசியவாத பாரதிய ஜனதா கட்சி, அரசாங்கத்தில் அங்கம் வகிக்கும் தேசிய ஜனநாயகக் கூட்டணியின் அங்கம் வகிக்கும் பிற அரசியல் கட்சிகள், மற்றும் மைய-இடதுசாரி இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு ஆகியவை பிரதான எதிர்க்கட்சிகளாகும். இந்த இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு, இந்திய தேசிய வளர்ச்சி உள்ளடக்கிய கூட்டணி (இந்தியா) எனப்படும் பல அரசியல் கட்சிகளைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரிய எதிர்க்கட்சிக் கூட்டணியின் ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.

இந்தியாவில் வலிமையான மற்றும் சுதந்திரமான நீதித்துறையும், சுதந்திரமான பத்திரிகைத் துறையும் உள்ளன.

எந்தவொரு சனநாயக நாட்டிலும் நடப்பதைப் போலவே, தெரு ஆர்ப்பாட்டங்கள், போராட்டங்கள் மற்றும் கிளர்ச்சிகள் நடைபெறுகின்றன. அவ்வப்போது குறைந்த அளவிலான அரசியல் வன்முறைகளும் நிகழ்கின்றன; அவற்றில் ஒரு பார்வையாளர் பிடிபடுவதற்கான வாய்ப்பு மிக மிகக் குறைவு.

=== பண்பாடு ===
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|பண்பாட்டு அதிர்ச்சி|மகாராஜாக்களையும் பிரம்மாண்டமான அரண்மனைகளையும் எதிர்பார்த்து வரும் பல சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், வறுமையைக் காணும்போது அதிர்ச்சிக்குள்ளாகிறார்கள். பின்வருவனவற்றிற்குத் தயாராக இருங்கள்:

* '''கவன ஈர்ப்பு''' – சிலர் வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளைத் தயக்கமின்றி உற்று நோக்குவார்கள்; மேலும், இடைத்தரகர்கள் மற்றும் பிச்சைக்காரர்கள் இவர்களை எளிதில் சூழ்ந்துகொள்வார்கள். மக்கள் தங்கள் அலைபேசிகளை உங்கள் முகத்திற்கு மிக அருகில் கொண்டு வந்து புகைப்படம் எடுக்கலாம். அப்போது உங்கள் முகத்தைத் திருப்பிக்கொள்ளுங்கள். பிச்சைக்காரர்கள், குறிப்பாக ஊட்டச்சத்துக் குறைபாடுள்ள குழந்தைகள் மற்றும் கடுமையான உடல் ஊனமுற்றவர்கள், மனதை மிகவும் பாதிக்கும் வகையில் இருக்கலாம்.
* '''கூட்டம்''' – இந்தியாவின் பல தெருக்கள், சந்தைகள் மற்றும் வணிகப் பகுதிகள் மக்கள், வாகனங்கள் மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் விலங்குகளால் நிரம்பி வழிகின்றன. மேலும் தெருக்கள் குறுகலாகவும் இருக்கின்றன. பேருந்துகள் அல்லது ரயில்களில் மிகக் குறைந்த கட்டண வகுப்பில் பயணம் செய்தால், அங்கேயும் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும், இது மிகுந்த சோர்வை ஏற்படுத்தலாம்.
* '''நாய்கள்''' – இந்தியாவில் எல்லா இடங்களிலும் தெருநாய்களைக் காணலாம். அவை மக்களைப் பற்றிக் கவலைப்படாமல் சாதாரணமாகப் படுத்திருக்கலாம் அல்லது ஆக்ரோஷமாக குரைக்கலாம். சில சமயங்களில் அவை கூட்டமாகத் தெருக்களில் சுற்றித் திரியும். அவை நட்பாகத் தோன்றினாலும், அவற்றிலிருந்து விலகி இருப்பதே சிறந்தது. இந்தியாவில் நாய்களுக்கு நாடு தழுவிய ''வெறிநாய்க்கடி தடுப்பூசித் திட்டங்கள்'' இல்லை, மேலும் அவற்றின் உடல்நல நிலை என்னவென்று உங்களுக்குத் தெரியாது.
* '''அசுத்தம்''' – நகரங்களில் அழுக்கு, குப்பைகள் மற்றும் பூச்சிகள் நிறைந்து காணப்படுகின்றன. சாலையோரங்கள் சில சமயங்களில் சிறுநீர் கழிக்கும் இடமாகவோ அல்லது குட்கா துப்பிய கறைகள் நிறைந்த இடமாகவோ இருக்கலாம். சில இடங்களில் தார்ச் சாலைகள் இல்லாததால் சாலைகளில் தூசி அதிகமாக இருக்கும்; எனவே பேருந்தில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​தேவைப்பட்டால் ஜன்னலை விரைவாக மூடிவிடுவது நல்லது.
* '''இரைச்சல்''' – வாகன ஓட்டிகள் தொடர்ந்து ஒலிப்பான் பயன் படுத்துகிறார்கள்; ரேடியோ மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சிகளில் பாலிவுட் பாடல்கள் சத்தமாக ஒலிக்கின்றன; மேலும் கோயில்கள், மசூதிகள் மற்றும் தேவாலயங்கள் கூட தங்கள் செய்திகளைப் பரப்ப ஒலிபெருக்கிகளைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றன. வாகனம் ஓட்டும்போது ஒலிப்பான் பயன்படுத்துவது மற்ற ஓட்டுநர்கள் அல்லது பாதசாரிகளின் கவனத்தை ஈர்ப்பதற்காகவே செய்யப்படுகிறது — மக்கள் பெரும்பாலும் வலது அல்லது இடதுபுறம் பார்க்காமலேயே சாலைக்கு வந்துவிடுவார்கள். ஆபத்து ஏதேனும் இருந்தால் யாராவது ஒலிப்பான் பயன்படுத்துவார்கள் என்று அவர்கள் எதிர்பார்க்கிறார்கள்.
* '''மாசுபாடு''' – வட இந்திய நகரங்கள் (குறிப்பாக தில்லி) இதனால் கடுமையாகப் பாதிக்கப்படுகின்றன. வாகனப் புகையும் தூசியும் கலப்பதால், வறண்ட காலநிலையானது ஆஸ்துமா நோயாளிகளுக்கு ஒரு மோசமான அனுபவமாக அமையலாம்.

நகரமயமாக்கலால் ஏற்படும் இத்தகைய சிக்கல்களுக்குப் பெரும்பாலான பார்வையாளர்கள் விரைவிலேயே பழகிவிடுவதோடு, அதன் நல்ல அம்சங்களையும் காணத் தொடங்குகிறார்கள். இருப்பினும், வருகையின் முதல் சில நாட்களில் நிதானமாகச் செயல்படுங்கள். அத்துடன் இச்சூழலிலிருந்து சற்று விலகி ஓய்வெடுக்கவும் நேரம் ஒதுக்குங்கள்.}}

இந்தியாவின் செழுமையான மற்றும் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட பண்பாடுகளில் மதமும், ஆன்மீகக் கருப்பொருள்களும் முக்கிய இடம் வகிக்கின்றன. நாடு முழுவதும் ஒரே பண்பாடு என்று கருதுவது தவறானதாக இருந்தாலும், பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகளை ஒன்றிணைக்கும் பொதுவான அம்சங்கள் நிச்சயமாக உள்ளன. எண்ணற்ற மொழிகள் வாயிலாக இந்தியாவின் பண்பாட்டுப் பாரம்பரியம் வெளிப்படுகிறது. இம்மொழிகளில் மிகச்சிறந்த இலக்கியங்களும் கவிதைகளும் படைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. கருநாடக மற்றும் இந்துஸ்தானி போன்ற பாரம்பரிய இசை வடிவங்களிலும், நவீன ''பாலிவுட்'' இசையிலும் இந்தக் பண்பாடின் வெளிப்பாட்டைக் காண முடிகிறது. மேலும், பாரம்பரிய மற்றும் நாட்டுப்புற நடனங்களின் பரந்த மரபையும் இந்தியா கொண்டுள்ளது. மேற்கத்திய பண்பாட்டுத் தாக்கங்கள் தொடர்ந்து அதிகரித்து வரும் சூழலிலும், நாட்டின் பரபரப்பான நகரங்களில் கலை மற்றும் நாடகக் கலைகள் செழித்தோங்கி வருகின்றன.

இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் குடும்ப அமைப்பிற்கு மிகுந்த முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கின்றனர். ஒரு இந்தியக் குடும்பம் பொதுவாக மேற்கத்திய நாடுகள் ''விரிவாக்கப்பட்ட குடும்பம்'' என்று கருதும் அமைப்பைக் கொண்டதாக உள்ளது. இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் வாழ்நாள் முழுவதும் தந்தையின் வழி வந்த குடும்ப அமைப்பின் ஒரு பகுதியாகவே வாழ்வது வழக்கம். மகன்கள் தங்கள் வாழ்நாள் முழுவதும், மகள்கள் திருமணம் ஆகும் வரையிலும் பெற்றோருடன் வசிக்கின்றனர். இக்குடும்ப அமைப்பில் உள்ள உறவுகள் பரஸ்பரம் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் ஆதரவளிக்கும் தன்மையைக் கொண்டவை. மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளில் வழக்கமாக இருப்பதை விட நீண்ட காலத்திற்குப் பெற்றோர்கள் தங்கள் பிள்ளைகளுக்கு ஆதரவளிக்கலாம். சகோதர சகோதரிகள் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் உதவிக் கொள்ளலாம். மேலும், மகன்கள் தங்கள் பெற்றோரின் முதுமைக் காலத்தில் அவர்களைக் கவனித்துக் கொள்வது எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது. மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளின் சில பகுதிகளில் இருப்பது போல, பெற்றோருடன் வசிப்பது என்பது இங்கு ஒரு குறையாகவோ அல்லது அவமானமாகவோ கருதப்படுவதில்லை. இயல்பாகவே, இத்தகைய குடும்ப அமைப்புகளில் குறைபாடுகள் இல்லாமல் இல்லை; குறிப்பாக மூன்றாம் தலைமுறை வளரும்போது கருத்து வேறுபாடுகளோ அல்லது குடும்பப் பிரிவினைகளோ ஏற்படக்கூடும். மேலும், கல்வி மற்றும் வேலைவாய்ப்புக்காகப் பிள்ளைகள் தங்கள் பெற்றோர் வீட்டிலிருந்து வெளியேறிச் செல்வதும் இப்போது சாதாரணமாகிவிட்டது. இருப்பினும், இன்றும் விரிவாக்கப்பட்ட குடும்பம் என்பதே இயல்பான மற்றும் விரும்பத்தக்க ஒரு சிறந்த அமைப்பாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது என்று கூறுவது சரியே. மேலும், ஒன்றாக வசிக்காத நிலையிலும் இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் குடும்பத்தின் கௌரவம், சாதனைகள் மற்றும் தோல்விகள் குறித்து அக்கறை கொண்டவர்களாகவே இருக்கிறார்கள்.

இந்திய அரசால் அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாகத் தடை செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும் ''சாதி அமைப்பு முறை'' பலவீனமடைந்த நிலையிலும், இந்தியா இன்றும் சமூகப் படிநிலைகள் கொண்ட ஒரு சமூகமாகவே நீடிக்கிறது. தனிநபர் சுதந்திரத்திற்கு முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கும் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளைக் காட்டிலும், இந்தியாவில் ஒருவரின் பின்னணி மற்றும் சமூக அந்தஸ்து ஆகியவற்றிற்கு மக்கள் அதிக முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கின்றனர். காலனித்துவ ஆட்சியின் தாக்கமும் இந்த மனப்பான்மையும் இணையும்போது, ​​சில சுவாரஸ்யமான அதேசமயம் துரதிர்ஷ்டவசமான விளைவுகள் ஏற்படுகின்றன. சருமவண்ணத்தின் அடிப்படையில் சமூகப் படிநிலையில் உயர்வு, தாழ்வு இன்னமும் நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகளிலும் தொடர்கின்றன. இந்தியர்கள் வெளிநாட்டினரிடம் மட்டுமல்லாமல், தங்களுக்குள்ளேயும் கூட சரும நிறம் மற்றும் இனத்தின் அடிப்படையில் இத்தகைய பாரபட்சமான மனப்பான்மையை வெளிப்படுத்துகிறார்கள். இது குறித்த கூடுதல் தகவல்களுக்கு [[#பாதுகாப்புடன் இருங்கள்]] மற்றும் [[#மதிப்பளியுங்கள்]] ஆகிய பகுதிகளைப் பார்க்கவும்.

''சித்தி'' எனப்படும் ஒரு சமூகத்தினரும் உள்ளனர். இவர்கள் அரேபிய அடிமை வர்த்தகத்தின் மூலம் இந்தியாவிற்குக் கொண்டுவரப்பட்ட கிழக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்க அடிமைகளின் வழித்தோன்றல்கள் என்று கருதப்படுகிறார்கள். இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் தொலைதூரக் கிராமப்புறங்களில் காணப்படுகிறார்கள். தற்காலத்தில் இவர்கள் ஆப்பிரிக்க மொழிகளுக்குப் பதிலாக இந்திய மொழிகளையே பேசினாலும், ஆப்பிரிக்க நடனம் மற்றும் இசை உள்ளிட்ட பல ஆப்பிரிக்கப் பண்பாட்டு மரபுகளைத் தொடர்ந்து கடைப்பிடித்து வருகின்றனர். இவர்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களாக இருந்தபோதிலும், இவர்களின் இருப்பைப் பற்றிய பொதுமக்களின் விழிப்புணர்வு இன்மையால், இவர்கள் தொடர்ந்து பல பாகுபாடுகளுக்கு ஆளாகின்றனர். மேலும், இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலிருந்து வந்த சட்டவிரோதக் குடியேறிகளாகவே தவறாகக் கருதப்படுகிறார்கள். பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சியின் விளைவாக ''ஆங்கிலோ-இந்தியர்'' எனப்படும் கலப்பு இனத்தவர் உருவானார்கள். இந்திய விடுதலைக்குப் பிறகு இவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோர் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளுக்குக் குடிபெயர்ந்தாலும், இச்சமூகத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள் இந்தியாவின் முக்கிய நகரங்களில் இன்னும் சில இடங்களில் வசிக்கின்றனர்.

=== மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள் ===
இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின்படி, இந்தியா மாநிலங்களின் ஒன்றியமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இந்திய ஜனநாயகத்தின் இத்தகைய கூட்டாட்சித் தன்மையானது சமத்துவத்தை ஊக்குவிப்பதோடு, பரந்த நிலப்பரப்பைக் கொண்ட நாட்டின் நிர்வாகத்தையும் எளிதாக்குகிறது. இது தவிர, ஒன்றிய அரசால் நேரடியாக நிர்வகிக்கப்படும் சில பிரதேசங்களும் உள்ளன; அவை &quot;ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள்&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.
{{Wy/ta/Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# [[Wy/ta/ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்|ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/பிகார்|பிகார்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சத்தீசுகர்|சத்தீசுகர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]]
# [[Wy/ta/குசராத்து|குசராத்து]]
# [[Wy/ta/அரியானா|அரியானா]]
# [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சார்க்கண்டு|சார்க்கண்டு]]
# [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்|மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மேகாலயா|மேகாலயா]]
# [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]]
# [[Wy/ta/ஒடிசா|ஒடிசா]]
# [[Wy/ta/பஞ்சாப்|பஞ்சாப்]]
# [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தமிழ்நாடு|தமிழ்நாடு]]
# [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுரா]]
# [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்|உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு வங்காளம்|மேற்கு வங்காளம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தெலங்காணா|தெலங்காணா]]
{{Wy/ta/Div col end}}
'''ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள்''' என்றழைக்கப்படும் ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகள்:
{{Wy/ta/Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சண்டிகர்|சண்டிகர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்|தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்]]
# [[Wy/ta/லட்சத்தீவுகள்|லட்சத்தீவுகள்]]
# [[Wy/ta/புதுச்சேரி|புதுச்சேரி]]
# [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]]
# [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]]
{{Wy/ta/Div col end}}

== பேச்சுமொழி ==
[[File:Trilingual signboard in the Imphal International Airport (Tulihal International Airport) displaying in Meitei, Hindi and English languages.jpg|thumb|மெய்டேய், இந்தி மற்றும் ஆங்கிலத்தில் [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூரில்]] மும்மொழிக் குறியீடு]]
ஒன்றிய (கூட்டாட்சி) மட்டத்தில், இந்தியாவின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழிகள் '''[[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]''' மற்றும் '''[[Wy/ta/ஆங்கில மொழிவகைகள்|ஆங்கிலம்]].''' பெரும்பாலான இந்தியர்கள் பன்மொழி பேசுபவர்கள்.

ஓரளவிற்கு அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாக இருக்கும் பிற மொழிகள் (பெரும்பாலும் மாநில அளவில்) [[Wy/ta/அசாமிய சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''அசாமிய மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/வங்காள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''வங்காள மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/போடோ சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''போடோ''']], [[Wy/ta/டோக்ரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''டோக்ரி''']], [[Wy/ta/குசராத்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''குசராத்தி''']], [[Wy/ta/கன்னட சொற்றொடர்நூல் |'''கன்னடம்''']], [[Wy/ta/காசுமீரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''காசுமீரி''']], [[Wy/ta/கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''கொங்கணி''']], [[Wy/ta/மைதிலி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மைதிலி''']], [[Wy/ta/மலையாள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மலையாளம்''']], [[Wy/ta/மராத்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மராத்திய மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/நேபாளி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''நேபாளி''']], [[Wy/ta/ஒடியா சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''ஒடியா''']], [[Wy/ta/பஞ்சாபி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''பஞ்சாபி''']], [[Wy/ta/சமசுகிருதம் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''சமசுகிருதம்''']], [[Wy/ta/சிந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''சிந்தி''']], '''தமிழ்''', '''[[Wy/ta/தெலுங்கு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''தெலுங்கு''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உருது சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''உருது''']]. இவை தவிர குறைவான முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்த நூற்றுக்கணக்கான மொழிகள் உள்ளன: [[Wy/ta/துளு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''துளு''']],  [[Wy/ta/போஜ்புரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''போஜ்புரி''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''இலடாக்கி''']].

இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் 40–50% மக்களால் பேசப்படும் '''இந்தி''' மொழி, வட இந்தியாவின் பொதுத் தொடர்பு மொழியாக விளங்குகிறது. இருப்பினும், இந்தியாவின் மொழிசார் பன்முகத்தன்மை காரணமாக, தேசிய அளவில் இதன் பயன்பாடு சில சமயங்களில் விவாதத்திற்குரியதாக அமைகிறது. [[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவில்]] இந்தி மொழி பேச்சுவழக்கில் மிகக் குறைவாகவே உள்ளது; எனினும், பள்ளிகளில் இது கட்டாயப் பாடமாக இருப்பதால், பெரும்பாலான மக்களால் இதைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள முடிகிறது. இந்தியாவில் 120-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட இந்தி மொழி வட்டார வழக்குகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் ஒன்று ''அரியான்வி'' ஆகும்; இது அரியானா மற்றும் தில்லிப் பகுதிகளில் பரவலாகப் பேசப்படும் ஒரு வட்டார வழக்காகும்.

நகர்ப்புறங்களில் '''ஆங்கிலம்''' பேசப்படுகிறது; மேலும் இது உயர்கல்வி மற்றும் வணிகத் துறைகளில் முதன்மையான மொழியாகவும், நாட்டின் பொதுத் தகவல் தொடர்பு மொழியாகவும் விளங்குகிறது. ''இந்திய ஆங்கிலம்'' பொதுவாக பிரித்தானிய ஆங்கிலத்தை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டிருப்பினும், அது தனித்துவமான இந்தியப் பாணியையும் கொண்டுள்ளது. இந்த வட்டார வழக்கைப் பற்றி பெரும்பாலும் முன்வைக்கப்படும் விமர்சனம் அதன் &quot;முறையற்ற&quot; இலக்கணப் பயன்பாடு குறித்ததாகும்; இது பிற நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த ஆங்கிலம் பேசுபவர்களுக்கு விசித்திரமாகத் தோன்றலாம். இந்திய ஆங்கிலம் பெரும்பாலும் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட உச்சரிப்புப் பாணியுடன் பேசப்படுகிறது. இந்த உச்சரிப்பு பேசுபவரின் தாய்மொழியைப் பொறுத்து மாறுபடுகிறது. மேலும், இதில் உள்ளூர் மொழிகளிலிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட பல சொற்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன (இவை பிற ஆங்கில வகைகளில் காணப்படுவதில்லை), இதனால் பிற பகுதிகளைச் சேர்ந்த, ஆங்கிலத்தைத் தாய்மொழியாகக் கொண்டிராதவர்கள் இதனைப் புரிந்துகொள்வது சவாலாக அமையலாம். கிராமப்புறங்களில் ஆங்கிலப் புலமை குறைவாகவே இருப்பதால், அங்கு பயணம் செய்யும்போது இந்தி மற்றும்/அல்லது உள்ளூர் மொழியின் அடிப்படைகளைக் கற்றுக்கொள்வது பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும். சர்வதேசப் பள்ளிகள் மற்றும் ஆங்கில வழிப் பள்ளிகளின் பரவலான இருப்பு காரணமாக, இளைஞர்களிடையே ஆங்கில அறிவு இருப்பதற்கான வாய்ப்பு அதிகம்; இருப்பினும், எப்போதும் போல, அவர்களது ஆங்கிலப் புலமை முழுமையற்றதாகவோ அல்லது பிழைகள் நிறைந்ததாகவோ இருக்கலாம்.

இந்திய ஆங்கிலத்தின் சில சிறப்பம்சங்கள்:
*   மிகவும் பொதுவாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் கேள்வித் துணுக்கு '''&quot;Isn't it&quot;''' ஆகும்; இது ஒரு உண்மையான கேள்வியைக் கேட்கவோ, அல்லது கிண்டல், திகைப்பு போன்ற உணர்வுகளை வெளிப்படுத்தவோ பயன்படுத்தப்படலாம். (எ.கா. ''&quot;He is from Tamil Nadu, isn't it?&quot;'')
* பெயர்ச்சொற்கள் பொதுவாகப் பன்மையாக மாற்றப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா. ''furniture'' அல்லது ''stuff'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''furnitures'' அல்லது ''stuffs'' என்று பயன்படுத்துவது).
* வினைச்சொற்கள் மாறுபட்ட வடிவங்களில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா. ''knew'' அல்லது ''bought'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''knowed'' அல்லது ''buyed'' என்று பயன்படுத்துவது).
* பேச்சுவழக்குச் சொற்கள், வட்டார வழக்குகள் மற்றும் மரபுத்தொடர்கள் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன; இவற்றில் சில, இந்தியர் அல்லாதவர்களால் முரட்டுத்தனமான அல்லது நாகரிகமற்றவையாகக் கருதப்படலாம் (எ.கா. ''What do you want?'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''What you want?'' என்று கேட்பது).
* முன்னிடைச்சொற்கள் மற்றும் சுட்டுச்சொற்கள் பெரும்பாலும் தவிர்க்கப்படுகின்றன அல்லது விசித்திரமான முறையில் இணைக்கப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா., ''&quot;I want a computer&quot;'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''&quot;I want computer&quot;'' என்று கூறுவது).
* சில சொற்கள் மற்றும் சொற்றொடர்கள் வேறு இடங்களில் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் அதே அர்த்தத்தில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவதில்லை (எ.கா., ''&quot;vote bank&quot;'' - இது ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட அரசியல் கட்சியை ஆதரிக்கும் மக்கள் குழுவைக் குறிக்கிறது).

ஆங்கில மொழித் தொலைக்காட்சி நிகழ்ச்சிகளும் திரைப்படங்களும் பரவலாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன. இந்திய மொழிகளிலான சேனல்களை விட ஆங்கிலத் தொலைக்காட்சி சேனல்களே அதிக எண்ணிக்கையில் உள்ளன. நீங்கள் இருக்கும் இடத்தைப் பொறுத்து, சில நிகழ்ச்சிகள் வேறு மொழிகளில் மொழிமாற்றம் செய்யப்பட்டு ஒளிபரப்பப்படலாம். கேபிள் டிவி சேனல்களில் பெரும்பாலும் பல ஒலி மொழிகளில் ஒன்றைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கும் வசதி உள்ளது.

'''சமசுகிருதம்''' பண்டைய இந்திய இலக்கியங்கள் மற்றும் இந்து, பௌத்த மத நூல்கள் பெரும்பாலும் எழுதப்பட்ட மொழி ஆகும். இது மிகப்பழமையான மொழிகளில் ஒன்றாக, அல்லது மிகப்பழமையான மொழியாகவே கருதப்படுகிறது. இன்று சமசுகிருதம் முக்கியமாக வழிபாட்டு மொழியாகவே நிலைத்திருக்கிறது. இதனைத் தாய்மொழியாகக் கொண்டவர்கள் மிகச் சிலரே என்றாலும், இந்தியாவில் பலர் பள்ளியில் ஒரு பாடமாக இதைக் கற்றுள்ளனர் அல்லது இதில் உள்ள பெரும்பாலான சொற்களைப் புரிந்துகொள்கிறார்கள். பல நவீன இந்திய மொழிகள் சமசுகிருதத்திலிருந்து தோன்றியவை; சமசுகிருதத்துடன் நேரடித் தொடர்பில்லாத மொழிகள் கூட அதன் வலுவான தாக்கத்திற்கு உட்பட்டுள்ளன.

இந்தி உள்ளிட்ட பெரும்பாலான வட இந்திய மொழிகள் சமசுகிருதத்திலிருந்து தோன்றியவை என்றாலும், தென்னிந்தியாவின் முக்கிய மொழிகளான [[Wy/ta/தெலுங்குச் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''தெலுங்கு''']], தமிழ், [[Wy/ta/கன்னடச் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''கன்னடம்''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மலையாள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மலையாளம்''']] ஆகியவை வேறுபட்ட ஒரு மூல மொழியிலிருந்து தோன்றியவை. இவை திராவிட மொழிகள் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. ஒரு சுவையான விஷயம் என்னவென்றால், அப்பகுதிகளில் இஸ்லாமிய ஆட்சி குறைவாகவே இருந்ததால், இந்தியை விட தெலுங்கு, கன்னடம் மற்றும் மலையாளம் ஆகிய மொழிகளில் சமசுகிருதத்தின் தாக்கம் அதிகமாகவே காணப்படுகிறது. வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவில், [[Wy/ta/மணிப்புரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மணிப்புரி''']] (அல்லது ''மெய்தெய்'') மொழி சீன-திபெத்திய மொழிக்குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்தது; இது சீனம், பர்மீயம் மற்றும் திபெத்தியம் ஆகிய மொழிகளுடன் தொடர்புடையது என்பதால், பிற இந்திய மொழிகளிலிருந்து தனித்து விளங்குகிறது.

இருப்பினும், நீங்கள் செல்லவிருக்கும் இடத்தின் உள்ளூர் மொழியில் முடிந்தவரை சில சொற்களையாவது கற்றுக்கொள்வது நல்லது. மக்கள் தங்கள் மாநிலம் அல்லது பிராந்தியத்தின் பண்பாடு மற்றும் மொழி குறித்துப் பெருமிதம் கொள்கிறார்கள், எனவே வெளியிலிருந்து வருபவர் ஒருவர் அம்மொழியில் உரையாட முயற்சிப்பதை அவர்கள் பெரிதும் மதிப்பார்கள். நகர்ப்புற இளைஞர்களிடையே ஆங்கிலம் மற்றும் உள்ளூர் மொழி ஆகியவற்றை மாறி மாறிப் பயன்படுத்தும் வழக்கம் காணப்பட்டாலும், அந்நியர்களிடம் பேசும்போது படித்தவர்கள் பலரும் தரமான ஆங்கிலத்தையே (பிரித்தானிய ஆங்கிலம்) பயன்படுத்துவார்கள்.

எசுக்காண்டினாவிய மொழிகளைப் போலவே, பல இந்திய மொழிகளிலும் &quot;தயவுசெய்து&quot; என்ற சொல்லுக்கு இடமில்லை. அதற்குப் பதிலாக, மரியாதை மற்றும் முறைமையின் நிலைகளைக் குறிக்கும் பல வடிவங்களில் வினைச்சொற்கள் உள்ளன. ஆங்கிலத்தில் அத்தகைய வேறுபாடு இல்லாததால், இந்தியர்கள் ஒரு மேற்கத்தியருக்குக் கட்டளையிடுபவர்களாகவும் தோன்றலாம். ''இங்கே வா'' போன்ற சொற்றொடர்களை நீங்கள் கேட்கலாம்; அவை மேற்கத்திய பண்பாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த ஆங்கிலம் பேசுபவர்களுக்குக் கட்டளையிடுவது போல் ஒலிக்கலாம், ஆனால் இது முரட்டுத்தனமாகக் கருதப்படுவதல்ல.

'''சொற்கள் சாராத தகவல் பரிமாற்றமும்''' முக்கியமானது. &quot;ஆம்&quot; மற்றும் &quot;இல்லை&quot; என்பதைக் குறிக்க இந்தியர்கள் தலையை அசைக்கும் விதம் குழப்பத்தை ஏற்படுத்துவதாகப் பலரும் பேசுகின்றனர்; ஆனால், இந்தியர்கள் '''ஆம், சரி மற்றும் இல்லை ஆகியவற்றுக்கு வெவ்வேறு விதமான தலை அசைவுகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளனர்''' என்பதைப் புரிந்துகொள்வதே முக்கியமான விஷயமாகும்.

* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை '''மேலிருந்து கீழாக''' அசைத்தால், அது '''ஆம்''' அல்லது '''நான் ஒப்புக்கொள்கிறேன்''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது (இது ஒரு வழக்கமான தலையசைப்பு).
* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை வலமிருந்து இடமாகவும் மீண்டும் பழைய நிலைக்கு வருமாறும் '''சாய்வாக''' அசைத்தால், அது '''எனக்குப் புரிகிறது''' அல்லது '''நீங்கள் சொன்னதை நான் புரிந்துகொண்டேன்''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது.
* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை பக்கவாட்டில் (இடமிருந்து வலமாகவும் வலமிருந்து இடமாகவும்) அசைத்தால், அது '''இல்லை''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது.
* வட இந்தியா மற்றும் தென் இந்தியாவில் இந்தச் சைகைகள் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் விதத்தில் வேறுபாடுகள் உள்ளன. வட இந்தியாவில் தலையை முன்னும் பின்னும் அசைப்பது 'ஆம்' என்பதையும், தீவிரமாக இடமும் வலமும் அசைப்பது 'இல்லை' என்பதையும் குறிக்கிறது; ஆனால், தமிழ்நாட்டைப் போன்ற தென் மாநிலங்களில் அந்தப் பக்கவாட்டு அசைவு 'ஆம்' என்று கூடப் புரிந்துகொள்ளப்படலாம். எனவே, தென்னிந்தியாவில் சரியான பொருளைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள, அந்த அசைவுகளுடன் வெளிப்படும் வாய்மொழிச் சைகைகளையும் (உதாரணமாக, 'ஆம்' என்பதற்கு 'ஆங்' அல்லது 'ஆ' என்பது போன்ற ஒலிகள்) கவனிக்க வேண்டும்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction
|இந்தியாவின் சில மாநிலங்களுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] ([[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மக்காவு|மக்காவு]] உட்பட) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மியான்மார்|மியான்மார்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் அல்லது முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள், உள்துறை அமைச்சகத்திடமிருந்து சிறப்பு அனுமதி பெற்றிருந்தாலன்றி, பொதுவாக இத்தகைய அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளைப் பெறத் தகுதியற்றவர்கள் ஆவர்.
* '''கட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி (''RAP''):''' [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குள் நுழைய தேவைப்படுகிறது. [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் மற்றும் முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள், [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகளின்]] எந்தவொரு பகுதிக்கும் செல்லவும் இந்த அனுமதியைப் பெற வேண்டும்.
* '''பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி (''PAP''):'''  [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]], [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]], [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குள் நுழைவதற்கு  தேவைப்படுகிறது.
* '''உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி (''ILP''):''' நீங்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமகனாக இருந்தால், [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]], [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]] ஆகிய மாநிலங்களுக்குள் நுழைய தேவைப்படுகிறது. பெரும்பாலான வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்த அனுமதி இல்லாமலே அங்கு செல்லலாம்; ஆனால், அங்கு சென்றடைந்ததும் உள்ளூர் காவல்துறையினரிடம் தங்களைப் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். அதேவேளையில், [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மாநிலத்திற்குச் செல்லும் அனைவரும், அவர்களின் குடியுரிமை எதுவாக இருந்தாலும், உள்-வரிசை அனுமதியைப் பெற வேண்டியது கட்டாயமாகும். எனினும், வெளிநாட்டினர் பொதுவாக எல்லைப் பகுதியிலேயே இதைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ள முடியும்.
நீங்கள் இப்பகுதிகளில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றிற்குச் செல்லத் திட்டமிட்டிருந்தால், இந்திய விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே அதற்கான உரிய அனுமதியைக் கோர வேண்டும். அனுமதி வழங்கப்பட்டால், அது உங்கள் விசாவில் சேர்க்கப்படும். எனினும், எளிதாகப் பெறக்கூடிய ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம்'' அல்லது ''மின்னணு விசா'' மூலம் இதைச் செய்ய முடியாது. வழக்கமான விசாக்களுக்கு மட்டுமே இது பொருந்தும்.
|lastedit=permanent
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[[File:Visa Policy Of India.svg|thumb|இந்தியாவின் விசா கொள்கை.]]
மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல் பாதிப்புள்ள நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த குடிமக்கள் அல்லது அந்நாடுகளிலிருந்து வரும் பயணிகள், இந்தியாவுக்கு வருகை தரும்போது '''மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல் தடுப்பூசி அட்டை'''யை வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும்; இல்லையெனில், அவர்கள் 6 நாட்களுக்குத் தனிமைப்படுத்தப்படலாம்.

இந்தியாவிற்குப் பயணம் செய்யும் அனைத்து வெளிநாட்டுப் பயணிகளும் (''இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன்'' ஆவணதாரர்கள் உட்பட) வருகைக்கு முன்பாக, கட்டாயமான '''எண்ம மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டையை''' பூர்த்தி செய்ய வேண்டும். இந்திய மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டை என்பது, 1 அக்டோபர் 2025 அன்று அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்ட, பாரம்பரிய காகித இறங்குதளப் படிவத்தின் எண்ம வடிவமாகும். இது, முன்பு விமானங்களிலோ அல்லது குடிவரவு கல்லாக்களிலோ பூர்த்தி செய்யப்பட்ட காகித இறங்குதள அட்டைக்கு மாற்றாக வந்துள்ளது. மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டையை, இந்தியாவிற்கு வருகைக்கு 72 மணி நேரத்திற்குள் இணைநிலையில் பூர்த்தி செய்ய வேண்டும். சமர்ப்பித்த பிறகு, பயணிகள் ஒரு விதுக்குறி உறுதிப்படுத்தலைப் பெறுவார்கள். அதை வருகையின்போது குடிவரவுத் துறையில் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். இந்தப் படிவத்தை இந்த இணைப்பின் மூலம் பூர்த்தி செய்யலாம்: [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/earrival/ மின்னணு-வருகை]

முன்னாள் அல்லது தற்போதைய குடியுரிமை, பிறப்பு அல்லது அண்மைய பயணம் போன்றவற்றின் மூலம் '''[[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தானுடன்]] தொடர்புடைய''' நபர்களுக்குச் சிறப்பு விதிமுறைகள் பொருந்தும்; கீழே உள்ள [[#பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்.

=== விசா ===
166 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கும் '''மின்னணு விசா''' அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டதன் மூலம் இந்தியாவின் விசா நடைமுறை எளிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க விதிவிலக்குகள் பின்வருமாறு:

'''இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன்''' (''இககு'') ஆவணத்தை வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் இந்தியாவில் காலவரையறையின்றி தங்க அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். மேலும் அவர்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு இணையான உரிமைகளைப் பெற்று, சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களில் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கான கட்டணச் சலுகைகளையும் பெறுகிறார்கள். குடியேற்றச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் (மின்னணு அல்லது நேரடிச் சோதனை) கடவுச்சீட்டுடன் அசல் இககு சான்றிதழையும் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். இருப்பினும், இந்தியாவில் உள்ள சில குறிப்பிட்ட பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல அவர்கள் அனுமதி பெற வேண்டும்; அவர்களால் விவசாய நிலத்தை வாங்கவோ அல்லது எந்தத் தேர்தலிலும் வாக்களிக்கவோ முடியாது. இககு சான்றிதழ் எந்தச் சூழ்நிலையிலும் இந்தியக் குடியுரிமைக்கான சான்றாகக் கருதப்படாது. மேலும், நீங்கள் எந்த நாட்டின் கடவுச்சீட்டை வைத்திருக்கிறீர்களோ, அந்த நாடே உங்களுக்குத் தூதரக உதவிகளை வழங்க முடியும். தற்போது ''மின்னணு-இககு'' என்ற எண்ம வடிவம் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது; இது அட்டைதாரர்கள் தங்கள் இககு விவரங்களை திறன்பேசியில் கடவுச்சீட்டுடன் சேர்த்துச் சேமித்து வைத்துக்கொள்ளவும் காண்பிக்கவும் அனுமதிக்கிறது, இதனால் காகித வடிவிலான கையேட்டை கட்டாயம் எடுத்துச் செல்ல வேண்டிய அவசியம் நீக்கப்படுகிறது. காகித வடிவிலான இககு கையேடுகளும் தொடர்ந்து முழுமையாகச் செல்லுபடியாகும் மற்றும் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும். 20 வயதிற்குப் பிறகு கடவுச்சீட்டைப் புதுப்பித்தவுடன் புதிய இககு கையேட்டைப் பெற வேண்டும் என்ற விதி நீக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனினும், இணையம் வழியாகக் கடவுச்சீட்டு விவரங்களைப் புதுப்பிப்பது கட்டாயமாகும்.

[[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] நாட்டு குடிமக்கள் விசா இல்லாமலேயே இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைந்து காலவரையறையின்றி வசிக்கலாம். '''[[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]]''' நாட்டு குடிமக்கள் விசா இல்லாமல் 90 நாட்கள் வரை தங்கலாம். [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பான்]], [[Wy/ta/தென் கொரியா|தென் கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் ''வருகையின்போது விசா'' பெறும் வசதிக்குத் தகுதியுடையவர்கள் மற்றும் 60 நாட்கள் வரை தங்கலாம். [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/வட கொரியா|வட கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஈரான்|ஈரான்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் (தற்போதைய அல்லது முன்னாள்) விசா பெறுவதற்கு குறைந்தபட்சம் 4 வாரங்கள் காத்திருக்க வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

இந்தியாவில் பணி தொடர்பான நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபட விரும்பினால், உங்களுக்கு '''வணிக விசா''' தேவைப்படலாம் (இககு ஆவணதாரர்களுக்கு வணிக விசா தேவையில்லை). மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் முறைமையானது &quot;சாதாரண வணிக ரீதியிலான வருகைகளை&quot; அனுமதிக்கிறது. மேலும் இதைப் பெறுவது எளிதானது. ஒருவேளை உங்களுக்கு வணிக விசா தேவைப்பட்டால், உங்கள் சொந்த நாட்டில் உள்ள உங்கள் நிறுவனம் மற்றும் இந்தியாவில் நீங்கள் பார்வையிடவிருக்கும் நிறுவனம் ஆகியன தொடர்பான விரிவான ஆவணங்களைச் சமர்ப்பிக்கத் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும். இதில், நீங்கள் பார்வையிடவிருக்கும் நிறுவனத்திடமிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட அழைப்புக் கடிதம், வணிகப் பதிவு ஆவணங்கள் மற்றும் தேவைப்பட்டால் வருமான வரித் தாக்கல் விவரங்கள் உள்ளிட்ட முக்கிய ஆவணங்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். குறுகிய கால விசாவிற்கு (எ.கா. 6 மாதங்கள்) விண்ணப்பிப்பது பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கலாம்; ஏனெனில், அத்தகைய சூழலில் அதற்கான தகுதி நிபந்தனைகள் குறைவாக இருக்கக்கூடும்.

அமெரிக்கக் குடிமக்கள் உட்பட குறிப்பிட்ட சில நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்கு 10 ஆண்டுகளுக்கான சிறப்பு விசா கிடைக்கிறது (கட்டணம்: 100 அமெரிக்க டாலர்கள்).

மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்திற்குத் தகுதியற்ற அமெரிக்கக் குடிமக்களுக்கான வழக்கமான விசா விண்ணப்பச் செயல்முறை '''[https://services.vfsglobal.com/usa/en/ind/ விஎஃப்எஸ் குளோபல்]''' இணையதளத்தில் தொடங்குகிறது. பின்னர், விண்ணப்பங்கள் ஃபெடெக்ஸ் மூலமாகவோ அல்லது நேரடியாகவோ விசா விண்ணப்ப மையத்தில் சமர்ப்பிக்கப்பட வேண்டும்.

நீங்கள் அதைப் பயன்படுத்தத் திட்டமிடவில்லை என்றாலும், பன்முக நுழைவு விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிப்பது எப்போதும் நல்லது. ஏனெனில், இதற்கான கட்டணம் ஒன்றுதான், இவை தாராளமாக வழங்கப்படுகின்றன, மேலும் கடைசி நேரத்தில் அண்டை நாடுகளுக்குச் செல்ல நீங்கள் முடிவெடுத்தால் இவை மிகவும் பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும்.

இந்திய அரசின் [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/visa/index.html அதிகாரபூர்வமான இணையதளம்] வழியாக வழக்கமான விசாக்களுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்.

==== மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் / மின்னணு விசா ====
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction|நீங்களோ அல்லது உங்கள் பெற்றோரோ அல்லது தாத்தா-பாட்டிமார்களோ எப்போதாவது [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தானின்]] குடிமகனாகவோ அல்லது நிரந்தரக் குடியிருப்பாளராகவோ இருந்திருந்தாலோ, அல்லது பாக்கித்தானின் தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (NIC card) அல்லது வெளிநாடு வாழ் பாகிஸ்தானியர்களுக்கான தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (NICOP card) வைத்திருந்தாலோ (பாகிஸ்தானிய வம்சாவளியினர் பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்), நீங்கள் மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்திற்குத் தகுதி பெறமாட்டீர்கள். அதற்குப் பதிலாக, நீங்கள் இந்தியத் தூதரகம் அல்லது துணைத் தூதரகத்தில் நேரில் சென்று விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும்.
|lastedit=2026-08-18
}}
இந்தியாவிற்கான விசா பெறுவதற்கு ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் (ஈடிஏ)'' அல்லது ''மின்னணு விசா (ஈ-விசா)'' என்பதே மிக எளிதான வழியாகும். இதற்கு இணையதளம் மூலமாக மட்டுமே விண்ணப்பிக்கவும் அனுமதி பெறவும் முடியும்; அதாவது, விவரங்களைப் பூர்த்தி செய்தல், சமீபத்திய புகைப்படம் (ஜெபிஜி வடிவம்; தரமான செல்ஃபி கூட ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும்) மற்றும் கடவுச்சீட்டு நகல் (கையடக்க ஆவண வடிவமைப்பு (பிடிஎஃப்); அதிகபட்சம் 300kB) ஆகியவற்றை பதிவேற்றுதல் மற்றும் (திரும்பப் பெற முடியாத) செயலாக்கக் கட்டணத்தைச் செலுத்துதல் ஆகிய அனைத்தும்    [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html இந்திய அரசின் சிறப்பு மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகார இணையதளம்] வழியாகவே மேற்கொள்ளப்பட வேண்டும். பெரும்பாலான ஈடிஏ வகைகளுக்கு இந்தியா வருவதற்கு 4 முதல் 120 நாட்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்; ஆனால், '30 நாள் ''மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப்பயணி'' விசாவிற்கு மட்டும் வருகைக்கு 4 முதல் 30 நாட்களுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும். கட்டணத்தை எஸ்பிஐ ஈ-பே (பாரத ஸ்டேட் வங்கி) அல்லது ஆக்சிஸ் வங்கி வழியாக கடனட்டை/பற்று அட்டை மூலமாகவோ (+2.5% வங்கி கட்டணம்) அல்லது ''பேபால்'' மூலமாகவோ (+3.5% வங்கி கட்டணம்) செலுத்தலாம். கட்டணம் செலுத்துவதில் ஏதேனும் தோல்வி ஏற்பட்டால், ஒரே தொகையை இருமுறை செலுத்துவதைத் தவிர்க்கச் சில மணிநேரங்கள் காத்திருக்கவும். கட்டணம் வெற்றிகரமாகச் செலுத்தப்பட்ட பிறகு ஈடிஏ விண்ணப்பச் செயல்முறை தொடங்குகிறது. முடிவு தெரிய வருவதற்கு 72 மணிநேரம் வரை ஆகலாம்; இருப்பினும், பல சந்தர்ப்பங்களில் 24 மணிநேரத்திலேயே முடிவு கிடைத்துவிடுகிறது.

கீழே உள்ள செயலாக்கக் கட்டணங்கள் பட்டியலில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள 166 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்கு மட்டுமே ஈடிஏ வசதி கிடைக்கும். சாலை அல்லது தொடருந்து வழியாக இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு இதைப் பயன்படுத்த முடியாது; ஆனால், சாலை அல்லது தொடருந்து வழியாக வெளியேற முடியும் (விவரங்களுக்குக் கீழே பார்க்கவும்). அசல் ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட பழைய கடவுச்சீட்டை உடன் வைத்திருந்தால், புதிய கடவுச்சீட்டைப் பயன்படுத்தி நாட்டிற்குள் நுழையவும் வெளியேறவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படும்.

அதே ஈடிஏ மற்றும் மின்னணு-விசா சேவைகளை வழங்கும் வணிக ரீதியிலான இணையதளங்களும் உள்ளன. ஆனால், அந்தச் சேவைகளுக்குச் செலவழிக்கும் பணம் பொதுவாகப் பயனுள்ளதாக இருப்பதில்லை. எனவே, உங்கள் பணத்தை மிச்சப்படுத்தி, அதிகாரப்பூர்வ இணையதளம் மூலமாக மட்டுமே விண்ணப்பிக்கவும்.

பின்வரும் வகையான ஈடிஏ-க்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன:
* '''மின்னணு-சுற்றுலா விசா''':
** 30 நாட்கள் – இரட்டை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும்
** 1 அல்லது 5 ஆண்டுகள் – பன்முக நுழைவு, ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட தேதியிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரே நேரத்தில் அதிகபட்சம் 90 நாட்கள், ஒரு காலிகை ஆண்டிற்கு அதிகபட்சம் 180 நாட்கள்
* '''மின்னணு-வணிக விசா''' – 1 ஆண்டு, பன்முக நுழைவு, ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட தேதியிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரே நேரத்தில் அதிகபட்சம் 180 நாட்கள்
* '''மின்னணு-மாநாட்டு விசா''' – ஒற்றை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 30 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும்
* '''மின்னணு-மருத்துவ விசா''' – மும்முறை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 60 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும்
* '''மின்னணு-மருத்துவ உதவியாளர் விசா''' – மும்முறை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 60 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரு நோயாளிக்கு அதிகபட்சம் 2 உதவியாளர்கள்

'''நுழைவிடங்கள்:''' ஈடிஏ வில் இந்தியாவுக்குள் பின்வருமாறு:
* விமான நிலையங்கள் - அகமதாபாத், அமிருதசரசு, பாக்டோக்ரா (சிலிகுரி), பெங்களூரு, புவனேசுவரம், கோழிக்கோடு, சென்னை, சண்டிகர், கொச்சி, கோயம்புத்தூர், தில்லி, கயா, கோவா, குவகாத்தி, ஐதராபாது, செய்ப்பூர், கண்ணூர், கொல்கத்தா, இலக்னோ, மதுரை, மங்களூரு, மும்பை, நாக்பூர், ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம், புனே, திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி திருவனந்தபுரம், வாரணாசி, விசாகபட்டினம்.
* துறைமுகங்கள் – சென்னை, கொச்சி, கோவா, மங்களூரு, மும்பை

'''வெளியேறுமிடங்கள்:''' மேலே குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட அனைத்தையும், அத்துடன் பின்வருவனவற்றையும் சேர்த்துக்கொள்ளவும்:
* விமான நிலையங்கள் - பட்னா, சிறிநகர், சூரத்து, திருப்பதி, விஜயவாடா
* துறைமுகங்கள் - அலங், பேடி பந்தர், பவநகர், கோழிக்கோடு, கடலூர், காக்கிநாடா, காண்ட்லா, கொல்கத்தா, மாண்டவி, நாகப்பட்டினம், நவா ஷேவா, பாராதீப், போர்பந்தர், ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம், தூத்துக்குடி, விசாகப்பட்டினம், விழிஞ்சம், அகத்தி மற்றும் மினிகாய் தீவு, இலட்சத்தீவுகள், வல்லார்பாடம், முந்திரா, கிருஷ்ணபட்டினம், துப்ரி, பாண்டு, நகோன், ஸ்ரீபூமி, காட்டுப்பள்ளி
* நிலவழி ஒருங்கிணைந்த சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் - அட்டாரி சாலை, அகௌரா, பன்பாசா, சங்ரபந்தா, தாலு, டாவ்கி, தலாய்காட், கௌரிபந்தா, கோஜதங்கா, ஹரிதாஸ்பூர், ஹிலி, ஜெய்கான், ஜோக்பானி, கைலாஷாஹர், ஸ்ரீபூமி, கோவல், லால்கோலாகாட், மகாதிபூர், மங்காச்சார், மோரே, முஹுரிகாட், ரதி, முகுரிகாட், ரக்சால், ருபைதிகா, சப்ரூம், சோனௌலி, ஸ்ரீமந்தபூர், சுதர்கண்டி, புல்பாரி, கவார்பூச்சியா, சோரின்புரி, சோகவ்தர்
* தொடருந்து ஒருங்கிணைந்த சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் - அட்டாரி, சித்பூர், கெடே (தொடருந்து மற்றும் சாலை), அரிதாஸ்பூர், முனாபாவ்

ஈடிஏ விண்ணப்பத்தில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள நுழைவு மற்றும் வெளியேறும் இடங்கள் கட்டாயமானவை அல்ல.

[https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/images/Etourist_fee_final.pdf மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப் பயணி விசா] மற்றும் [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/images/eTV_revised_fee_final.pdf பிற அனைத்து மின்னணு-விசா] வகைகளுக்கான '''செயலாக்கக் கட்டணங்கள்''' (மற்றும் தகுதி) விவரங்கள்:

{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப் பயணி விசா}}
! கட்டணம் !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;30&amp;nbsp;நாட்கள்&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt;(ஏப்ரல்-சூன்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;30&amp;nbsp;நாட்கள்&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt;(சூலை-மார்ச்) !! 1&amp;nbsp;வருடம் !! 5&amp;nbsp;வருடங்கள் !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || அர்கெந்தீனா, குக் தீவுகள், பிஜி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பப்புவா நியூ கினி, சமோவா, சீசெல்சு, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 10 || 25 || 25 || 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 10 || 25 || 40 || 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கோலா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பெனின், பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கொமொரோசு, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், சீபூத்தீ, டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எரித்திரியா, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், காம்பியா, சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரெனடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கினி, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோனேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கஜகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், இலாவோசு, லாத்வியா, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மலேசியா, மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், மொசாம்பிக்கு, நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, நைஜர், வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, உருசியா, உருவாண்டா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செனிகல், செர்பியா, சியேரா லியோனி, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தஜிகிஸ்தான், தன்சானியா, தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், உகாண்டா, உக்ரைன், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சாம்பியா, சிம்பாப்வே
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-வணிக விசா}}
! கட்டணம்&lt;br/&gt;(அமேரிக்க டாலர்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 0 || அங்கோலா, அர்கெந்தீனா, பெனின், புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கொமொரோசு, குக் தீவுகள், சீபூத்தீ, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எரித்திரியா, பிஜி, காம்பியா, கினி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, இலாவோசு, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மொசாம்பிக்கு, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நைஜர் குடியரசு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பாப்புவா நியூ கினி, உருவாண்டா, சமோவா, செனெகல், சீசெல்சு, சியேரா லியோனி, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தன்சானியா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உகாண்டா, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு, சாம்பியா
|-
| 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
|-
| 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலாருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரனெடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோநேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கசகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், லாத்வியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மலேசியா, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செர்பியா, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தஜிகிஸ்தான், தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சிம்பாப்வே
|-
| 100 || உருசியா, ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், உக்ரைன், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-மாநாட்டு விசா&lt;br&gt;மின்னணு-மருத்துவ விசா&lt;br&gt; மின்னணு-மருத்துவ உதவியாளர் விசா}}
! கட்டணம்&lt;br/&gt;(அமேரிக்க டாலர்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 0 || அர்கெந்தீனா, குக் தீவுகள், பிஜி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பாப்புவா நியூ கினி, சமோவா, சீசெல்சு, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு
|-
| 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
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| 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலாருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கொமொரோசு, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், சீபூத்தீ, டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எரித்திரியா, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், காம்பியா, சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரெனடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கினி, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோனேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கஜகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், இலாவோசு, லாத்வியா, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மலேசியா, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, நைஜர், வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, உருவாண்டா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செனிகல், செர்பியா, சியேரா லியோனி, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தன்சானியா, தஜிகிஸ்தான், தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், உகாண்டா, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சாம்பியா, சிம்பாப்வே
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| 100 || பெனின், மொசாம்பிக்கு, ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், உருசியா, உக்ரைன், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்
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முன்னர் நடைமுறையில் இருந்த வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட ''வருகையின்போது விசா'' திட்டத்திற்குப் பதிலாக ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம்'' அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. தற்போது இந்தியாவில் வருகையின்போது விசா வசதிகள் ஏதுமில்லை.

====குறிப்பிட்ட வகையிலான விசாக்கள்====
சிறப்பு நோக்கங்களுக்காக வேறு சில விசா வகைகளும் உள்ளன. &quot;முதன்மையாக சமய நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபடுவதற்காக&quot; இந்தியாவுக்கு வரும் எவருக்கும் '''சமயப்பரப்பாளர் விசா''' கட்டாயமாகும். மதமாற்றத்தைத் தடுக்கும் நோக்கிலேயே, குறிப்பாக இந்துக்களைக் கிறிஸ்தவ அல்லது இஸ்லாமிய மதங்களுக்கு மாற்றுவதைத் தடுப்பதற்காகவே இந்த விதி உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. சுற்றுலா விசாவில் வந்து சமயக் கூட்டங்களில் உரையாற்றியதற்காக சமயப் பிரசாரகர்கள் நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேற்றப்பட்ட நிகழ்வுகள் நடந்துள்ளன. ஆனால், நீங்கள் இந்தியாவில் உள்ள தேவாலயங்களைப் பார்வையிடும் ஒரு சமயச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணத்தை மேற்கொள்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், இதைப் பற்றிக் கவலைப்படத் தேவையில்லை.

நீங்கள் மாணவர், வேலைவாய்ப்பு, ஆராய்ச்சி அல்லது சமயப்பரப்பாளர் விசா ஆகியவற்றில் வந்திருந்தால், இந்தியாவுக்கு வந்த 14 நாட்களுக்குள் நீங்கள் தங்கும் பகுதியில் உள்ள [https://mea.gov.in/foreigners-registration.htm '''வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகம்'''] சென்று பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும் (இந்த இணையதளத்தை இந்தியாவுக்கு வெளியே அணுக முடியாது). நீங்கள் தங்கும் பகுதியில் அத்தகைய அலுவலகம் இல்லையென்றால், உள்ளூர் காவல் நிலையத்தில் பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டும். '''180 நாட்களுக்கு மேல்''' தங்குவதற்குத் திட்டமிடும் அனைத்துப் பார்வையாளர்களும் பதிவு செய்துகொள்வது கட்டாயமாகும்.

==== பாக்கித்தான் ====
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction|ஏப்ரல் 2025 முதல் பாகிஸ்தான் குடிமக்களுக்கான விசா சேவைகள் இடைநிறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. பெரும்பாலான வகைகளுக்கான புதிய விசா விண்ணப்பங்கள் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுவதில்லை. 
|lastedit=2026-08-20
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இரட்டை குடியுரிமை கொண்ட பாக்கித்தானியர்கள், தங்கள் மற்றொரு கடவுச்சீட்டைப் பயன்படுத்தி இந்தியாவுக்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

நீங்கள் உங்கள் பாக்கித்தானிய குடியுரிமையை முறையாகத் துறந்திருந்தால், இந்திய சுற்றுலா விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கத் தகுதி பெறுவீர்கள். ஆனால், விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போது குடியுரிமை துறப்புச் சான்றிதழின் அசல் நகலைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். மேலும், உங்களுக்கு ஒரே முறை மட்டுமே நுழையக்கூடிய 3 மாத கால விசா மட்டுமே வழங்கப்படும். இந்தியா வந்தடைந்ததும், உங்களிடம் கூடுதல் கேள்விகள் கேட்கப்படவோ அல்லது சோதனைகள் நடத்தப்படவோ, அல்லது நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதி மறுக்கப்படவோ அதிக வாய்ப்புள்ளது.

உங்களிடம் பாக்கித்தான் கடவுச்சீட்டு இல்லையென்றால், ஆனால் தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (''NIC'') அல்லது வெளிநாடு வாழ் பாக்கித்தானியர்களுக்கான தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (''NICOP'') வைத்திருந்தால், நீங்கள் ''NIC/NICOP'' வைத்திருப்பது மற்றும் கடவுச்சீட்டு வைத்திருக்கவில்லை என்பது குறித்த உண்மைகளை உறுதிப்படுத்தும் சான்றொப்பமிடப்பட்ட அறிக்கை ஒன்றைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். உங்களிடம் தற்போதுள்ள அனைத்துக் கடவுச்சீட்டுகளையும் நீங்கள் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். அத்துடன், விசா அதிகாரியின் விருப்பத்தின் பேரில் உங்கள் முந்தைய கடவுச்சீட்டுகளையும் சமர்ப்பிக்குமாறு உங்களிடம் கேட்கப்படலாம்.

இயல்புரிமை பெற்ற வெளிநாட்டு குடிமக்கள் தங்கள் இயல்புரிமையை உறுதிப்படுத்தும் சான்றிதழையும், பாக்கித்தானுக்கு வெளியே பிறந்தவர்கள் தங்கள் பிறப்புச் சான்றிதழையும் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும்.

நேரத்தை மிச்சப்படுத்த, நீங்கள் ஒரு படிவத்தை பூர்த்தி செய்யலாம். இதில் பெரும்பாலும் 'ஆம்' அல்லது 'இல்லை' என்று பதிலளிக்கக்கூடிய கேள்விகள் மட்டுமே இடம்பெற்றிருக்கும். நீங்கள் பாக்கித்தான் வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்தவராக இருந்தால், உங்கள் விசா பரிசீலனைக்குக் குறைந்தபட்சம் 7 முதல் 9 வாரங்கள் வரை ஆகலாம்.

கடந்த 21 நாட்களுக்குள் நீங்கள் பாக்கித்தானுக்குச் சென்றிருந்தாலோ அல்லது உங்கள் பயண ஆவணத்தில் பாக்கித்தானின் விசா அல்லது முத்திரை இருந்தாலோ, உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி மறுக்கப்படலாம் மற்றும் உங்கள் விசா செல்லாததாக்கப்படலாம்.

=== சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் ===
{{Wy/ta/Cautionbox|boldtext=சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் குழப்பமானவை!
|இந்தியாவின் சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் மிகவும் சிக்கலானவை. இவற்றைக் கவனமாகக் கையாளாவிட்டால், உங்கள் பொருட்கள் பறிமுதல் செய்யப்படுதல், அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படுதல், நாடு கடத்தப்படுதல் அல்லது சிறைத்தண்டனை போன்ற விளைவுகளை நீங்கள் சந்திக்க நேரிடலாம். சட்டவிரோத போதைப்பொருட்கள் அல்லது பெருமளவிலான பணம் அல்லது நகைகளை இறக்குமதி அல்லது ஏற்றுமதி செய்வது சுங்கத் துறையினரிடையே சந்தேகத்தை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடும்.
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சுங்கச் சோதனையை முடிப்பது சற்று சிரமமான விஷயமாக இருக்கலாம், இருப்பினும் இதில் இப்போது பெரும் முன்னேற்றம் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளது. பொதுவாக, உங்கள் உடைமைகளைச் சுங்கச் சோதனை வழியாக எளிதாகக் கொண்டு செல்ல உதவுவதாகக் கூறும் இடைத்தரகர்களைத் தவிர்க்கவும். வரி விலக்குச் சலுகைகள் தொடர்பாகப் பல்வேறு விதிகள் உள்ளன. இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள், வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், நேபாளம், பூட்டான் மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் நாட்டுப் பயணிகள், இந்திய வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்த வெளிநாட்டினர் மற்றும் இந்தியாவிற்குக் குடியேறுபவர்கள் ஆகியோருக்கு வெவ்வேறு விதிகள் பொருந்தும். நீங்கள் எவற்றையெல்லாம் கொண்டு வரலாம் என்பது குறித்த தகவல்களை அறிய, [https://www.cbic.gov.in/ மத்திய கலால் மற்றும் சுங்க வாரியம்] இணையதளத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தவும்.

நேபாளம், பூட்டான் மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் நாட்டவர்கள் அல்லது அந்த நாடுகள் வழியாக வருபவர்களைத் தவிர்த்த பிற வெளிநாட்டு சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், தாங்கள் பயன்படுத்திய தனிப்பட்ட பொருட்கள், பயணத்தின்போது வாங்கிய நினைவுப் பொருட்கள் மற்றும் பரிசுப் பொருட்களாக ₹4,000 மதிப்புள்ள பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வர அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். நீங்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமகனாகவோ அல்லது இந்திய வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்தவராகவோ இருந்தால் (நேபாளம், பூட்டான் அல்லது பாக்கித்தான் வழியாக வராத பட்சத்தில்), ₹25,000 மதிப்புள்ள பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வர உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி உண்டு. இது தொடர்பான பிற விதிமுறைகள் இணையதளத்தில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. புதியதாகப் பொட்டலமிடப்பட்ட பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வருவதாக இருந்தால், அவற்றின் மதிப்பைக் காட்டுவதற்கு உரிய ரசீதுகளை உடன் வைத்திருப்பது நல்லது. மேலும், 200 சிகரெட்டுகள் அல்லது 50 சுருட்டுகள் அல்லது 250 கிராம் புகையிலை மற்றும் 1 லிட்டர் மதுபானம் (இந்தியர்களுக்கு 2 லிட்டர்) ஆகியவற்றை வரி ஏதுமின்றி கொண்டு வரவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது. சுங்கவரிக்கு உட்பட்ட பொருட்கள் ஏதுமில்லை என்றால், விமான நிலையங்களில் தெளிவாகக் குறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ள ''பச்சை வழித்தடம்'' வழியாக நீங்கள் செல்லலாம். பொதுவாக அங்கு உங்களுக்கு எந்தச் சிரமமும் இருக்காது. இந்தியாவில் உள்ள அனைத்து சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், பச்சை அல்லது சிவப்பு வழித்தடங்கள் வழியாக வெளியேறும்போது உங்கள் பைகள் பரிசோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்தப்படும்.

மின்னணு சிகரெட்டுகள், ஆவியாக்கிகள் மற்றும் அவற்றின் மறு செறிவுகளை இறக்குமதி செய்வது சட்டவிரோதமானது.

வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்திய ரூபாயை நாட்டிற்குள் கொண்டுவருவதோ அல்லது நாட்டிலிருந்து வெளியே கொண்டு செல்வதோ '''கண்டிப்பாகத் தடைசெய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது'''. இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு இது ₹25,000 வரை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது. இது குறித்த விவரங்களை [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/CR3105F871DDFD343407BA1BC640B96AFB21A.PDF இந்திய ரிசர்வ் வங்கியின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ அறிவிப்பில்] காணலாம். இருப்பினும், வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் இது அரிதாகவே சோதிக்கப்படுகிறது.

=== இந்தியாவை விட்டு வெளியேறுதல் ===
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|இந்தியாவில் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட காலத்திற்கு மேல் தங்குவது (ஒரு நாள் கூடுதலாக இருந்தாலும் கூட) அதிகாரிகளால் மிகக் தீவிரமாக எடுத்துக்கொள்ளப்படுகிறது. இதனால் அபராதம், சட்ட நடவடிக்கை, தாமதங்கள் மற்றும் [https://mea.gov.in/foreigners-registration.htm '''வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகம் (''FRRO'')'''] அல்லது குடியேற்றத் துறையிடமிருந்து வெளியேறும் அனுமதி பெறும் வரை நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேற முடியாமல் போவது போன்ற விளைவுகள் ஏற்படலாம். நீண்ட காலம் கூடுதலாகத் தங்குவது கடுமையான அபராதங்களுக்கு வழிவகுப்பதோடு, எதிர்காலத்தில் இந்திய விசா பெறுவதற்கான வாய்ப்புகளையும் கடுமையாகப் பாதிக்கலாம். மருத்துவக் காரணங்கள் அல்லது விமான ரத்து போன்ற உண்மையான அவசரச் சூழல்களால் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட காலத்திற்கு மேல் தங்க நேரிடுபவர்கள், உடனடியாக அருகிலுள்ள ''FRRO'' அல்லது காவல் நிலையத்திற்குத் தகவல் தெரிவிக்க வேண்டும் மற்றும் அதற்கான ஆவணங்களை வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும்; அவ்வாறு செய்யத் தவறினால் நடவடிக்கை எடுக்கப்படலாம். முழு விவரங்களையும்  [https://indianfrro.gov.in/frro/Financial_Penalty.pdf இங்கே காணலாம்:]
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உங்களிடம் நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைந்ததற்கான முத்திரை இல்லையென்றால் — உதாரணமாக, புதிதாக வழங்கப்பட்ட கடவுச்சீட்டு அல்லது அவசர காலப் பயண ஆவணம் வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் — இந்தியாவிற்குள்ளிருந்தே வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகத்தில் சிறப்பு வெளியேறும் அனுமதிக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும் (இதற்கான இணையதளத்தை இந்தியாவிற்கு வெளியே அணுக முடியாது). எவ்விதச் சிக்கலுமற்ற விண்ணப்பங்களுக்கு 5 முதல் 15 வேலை நாட்கள் வரை ஆகலாம். எனவே, விமானப் பயணங்களை முன்பதிவு செய்யும்போது, ​​இந்தியாவிலிருந்து புறப்படுவதற்கான காலக்கெடுவில் இதையும் கருத்தில் கொள்ளவும்.

இந்தியாவிலிருந்து வெளியேறும் அனைத்துப் பயணிகளும் குடியேற்றச் சோதனைகளுக்கு உட்பட வேண்டும். சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் நாணயப் பரிமாற்ற மையங்கள் உள்ளன. அங்கிருந்து புறப்படுவதற்கு முன், உங்களிடம் உள்ள கூடுதல் இந்திய ரூபாயை வெளிநாட்டு நாணயமாக மாற்றிக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்.

வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்தின் ''வருகைப் பதிவு'' நடைமுறைகளை முடித்த பிறகு பயணிகள் குடியேற்றப் பிரிவு அறைக்குச் செல்வார்கள். அங்குள்ள அதிகாரிகள் உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டைச் சரிபார்த்து, உங்கள் விசா அல்லது மின்னணு விசா விவரங்களை உறுதிசெய்து, இந்தியாவில் நீங்கள் நுழைந்தது முறையாகப் பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளதா என்பதைச் சரிபார்ப்பார்கள். உங்கள் பயணம் அல்லது நாட்டில் நீங்கள் தங்கியிருந்த காலம் குறித்த சில சுருக்கமான கேள்விகளை அவர்கள் கேட்கலாம். குறிப்பாக, உங்கள் வருகைப் பதிவில் ஏதேனும் தெளிவுபடுத்தல் தேவைப்பட்டால், திரும்புவதற்கான பயணத் திட்டம் அல்லது தங்குமிடம் தொடர்பான ஆவணங்களை அதிகாரிகள் சரிபார்ப்பது வழக்கம். புறப்பாட்டிற்கான முத்திரை உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டில் இடப்பட்டதும், நீங்கள் விமான நிலைய நடைமுறையின் அடுத்த கட்டத்திற்குச் செல்லலாம்.

தரை எல்லைகளில், கடக்கும் இடத்தைப் பொறுத்து நடைமுறைகள் பெரிதும் மாறுபடலாம். சில சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் நவீனமாகவும் ஒழுங்கமைக்கப்பட்டதாகவும் இருக்கும், மற்றவை எளிமையானவையாக இருக்கும், மேலும் அவை திறந்தவெளியில் காத்திருப்பதையோ அல்லது பல சிறிய அலுவலகங்களுக்கு இடையில் செல்வதையோ உள்ளடக்கியிருக்கலாம். நியமிக்கப்பட்ட குடிவரவுச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டை நீங்கள் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும், அங்கு அதிகாரிகள் உங்கள் நுழைவு முத்திரையைச் சரிபார்த்து, உங்கள் விசாவை உறுதிசெய்து, உங்கள் புறப்பாட்டை கணினி அமைப்பில் பதிவு செய்வார்கள். பயணிகள் வேறு எல்லையில் இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைந்திருந்தாலோ அல்லது அவர்களின் ஆவணங்களுக்கு நேரடிச் சரிபார்ப்பு தேவைப்பட்டாலோ அவர்களிடம் கூடுதல் கேள்விகள் கேட்கப்படலாம். வசதிகள் குறைவாக இருக்கக்கூடும் என்பதால், வானூர்தி நிலையங்களை விட இங்கு செயலாக்கம் மெதுவாக இருக்கும் என எதிர்பார்க்கலாம்.

துறைமுகங்களில், குடிவரவுச் சோதனைகள் பொதுவாகப் பயணிகள் முனையத்திற்கு உள்ளேயோ அல்லது சில சமயங்களில் கப்பல் புறப்படுவதற்கு முன்பு கப்பலுக்குள்ளேயோ கையாளப்படுகின்றன. வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் செய்வது போலவே அதிகாரிகள் அதே சோதனைகளை நடத்துகின்றனர்: உங்கள் அடையாளத்தை உறுதி செய்தல், உங்கள் விசா அல்லது மின்னணு-விசாவை மதிப்பாய்வு செய்தல், மற்றும் உங்கள் நுழைவுப் பதிவு சரியாக உள்ளதா என்பதை உறுதி செய்தல். சொகுசுக் கப்பல் பயணிகள் குழுவாகச் சோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்தப்படலாம், அதேசமயம் சிறிய கப்பல்களில் புறப்படுபவர்கள் துறைமுக அதிகாரிகளால் தனித்தனியாகச் சோதிக்கப்படலாம். நடைமுறைகள் பொதுவாகச் சுமுகமாகவே இருக்கும், ஆனால் சோதனைக்கான நேரம் கப்பலின் அளவு மற்றும் பயணிகளின் எண்ணிக்கையைப் பொறுத்து அமையும்.

அனைத்து விதமான வெளியேறும் வழிகளிலும், குடிவரவுத் துறையிடம் உள்ள பதிவுகளுடன் உங்கள் ''நுழைவு முத்திரை மற்றும் விசா விவரங்கள்'' பொருந்த வேண்டும் என்பதே முக்கியத் தேவையாகும்.

=== வான்னுர்தியில் ===
==== நுழைவிடங்கள் ====
[[File:Arrival area at Indira Gandhi International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/இந்திரா காந்தி சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையம்|இந்திரா காந்தி சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையம்]] [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லிக்குச்]] சேவை அளிப்பதோடு, [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவிற்கான]] மிக முக்கியமான நுழைவு வாயில்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.]]
நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைவதற்கான முக்கிய இடங்களாக [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|DEL}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|BOM}}) ஆகியவை உள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|BLR}}), [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|CCU}}), [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது|ஐதராபாது]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|HYD}}), [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|MAA}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாத்|அகமதாபாத்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|AMD}}) ஆகிய நகரங்களுக்கும் நீண்ட தூர சர்வதேச வானூர்திகள் பல இயக்கப்படுகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பா]], [[Wy/ta/வட அமெரிக்கா|வட அமெரிக்கா]], [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள்|மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆப்பிரிக்கா|ஆப்பிரிக்கா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரேலியா|ஆத்திரேலியா]] ஆகிய பகுதிகளிலிருந்து இந்நகரங்களுக்குச் செல்ல பல நேரடி மற்றும் இணைப்பு விமான சேவைகள் உள்ளன.

[[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவிலிருந்து]] வரும் பயணிகளுக்கான பிற முக்கிய நுழைவிடங்களில் [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|GOI}} மற்றும் {{Wy/ta/IATA|GOX}}), [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளத்தின்]] கடற்கரைப் பகுதி மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சமவெளிகள் (இந்தியா)|இந்தியச் சமவெளிப் பகுதிகள்]] ஆகியவை அடங்கும். மத்திய கிழக்கிலிருந்து [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|COK}}), [[Wy/ta/கோழிக்கோடு|கோழிக்கோடு]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|CCJ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/திருவனந்தபுரம்|திருவனந்தபுரம்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|TRV}}) போன்ற கேரளத்தின் கடற்கரை நகரங்களுக்குப் பல வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் உள்ளன. மத்திய கிழக்கின் பெரும்பாலான முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள், வளைகுடாப் பிராந்தியத்திலுள்ள தங்கள் மையங்களிலிருந்து இக்கடற்கரைப் பகுதிகளுக்கு ஒற்றை நிறுத்தத்துடன் கூடிய வானூர்திச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. இந்தியச் சமவெளிப் பகுதிகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, [[Wy/ta/இலக்னோ|இலக்னோ]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|LKO}}), [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரஸ்|அமிர்தசரஸ்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|ATQ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சண்டிகர்|சண்டிகர்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|IXC}}) வழியாகவும் சில விமானச் சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவில்]], [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|PNQ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|JAI}}) ஆகியவையும் முக்கியமான வானூர்தி நிலையங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பியா|ஐரோப்பிய]] சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு மிகவும் விருப்பமான இடமாக இருப்பதால், ''காண்டோர்'' மற்றும் ''தாம்சன் ஏர்வேஸ்'' போன்ற பல ஐரோப்பிய தனித்து முழு உரிமையுடை வாடகை வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் அங்கு சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன.

==== வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் ====
சர்வதேச வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்கும் இந்திய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* '''[https://www.airindia.com ஏர் இந்தியா]:''' இந்தியாவின் முதன்மை வானூர்தி நிறுவனமான இது, டாடா குழுமத்திற்குச் சொந்தமானது மற்றும் 'ஸ்டார் அலையன்ஸ்' கூட்டமைப்பின் உறுப்பினராக உள்ளது. தற்போது டாடா குழுமத்தின் கீழ் இது ஒரு பெரிய மாற்றத்திற்கு உட்படுத்தப்பட்டு வருகிறது. காலதாமதமான சேவைகள், சுகாதாரக் குறைபாடுகள் மற்றும் போட்டியாளர்களை விடக் குறைவான பாதுகாப்புத் தரம் ஆகியவற்றால் இது கடந்த காலத்தில் மோசமான நற்பெயரைக் கொண்டிருந்தது.
* '''[https://www.goindigo.in இண்டிகோ]:''' 40-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையில் நல்ல நற்பெயர் கொண்ட நிறுவனங்களில் ஒன்றாகக் கருதப்படுவதோடு, சிறந்த பாதுகாப்புப் பதிவையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.spicejet.com ஸ்பைஸ்ஜெட்]:''' 13 சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம்.
* '''[http://www.akasaair.com ஆகாசா ஏர்]:''' 5 சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையிலேயே மிகத் துல்லியமான நேரத்தைக் கடைப்பிடிக்கும் வானூர்தி நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.

இந்த வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் உலகம் முழுவதிலும் உள்ள முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிலைய மையங்களிலிருந்து தினசரி வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. வானூர்தி நிலைய முனையத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு முன்பாகவே, அச்சிடப்பட்ட வானூர்தி பயணச் சீட்டு, நுழைவுச் சீட்டு மற்றும் அடையாள அட்டை (கடவுச்சீட்டு, இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன் ஆவண அட்டை, அல்லது ஆதார் அட்டை) ஆகியவற்றை நீங்கள் வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும். பெரும்பாலான இந்திய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள், அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட பயணச் சாமான்களின் எடையை அதிகரிப்பது அல்லது பயணத் தேதிகளை மாற்றுவது போன்றவற்றில் மிகவும் கடுமையான அல்லது வாடிக்கையாளர்களுக்குச் சாதகமற்ற கொள்கைகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளன. எனவே, உங்கள் பயணத்தில் ஏதேனும் மாற்றங்கள் தேவைப்படலாம் என்று கருதினால், முன்பதிவு செய்வதற்கு முன்பே அந்த நிறுவனத்தின் கொள்கைகளைச் சரிபார்ப்பது நல்லது.

அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் கனடாவின் பல நகரங்களிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்தி சேவைகள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் லத்தீன் அமெரிக்காவிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்திகள் எதுவும் இல்லை. ஐரோப்பா மற்றும் காகசஸ் பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஏராளமான விமான சேவைகள் உள்ளன. பயணச் சீட்டுக் கட்டணத்தைச் சேமிக்க, மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள் வழியாகச் செல்லும் பயண வழிகளைப் பரிசீலிக்கலாம்; அங்கிருந்து ஏராளமான வானூர்தி சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. ஆசியாவின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளிலிருந்து நல்ல இணைப்பு வசதிகள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் பாக்கித்தானிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்திகள் எதுவும் இல்லை. ஓசியானியா பகுதியைப் பொறுத்தவரை, ஆத்திரேலியாவிலிருந்து மட்டுமே நேரடி வானூர்திகள் உள்ளன. ஆப்பிரிக்காவைப் பொறுத்தவரை, முக்கிய நகரங்களிலிருந்து வானூர்தி சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன.

இந்தியாவிற்கு வந்தடைந்ததும் உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டு சரிபார்க்கப்படும் என்பதால், அதைத் தவறாமல் பத்திரமாக வைத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். தில்லி போன்ற சில இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், கடவுச்சீட்டை ஸ்கேன் செய்வதன் மூலம் அருகலை (''Wi-Fi'') வசதியைப் பெறலாம் மற்றும் குறுகிய கால சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கான செறிவு அட்டைகளைப் பெறலாம்; ஆனால் பெரும்பாலான வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் அருகலை அல்லது செறிவு அட்டை வசதிகள் வழங்கப்படுவதில்லை.

==== விரைவு குடிவரவு வழிமுறை (''எப்டிஐ'') - நம்பகமான பயணித் திட்டம் (''டிடிபி'')====
[https://ftittp.mha.gov.in/fti/ '''எப்டிஐ‑டிடிபி''' ('''விரைவு குடிவரவு வழிமுறை – நம்பகமான பயணித் திட்டம்''')] என்பது அரசாங்கத்தால் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட பயணிகளுக்கான குடிவரவுச் சோதனைகளை விரைவுபடுத்தும் இந்தியாவின் ஒரு அமைப்பாகும். இணையம் வழியாக விண்ணப்பித்து அடையாளச் சரிபார்ப்பை நிறைவு செய்த பிறகு, பயணிகள் ''நம்பகமான பயணிகள்'' தரவுத்தளத்தில் சேர்க்கப்படுகிறார்கள். இத்திட்டத்தில் பங்கேற்கும் வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்கு அவர்கள் வரும்போது, ​​வழக்கமான வரிசைகளுக்குப் பதிலாக, இதற்கென ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட விரைவு குடிவரவுப் பாதைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம். இப்பாதைகளில், தானியங்கி அமைப்புகள் மூலம் அவர்களின் கடவுச்சீட்டு மற்றும் உயிரியல் அளவீட்டு விவரங்கள் சரிபார்க்கப்படுகின்றன. இதனால் அவர்கள் வழக்கத்தை விட மிக விரைவாகக் குடிவரவு நடைமுறைகளை நிறைவு செய்ய முடிகிறது. அடிக்கடி பயணம் செய்பவர்கள், குடும்பங்கள் மற்றும் வருகையின்போது மிகவும் திறமையான மற்றும் எளிதான அனுபவத்தை விரும்புபவர்கள் ஆகியோருக்காக சர்வதேசப் பயணத்தை மென்மையாக்கும் வகையில் இது வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது இந்தியா முழுவதும் உள்ள 13 முக்கிய சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் நடைமுறையில் உள்ளது.

=== படகில் ''அல்லது'' கப்பலில் ===
2026-ஆம் ஆண்டில், இந்தியாவிற்கான சர்வதேச கடல்வழிப் பயணம் குறைந்த அளவிலேயே உள்ளது. தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் வடக்கு இலங்கைக்கு இடையே இயக்கப்படும் '''நாகப்பட்டினம் – காங்கேசன்துறை இடையிலான படகுச் சேவை''' மட்டுமே திட்டமிடப்பட்ட ஒரே பயணிகள் சேவையாகும். இது பொதுவாக வாரத்திற்குப் பலமுறை இயக்கப்படுகிறது மற்றும் பயண நேரம் சுமார் நான்கு மணிநேரம் ஆகும்.

இந்தியாவிற்கு வேறு எந்த சர்வதேச பயணிகள் படகுச் சேவைகளும் இயக்கப்படுவதில்லை. இருப்பினும், இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல் மற்றும் அரபிக்கடல் வழித்தடங்களில் பயணிக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணக் கப்பல்கள் பருவகால அடிப்படையில் இந்தியாவிற்கு வருகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] ([[Wy/ta/மர்மகோவா|மர்மகோவா]]), [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]], [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]], [[Wy/ta/புதிய மங்களூரு|புதிய மங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/விசாகப்பட்டினம்|விசாகப்பட்டினம்]] மற்றும் அவ்வப்போது [[Wy/ta/ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்|ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்]] ஆகியவை கப்பல்கள் வந்து நிற்கும் முக்கிய துறைமுகங்களாகும். [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவில்]] உள்ள [[Wy/ta/மினிக்காய் தீவு|மினிக்காய் தீவும்]] அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட நுழைவிடமாக உள்ளது, இருப்பினும் அங்குள்ள வசதிகள் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன.

கடல் வழியாக வரும் பயணிகள் இந்தியக் ''கடலோரக் காவல் படை'' மற்றும் குடியேற்றத் துறை நடைமுறைகளுக்குக் கட்டுப்பட வேண்டும்; இதில் அடையாளச் சரிபார்ப்பு மற்றும் சுங்கத்துறை சோதனைகள் ஆகியவை அடங்கலாம். வானூர்தி நிலையங்களை விட, குறிப்பாகச் சிறிய துறைமுகங்களில், இச்செயல்முறைகளுக்கு அதிக நேரம் ஆகலாம்.

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
நேபாள இரயில்வேயால் இயக்கப்படும் தொடருந்துகள், [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளத்தின்]] தனுசா மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/கசூரி|கசூரி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பிகார்|பிகாரில்]] உள்ள ''செயநகர்'' ஆகிய இடங்களுக்கு இடையே சேவையில் உள்ளன. இவ்விரு இடங்களும் பயணிகளுக்குப் பெரிதாக ஈர்ப்பை ஏற்படுத்துவதில்லை என்பதாலும், அங்கிருந்து நேபாளத்தின் பிற பகுதிகளுக்குத் தொடர் பயண வசதிகள் இல்லாததாலும், பெரும்பாலான பயணிகள் பேருந்து அல்லது வானூர்திப் பயணத்தையே தேர்ந்தெடுக்கின்றனர்.

[[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து]] இயக்கப்படும் தொடருந்துச் சேவைகள்: ''மைத்ரி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' ([[Wy/ta/டாக்கா|டாக்கா]] - [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]]), ''பந்தன் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' (குல்னா - கொல்கத்தா) மற்றும் ''மிதாலி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' (டாக்கா - [[Wy/ta/நியூ சல்பைகுரி|நியூ சல்பைகுரி]]).

[[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] மற்றும் இந்தியா இடையிலான அனைத்து இரயில் சேவைகளும் 2019-ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் நிறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன.

[http://www.indianrail.gov.in இந்தியத் தொடருந்து விசாரணை] இணையதளத்தில் நிலையங்களுக்கு இடையே எந்தெந்த தொடருந்துகள் உள்ளன என்பதை நீங்கள் தெரிந்துகொள்ளலாம். இருப்பினும், இணையம் வழியாக தொடருந்து பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்ய, இந்திய அரசின் இணையதளமான [https://www.india.gov.in/ இந்திய அரசின் அதிகாரபூர்வ இணையதளத்]-தைப் பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும். இந்தத் தளத்தின் மூலம் முன்பதிவு செய்ய, நீங்கள் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும் (இதற்கு எவ்விதக் கட்டணமும் இல்லை); மேலும், உங்களுக்கு ஒரு கடனட்டை அல்லது பற்று அட்டை தேவைப்படும். தொடருந்து பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்யக் குறைந்தபட்சச் சேவைக்கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கும் பல பயண முகவர்களின் சேவைகளையும் நீங்கள் பயன்படுத்திக்கொள்ளலாம்.

=== நிலவழி ===
==== நேபாளம் ====
[[Wy/ta/காட்மாண்டு|காட்மாண்டு]], [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளம்]], பேருந்துகள் தினசரி எல்லையைக் கடக்கின்றன. வழக்கமாக [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]], [[Wy/ta/இலக்னோ|இலக்னோ]], [[Wy/ta/பட்னா|பட்னா]], [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]] ஆகிய இடங்களுக்குச் செல்லும். இருப்பினும், எல்லைக் கடக்கும் ஒரு பேருந்தையும் அங்கிருந்து மற்றொரு பேருந்தையும் எடுத்துச் செல்வது மலிவானது மற்றும் நம்பகமானது. எல்லைக் கடப்புகள் (இந்தியா/நேபாளம் பக்கம்) வாரணாசிக்கு சுனௌலி/பைரவா, [[Wy/ta/பட்னா|பட்னாக்கான]] ரக்சால்/பிர்கஞ்ச், கொல்கத்தா, [[Wy/ta/காகர்பிட்டா|காகர்பிட்டா]] சிலிகுரி மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/டார்ஜிலிங்|டார்ஜிலிங்]], மற்றும் தில்லிக்கு மகேந்திரநகர்-பன்பாசா. நேபாளத்துடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புகளும் ''சஷாஸ்த்ரா சீமா பாலின்'' அதிகார வரம்பிற்கு உட்பட்டவை, மேலும் எல்லைக் கடக்கும் செயல்முறையின் மூலம் உங்களுக்கு வழிகாட்டும் இந்த அதிகாரிகளுடன் நீங்கள் இணங்க வேண்டும்.

==== பூட்டான் ====
[[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] அரசாங்கம் புயன்ட்சோலிங்கிலிருந்து ஒரு சேவையை இயக்குகிறது. இப்பயணத்திற்கு சுமார் 18 மணிநேரம் ஆகும். [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரிக்கும்]] புயன்ட்சோலிங்கிற்கும் இடையே அடிக்கடி சேவைகள் உள்ளன.

==== மியான்மார் ====
[[File:India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway.svg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியா-மியான்மார்-தாய்லாந்து முத்தரப்பு நெடுஞ்சாலை&quot;யானது, மியான்மார் வழியாக இந்தியாவின் மணிப்பூர் மாநிலத்திலுள்ள மோரே நகரையும் தாய்லாந்தின் மே சோட் நகரையும் இணைக்கிறது. இதன் மூலம் 1,813 கி.மீ நீளமுள்ள &quot;இம்பால்-மண்டலே-பாங்காக்&quot; வழித்தடம் உருவாகிறது.]]
[[Wy/ta/மியான்மார்|மியான்மார்]] நாட்டிலிருந்து '''மோரே/[[Wy/ta/தாமு|தாமு]]''' வழியாக நுழைவது சாத்தியமாகும். இதுவே இவ்விரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே பயணிக்க இந்தியாவில் உள்ள மிகவும் மேம்பட்ட மற்றும் ஒரே வளர்ச்சியடைந்த பாதையாகும். இது '''இந்தியா-மியான்மார் நட்புச் சாலை''' மற்றும் '''இந்தியா-மியான்மார்-தாய்லாந்து முத்தரப்பு நெடுஞ்சாலை''' ஆகியவற்றின் வழித்தடமாகும். மியான்மாருடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பகுதிகளும் '''அசாம் ரைப்பிள்ஸ்''' படையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எனவே, எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது இராணுவ அதிகாரிகளின் வழிகாட்டுதல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

==== பாக்கித்தான் ====
[[Wy/ta/வாகா|வாகா]]/[[Wy/ta/அட்டாரி|அட்டாரி]], [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான் நிர்வகிக்கும் காசுமீர்|சக்கோதி]]/[[Wy/ta/ஊரி|ஊரி]], [[Wy/ta/பூஞ்சு  பிரிவு|சக்கன் தா பாகு]]/[[Wy/ta/பூஞ்சு|பூஞ்சு]], [[Wy/ta/கசூர்|கசூர்]]/[[Wy/ta/பெரோசுபூர்|பெரோசுபூர்]], [[Wy/ta/பகாவல்நகர்|பகாவல்நகர்]]/[[Wy/ta/பட்டிண்டா|பட்டிண்டா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/லோங்கேவாலா|லோங்கேவாலா]] ஆகிய வழிகள் வழியாக நீங்கள் '''நுழைய முடியாது'''. இந்தியாவின் பாதுகாப்பு கவலைகள் காரணமாக இவை காலவரையின்றி மூடப்பட்டுள்ளன. எல்லைப் பதற்றம் காரணமாக, பாகித்தானுடனான எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பாதைகள் வழியாக வெளியேறுவதற்கும் உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி இல்லை.

இந்த எல்லையிலிருந்து 10 கி.மீ சுற்றளவிற்குள் பயணம் செய்வதைத் தவிர்க்குமாறு பல நாடுகள் தொடர்ந்து அறிவுறுத்தி வருகின்றன.

பாகித்தானுடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பாதைகளும் '''எல்லைப் பாதுகாப்புப் படை'''யின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது வழிகாட்டும் அந்த அதிகாரிகளின் அறிவுறுத்தல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

==== வங்காளதேசம் ====
[[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து]] இந்தியாவுக்குள் நுழைவதற்குப் பல தரைவழிப் பாதைகள் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், எல்லைப் பகுதிகளில் அவ்வப்போது ஏற்படும் மோதல்கள் காரணமாக, இந்தியா-வங்காளதேச எல்லைக்குச் செல்லும்போது அங்குள்ள நிலவரத்தை முன்கூட்டியே சரிபார்க்குமாறு பல நாடுகள் அறிவுறுத்துகின்றன.

வங்காளதேசத்துடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பகுதிகளும் '''எல்லைப் பாதுகாப்புப் படை'''யின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எனவே, எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது அந்த அதிகாரிகளின் வழிகாட்டுதல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

{{Wy/ta/Anchor|அரிதாசுபூர்-பெனாபோல் கிராசிங்}}
டாக்காவிலிருந்து கொல்கத்தாவிற்கு, [[Wy/ta/பங்கான்|பங்கான்]] அருகே உள்ள [[Wy/ta/பெனாபோல்|'''பெட்ராபோல்-பெனாபோல்''']] எல்லைச் சாவடி வழியாக இயக்கப்படும் வழக்கமான குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட மற்றும் வசதியான பேருந்து சேவைகளே மிகவும் பொதுவான வழியாகும். [[Wy/ta/டாக்கா|டாக்காவிலிருந்து]] ''வங்காளதேச சாலை போக்குவரத்துக் கழக (BRTC)'' சிட்டையின் கீழ் ''ஷியாமோலி'' மற்றும் பிற நிறுவனங்களால் இயக்கப்படும் மற்றொரு தினசரி பேருந்து சேவை [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரியை]] இணைக்கிறது, ஆனால் இந்த வழித்தடத்தில் உள்ள பேருந்துகள் சங்ரபந்தா/புரிமாரி அல்லது புருங்மாரி எல்லைச் சாவடிகளைக் கடப்பதில்லை. டாக்காவிற்கும் [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுராவின்]] தலைநகரான [[Wy/ta/அகர்தலா|அகர்தலாவிற்கும்]] இடையே ஒரு வழக்கமான பேருந்து சேவையும் உள்ளது. வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து மேற்கு வங்காளத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கான இலி, சிலாகதி/அல்திபாரி, பங்களாபந்த் எல்லைச் சாவடிகள்; மேகாலயாவில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/சில்லாங்|சில்லாங்கிற்குச்]] செல்லும் வழித்தடத்திற்கான தமாபில் எல்லைச் சாவடி; மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு இந்தியப் பகுதிகளுக்கு அதிகம் அறியப்படாத வழித்தடங்களைக் கொண்ட வேறு சில இடங்களும் வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து மற்ற நுழைவிடங்களாகும்.

==== சீனா ====
[[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/நாது லா|'''நாது லா கணவாய்''']], [[Wy/ta/திபெத்|திபெத்]] எல்லையில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இந்தக் எல்லைப் பகுதி சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்குத் திறக்கப்படவில்லை. உள்ளூர் வணிகர்கள் மட்டுமே இதைக் கடந்து செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். இருபுறமிருந்தும் இந்தக் கணவாயைச் சென்று பார்க்கச் சிறப்பு அனுமதிகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்தியப் பகுதிக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி இல்லை.

திபெத் எல்லையில் அமைந்துள்ள [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] மாநிலத்தின் '''லிபுலேக் கணவாய்''', முக்கியமாக [[Wy/ta/கயிலை மலை|கயிலை மலை]] மற்றும் மானசரோவர் ஏரிக்குச் செல்லும் இந்து, பௌத்த மற்றும் சமண மத பயணிகளுக்கான பாதையாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. இக்கணவாய் திபெத்தில் உள்ள புரங் நகருக்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இதன் வழியாகச் செல்ல அனுமதிகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன.

திபெத் எல்லையில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசத்தின்]] '''சிப்கி லா கணவாய்''', எல்லை தாண்டிய சிறிய அளவிலான உள்ளூர் வர்த்தகத்திற்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. இப்பகுதி அப்பகுதியைச் சாராதவர்களுக்குத் திறக்கப்படவில்லை.

எனவே, பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளத்தில்]] உள்ள தரைவழிப் பாதைகள் மூலமாகவே பயணம் செய்கிறார்கள்.

சீனாவுடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புகளும் ''இந்தோ-திபெத்திய எல்லைக் காவல் படையின் (ஐடிபிபி)'' கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது வழிகாட்டும் இவர்களின் அறிவுறுத்தல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==
இந்தியா ஒரு மிகப்பெரிய நாடு. இங்குப் பயணம் செய்வதற்குப் பல சுவையான வழிகள் உள்ளன. ஆனால், அவற்றில் பெரும்பாலானவற்றைத் திறமையானவை அல்லது நேரத்தைக் கச்சிதமாகக் கடைப்பிடிப்பவை என்று சொல்ல முடியாது. ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட நேரத்திற்குள் (உதாரணமாக, நீங்கள் ஊர் திரும்பும் வானூர்திப் பயணத்திற்கு) சென்றடைய வேண்டிய கட்டாயம் இருந்தால், பயணத்திற்குத் தாராளமான கூடுதல் நேரத்தை ஒதுக்குங்கள். அத்துடன், பயணத்தின் நோக்கத்தை அடைவது மட்டுமல்லாமல், அந்தப் பயணத்தை மேற்கொள்வதே அதில் உள்ள பாதி மகிழ்ச்சி என்பதையும் நினைவில் கொள்ளுங்கள்.

[[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவின்]] பெரும்பகுதி ([[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]] மாநிலம் இதற்கு விதிவிலக்கு), [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]], [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]], [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல '''பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி''' அல்லது '''உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி''' பெற வேண்டியிருக்கும் ([[#உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி|கீழே உள்ள]] பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்). சாதாரண விசா வைத்திருக்கும் வெளிநாட்டினரைப் பொறுத்தவரை, இந்திய விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே இந்த அனுமதிகளையும் கோருவது எளிதான வழியாகும்; அப்போது அவை உங்கள் விசாவிலேயே இணைக்கப்படும் (மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் அல்லது மின்னணு-விசா வசதியைப் பயன்படுத்தும்போது இது சாத்தியமில்லை). இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் உள்ளூர் உள்துறை அமைச்சக அலுவலகத்தைத் (மாவட்ட மாஜிஸ்திரேட் அலுவலகம் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) தேடிக் கண்டுபிடித்து, அதிகாரத்துவ நடைமுறைகளை எதிர்கொள்ள வேண்டியிருக்கும். உள்ளூர் பயண முகவர்கள் மூலமாகவும் இந்த அனுமதிகளைப் பெறலாம். ஆனால், பெரும்பாலும் அவர்களிடமே சுற்றுலாப் பயணத் திட்டத்தைப் பதிவு செய்வது இதற்கு நிபந்தனையாக இருக்கலாம். இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் இந்த அனுமதிகளுக்கு இணையம் வழியாக விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்.

=== முகவரிகள் ===
நீங்கள் ஒரு இடத்திற்குச் செல்ல வேண்டுமென்றால், முன்கூட்டியே தொலைபேசியில் அழைத்து விரிவான வழிமுறைகளைக் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்வது நல்லது. நகரங்களுக்கு வெளியே சாலைப் பெயர்ப் பலகைகள் அரிதாகவோ அல்லது இல்லாமலோ இருக்கலாம் என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்ளுங்கள். முகவரிகளை எளிதாகக் கண்டறியும் வகையில், &quot;பிரித்வி திரையரங்குக்கு எதிரில்&quot;, &quot;மாருதி காட்சி அறைக்குப் பின்னால்&quot; அல்லது &quot;கோவில்/தேவாலயம்/மசூதி/வங்கி கிளை/காவல் நிலையம்/பள்ளிக்கு அருகில்&quot; போன்ற முக்கிய அடையாளங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் முகவரிகளில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டிருக்கும். மேற்கத்திய முகவரி முறையைப் போலன்றி, இந்திய முறையில் தெருப் பெயர் மற்றும் தொகுதி எண்ணுக்குப் பதிலாக, மனையின் எண் அல்லது வீட்டு எண் (சில சமயங்களில் வீட்டுப் பெயர்), தெரு அல்லது சாலையின் பெயர், அதைத் தொடர்ந்து முக்கிய அடையாளம் மற்றும் அஞ்சல் குறியீட்டு எண் ஆகியவை பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. ஒரு இடத்தைக் கண்டறியச் சற்று தேட வேண்டியிருக்கலாம். ஆனால், அந்தப் பகுதியில் உங்களுக்கு வழிகாட்ட முன்வரும் யாரையாவது நீங்கள் நிச்சயம் காணலாம். பல நாடுகளைப் போலன்றி, இந்தியாவில் மக்கள் தெரு முகவரிகள் குறித்த வழிகாட்டுதலுக்கு வழிப்போக்கர்கள், அருகிலுள்ள கடைக்காரர்கள் அல்லது காவல்துறையினரை அணுகுவது வழக்கம். எனவே நீங்களும் அவ்வாறே செய்யலாம். மக்கள் உங்களுக்கு உதவ மகிழ்ச்சியுடன் முன்வருவார்கள். முக்கிய நகரங்களில் புவிநிலை காட்டி (''ஜிபிஎஸ்'') வசதியுடன் கூடிய கூகுள் நிலப்படங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் சிறப்பாகச் செயல்படும். இருப்பினும், சாலைப் பெயர்களின் எழுத்துப்பிழை அல்லது வரைபடத்தில் தவறான இருப்பிடக் குறிப்பு போன்ற காரணங்களால் சில நேரங்களில் அது துல்லியமாக இல்லாமல் போகலாம்.

==== உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி ====
உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி என்பது, இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட அல்லது கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்கு உட்பட்ட பகுதிகளுக்குள் குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்திற்குச் சென்று வர இந்திய அரசால் வழங்கப்படும் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ பயண ஆவணமாகும். பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட மாநிலங்களுக்குள் நுழைவதற்கு, அந்த மாநிலங்களுக்கு வெளியேயுள்ள இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் இத்தகைய அனுமதியைப் பெறுவது கட்டாயமாகும். இந்தியாவின் சர்வதேச எல்லைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள குறிப்பிட்ட சில பகுதிகளுக்கான நடமாட்டத்தைக் முறைப்படுத்துவதற்காக அரசின் முயற்சியாக இந்த ஆவணம் உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது ஒரு பாதுகாப்பு நடவடிக்கையாகும்; மேலும் இது பின்வரும் மாநிலங்களுக்குப் பொருந்தும்:

* [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] — இதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேச அரசுச் செயலாளரால் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. அசாம் அல்லது நாகாலாந்துடனான மாநில எல்லைகளில் உள்ள சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் வழியாக அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேச மாநிலத்திற்குள் நுழைய இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் அவசியமாகும். முக்கிய நகரங்களில் உள்ள 'அருணாச்சல் பவன்' அலுவலகங்களில் இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளைப் பெறலாம். குறிப்பிட்ட மாவட்டங்களுக்கென அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் வழங்கப்படுவதால், மாவட்ட நுழைவு அனுமதிகளுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும் முன்பே உங்கள் பயணத் திட்டத்தை வகுத்துக்கொள்ள வேண்டும். ஒவ்வொரு மாவட்ட எல்லையிலும் உள்ள சோதனைச் சாவடிகள், உள்ளூர்வாசிகள் மற்றும் அனுமதிச் சீட்டு வைத்திருப்பவர்களை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கின்றன.
* [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]] — கட்டுப்பாடற்ற மக்கள் வருகையைத் தவிர்க்கும் பொருட்டு, இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்திற்குள் மாநிலத்திற்குள் நுழைவதை அனுமதிக்கும் வகையில் அந்தந்த மாநில அரசுகளால் இதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. பெரும்பாலான வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவையில்லை; இருப்பினும், அவர்கள் மாநிலத்திற்கு வந்தடைந்த 24 மணி நேரத்திற்குள் காவல்துறையிடம் தங்களைப் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். வழக்கமாக உங்கள் தங்கும் விடுதியே இந்தப் பணியைச் செய்துவிடும் என்றாலும், அதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக்கொள்வது நல்லது. ஆப்கானித்தான், சீனா மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் அல்லது முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள் இப்பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல உள்துறை அமைச்சகத்திடமிருந்து சிறப்பு அனுமதி பெற வேண்டும்.
* [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] — இடைக்காலத்தில் பட்டுப் பாதையின் முக்கியப் பகுதியாகத் திகழ்ந்ததும், தற்போது இந்தியா-சீனா இடையிலான எல்லையின் ஒரு பகுதியாக அமைந்திருப்பதுமான [[Wy/ta/நாது லா|நாது லா]] கணவாய்க்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவைப்படுகிறது. இக்கணவாய்க்குச் செல்ல வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு அனுமதி வழங்கப்படுவதில்லை. இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் மட்டுமே இங்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். மேலும், [[Wy/ta/லாச்சுங்|லாச்சுங்]]-[[Wy/ta/லாச்சென்|லாச்சென்]] போன்ற உயரமான மலைப்பகுதிகள் மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/குருடோங்மார் ஏரி|குருடோங்மார் ஏரி]] ஆகிய இடங்களுக்குச் செல்வதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளை கேங்டாக்கிலிருந்து நேரடியாகப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். இப்பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல வெளிநாட்டினரும் அனுமதிக்கப்படலாம். &quot;சீரோ பாயிண்ட்&quot; எனப்படும் மற்றொரு இடத்திற்கும் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவைப்படுகிறது.
* [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] — இந்தியர் அல்லாதவர்கள் இத்தீவுகளுக்குச் செல்ல ''கட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி'' பெற வேண்டும். தற்போது இவ்வனுமதி [[Wy/ta/ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்|ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்]], நீங்கள் கடல் வழியாக வருவதாக இருந்தால், [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] அல்லது இந்திய விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே அதற்கான அனுமதியை முன்கூட்டியே பெற்றுக்கொள்ள வேண்டும். இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு அந்தமான் தீவுகளுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி தேவையில்லை. இருப்பினும், நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள் மற்றும் பிற பழங்குடியினப் பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி தேவைப்படுகிறது, மேலும் இத்தகைய அனுமதிகள் அரிதாகவே வழங்கப்படுகின்றன.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
இந்தியாவின் பரந்த நிலப்பரப்பும், சீரற்ற சாலைகளும் வானூர்திப் பயணத்தை ஒரு நடைமுறைக்கு ஏற்ற விருப்பமாக்குகின்றது. குறிப்பாக, கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளில் கட்டணங்கள் சரிந்துள்ளதால் இது சாத்தியமாகியுள்ளது. இந்தியாவின் கடலோரத் தீவுகள் மற்றும் தொலைதூர மலை மாநிலங்களுக்குக் கூட வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளில் ஏற்பட்ட வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்து வளர்ச்சியின் காரணமாக, வானூர்தி நிலையங்களால் இந்த வான் போக்குவரத்தைச் சமாளிக்க முடியவில்லை. பெரும்பாலான இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்கள் ஒரே ஒரு ஓடுபாதை மற்றும் சில பயணிகள் ஏறும் வாயில்களுடன் தொடர்ந்து இயங்கி வருகின்றன. குறிப்பாக தில்லி மற்றும் மும்பையில், வருகைப் பதிவு மற்றும் பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைக்கான வரிசைகள் மிகவும் நீளமாக இருக்கலாம். இந்தியா, ஐதராபாத்து மற்றும் பெங்களூருவில் இரண்டு புதிய சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களைக் கட்டியுள்ளது. அவை நவீனமானவை மற்றும் சிறந்த வசதிகளுடன் கூடியவை. தில்லி வானூர்தி நிலையத்தில் புதிதாகக் கட்டப்பட்ட முனையம் 3, உலகின் 8-வது பெரிய முனையமாகும்.

வட இந்தியாவில், குறிப்பாக தில்லியில், '''கடுமையான குளிர்காலப் பனிமூட்டம்''' பயண அட்டவணைகளில் பெரும் பாதிப்பை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடும். குறிப்பாக கிறிஸ்துமஸ் பண்டிகைக் காலத்திலும் சனவரி மாதத்திலும் இது நிகழ்ந்து, நாடு முழுவதும் மிகப்பெரிய தாமதங்களுக்கு வழிவகுக்கிறது. மலைகளில் உள்ள சிறிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்கு, குறிப்பாக ஆண்டின் பெரும்பாலான நாட்களில் வானூர்தி மூலம் மட்டுமே சென்றடையக்கூடிய இலடாக்கிலுள்ள [[Wy/ta/லே|லே]] போன்ற இடங்களுக்கு, வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்து எப்போதுமே சீரற்றதாகவே இருக்கும்.

==== வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் ====
[[File:IndiGo A320neo (VT-ITZ) @ GAU, Sept 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய உள்நாட்டு வானூர்தி நிறுவனம் இன்டிகோ ஆகும். இது அதன் A320neo வானூர்தி.]]
ஒரு காலத்தில், உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் அரசுக்குச் சொந்தமான இந்தியன் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் நிறுவனத்தின் ஏகபோக உரிமையாக இருந்தன. ஆனால் நிலைமை இப்போது பெருமளவு மாறிவிட்டது. தற்போது பல போட்டியாளர்கள் களத்தில் உள்ளனர், மேலும் அவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் மிகச் சிறந்த சேவைகளைச் சிறந்த கட்டணத்தில் வழங்குகின்றனர். இந்தியாவில் செயல்படும் வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் இவைதான்.

* [https://www.goindigo.in/ '''இன்டிகோ'''] – இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். உள்நாட்டுச் சந்தையில் ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்தும் இது, நாடு முழுவதும் 88 நகரங்களை இணைக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி சேவையாகும். இது ஏர்பஸ் ''ஏ320'' மற்றும் ''ஏடிஆர்'' பிராந்திய ரக விமானங்களைக் கொண்ட நவீன விமானத் தொகுப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. பல விமான நிறுவனங்களுடன் ''குறியீடு-பகிர்வு'' எனப்படும் கூட்டுச் சேவை ஒப்பந்தங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.airindia.com/ ஏர் இந்தியா]''' – இந்தியாவின் முதன்மை வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். வரலாற்று ரீதியாக இது மோசமான நற்பெயரைக் கொண்டிருந்தாலும், தற்போது டாடா குழுமத்தால் புத்துயிர் அளிக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது. இது நாடு முழுவதும் பரந்த வலையமைப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளதோடு, சிறந்த பிராந்திய இணைப்பு வசதியையும் வழங்குகிறது. இது ''இசுடார் கூட்டணி'' அமைப்பின் உறுப்பினராக உள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.airindiaexpress.in/ ஏர் இந்தியா எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்]''' – ஏர் இந்தியாவின் குறைந்த கட்டண துணை நிறுவனம். இது முக்கிய வழித்தடங்களிலும், வளைகுடா மற்றும் தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவில் உள்ள சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்கும் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* [https://www.spicejet.com/ '''ஸ்பைஸ்ஜெட்'''] – மற்றொரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது சுமார் 34 உள்நாட்டு இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[https://www.akasaair.com/ ஆகாசா ஏர்]''' – போயிங் 737 மேக்ஸ் ரக விமானங்களைக் கொண்டு 20 உள்நாட்டு இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்கும் குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய விமானப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையில் மிகத் துல்லியமான நேரக் கட்டுப்பாட்டுடன் இயங்கும் நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.
* '''[https://www.allianceair.in/ அலையன்ஸ் ஏர்]:''' இந்தியாவின் அரசுக்குச் சொந்தமான வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது சிறிய ரக வானூர்திகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி, அதிகம் அறியப்படாத இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[http://www.starair.in/ இசுடார் ஏர்]''' – பெங்களூரைத் தலைமையிடமாகக் கொண்ட குறைந்த கட்டண பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம்; இது சிறிய எம்பிரேயர் ஜெட் வானூர்திகளைக் கொண்டு பெரும்பாலும் தென்னிந்தியா மற்றும் மேற்கு இந்தியப் பகுதிகளில் உள்ள இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[https://fly91.in/ பிளை91]''' – கோவாவைத் தலைமையிடமாகக் கொண்ட குறைந்த கட்டண பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது ஏடிஆர்-72 ரக வானூர்திகளைக் கொண்டு 8 இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குவதோடு, பல்வேறு நகரங்களையும் இணைக்கிறது.
* '''[https://www.indiaoneair.com/ இந்தியா ஒன் ஏர்]''' – சிறிய நகரங்களை பெருநகரங்களுடன் இணைப்பதை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்ட ஒரு பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். ஒற்றை-இயந்திரம் கொண்ட வானூர்தியை இயக்கும் இந்தியாவின் முதல் திட்டமிடப்பட்ட விமான சேவை நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.

====கட்டணங்கள்====
பெரும்பாலான இடங்களுக்குப் பல வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் சேவையை வழங்குவதால், பயணக் கட்டணங்கள் ஒப்பீட்டளவில் குறைவாகவும் நிலையானதாகவும் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், வாரத்தின் வெவ்வேறு நாட்களில் சில முறை கட்டணங்களைச் சரிபார்ப்பது நல்லது.

₹500-க்கு வானூர்தி பயணச்சீட்டுகள் கிடைப்பதாக நீங்கள் கேள்விப்பட்டிருக்கலாம். ஆனால் அவை குறிப்பிட்ட எண்ணிக்கையிலான இருக்கைகளுக்கான சிறப்புச் சலுகை கட்டணங்கள் மட்டுமே, அவை சில நொடிகளிலேயே விற்றுத் தீர்ந்துவிடும். சில சமயங்களில், விளம்பரப்படுத்தப்படும் கட்டணத்தில் பயணிகள் சேவைக்கான கட்டணம், எரிபொருள் கூடுதல் கட்டணம் மற்றும் வரிகள் போன்றவை சேர்க்கப்படாமல் இருக்கலாம். இவை பின்னர் கூடுதலாகச் சேர்க்கப்படும். இருப்பினும், குறைந்த கட்டணத்தில் சேவை வழங்கும் விமான நிறுவனங்களிடமிருந்து நல்ல கட்டணத்தில் பயணச்சீட்டுகளைப் பெற முடியும். மேலே குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட குறைவான சேவைத் தொடர்புகள் காரணமாக, பெரிய நகரங்களுக்கான பயணக் கட்டணத்தை விடச் சிறிய நகரங்களுக்கான கட்டணம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும். அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளில் காணப்படுவது போன்ற மிகவும் சிக்கலான கட்டண முறைகள் இந்தியாவில் இன்னும் முழுமையாக நடைமுறைக்கு வரவில்லை என்றாலும், அத்தகைய முறையை நோக்கியே இங்கேயும் மாற்றங்கள் நிகழ்ந்து வருகின்றன. வார இறுதி நாட்களில் அதிக கட்டணம், இருவழிப் பயணங்களுக்குக் குறைந்த கட்டணம் அல்லது வார இறுதி நாட்களை ஒட்டிய ''சுற்றுப்பயணங்களுக்கு''க் குறைந்த கட்டணம் போன்ற விஷயங்களைப் பற்றி நீங்கள் கவலைப்படத் தேவையில்லை.

==== வருகைப் பதிவு ====
இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் வருகைப் பதிவு செயல்முறை பெரும்பாலும் மெதுவாகவே இருக்கும். இதில் நீண்ட வரிசைகள் மற்றும் பல கட்ட பாதுகாப்பு சோதனைகள் அடங்கும்.

உங்கள் பயணத்தை எளிதாக்க சில குறிப்புகள்:

* முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலிருந்து பயணம் செய்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், '''விமானம் புறப்படுவதற்கு குறைந்தது இரண்டு முதல் மூன்று மணி நேரத்திற்கு முன்னதாகவே''' அங்கு வந்து சேரவும். சிறிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலிருந்து உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளில் பயணிப்பதாக இருந்தால், 60 அல்லது 90 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாக வருவது போதுமானது. வானூர்தி புறப்படும் நேரத்திற்கு 45 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே வருகைப் பதிவு முடிந்துவிடும். அதேபோல், வானூர்தியில் ஏறும் வாயில் 25 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே மூடப்படும். வானூர்தி புறப்படுவதில் ஏற்படும் தாமதத்தைத் தவிர்க்க, இந்த விதிமுறைகள் இப்போது பரவலாகவும் கடுமையாகவும் அமல்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
*   முன்பெல்லாம் பயணிகள் தங்கள் வானூர்திப் பயணத்திற்குச் சில மணிநேரங்களுக்கு முன்னதாக மட்டுமே வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்பட்டனர். ஆனால் இப்போது இந்த விதிமுறை தளர்த்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனவே, அதிகாலையில் வானூர்திப் பயணம் இருந்தால், நீங்கள் வானூர்தி நிலையத்திலேயே இரவு முழுவதும் தங்கலாம்.
*   '''உங்கள் பயணச்சீட்டின் அச்சுப்பிரதி அல்லது மென்நகலை''' மற்றும் '''அரசு வழங்கிய அடையாள அட்டையை''' (உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளுக்கு இது பயன்படும், சர்வதேச வானூர்திகளுக்கு இது கட்டாயம் - ''டிஜி யாத்திரா'' பயன்படுத்தினால் இது தேவையில்லை) உடன் எடுத்து வரவும். இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டீர்கள். வானூர்தி நிலைய நுழைவு வாயிலில் உள்ள பாதுகாப்புப் பணியாளர்கள் இவற்றை கட்டாயமாகச் சரிபார்த்து உறுதிப்படுத்துவார்கள். உங்களிடம் அச்சுப்பிரதியோ அல்லது மென்நகலோ இல்லையென்றால், நுழைவு வாயிலுக்கு வெளியே உள்ள வானூர்தி நிறுவன அலுவலகங்களில் நகலைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். சில வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் இந்தச் சேவைக்குக் கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கத் தொடங்கியுள்ளன.
*   சில வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் '''டிஜி யாத்திரா''' வசதி உள்ளது (குறிப்பிட்ட இடங்களிலிருந்து புறப்படும் உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளுக்கு மட்டுமே இது கிடைக்கும்). இது வருகைப் பதிவு, பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனை மற்றும் வானூர்தியில் ஏறும் வாயில் போன்ற பல்வேறு இடங்களில், காகித வடிவிலான ஆவணங்கள் இல்லாமலேயே பயணிகளின் அடையாளத்தைச் சரிபார்க்க உதவுகிறது. டிஜி யாத்திரா செயலி மூலம் பதிவு செய்த பயணிகளுக்காக, வானூர்தி நிலைய நுழைவு, வருகைப் பதிவு மற்றும் பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனை ஆகிய இடங்களில் தனி வரிசைகள் 24 வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. டிஜி யாத்திராவில் பதிவு செய்ய உங்களுக்கு ''ஆதார் அட்டை'' தேவைப்படும்.
* பெரும்பாலான பழைய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், பெருநகரங்களுக்கு வெளியே உள்ள பல வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், வருகைப் பதிவுக்கு முன்பாகவே (பொதுவாக நுழைவாயிலுக்கு அருகிலுள்ள ஒரு இடத்தில்) உங்கள் பயணப் பைகளை பரிசோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்த வேண்டும். சம்மு, சிறிநகர் அல்லது வடகிழக்கு மாநிலங்களில் உள்ள அதிக பாதுகாப்புள்ள வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், வானூர்திக்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்லும் கைப்பைக்கும் கூட பரிசோதனை கட்டாயமாகும். அனைத்துக் கைப்பைகளும் ஊடுகதிர் ஸ்கேனர் மூலம் பரிசோதிக்கப்படும். அத்துடன் பாதுகாப்புப் பணியாளர்களின் விருப்பத்தின் பேரில், அவை நேரிடையாகவும் சோதிக்கப்படலாம்.
* '''வானூர்தி நிலையத்தின் வருகைப் பதிவுப் பகுதிக்குள் நுழைந்த பிறகு, உங்கள் வானூர்தி தாமதமானாலோ அல்லது ரத்து செய்யப்பட்டாலோ ஒழிய, நீங்கள் மீண்டும் வெளியேற முடியாது.''' எனவே, வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு முன்பே உங்கள் அனைத்து வேலைகளையும் முடித்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். மேலும், பாதுகாப்பான பயணத்திற்காக வானூர்தி புறப்படுவதற்கு பல மணிநேரங்களுக்கு முன்பே நீங்கள் அங்கு சென்றால், உள்ளே நேரத்தை எவ்வாறு பயனுள்ளதாகக் கழிப்பது என்பதை முன்கூட்டியே திட்டமிட்டுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.
* '''உங்களுடன் எடுத்துச் செல்லும் ஒவ்வொரு கைப்பைக்கும் ஒரு பயணப்பைச் சிட்டை பெற்று, அதை அதில் இணைத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.''' பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் உள்ள பணியாளர்கள் உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டு மற்றும் உங்கள் கைப்பைகளின் பயணப்பைச் சிட்டைகள் ஆகியவற்றில் முத்திரையிடுவார்கள். உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டை ஊடுகதிர் பெல்ட்டில் வைக்காதீர்கள். உலோக உணர்வி வழியாகச் செல்லும்போது அதை உங்களுடனேயே எடுத்துச் செல்லுங்கள். பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைப் பகுதியை விட்டு வெளியேறும் முன், இந்த முத்திரைகள் அனைத்தும் சரியாகப் பெறப்பட்டிருப்பதை உறுதிசெய்துகொள்ளுங்கள். முத்திரையிடப்பட்ட நுழைவுச் சீட்டு இல்லையென்றால், நீங்கள் வானூர்தியில் ஏற அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டீர்கள்.
அதேபோல், முத்திரையிடப்பட்ட பயணப்பைச் சிட்டை இணைக்கப்படாத பொருட்களை வானூர்திக்க்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்லவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டாது.

ஏதேனும் சந்தேகம் இருந்தால், தயங்காமல் மற்றவர்களிடம் கேளுங்கள். வானூர்தி நிலையப் பணியாளர்கள் பொதுவாகப் பயணிகளுக்கு மிகவும் உதவியாக இருப்பார்கள். அவர்களுக்குப் பொதுவாக ஆங்கிலம் புரியும். நீங்கள் உங்கள் வானூர்தியைத் தவறவிடாமல் இருப்பதை உறுதிசெய்ய அவர்கள் முழு முயற்சி எடுப்பார்கள். குறைவான உடைமைகளுடன் (அதாவது வருகைப் பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டிய பெரிய பைகள் இல்லாமல்) பயணிப்பவர்களுக்கெனத் தனி வரிசைகள் உள்ளன. இந்த வரிசைகளில் பொதுவாகக் கூட்டம் குறைவாகவே இருக்கும். வானூர்திக்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படும் உடைமைகள் குறித்த விதிமுறைகள் ஒவ்வொரு வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்திற்கும் மாறுபடும். எனவே, முன்னெச்சரிக்கை நடவடிக்கையாக உங்கள் வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்தின் இணையதளத்தில் இதுகுறித்த விவரங்களைச் சரிபாருங்கள். குறிப்பாகக் குறைந்த கட்டண விமான சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்தும்போது இதைச் செய்வது அவசியம். பொதுவாக, பெரும்பாலான வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களில் 15 கிலோ வரையிலான உடைமைகளை இலவசமாகக் கொண்டு செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது.

மிகவும் அரிதான சூழலில் ஏதேனும் வானூர்தி விபத்து ஏற்பட்டால், உதவிக்கு {{Wy/ta/Phone|1011}} என்ற எண் கொண்ட உதவி மையம் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. 

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
{{Wy/ta/Main|Wy/ta/இந்தியாவில் தொடருந்துப் பயணம்}}

[[File:Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_(Victoria_Terminus).jpg|thumb|1878 முதல் 1887 வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தில் பம்பாயில் (தற்போது மும்பை) ''விக்டோரியா டெர்மினஸ்'' என்ற பெயரில் கட்டப்பட்ட [[Wy/ta/சத்திரபதி சிவாசி தொடருந்து நிலையம்|சத்திரபதி சிவாசி தொடருந்து நிலையம்]], ஆங்கிலோ-இந்தியக் கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு ஒரு குறிப்பிடத்தக்க எடுத்துக்காட்டாகும்.]]
இந்தியா உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய தொடருந்து வலைப்பின்னல்களில் ஒன்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. தொடருந்து சேவை மிகவும் திறமையானது என்றாலும், தொடருந்துகள் பெரும்பாலும் சரியான நேரத்தில் வருவதில்லை. இந்திய தொடருந்தில் பயணம் செய்வது இந்தியாவின் நிலப்பரப்பையும் அழகையும் கண்டறியும் வாய்ப்பை அளிப்பதோடு, உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திப் பயணத்தை விட இது பொதுவாகக் குறைந்த செலவுடையதாகவும் உள்ளது. ஆடம்பரமான வசதிகள் முதல் சாதாரண வசதிகள் வரை பல்வேறு வகுப்புகள் இருப்பதால், நாட்டையும் அதன் மக்களையும் அறிந்துகொள்ள இதுவே சிறந்த வழியாகும். தொடருந்தில் பயணிக்கும் பெரும்பாலான பயணிகள் உங்கள் மீது ஆர்வம் காட்டுவதோடு, உங்களுடன் உரையாடி நேரத்தைச் செலவிடுவதில் மகிழ்ச்சியும் கொள்வார்கள். இரவு நேர துயிலுறை வசதி வகுப்பு
கொண்ட தொடருந்தில் பயணிப்பது ஓட்டல் செலவை மிச்சப்படுத்தினாலும், சில வழித்தடங்களில் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருப்பதால் உங்கள் தூக்கம் அவ்வளவு வசதியாக இல்லாமல் போகலாம்.

அரிதாக நிகழக்கூடிய தொடருந்து விபத்து ஒன்றில் நீங்கள் சிக்கும் சூழல் ஏற்பட்டால், உதவிக்கான தொலைபேசி எண் {{Wy/ta/Phone|1011}} ஆகும். இந்தியாவில் தொடருந்துப் பயணம் பொதுவாகப் பாதுகாப்பானது என்றாலும், விபத்துகள் நிகழக்கூடும். கடந்த காலங்களில் இத்தகைய விபத்துகளால் உயிரிழப்புகளும் கடுமையான காயங்களும் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளன.

உங்களுக்கு உதவி தேவைப்பட்டால், தொடருந்துகளிலும் தொடருந்து நிலையங்களிலும் காவல்துறையினரோ அல்லது பாதுகாவலர்களோ இருப்பார்கள் (அவர்கள் தொடருந்து பாதுகாப்புப் படையைச் (ஆர்பிஎஃப்) சேர்ந்தவர்கள் என்பதைத் தெளிவாக அடையாளம் காண முடியும்).

==== பயணிகள் தொடருந்துகள் ====
'''உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகள்''' என்பவை ''இந்திய ரயில்வே''யால் இயக்கப்படும் பயணிகள் தொடருந்துகள் ஆகும். இவை முக்கிய நகரங்களைச் சுற்றியுள்ள ஊர்கள் மற்றும் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளை இணைக்கின்றன. தொடருந்து நிலையங்களின் நடைமேடைகளைப் போலவே, இந்த தொடருந்துகளும் பெரும்பாலும் அதிக நெரிசலுடன் காணப்படும். உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​நிலையங்களிலும் தொடருந்துகளிலும் ஜேப்படி திருடர்கள் இருக்கக்கூடும் என்பதால் உங்கள் சுற்றுப்புறம் குறித்து விழிப்புடன் இருக்கவும். இருப்பினும், இந்த தொடருந்துகளைச் சுற்றி ஒரு தனித்துவமான பண்பாடு நிலவுகிறது.

பெரும்பாலான முக்கிய நகரங்களில் ''பெருநகர்த் தொடரி'' மற்றும் ''இலகுத் தொடரி'' சேவைகள் உள்ளன. இவை பாதுகாப்பானவை மற்றும் முறையான காவல் கண்காணிப்புக்கு உட்பட்டவை. தொடருந்துகள் மற்றும் நிலையங்களில் மறைகாணிகள் பொருத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன, மேலும் நன்கு பயிற்சி பெற்ற பணியாளர்கள் பணியில் உள்ளனர். இவற்றின் தரம் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளுக்கு இணையானதாக உள்ளது. இருப்பினும், குறிப்பாக மக்கள் நடமாட்டம் மிகுந்த நேரங்களில் கூட்ட நெரிசல் ஏற்பட வாய்ப்புள்ளது. உள்ளே செல்வதற்கு முன், நீங்கள் ஒரு விரைவான பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனையை மேற்கொள்ள வேண்டியிருக்கலாம்.

பெண் பயணிகளுக்காக உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகளில் பெண்களுக்கு மட்டுமான பெட்டிகள் உள்ளன (அவை எங்குள்ளன என்பதைச் சரிபார்க்கவும். தொடருந்தின் ஜன்னல்களில் அதற்கான குறியீடுகள் இருக்கும்).

==== வழக்கமான தொடருந்துகள் ====
[[File:Chennai train station.jpg|thumb|புரட்சித் தலைவர் டாக்டர் எம்.ஜி.ஆர். சென்னை மத்தியத் தொடருந்து நிலையம், [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]]]]


==== பயணச்சீட்டு முன்பதிவு ====


==== உணவு ====


=== வாடகை மகிழுந்தில் ===

=== பேருந்தில் ===


=== மகிழுந்தில் ===


==== வாடகை மகிழுந்தை தானே செலுத்துதல் ====


==== ஓட்டுநருடன் கூடிய வாடகை மகிழுந்து ====


=== விசையுந்தில் ===


=== பெருவிரல் செய்கையால் ====


=== இழுவண்டியில் ===


=== படகில் ===


== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==


== செய்யுங்கள் ==


== கற்றுக் கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


== பணியாற்றுங்கள் ==


== வாங்குங்கள் ==


== உண்ணுங்கள் ==


== பருகுங்கள் ==


== உறங்குங்கள் ==


== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==


== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==


== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==


== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


== சமாளியுங்கள் ==


[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q668}}

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'''இந்தியா''' ([[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: भारत ''பாரத்''), [[Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஆசியா|தெற்கு ஆசியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகும். உலகின் மிக உயர்ந்த மலைகள், அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் மற்றும் மிக நீண்ட நதிகள் பலவற்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. பண்டைய உலகின் மாபெரும் நாகரிகங்களில் ஒன்றாகத் திகழ்ந்ததும், ஒரு காலத்தில் 'பொன்னிறப் பறவை' எனப் போற்றப்பட்டதுமான இந்தியாவின் மரபும் பண்பாடும், கடந்த காலத்தையும் நிகழ்காலத்தையும் இணைக்கும் ஒரு செழுமையான கலவையாக விளங்குகின்றன. உலகின் அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட இந்த பரந்த நாடு, பயணிகளுக்குப் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் சமயங்கள் மற்றும் இனவியல் கூறுகள், மொழிகளின் ஒரு பெரும் தொகுப்பு, பலவிதமான உணவு வகைகள், அத்துடன் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு கட்டப்பட்டு இன்றும் சிதையாமல் நிற்கும் கட்டிடக்கலைச் சான்றுகள் ஆகியவற்றைக் காணும் வாய்ப்பை வழங்குகிறது. உலகமயமாக்கப்பட்ட சூழலுக்குள் இந்நாடு தன்னைத் திறந்துகொண்டிருந்தாலும், இங்கு வருகை தரும் பலரையும் வியப்பிலும் ஈர்ப்பிலும் ஆழ்த்தும் வரலாற்று ஆழத்தையும் பண்பாட்டுச் செழுமையையும் இந்தியா இன்றும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது.

இந்திய நாகரிகம் வரலாறு முழுவதும் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு செலுத்தி வந்துள்ளது. [[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின்]] பல பண்பாடுகள் வலுவான இந்தியத் தாக்கங்களை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. பௌத்த மதத்தின் பரவல் வாயிலாக, சில இந்தியத் தாக்கங்கள் கிழக்கு ஆசியப் பண்பாடுகளிலும் ஊடுருவியுள்ளன.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
இந்தியா நிர்வாக ரீதியாக 28 மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் 8 ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகளாக பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மாநிலங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் மொழி அடிப்படையில் வரையறுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. அவை அளவில் வேறுபடுகின்றன. பெரிய மாநிலங்கள் [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பாவின்]] சில நாடுகளை விடப் பெரியதாகவும், அதிக பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டதாகவும் உள்ளன. ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகள் பொதுவாக மாநிலங்களை விட மிகவும் சிறியவை — சில சமயங்களில் அவை ஒரே ஒரு நகரமாக மட்டுமே இருக்கும். மேலும், அவற்றுக்கு மிகக் குறைந்த சுயாட்சியே உண்டு. இந்தியாவின் பிரதான நிலப்பரப்பிற்கு அப்பால் இரண்டு தீவுச் சங்கிலிகள் உள்ளன – [[Wy/ta/வங்காள விரிகுடா|வங்காள விரிகுடாவில்]] உள்ள [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] மற்றும் அரபிக்கடலில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]].

மாநிலங்களும் யூனியன் பிரதேசங்களும் மரபுரீதியாகப் பின்வரும் மண்டலங்களாக வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன:
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| region1name=[[Wy/ta/வடக்கு இமயமலை|வடக்கு இமயமலை]]
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| region2name=[[Wy/ta/சமவெளிகள் (இந்தியா)|சமவெளிகள்]]
| region2color=#d5dc76
| region2items=[[Wy/ta/பஞ்சாப் (இந்தியா)|பஞ்சாப்]], [[Wy/ta/அரியானா|அரியானா]], [[Wy/ta/உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்|உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/பிகார்|பிகார்]], [[Wy/ta/சண்டிகர்|சண்டிகர்]], [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]]
| region2description=இந்தியாவின் 'தானியக் களஞ்சியம்' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இப்பகுதி, புனித நதிகளான கங்கை, யமுனை மற்றும் அவற்றின் துணை ஆறுகளால் நீர்ப்பாசனம் பெறுகிறது. நாட்டின் தலைநகரான [[Wy/ta/புது தில்லி|புது தில்லி]], ''தாஜ் மகால்'' அமைந்துள்ள [[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா|ஆக்ரா]], மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மதுரா|மதுரா]], [[Wy/ta/பிரயாக்ராஜ்|பிரயாக்ராஜ்]], [[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]], [[Wy/ta/போத் கயா|போத் கயா]], [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரசு|அமிர்தசரசு]] போன்ற புனித நகரங்களும் இப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளன. இந்தியாவின் வரலாற்றை வடிவமைத்த பல முக்கிய நிகழ்வுகள் இப்பகுதியிலேயே நடைபெற்றன.

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியா]]
| region3color=#71b37b
| region3items=[[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/குசராத்து|குசராத்து]], [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரம்]], [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]], [[Wy/ta/தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்|தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்]]
| region3description= பரந்து விரிந்த தார் பாலைவனம்; இராசத்தானின் வண்ணமயமான அரண்மனைகள், கோட்டைகள் மற்றும் நகரங்கள்; நாட்டின் மிகவும் துடிப்பான மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரமான [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]]; மகாராட்டிரத்தில் உள்ள அஜந்தா மற்றும் எல்லோரா குகைகளின் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் பாறைச் சிற்பங்கள்; தூய்மையான காடுகள்; [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவாவின்]] அற்புதமான கடற்கரைகள்; [[Wy/ta/குசராத்து|குசராத்தின்]] கிர் காடுகளில் உள்ள ஆசியச் சிங்கங்கள்; மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாது|அகமதாபாது]], [[Wy/ta/சூரத்து|சூரத்து]], [[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]] போன்ற வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வரும் நகரங்கள் ஆகியவற்றை இது கொண்டுள்ளது.

| region4name=[[Wy/ta/மத்திய இந்தியா|மத்திய இந்தியா]]
| region4color=#8a84a3
| region4items=[[Wy/ta/சத்தீசுகர்|சத்தீசுகர்]], [[Wy/ta/மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்|மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்]]
| region4description=அற்புதமான மற்றும் துடிப்பான நிலப்பரப்பைக் கொண்ட இப்பகுதி, அலை அலையான மலைகள், கண்கவர் அருவிகள் மற்றும் செழிப்பான வனவிலங்குகள் முதல் பாரம்பரியக் கட்டிடக்கலை, பழங்குடியினரின் பண்பாட்டுப் பாரம்பரியம் மற்றும் நவீன எஃகுத் தொழில் வரை அனைத்தையும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது. இது விந்திய மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சத்புரா மலைத்தொடர்கள்|சத்புரா மலைத்தொடர்கள்]], [[Wy/ta/ஜெகதல்பூர்|சித்திரகூட அருவி]], வரலாற்றுக்கு முந்தைய காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த [[Wy/ta/பீம்பேட்கா பாறை வாழிடங்கள்|பீம்பேட்கா பாறை வாழிடங்கள்]], [[Wy/ta/கசுராகோ நினைவுச்சின்னங்களின் தொகுதி|கசுராகோவின் கலைநயமிக்க சிற்பங்கள்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பிலாய்-துர்க் தொழிற்பகுதி|பிலாய்-துர்க் தொழிற்பகுதி]] ஆகியவற்றின் தாயகமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.

| region5name=[[Wy/ta/கிழக்கு இந்தியா|கிழக்கு இந்தியா]]
| region5color=#4da9c4
| region5items=[[Wy/ta/சார்க்கண்டு|சார்க்கண்டு]], [[Wy/ta/ஒடிசா|ஒடிசா]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]], [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு வங்காளம்|மேற்கு வங்காளம்]]
| region5description=பொருளாதார ரீதியாகக் குறைவாக வளர்ச்சியடைந்திருந்தாலும், கலாச்சார ரீதியாகச் செழுமையானதும், வெளியிலிருந்து வருவோரை மிகவும் அன்புடன் வரவேற்கும் தன்மையுடையதுமான பகுதியாகும் இது. பிரித்தானிய இந்தியாவின் தலைநகராக ஒருகாலத்தில் திகழ்ந்த [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பூரி|பூரி]], [[Wy/ta/புவனேஸ்வர்|புவனேஸ்வர்]], [[Wy/ta/கோனார்க்கு|கோனார்க்கு]] ஆகிய கோயில் நகரங்கள் இப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளன. மலைப்பகுதிகள் முதல் கடற்கரை வரை இப்பகுதி பரவியிருப்பதால், இங்குள்ள காலநிலையில் சுவாரஸ்யமான வேறுபாடுகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், நாட்டின் மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் வளமான சுரங்கங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, இந்தியாவின் கனிம வளக் களஞ்சியமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

| region6name=[[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா]]
| region6color=#d56d76
| region6items=[[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]], [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/மேகாலயா|மேகாலயா]], [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]], [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]], [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுரா]]
| region6description=செழிப்பான மற்றும் அழகான நிலப்பரப்புகள், இந்தோ-மலேயப் பகுதியைச் சார்ந்த தனித்துவமான தாவர மற்றும் விலங்கினங்கள், மற்றும் புகழ்பெற்ற தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்கள் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட இப்பகுதி, நாட்டின் பழங்குடியினர் வசிக்கும் ஒரு தனித்துவமான மற்றும் பெரும்பாலும் மனிதத் தலையீடற்ற பகுதியாகும். இது &quot;ஏழு சகோதரிகள்&quot; என்று பரவலாக அறியப்படும் ஏழு மாநிலங்களை உள்ளடக்கியது. உலகின் மிகப் பழமையான போலோ மைதானம், உலகின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் தேசியப் பூங்கா, பெண்களால் மட்டுமே நடத்தப்படும் உலகின் ஒரே சந்தை மற்றும் உலகின் மிக உயரமான ''செடிக் கத்தரிப்புக்கலை'' தாவரம் ஆகியவற்றை [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூரில்]] காணலாம். மேகாலயா மாநிலம் அதன் வசீகரிக்கும் சூழல் காரணமாக ''இந்தியாவின் ஸ்காட்லாந்து'' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

| region7name=[[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]]
| region7color=#b383b3
| region7items=[[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்|ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகம்]], [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளம்]], [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/புதுச்சேரி (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|புதுச்சேரி]], [[Wy/ta/தமிழ்நாடு|தமிழ்நாடு]], [[Wy/ta/தெலங்காணா|தெலங்காணா]]
| region7description=இப்பகுதியில் புகழ்பெற்ற மற்றும் வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கோயில்கள், வெப்பமண்டலக் காடுகள், உப்பங்கழிகள், கடற்கரைகள், மலைவாசஸ்தலங்கள், [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது (இந்தியா)|ஐதராபாது]] ஆகிய மூன்று முக்கிய நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற சிறிய நகரங்கள் ஆகியவை அமைந்துள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/மைசூரு|மைசூரு]] நகரம், குறிப்பாக மைசூர் அரண்மனை போன்ற அரண்மனைகளுக்கு உலகப் புகழ்பெற்றது. வசதிக்காக இப்பகுதியுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள் (கிழக்கே) மற்றும் லட்சத்தீவுகள் (மேற்கே) ஆகிய தீவுக்கூட்டங்கள், பிரதான நிலப்பகுதியிலிருந்து வெகு தொலைவில் அமைந்து தனித்துவமான சிறப்பியல்புகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளன; இவை அழகான கடற்கரைகளுக்கும், வழக்கமான சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களிலிருந்து மாறுபட்ட அனுபவத்தை விரும்புவோருக்கான இடமாகவும் அறியப்படுகின்றன.
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் அதிகபட்சம் 9 இடங்களுக்கு மட்டுமே வரையறுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்கள் குறித்து முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
இவை இந்தியாவின் மிக முக்கியமான நகரங்களில் சிலவாகும். பிற நகரங்களை அவற்றின் குறிப்பிட்ட மண்டலங்களின் கீழ் காணலாம்.
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 40 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]] பல பழைய பண்பாட்டு மதிப்பீடுகளைக் கொண்டுள்ள புதுக் கூர்மாடப் பாணி அதிசயங்களின் இருப்பிடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.]]
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]]|wikidata=Q1353}} — இந்தியாவின் தலைநகரம் மற்றும் வட இந்தியாவின் இதயம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]]|wikidata=Q1355}} (''பேங்களூர்'') — அழகான பூங்கா நகரம்; ஒரு காலத்தில் ஓய்வூதியம் பெறுவோர் அமைதியாக வாழ்ந்த இடமாக இருந்தது, இப்போது உயர் தொழில்நுட்ப நிறுவனங்கள் மற்றும் பல மதுக்கூடங்கள் நிறைந்த தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையமாக மாறியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]]|wikidata=Q1352}} (''மெட்ராஸ்'') — தென் இந்தியாவின் முக்கிய துறைமுகம், கலாச்சார மையம் மற்றும் இந்தியாவின் வாகனத் தொழில்துறைத் தலைநகரம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது (இந்தியா)|ஐதராபாது]]|wikidata=Q1361}} — முத்து மற்றும் வைர வர்த்தகம் மற்றும் பாரம்பரிய இந்திய அரிசி உணவான 'பிரியாணி'க்கு பெயர் பெற்றது; தற்போது முக்கிய உற்பத்தி மற்றும் நிதி நிறுவனங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]]|wikidata=Q66485}} — ''இளஞ்சிவப்பு நகரம்''; இடைக்கால வட இந்தியாவின் இந்து ராஜபுத்திர கலாச்சாரத்தின் முக்கிய அடையாளமாகத் திகழ்கிறது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]]|wikidata=Q1348}} (''கல்கத்தா'') — இந்தியாவின் கலாச்சாரத் தலைநகரம்; 'மகிழ்ச்சியின் நகரம்' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது மற்றும் பல காலனித்துவ கால கட்டிடங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]]|wikidata=Q1156}} (''பம்பாய்'') — இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம் மற்றும் நிதித் தலைநகரம்; ''எப்போதும் உறங்காத நகரம்'' மற்றும் இந்தித் திரைப்படத் துறையான ''பாலிவுட்''-இன் தாயகம்
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சிம்லா|சிம்லா]]|wikidata=Q83786}} — இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசத்தின் தலைநகரம்; கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 2 கி.மீ-க்கும் அதிகமான உயரத்தில் இமயமலையில் அமைந்துள்ளது
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]]|wikidata=Q79980}} (''பனாரசு'') — இந்துக்களின் மிகப்புனிதமான நகரமாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது; கங்கை நதிக்கரையில் அமைந்துள்ளது மற்றும் உலகின் மிகப்பழமையான, தொடர்ந்து மக்கள் வசித்து வரும் நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகும்

== பிற சேருமிடங்கள் ==
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுமே இருக்க வேண்டும். முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;
இந்தியாவில் பல சிறப்பான அடையாளங்களும், ஈடு இணையற்ற அழகு வாய்ந்த இடங்களும் உள்ளன. அவற்றில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க சில இங்கே:

*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/போத் கயா|போத் கயா]]|wikidata=Q176767}} — மகாபோதி கோயில் உள்ளிட்ட முக்கிய கோயில் வளாகம்; சாக்கியமுனி புத்தர் ஞானம் பெற்ற இடம் இதுவாகும்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/எல்லோரா|எல்லோரா]]|wikidata=Q189616}} மற்றும்
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/அசந்தா|அசந்தா]]|wikidata=Q184427}} — பாறையைக் குடைந்து அமைக்கப்பட்ட அற்புதமான குகை மடாலயங்கள் மற்றும் கோயில்கள்; பௌத்தர்கள், சமணர்கள் மற்றும் இந்துக்களுக்கான புனிதத் தலங்கள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[அமிர்தசரசு#பொற்கோயில்|பொற்கோயில்]]|wikidata=Q180422}} — [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரசு|அமிர்தசரசு]] நகரில் உள்ள சீக்கியர்களின் புனிதத் தலம்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/அம்பி (கருநாடகா)|அம்பி]]|wikidata=Q26732}} — விஜயநகரப் பேரரசின் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் இடிபாடுகள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/கசுராகோ|கசுராகோ]]|wikidata=Q178948}} — காமக் கலைச் சிற்பங்களுக்குப் புகழ்பெற்ற கோயில் வளாகங்கள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/கொனார்க்கு|கொனார்க்கு]]|wikidata=Q749189}} — சூரியக் கோயில்; கலிங்கக் கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு ஒரு தனித்துவமான எடுத்துக்காட்டு மற்றும் {{Wy/ta/UNESCO World Heritage Site}}.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/மதுரை#மீனாட்சி அம்மன் கோயில்|மீனாட்சி கோயில்]]|wikidata=Q1424358}} — [[Wy/ta/மதுரை|மதுரையில்]] உள்ள ஒரு அற்புதமான இந்து கோயில்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=other|name=[[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா#தாஜ் மகால்|தாஜ் மகால்]]|wikidata=Q9141}} — [[Wy/ta/ஆக்ரா|ஆக்ராவில்]] உள்ள இணையற்ற சலவைக்கல் கல்லறை; நவீன உலகின் ஏழு அதிசயங்களில் ஒன்று.
&lt;!--நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் 9 உருப்படிகளுக்குள் மட்டுமே இருக்க வேண்டும். முன்மொழியப்பட்ட மாற்றங்களை முதலில் இந்தப் பக்கத்தின் கலந்துரையாடல் பக்கத்தில் விவாதிக்கவும்.--&gt;

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்==
இந்தியா, நல்ல விதத்திலும் கெட்ட விதத்திலும், மனதைக் கவரும் ஒரு நாடு. பகட்டான ஆடம்பரம் முதல் கொடிய துயரம் வரை, நெரிசல் மிகுந்த நகரங்கள் முதல் அமைதியான கிராமப்புறங்கள் வரை, அடர்ந்த காடுகள் மற்றும் பவளப்பாறைகள் முதல் பாழடைந்த பாலைவனங்கள் மற்றும் உயர்ந்த மலைகள் வரை, இந்தியாவில் உண்மையிலேயே அனைத்தும் உள்ளன. இது மக்கள், பண்பாடு, மொழி மற்றும் உணவுக்கும் பொருந்தும்; இவை சிறிய மற்றும் பெரிய வழிகளில் பெருமளவில் வேறுபடலாம். ஒரு மிக எளிய உதாரணம் சொல்ல வேண்டுமென்றால், மும்பையில் ஒரு வாடகை சிற்றுந்து ஓட்டுநர் ஒரு வார்த்தை கூட பேசாமல் தனது மீட்டர் கொடியை இறக்கி, சரியான சில்லறையைத் திருப்பிக் கொடுப்பார். ஆனால் தில்லியில், ஓட்டுநரிடம் மீட்டரைப் பயன்படுத்தச் சொல்லி, சில்லறை கிடைக்குமா என்று எதிர்பார்க்க வேண்டும். மற்ற சில பகுதிகளில், ஓட்டுநர்களிடம் மீட்டர்களே இருப்பதில்லை; அவர்கள் குறுகிய தூரங்களுக்குக் கூட கட்டணங்களை நிர்ணயித்து விடுகிறார்கள். அவர்கள் கேட்கும் தொகையை மட்டும் செலுத்தினால் போதும்.  ஒரு நேர்மையான ஓட்டுநர் கிடைத்தால், பயணி தன்னை பாக்கியவான் என்று கருதிக்கொள்ளலாம். இந்தியா பெரும்பாலான அம்சங்களில்  தீவிரமான வேறுபாடுகளைக் காட்டுகிறது, மேலும் சிறந்ததைக் கண்டறிய ஒருவருக்கு பொறுமையும் வாய்ப்பும் தேவை. இந்தியாவின் எந்தவொரு அம்சத்தைப் பற்றியும் நமக்கு எல்லாம் தெரியும் என்று ஒருபோதும் கருத வேண்டாம்; ஒவ்வொரு நாளும் முற்றிலும் புதிய அம்சங்களை காணத் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும்.

இந்திய நாகரிகம் வரலாறு முழுவதும் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு செலுத்தி வந்துள்ளது; தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவின் பல பண்பாடுகள் வலுவான இந்தியத் தாக்கங்களை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. பௌத்த மதத்தின் பரவல் வாயிலாக, சில இந்தியத் தாக்கங்கள் கிழக்கு ஆசியக் கலாச்சாரங்களிலும் ஊடுருவியுள்ளன.

===வரலாறு===
மனிதர்கள் முதன்முதலில் இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டத்திற்கு சுமார் கி.மு. 70,000-ஆம் ஆண்டில் குடியேறியதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது; மேலும், இந்தியாவின் கற்காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த சில தொல்லியல் தளங்களும் இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளன. இவற்றுள் ஒரு முக்கியமான தளம் பாக்கித்தானில் உள்ள மெகர்கர் ஆகும். இங்குதான், இத்துணைக்கண்டத்திலேயே மிகவும் பழமையானதாக அறியப்படும் வேளாண்மைக்கான சான்றுகள் — சுமார் கி.மு. 7000-ஆம் ஆண்டைச் சேர்ந்தவை என கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ளன.

சிந்து சமவெளி நாகரிகம் (கி.மு. 3300–1300) உலகின் முதல் வெண்கலக் கால நாகரிகங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். மேலும், அந்நாகரிகம் தன் காலத்திற்கு மிகவும் மேம்பட்டதாகத் திகழ்ந்தது. அதன் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில் (கி.மு. 2600–1900), இது தற்போதைய பாகித்தானின் பெரும்பகுதியையும், வட இந்தியாவின் சில பகுதிகளையும், கிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தானின் சில பகுதிகளையும் உள்ளடக்கியிருந்தது. பாக்கித்தானில் அமைந்துள்ள மொகஞ்சதாரோ மற்றும் அரப்பா ஆகியவையே இந்நாகரிகத்தின் மிகப்பெரிய இரண்டு தொல்லியல் தளங்களாகும்.

கி.மு. 2000- ஆண்டுக்குப் பிறகு ஒரு காலகட்டத்தில், வடமேற்கில் எங்கோ ஓர் இடத்திலிருந்து வந்த கால்நடை மேய்ப்பர்களான ஆரியர்கள் இப்பகுதிக்குக் குடிபெயர்ந்தனர். ஏறக்குறைய அதே நேரத்தில், தொடர்புடைய குழுக்கள் கிரீசு (மினோயர்களை இடம்பெயரச் செய்த எலனிக்கு கிரேக்கர்கள்), அனடோலியா அல்லது துருக்கி (இட்டைட்டுகள்), பாரசீகம் மற்றும் பிற பகுதிகள் மீது படையெடுத்தன. இந்தப் பழங்குடியினர் அனைவரும் தொடர்புடைய மொழிகளைப் பேசியதாகவும், வட இந்தியா, ஐரோப்பா மற்றும் மத்திய ஆசியாவில் பேசப்படும் பெரும்பாலான மொழிகள் உட்பட பல நவீன மொழிகள் அவர்களிடமிருந்து தோன்றியவை என்றும் நம்பப்படுகிறது. மொழியியலாளர்கள் இவை அனைத்தையும் இந்தோ-ஐரோப்பிய மொழிக்குடும்பத்தில் வகைப்படுத்துகின்றனர்.

வேத காலம் ஏறத்தாழ கி.மு. 1500 முதல் 500 வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தைச் சேர்ந்ததாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. இந்து சமயத்தின் மிகப் பழமையான மற்றும் புனிதமான நூல்களான வேதங்கள் தொகுக்கப்பட்ட காலம் இதுவே ஆகும். இவை, இந்தோ-ஆரிய மொழியான வேத சமசுகிருதத்தில் இயற்றப்பட்டிருந்தன. இக்காலத்தைப் பற்றிய விவரங்களும் தொல்லியல் சான்றுகளும் மிகக் குறைவாகவே கிடைத்திருப்பினும், இந்து சமயத்தின் பல சடங்குகள் இக்காலத்தில்தான் வடிவம் பெற்றன.

[[File:Varanasikedarghat.JPG|thumb|240px|வாரணாசியில் கங்கை நதியில் நீராடும் இந்துப் பயணிகள்]]

வேத நாகரிகமானது, தார்மீக சமயங்களின் வாயிலாக இன்றும் இந்தியாவைத் தொடர்ந்து பாதித்து வருகிறது. தற்கால இந்து சமயம் தனது வேர்களை வேதங்களில் கொண்டிருந்தாலும், உபநிடதங்கள் மற்றும் புராணங்கள் முதல் இராமாயணம், மகாபாரதம் ஆகிய பெருங்காப்பியங்கள் வரையிலான, வேதங்களுக்குப் பிந்தைய இலக்கியங்களாலும் பெரிதும் தாக்கம் பெற்றுள்ளது. மரபுசார்ந்து பார்க்கையில், இவ் இலக்கியங்கள் அனைத்தும் வேதங்களில் ஏற்கனவே பொதிந்துள்ள அறிவையே விரிவுபடுத்திச் செறிவூட்டுவனவாகவே கருதப்படுகின்றன.

மகாபாரதத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியான 'பகவத் கீதை', மிகவும் பரவலாக வாசிக்கப்படும் நூல்களில் ஒன்றாகும். இந்து மதத்தின் நான்கு வேதங்களின் சுருக்கமான சாரமாகவே கீதை கருதப்படுகிறது. கிருட்டிணரின் உடலுக்குள் புகுந்த 'காலன்' 18 அத்தியாயங்களில் அமைந்த 700 செய்யுள்கள் வாயிலாக கீதையின் ஞானத்தை எடுத்துரைத்ததாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. குருசேத்திரத்தில் நடைபெறவிருந்த ஒரு மாபெரும் போருக்குச் சற்று முன்னதாக, அந்தப் போரின் நாயகனான அர்ச்சுனனுக்கும் — அவனுக்குத் தேரோட்டியாகப் பணியாற்றிய — கடவுள் கிருட்டிணருக்கும் இடையே நிகழ்ந்த உரையாடலாகவே இந்நூல் அமைந்துள்ளது. இன்றைய காலகட்டத்தில், குருசேத்திரம் ஒரு புனித யாத்திரை மற்றும் சுற்றுலாத் தலமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.

பொ.மு. முதல் ஆயிரமாண்டில், பல்வேறு தத்துவச் சிந்தனைப் பள்ளிகள் தோன்றி, இந்து சமயத்தை வெகுவாகச் செழுமைப்படுத்தின. அவற்றில் பெரும்பாலானவை வேதங்களிலிருந்தே தோன்றியதாகக் கூறின. இருப்பினும், இப்பள்ளிகளுள் சில—அவற்றில் பௌத்தமும் சமணமும் அடங்கும்—வேதங்களின் அதிகாரத்தையே கேள்விக்குள்ளாக்கின; தற்போது அவை தனித்தனிச் சமயங்களாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

கி.மு. 500 மற்றும் கி.பி. 590-ஆம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் பல மாபெரும் பேரரசுகள் தோன்றின. அவற்றுள் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கவை மௌரியர்களும் குப்தர்களும் ஆவர். இவ்விரு பேரரசுகளின் தலைநகரமும், தற்போது பாட்னா என்று அழைக்கப்படும் பாடலிபுத்திரம் நகரமாகவே விளங்கியது. குப்தப் பேரரசு (கி.பி. 3-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு முதல் கி.பி. 590 வரை) பெரும்பாலும் இந்தியாவின் 'பொற்காலம்' என்று போற்றப்படுகிறது. இதற்கு மேலும் மேற்கே, காந்தார நாகரிகம் (முதலில் ஒரு சுதந்திர அரசாகவும், பின்னர் மௌரியப் பேரரசின் ஒரு பகுதியாகவும் விளங்கியது) — தற்போது பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் ஆப்கானித்தான் என அழைக்கப்படும் நிலப்பரப்பின் பெரும்பகுதியை ஆட்சி செய்தது. இவர்களின் நகரமான தட்சசீலம், பௌத்தம் மற்றும் பிற துறைகள் சார்ந்த கல்விக்கு ஒரு சிறந்த மையமாகத் திகழ்ந்தது.

காலப்போக்கில், பௌத்தமும் சமணமும் படிப்படியாகச் சரிவைச் சந்தித்தன. குறிப்பாக, பௌத்த சமய நடைமுறைகள் இந்தியாவின் மையப்பகுதியிலிருந்து மறைந்தே போயின. இருப்பினும், புத்தர் இந்து சமயத் தெய்வங்களின் வரிசையில் ஒருவராக இணைத்துக்கொள்ளப்பட்டார். சமண சமயமானது, தங்களை இந்துக்களாகக் கருதிக்கொள்வதா அல்லது வேண்டாமா என்பது குறித்துத் தெளிவற்ற நிலையில் உள்ள, கணிசமான எண்ணிக்கையிலான ஒரு சிறுபான்மைச் சமூகத்தினரால் இன்றும் தொடர்ந்து பின்பற்றப்பட்டு வருகிறது. இந்து சமயமும் கூடப் பெரும் மாற்றங்களுக்கு உள்ளானது. இந்திரன், அக்னி போன்ற வேதகாலத் தெய்வங்களின் முக்கியத்துவம் குறைந்த அதே வேளையில், விசுணு, சிவன் மற்றும் அவர்களின் பல்வேறு அவதாரங்கள், குடும்ப உறுப்பினர்கள் போன்ற புராணகாலத் தெய்வங்கள் முதன்மை பெற்றன.

[[File:Jama Masjid, Delhi, morning view.jpg|thumb|சாமா பள்ளிவாசல் தில்லி]]

8 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் இசுலாமியப் படையெடுப்புகள் தொடங்கின. படிப்படியாக, படையெடுப்பாளர்கள் ஆட்சியாளர்களாக நிலைபெறத் தொடங்கினர், விரைவில் வட இந்தியாவின் பெரும்பகுதி முசுலிம்களால் ஆளப்பட்டது. மிக முக்கியமான முசுலிம் ஆட்சியாளர்கள் முகலாயப் பேரரசு ஆவர். இப்பேரரசு அதன் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில் (தெற்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு முனைகளைத் தவிர) கிட்டத்தட்ட முழு துணைக்கண்டத்தையும் உள்ளடக்கியிருந்தது. அதே நேரத்தில், வடக்கில் தப்பிப்பிழைத்த முக்கிய இந்துப் படை இராசபுத்திரர்கள் ஆவர். தங்கள் நிலத்தின் மீதான படையெடுப்பை எதிர்த்து நின்ற இராசபுத்திரர்களின் வீரம் புகழ்பெற்றது; அது இராசத்தானின் கோட்டைகள் முழுவதும் உள்ள நாட்டுப்புறப் பாடல்களில் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. இராசபுத்திரர்களில் முக்கியமானவர் சித்தோர்கரின் ஆட்சியாளரான மகா ராணா பிரதாப் ஆவார். இவர் முகலாயர்களின் மூன்றாமவரான அக்பருடன் போரிட்டு, பல ஆண்டுகள் நாடுகடத்தப்பட்ட நிலையில் கழித்தார். இருப்பினும், இறுதியில் இராசபுத்திரர்கள் அடக்கப்பட்டனர். சில முகலாயப் படைகளில் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான இராசபுத்திர அதிகாரிகள் இருந்தனர், ஆனாலும் சகாங்கீர், சாச்சகான் மற்றும் அவுரங்கசீப் ஆகியோரின் ஆட்சிக்காலத்தில் சில இராசபுத்திரக் கிளர்ச்சிகள் நிகழ்ந்தன. வட இந்தியாவின் இந்தக் காலகட்டமே இராசத்தானின் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களையும் தாச்மகாலையும் உருவாக்கியது. இந்தி மற்றும் உருது மொழிகளும் இடைக்கால வட இந்தியாவில் வேரூன்றின. இசுலாமிய காலத்தில், இந்துக்கள் இசுலாமிற்கு மதம் மாறினர்; பெரும்பாலும் கட்டாயமாகவோ அல்லது சிசியா வரியைத் தவிர்ப்பதற்காகவோ மதம் மாறினர் என முசுலிம் வரலாற்றாசிரியர்கள் கூறுகின்றனர். இன்று, இந்தியாவின் மக்கள் தொகையில் சுமார் 15% பேர் இசுலாத்தைப் பின்பற்றுகிறார்கள்.

மற்றொரு முக்கிய மதமான சீக்கிய மதம், முகலாயர் காலத்தில் பஞ்சாப் பகுதியில் தோற்றுவிக்கப்பட்டது. சீக்கிய மதத்திற்கும் முகலாயர்களுக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள் காலப்போக்கில் மாறுபட்டன. அமிர்தசரசில் அமைந்துள்ள பொற்கோயில் கட்டப்பட்டதுடன், சீக்கிய மதத்தின் முதன்மையான புனித யாத்திரை மையமாக உலகம் முழுவதும் அங்கீகாரமும் பெற்றது. இருப்பினும், பத்தாவது குருவான குரு கோவிந்த் சிங்கின் காலக்கட்டத்தில், முகலாயர்களிலேயே மிகவும் சகிப்புத்தன்மையற்றவரும், கொடுமையானவரும், மதவெறி பிடித்தவருமான ஔரங்கசீப்பின் பகைமையே முதன்மைக் காரணமாக, இரு தரப்பினருக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள் பகையுணர்வு கொண்டவையாக மாறின. சீக்கியர்களுக்கும் முகலாயர்களுக்கும் இடையிலான மோதலே, முகலாயப் பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்கு வழிவகுத்த காரணங்களில் ஒன்றாக அமைந்தது. மற்றொரு காரணம், மகாராட்டிரப் பகுதியில் மராட்டியப் பேரரசின் எழுச்சியாகும்; இது சிவாச்சியால் தொடங்கப்பட்டு, பின்னர் பேசுவாக்களால் முன்னெடுத்துச் செல்லப்பட்டது. மராட்டியர்கள், முகலாயப் பேரரசின் பரப்பளவிற்கு ஏறக்குறைய இணையான ஒரு குறுகிய காலக் கூட்டமைப்பை நிறுவினர். மூன்றாம் பானிபட் போருக்குப் பிறகு, மராட்டியர்கள் இந்தியாவின் மீதான தங்கள் ஆதிக்கத்தை இழந்தனர்; இதுவே பிற்காலத்தில் பிரிட்டிசு காலனித்துவ ஆட்சி அமைவதற்கு வழிவகுத்தது. மராட்டியர் காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பன்னிரண்டு இராணுவக் கோட்டைகள்—குறிப்பாக மகாராட்ராவின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளவை—யுனெசுகோவால் 'இந்தியாவின் மராட்டிய இராணுவ நிலப்பரப்புகள்'  எனும் உலகப் பாரம்பரியச் சின்னமாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

[[File:ShoreTemple Approach2.JPG|thumb|கடற்கரைக் கோயில், மாமல்லபுரம்]]

[[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]] ஒரு மாறுபட்ட பாதையைப் பின்பற்றியது; ஏனெனில், இசுலாமிய ஆட்சியின் தாக்கம் இப்பகுதியில் குறைவாகவே இருந்தது. கி.பி. 500 முதல் 1600 வரையிலான காலகட்டம் 'செவ்வியல் காலம்'  என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது; இக்காலகட்டத்தில் தென்னிந்தியாவின் மாபெரும் பேரரசுகளே ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்தி வந்தன. இவற்றுள் மிக முக்கியமான பேரரசுகளாக, இன்றைய கர்நாடகப் பகுதியிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த சாளுக்கியர்கள், இராட்டிரகூடர்கள் மற்றும் விசயநகரப் பேரரசினர் ஆகியோரும்; இன்றைய தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் கேரளப் பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த பல்லவர்கள், சேரர்கள், பாண்டியர்கள் மற்றும் சோழர்கள் ஆகியோரும் திகழ்ந்தனர். இவற்றுள், தஞ்சாவூர் மற்றும் கங்கைகொண்ட சோழபுரம் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு தலைநகரங்களிலிருந்து ஆட்சி செய்த சோழர்களே, தென்னிந்தியப் பேரரசுகளிலேயே மிகவும் வலிமை வாய்ந்தவர்களாகப் பரவலாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்படுகின்றனர். இவர்களது ஆட்சியின் உச்சக்கட்டத்தில், இவர்களது பேரரசின் எல்லை வடக்கே பாடலிபுத்திரம் வரையிலும் விரிந்திருந்ததுடன், இவர்களது செல்வாக்கு கிழக்கே சுமத்ரா, மேற்கு போர்னியோ மற்றும் தெற்கு வியட்நாம் வரையிலும் பரவியிருந்தது. இந்தியாவில் இன்றும் நிலைத்திருக்கும் மிகச் சிறப்பான இந்து மற்றும் சமணச் சின்னங்கள் சில, இக்காலகட்டத்தில்தான் தென்னிந்தியா மற்றும் கிழக்கு இந்தியாவில் கட்டப்பட்டன.

காலனித்துவக் காலம் வரை, வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா நாட்டின் பிற பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஓரளவுக்குத் தனித்தே இருந்தது. வடகிழக்குப் பகுதியை ஆண்ட மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் நீண்ட காலப் பேரரசு, மணிப்பூரைச் சேர்ந்த நிங்தௌச்சா வம்சமாகும் (கி.பி. 33–1891); இவர்களுக்கு அடுத்தபடியாக அகோம் வம்சத்தினர் இப்பகுதியை ஆண்டனர். இவர்கள் 13-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு முதல் 19-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு வரை, முகலாயர்களின் ஆதிக்க விரிவாக்கத்திலிருந்து அசாம் மற்றும் அதன் அண்டை மண்டலங்களை வெற்றிகரமாகப் பாதுகாத்து வந்தனர்.

[[File:Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|கொல்கத்தாவில் அமைந்துள்ள விக்டோரியா நினைவிடம், விக்டோரியா மகாராணியின் நினைவாக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு பிரம்மாண்டமான பளிங்குக் கட்டிடமாகும். கொல்கத்தாவின் வரலாறு, கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனத்துடனும் பிரிட்டிசு ஆட்சியுடனும் தொடர்புடையதாகும்.  அக்காலத்தில் 'கல்கத்தா' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்ட இந்நகரமே பிரிட்டிசு ஆட்சியின் தலைநகராகத் திகழ்ந்தது.]]

16 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதியில் ஐரோப்பிய வர்த்தகர்கள் இந்தியாவிற்கு வரத் தொடங்கினர். இவர்களில் ஆங்கிலேயர்கள், டச்சுக்காரர்கள், பிரெஞ்சுக்காரர்கள் மற்றும் போர்த்துகீசியர்கள் முக்கியமானவர்கள். பிரிட்டிசு கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனம் 1772 ஆம் ஆண்டில்  கல்கத்தாவைத் தங்கள் தலைமையிடமாக ஆக்கியது. அவர்கள் பம்பாய் மற்றும் மெட்ராசு போன்ற துணை நகரங்களையும் நிறுவினர். கல்கத்தா பின்னர் 'இலண்டனுக்குப் பிறகு பேரரசின் இரண்டாவது நகரம்' ஆனது. 19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு வாக்கில், ஆங்கிலேயர்கள் ஏதோ ஒரு வகையில் இந்தியாவின் கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்துப் பகுதிகளின் அரசியல் கட்டுப்பாட்டையும் கைப்பற்றினர். இருப்பினும் போர்த்துகீசியர்கள், டச்சுக்காரர்கள் மற்றும் பிரெஞ்சுக்காரர்களுக்கும் கடற்கரையோரம் தங்களுடைய பகுதிகள் இருந்தன. ஆங்கிலேயர்கள் இந்தியத் தொழிலாளர்கள், காவலர்கள் மற்றும் வீரர்களைப் பேரரசு முழுவதும் அனுப்பினர். இதன் விளைவாக இந்தியப் புலம்பெயர் சமூகங்கள் நிறுவப்பட்டன. மியான்மார், மலேசியா, சிங்கப்பூர், ஆங்காங், பிச்சி, தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, மொரிசியசு, கென்யா, கயானா, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ மற்றும் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் ஆகியவை இவற்றில் மிகவும் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கவையாகும்.

1857-ஆம் ஆண்டில் இந்திய ஆட்சியாளர்களால் ஒரு கிளர்ச்சி ஏற்பட்டது. அது அடக்கப்பட்டாலும், கம்பெனியிடமிருந்து ஆட்சியைப் பெற்று இந்தியாவைத் தனது பேரரசின் ஒரு பகுதியாக ஆக்குவதற்கு பிரிட்டிசு அரசாங்கத்தைத் தூண்டியது. 1858 முதல் 1947 வரையிலான இந்த முடியாட்சிக் காலம், பிரிட்டிசு இராச்சியம் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது சில இந்தியர்கள் கிறித்தவ மதத்திற்கு மாறிய ஒரு காலகட்டமாகும். இருப்பினும், 1859-ஆம் ஆண்டுக்குப் பிறகு பிரிட்டிசு இந்தியாவில் கட்டாய மதமாற்றங்கள் முடிவுக்கு வந்தன. மேலும், இந்தியர்களின் மத நம்பிக்கைகளை மதிப்பதாக விக்டோரியா மகாராணியின் பிரகடனம் உறுதியளித்தது.

மோகன்தாசு கரம்சந்த் காந்தி (மகாத்மா காந்தி) தலைமையிலான பிரிட்டிசு காலனித்துவத்திற்கு எதிரான அகிம்சை எதிர்ப்பு, மற்ற வழிமுறைகளுடன் இணைந்து, 1947 ஆகத்து மாதம் 15 அன்று சுதந்திரத்திற்கு வழிவகுத்தது. இருப்பினும், மதச்சார்பற்ற இந்துக்கள் பெரும்பான்மையாக உள்ள இந்திய அரசுக்கும், சிறிய முசுலிம்கள் பெரும்பான்மையாக உள்ள பாக்கித்தான் அரசுக்கும் ஒரே நேரத்தில் சுதந்திரம் வழங்கப்பட்டது. மேலும், பிரிவினையைத் தொடர்ந்து நடந்த இந்து-முசுலிம் இரத்தக் களரி, குறைந்தது அரை மில்லியன் மக்களின் இறப்புக்கும், 12 முதல் 14 மில்லியன் மக்கள் இடம்பெயர்வதற்கும் வழிவகுத்தது.

1970-ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் இந்தியா உணவு தானியங்களில் தன்னிறைவு அடைந்தது. இதனால், அதுவரை சாதாரணமாக இருந்த பெரும் பஞ்சங்கள் இப்போது வரலாறாகிவிட்டன. இருப்பினும், இந்தக் கொள்கைகள் பற்றாக்குறை, மெதுவான வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் பெரும் ஊழலுக்கும் வழிவகுத்தன. 1991-ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஏற்பட்ட செலுத்து இருப்பு நெருக்கடிக்குப் பிறகு, நாடு தாராள சந்தை சீர்திருத்தங்களை மேற்கொண்டது. அவை அப்போதிருந்து சீரான வேகத்தில் தொடர்ந்து, வலுவான வளர்ச்சிக்கு உந்துதலாக இருந்து வருகின்றன. தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம், வணிகச் செயல்முறை வெளிப்பணியமர்த்தல் மற்றும் பிற தொழில்கள் இந்த வளர்ச்சிக்கு உந்துசக்தியாக இருந்துள்ளன. அதே சமயம், சீர்திருத்தங்களை எதிர்கொள்ளாத உற்பத்தித் துறையும் விவசாயத் துறையும் பின்தங்கியுள்ளன. சுமார் 60% இந்தியர்கள் விவசாயத்தை நம்பி வாழ்கின்றனர், மேலும் சுமார் 36% பேர் வறுமையில் உள்ளனர்.

பாக்கித்தானுடனான உறவுகள் சுமுகமாக இல்லை. இரு நாடுகளும் நான்கு போர்களில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளன, அவற்றில் மூன்று காசுமீரின் நிலை குறித்தவை. 1971-ஆம் ஆண்டில் இரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே நடந்த மூன்றாவது போரின் விளைவாக, கிழக்கு பாக்கித்தான் வங்காளதேசமாக உருவானது. இந்தியா அவ்வப்போது பயங்கரவாதத் தாக்குதல்களைத் தொடர்ந்து சந்தித்து வருகிறது, அவற்றில் பல பாக்கித்தானில் இருந்து தொடங்குவதாகவும், அதன் இராணுவ-உளவுத்துறை அமைப்பால் உத்தரவிடப்படுவதாகவும் அல்லது உதவி செய்யப்படுவதாகவும் பரவலாக நம்பப்படுகிறது.

இமயமலை எல்லைப் பிரச்சினை காரணமாக 1962-ஆம் ஆண்டில் சீனாவும் இந்தியாவும் போரிட்டன. தற்போதைய உறவுகள் பெரும்பாலும் அமைதியானவையாக இருந்தாலும், பதற்றம் நிறைந்தவையாக உள்ளன. இரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே தரைவழிப் போக்குவரத்து அனுமதிக்கப்படவில்லை, இருப்பினும் சிக்கிமுக்கும் திபெத்துக்கும் இடையிலான ஓர் எல்லைக் கடக்கும் பாதை 2006-ஆம் ஆண்டில் வர்த்தகத்திற்காக மீண்டும் திறக்கப்பட்டது. பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் சீனா மீதான பாதுகாப்பு குறித்த கவலைகள், இந்தியாவை இரண்டு முறை அணு ஆயுதங்களைச் சோதிக்கத் தூண்டின (1974-ஆம் ஆண்டில் &quot;அமைதியான வெடிப்புகள்&quot; என்று விவரிக்கப்பட்ட சோதனைகள் உட்பட). இந்தியா ஒரு முறையான அணுசக்தி நாடாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட விரும்புகிறது மற்றும் ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் பாதுகாப்பு சபையில் நிரந்தர இடத்திற்காகப் பிரச்சாரம் செய்து வருகிறது.

இந்தியா தனது மக்களாட்சிப் பதிவைக் குறித்துப் பெருமை கொள்கிறது. ஒரு சுதந்திர நாடாகத் திகழ்ந்த காலத்தின் பெரும்பகுதி முழுவதும், அரசியலமைப்பு சார்ந்த ஆட்சியும் சனநாயகச் சுதந்திரங்களும் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்டு வந்துள்ளன.

இந்தியாவில் தற்போது நிலவும் கவலைகளில் ஊழல், வறுமை, மக்கள் தொகைப் பெருக்கம், மாசுபாடு மற்றும் சுற்றுச்சூழல் சீரழிவின் பல்வேறு வடிவங்கள், பாக்கித்தான் மற்றும் சீனாவுடனான தொடர்ச்சியான எல்லைப் பிரச்சினைகள், எல்லை தாண்டிய பயங்கரவாதம், மற்றும் அவ்வப்போது நிகழும் இன, அரசியல், மத மோதல்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். குறைந்தபட்சம் படித்த மேட்டுக்குடியினரிடையே, பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியில் சீனாவை முந்தி, ஒரு பொருளாதார மற்றும் இராணுவ வல்லரசாக இந்தியா திகழ முடியுமா என்பதே இந்தியாவின் தற்போதைய பெரும் கவலையாக உள்ளது. இன்று, பல இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் நாட்டை பன்னாட்டு அரசியலில் ஒட்டுமொத்த உலகத் தெற்கின் குரலாகவும் தலைவராகவும் கருதுகின்றனர்.

===புவியியல்===
[[File:Loktak Lake Boat people Moirang Manipur India.jpg|thumb|உலகத்தின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் ஏரியான உலோக்தக்கு ஏரி]]

இந்தியா 3,287,263 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் (1,269,219 சதுர மைல்) பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் மூலம் இந்தியா  உலகின் ஏழாவது மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும், ஆசியாவின் மூன்றாவது மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும் (உருசியாவையும் கணக்கில் கொண்டால்), மற்றும் தெற்காசியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய நாடாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. இந்தியா அமெரிக்காவை விட மூன்று மடங்கு சிறியதாகவும், ஆத்திரேலியாவின் பரப்பளவில் பாதியாகவும், ஆசியாவின் மிகச்சிறிய நாடான மாலத்தீவை விட ஏறக்குறைய 11,000 மடங்கு பெரியதாகவும் உள்ளது.

மலைகள், காடுகள், பாலைவனங்கள் மற்றும் கடற்கரைகள் என—இந்தியா அனைத்தையும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் வடக்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு எல்லைகள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான மலைத்தொடரான ​​பனிபடர்ந்த இமயமலையால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளன. அந்நியப் படையெடுப்பாளர்களிடமிருந்து நாட்டைக் காப்பதுடன், இந்தியாவின் நாகரிகம் செழித்தோங்கிய சமவெளிகளுக்கு உயிரூட்டும் வற்றாத நதிகளான கங்கை, யமுனை மற்றும் சிந்து ஆகியவற்றுக்கும் இம்மலைகள் நீராதாரமாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. சிந்து நதியின் பெரும்பகுதி தற்போது பாக்கித்தானில் அமைந்திருந்தாலும், அதன் மூன்று துணை நதிகள் பஞ்சாப் மாநிலத்தின் வழியாகப் பாய்கின்றன. கங்கை நதிக்கு இரண்டு கிளை நதிகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் பாகீரதி-ஊக்ளி எனும் கிளை நதி இந்தியாவின் நிலப்பரப்பின் வழியே பாய்ந்து, மேற்கு வங்க மாநிலத்தின் உயிர்நாடியாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இவ்விரு கிளை நதிகளும் இறுதியில் வங்காள விரிகுடாவில் சங்கமித்து, உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய ஆற்று முகத்துவாரப் பகுதியையும், மிகப்பெரிய சதுப்புநிலக் காடுகளையும் உருவாக்குகின்றன.

மற்றொரு இமயமலை நதியான பிரம்மபுத்திரா, வடகிழக்குப் பகுதி வழியாகவும் — பெரும்பாலும் அசாம் மாநிலத்தின் ஊடாகவும் — பாய்கிறது. அங்கு இது பல்வேறு பெயர்களால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. மணிப்பூரில் உற்பத்தியாகும் மணிப்பூர் நதி, மியான்மரின் சிண்ட்வின்-இராவதி நதி அமைப்போடு இணைகிறது.

பஞ்சாபிற்குத் தெற்கே ஆரவல்லி மலைத்தொடர் அமைந்துள்ளது. இது இராசத்தானை இரண்டாகப் பிரிக்கிறது. இராசத்தானின் மேற்குப் பகுதி தார் பாலைவனத்தால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. விந்திய மலைத்தொடர் மத்திய இந்தியாவைக்—குறிப்பாக மத்தியப் பிரதேசத்தை—ஊடறுத்துச் செல்கிறது; இது தக்காணப் பீடபூமியின் தொடக்கத்தைக் குறிக்கிறது. இப்பீடபூமியானது, தமிழ்நாட்டின் பெரும்பகுதியையும் கேரளாவையும் தவிர்த்து, தென் தீபகற்பத்தின் ஏறக்குறைய முழுப் பகுதியையும் உள்ளடக்கியுள்ளது.

தக்காணப் பீடபூமியானது, மேற்கில் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலையாலும் (மகாராட்டிராவில் 'சகயாத்ரி' என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது), கிழக்கில் கிழக்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலையாலும் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. இப்பகுதிக்குப் நீர் வழங்கும் நர்மதை, கோதாவரி மற்றும் காவேரி போன்ற ஆறுகள் கோடைக்காலத்தில் வற்றிவிடுவதால், சமவெளிப் பகுதிகளைக் காட்டிலும் இப்பீடபூமி மிகவும் வறண்ட நிலையில் காணப்படுகிறது. தக்காணப் பீடபூமியின் வடகிழக்கு திசையில், சத்தீசுகர், சார்க்கண்ட், மகாராட்டிராவின் கிழக்கு விளிம்பு மற்றும் ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசத்தின் வடமுனை ஆகிய மாநிலங்களை உள்ளடக்கிய, ஒரு காலத்தில் அடர்ந்த காடுகளாகத் திகழ்ந்த ஒரு பகுதி அமைந்துள்ளது. இப்பகுதி இன்றும் காடுகளால் சூழப்பட்டதாகவும், வறுமையால் வாடுவதாகவும், பழங்குடியின மக்கள் வசிக்கும் இடமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் மீதான படையெடுப்புகளுக்குத் தடையாக இக்காடு விளங்கியது.

உலகின் ஒரே மிதக்கும் ஏரி, மணிப்பூரின் மையப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள கிண்ணம் போன்ற சமவெளியில் உள்ள உலோக்தக்கு ஏரியாகும். இது தனது தனித்துவமான, வட்ட வடிவ மிதக்கும் உயிரித்திரள்களுக்காக குறிப்பிடத்தக்க வகையில் அறியப்படுகிறது.

இந்தியா நீண்ட கடற்கரையைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன் மேற்கு கடற்கரை அரபிக்கடலையும், கிழக்கு கடற்கரை வங்காள விரிகுடாவையும் ஒட்டி அமைந்துள்ளன; இவை இரண்டும் இந்தியப் பெருங்கடலின் பகுதிகளாகும்.

===காலநிலை===
[[File:A beach side resort at Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|இலட்சத் தீவுகள்]]
[[File:Jammu and Kashmir 3.JPG|thumb|குல்மார்க்கு, சம்மு மற்றும் காசுமீர்]]
இந்தியாவில், வருடத்தின் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்தில் மட்டுமே மழை பெய்கிறது. அந்தப் பருவமும், அதை ஏற்படுத்தும் நிகழ்வும் பருவமழை காலம் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. தென்மேற்கு மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு என இரண்டு பருவமழைகள் உள்ளன; இவை இரண்டும் காற்று வீசும் திசைகளின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. தென்மேற்குப் பருவமழையே மிகவும் முக்கியமானது, ஏனெனில் இது நாட்டின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளில் மழையைப் பொழிவிக்கிறது. மேலும் பயிர்கள் எவ்வாறு விளையும் என்பதைத் தீர்மானிக்கும் முக்கிய காரணியாகவும் இது விளங்குகிறது. சூன் முதல் செப்டம்பர் வரை இம்மழை நீடிக்கும். தென்மேற்குப் பருவமழை மேற்குக் கடற்கரையை அதிகமாகத் தாக்குகிறது.  ஏனெனில் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகளைக் கடந்து இந்தியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளை அடைவது காற்றுக்கு ஒரு கடினமான பணியாகும். எனவே, உள்நாட்டுப் பகுதிகளை விட மேற்குக் கடற்கரை மிகவும் பசுமையாக இருக்கிறது. வடகிழக்குப் பருவமழை அக்டோபர் முதல் பிப்ரவரி வரை கிழக்குக் கடற்கரையைத் தாக்குகிறது.  இது பெரும்பாலும் அவ்வப்போது ஏற்படும் புயல்களின் வடிவத்தில் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் பெரும் அழிவை ஏற்படுத்துகிறது. இரண்டு பருவமழைகளின் மழையையும் பெறும் ஒரே பகுதி வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா ஆகும். இதன் விளைவாக இப்பகுதி உலகில் அதிக மழைப்பொழிவைப் பெறுகிறது.

இந்தியாவில் ஒரு வருடத்தில் கோடை, மழைக்காலம் (அல்லது பருவமழை) மற்றும் குளிர் காலம் என குறைந்தது மூன்று பருவங்கள் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், வெப்பமண்டல தென்பகுதியில் 25°செல்சியசு (77°பாரங்கீட்டு) வெப்பநிலையை 'குளிர்காலம்' என்று அழைப்பது பொருத்தமற்றதாகிவிடும். வட இந்தியாவில் கோடையில் கடுமையான வெப்பமும், குளிர்காலத்தில் கடும் குளிரும் நிலவுகிறது. ஆனால், இமயமலைப் பகுதிகளைத் தவிர, பனிப்பொழிவு என்பது கேள்விப்படாத ஒன்றாகும். நவம்பர் முதல் சனவரி வரை குளிர்காலமாகவும், ஏப்ரல் மற்றும் மே மாதங்கள் வெப்பமான மாதங்களாகவும் உள்ளன. இந்த மாதங்களில் அனைவரும் மழையை ஆவலுடன் எதிர்பார்க்கின்றனர். குறிப்பாக வட இந்தியாவில், பிப்ரவரி மற்றும் மார்ச்சு மாதங்களில் ஒரு குறுகிய கால வசந்த காலமும் நிலவுகிறது.

இந்தியாவின் ஏதேனும் ஒரு பகுதியில் இலையுதிர் காலம் நிலவுகிறதா என்பது குறித்துக் கருத்துக்கள் மாறுபட்டுள்ளன. ஆயினும் ஓராண்டை ஆறு பருவங்களாகப்  பிரித்திருந்த பண்டைய மக்கள், அத்தகைய ஒரு பருவத்தை நிச்சயமாகவே அடையாளம் கண்டிருந்தனர்.

=== அளவீட்டு அலகுகள் ===
இந்தியா ஏறக்குறைய முழுமையாக மெட்ரிக் முறைக்கு மாறிவிட்டது. இருப்பினும், பிரித்தானிய ஏகாதிபத்திய அளவீட்டு முறையின் சில எச்சங்கள் இன்னும் பயன்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. உதாரணமாக:
* ஆடைகளின் அளவுகள் அங்குலம் மற்றும் சென்டிமீட்டர் ஆகிய இரண்டிலும் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.
* கேக்குகளின் எடை இன்னும் பவுண்டுகளில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது; அதே சமயம் மற்ற பொருட்களின் எடை கிலோகிராம் மற்றும் கிராம்களில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது.
* நிலத்தின் பரப்பளவு இன்னும் ஏக்கர் கணக்கில் அளவிடப்படுகிறது.
* வீட்டுச் சொத்துக்கள் இன்னும் சதுர அடி கணக்கில் விளம்பரப்படுத்தப் படுகின்றன.
* திரையின் அளவுகள் இன்னும் அங்குலங்களில் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

மேலும், 100,000 மற்றும் 10,000,000-க்கு முறையே 'லட்சம்' மற்றும் 'கோடி' என்ற சொற்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவதையும் கவனிக்கவும். இது பெரும்பாலும் பணத்தைப் பற்றியதாகும். அவற்றின் பயன்பாடு இலக்கங்களின் குழுவாக்கத்தையும் பாதிக்கிறது.

===நேர மண்டலம்===
இந்தியத் திட்ட நேரம், ஒருங்கிணைந்த உலக நேரத்தைவிட 5 மணி 30 நிமிடங்கள் முன்னிலையில் உள்ளது. இந்தியாவில் பகலொளி சேமிப்பு நேரம் கடைப்பிடிக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

===அரசியல்===
[[File:Back view of Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|குடியரசுத் தலைவர் மாளிகை, புது தில்லி]]
[http://tourism.gov.in/ சுற்றுலா]
இந்தியா, பிரித்தானிய வெசுட்மின்சுட்டர் முறையை மாதிரியாகக் கொண்ட ஒரு நாடாளுமன்றக் குடியரசு மற்றும் சனநாயகம் ஆகும். மறைமுகமாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படும் குடியரசுத் தலைவர் நாட்டின் தலைவர் ஆவார். ஆனால் இந்தப் பதவி முற்றிலும் சம்பிரதாயமானது அல்ல என்றாலும், வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட அதிகாரங்களையே கொண்டுள்ளது. பிரதமர், அமைச்சரவையுடன் அரசாங்கத்தை நடத்துகிறார். மேலும் நடைமுறையில் அரசாங்கத்தில் அதிக அதிகாரத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளார். நாடாளுமன்றம் ஈரவை கொண்டது. கீழ்சபையான மக்களவை (மக்களவை), வயது வந்தோர் அனைவருக்கும் வாக்குரிமை மூலம் நேரடியாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படுகிறது. அதேசமயம் மேற்சபையான மாநிலங்களவை (மாநிலங்களவை) மறைமுகமாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்படுகிறது. இவ்விரண்டில் மக்களவையே அதிக அதிகாரம் வாய்ந்தது. ஏனெனில் அரசாங்கத்தை அமைக்கவும் வரவு செலவுத் திட்டங்களை நிறைவேற்றவும் மக்களவையில் பெரும்பான்மை தேவைப்படுகிறது. மேலும் மரபுப்படி பிரதமர் எப்போதும் மக்களவை உறுப்பினராகவே இருப்பார்.

இந்தியாவும் மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு கூட்டாட்சி அமைப்பாகும். இவற்றில் ஒவ்வொன்றும் தனக்கென ஒரு சட்டமன்றத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இவற்றுக்கான அரசாங்கம் ஒரு முதலமைச்சர் மற்றும் அமைச்சரவையின் தலைமையில் செயல்படுகிறது. ஒரு மாநிலத்திற்கும் ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசத்திற்கும் இடையிலான வேறுபாடு, மத்திய அரசாங்கத்தால் அந்தந்த சட்டமன்றத்திற்கு எவ்வளவு அதிகாரம் வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளது என்பதைச் சார்ந்திருக்கிறது. ஒவ்வொரு மாநிலமோ அல்லது ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசமோ பல மாவட்டங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது; அந்தந்த மாநிலம் அல்லது ஒன்றியப் பிரதேசத்தைப் பொறுத்து, இம்மாவட்டங்கள் மேலும் பல சிறிய பிரிவுகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

இந்தியாவில் இரண்டு வகையான உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகள் உள்ளன: நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பேரூர்களுக்கான 'நகர்ப்புற உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகள்'  மற்றும் எஞ்சியிருக்கும் கிராமப்புறங்களுக்கான 'பஞ்சாயத்து இராச்சியம் (இதன் நேரடிப் பொருள்: &quot;ஐந்து அதிகாரிகளின் ஆட்சி&quot;). நகர்ப்புற உள்ளாட்சி அமைப்புகளுள் நகராட்சிகள், மாநகராட்சிகள், இராணுவக் குடியிருப்புப் பகுதிகள் , நகரப் பஞ்சாயத்துகள், அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி மன்றங்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். அதேவேளையில், பஞ்சாயத்து இராச்சிய அமைப்பானது மூன்று நிலைகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது: தனித்தனி கிராமங்களுக்கான 'கிராமப் பஞ்சாயத்துகள்', கிராமங்களின் தொகுப்புகளுக்கான 'வட்டார வளர்ச்சி மன்றங்கள்', மற்றும் மாவட்டங்களுக்கான 'மாவட்டக் குழுக்கள் என்பனவாகும்.

இந்தியாவில் ஏராளமான அரசியல் கட்சிகள் உள்ளன. தற்போதைய ஆளும் கட்சியான இந்து தேசியவாத பாரதிய ஜனதா கட்சி, அரசாங்கத்தில் அங்கம் வகிக்கும் தேசிய ஜனநாயகக் கூட்டணியின் அங்கம் வகிக்கும் பிற அரசியல் கட்சிகள், மற்றும் மைய-இடதுசாரி இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு ஆகியவை பிரதான எதிர்க்கட்சிகளாகும். இந்த இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு, இந்திய தேசிய வளர்ச்சி உள்ளடக்கிய கூட்டணி (இந்தியா) எனப்படும் பல அரசியல் கட்சிகளைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரிய எதிர்க்கட்சிக் கூட்டணியின் ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.

இந்தியாவில் வலிமையான மற்றும் சுதந்திரமான நீதித்துறையும், சுதந்திரமான பத்திரிகைத் துறையும் உள்ளன.

எந்தவொரு சனநாயக நாட்டிலும் நடப்பதைப் போலவே, தெரு ஆர்ப்பாட்டங்கள், போராட்டங்கள் மற்றும் கிளர்ச்சிகள் நடைபெறுகின்றன. அவ்வப்போது குறைந்த அளவிலான அரசியல் வன்முறைகளும் நிகழ்கின்றன; அவற்றில் ஒரு பார்வையாளர் பிடிபடுவதற்கான வாய்ப்பு மிக மிகக் குறைவு.

=== பண்பாடு ===
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|பண்பாட்டு அதிர்ச்சி|மகாராஜாக்களையும் பிரம்மாண்டமான அரண்மனைகளையும் எதிர்பார்த்து வரும் பல சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், வறுமையைக் காணும்போது அதிர்ச்சிக்குள்ளாகிறார்கள். பின்வருவனவற்றிற்குத் தயாராக இருங்கள்:

* '''கவன ஈர்ப்பு''' – சிலர் வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளைத் தயக்கமின்றி உற்று நோக்குவார்கள்; மேலும், இடைத்தரகர்கள் மற்றும் பிச்சைக்காரர்கள் இவர்களை எளிதில் சூழ்ந்துகொள்வார்கள். மக்கள் தங்கள் அலைபேசிகளை உங்கள் முகத்திற்கு மிக அருகில் கொண்டு வந்து புகைப்படம் எடுக்கலாம். அப்போது உங்கள் முகத்தைத் திருப்பிக்கொள்ளுங்கள். பிச்சைக்காரர்கள், குறிப்பாக ஊட்டச்சத்துக் குறைபாடுள்ள குழந்தைகள் மற்றும் கடுமையான உடல் ஊனமுற்றவர்கள், மனதை மிகவும் பாதிக்கும் வகையில் இருக்கலாம்.
* '''கூட்டம்''' – இந்தியாவின் பல தெருக்கள், சந்தைகள் மற்றும் வணிகப் பகுதிகள் மக்கள், வாகனங்கள் மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் விலங்குகளால் நிரம்பி வழிகின்றன. மேலும் தெருக்கள் குறுகலாகவும் இருக்கின்றன. பேருந்துகள் அல்லது ரயில்களில் மிகக் குறைந்த கட்டண வகுப்பில் பயணம் செய்தால், அங்கேயும் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும், இது மிகுந்த சோர்வை ஏற்படுத்தலாம்.
* '''நாய்கள்''' – இந்தியாவில் எல்லா இடங்களிலும் தெருநாய்களைக் காணலாம். அவை மக்களைப் பற்றிக் கவலைப்படாமல் சாதாரணமாகப் படுத்திருக்கலாம் அல்லது ஆக்ரோஷமாக குரைக்கலாம். சில சமயங்களில் அவை கூட்டமாகத் தெருக்களில் சுற்றித் திரியும். அவை நட்பாகத் தோன்றினாலும், அவற்றிலிருந்து விலகி இருப்பதே சிறந்தது. இந்தியாவில் நாய்களுக்கு நாடு தழுவிய ''வெறிநாய்க்கடி தடுப்பூசித் திட்டங்கள்'' இல்லை, மேலும் அவற்றின் உடல்நல நிலை என்னவென்று உங்களுக்குத் தெரியாது.
* '''அசுத்தம்''' – நகரங்களில் அழுக்கு, குப்பைகள் மற்றும் பூச்சிகள் நிறைந்து காணப்படுகின்றன. சாலையோரங்கள் சில சமயங்களில் சிறுநீர் கழிக்கும் இடமாகவோ அல்லது குட்கா துப்பிய கறைகள் நிறைந்த இடமாகவோ இருக்கலாம். சில இடங்களில் தார்ச் சாலைகள் இல்லாததால் சாலைகளில் தூசி அதிகமாக இருக்கும்; எனவே பேருந்தில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​தேவைப்பட்டால் ஜன்னலை விரைவாக மூடிவிடுவது நல்லது.
* '''இரைச்சல்''' – வாகன ஓட்டிகள் தொடர்ந்து ஒலிப்பான் பயன் படுத்துகிறார்கள்; ரேடியோ மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சிகளில் பாலிவுட் பாடல்கள் சத்தமாக ஒலிக்கின்றன; மேலும் கோயில்கள், மசூதிகள் மற்றும் தேவாலயங்கள் கூட தங்கள் செய்திகளைப் பரப்ப ஒலிபெருக்கிகளைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றன. வாகனம் ஓட்டும்போது ஒலிப்பான் பயன்படுத்துவது மற்ற ஓட்டுநர்கள் அல்லது பாதசாரிகளின் கவனத்தை ஈர்ப்பதற்காகவே செய்யப்படுகிறது — மக்கள் பெரும்பாலும் வலது அல்லது இடதுபுறம் பார்க்காமலேயே சாலைக்கு வந்துவிடுவார்கள். ஆபத்து ஏதேனும் இருந்தால் யாராவது ஒலிப்பான் பயன்படுத்துவார்கள் என்று அவர்கள் எதிர்பார்க்கிறார்கள்.
* '''மாசுபாடு''' – வட இந்திய நகரங்கள் (குறிப்பாக தில்லி) இதனால் கடுமையாகப் பாதிக்கப்படுகின்றன. வாகனப் புகையும் தூசியும் கலப்பதால், வறண்ட காலநிலையானது ஆஸ்துமா நோயாளிகளுக்கு ஒரு மோசமான அனுபவமாக அமையலாம்.

நகரமயமாக்கலால் ஏற்படும் இத்தகைய சிக்கல்களுக்குப் பெரும்பாலான பார்வையாளர்கள் விரைவிலேயே பழகிவிடுவதோடு, அதன் நல்ல அம்சங்களையும் காணத் தொடங்குகிறார்கள். இருப்பினும், வருகையின் முதல் சில நாட்களில் நிதானமாகச் செயல்படுங்கள். அத்துடன் இச்சூழலிலிருந்து சற்று விலகி ஓய்வெடுக்கவும் நேரம் ஒதுக்குங்கள்.}}

இந்தியாவின் செழுமையான மற்றும் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட பண்பாடுகளில் மதமும், ஆன்மீகக் கருப்பொருள்களும் முக்கிய இடம் வகிக்கின்றன. நாடு முழுவதும் ஒரே பண்பாடு என்று கருதுவது தவறானதாக இருந்தாலும், பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகளை ஒன்றிணைக்கும் பொதுவான அம்சங்கள் நிச்சயமாக உள்ளன. எண்ணற்ற மொழிகள் வாயிலாக இந்தியாவின் பண்பாட்டுப் பாரம்பரியம் வெளிப்படுகிறது. இம்மொழிகளில் மிகச்சிறந்த இலக்கியங்களும் கவிதைகளும் படைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. கருநாடக மற்றும் இந்துஸ்தானி போன்ற பாரம்பரிய இசை வடிவங்களிலும், நவீன ''பாலிவுட்'' இசையிலும் இந்தக் பண்பாடின் வெளிப்பாட்டைக் காண முடிகிறது. மேலும், பாரம்பரிய மற்றும் நாட்டுப்புற நடனங்களின் பரந்த மரபையும் இந்தியா கொண்டுள்ளது. மேற்கத்திய பண்பாட்டுத் தாக்கங்கள் தொடர்ந்து அதிகரித்து வரும் சூழலிலும், நாட்டின் பரபரப்பான நகரங்களில் கலை மற்றும் நாடகக் கலைகள் செழித்தோங்கி வருகின்றன.

இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் குடும்ப அமைப்பிற்கு மிகுந்த முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கின்றனர். ஒரு இந்தியக் குடும்பம் பொதுவாக மேற்கத்திய நாடுகள் ''விரிவாக்கப்பட்ட குடும்பம்'' என்று கருதும் அமைப்பைக் கொண்டதாக உள்ளது. இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் வாழ்நாள் முழுவதும் தந்தையின் வழி வந்த குடும்ப அமைப்பின் ஒரு பகுதியாகவே வாழ்வது வழக்கம். மகன்கள் தங்கள் வாழ்நாள் முழுவதும், மகள்கள் திருமணம் ஆகும் வரையிலும் பெற்றோருடன் வசிக்கின்றனர். இக்குடும்ப அமைப்பில் உள்ள உறவுகள் பரஸ்பரம் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் ஆதரவளிக்கும் தன்மையைக் கொண்டவை. மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளில் வழக்கமாக இருப்பதை விட நீண்ட காலத்திற்குப் பெற்றோர்கள் தங்கள் பிள்ளைகளுக்கு ஆதரவளிக்கலாம். சகோதர சகோதரிகள் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் உதவிக் கொள்ளலாம். மேலும், மகன்கள் தங்கள் பெற்றோரின் முதுமைக் காலத்தில் அவர்களைக் கவனித்துக் கொள்வது எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது. மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளின் சில பகுதிகளில் இருப்பது போல, பெற்றோருடன் வசிப்பது என்பது இங்கு ஒரு குறையாகவோ அல்லது அவமானமாகவோ கருதப்படுவதில்லை. இயல்பாகவே, இத்தகைய குடும்ப அமைப்புகளில் குறைபாடுகள் இல்லாமல் இல்லை; குறிப்பாக மூன்றாம் தலைமுறை வளரும்போது கருத்து வேறுபாடுகளோ அல்லது குடும்பப் பிரிவினைகளோ ஏற்படக்கூடும். மேலும், கல்வி மற்றும் வேலைவாய்ப்புக்காகப் பிள்ளைகள் தங்கள் பெற்றோர் வீட்டிலிருந்து வெளியேறிச் செல்வதும் இப்போது சாதாரணமாகிவிட்டது. இருப்பினும், இன்றும் விரிவாக்கப்பட்ட குடும்பம் என்பதே இயல்பான மற்றும் விரும்பத்தக்க ஒரு சிறந்த அமைப்பாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது என்று கூறுவது சரியே. மேலும், ஒன்றாக வசிக்காத நிலையிலும் இந்தியர்கள் தங்கள் குடும்பத்தின் கௌரவம், சாதனைகள் மற்றும் தோல்விகள் குறித்து அக்கறை கொண்டவர்களாகவே இருக்கிறார்கள்.

இந்திய அரசால் அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாகத் தடை செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும் ''சாதி அமைப்பு முறை'' பலவீனமடைந்த நிலையிலும், இந்தியா இன்றும் சமூகப் படிநிலைகள் கொண்ட ஒரு சமூகமாகவே நீடிக்கிறது. தனிநபர் சுதந்திரத்திற்கு முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கும் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளைக் காட்டிலும், இந்தியாவில் ஒருவரின் பின்னணி மற்றும் சமூக அந்தஸ்து ஆகியவற்றிற்கு மக்கள் அதிக முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கின்றனர். காலனித்துவ ஆட்சியின் தாக்கமும் இந்த மனப்பான்மையும் இணையும்போது, ​​சில சுவாரஸ்யமான அதேசமயம் துரதிர்ஷ்டவசமான விளைவுகள் ஏற்படுகின்றன. சருமவண்ணத்தின் அடிப்படையில் சமூகப் படிநிலையில் உயர்வு, தாழ்வு இன்னமும் நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகளிலும் தொடர்கின்றன. இந்தியர்கள் வெளிநாட்டினரிடம் மட்டுமல்லாமல், தங்களுக்குள்ளேயும் கூட சரும நிறம் மற்றும் இனத்தின் அடிப்படையில் இத்தகைய பாரபட்சமான மனப்பான்மையை வெளிப்படுத்துகிறார்கள். இது குறித்த கூடுதல் தகவல்களுக்கு [[#பாதுகாப்புடன் இருங்கள்]] மற்றும் [[#மதிப்பளியுங்கள்]] ஆகிய பகுதிகளைப் பார்க்கவும்.

''சித்தி'' எனப்படும் ஒரு சமூகத்தினரும் உள்ளனர். இவர்கள் அரேபிய அடிமை வர்த்தகத்தின் மூலம் இந்தியாவிற்குக் கொண்டுவரப்பட்ட கிழக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்க அடிமைகளின் வழித்தோன்றல்கள் என்று கருதப்படுகிறார்கள். இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் தொலைதூரக் கிராமப்புறங்களில் காணப்படுகிறார்கள். தற்காலத்தில் இவர்கள் ஆப்பிரிக்க மொழிகளுக்குப் பதிலாக இந்திய மொழிகளையே பேசினாலும், ஆப்பிரிக்க நடனம் மற்றும் இசை உள்ளிட்ட பல ஆப்பிரிக்கப் பண்பாட்டு மரபுகளைத் தொடர்ந்து கடைப்பிடித்து வருகின்றனர். இவர்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களாக இருந்தபோதிலும், இவர்களின் இருப்பைப் பற்றிய பொதுமக்களின் விழிப்புணர்வு இன்மையால், இவர்கள் தொடர்ந்து பல பாகுபாடுகளுக்கு ஆளாகின்றனர். மேலும், இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலிருந்து வந்த சட்டவிரோதக் குடியேறிகளாகவே தவறாகக் கருதப்படுகிறார்கள். பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சியின் விளைவாக ''ஆங்கிலோ-இந்தியர்'' எனப்படும் கலப்பு இனத்தவர் உருவானார்கள். இந்திய விடுதலைக்குப் பிறகு இவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோர் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளுக்குக் குடிபெயர்ந்தாலும், இச்சமூகத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள் இந்தியாவின் முக்கிய நகரங்களில் இன்னும் சில இடங்களில் வசிக்கின்றனர்.

=== மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள் ===
இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின்படி, இந்தியா மாநிலங்களின் ஒன்றியமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இந்திய ஜனநாயகத்தின் இத்தகைய கூட்டாட்சித் தன்மையானது சமத்துவத்தை ஊக்குவிப்பதோடு, பரந்த நிலப்பரப்பைக் கொண்ட நாட்டின் நிர்வாகத்தையும் எளிதாக்குகிறது. இது தவிர, ஒன்றிய அரசால் நேரடியாக நிர்வகிக்கப்படும் சில பிரதேசங்களும் உள்ளன; அவை &quot;ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள்&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.
{{Wy/ta/Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# [[Wy/ta/ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்|ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/பிகார்|பிகார்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சத்தீசுகர்|சத்தீசுகர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]]
# [[Wy/ta/குசராத்து|குசராத்து]]
# [[Wy/ta/அரியானா|அரியானா]]
# [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சார்க்கண்டு|சார்க்கண்டு]]
# [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்|மத்தியப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மேகாலயா|மேகாலயா]]
# [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]]
# [[Wy/ta/ஒடிசா|ஒடிசா]]
# [[Wy/ta/பஞ்சாப்|பஞ்சாப்]]
# [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தமிழ்நாடு|தமிழ்நாடு]]
# [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுரா]]
# [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்|உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு வங்காளம்|மேற்கு வங்காளம்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தெலங்காணா|தெலங்காணா]]
{{Wy/ta/Div col end}}
'''ஒன்றிய பிரதேசங்கள்''' என்றழைக்கப்படும் ஒன்றியப் பகுதிகள்:
{{Wy/ta/Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
# [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சண்டிகர்|சண்டிகர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]]
# [[Wy/ta/தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்|தாத்ரா மற்றும் நகர் அவேலி, மற்றும் தமண் மற்றும் தீவ்]]
# [[Wy/ta/லட்சத்தீவுகள்|லட்சத்தீவுகள்]]
# [[Wy/ta/புதுச்சேரி|புதுச்சேரி]]
# [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]]
# [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]]
{{Wy/ta/Div col end}}

== பேச்சுமொழி ==
[[File:Trilingual signboard in the Imphal International Airport (Tulihal International Airport) displaying in Meitei, Hindi and English languages.jpg|thumb|மெய்டேய், இந்தி மற்றும் ஆங்கிலத்தில் [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூரில்]] மும்மொழிக் குறியீடு]]
ஒன்றிய (கூட்டாட்சி) மட்டத்தில், இந்தியாவின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழிகள் '''[[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]''' மற்றும் '''[[Wy/ta/ஆங்கில மொழிவகைகள்|ஆங்கிலம்]].''' பெரும்பாலான இந்தியர்கள் பன்மொழி பேசுபவர்கள்.

ஓரளவிற்கு அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாக இருக்கும் பிற மொழிகள் (பெரும்பாலும் மாநில அளவில்) [[Wy/ta/அசாமிய சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''அசாமிய மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/வங்காள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''வங்காள மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/போடோ சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''போடோ''']], [[Wy/ta/டோக்ரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''டோக்ரி''']], [[Wy/ta/குசராத்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''குசராத்தி''']], [[Wy/ta/கன்னட சொற்றொடர்நூல் |'''கன்னடம்''']], [[Wy/ta/காசுமீரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''காசுமீரி''']], [[Wy/ta/கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''கொங்கணி''']], [[Wy/ta/மைதிலி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மைதிலி''']], [[Wy/ta/மலையாள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மலையாளம்''']], [[Wy/ta/மராத்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மராத்திய மொழி''']], [[Wy/ta/நேபாளி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''நேபாளி''']], [[Wy/ta/ஒடியா சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''ஒடியா''']], [[Wy/ta/பஞ்சாபி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''பஞ்சாபி''']], [[Wy/ta/சமசுகிருதம் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''சமசுகிருதம்''']], [[Wy/ta/சிந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''சிந்தி''']], '''தமிழ்''', '''[[Wy/ta/தெலுங்கு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''தெலுங்கு''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உருது சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''உருது''']]. இவை தவிர குறைவான முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்த நூற்றுக்கணக்கான மொழிகள் உள்ளன: [[Wy/ta/துளு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''துளு''']],  [[Wy/ta/போஜ்புரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''போஜ்புரி''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''இலடாக்கி''']].

இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் 40–50% மக்களால் பேசப்படும் '''இந்தி''' மொழி, வட இந்தியாவின் பொதுத் தொடர்பு மொழியாக விளங்குகிறது. இருப்பினும், இந்தியாவின் மொழிசார் பன்முகத்தன்மை காரணமாக, தேசிய அளவில் இதன் பயன்பாடு சில சமயங்களில் விவாதத்திற்குரியதாக அமைகிறது. [[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவில்]] இந்தி மொழி பேச்சுவழக்கில் மிகக் குறைவாகவே உள்ளது; எனினும், பள்ளிகளில் இது கட்டாயப் பாடமாக இருப்பதால், பெரும்பாலான மக்களால் இதைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள முடிகிறது. இந்தியாவில் 120-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட இந்தி மொழி வட்டார வழக்குகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் ஒன்று ''அரியான்வி'' ஆகும்; இது அரியானா மற்றும் தில்லிப் பகுதிகளில் பரவலாகப் பேசப்படும் ஒரு வட்டார வழக்காகும்.

நகர்ப்புறங்களில் '''ஆங்கிலம்''' பேசப்படுகிறது; மேலும் இது உயர்கல்வி மற்றும் வணிகத் துறைகளில் முதன்மையான மொழியாகவும், நாட்டின் பொதுத் தகவல் தொடர்பு மொழியாகவும் விளங்குகிறது. ''இந்திய ஆங்கிலம்'' பொதுவாக பிரித்தானிய ஆங்கிலத்தை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டிருப்பினும், அது தனித்துவமான இந்தியப் பாணியையும் கொண்டுள்ளது. இந்த வட்டார வழக்கைப் பற்றி பெரும்பாலும் முன்வைக்கப்படும் விமர்சனம் அதன் &quot;முறையற்ற&quot; இலக்கணப் பயன்பாடு குறித்ததாகும்; இது பிற நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த ஆங்கிலம் பேசுபவர்களுக்கு விசித்திரமாகத் தோன்றலாம். இந்திய ஆங்கிலம் பெரும்பாலும் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட உச்சரிப்புப் பாணியுடன் பேசப்படுகிறது. இந்த உச்சரிப்பு பேசுபவரின் தாய்மொழியைப் பொறுத்து மாறுபடுகிறது. மேலும், இதில் உள்ளூர் மொழிகளிலிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட பல சொற்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன (இவை பிற ஆங்கில வகைகளில் காணப்படுவதில்லை), இதனால் பிற பகுதிகளைச் சேர்ந்த, ஆங்கிலத்தைத் தாய்மொழியாகக் கொண்டிராதவர்கள் இதனைப் புரிந்துகொள்வது சவாலாக அமையலாம். கிராமப்புறங்களில் ஆங்கிலப் புலமை குறைவாகவே இருப்பதால், அங்கு பயணம் செய்யும்போது இந்தி மற்றும்/அல்லது உள்ளூர் மொழியின் அடிப்படைகளைக் கற்றுக்கொள்வது பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும். சர்வதேசப் பள்ளிகள் மற்றும் ஆங்கில வழிப் பள்ளிகளின் பரவலான இருப்பு காரணமாக, இளைஞர்களிடையே ஆங்கில அறிவு இருப்பதற்கான வாய்ப்பு அதிகம்; இருப்பினும், எப்போதும் போல, அவர்களது ஆங்கிலப் புலமை முழுமையற்றதாகவோ அல்லது பிழைகள் நிறைந்ததாகவோ இருக்கலாம்.

இந்திய ஆங்கிலத்தின் சில சிறப்பம்சங்கள்:
*   மிகவும் பொதுவாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் கேள்வித் துணுக்கு '''&quot;Isn't it&quot;''' ஆகும்; இது ஒரு உண்மையான கேள்வியைக் கேட்கவோ, அல்லது கிண்டல், திகைப்பு போன்ற உணர்வுகளை வெளிப்படுத்தவோ பயன்படுத்தப்படலாம். (எ.கா. ''&quot;He is from Tamil Nadu, isn't it?&quot;'')
* பெயர்ச்சொற்கள் பொதுவாகப் பன்மையாக மாற்றப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா. ''furniture'' அல்லது ''stuff'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''furnitures'' அல்லது ''stuffs'' என்று பயன்படுத்துவது).
* வினைச்சொற்கள் மாறுபட்ட வடிவங்களில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா. ''knew'' அல்லது ''bought'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''knowed'' அல்லது ''buyed'' என்று பயன்படுத்துவது).
* பேச்சுவழக்குச் சொற்கள், வட்டார வழக்குகள் மற்றும் மரபுத்தொடர்கள் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன; இவற்றில் சில, இந்தியர் அல்லாதவர்களால் முரட்டுத்தனமான அல்லது நாகரிகமற்றவையாகக் கருதப்படலாம் (எ.கா. ''What do you want?'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''What you want?'' என்று கேட்பது).
* முன்னிடைச்சொற்கள் மற்றும் சுட்டுச்சொற்கள் பெரும்பாலும் தவிர்க்கப்படுகின்றன அல்லது விசித்திரமான முறையில் இணைக்கப்படுகின்றன (எ.கா., ''&quot;I want a computer&quot;'' என்பதற்குப் பதிலாக ''&quot;I want computer&quot;'' என்று கூறுவது).
* சில சொற்கள் மற்றும் சொற்றொடர்கள் வேறு இடங்களில் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் அதே அர்த்தத்தில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவதில்லை (எ.கா., ''&quot;vote bank&quot;'' - இது ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட அரசியல் கட்சியை ஆதரிக்கும் மக்கள் குழுவைக் குறிக்கிறது).

ஆங்கில மொழித் தொலைக்காட்சி நிகழ்ச்சிகளும் திரைப்படங்களும் பரவலாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன. இந்திய மொழிகளிலான சேனல்களை விட ஆங்கிலத் தொலைக்காட்சி சேனல்களே அதிக எண்ணிக்கையில் உள்ளன. நீங்கள் இருக்கும் இடத்தைப் பொறுத்து, சில நிகழ்ச்சிகள் வேறு மொழிகளில் மொழிமாற்றம் செய்யப்பட்டு ஒளிபரப்பப்படலாம். கேபிள் டிவி சேனல்களில் பெரும்பாலும் பல ஒலி மொழிகளில் ஒன்றைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கும் வசதி உள்ளது.

'''சமசுகிருதம்''' பண்டைய இந்திய இலக்கியங்கள் மற்றும் இந்து, பௌத்த மத நூல்கள் பெரும்பாலும் எழுதப்பட்ட மொழி ஆகும். இது மிகப்பழமையான மொழிகளில் ஒன்றாக, அல்லது மிகப்பழமையான மொழியாகவே கருதப்படுகிறது. இன்று சமசுகிருதம் முக்கியமாக வழிபாட்டு மொழியாகவே நிலைத்திருக்கிறது. இதனைத் தாய்மொழியாகக் கொண்டவர்கள் மிகச் சிலரே என்றாலும், இந்தியாவில் பலர் பள்ளியில் ஒரு பாடமாக இதைக் கற்றுள்ளனர் அல்லது இதில் உள்ள பெரும்பாலான சொற்களைப் புரிந்துகொள்கிறார்கள். பல நவீன இந்திய மொழிகள் சமசுகிருதத்திலிருந்து தோன்றியவை; சமசுகிருதத்துடன் நேரடித் தொடர்பில்லாத மொழிகள் கூட அதன் வலுவான தாக்கத்திற்கு உட்பட்டுள்ளன.

இந்தி உள்ளிட்ட பெரும்பாலான வட இந்திய மொழிகள் சமசுகிருதத்திலிருந்து தோன்றியவை என்றாலும், தென்னிந்தியாவின் முக்கிய மொழிகளான [[Wy/ta/தெலுங்குச் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''தெலுங்கு''']], தமிழ், [[Wy/ta/கன்னடச் சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''கன்னடம்''']] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மலையாள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மலையாளம்''']] ஆகியவை வேறுபட்ட ஒரு மூல மொழியிலிருந்து தோன்றியவை. இவை திராவிட மொழிகள் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. ஒரு சுவையான விஷயம் என்னவென்றால், அப்பகுதிகளில் இஸ்லாமிய ஆட்சி குறைவாகவே இருந்ததால், இந்தியை விட தெலுங்கு, கன்னடம் மற்றும் மலையாளம் ஆகிய மொழிகளில் சமசுகிருதத்தின் தாக்கம் அதிகமாகவே காணப்படுகிறது. வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவில், [[Wy/ta/மணிப்புரி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|'''மணிப்புரி''']] (அல்லது ''மெய்தெய்'') மொழி சீன-திபெத்திய மொழிக்குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்தது; இது சீனம், பர்மீயம் மற்றும் திபெத்தியம் ஆகிய மொழிகளுடன் தொடர்புடையது என்பதால், பிற இந்திய மொழிகளிலிருந்து தனித்து விளங்குகிறது.

இருப்பினும், நீங்கள் செல்லவிருக்கும் இடத்தின் உள்ளூர் மொழியில் முடிந்தவரை சில சொற்களையாவது கற்றுக்கொள்வது நல்லது. மக்கள் தங்கள் மாநிலம் அல்லது பிராந்தியத்தின் பண்பாடு மற்றும் மொழி குறித்துப் பெருமிதம் கொள்கிறார்கள், எனவே வெளியிலிருந்து வருபவர் ஒருவர் அம்மொழியில் உரையாட முயற்சிப்பதை அவர்கள் பெரிதும் மதிப்பார்கள். நகர்ப்புற இளைஞர்களிடையே ஆங்கிலம் மற்றும் உள்ளூர் மொழி ஆகியவற்றை மாறி மாறிப் பயன்படுத்தும் வழக்கம் காணப்பட்டாலும், அந்நியர்களிடம் பேசும்போது படித்தவர்கள் பலரும் தரமான ஆங்கிலத்தையே (பிரித்தானிய ஆங்கிலம்) பயன்படுத்துவார்கள்.

எசுக்காண்டினாவிய மொழிகளைப் போலவே, பல இந்திய மொழிகளிலும் &quot;தயவுசெய்து&quot; என்ற சொல்லுக்கு இடமில்லை. அதற்குப் பதிலாக, மரியாதை மற்றும் முறைமையின் நிலைகளைக் குறிக்கும் பல வடிவங்களில் வினைச்சொற்கள் உள்ளன. ஆங்கிலத்தில் அத்தகைய வேறுபாடு இல்லாததால், இந்தியர்கள் ஒரு மேற்கத்தியருக்குக் கட்டளையிடுபவர்களாகவும் தோன்றலாம். ''இங்கே வா'' போன்ற சொற்றொடர்களை நீங்கள் கேட்கலாம்; அவை மேற்கத்திய பண்பாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த ஆங்கிலம் பேசுபவர்களுக்குக் கட்டளையிடுவது போல் ஒலிக்கலாம், ஆனால் இது முரட்டுத்தனமாகக் கருதப்படுவதல்ல.

'''சொற்கள் சாராத தகவல் பரிமாற்றமும்''' முக்கியமானது. &quot;ஆம்&quot; மற்றும் &quot;இல்லை&quot; என்பதைக் குறிக்க இந்தியர்கள் தலையை அசைக்கும் விதம் குழப்பத்தை ஏற்படுத்துவதாகப் பலரும் பேசுகின்றனர்; ஆனால், இந்தியர்கள் '''ஆம், சரி மற்றும் இல்லை ஆகியவற்றுக்கு வெவ்வேறு விதமான தலை அசைவுகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளனர்''' என்பதைப் புரிந்துகொள்வதே முக்கியமான விஷயமாகும்.

* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை '''மேலிருந்து கீழாக''' அசைத்தால், அது '''ஆம்''' அல்லது '''நான் ஒப்புக்கொள்கிறேன்''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது (இது ஒரு வழக்கமான தலையசைப்பு).
* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை வலமிருந்து இடமாகவும் மீண்டும் பழைய நிலைக்கு வருமாறும் '''சாய்வாக''' அசைத்தால், அது '''எனக்குப் புரிகிறது''' அல்லது '''நீங்கள் சொன்னதை நான் புரிந்துகொண்டேன்''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது.
* அவர்கள் தங்கள் தலையை பக்கவாட்டில் (இடமிருந்து வலமாகவும் வலமிருந்து இடமாகவும்) அசைத்தால், அது '''இல்லை''' என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது.
* வட இந்தியா மற்றும் தென் இந்தியாவில் இந்தச் சைகைகள் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் விதத்தில் வேறுபாடுகள் உள்ளன. வட இந்தியாவில் தலையை முன்னும் பின்னும் அசைப்பது 'ஆம்' என்பதையும், தீவிரமாக இடமும் வலமும் அசைப்பது 'இல்லை' என்பதையும் குறிக்கிறது; ஆனால், தமிழ்நாட்டைப் போன்ற தென் மாநிலங்களில் அந்தப் பக்கவாட்டு அசைவு 'ஆம்' என்று கூடப் புரிந்துகொள்ளப்படலாம். எனவே, தென்னிந்தியாவில் சரியான பொருளைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள, அந்த அசைவுகளுடன் வெளிப்படும் வாய்மொழிச் சைகைகளையும் (உதாரணமாக, 'ஆம்' என்பதற்கு 'ஆங்' அல்லது 'ஆ' என்பது போன்ற ஒலிகள்) கவனிக்க வேண்டும்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction
|இந்தியாவின் சில மாநிலங்களுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] ([[Wy/ta/ஆங்காங்|ஆங்காங்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மக்காவு|மக்காவு]] உட்பட) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மியான்மார்|மியான்மார்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் அல்லது முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள், உள்துறை அமைச்சகத்திடமிருந்து சிறப்பு அனுமதி பெற்றிருந்தாலன்றி, பொதுவாக இத்தகைய அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளைப் பெறத் தகுதியற்றவர்கள் ஆவர்.
* '''கட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி (''RAP''):''' [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குள் நுழைய தேவைப்படுகிறது. [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் மற்றும் முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள், [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகளின்]] எந்தவொரு பகுதிக்கும் செல்லவும் இந்த அனுமதியைப் பெற வேண்டும்.
* '''பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி (''PAP''):'''  [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]], [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]], [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]], [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குள் நுழைவதற்கு  தேவைப்படுகிறது.
* '''உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி (''ILP''):''' நீங்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமகனாக இருந்தால், [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]], [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]] ஆகிய மாநிலங்களுக்குள் நுழைய தேவைப்படுகிறது. பெரும்பாலான வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்த அனுமதி இல்லாமலே அங்கு செல்லலாம்; ஆனால், அங்கு சென்றடைந்ததும் உள்ளூர் காவல்துறையினரிடம் தங்களைப் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். அதேவேளையில், [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மாநிலத்திற்குச் செல்லும் அனைவரும், அவர்களின் குடியுரிமை எதுவாக இருந்தாலும், உள்-வரிசை அனுமதியைப் பெற வேண்டியது கட்டாயமாகும். எனினும், வெளிநாட்டினர் பொதுவாக எல்லைப் பகுதியிலேயே இதைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ள முடியும்.
நீங்கள் இப்பகுதிகளில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றிற்குச் செல்லத் திட்டமிட்டிருந்தால், இந்திய விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே அதற்கான உரிய அனுமதியைக் கோர வேண்டும். அனுமதி வழங்கப்பட்டால், அது உங்கள் விசாவில் சேர்க்கப்படும். எனினும், எளிதாகப் பெறக்கூடிய ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம்'' அல்லது ''மின்னணு விசா'' மூலம் இதைச் செய்ய முடியாது. வழக்கமான விசாக்களுக்கு மட்டுமே இது பொருந்தும்.
|lastedit=permanent
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[[File:Visa Policy Of India.svg|thumb|இந்தியாவின் விசா கொள்கை.]]
மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல் பாதிப்புள்ள நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த குடிமக்கள் அல்லது அந்நாடுகளிலிருந்து வரும் பயணிகள், இந்தியாவுக்கு வருகை தரும்போது '''மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல் தடுப்பூசி அட்டை'''யை வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும்; இல்லையெனில், அவர்கள் 6 நாட்களுக்குத் தனிமைப்படுத்தப்படலாம்.

இந்தியாவிற்குப் பயணம் செய்யும் அனைத்து வெளிநாட்டுப் பயணிகளும் (''இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன்'' ஆவணதாரர்கள் உட்பட) வருகைக்கு முன்பாக, கட்டாயமான '''எண்ம மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டையை''' பூர்த்தி செய்ய வேண்டும். இந்திய மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டை என்பது, 1 அக்டோபர் 2025 அன்று அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்ட, பாரம்பரிய காகித இறங்குதளப் படிவத்தின் எண்ம வடிவமாகும். இது, முன்பு விமானங்களிலோ அல்லது குடிவரவு கல்லாக்களிலோ பூர்த்தி செய்யப்பட்ட காகித இறங்குதள அட்டைக்கு மாற்றாக வந்துள்ளது. மின்னணு-வருகை அட்டையை, இந்தியாவிற்கு வருகைக்கு 72 மணி நேரத்திற்குள் இணைநிலையில் பூர்த்தி செய்ய வேண்டும். சமர்ப்பித்த பிறகு, பயணிகள் ஒரு விதுக்குறி உறுதிப்படுத்தலைப் பெறுவார்கள். அதை வருகையின்போது குடிவரவுத் துறையில் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். இந்தப் படிவத்தை இந்த இணைப்பின் மூலம் பூர்த்தி செய்யலாம்: [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/earrival/ மின்னணு-வருகை]

முன்னாள் அல்லது தற்போதைய குடியுரிமை, பிறப்பு அல்லது அண்மைய பயணம் போன்றவற்றின் மூலம் '''[[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தானுடன்]] தொடர்புடைய''' நபர்களுக்குச் சிறப்பு விதிமுறைகள் பொருந்தும்; கீழே உள்ள [[#பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்.

=== விசா ===
166 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கும் '''மின்னணு விசா''' அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டதன் மூலம் இந்தியாவின் விசா நடைமுறை எளிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க விதிவிலக்குகள் பின்வருமாறு:

'''இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன்''' (''இககு'') ஆவணத்தை வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் இந்தியாவில் காலவரையறையின்றி தங்க அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். மேலும் அவர்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு இணையான உரிமைகளைப் பெற்று, சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களில் இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கான கட்டணச் சலுகைகளையும் பெறுகிறார்கள். குடியேற்றச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் (மின்னணு அல்லது நேரடிச் சோதனை) கடவுச்சீட்டுடன் அசல் இககு சான்றிதழையும் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். இருப்பினும், இந்தியாவில் உள்ள சில குறிப்பிட்ட பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல அவர்கள் அனுமதி பெற வேண்டும்; அவர்களால் விவசாய நிலத்தை வாங்கவோ அல்லது எந்தத் தேர்தலிலும் வாக்களிக்கவோ முடியாது. இககு சான்றிதழ் எந்தச் சூழ்நிலையிலும் இந்தியக் குடியுரிமைக்கான சான்றாகக் கருதப்படாது. மேலும், நீங்கள் எந்த நாட்டின் கடவுச்சீட்டை வைத்திருக்கிறீர்களோ, அந்த நாடே உங்களுக்குத் தூதரக உதவிகளை வழங்க முடியும். தற்போது ''மின்னணு-இககு'' என்ற எண்ம வடிவம் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது; இது அட்டைதாரர்கள் தங்கள் இககு விவரங்களை திறன்பேசியில் கடவுச்சீட்டுடன் சேர்த்துச் சேமித்து வைத்துக்கொள்ளவும் காண்பிக்கவும் அனுமதிக்கிறது, இதனால் காகித வடிவிலான கையேட்டை கட்டாயம் எடுத்துச் செல்ல வேண்டிய அவசியம் நீக்கப்படுகிறது. காகித வடிவிலான இககு கையேடுகளும் தொடர்ந்து முழுமையாகச் செல்லுபடியாகும் மற்றும் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும். 20 வயதிற்குப் பிறகு கடவுச்சீட்டைப் புதுப்பித்தவுடன் புதிய இககு கையேட்டைப் பெற வேண்டும் என்ற விதி நீக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனினும், இணையம் வழியாகக் கடவுச்சீட்டு விவரங்களைப் புதுப்பிப்பது கட்டாயமாகும்.

[[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] நாட்டு குடிமக்கள் விசா இல்லாமலேயே இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைந்து காலவரையறையின்றி வசிக்கலாம். '''[[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]]''' நாட்டு குடிமக்கள் விசா இல்லாமல் 90 நாட்கள் வரை தங்கலாம். [[Wy/ta/சப்பான்|சப்பான்]], [[Wy/ta/தென் கொரியா|தென் கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் ''வருகையின்போது விசா'' பெறும் வசதிக்குத் தகுதியுடையவர்கள் மற்றும் 60 நாட்கள் வரை தங்கலாம். [[Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்|ஆப்கானித்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/வட கொரியா|வட கொரியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஈரான்|ஈரான்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் (தற்போதைய அல்லது முன்னாள்) விசா பெறுவதற்கு குறைந்தபட்சம் 4 வாரங்கள் காத்திருக்க வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

இந்தியாவில் பணி தொடர்பான நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபட விரும்பினால், உங்களுக்கு '''வணிக விசா''' தேவைப்படலாம் (இககு ஆவணதாரர்களுக்கு வணிக விசா தேவையில்லை). மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் முறைமையானது &quot;சாதாரண வணிக ரீதியிலான வருகைகளை&quot; அனுமதிக்கிறது. மேலும் இதைப் பெறுவது எளிதானது. ஒருவேளை உங்களுக்கு வணிக விசா தேவைப்பட்டால், உங்கள் சொந்த நாட்டில் உள்ள உங்கள் நிறுவனம் மற்றும் இந்தியாவில் நீங்கள் பார்வையிடவிருக்கும் நிறுவனம் ஆகியன தொடர்பான விரிவான ஆவணங்களைச் சமர்ப்பிக்கத் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும். இதில், நீங்கள் பார்வையிடவிருக்கும் நிறுவனத்திடமிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட அழைப்புக் கடிதம், வணிகப் பதிவு ஆவணங்கள் மற்றும் தேவைப்பட்டால் வருமான வரித் தாக்கல் விவரங்கள் உள்ளிட்ட முக்கிய ஆவணங்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். குறுகிய கால விசாவிற்கு (எ.கா. 6 மாதங்கள்) விண்ணப்பிப்பது பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கலாம்; ஏனெனில், அத்தகைய சூழலில் அதற்கான தகுதி நிபந்தனைகள் குறைவாக இருக்கக்கூடும்.

அமெரிக்கக் குடிமக்கள் உட்பட குறிப்பிட்ட சில நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்கு 10 ஆண்டுகளுக்கான சிறப்பு விசா கிடைக்கிறது (கட்டணம்: 100 அமெரிக்க டாலர்கள்).

மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்திற்குத் தகுதியற்ற அமெரிக்கக் குடிமக்களுக்கான வழக்கமான விசா விண்ணப்பச் செயல்முறை '''[https://services.vfsglobal.com/usa/en/ind/ விஎஃப்எஸ் குளோபல்]''' இணையதளத்தில் தொடங்குகிறது. பின்னர், விண்ணப்பங்கள் ஃபெடெக்ஸ் மூலமாகவோ அல்லது நேரடியாகவோ விசா விண்ணப்ப மையத்தில் சமர்ப்பிக்கப்பட வேண்டும்.

நீங்கள் அதைப் பயன்படுத்தத் திட்டமிடவில்லை என்றாலும், பன்முக நுழைவு விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிப்பது எப்போதும் நல்லது. ஏனெனில், இதற்கான கட்டணம் ஒன்றுதான், இவை தாராளமாக வழங்கப்படுகின்றன, மேலும் கடைசி நேரத்தில் அண்டை நாடுகளுக்குச் செல்ல நீங்கள் முடிவெடுத்தால் இவை மிகவும் பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும்.

இந்திய அரசின் [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/visa/index.html அதிகாரபூர்வமான இணையதளம்] வழியாக வழக்கமான விசாக்களுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்.

==== மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் / மின்னணு விசா ====
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction|நீங்களோ அல்லது உங்கள் பெற்றோரோ அல்லது தாத்தா-பாட்டிமார்களோ எப்போதாவது [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தானின்]] குடிமகனாகவோ அல்லது நிரந்தரக் குடியிருப்பாளராகவோ இருந்திருந்தாலோ, அல்லது பாக்கித்தானின் தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (NIC card) அல்லது வெளிநாடு வாழ் பாகிஸ்தானியர்களுக்கான தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (NICOP card) வைத்திருந்தாலோ (பாகிஸ்தானிய வம்சாவளியினர் பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்), நீங்கள் மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்திற்குத் தகுதி பெறமாட்டீர்கள். அதற்குப் பதிலாக, நீங்கள் இந்தியத் தூதரகம் அல்லது துணைத் தூதரகத்தில் நேரில் சென்று விசாவுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும்.
|lastedit=2026-08-18
}}
இந்தியாவிற்கான விசா பெறுவதற்கு ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் (ஈடிஏ)'' அல்லது ''மின்னணு விசா (ஈ-விசா)'' என்பதே மிக எளிதான வழியாகும். இதற்கு இணையதளம் மூலமாக மட்டுமே விண்ணப்பிக்கவும் அனுமதி பெறவும் முடியும்; அதாவது, விவரங்களைப் பூர்த்தி செய்தல், சமீபத்திய புகைப்படம் (ஜெபிஜி வடிவம்; தரமான செல்ஃபி கூட ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும்) மற்றும் கடவுச்சீட்டு நகல் (கையடக்க ஆவண வடிவமைப்பு (பிடிஎஃப்); அதிகபட்சம் 300kB) ஆகியவற்றை பதிவேற்றுதல் மற்றும் (திரும்பப் பெற முடியாத) செயலாக்கக் கட்டணத்தைச் செலுத்துதல் ஆகிய அனைத்தும்    [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html இந்திய அரசின் சிறப்பு மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகார இணையதளம்] வழியாகவே மேற்கொள்ளப்பட வேண்டும். பெரும்பாலான ஈடிஏ வகைகளுக்கு இந்தியா வருவதற்கு 4 முதல் 120 நாட்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்; ஆனால், '30 நாள் ''மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப்பயணி'' விசாவிற்கு மட்டும் வருகைக்கு 4 முதல் 30 நாட்களுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும். கட்டணத்தை எஸ்பிஐ ஈ-பே (பாரத ஸ்டேட் வங்கி) அல்லது ஆக்சிஸ் வங்கி வழியாக கடனட்டை/பற்று அட்டை மூலமாகவோ (+2.5% வங்கி கட்டணம்) அல்லது ''பேபால்'' மூலமாகவோ (+3.5% வங்கி கட்டணம்) செலுத்தலாம். கட்டணம் செலுத்துவதில் ஏதேனும் தோல்வி ஏற்பட்டால், ஒரே தொகையை இருமுறை செலுத்துவதைத் தவிர்க்கச் சில மணிநேரங்கள் காத்திருக்கவும். கட்டணம் வெற்றிகரமாகச் செலுத்தப்பட்ட பிறகு ஈடிஏ விண்ணப்பச் செயல்முறை தொடங்குகிறது. முடிவு தெரிய வருவதற்கு 72 மணிநேரம் வரை ஆகலாம்; இருப்பினும், பல சந்தர்ப்பங்களில் 24 மணிநேரத்திலேயே முடிவு கிடைத்துவிடுகிறது.

கீழே உள்ள செயலாக்கக் கட்டணங்கள் பட்டியலில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள 166 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்கு மட்டுமே ஈடிஏ வசதி கிடைக்கும். சாலை அல்லது தொடருந்து வழியாக இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு இதைப் பயன்படுத்த முடியாது; ஆனால், சாலை அல்லது தொடருந்து வழியாக வெளியேற முடியும் (விவரங்களுக்குக் கீழே பார்க்கவும்). அசல் ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட பழைய கடவுச்சீட்டை உடன் வைத்திருந்தால், புதிய கடவுச்சீட்டைப் பயன்படுத்தி நாட்டிற்குள் நுழையவும் வெளியேறவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படும்.

அதே ஈடிஏ மற்றும் மின்னணு-விசா சேவைகளை வழங்கும் வணிக ரீதியிலான இணையதளங்களும் உள்ளன. ஆனால், அந்தச் சேவைகளுக்குச் செலவழிக்கும் பணம் பொதுவாகப் பயனுள்ளதாக இருப்பதில்லை. எனவே, உங்கள் பணத்தை மிச்சப்படுத்தி, அதிகாரப்பூர்வ இணையதளம் மூலமாக மட்டுமே விண்ணப்பிக்கவும்.

பின்வரும் வகையான ஈடிஏ-க்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன:
* '''மின்னணு-சுற்றுலா விசா''':
** 30 நாட்கள் – இரட்டை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும்
** 1 அல்லது 5 ஆண்டுகள் – பன்முக நுழைவு, ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட தேதியிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரே நேரத்தில் அதிகபட்சம் 90 நாட்கள், ஒரு காலிகை ஆண்டிற்கு அதிகபட்சம் 180 நாட்கள்
* '''மின்னணு-வணிக விசா''' – 1 ஆண்டு, பன்முக நுழைவு, ஈடிஏ வழங்கப்பட்ட தேதியிலிருந்து செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரே நேரத்தில் அதிகபட்சம் 180 நாட்கள்
* '''மின்னணு-மாநாட்டு விசா''' – ஒற்றை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 30 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும்
* '''மின்னணு-மருத்துவ விசா''' – மும்முறை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 60 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும்
* '''மின்னணு-மருத்துவ உதவியாளர் விசா''' – மும்முறை நுழைவு, முதல் நுழைவிலிருந்து 60 நாட்கள் செல்லுபடியாகும், ஒரு நோயாளிக்கு அதிகபட்சம் 2 உதவியாளர்கள்

'''நுழைவிடங்கள்:''' ஈடிஏ வில் இந்தியாவுக்குள் பின்வருமாறு:
* விமான நிலையங்கள் - அகமதாபாத், அமிருதசரசு, பாக்டோக்ரா (சிலிகுரி), பெங்களூரு, புவனேசுவரம், கோழிக்கோடு, சென்னை, சண்டிகர், கொச்சி, கோயம்புத்தூர், தில்லி, கயா, கோவா, குவகாத்தி, ஐதராபாது, செய்ப்பூர், கண்ணூர், கொல்கத்தா, இலக்னோ, மதுரை, மங்களூரு, மும்பை, நாக்பூர், ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம், புனே, திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி திருவனந்தபுரம், வாரணாசி, விசாகபட்டினம்.
* துறைமுகங்கள் – சென்னை, கொச்சி, கோவா, மங்களூரு, மும்பை

'''வெளியேறுமிடங்கள்:''' மேலே குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட அனைத்தையும், அத்துடன் பின்வருவனவற்றையும் சேர்த்துக்கொள்ளவும்:
* விமான நிலையங்கள் - பட்னா, சிறிநகர், சூரத்து, திருப்பதி, விஜயவாடா
* துறைமுகங்கள் - அலங், பேடி பந்தர், பவநகர், கோழிக்கோடு, கடலூர், காக்கிநாடா, காண்ட்லா, கொல்கத்தா, மாண்டவி, நாகப்பட்டினம், நவா ஷேவா, பாராதீப், போர்பந்தர், ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம், தூத்துக்குடி, விசாகப்பட்டினம், விழிஞ்சம், அகத்தி மற்றும் மினிகாய் தீவு, இலட்சத்தீவுகள், வல்லார்பாடம், முந்திரா, கிருஷ்ணபட்டினம், துப்ரி, பாண்டு, நகோன், ஸ்ரீபூமி, காட்டுப்பள்ளி
* நிலவழி ஒருங்கிணைந்த சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் - அட்டாரி சாலை, அகௌரா, பன்பாசா, சங்ரபந்தா, தாலு, டாவ்கி, தலாய்காட், கௌரிபந்தா, கோஜதங்கா, ஹரிதாஸ்பூர், ஹிலி, ஜெய்கான், ஜோக்பானி, கைலாஷாஹர், ஸ்ரீபூமி, கோவல், லால்கோலாகாட், மகாதிபூர், மங்காச்சார், மோரே, முஹுரிகாட், ரதி, முகுரிகாட், ரக்சால், ருபைதிகா, சப்ரூம், சோனௌலி, ஸ்ரீமந்தபூர், சுதர்கண்டி, புல்பாரி, கவார்பூச்சியா, சோரின்புரி, சோகவ்தர்
* தொடருந்து ஒருங்கிணைந்த சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் - அட்டாரி, சித்பூர், கெடே (தொடருந்து மற்றும் சாலை), அரிதாஸ்பூர், முனாபாவ்

ஈடிஏ விண்ணப்பத்தில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள நுழைவு மற்றும் வெளியேறும் இடங்கள் கட்டாயமானவை அல்ல.

[https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/images/Etourist_fee_final.pdf மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப் பயணி விசா] மற்றும் [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/images/eTV_revised_fee_final.pdf பிற அனைத்து மின்னணு-விசா] வகைகளுக்கான '''செயலாக்கக் கட்டணங்கள்''' (மற்றும் தகுதி) விவரங்கள்:

{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-சுற்றுலாப் பயணி விசா}}
! கட்டணம் !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;30&amp;nbsp;நாட்கள்&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt;(ஏப்ரல்-சூன்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;30&amp;nbsp;நாட்கள்&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt;(சூலை-மார்ச்) !! 1&amp;nbsp;வருடம் !! 5&amp;nbsp;வருடங்கள் !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || அர்கெந்தீனா, குக் தீவுகள், பிஜி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பப்புவா நியூ கினி, சமோவா, சீசெல்சு, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 10 || 25 || 25 || 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
|-
| அமெரிக்க டாலர் || 10 || 25 || 40 || 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கோலா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பெனின், பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கொமொரோசு, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், சீபூத்தீ, டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எரித்திரியா, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், காம்பியா, சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரெனடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கினி, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோனேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கஜகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், இலாவோசு, லாத்வியா, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மலேசியா, மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், மொசாம்பிக்கு, நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, நைஜர், வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, உருசியா, உருவாண்டா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செனிகல், செர்பியா, சியேரா லியோனி, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தஜிகிஸ்தான், தன்சானியா, தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், உகாண்டா, உக்ரைன், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சாம்பியா, சிம்பாப்வே
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-வணிக விசா}}
! கட்டணம்&lt;br/&gt;(அமேரிக்க டாலர்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 0 || அங்கோலா, அர்கெந்தீனா, பெனின், புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கொமொரோசு, குக் தீவுகள், சீபூத்தீ, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எரித்திரியா, பிஜி, காம்பியா, கினி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, இலாவோசு, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மொசாம்பிக்கு, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நைஜர் குடியரசு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பாப்புவா நியூ கினி, உருவாண்டா, சமோவா, செனெகல், சீசெல்சு, சியேரா லியோனி, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தன்சானியா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உகாண்டா, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு, சாம்பியா
|-
| 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
|-
| 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலாருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரனெடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோநேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கசகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், லாத்வியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மலேசியா, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செர்பியா, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தஜிகிஸ்தான், தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சிம்பாப்வே
|-
| 100 || உருசியா, ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், உக்ரைன், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;&quot;
|+
{{Wy/ta/Nowrap|மின்னணு-மாநாட்டு விசா&lt;br&gt;மின்னணு-மருத்துவ விசா&lt;br&gt; மின்னணு-மருத்துவ உதவியாளர் விசா}}
! கட்டணம்&lt;br/&gt;(அமேரிக்க டாலர்) !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;நாடு&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| 0 || அர்கெந்தீனா, குக் தீவுகள், பிஜி, ஜமேக்கா, கிரிபட்டி, மார்சல் தீவுகள், மொரிசியசு, மைக்குரோனீசியா, மியான்மார், நவூரு, நியுவே தீவு, பலாவு, பாப்புவா நியூ கினி, சமோவா, சீசெல்சு, சொலமன் தீவுகள், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தொங்கா, துவாலு, உருகுவை, வனுவாட்டு
|-
| 25 || சப்பான், சிங்கப்பூர், இலங்கை
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| 80 || ஆப்கானித்தான், அல்பேனியா, அந்தோரா, அங்கியுலா, அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும், ஆர்மீனியா, அரூபா, ஆத்திரேலியா, ஆஸ்திரியா, அசர்பைஜான், பகாமாசு, பார்படோசு, பெலாருஸ், பெல்ஜியம், பெலீசு, பொலிவியா, பொசுனியா எர்செகோவினா, போட்சுவானா, பிரேசில், புரூணை, பல்காரியா, புருண்டி, கம்போடியா, கமரூன், காபோ வர்டி, கனடா, கேமன் தீவுகள், சிலி, கொலம்பியா, கொமொரோசு, கோஸ்ட்டா ரிக்கா, கோட் டிவார், குரோவாசியா, சைப்பிரசு, செக் குடியரசு, டென்மார்க், சீபூத்தீ, டொமினிக்கா, டொமினிக்கன் குடியரசு, கிழக்குத் திமோர், எக்குவடோர், எல் சால்வடோர், எக்குவட்டோரியல் கினி, எரித்திரியா, எசுத்தோனியா, பின்லாந்து, பிரான்சு, காபோன், காம்பியா, சியார்சியா, செருமனி, கானா, கிரேக்கம், கிரெனடா, குவாத்தமாலா, கினி, கயானா, எயிட்டி, ஒந்துராசு, அங்கேரி, ஐசுலாந்து, இந்தோனேசியா, அயர்லாந்து, இசுரேல், இத்தாலி, ஜோர்தான், கஜகஸ்தான், கெனியா, கிர்கிசுத்தான், இலாவோசு, லாத்வியா, லெசோத்தோ, லைபீரியா, லீக்கின்ஸ்டைன், லித்துவேனியா, லக்சம்பர்க், மடகாசுகர், மலாவி, மாலி, மலேசியா, மால்ட்டா, மெக்சிக்கோ, மல்தோவா, மொனாக்கோ, மங்கோலியா, மொண்டெனேகுரோ, மொன்செராட், நமீபியா, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நிக்கராகுவா, நைஜர், வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா, நோர்வே, ஓமான், பலத்தீன் நாடு, பனாமா, பரகுவை, பெரு, பிலிப்பீன்சு, போலந்து, போர்த்துகல், தென் கொரியா, உருமேனியா, உருவாண்டா, செயிண்ட் கிட்சும் நெவிசும், செயிண்ட் லூசியா, செயின்ட் வின்செண்டு மற்றும் கிரெனடீன்கள், சான் மரீனோ, சவூதி அரேபியா, செனிகல், செர்பியா, சியேரா லியோனி, சிலோவாக்கியா, சுலோவீனியா, எசுப்பானியா, சுரிநாம், எசுவாத்தினி, சுவீடன், சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, தைவான், தன்சானியா, தஜிகிஸ்தான், தாய்லாந்து, டோகோ, டிரினிடாட் மற்றும் டொபாகோ, துர்கசு கைகோசு தீவுகள், உகாண்டா, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான், வத்திக்கான் நகர், வெனிசுவேலா, வியட்நாம், சாம்பியா, சிம்பாப்வே
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| 100 || பெனின், மொசாம்பிக்கு, ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், உருசியா, உக்ரைன், அமேரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்
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முன்னர் நடைமுறையில் இருந்த வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட ''வருகையின்போது விசா'' திட்டத்திற்குப் பதிலாக ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம்'' அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. தற்போது இந்தியாவில் வருகையின்போது விசா வசதிகள் ஏதுமில்லை.

====குறிப்பிட்ட வகையிலான விசாக்கள்====
சிறப்பு நோக்கங்களுக்காக வேறு சில விசா வகைகளும் உள்ளன. &quot;முதன்மையாக சமய நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபடுவதற்காக&quot; இந்தியாவுக்கு வரும் எவருக்கும் '''சமயப்பரப்பாளர் விசா''' கட்டாயமாகும். மதமாற்றத்தைத் தடுக்கும் நோக்கிலேயே, குறிப்பாக இந்துக்களைக் கிறிஸ்தவ அல்லது இஸ்லாமிய மதங்களுக்கு மாற்றுவதைத் தடுப்பதற்காகவே இந்த விதி உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. சுற்றுலா விசாவில் வந்து சமயக் கூட்டங்களில் உரையாற்றியதற்காக சமயப் பிரசாரகர்கள் நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேற்றப்பட்ட நிகழ்வுகள் நடந்துள்ளன. ஆனால், நீங்கள் இந்தியாவில் உள்ள தேவாலயங்களைப் பார்வையிடும் ஒரு சமயச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணத்தை மேற்கொள்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், இதைப் பற்றிக் கவலைப்படத் தேவையில்லை.

நீங்கள் மாணவர், வேலைவாய்ப்பு, ஆராய்ச்சி அல்லது சமயப்பரப்பாளர் விசா ஆகியவற்றில் வந்திருந்தால், இந்தியாவுக்கு வந்த 14 நாட்களுக்குள் நீங்கள் தங்கும் பகுதியில் உள்ள [https://mea.gov.in/foreigners-registration.htm '''வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகம்'''] சென்று பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும் (இந்த இணையதளத்தை இந்தியாவுக்கு வெளியே அணுக முடியாது). நீங்கள் தங்கும் பகுதியில் அத்தகைய அலுவலகம் இல்லையென்றால், உள்ளூர் காவல் நிலையத்தில் பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டும். '''180 நாட்களுக்கு மேல்''' தங்குவதற்குத் திட்டமிடும் அனைத்துப் பார்வையாளர்களும் பதிவு செய்துகொள்வது கட்டாயமாகும்.

==== பாக்கித்தான் ====
{{Wy/ta/VisaRestriction|ஏப்ரல் 2025 முதல் பாகிஸ்தான் குடிமக்களுக்கான விசா சேவைகள் இடைநிறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. பெரும்பாலான வகைகளுக்கான புதிய விசா விண்ணப்பங்கள் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுவதில்லை. 
|lastedit=2026-08-20
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இரட்டை குடியுரிமை கொண்ட பாக்கித்தானியர்கள், தங்கள் மற்றொரு கடவுச்சீட்டைப் பயன்படுத்தி இந்தியாவுக்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

நீங்கள் உங்கள் பாக்கித்தானிய குடியுரிமையை முறையாகத் துறந்திருந்தால், இந்திய சுற்றுலா விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கத் தகுதி பெறுவீர்கள். ஆனால், விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போது குடியுரிமை துறப்புச் சான்றிதழின் அசல் நகலைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். மேலும், உங்களுக்கு ஒரே முறை மட்டுமே நுழையக்கூடிய 3 மாத கால விசா மட்டுமே வழங்கப்படும். இந்தியா வந்தடைந்ததும், உங்களிடம் கூடுதல் கேள்விகள் கேட்கப்படவோ அல்லது சோதனைகள் நடத்தப்படவோ, அல்லது நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதி மறுக்கப்படவோ அதிக வாய்ப்புள்ளது.

உங்களிடம் பாக்கித்தான் கடவுச்சீட்டு இல்லையென்றால், ஆனால் தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (''NIC'') அல்லது வெளிநாடு வாழ் பாக்கித்தானியர்களுக்கான தேசிய அடையாள அட்டை (''NICOP'') வைத்திருந்தால், நீங்கள் ''NIC/NICOP'' வைத்திருப்பது மற்றும் கடவுச்சீட்டு வைத்திருக்கவில்லை என்பது குறித்த உண்மைகளை உறுதிப்படுத்தும் சான்றொப்பமிடப்பட்ட அறிக்கை ஒன்றைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். உங்களிடம் தற்போதுள்ள அனைத்துக் கடவுச்சீட்டுகளையும் நீங்கள் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். அத்துடன், விசா அதிகாரியின் விருப்பத்தின் பேரில் உங்கள் முந்தைய கடவுச்சீட்டுகளையும் சமர்ப்பிக்குமாறு உங்களிடம் கேட்கப்படலாம்.

இயல்புரிமை பெற்ற வெளிநாட்டு குடிமக்கள் தங்கள் இயல்புரிமையை உறுதிப்படுத்தும் சான்றிதழையும், பாக்கித்தானுக்கு வெளியே பிறந்தவர்கள் தங்கள் பிறப்புச் சான்றிதழையும் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும்.

நேரத்தை மிச்சப்படுத்த, நீங்கள் ஒரு படிவத்தை பூர்த்தி செய்யலாம். இதில் பெரும்பாலும் 'ஆம்' அல்லது 'இல்லை' என்று பதிலளிக்கக்கூடிய கேள்விகள் மட்டுமே இடம்பெற்றிருக்கும். நீங்கள் பாக்கித்தான் வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்தவராக இருந்தால், உங்கள் விசா பரிசீலனைக்குக் குறைந்தபட்சம் 7 முதல் 9 வாரங்கள் வரை ஆகலாம்.

கடந்த 21 நாட்களுக்குள் நீங்கள் பாக்கித்தானுக்குச் சென்றிருந்தாலோ அல்லது உங்கள் பயண ஆவணத்தில் பாக்கித்தானின் விசா அல்லது முத்திரை இருந்தாலோ, உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி மறுக்கப்படலாம் மற்றும் உங்கள் விசா செல்லாததாக்கப்படலாம்.

=== சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் ===
{{Wy/ta/Cautionbox|boldtext=சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் குழப்பமானவை!
|இந்தியாவின் சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் மிகவும் சிக்கலானவை. இவற்றைக் கவனமாகக் கையாளாவிட்டால், உங்கள் பொருட்கள் பறிமுதல் செய்யப்படுதல், அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படுதல், நாடு கடத்தப்படுதல் அல்லது சிறைத்தண்டனை போன்ற விளைவுகளை நீங்கள் சந்திக்க நேரிடலாம். சட்டவிரோத போதைப்பொருட்கள் அல்லது பெருமளவிலான பணம் அல்லது நகைகளை இறக்குமதி அல்லது ஏற்றுமதி செய்வது சுங்கத் துறையினரிடையே சந்தேகத்தை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடும்.
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சுங்கச் சோதனையை முடிப்பது சற்று சிரமமான விஷயமாக இருக்கலாம், இருப்பினும் இதில் இப்போது பெரும் முன்னேற்றம் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளது. பொதுவாக, உங்கள் உடைமைகளைச் சுங்கச் சோதனை வழியாக எளிதாகக் கொண்டு செல்ல உதவுவதாகக் கூறும் இடைத்தரகர்களைத் தவிர்க்கவும். வரி விலக்குச் சலுகைகள் தொடர்பாகப் பல்வேறு விதிகள் உள்ளன. இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள், வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், நேபாளம், பூட்டான் மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் நாட்டுப் பயணிகள், இந்திய வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்த வெளிநாட்டினர் மற்றும் இந்தியாவிற்குக் குடியேறுபவர்கள் ஆகியோருக்கு வெவ்வேறு விதிகள் பொருந்தும். நீங்கள் எவற்றையெல்லாம் கொண்டு வரலாம் என்பது குறித்த தகவல்களை அறிய, [https://www.cbic.gov.in/ மத்திய கலால் மற்றும் சுங்க வாரியம்] இணையதளத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தவும்.

நேபாளம், பூட்டான் மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் நாட்டவர்கள் அல்லது அந்த நாடுகள் வழியாக வருபவர்களைத் தவிர்த்த பிற வெளிநாட்டு சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், தாங்கள் பயன்படுத்திய தனிப்பட்ட பொருட்கள், பயணத்தின்போது வாங்கிய நினைவுப் பொருட்கள் மற்றும் பரிசுப் பொருட்களாக ₹4,000 மதிப்புள்ள பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வர அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். நீங்கள் இந்தியக் குடிமகனாகவோ அல்லது இந்திய வம்சாவளியைச் சேர்ந்தவராகவோ இருந்தால் (நேபாளம், பூட்டான் அல்லது பாக்கித்தான் வழியாக வராத பட்சத்தில்), ₹25,000 மதிப்புள்ள பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வர உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி உண்டு. இது தொடர்பான பிற விதிமுறைகள் இணையதளத்தில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. புதியதாகப் பொட்டலமிடப்பட்ட பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வருவதாக இருந்தால், அவற்றின் மதிப்பைக் காட்டுவதற்கு உரிய ரசீதுகளை உடன் வைத்திருப்பது நல்லது. மேலும், 200 சிகரெட்டுகள் அல்லது 50 சுருட்டுகள் அல்லது 250 கிராம் புகையிலை மற்றும் 1 லிட்டர் மதுபானம் (இந்தியர்களுக்கு 2 லிட்டர்) ஆகியவற்றை வரி ஏதுமின்றி கொண்டு வரவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது. சுங்கவரிக்கு உட்பட்ட பொருட்கள் ஏதுமில்லை என்றால், விமான நிலையங்களில் தெளிவாகக் குறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ள ''பச்சை வழித்தடம்'' வழியாக நீங்கள் செல்லலாம். பொதுவாக அங்கு உங்களுக்கு எந்தச் சிரமமும் இருக்காது. இந்தியாவில் உள்ள அனைத்து சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், பச்சை அல்லது சிவப்பு வழித்தடங்கள் வழியாக வெளியேறும்போது உங்கள் பைகள் பரிசோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்தப்படும்.

மின்னணு சிகரெட்டுகள், ஆவியாக்கிகள் மற்றும் அவற்றின் மறு செறிவுகளை இறக்குமதி செய்வது சட்டவிரோதமானது.

வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்திய ரூபாயை நாட்டிற்குள் கொண்டுவருவதோ அல்லது நாட்டிலிருந்து வெளியே கொண்டு செல்வதோ '''கண்டிப்பாகத் தடைசெய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது'''. இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு இது ₹25,000 வரை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது. இது குறித்த விவரங்களை [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/CR3105F871DDFD343407BA1BC640B96AFB21A.PDF இந்திய ரிசர்வ் வங்கியின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ அறிவிப்பில்] காணலாம். இருப்பினும், வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் இது அரிதாகவே சோதிக்கப்படுகிறது.

=== இந்தியாவை விட்டு வெளியேறுதல் ===
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|இந்தியாவில் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட காலத்திற்கு மேல் தங்குவது (ஒரு நாள் கூடுதலாக இருந்தாலும் கூட) அதிகாரிகளால் மிகக் தீவிரமாக எடுத்துக்கொள்ளப்படுகிறது. இதனால் அபராதம், சட்ட நடவடிக்கை, தாமதங்கள் மற்றும் [https://mea.gov.in/foreigners-registration.htm '''வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகம் (''FRRO'')'''] அல்லது குடியேற்றத் துறையிடமிருந்து வெளியேறும் அனுமதி பெறும் வரை நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேற முடியாமல் போவது போன்ற விளைவுகள் ஏற்படலாம். நீண்ட காலம் கூடுதலாகத் தங்குவது கடுமையான அபராதங்களுக்கு வழிவகுப்பதோடு, எதிர்காலத்தில் இந்திய விசா பெறுவதற்கான வாய்ப்புகளையும் கடுமையாகப் பாதிக்கலாம். மருத்துவக் காரணங்கள் அல்லது விமான ரத்து போன்ற உண்மையான அவசரச் சூழல்களால் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட காலத்திற்கு மேல் தங்க நேரிடுபவர்கள், உடனடியாக அருகிலுள்ள ''FRRO'' அல்லது காவல் நிலையத்திற்குத் தகவல் தெரிவிக்க வேண்டும் மற்றும் அதற்கான ஆவணங்களை வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும்; அவ்வாறு செய்யத் தவறினால் நடவடிக்கை எடுக்கப்படலாம். முழு விவரங்களையும்  [https://indianfrro.gov.in/frro/Financial_Penalty.pdf இங்கே காணலாம்:]
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உங்களிடம் நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைந்ததற்கான முத்திரை இல்லையென்றால் — உதாரணமாக, புதிதாக வழங்கப்பட்ட கடவுச்சீட்டு அல்லது அவசர காலப் பயண ஆவணம் வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் — இந்தியாவிற்குள்ளிருந்தே வெளிநாட்டவர் மண்டலப் பதிவு அலுவலகத்தில் சிறப்பு வெளியேறும் அனுமதிக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும் (இதற்கான இணையதளத்தை இந்தியாவிற்கு வெளியே அணுக முடியாது). எவ்விதச் சிக்கலுமற்ற விண்ணப்பங்களுக்கு 5 முதல் 15 வேலை நாட்கள் வரை ஆகலாம். எனவே, விமானப் பயணங்களை முன்பதிவு செய்யும்போது, ​​இந்தியாவிலிருந்து புறப்படுவதற்கான காலக்கெடுவில் இதையும் கருத்தில் கொள்ளவும்.

இந்தியாவிலிருந்து வெளியேறும் அனைத்துப் பயணிகளும் குடியேற்றச் சோதனைகளுக்கு உட்பட வேண்டும். சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் நாணயப் பரிமாற்ற மையங்கள் உள்ளன. அங்கிருந்து புறப்படுவதற்கு முன், உங்களிடம் உள்ள கூடுதல் இந்திய ரூபாயை வெளிநாட்டு நாணயமாக மாற்றிக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்.

வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்தின் ''வருகைப் பதிவு'' நடைமுறைகளை முடித்த பிறகு பயணிகள் குடியேற்றப் பிரிவு அறைக்குச் செல்வார்கள். அங்குள்ள அதிகாரிகள் உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டைச் சரிபார்த்து, உங்கள் விசா அல்லது மின்னணு விசா விவரங்களை உறுதிசெய்து, இந்தியாவில் நீங்கள் நுழைந்தது முறையாகப் பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளதா என்பதைச் சரிபார்ப்பார்கள். உங்கள் பயணம் அல்லது நாட்டில் நீங்கள் தங்கியிருந்த காலம் குறித்த சில சுருக்கமான கேள்விகளை அவர்கள் கேட்கலாம். குறிப்பாக, உங்கள் வருகைப் பதிவில் ஏதேனும் தெளிவுபடுத்தல் தேவைப்பட்டால், திரும்புவதற்கான பயணத் திட்டம் அல்லது தங்குமிடம் தொடர்பான ஆவணங்களை அதிகாரிகள் சரிபார்ப்பது வழக்கம். புறப்பாட்டிற்கான முத்திரை உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டில் இடப்பட்டதும், நீங்கள் விமான நிலைய நடைமுறையின் அடுத்த கட்டத்திற்குச் செல்லலாம்.

தரை எல்லைகளில், கடக்கும் இடத்தைப் பொறுத்து நடைமுறைகள் பெரிதும் மாறுபடலாம். சில சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் நவீனமாகவும் ஒழுங்கமைக்கப்பட்டதாகவும் இருக்கும், மற்றவை எளிமையானவையாக இருக்கும், மேலும் அவை திறந்தவெளியில் காத்திருப்பதையோ அல்லது பல சிறிய அலுவலகங்களுக்கு இடையில் செல்வதையோ உள்ளடக்கியிருக்கலாம். நியமிக்கப்பட்ட குடிவரவுச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டை நீங்கள் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும், அங்கு அதிகாரிகள் உங்கள் நுழைவு முத்திரையைச் சரிபார்த்து, உங்கள் விசாவை உறுதிசெய்து, உங்கள் புறப்பாட்டை கணினி அமைப்பில் பதிவு செய்வார்கள். பயணிகள் வேறு எல்லையில் இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுழைந்திருந்தாலோ அல்லது அவர்களின் ஆவணங்களுக்கு நேரடிச் சரிபார்ப்பு தேவைப்பட்டாலோ அவர்களிடம் கூடுதல் கேள்விகள் கேட்கப்படலாம். வசதிகள் குறைவாக இருக்கக்கூடும் என்பதால், வானூர்தி நிலையங்களை விட இங்கு செயலாக்கம் மெதுவாக இருக்கும் என எதிர்பார்க்கலாம்.

துறைமுகங்களில், குடிவரவுச் சோதனைகள் பொதுவாகப் பயணிகள் முனையத்திற்கு உள்ளேயோ அல்லது சில சமயங்களில் கப்பல் புறப்படுவதற்கு முன்பு கப்பலுக்குள்ளேயோ கையாளப்படுகின்றன. வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் செய்வது போலவே அதிகாரிகள் அதே சோதனைகளை நடத்துகின்றனர்: உங்கள் அடையாளத்தை உறுதி செய்தல், உங்கள் விசா அல்லது மின்னணு-விசாவை மதிப்பாய்வு செய்தல், மற்றும் உங்கள் நுழைவுப் பதிவு சரியாக உள்ளதா என்பதை உறுதி செய்தல். சொகுசுக் கப்பல் பயணிகள் குழுவாகச் சோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்தப்படலாம், அதேசமயம் சிறிய கப்பல்களில் புறப்படுபவர்கள் துறைமுக அதிகாரிகளால் தனித்தனியாகச் சோதிக்கப்படலாம். நடைமுறைகள் பொதுவாகச் சுமுகமாகவே இருக்கும், ஆனால் சோதனைக்கான நேரம் கப்பலின் அளவு மற்றும் பயணிகளின் எண்ணிக்கையைப் பொறுத்து அமையும்.

அனைத்து விதமான வெளியேறும் வழிகளிலும், குடிவரவுத் துறையிடம் உள்ள பதிவுகளுடன் உங்கள் ''நுழைவு முத்திரை மற்றும் விசா விவரங்கள்'' பொருந்த வேண்டும் என்பதே முக்கியத் தேவையாகும்.

=== வான்னுர்தியில் ===
==== நுழைவிடங்கள் ====
[[File:Arrival area at Indira Gandhi International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/இந்திரா காந்தி சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையம்|இந்திரா காந்தி சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையம்]] [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லிக்குச்]] சேவை அளிப்பதோடு, [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியாவிற்கான]] மிக முக்கியமான நுழைவு வாயில்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.]]
நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைவதற்கான முக்கிய இடங்களாக [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|DEL}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|BOM}}) ஆகியவை உள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|BLR}}), [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|CCU}}), [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது|ஐதராபாது]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|HYD}}), [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|MAA}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாத்|அகமதாபாத்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|AMD}}) ஆகிய நகரங்களுக்கும் நீண்ட தூர சர்வதேச வானூர்திகள் பல இயக்கப்படுகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பா]], [[Wy/ta/வட அமெரிக்கா|வட அமெரிக்கா]], [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள்|மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/ஆப்பிரிக்கா|ஆப்பிரிக்கா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரேலியா|ஆத்திரேலியா]] ஆகிய பகுதிகளிலிருந்து இந்நகரங்களுக்குச் செல்ல பல நேரடி மற்றும் இணைப்பு விமான சேவைகள் உள்ளன.

[[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா|தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவிலிருந்து]] வரும் பயணிகளுக்கான பிற முக்கிய நுழைவிடங்களில் [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|GOI}} மற்றும் {{Wy/ta/IATA|GOX}}), [[Wy/ta/கேரளம்|கேரளத்தின்]] கடற்கரைப் பகுதி மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சமவெளிகள் (இந்தியா)|இந்தியச் சமவெளிப் பகுதிகள்]] ஆகியவை அடங்கும். மத்திய கிழக்கிலிருந்து [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|COK}}), [[Wy/ta/கோழிக்கோடு|கோழிக்கோடு]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|CCJ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/திருவனந்தபுரம்|திருவனந்தபுரம்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|TRV}}) போன்ற கேரளத்தின் கடற்கரை நகரங்களுக்குப் பல வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் உள்ளன. மத்திய கிழக்கின் பெரும்பாலான முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள், வளைகுடாப் பிராந்தியத்திலுள்ள தங்கள் மையங்களிலிருந்து இக்கடற்கரைப் பகுதிகளுக்கு ஒற்றை நிறுத்தத்துடன் கூடிய வானூர்திச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. இந்தியச் சமவெளிப் பகுதிகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, [[Wy/ta/இலக்னோ|இலக்னோ]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|LKO}}), [[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரஸ்|அமிர்தசரஸ்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|ATQ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சண்டிகர்|சண்டிகர்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|IXC}}) வழியாகவும் சில விமானச் சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவில்]], [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|PNQ}}) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]] ({{Wy/ta/IATA|JAI}}) ஆகியவையும் முக்கியமான வானூர்தி நிலையங்களாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பியா|ஐரோப்பிய]] சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு மிகவும் விருப்பமான இடமாக இருப்பதால், ''காண்டோர்'' மற்றும் ''தாம்சன் ஏர்வேஸ்'' போன்ற பல ஐரோப்பிய தனித்து முழு உரிமையுடை வாடகை வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் அங்கு சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன.

==== வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் ====
சர்வதேச வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்கும் இந்திய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* '''[https://www.airindia.com ஏர் இந்தியா]:''' இந்தியாவின் முதன்மை வானூர்தி நிறுவனமான இது, டாடா குழுமத்திற்குச் சொந்தமானது மற்றும் 'ஸ்டார் அலையன்ஸ்' கூட்டமைப்பின் உறுப்பினராக உள்ளது. தற்போது டாடா குழுமத்தின் கீழ் இது ஒரு பெரிய மாற்றத்திற்கு உட்படுத்தப்பட்டு வருகிறது. காலதாமதமான சேவைகள், சுகாதாரக் குறைபாடுகள் மற்றும் போட்டியாளர்களை விடக் குறைவான பாதுகாப்புத் தரம் ஆகியவற்றால் இது கடந்த காலத்தில் மோசமான நற்பெயரைக் கொண்டிருந்தது.
* '''[https://www.goindigo.in இண்டிகோ]:''' 40-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையில் நல்ல நற்பெயர் கொண்ட நிறுவனங்களில் ஒன்றாகக் கருதப்படுவதோடு, சிறந்த பாதுகாப்புப் பதிவையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.spicejet.com ஸ்பைஸ்ஜெட்]:''' 13 சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம்.
* '''[http://www.akasaair.com ஆகாசா ஏர்]:''' 5 சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்குச் சேவையளிக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையிலேயே மிகத் துல்லியமான நேரத்தைக் கடைப்பிடிக்கும் வானூர்தி நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.

இந்த வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் உலகம் முழுவதிலும் உள்ள முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிலைய மையங்களிலிருந்து தினசரி வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. வானூர்தி நிலைய முனையத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு முன்பாகவே, அச்சிடப்பட்ட வானூர்தி பயணச் சீட்டு, நுழைவுச் சீட்டு மற்றும் அடையாள அட்டை (கடவுச்சீட்டு, இந்தியக் கடல்கடந்த குடிமகன் ஆவண அட்டை, அல்லது ஆதார் அட்டை) ஆகியவற்றை நீங்கள் வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும். பெரும்பாலான இந்திய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள், அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட பயணச் சாமான்களின் எடையை அதிகரிப்பது அல்லது பயணத் தேதிகளை மாற்றுவது போன்றவற்றில் மிகவும் கடுமையான அல்லது வாடிக்கையாளர்களுக்குச் சாதகமற்ற கொள்கைகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளன. எனவே, உங்கள் பயணத்தில் ஏதேனும் மாற்றங்கள் தேவைப்படலாம் என்று கருதினால், முன்பதிவு செய்வதற்கு முன்பே அந்த நிறுவனத்தின் கொள்கைகளைச் சரிபார்ப்பது நல்லது.

அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் கனடாவின் பல நகரங்களிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்தி சேவைகள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் லத்தீன் அமெரிக்காவிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்திகள் எதுவும் இல்லை. ஐரோப்பா மற்றும் காகசஸ் பகுதிகளிலிருந்து ஏராளமான விமான சேவைகள் உள்ளன. பயணச் சீட்டுக் கட்டணத்தைச் சேமிக்க, மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள் வழியாகச் செல்லும் பயண வழிகளைப் பரிசீலிக்கலாம்; அங்கிருந்து ஏராளமான வானூர்தி சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. ஆசியாவின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளிலிருந்து நல்ல இணைப்பு வசதிகள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் பாக்கித்தானிலிருந்து நேரடி வானூர்திகள் எதுவும் இல்லை. ஓசியானியா பகுதியைப் பொறுத்தவரை, ஆத்திரேலியாவிலிருந்து மட்டுமே நேரடி வானூர்திகள் உள்ளன. ஆப்பிரிக்காவைப் பொறுத்தவரை, முக்கிய நகரங்களிலிருந்து வானூர்தி சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன.

இந்தியாவிற்கு வந்தடைந்ததும் உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டு சரிபார்க்கப்படும் என்பதால், அதைத் தவறாமல் பத்திரமாக வைத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். தில்லி போன்ற சில இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், கடவுச்சீட்டை ஸ்கேன் செய்வதன் மூலம் அருகலை (''Wi-Fi'') வசதியைப் பெறலாம் மற்றும் குறுகிய கால சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கான செறிவு அட்டைகளைப் பெறலாம்; ஆனால் பெரும்பாலான வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் அருகலை அல்லது செறிவு அட்டை வசதிகள் வழங்கப்படுவதில்லை.

==== விரைவு குடிவரவு வழிமுறை (''எப்டிஐ'') - நம்பகமான பயணித் திட்டம் (''டிடிபி'')====
[https://ftittp.mha.gov.in/fti/ '''எப்டிஐ‑டிடிபி''' ('''விரைவு குடிவரவு வழிமுறை – நம்பகமான பயணித் திட்டம்''')] என்பது அரசாங்கத்தால் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட பயணிகளுக்கான குடிவரவுச் சோதனைகளை விரைவுபடுத்தும் இந்தியாவின் ஒரு அமைப்பாகும். இணையம் வழியாக விண்ணப்பித்து அடையாளச் சரிபார்ப்பை நிறைவு செய்த பிறகு, பயணிகள் ''நம்பகமான பயணிகள்'' தரவுத்தளத்தில் சேர்க்கப்படுகிறார்கள். இத்திட்டத்தில் பங்கேற்கும் வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்கு அவர்கள் வரும்போது, ​​வழக்கமான வரிசைகளுக்குப் பதிலாக, இதற்கென ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட விரைவு குடிவரவுப் பாதைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம். இப்பாதைகளில், தானியங்கி அமைப்புகள் மூலம் அவர்களின் கடவுச்சீட்டு மற்றும் உயிரியல் அளவீட்டு விவரங்கள் சரிபார்க்கப்படுகின்றன. இதனால் அவர்கள் வழக்கத்தை விட மிக விரைவாகக் குடிவரவு நடைமுறைகளை நிறைவு செய்ய முடிகிறது. அடிக்கடி பயணம் செய்பவர்கள், குடும்பங்கள் மற்றும் வருகையின்போது மிகவும் திறமையான மற்றும் எளிதான அனுபவத்தை விரும்புபவர்கள் ஆகியோருக்காக சர்வதேசப் பயணத்தை மென்மையாக்கும் வகையில் இது வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது இந்தியா முழுவதும் உள்ள 13 முக்கிய சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் நடைமுறையில் உள்ளது.

=== படகில் ''அல்லது'' கப்பலில் ===
2026-ஆம் ஆண்டில், இந்தியாவிற்கான சர்வதேச கடல்வழிப் பயணம் குறைந்த அளவிலேயே உள்ளது. தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் வடக்கு இலங்கைக்கு இடையே இயக்கப்படும் '''நாகப்பட்டினம் – காங்கேசன்துறை இடையிலான படகுச் சேவை''' மட்டுமே திட்டமிடப்பட்ட ஒரே பயணிகள் சேவையாகும். இது பொதுவாக வாரத்திற்குப் பலமுறை இயக்கப்படுகிறது மற்றும் பயண நேரம் சுமார் நான்கு மணிநேரம் ஆகும்.

இந்தியாவிற்கு வேறு எந்த சர்வதேச பயணிகள் படகுச் சேவைகளும் இயக்கப்படுவதில்லை. இருப்பினும், இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல் மற்றும் அரபிக்கடல் வழித்தடங்களில் பயணிக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணக் கப்பல்கள் பருவகால அடிப்படையில் இந்தியாவிற்கு வருகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/கோவா|கோவா]] ([[Wy/ta/மர்மகோவா|மர்மகோவா]]), [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]], [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]], [[Wy/ta/புதிய மங்களூரு|புதிய மங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/விசாகப்பட்டினம்|விசாகப்பட்டினம்]] மற்றும் அவ்வப்போது [[Wy/ta/ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்|ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்]] ஆகியவை கப்பல்கள் வந்து நிற்கும் முக்கிய துறைமுகங்களாகும். [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவில்]] உள்ள [[Wy/ta/மினிக்காய் தீவு|மினிக்காய் தீவும்]] அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட நுழைவிடமாக உள்ளது, இருப்பினும் அங்குள்ள வசதிகள் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன.

கடல் வழியாக வரும் பயணிகள் இந்தியக் ''கடலோரக் காவல் படை'' மற்றும் குடியேற்றத் துறை நடைமுறைகளுக்குக் கட்டுப்பட வேண்டும்; இதில் அடையாளச் சரிபார்ப்பு மற்றும் சுங்கத்துறை சோதனைகள் ஆகியவை அடங்கலாம். வானூர்தி நிலையங்களை விட, குறிப்பாகச் சிறிய துறைமுகங்களில், இச்செயல்முறைகளுக்கு அதிக நேரம் ஆகலாம்.

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
நேபாள இரயில்வேயால் இயக்கப்படும் தொடருந்துகள், [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளத்தின்]] தனுசா மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/கசூரி|கசூரி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பிகார்|பிகாரில்]] உள்ள ''செயநகர்'' ஆகிய இடங்களுக்கு இடையே சேவையில் உள்ளன. இவ்விரு இடங்களும் பயணிகளுக்குப் பெரிதாக ஈர்ப்பை ஏற்படுத்துவதில்லை என்பதாலும், அங்கிருந்து நேபாளத்தின் பிற பகுதிகளுக்குத் தொடர் பயண வசதிகள் இல்லாததாலும், பெரும்பாலான பயணிகள் பேருந்து அல்லது வானூர்திப் பயணத்தையே தேர்ந்தெடுக்கின்றனர்.

[[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து]] இயக்கப்படும் தொடருந்துச் சேவைகள்: ''மைத்ரி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' ([[Wy/ta/டாக்கா|டாக்கா]] - [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]]), ''பந்தன் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' (குல்னா - கொல்கத்தா) மற்றும் ''மிதாலி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'' (டாக்கா - [[Wy/ta/நியூ சல்பைகுரி|நியூ சல்பைகுரி]]).

[[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கித்தான்]] மற்றும் இந்தியா இடையிலான அனைத்து இரயில் சேவைகளும் 2019-ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் நிறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன.

[http://www.indianrail.gov.in இந்தியத் தொடருந்து விசாரணை] இணையதளத்தில் நிலையங்களுக்கு இடையே எந்தெந்த தொடருந்துகள் உள்ளன என்பதை நீங்கள் தெரிந்துகொள்ளலாம். இருப்பினும், இணையம் வழியாக தொடருந்து பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்ய, இந்திய அரசின் இணையதளமான [https://www.india.gov.in/ இந்திய அரசின் அதிகாரபூர்வ இணையதளத்]-தைப் பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும். இந்தத் தளத்தின் மூலம் முன்பதிவு செய்ய, நீங்கள் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும் (இதற்கு எவ்விதக் கட்டணமும் இல்லை); மேலும், உங்களுக்கு ஒரு கடனட்டை அல்லது பற்று அட்டை தேவைப்படும். தொடருந்து பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்யக் குறைந்தபட்சச் சேவைக்கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கும் பல பயண முகவர்களின் சேவைகளையும் நீங்கள் பயன்படுத்திக்கொள்ளலாம்.

=== நிலவழி ===
==== நேபாளம் ====
[[Wy/ta/காட்மாண்டு|காட்மாண்டு]], [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளம்]], பேருந்துகள் தினசரி எல்லையைக் கடக்கின்றன. வழக்கமாக [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]], [[Wy/ta/இலக்னோ|இலக்னோ]], [[Wy/ta/பட்னா|பட்னா]], [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/வாரணாசி|வாரணாசி]] ஆகிய இடங்களுக்குச் செல்லும். இருப்பினும், எல்லைக் கடக்கும் ஒரு பேருந்தையும் அங்கிருந்து மற்றொரு பேருந்தையும் எடுத்துச் செல்வது மலிவானது மற்றும் நம்பகமானது. எல்லைக் கடப்புகள் (இந்தியா/நேபாளம் பக்கம்) வாரணாசிக்கு சுனௌலி/பைரவா, [[Wy/ta/பட்னா|பட்னாக்கான]] ரக்சால்/பிர்கஞ்ச், கொல்கத்தா, [[Wy/ta/காகர்பிட்டா|காகர்பிட்டா]] சிலிகுரி மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/டார்ஜிலிங்|டார்ஜிலிங்]], மற்றும் தில்லிக்கு மகேந்திரநகர்-பன்பாசா. நேபாளத்துடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புகளும் ''சஷாஸ்த்ரா சீமா பாலின்'' அதிகார வரம்பிற்கு உட்பட்டவை, மேலும் எல்லைக் கடக்கும் செயல்முறையின் மூலம் உங்களுக்கு வழிகாட்டும் இந்த அதிகாரிகளுடன் நீங்கள் இணங்க வேண்டும்.

==== பூட்டான் ====
[[Wy/ta/பூட்டான்|பூட்டான்]] அரசாங்கம் புயன்ட்சோலிங்கிலிருந்து ஒரு சேவையை இயக்குகிறது. இப்பயணத்திற்கு சுமார் 18 மணிநேரம் ஆகும். [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரிக்கும்]] புயன்ட்சோலிங்கிற்கும் இடையே அடிக்கடி சேவைகள் உள்ளன.

==== மியான்மார் ====
[[File:India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway.svg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியா-மியான்மார்-தாய்லாந்து முத்தரப்பு நெடுஞ்சாலை&quot;யானது, மியான்மார் வழியாக இந்தியாவின் மணிப்பூர் மாநிலத்திலுள்ள மோரே நகரையும் தாய்லாந்தின் மே சோட் நகரையும் இணைக்கிறது. இதன் மூலம் 1,813 கி.மீ நீளமுள்ள &quot;இம்பால்-மண்டலே-பாங்காக்&quot; வழித்தடம் உருவாகிறது.]]
[[Wy/ta/மியான்மார்|மியான்மார்]] நாட்டிலிருந்து '''மோரே/[[Wy/ta/தாமு|தாமு]]''' வழியாக நுழைவது சாத்தியமாகும். இதுவே இவ்விரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே பயணிக்க இந்தியாவில் உள்ள மிகவும் மேம்பட்ட மற்றும் ஒரே வளர்ச்சியடைந்த பாதையாகும். இது '''இந்தியா-மியான்மார் நட்புச் சாலை''' மற்றும் '''இந்தியா-மியான்மார்-தாய்லாந்து முத்தரப்பு நெடுஞ்சாலை''' ஆகியவற்றின் வழித்தடமாகும். மியான்மாருடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பகுதிகளும் '''அசாம் ரைப்பிள்ஸ்''' படையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எனவே, எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது இராணுவ அதிகாரிகளின் வழிகாட்டுதல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

==== பாக்கித்தான் ====
[[Wy/ta/வாகா|வாகா]]/[[Wy/ta/அட்டாரி|அட்டாரி]], [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான் நிர்வகிக்கும் காசுமீர்|சக்கோதி]]/[[Wy/ta/ஊரி|ஊரி]], [[Wy/ta/பூஞ்சு  பிரிவு|சக்கன் தா பாகு]]/[[Wy/ta/பூஞ்சு|பூஞ்சு]], [[Wy/ta/கசூர்|கசூர்]]/[[Wy/ta/பெரோசுபூர்|பெரோசுபூர்]], [[Wy/ta/பகாவல்நகர்|பகாவல்நகர்]]/[[Wy/ta/பட்டிண்டா|பட்டிண்டா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/லோங்கேவாலா|லோங்கேவாலா]] ஆகிய வழிகள் வழியாக நீங்கள் '''நுழைய முடியாது'''. இந்தியாவின் பாதுகாப்பு கவலைகள் காரணமாக இவை காலவரையின்றி மூடப்பட்டுள்ளன. எல்லைப் பதற்றம் காரணமாக, பாகித்தானுடனான எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பாதைகள் வழியாக வெளியேறுவதற்கும் உங்களுக்கு அனுமதி இல்லை.

இந்த எல்லையிலிருந்து 10 கி.மீ சுற்றளவிற்குள் பயணம் செய்வதைத் தவிர்க்குமாறு பல நாடுகள் தொடர்ந்து அறிவுறுத்தி வருகின்றன.

பாகித்தானுடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பாதைகளும் '''எல்லைப் பாதுகாப்புப் படை'''யின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது வழிகாட்டும் அந்த அதிகாரிகளின் அறிவுறுத்தல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

==== வங்காளதேசம் ====
[[Wy/ta/வங்காளதேசம்|வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து]] இந்தியாவுக்குள் நுழைவதற்குப் பல தரைவழிப் பாதைகள் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், எல்லைப் பகுதிகளில் அவ்வப்போது ஏற்படும் மோதல்கள் காரணமாக, இந்தியா-வங்காளதேச எல்லைக்குச் செல்லும்போது அங்குள்ள நிலவரத்தை முன்கூட்டியே சரிபார்க்குமாறு பல நாடுகள் அறிவுறுத்துகின்றன.

வங்காளதேசத்துடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புப் பகுதிகளும் '''எல்லைப் பாதுகாப்புப் படை'''யின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எனவே, எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது அந்த அதிகாரிகளின் வழிகாட்டுதல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

{{Wy/ta/Anchor|அரிதாசுபூர்-பெனாபோல் கிராசிங்}}
டாக்காவிலிருந்து கொல்கத்தாவிற்கு, [[Wy/ta/பங்கான்|பங்கான்]] அருகே உள்ள [[Wy/ta/பெனாபோல்|'''பெட்ராபோல்-பெனாபோல்''']] எல்லைச் சாவடி வழியாக இயக்கப்படும் வழக்கமான குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட மற்றும் வசதியான பேருந்து சேவைகளே மிகவும் பொதுவான வழியாகும். [[Wy/ta/டாக்கா|டாக்காவிலிருந்து]] ''வங்காளதேச சாலை போக்குவரத்துக் கழக (BRTC)'' சிட்டையின் கீழ் ''ஷியாமோலி'' மற்றும் பிற நிறுவனங்களால் இயக்கப்படும் மற்றொரு தினசரி பேருந்து சேவை [[Wy/ta/சிலிகுரி|சிலிகுரியை]] இணைக்கிறது, ஆனால் இந்த வழித்தடத்தில் உள்ள பேருந்துகள் சங்ரபந்தா/புரிமாரி அல்லது புருங்மாரி எல்லைச் சாவடிகளைக் கடப்பதில்லை. டாக்காவிற்கும் [[Wy/ta/திரிபுரா|திரிபுராவின்]] தலைநகரான [[Wy/ta/அகர்தலா|அகர்தலாவிற்கும்]] இடையே ஒரு வழக்கமான பேருந்து சேவையும் உள்ளது. வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து மேற்கு வங்காளத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கான இலி, சிலாகதி/அல்திபாரி, பங்களாபந்த் எல்லைச் சாவடிகள்; மேகாலயாவில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/சில்லாங்|சில்லாங்கிற்குச்]] செல்லும் வழித்தடத்திற்கான தமாபில் எல்லைச் சாவடி; மற்றும் வடகிழக்கு இந்தியப் பகுதிகளுக்கு அதிகம் அறியப்படாத வழித்தடங்களைக் கொண்ட வேறு சில இடங்களும் வங்காளதேசத்திலிருந்து மற்ற நுழைவிடங்களாகும்.

==== சீனா ====
[[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/நாது லா|'''நாது லா கணவாய்''']], [[Wy/ta/திபெத்|திபெத்]] எல்லையில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இந்தக் எல்லைப் பகுதி சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்குத் திறக்கப்படவில்லை. உள்ளூர் வணிகர்கள் மட்டுமே இதைக் கடந்து செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். இருபுறமிருந்தும் இந்தக் கணவாயைச் சென்று பார்க்கச் சிறப்பு அனுமதிகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், வெளிநாட்டினர் இந்தியப் பகுதிக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி இல்லை.

திபெத் எல்லையில் அமைந்துள்ள [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] மாநிலத்தின் '''லிபுலேக் கணவாய்''', முக்கியமாக [[Wy/ta/கயிலை மலை|கயிலை மலை]] மற்றும் மானசரோவர் ஏரிக்குச் செல்லும் இந்து, பௌத்த மற்றும் சமண மத பயணிகளுக்கான பாதையாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. இக்கணவாய் திபெத்தில் உள்ள புரங் நகருக்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இதன் வழியாகச் செல்ல அனுமதிகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன.

திபெத் எல்லையில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசத்தின்]] '''சிப்கி லா கணவாய்''', எல்லை தாண்டிய சிறிய அளவிலான உள்ளூர் வர்த்தகத்திற்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. இப்பகுதி அப்பகுதியைச் சாராதவர்களுக்குத் திறக்கப்படவில்லை.

எனவே, பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் [[Wy/ta/நேபாளம்|நேபாளத்தில்]] உள்ள தரைவழிப் பாதைகள் மூலமாகவே பயணம் செய்கிறார்கள்.

சீனாவுடனான அனைத்து எல்லைக் கடப்புகளும் ''இந்தோ-திபெத்திய எல்லைக் காவல் படையின் (ஐடிபிபி)'' கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளன. எல்லைக் கடப்பு நடைமுறைகளின்போது வழிகாட்டும் இவர்களின் அறிவுறுத்தல்களை நீங்கள் பின்பற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==
இந்தியா ஒரு மிகப்பெரிய நாடு. இங்குப் பயணம் செய்வதற்குப் பல சுவையான வழிகள் உள்ளன. ஆனால், அவற்றில் பெரும்பாலானவற்றைத் திறமையானவை அல்லது நேரத்தைக் கச்சிதமாகக் கடைப்பிடிப்பவை என்று சொல்ல முடியாது. ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட நேரத்திற்குள் (உதாரணமாக, நீங்கள் ஊர் திரும்பும் வானூர்திப் பயணத்திற்கு) சென்றடைய வேண்டிய கட்டாயம் இருந்தால், பயணத்திற்குத் தாராளமான கூடுதல் நேரத்தை ஒதுக்குங்கள். அத்துடன், பயணத்தின் நோக்கத்தை அடைவது மட்டுமல்லாமல், அந்தப் பயணத்தை மேற்கொள்வதே அதில் உள்ள பாதி மகிழ்ச்சி என்பதையும் நினைவில் கொள்ளுங்கள்.

[[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு இந்தியா|வடகிழக்கு இந்தியாவின்]] பெரும்பகுதி ([[Wy/ta/அசாம்|அசாம்]] மாநிலம் இதற்கு விதிவிலக்கு), [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சம்மு காசுமீர் (ஒன்றியப் பகுதி)|சம்மு காசுமீர்]], [[Wy/ta/இலடாக்கு|இலடாக்கு]], [[Wy/ta/இலட்சத்தீவுகள்|இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]], [[Wy/ta/இராசத்தான்|இராசத்தான்]], [[Wy/ta/இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|இமாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/உத்தராகண்டம்|உத்தராகண்டம்]] ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல '''பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி''' அல்லது '''உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி''' பெற வேண்டியிருக்கும் ([[#உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி|கீழே உள்ள]] பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்). சாதாரண விசா வைத்திருக்கும் வெளிநாட்டினரைப் பொறுத்தவரை, இந்திய விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே இந்த அனுமதிகளையும் கோருவது எளிதான வழியாகும்; அப்போது அவை உங்கள் விசாவிலேயே இணைக்கப்படும் (மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரம் அல்லது மின்னணு-விசா வசதியைப் பயன்படுத்தும்போது இது சாத்தியமில்லை). இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் உள்ளூர் உள்துறை அமைச்சக அலுவலகத்தைத் (மாவட்ட மாஜிஸ்திரேட் அலுவலகம் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) தேடிக் கண்டுபிடித்து, அதிகாரத்துவ நடைமுறைகளை எதிர்கொள்ள வேண்டியிருக்கும். உள்ளூர் பயண முகவர்கள் மூலமாகவும் இந்த அனுமதிகளைப் பெறலாம். ஆனால், பெரும்பாலும் அவர்களிடமே சுற்றுலாப் பயணத் திட்டத்தைப் பதிவு செய்வது இதற்கு நிபந்தனையாக இருக்கலாம். இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் இந்த அனுமதிகளுக்கு இணையம் வழியாக விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்.

=== முகவரிகள் ===
நீங்கள் ஒரு இடத்திற்குச் செல்ல வேண்டுமென்றால், முன்கூட்டியே தொலைபேசியில் அழைத்து விரிவான வழிமுறைகளைக் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்வது நல்லது. நகரங்களுக்கு வெளியே சாலைப் பெயர்ப் பலகைகள் அரிதாகவோ அல்லது இல்லாமலோ இருக்கலாம் என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்ளுங்கள். முகவரிகளை எளிதாகக் கண்டறியும் வகையில், &quot;பிரித்வி திரையரங்குக்கு எதிரில்&quot;, &quot;மாருதி காட்சி அறைக்குப் பின்னால்&quot; அல்லது &quot;கோவில்/தேவாலயம்/மசூதி/வங்கி கிளை/காவல் நிலையம்/பள்ளிக்கு அருகில்&quot; போன்ற முக்கிய அடையாளங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் முகவரிகளில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டிருக்கும். மேற்கத்திய முகவரி முறையைப் போலன்றி, இந்திய முறையில் தெருப் பெயர் மற்றும் தொகுதி எண்ணுக்குப் பதிலாக, மனையின் எண் அல்லது வீட்டு எண் (சில சமயங்களில் வீட்டுப் பெயர்), தெரு அல்லது சாலையின் பெயர், அதைத் தொடர்ந்து முக்கிய அடையாளம் மற்றும் அஞ்சல் குறியீட்டு எண் ஆகியவை பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. ஒரு இடத்தைக் கண்டறியச் சற்று தேட வேண்டியிருக்கலாம். ஆனால், அந்தப் பகுதியில் உங்களுக்கு வழிகாட்ட முன்வரும் யாரையாவது நீங்கள் நிச்சயம் காணலாம். பல நாடுகளைப் போலன்றி, இந்தியாவில் மக்கள் தெரு முகவரிகள் குறித்த வழிகாட்டுதலுக்கு வழிப்போக்கர்கள், அருகிலுள்ள கடைக்காரர்கள் அல்லது காவல்துறையினரை அணுகுவது வழக்கம். எனவே நீங்களும் அவ்வாறே செய்யலாம். மக்கள் உங்களுக்கு உதவ மகிழ்ச்சியுடன் முன்வருவார்கள். முக்கிய நகரங்களில் புவிநிலை காட்டி (''ஜிபிஎஸ்'') வசதியுடன் கூடிய கூகுள் நிலப்படங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் சிறப்பாகச் செயல்படும். இருப்பினும், சாலைப் பெயர்களின் எழுத்துப்பிழை அல்லது வரைபடத்தில் தவறான இருப்பிடக் குறிப்பு போன்ற காரணங்களால் சில நேரங்களில் அது துல்லியமாக இல்லாமல் போகலாம்.

==== உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி ====
உள்-வரிசை அனுமதி என்பது, இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட அல்லது கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்கு உட்பட்ட பகுதிகளுக்குள் குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்திற்குச் சென்று வர இந்திய அரசால் வழங்கப்படும் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ பயண ஆவணமாகும். பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட மாநிலங்களுக்குள் நுழைவதற்கு, அந்த மாநிலங்களுக்கு வெளியேயுள்ள இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் இத்தகைய அனுமதியைப் பெறுவது கட்டாயமாகும். இந்தியாவின் சர்வதேச எல்லைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள குறிப்பிட்ட சில பகுதிகளுக்கான நடமாட்டத்தைக் முறைப்படுத்துவதற்காக அரசின் முயற்சியாக இந்த ஆவணம் உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது ஒரு பாதுகாப்பு நடவடிக்கையாகும்; மேலும் இது பின்வரும் மாநிலங்களுக்குப் பொருந்தும்:

* [[Wy/ta/அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்|அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேசம்]] — இதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேச அரசுச் செயலாளரால் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. அசாம் அல்லது நாகாலாந்துடனான மாநில எல்லைகளில் உள்ள சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் வழியாக அருணாச்சலப் பிரதேச மாநிலத்திற்குள் நுழைய இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் அவசியமாகும். முக்கிய நகரங்களில் உள்ள 'அருணாச்சல் பவன்' அலுவலகங்களில் இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளைப் பெறலாம். குறிப்பிட்ட மாவட்டங்களுக்கென அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் வழங்கப்படுவதால், மாவட்ட நுழைவு அனுமதிகளுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும் முன்பே உங்கள் பயணத் திட்டத்தை வகுத்துக்கொள்ள வேண்டும். ஒவ்வொரு மாவட்ட எல்லையிலும் உள்ள சோதனைச் சாவடிகள், உள்ளூர்வாசிகள் மற்றும் அனுமதிச் சீட்டு வைத்திருப்பவர்களை மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கின்றன.
* [[Wy/ta/மணிப்பூர்|மணிப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/மிசோரம்|மிசோரம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/நாகாலாந்து|நாகாலாந்து]] — கட்டுப்பாடற்ற மக்கள் வருகையைத் தவிர்க்கும் பொருட்டு, இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்திற்குள் மாநிலத்திற்குள் நுழைவதை அனுமதிக்கும் வகையில் அந்தந்த மாநில அரசுகளால் இதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகள் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. பெரும்பாலான வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு இந்த அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவையில்லை; இருப்பினும், அவர்கள் மாநிலத்திற்கு வந்தடைந்த 24 மணி நேரத்திற்குள் காவல்துறையிடம் தங்களைப் பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். வழக்கமாக உங்கள் தங்கும் விடுதியே இந்தப் பணியைச் செய்துவிடும் என்றாலும், அதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக்கொள்வது நல்லது. ஆப்கானித்தான், சீனா மற்றும் பாக்கித்தான் ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் அல்லது முன்னாள் குடிமக்கள் இப்பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல உள்துறை அமைச்சகத்திடமிருந்து சிறப்பு அனுமதி பெற வேண்டும்.
* [[Wy/ta/சிக்கிம்|சிக்கிம்]] — இடைக்காலத்தில் பட்டுப் பாதையின் முக்கியப் பகுதியாகத் திகழ்ந்ததும், தற்போது இந்தியா-சீனா இடையிலான எல்லையின் ஒரு பகுதியாக அமைந்திருப்பதுமான [[Wy/ta/நாது லா|நாது லா]] கணவாய்க்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவைப்படுகிறது. இக்கணவாய்க்குச் செல்ல வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு அனுமதி வழங்கப்படுவதில்லை. இந்தியக் குடிமக்கள் மட்டுமே இங்குச் செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள். மேலும், [[Wy/ta/லாச்சுங்|லாச்சுங்]]-[[Wy/ta/லாச்சென்|லாச்சென்]] போன்ற உயரமான மலைப்பகுதிகள் மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/குருடோங்மார் ஏரி|குருடோங்மார் ஏரி]] ஆகிய இடங்களுக்குச் செல்வதற்கான அனுமதிச் சீட்டுகளை கேங்டாக்கிலிருந்து நேரடியாகப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். இப்பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல வெளிநாட்டினரும் அனுமதிக்கப்படலாம். &quot;சீரோ பாயிண்ட்&quot; எனப்படும் மற்றொரு இடத்திற்கும் செல்ல அனுமதிச் சீட்டு தேவைப்படுகிறது.
* [[Wy/ta/அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்|அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்]] — இந்தியர் அல்லாதவர்கள் இத்தீவுகளுக்குச் செல்ல ''கட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட பகுதி அனுமதி'' பெற வேண்டும். தற்போது இவ்வனுமதி [[Wy/ta/ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்|ஸ்ரீவிசயபுரம்]], நீங்கள் கடல் வழியாக வருவதாக இருந்தால், [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] அல்லது இந்திய விசாவிற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும்போதே அதற்கான அனுமதியை முன்கூட்டியே பெற்றுக்கொள்ள வேண்டும். இந்தியக் குடிமக்களுக்கு அந்தமான் தீவுகளுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி தேவையில்லை. இருப்பினும், நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள் மற்றும் பிற பழங்குடியினப் பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல அனுமதி தேவைப்படுகிறது, மேலும் இத்தகைய அனுமதிகள் அரிதாகவே வழங்கப்படுகின்றன.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
இந்தியாவின் பரந்த நிலப்பரப்பும், சீரற்ற சாலைகளும் வானூர்திப் பயணத்தை ஒரு நடைமுறைக்கு ஏற்ற விருப்பமாக்குகின்றது. குறிப்பாக, கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளில் கட்டணங்கள் சரிந்துள்ளதால் இது சாத்தியமாகியுள்ளது. இந்தியாவின் கடலோரத் தீவுகள் மற்றும் தொலைதூர மலை மாநிலங்களுக்குக் கூட வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன. கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளில் ஏற்பட்ட வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்து வளர்ச்சியின் காரணமாக, வானூர்தி நிலையங்களால் இந்த வான் போக்குவரத்தைச் சமாளிக்க முடியவில்லை. பெரும்பாலான இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்கள் ஒரே ஒரு ஓடுபாதை மற்றும் சில பயணிகள் ஏறும் வாயில்களுடன் தொடர்ந்து இயங்கி வருகின்றன. குறிப்பாக தில்லி மற்றும் மும்பையில், வருகைப் பதிவு மற்றும் பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைக்கான வரிசைகள் மிகவும் நீளமாக இருக்கலாம். இந்தியா, ஐதராபாத்து மற்றும் பெங்களூருவில் இரண்டு புதிய சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையங்களைக் கட்டியுள்ளது. அவை நவீனமானவை மற்றும் சிறந்த வசதிகளுடன் கூடியவை. தில்லி வானூர்தி நிலையத்தில் புதிதாகக் கட்டப்பட்ட முனையம் 3, உலகின் 8-வது பெரிய முனையமாகும்.

வட இந்தியாவில், குறிப்பாக தில்லியில், '''கடுமையான குளிர்காலப் பனிமூட்டம்''' பயண அட்டவணைகளில் பெரும் பாதிப்பை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடும். குறிப்பாக கிறிஸ்துமஸ் பண்டிகைக் காலத்திலும் சனவரி மாதத்திலும் இது நிகழ்ந்து, நாடு முழுவதும் மிகப்பெரிய தாமதங்களுக்கு வழிவகுக்கிறது. மலைகளில் உள்ள சிறிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களுக்கு, குறிப்பாக ஆண்டின் பெரும்பாலான நாட்களில் வானூர்தி மூலம் மட்டுமே சென்றடையக்கூடிய இலடாக்கிலுள்ள [[Wy/ta/லே|லே]] போன்ற இடங்களுக்கு, வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்து எப்போதுமே சீரற்றதாகவே இருக்கும்.

==== வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் ====
[[File:IndiGo A320neo (VT-ITZ) @ GAU, Sept 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய உள்நாட்டு வானூர்தி நிறுவனம் இன்டிகோ ஆகும். இது அதன் A320neo வானூர்தி.]]
ஒரு காலத்தில், உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திச் சேவைகள் அரசுக்குச் சொந்தமான இந்தியன் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் நிறுவனத்தின் ஏகபோக உரிமையாக இருந்தன. ஆனால் நிலைமை இப்போது பெருமளவு மாறிவிட்டது. தற்போது பல போட்டியாளர்கள் களத்தில் உள்ளனர், மேலும் அவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் மிகச் சிறந்த சேவைகளைச் சிறந்த கட்டணத்தில் வழங்குகின்றனர். இந்தியாவில் செயல்படும் வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் இவைதான்.

* [https://www.goindigo.in/ '''இன்டிகோ'''] – இந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். உள்நாட்டுச் சந்தையில் ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்தும் இது, நாடு முழுவதும் 88 நகரங்களை இணைக்கும் ஒரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி சேவையாகும். இது ஏர்பஸ் ''ஏ320'' மற்றும் ''ஏடிஆர்'' பிராந்திய ரக விமானங்களைக் கொண்ட நவீன விமானத் தொகுப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. பல விமான நிறுவனங்களுடன் ''குறியீடு-பகிர்வு'' எனப்படும் கூட்டுச் சேவை ஒப்பந்தங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.airindia.com/ ஏர் இந்தியா]''' – இந்தியாவின் முதன்மை வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். வரலாற்று ரீதியாக இது மோசமான நற்பெயரைக் கொண்டிருந்தாலும், தற்போது டாடா குழுமத்தால் புத்துயிர் அளிக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது. இது நாடு முழுவதும் பரந்த வலையமைப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளதோடு, சிறந்த பிராந்திய இணைப்பு வசதியையும் வழங்குகிறது. இது ''இசுடார் கூட்டணி'' அமைப்பின் உறுப்பினராக உள்ளது.
* '''[https://www.airindiaexpress.in/ ஏர் இந்தியா எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்]''' – ஏர் இந்தியாவின் குறைந்த கட்டண துணை நிறுவனம். இது முக்கிய வழித்தடங்களிலும், வளைகுடா மற்றும் தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவில் உள்ள சர்வதேச இடங்களுக்கும் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* [https://www.spicejet.com/ '''ஸ்பைஸ்ஜெட்'''] – மற்றொரு குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது சுமார் 34 உள்நாட்டு இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[https://www.akasaair.com/ ஆகாசா ஏர்]''' – போயிங் 737 மேக்ஸ் ரக விமானங்களைக் கொண்டு 20 உள்நாட்டு இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்கும் குறைந்த கட்டண வானூர்தி நிறுவனம். இந்திய விமானப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறையில் மிகத் துல்லியமான நேரக் கட்டுப்பாட்டுடன் இயங்கும் நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.
* '''[https://www.allianceair.in/ அலையன்ஸ் ஏர்]:''' இந்தியாவின் அரசுக்குச் சொந்தமான வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது சிறிய ரக வானூர்திகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி, அதிகம் அறியப்படாத இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[http://www.starair.in/ இசுடார் ஏர்]''' – பெங்களூரைத் தலைமையிடமாகக் கொண்ட குறைந்த கட்டண பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம்; இது சிறிய எம்பிரேயர் ஜெட் வானூர்திகளைக் கொண்டு பெரும்பாலும் தென்னிந்தியா மற்றும் மேற்கு இந்தியப் பகுதிகளில் உள்ள இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.
* '''[https://fly91.in/ பிளை91]''' – கோவாவைத் தலைமையிடமாகக் கொண்ட குறைந்த கட்டண பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். இது ஏடிஆர்-72 ரக வானூர்திகளைக் கொண்டு 8 இடங்களுக்குச் சேவைகளை வழங்குவதோடு, பல்வேறு நகரங்களையும் இணைக்கிறது.
* '''[https://www.indiaoneair.com/ இந்தியா ஒன் ஏர்]''' – சிறிய நகரங்களை பெருநகரங்களுடன் இணைப்பதை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்ட ஒரு பிராந்திய வானூர்தி சேவை நிறுவனம். ஒற்றை-இயந்திரம் கொண்ட வானூர்தியை இயக்கும் இந்தியாவின் முதல் திட்டமிடப்பட்ட விமான சேவை நிறுவனம் இதுவாகும்.

====கட்டணங்கள்====
பெரும்பாலான இடங்களுக்குப் பல வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் சேவையை வழங்குவதால், பயணக் கட்டணங்கள் ஒப்பீட்டளவில் குறைவாகவும் நிலையானதாகவும் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், வாரத்தின் வெவ்வேறு நாட்களில் சில முறை கட்டணங்களைச் சரிபார்ப்பது நல்லது.

₹500-க்கு வானூர்தி பயணச்சீட்டுகள் கிடைப்பதாக நீங்கள் கேள்விப்பட்டிருக்கலாம். ஆனால் அவை குறிப்பிட்ட எண்ணிக்கையிலான இருக்கைகளுக்கான சிறப்புச் சலுகை கட்டணங்கள் மட்டுமே, அவை சில நொடிகளிலேயே விற்றுத் தீர்ந்துவிடும். சில சமயங்களில், விளம்பரப்படுத்தப்படும் கட்டணத்தில் பயணிகள் சேவைக்கான கட்டணம், எரிபொருள் கூடுதல் கட்டணம் மற்றும் வரிகள் போன்றவை சேர்க்கப்படாமல் இருக்கலாம். இவை பின்னர் கூடுதலாகச் சேர்க்கப்படும். இருப்பினும், குறைந்த கட்டணத்தில் சேவை வழங்கும் விமான நிறுவனங்களிடமிருந்து நல்ல கட்டணத்தில் பயணச்சீட்டுகளைப் பெற முடியும். மேலே குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட குறைவான சேவைத் தொடர்புகள் காரணமாக, பெரிய நகரங்களுக்கான பயணக் கட்டணத்தை விடச் சிறிய நகரங்களுக்கான கட்டணம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும். அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளில் காணப்படுவது போன்ற மிகவும் சிக்கலான கட்டண முறைகள் இந்தியாவில் இன்னும் முழுமையாக நடைமுறைக்கு வரவில்லை என்றாலும், அத்தகைய முறையை நோக்கியே இங்கேயும் மாற்றங்கள் நிகழ்ந்து வருகின்றன. வார இறுதி நாட்களில் அதிக கட்டணம், இருவழிப் பயணங்களுக்குக் குறைந்த கட்டணம் அல்லது வார இறுதி நாட்களை ஒட்டிய ''சுற்றுப்பயணங்களுக்கு''க் குறைந்த கட்டணம் போன்ற விஷயங்களைப் பற்றி நீங்கள் கவலைப்படத் தேவையில்லை.

==== வருகைப் பதிவு ====
இந்திய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் வருகைப் பதிவு செயல்முறை பெரும்பாலும் மெதுவாகவே இருக்கும். இதில் நீண்ட வரிசைகள் மற்றும் பல கட்ட பாதுகாப்பு சோதனைகள் அடங்கும்.

உங்கள் பயணத்தை எளிதாக்க சில குறிப்புகள்:

* முக்கிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலிருந்து பயணம் செய்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், '''விமானம் புறப்படுவதற்கு குறைந்தது இரண்டு முதல் மூன்று மணி நேரத்திற்கு முன்னதாகவே''' அங்கு வந்து சேரவும். சிறிய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலிருந்து உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளில் பயணிப்பதாக இருந்தால், 60 அல்லது 90 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாக வருவது போதுமானது. வானூர்தி புறப்படும் நேரத்திற்கு 45 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே வருகைப் பதிவு முடிந்துவிடும். அதேபோல், வானூர்தியில் ஏறும் வாயில் 25 நிமிடங்களுக்கு முன்னதாகவே மூடப்படும். வானூர்தி புறப்படுவதில் ஏற்படும் தாமதத்தைத் தவிர்க்க, இந்த விதிமுறைகள் இப்போது பரவலாகவும் கடுமையாகவும் அமல்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
*   முன்பெல்லாம் பயணிகள் தங்கள் வானூர்திப் பயணத்திற்குச் சில மணிநேரங்களுக்கு முன்னதாக மட்டுமே வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்பட்டனர். ஆனால் இப்போது இந்த விதிமுறை தளர்த்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனவே, அதிகாலையில் வானூர்திப் பயணம் இருந்தால், நீங்கள் வானூர்தி நிலையத்திலேயே இரவு முழுவதும் தங்கலாம்.
*   '''உங்கள் பயணச்சீட்டின் அச்சுப்பிரதி அல்லது மென்நகலை''' மற்றும் '''அரசு வழங்கிய அடையாள அட்டையை''' (உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளுக்கு இது பயன்படும், சர்வதேச வானூர்திகளுக்கு இது கட்டாயம் - ''டிஜி யாத்திரா'' பயன்படுத்தினால் இது தேவையில்லை) உடன் எடுத்து வரவும். இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைய அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டீர்கள். வானூர்தி நிலைய நுழைவு வாயிலில் உள்ள பாதுகாப்புப் பணியாளர்கள் இவற்றை கட்டாயமாகச் சரிபார்த்து உறுதிப்படுத்துவார்கள். உங்களிடம் அச்சுப்பிரதியோ அல்லது மென்நகலோ இல்லையென்றால், நுழைவு வாயிலுக்கு வெளியே உள்ள வானூர்தி நிறுவன அலுவலகங்களில் நகலைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். சில வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் இந்தச் சேவைக்குக் கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கத் தொடங்கியுள்ளன.
*   சில வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் '''டிஜி யாத்திரா''' வசதி உள்ளது (குறிப்பிட்ட இடங்களிலிருந்து புறப்படும் உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திகளுக்கு மட்டுமே இது கிடைக்கும்). இது வருகைப் பதிவு, பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனை மற்றும் வானூர்தியில் ஏறும் வாயில் போன்ற பல்வேறு இடங்களில், காகித வடிவிலான ஆவணங்கள் இல்லாமலேயே பயணிகளின் அடையாளத்தைச் சரிபார்க்க உதவுகிறது. டிஜி யாத்திரா செயலி மூலம் பதிவு செய்த பயணிகளுக்காக, வானூர்தி நிலைய நுழைவு, வருகைப் பதிவு மற்றும் பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனை ஆகிய இடங்களில் தனி வரிசைகள் 24 வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. டிஜி யாத்திராவில் பதிவு செய்ய உங்களுக்கு ''ஆதார் அட்டை'' தேவைப்படும்.
* பெரும்பாலான பழைய வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், பெருநகரங்களுக்கு வெளியே உள்ள பல வானூர்தி நிலையங்களிலும், வருகைப் பதிவுக்கு முன்பாகவே (பொதுவாக நுழைவாயிலுக்கு அருகிலுள்ள ஒரு இடத்தில்) உங்கள் பயணப் பைகளை பரிசோதனைக்கு உட்படுத்த வேண்டும். சம்மு, சிறிநகர் அல்லது வடகிழக்கு மாநிலங்களில் உள்ள அதிக பாதுகாப்புள்ள வானூர்தி நிலையங்களில், வானூர்திக்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்லும் கைப்பைக்கும் கூட பரிசோதனை கட்டாயமாகும். அனைத்துக் கைப்பைகளும் ஊடுகதிர் ஸ்கேனர் மூலம் பரிசோதிக்கப்படும். அத்துடன் பாதுகாப்புப் பணியாளர்களின் விருப்பத்தின் பேரில், அவை நேரிடையாகவும் சோதிக்கப்படலாம்.
* '''வானூர்தி நிலையத்தின் வருகைப் பதிவுப் பகுதிக்குள் நுழைந்த பிறகு, உங்கள் வானூர்தி தாமதமானாலோ அல்லது ரத்து செய்யப்பட்டாலோ ஒழிய, நீங்கள் மீண்டும் வெளியேற முடியாது.''' எனவே, வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு முன்பே உங்கள் அனைத்து வேலைகளையும் முடித்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். மேலும், பாதுகாப்பான பயணத்திற்காக வானூர்தி புறப்படுவதற்கு பல மணிநேரங்களுக்கு முன்பே நீங்கள் அங்கு சென்றால், உள்ளே நேரத்தை எவ்வாறு பயனுள்ளதாகக் கழிப்பது என்பதை முன்கூட்டியே திட்டமிட்டுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.
* '''உங்களுடன் எடுத்துச் செல்லும் ஒவ்வொரு கைப்பைக்கும் ஒரு பயணப்பைச் சிட்டை பெற்று, அதை அதில் இணைத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.''' பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைச் சாவடியில் உள்ள பணியாளர்கள் உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டு மற்றும் உங்கள் கைப்பைகளின் பயணப்பைச் சிட்டைகள் ஆகியவற்றில் முத்திரையிடுவார்கள். உங்கள் நுழைவுச் சீட்டை ஊடுகதிர் பெல்ட்டில் வைக்காதீர்கள். உலோக உணர்வி வழியாகச் செல்லும்போது அதை உங்களுடனேயே எடுத்துச் செல்லுங்கள். பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனைப் பகுதியை விட்டு வெளியேறும் முன், இந்த முத்திரைகள் அனைத்தும் சரியாகப் பெறப்பட்டிருப்பதை உறுதிசெய்துகொள்ளுங்கள். முத்திரையிடப்பட்ட நுழைவுச் சீட்டு இல்லையென்றால், நீங்கள் வானூர்தியில் ஏற அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டீர்கள்.
அதேபோல், முத்திரையிடப்பட்ட பயணப்பைச் சிட்டை இணைக்கப்படாத பொருட்களை வானூர்திக்க்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்லவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படமாட்டாது.

ஏதேனும் சந்தேகம் இருந்தால், தயங்காமல் மற்றவர்களிடம் கேளுங்கள். வானூர்தி நிலையப் பணியாளர்கள் பொதுவாகப் பயணிகளுக்கு மிகவும் உதவியாக இருப்பார்கள். அவர்களுக்குப் பொதுவாக ஆங்கிலம் புரியும். நீங்கள் உங்கள் வானூர்தியைத் தவறவிடாமல் இருப்பதை உறுதிசெய்ய அவர்கள் முழு முயற்சி எடுப்பார்கள். குறைவான உடைமைகளுடன் (அதாவது வருகைப் பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டிய பெரிய பைகள் இல்லாமல்) பயணிப்பவர்களுக்கெனத் தனி வரிசைகள் உள்ளன. இந்த வரிசைகளில் பொதுவாகக் கூட்டம் குறைவாகவே இருக்கும். வானூர்திக்குள் எடுத்துச் செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படும் உடைமைகள் குறித்த விதிமுறைகள் ஒவ்வொரு வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்திற்கும் மாறுபடும். எனவே, முன்னெச்சரிக்கை நடவடிக்கையாக உங்கள் வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்தின் இணையதளத்தில் இதுகுறித்த விவரங்களைச் சரிபாருங்கள். குறிப்பாகக் குறைந்த கட்டண விமான சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்தும்போது இதைச் செய்வது அவசியம். பொதுவாக, பெரும்பாலான வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களில் 15 கிலோ வரையிலான உடைமைகளை இலவசமாகக் கொண்டு செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது.

மிகவும் அரிதான சூழலில் ஏதேனும் வானூர்தி விபத்து ஏற்பட்டால், உதவிக்கு {{Wy/ta/Phone|1011}} என்ற எண் கொண்ட உதவி மையம் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. 

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
{{Wy/ta/Main|Wy/ta/இந்தியாவில் தொடருந்துப் பயணம்}}

[[File:Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_(Victoria_Terminus).jpg|thumb|1878 முதல் 1887 வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தில் பம்பாயில் (தற்போது மும்பை) ''விக்டோரியா டெர்மினஸ்'' என்ற பெயரில் கட்டப்பட்ட [[Wy/ta/சத்திரபதி சிவாசி தொடருந்து நிலையம்|சத்திரபதி சிவாசி தொடருந்து நிலையம்]], ஆங்கிலோ-இந்தியக் கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு ஒரு குறிப்பிடத்தக்க எடுத்துக்காட்டாகும்.]]
இந்தியா உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய தொடருந்து வலைப்பின்னல்களில் ஒன்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. தொடருந்து சேவை மிகவும் திறமையானது என்றாலும், தொடருந்துகள் பெரும்பாலும் சரியான நேரத்தில் வருவதில்லை. இந்திய தொடருந்தில் பயணம் செய்வது இந்தியாவின் நிலப்பரப்பையும் அழகையும் கண்டறியும் வாய்ப்பை அளிப்பதோடு, உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திப் பயணத்தை விட இது பொதுவாகக் குறைந்த செலவுடையதாகவும் உள்ளது. ஆடம்பரமான வசதிகள் முதல் சாதாரண வசதிகள் வரை பல்வேறு வகுப்புகள் இருப்பதால், நாட்டையும் அதன் மக்களையும் அறிந்துகொள்ள இதுவே சிறந்த வழியாகும். தொடருந்தில் பயணிக்கும் பெரும்பாலான பயணிகள் உங்கள் மீது ஆர்வம் காட்டுவதோடு, உங்களுடன் உரையாடி நேரத்தைச் செலவிடுவதில் மகிழ்ச்சியும் கொள்வார்கள். இரவு நேர துயிலுறை வசதி வகுப்பு
கொண்ட தொடருந்தில் பயணிப்பது ஓட்டல் செலவை மிச்சப்படுத்தினாலும், சில வழித்தடங்களில் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருப்பதால் உங்கள் தூக்கம் அவ்வளவு வசதியாக இல்லாமல் போகலாம்.

அரிதாக நிகழக்கூடிய தொடருந்து விபத்து ஒன்றில் நீங்கள் சிக்கும் சூழல் ஏற்பட்டால், உதவிக்கான தொலைபேசி எண் {{Wy/ta/Phone|1011}} ஆகும். இந்தியாவில் தொடருந்துப் பயணம் பொதுவாகப் பாதுகாப்பானது என்றாலும், விபத்துகள் நிகழக்கூடும். கடந்த காலங்களில் இத்தகைய விபத்துகளால் உயிரிழப்புகளும் கடுமையான காயங்களும் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளன.

உங்களுக்கு உதவி தேவைப்பட்டால், தொடருந்துகளிலும் தொடருந்து நிலையங்களிலும் காவல்துறையினரோ அல்லது பாதுகாவலர்களோ இருப்பார்கள் (அவர்கள் தொடருந்து பாதுகாப்புப் படையைச் (ஆர்பிஎஃப்) சேர்ந்தவர்கள் என்பதைத் தெளிவாக அடையாளம் காண முடியும்).

==== பயணிகள் தொடருந்துகள் ====
'''உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகள்''' என்பவை ''இந்திய ரயில்வே''யால் இயக்கப்படும் பயணிகள் தொடருந்துகள் ஆகும். இவை முக்கிய நகரங்களைச் சுற்றியுள்ள ஊர்கள் மற்றும் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளை இணைக்கின்றன. தொடருந்து நிலையங்களின் நடைமேடைகளைப் போலவே, இந்த தொடருந்துகளும் பெரும்பாலும் அதிக நெரிசலுடன் காணப்படும். உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​நிலையங்களிலும் தொடருந்துகளிலும் ஜேப்படி திருடர்கள் இருக்கக்கூடும் என்பதால் உங்கள் சுற்றுப்புறம் குறித்து விழிப்புடன் இருக்கவும். இருப்பினும், இந்த தொடருந்துகளைச் சுற்றி ஒரு தனித்துவமான பண்பாடு நிலவுகிறது.

பெரும்பாலான முக்கிய நகரங்களில் ''பெருநகர்த் தொடரி'' மற்றும் ''இலகுத் தொடரி'' சேவைகள் உள்ளன. இவை பாதுகாப்பானவை மற்றும் முறையான காவல் கண்காணிப்புக்கு உட்பட்டவை. தொடருந்துகள் மற்றும் நிலையங்களில் மறைகாணிகள் பொருத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன, மேலும் நன்கு பயிற்சி பெற்ற பணியாளர்கள் பணியில் உள்ளனர். இவற்றின் தரம் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளுக்கு இணையானதாக உள்ளது. இருப்பினும், குறிப்பாக மக்கள் நடமாட்டம் மிகுந்த நேரங்களில் கூட்ட நெரிசல் ஏற்பட வாய்ப்புள்ளது. உள்ளே செல்வதற்கு முன், நீங்கள் ஒரு விரைவான பாதுகாப்புச் சோதனையை மேற்கொள்ள வேண்டியிருக்கலாம்.

பெண் பயணிகளுக்காக உள்ளூர் தொடருந்துகளில் பெண்களுக்கு மட்டுமான பெட்டிகள் உள்ளன (அவை எங்குள்ளன என்பதைச் சரிபார்க்கவும். தொடருந்தின் ஜன்னல்களில் அதற்கான குறியீடுகள் இருக்கும்).

==== வழக்கமான தொடருந்துகள் ====
[[File:Chennai train station.jpg|thumb|புரட்சித் தலைவர் டாக்டர் எம்.ஜி.ஆர். சென்னை மத்தியத் தொடருந்து நிலையம், [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]]]]


==== பயணச்சீட்டு முன்பதிவு ====


==== உணவு ====


=== வாடகை மகிழுந்தில் ===

=== பேருந்தில் ===


=== மகிழுந்தில் ===


==== வாடகை மகிழுந்தை தானே செலுத்துதல் ====


==== ஓட்டுநருடன் கூடிய வாடகை மகிழுந்து ====


=== விசையுந்தில் ===


=== பெருவிரல் செய்கையால் ====


=== இழுவண்டியில் ===


=== படகில் ===


== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==


== செய்யுங்கள் ==


== கற்றுக் கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


== பணியாற்றுங்கள் ==


== வாங்குங்கள் ==


== உண்ணுங்கள் ==


== பருகுங்கள் ==


== உறங்குங்கள் ==


== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==


== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==


== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==


== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==


== சமாளியுங்கள் ==


[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q668}}

{{Wy/ta/IsPartOf|Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஆசியா}}</text>
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      <text bytes="363" sha1="mt0484fl3r0lv1no151uskxf680y3c6" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|per [[Wy/ar/ويكي رحلات:صالة المسافرين|Travellers' Hub]]''&lt;small&gt;(An unformatted or blank article)&lt;/small&gt;''. --[[User:Almajidy|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Dubai; color:#D4C1B3; font-size:20px;&quot;&gt;'''يَمَلْ عَوْعَوْ'''&lt;/span&gt;]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Almajidy|'''𓇼''']]&lt;/sup&gt; 10:05, 3 November 2026 (UTC)}}

[[Category:Wy/ar]]</text>
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[[Category:Wy/ar]]</text>
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      <text bytes="276" sha1="k3lsid036ib11ytcevg8sacakre8fs3" xml:space="preserve">'''Niu'''
[[File:Coconut.png|thumb|left|niu]]


[[:en:References|References]]
[https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%83_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)]
[[Category:Wp/num]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q13187}}
{{delete|no encyclopedic content}}</text>
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[[Category:Wy/ar]]</text>
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[[Category:Wy/ar]]</text>
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[[Category:Wy/ar]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:JimmyRG</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Ontzak moved page [[User talk:Jmmontalba]] to [[User talk:JimmyRG]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Jmmontalba|Jmmontalba]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/JimmyRG|JimmyRG]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float={{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|left|right}}
}}
{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;div class=&quot;rtl-text&quot;&gt;|}}
Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
{{#ifeq:|yes|If you haven't already, please consider creating yourself an account to be able to do more.  It's free.&lt;br&gt;}}
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
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-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 22:53, 17 October 2015 (UTC)</text>
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'''{{#switch: {{{1}}}
| ACT = {{#ifeq: Waco | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Waco#By plane|ACT]]}}
| BIH = {{#ifeq: Bishop | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Bishop#By plane|BIH]] }}
| BSB = {{#ifeq: Brasilia | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Brasilia#By plane|BSB]]}}
| CNY= {{#ifeq: Moab | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Moab#By plane|CNY]]}}
| DVT= {{#ifeq: Phoenix | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Phoenix#By plane|DVT]]}}
| FSM = {{#ifeq: Fort Smith | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Fort Smith#By plane|FSM]]}}
| GPS= {{#ifeq: Baltra | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Baltra#By plane|GPS]]}}
| KSA= {{#ifeq: Kosrae | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Kosrae#By plane|KSA]]}}
| KZN= {{#ifeq: Kazan | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Kazan#By plane|KZN]]}}
| LMT= {{#ifeq: Klamath Falls | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Klamath Falls#By plane|LMT]]}}
| MGM = {{#ifeq: Montgomery | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Montgomery#By plane|MGM]]}}
| NYU= {{#ifeq: Bagan | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Bagan#By plane|NYU]]}}
| NCR = {{#ifeq: San Carlos (Nicaragua) | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[San Carlos (Nicaragua)#By plane|NCR]]}}
| NOT = {{#ifeq: Marin County | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Marin County#By plane|NOT]]}}
| NPT = {{#ifeq: Middletown (Rhode Island) | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Middletown (Rhode Island)#By plane|NPT]]}}
| PEI = {{#ifeq: Pereira | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Pereira#By_plane|PEI]]}}
| PRC = {{#ifeq: Prescott | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Prescott#By plane|PRC]]}}
| ROC = {{#ifeq: Rochester (New York) | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Rochester (New York)#By plane|ROC]]}}
| ROK = {{#ifeq: Rockhampton | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Rockhampton#By plane|ROK]]}}
| TAS = {{#ifeq: Tashkent | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] | [[Tashkent#By_plane|TAS]]}}
| UAQ = {{#ifeq: San Juan (city, Argentina) | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[San Juan (city, Argentina)#By plane|UAQ]]}}
| USA = {{#ifeq: Concord (North Carolina) | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Concord (North Carolina)#By plane|USA]]}}
| YHA = {{#ifeq: Port Hope Simpson | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]] |[[Port Hope Simpson#By plane|YHA]]}}
| #default = {{#ifexist: {{{1}}} | {{#ifeq: {{#invoke:redirect|main|{{{1}}}}}  | {{PAGENAME}} | {{{1}}} [[Category:قوائم المطارات]]|  [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|{{{1}}}}}#By plane|{{{1}}}]] }} | {{{1}}} {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:صفحات رموز المطارات غير الموجودة]]}}}}}}'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[IATA|&amp;nbsp;إياتا]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;رمز إياتا&quot;,
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Renamed user 86db59767047802cd2ab5a065eef0e3a</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>2733011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382207</id>
      <parentid>3687016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qədir</username>
        <id>2572810</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Qədir moved page [[User talk:Eternus Dark]] to [[User talk:Renamed user 86db59767047802cd2ab5a065eef0e3a]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Eternus Dark|Eternus Dark]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 86db59767047802cd2ab5a065eef0e3a|Renamed user 86db59767047802cd2ab5a065eef0e3a]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3687016</origin>
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      <text bytes="1277" sha1="7xyyfstbtstirhk3tfgr02bz7j9vgrj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float={{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|left|right}}
}}
{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;div class=&quot;rtl-text&quot;&gt;|}}
Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
{{#ifeq:|yes|If you haven't already, please consider creating yourself an account to be able to do more.  It's free.&lt;br&gt;}}
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
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-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 13:23, 1 January 2016 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wy/ta/இலங்கை</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2831243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381797</id>
      <parentid>7381695</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:47:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் */ விரைவுப் பட்டி வார்ப்புரு மேம்படுத்தப்பட்டது</comment>
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      <text bytes="254208" sha1="pg5jms0n0nh17f2yw4qg78j2ogvprcy" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ta/Pagebanner|Sri Lanka WV banner.jpg|pgname=இலங்கை|caption=பின்னாவல யானைகள் காப்பகத்தில் குளிக்கும் யானைகள்}}
'''இலங்கை''' ([[Wy/ta/சிங்கள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|சிங்களம்]]: '''ශ්‍රී ලංකා''', ''ஸ்ரீலங்கா''; [[Wy/ta/ஆங்கில சொற்றொடர்நூல்|ஆங்கிலம்]]: '''Sri Lanka'''), 1972 க்கு முன்பு '''சிலோன்''' என்று அறியப்பட்டது. இது இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டத்தின் தென்கீழ் கரைக்கு அப்பால் இந்து சமுத்திரத்தில் ஏறத்தாழ  20 மில்லியன் மக்கள் வாழும் ஒரு தீவு நாடு ஆகும். இது தனது இயற்கை அழகுக்காகப் பெயர் பெற்றது; இதன் கடற்கரையோரம் முழுவதும் கண்கவர் கடற்கரைகள், வளமான வனவிலங்கு மற்றும் பல்லுயிர் வளம், தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்கள், பழத்தோட்டங்கள், கோயில்கள், நினைவுச் சின்னங்கள் மற்றும் பல ஆயிரம் ஆண்டுகள் பழமையான கலாச்சாரப் பாரம்பரியம் ஆகியவை அமைந்துள்ளன. இலங்கையின் கலாச்சாரப் பரப்பில் (பெரும்பாலும் பௌத்த மதத்தைச் சேர்ந்த) சிங்களவர்கள் மற்றும் (பெரும்பாலும் இந்து மதத்தைச் சேர்ந்த) தமிழர்கள் ஆகிய இனக்குழுக்களும், குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அளவிலான முஸ்லிம் மற்றும் கிறிஸ்தவ சமூகத்தினரும் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளனர். இதன் தற்போதைய அதிகாரபூர்வ பெயர் '''இலங்கை சனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசு''' ஆகும்.

==பிராந்தியங்கள்==
இலங்கை 9 நிர்வாக மாகாணங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது:
{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
| regionmap=Sri_Lanka_Regions_Map.png
| regionmapsize=450px
| regionmaptext=Map of Sri Lanka with provincial regions colour-coded
| regionInteractiveMap=map1

| region1name=[[Wy/ta/மத்திய மாகாணம் (இலங்கை)|மத்திய மாகாணம்]]
| region1color=#AE83AE
| region1items= [[Wy/ta/கண்டி|கண்டி]], [[Wy/ta/மாத்தளை|மாத்தளை]], [[Wy/ta/நுவரெலியா|நுவரெலியா]], [[Wy/ta/சிகிரியா|சிகிரியா]], [[Wy/ta/தம்புள்ளை|தம்புள்ளை]]
| region1description=மலைப்பாங்கான நிலப்பரப்பைக் கொண்டிருப்பதால் இது &quot;மலைப் பகுதி&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. தேயிலை விளையும் பகுதியாகவும் இது அறியப்படுகிறது. மலையேற்றத்திற்கு இது மிகச் சிறந்த இடமாகும்.
| region2name=[[Wy/ta/வட மாகாணம் (இலங்கை)|வட மாகாணம்]]
| region2color=#536C53
| region2items= [[Wy/ta/யாழ்ப்பாணம்|யாழ்ப்பாணம்]], [[Wy/ta/கிளிநொச்சி|கிளிநொச்சி]], வன்னி, [[Wy/ta/மன்னார்|மன்னார்]]
| region2description=நாட்டின் பெரும்பான்மையான தமிழ் பேசும் மக்கள் வசிக்கும் பகுதி இது. ஏறக்குறைய மூன்று தசாப்த காலப் போரினால் சிதைக்கப்பட்ட நிலையில், இப்பகுதி தற்போது மீளக் கட்டியெழுப்பப்பட்டு வருகிறது. மாசுபடாத கடற்கரைகளும் பழமையான சிதைவுகளும் இங்கு உள்ளன.

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/வடமத்திய மாகாணம்|வடமத்திய மாகாணம்]]
| region3color=#B0CF98
| region3items= [[Wy/ta/அனுராதபுரம்|அனுராதபுரம்]], [[Wy/ta/பொலன்னறுவை|பொலன்னறுவை]]
| region3description= வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க இப்பகுதி, கலாச்சார முக்கோணம் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

| region4name= [[Wy/ta/கிழக்கு மாகாணம் (இலங்கை)|கிழக்கு மாகாணம்]]
| region4color=#4F93C0
| region4items= [[Wy/ta/திருகோணமலை|திருகோணமலை]], [[Wy/ta/மட்டக்களப்பு|மட்டக்களப்பு]], [[Wy/ta/அறுகம் குடா|அறுகம் குடா]]
| region4description=திருகோணமலையில் உள்ள ஒரு அரிய இயற்கை துறைமுகத்தையும், ஆயிரக்கணக்கான மணல் கடற்கரைகளையும் கொண்ட இடம். அலைச்சறுக்கு வீரர்களின் சொர்க்கம்.

| region5name= [[Wy/ta/வடமேல் மாகாணம் (இலங்கை)|வடமேல் மாகாணம்]]
| region5color=#80B588
| region5items= [[Wy/ta/குருநாகல்|குருநாகல்]], [[Wy/ta/புத்தளம்|புத்தளம்]], [[Wy/ta/சிலாபம்|சிலாபம்]]
| region5description=தென்னைத் தோட்டங்கள், டால்பின் பார்த்தல், உப்பு உற்பத்தி. வனவிலங்கு ஆர்வலர்களுக்கான வில்பத்து தேசியப் பூங்கா மற்றும் பண்டைய நகரமான யபஹுவா.

| region6name= [[Wy/ta/சபரகமுவா மாகாணம்|சபரகமுவா மாகாணம்]]
| region6color=#69999F
| region6items= [[Wy/ta/இரத்தினபுரி|இரத்தினபுரி]], [[Wy/ta/கேகாலை|கேகாலை]]
| region6description=இலங்கையின் இரத்தினக்கல் சுரங்கத் தலைநகரம். யானை சவாரிகளுக்கான உடவளவை தேசியப் பூங்கா மற்றும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் ராவண நீர்வீழ்ச்சி ஆகியவை இதன் சிறப்பம்சங்கள்.

| region7name= [[Wy/ta/தென் மாகாணம் (இலங்கை)|தென் மாகாணம்]]
| region7color=#E0E67A
| region7items= [[Wy/ta/காலி|காலி]], [[Wy/ta/வெலிகம|வெலிகம]], [[Wy/ta/மிரிஸ்ஸ|மிரிஸ்ஸ]], [[Wy/ta/மாத்தறை|மாத்தறை]], [[Wy/ta/தங்காலை|தங்காலை]], [[Wy/ta/உனவடுனா|உனவடுனா]], [[Wy/ta/அம்பாந்தோட்டை|அம்பாந்தோட்டை]], [[Wy/ta/யாலா தேசிய பூங்கா|யாலா தேசிய பூங்கா]]
| region7description=காலியின் வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கோட்டை, மிரிஸ்ஸாவில் திமிங்கலங்களைக் காணுதல் மற்றும் தங்கல்லேயின் அமைதியான கடற்கரைகள் ஆகியவற்றிற்காகப் புகழ்பெற்றது.

| region8name= [[Wy/ta/ஊவா மாகாணம்|ஊவா மாகாணம்]]
| region8color=#A7B49F
| region8items=  [[Wy/ta/பதுளை|பதுளை]], [[Wy/ta/எல்ல|எல்ல]], [[Wy/ta/அப்புத்தளை|அப்புத்தளை]], [[Wy/ta/பண்டாரவளை|பண்டாரவளை]]
| region8description=மலைப்பகுதிகள். தேயிலை, தேயிலை, இன்னும் நிறையத் தேயிலை.

| region9name= [[Wy/ta/மேல் மாகாணம் (இலங்கை)|மேல் மாகாணம்]]
| region9color=#C9A16A
| region9items= [[Wy/ta/ஸ்ரீ ஜெயவர்த்தனபுர கோட்டே|ஸ்ரீ ஜெயவர்த்தனபுர கோட்டே]], [[Wy/ta/பெருவளை|பெருவளை]], [[Wy/ta/கொழும்பு|கொழும்பு]], [[Wy/ta/கம்பகா|கம்பகா]], [[Wy/ta/பெந்தோட்டை|பெந்தோட்டை]], [[Wy/ta/நீர்கொழும்பு|நீர்கொழும்பு]]
| region9description=தலைநகரம் மற்றும் அதன் புறநகர் மண்டலம்.
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/கொழும்பு|கொழும்பு]]|url=|lat=6.934444|long=79.842778|wikidata=Q35381}} (சிங்களம்: ''කොළඹ''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Colombo'') — இலங்கையின் வணிகத் தலைநகரம் மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம். தங்கும் விடுதிகள், சிற்றுண்டிச்சாலைகள், உணவகங்கள், இரவு விடுதிகள் மற்றும் கடைவல வசதிகள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/ஸ்ரீ ஜெயவர்த்தனபுர கோட்டே|ஸ்ரீ ஜெயவர்த்தனபுர கோட்டே]]|url=|lat=6.910833|long=79.887836|wikidata=Q41963}} (சிங்களம்: ''ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte'') — 'கோட்டே' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும் இலங்கையின் புதிய தலைநகரம்
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அனுராதபுரம்|அனுராதபுரம்]]|url=|lat=8.35|long=80.385278|wikidata=Q5724}} (சிங்களம்: ''අනුරාධපුරය''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Anuradhapura'') — பண்டைய தலைநகரங்களின் சிதைவுகள் (பகுதியளவு சீரமைக்கப்பட்டவை). '''யுனெஸ்கோ''' உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தளம்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/மட்டக்களப்பு|மட்டக்களப்பு]]|url=|lat=7.716667|long=81.7|wikidata=Q810963}} (சிங்களம்: ''මඩකලපුව''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Batticaloa'') — கழிமுக ஏரியின் மீது அமைந்த ஒரு நகரம். அழகான ஆழமற்ற கடற்கரைகள், நெல் வயல்கள் மற்றும் வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க இடங்கள்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/காலி|காலி]]|url=|lat=6.053611|long=80.211667|wikidata=Q319366}} (சிங்களம்: ''ගාල්ල''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Galle'') — புகழ்பெற்ற டச்சு கோட்டை. காலே இலக்கிய விழாவை நடத்தும் நகரம். '''யுனெஸ்கோ''' உலக பாரம்பரியத் தளம்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/யாழ்ப்பாணம்|யாழ்ப்பாணம்]]|url=|lat=9.666667|long=80|wikidata=Q215277}} (சிங்களம்: ''යාපනය''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Jaffna'') — வடக்குத் தலைநகரம். இங்கு தமிழ் பேசும் சமூகத்தின் செழுமையான பாரம்பரியம் காட்சிக்கு வைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/கண்டி|கண்டி]]|url=|lat=7.296389|long=80.635|wikidata=Q203197}} (சிங்களம்: ''මහනුවර''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Kandy'') — நாட்டின் ஆன்மீக இதயம்; புத்தரின் பல் பாதுகாத்து வைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இடம்; '''யுனெஸ்கோ''' உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தளம்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/நீர்கொழும்பு|நீர்கொழும்பு]]|url=|lat=7.211111|long=79.838611|wikidata=Q668616}} (சிங்களம்: ''මීගමුව''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Negombo'') — அழகான நிலப்பரப்பும் பரந்த நீலக்கடல்களும்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/நுவரெலியா|நுவரெலியா]]|url=|lat=6.966667|long=80.766667|wikidata=Q1340579}} (சிங்களம்: ''නුවර එළිය''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Nuwara Eliya'') — பந்தய நாட்களில் இதமான வானிலை, விக்டோரியன் கட்டிடக்கலை, உயரமான தொப்பிகள், நீண்ட கோட்டுகள் மற்றும் தலையலங்காரத் தொப்பிகள்.

==பிற பயண இலக்குகள்==
[[File:Morning mist in Sinharaja.JPG|thumb|right|சிங்கராஜா மழைக்காட்டில் காலை மூடுபனி]]
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அறுகம் குடா|அறுகம் குடா]]|wikidata=Q4802027}} (சிங்களம்: ''ආරුගම් බොක්ක''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Arugam Bay'') – பல சிறந்த அலைச்சறுக்கு இடங்களைக் கொண்ட தென்கிழக்கு கடற்கரை நகரம்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/சிகிரியா|சிகிரியா]]|wikidata=Q272153}} – அதன் உயரமான சிவப்பு கல் கோட்டை மற்றும் அரண்மனை இடிபாடுகளுக்கு பிரபலமானது, பழங்கால நகரமான சிகிரியா. அருகில், [[Wy/ta/தம்புள்ளை|தம்புள்ளை]] அதன் புகழ்பெற்ற குகைக் கோவிலுடன் ('''யுனெஸ்கோ''' உலக பாரம்பரிய தளங்கள் இரண்டும்), மற்றும் '''மின்னேரியா தேசிய பூங்கா'''விற்கு அருகாமையில் ஹபரனா
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/ஒட்டன் சமவெளி|ஒட்டன் சமவெளி]]|wikidata=Q1630245}} (சிங்களம்: ''හෝර්ටන් තැන්න ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Horton Plains'') – அழிந்துவரும் நிலையில் உள்ள பல வகையான தாவரங்கள் மற்றும் விலங்கினங்களையும், முடிவில்லாத மலையேற்றப் பாதைகளையும் கொண்ட மத்திய மலைப்பகுதியின் மேகக் காடு.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name='''கித்துள்கலை'''|url=|lat=6.997222|long=80.411111}} (சிங்களம்: ''කිතුල්ගල''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Kitulgala'') – தூய்மையான இயற்கை மற்றும் ராஃப்டிங் சாகசங்களுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது - கொழும்பிலிருந்து 4 மணி நேரப் பயணம்
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/மிரிஸ்ஸா|மிரிஸ்ஸா]]|wikidata=Q1345652}} (சிங்களம்: මිරිස්ස; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Mirissa'') – மத்தாராவுக்கு அருகில் தெற்குக் கடற்கரையில் அமைந்துள்ள, இரண்டு சிறந்த சர்ஃபிங் இடங்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு கடற்கரை கிராமம் மற்றும் கொண்டாட்டங்களுக்கான முக்கிய இடம்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=பாசிக்குடா|url=|lat=7.928333|long=81.561667}} (சிங்களம்: ''පාසිකුඩා''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Pasikudah'') – வெண்மணல் கடற்கரைகள் மற்றும் உயர்தர விடுதிகளைக் கொண்ட, இலங்கையின் கிழக்குக் கடற்கரையில் அமைந்துள்ள புகழ்பெற்ற கடற்கரை உல்லாச விடுதித் தளம்.
*[[File:Crocodile sun bathing, Kumana, Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/குமனா தேசிய பூங்கா|குமனா தேசிய பூங்காவில்]] வெயிலை ரசிக்கும் முதலை.]]
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/சிங்கராஜா வனக் காப்பகம்|சிங்கராஜா வனக் காப்பகம்]]|wikidata=Q375634}} (சிங்களம்: ''සිංහරාජ වනාන්තරය''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Sinharaja Forest Reserve'') – இலங்கையின் மிகப்பெரிய மழைக்காடு, '''யுனெஸ்கோ''' உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தளம்மிகவும் மாறுபட்ட விலங்கினங்கள் மற்றும் தாவரங்கள். இது இலங்கையில் உள்ள அனைத்து வகையான பறவையினங்களுக்கும் தாயகமாக உள்ளது. 06:00 மணிக்கு திறக்கப்படும்.
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/உனவதுனா|உனவதுனா]]|wikidata=Q651301}} (சிங்களம்: උණවටුන''; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Unawatuna'') – காலி நகருக்கு மிக அருகில், தெற்குக் கடற்கரையில் அமைந்துள்ள கடற்கரை உல்லாச விடுதி
*{{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/யால தேசிய வனம்|யால தேசிய வனம்]]|url=https://www.yalasrilanka.lk/|wikidata=Q1530863}} (சிங்களம்: යාල ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය; ஆங்கிலம்: ''Yala National Park'') – ஹம்பாந்தோட்டையில் வனவிலங்கு சஃபாரி. யால தேசிய பூங்கா ஒரு மிகப்பெரிய வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயமாகும். அரிதான '''இலங்கைச் சிறுத்தை''' உட்படப் பல்வேறு வகையான விலங்குகள் இப்பூங்காவில் உலவுகின்றன. உங்களுக்கு அதிர்ஷ்டம் இருந்தால், நீர்நிலைகளுக்கு அருகில் அவற்றை நீங்கள் காண முடியும்.

==புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
|location=Sri Lanka (orthographic projection).svg
| capital=[[Wy/ta/கொழும்பு|கொழும்பு]]
| currency=இலங்கை ரூபாய்
| population=22,037,000
| electricity=230 V; 50 Hz 
| callingcode=+94
| timezone=UTC+05:30
| language=சிங்களம், தமிழ்
| religion=பௌத்தம், இந்து சமயம், இசுலாம், கிறித்தவம்
| driving side = இடப்பக்கம்
| area= 65,610 கி.மீ.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| tld=.lk
}}

===வரலாறு===
இத்தீவின் பூர்வீகக் குடிகள் [[w:ta:வேடுவர் (இலங்கை)|'''வேடுவர்''']] இன மக்கள் ஆவர். நவீன வேடுவர் இன மக்களின் மூதாதையர் குழுக்கள் சுமார் 40,000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பிருந்தே இங்கு வாழ்ந்து வந்திருக்கக்கூடும். இன்று, வேடுவர் மக்கள் மிகச்சிறிய சிறுபான்மையினராக உள்ளனர்; கலாச்சாரக் கலப்பு மற்றும் பிற கலாச்சாரங்களுடன் ஒன்றிணைதல் காரணமாக இவர்களின் மொழிகளும் கலாச்சாரமும் அழிவின் விளிம்பில் உள்ளன. 
[[File:SL Kandy asv2020-01 img34 Sacred Tooth Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/கண்டி|கண்டியில்]] உள்ள புனிதப் பல் ஆலயம்]]
இலங்கை 2,500 ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேலான தொடர்ச்சியான எழுத்துப்பூர்வ வரலாற்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இது வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க காவியமான ''மகாவம்சம்'' மூலம் தொடங்குகிறது. மேலும், பல பண்டைய இந்திய நூல்களிலும் இத்தீவு குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. அவற்றில் மிகவும் புகழ்பெற்றது ''இராமாயணம்'' ஆகும்; இதில் ''லங்கா'' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்ட இத்தீவு, இந்து மதத்தினர் கடவுளாக வழிபடும் விஷ்ணுவின் அவதாரமான இராமரின் மனைவி சீதையைக் கடத்திச் சென்ற இராவணனின் கோட்டையாகத் திகழ்ந்ததாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. அனுமன் வானில் பறந்து சென்று இலங்கையின் தலைநகருக்குத் தீ வைத்து அதை அழித்ததாகவும், பின்னர் இராமரும் அவரது எஞ்சிய படைகளும் கடலின் குறுக்கே ஒரு நிலப்பாலத்தை அமைத்துத் தீவை அடைந்ததாகவும் புராணக் கதைகள் கூறுகின்றன.

இத்தீவின் பெரும்பான்மை இனக்குழுவான சிங்களவர்கள், கி.மு. 6-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதியில், அநேகமாக [[Wy/ta/வங்காளம்|வங்காளம்]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரத்திலிருந்து]] இலங்கைக்கு வந்தனர். கி.மு. 3-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் நடுப்பகுதியில் இத்தீவில் பௌத்தம் பரவியது; அதனைத் தொடர்ந்து [[Wy/ta/அனுராதபுரம்|அனுராதபுரம்]] (கி.மு. 200 முதல் கி.பி. 1000 வரை) மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பொலன்னறுவை|பொலன்னறுவை]] (கி.பி. 1070 முதல் 1200 வரை) போன்ற நகரங்களில் ஒரு சிறந்த நாகரிகம் வளர்ச்சியடைந்தது. பௌத்த நினைவுச் சின்னங்களில் மிகப் பழமையானவை அனுராதபுரக் காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவையாகும். அக்காலத்தில் இலங்கை, [[Wy/ta/ரோமானியப் பேரரசு|ரோமானியப் பேரரசு]] உள்ளிட்ட ஆசியா மற்றும் ஐரோப்பாவின் பிற நாகரிகங்களுடன் வர்த்தகத் தொடர்புகளைக் கொண்டிருந்தது. குறிப்பாக, இலங்கை பழைய உலகம் என்று அறியப்பட்ட பகுதிகளுக்கு இலவங்கப்பட்டையை ஏற்றுமதி செய்தது. பிற்காலத்தில் புகழ்பெற்ற பிற அரசுகளாக தம்பதெனிய, யாபஹுவ, கம்பொலை, [[Wy/ta/கண்டி|கண்டி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/யாழ்ப்பாணம்|யாழ்ப்பாண]] அரசுகள் ஆகியவை திகழ்ந்தன.

இலங்கையின் இரண்டாவது பெரிய இனக்குழுவான தமிழர்கள், சிங்களவர்களுக்குச் சற்றுப் பின்னரே அங்கு வரத் தொடங்கினர்; இவர்களின் வருகை பிரித்தானியரால் துரிதப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. 16-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் போத்துக்கீசர்களாலும், 17-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் ஒல்லாந்தர்களாலும் ஆக்கிரமிக்கப்பட்டிருந்த இத்தீவு, 1796-இல் பிரித்தானியரிடம் ஒப்படைக்கப்பட்டது. 

அரசர் ஸ்ரீ விக்ரம ராஜசிங்கனின் (சிங்களம்: ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ) ஆட்சிக்காலத்தில், அவருக்கும் அவரது குடிமக்களுக்கும் இடையே ஏற்பட்ட கருத்து வேறுபாடுகள் பிரித்தானியர்களுக்குக் [[Wy/ta/கண்டி|கண்டி]] இராச்சியத்தின் மீது படையெடுத்து நாட்டின் அதிகாரத்தைக் கைப்பற்றுவதற்கான வாய்ப்பை வழங்கின. பிரித்தானியர்கள் புதிய சட்டங்களை இயற்றி, 1815-இல் சிலோன் (அக்காலத்தில் இத்தீவு அவ்வாறே அழைக்கப்பட்டது) நாட்டைத் தங்கள் நேரடி ஆட்சியின் கீழான ஒரு குடியேற்ற நாடாக மாற்றினர். சிலோன் என்ற பெயரில் இருந்த இந்நாடு 1948-இல் சுதந்திரம் பெற்றது; பின்னர் 1972-இல் இதன் பெயர் இலங்கை என மாற்றப்பட்டது.

தமிழ் பேசும் சிறுபான்மையினருக்கான தனி நாடு கோரிப் போராடிய தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகளுக்கும் அரசாங்கத்திற்கும் இடையே முப்பது ஆண்டுகளாக நடைபெற்ற கடுமையான உள்நாட்டுப் போரில் அந்தத் தீவு சிக்கியிருந்தது. இப்போரினால் சுமார் 1,00,000 பேர் உயிரிழந்தனர்; நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகள், குறிப்பாக வடக்கு மற்றும் கிழக்கு மாகாணங்கள் கடுமையாகச் சேதமடைந்தன. 2009 மே மாதம் அரசாங்கத்தின் வெற்றியுடன் போர் முடிவுக்கு வந்தபோதிலும், அதன் விளைவுகள் இன்றும் தொடர்கின்றன; பெருமளவிலான மக்கள் வெளியேற்றம் காரணமாக மக்கள் தொகை வளர்ச்சி மந்தமடைந்து வருகிறது.

2009-க்குப் பிறகு, கோட்டாபய ராஜபக்ச மற்றும் அவரது குடும்பத்தினரின் ஆதிக்கமிக்க நிர்வாகத்தின் கீழ், உள்நாட்டுப் போரினால் சீர்குலைந்திருந்த பொருளாதாரம் மீண்டெழுந்தது. இருப்பினும், நாட்டின் வளர்ச்சிக்காக அரசாங்கம் வெளிநாட்டுக் கடனை பெருமளவில் சார்ந்திருந்தது. விவசாய உற்பத்தியைச் சிதைத்த உரத் தடை கொள்கை, சமச்சீரற்ற பொருளாதாரக் கட்டமைப்பு, ஊழல் மற்றும் நீண்டகாலப் பொருளாதார நிர்வாகச் சீர்கேடு ஆகியவை ஒன்றிணைந்து பொருளாதாரத்தை அதலபாதாளத்தில் தள்ளின. 2022-ல் நடைபெற்ற ஓராண்டு கால மக்கள் போராட்டங்கள் ராஜபக்ச அரசாங்கத்தின் வீழ்ச்சிக்கு வழிவகுத்தன; அதனைத் தொடர்ந்து 2024-ல் நடைபெற்ற தேர்தலில், எதிர்க்கட்சிகளின் மைய-இடதுசாரி கூட்டணி ஆட்சிக்கு வந்தது. ஆயினும், நாட்டின் பல சிக்கல்கள் இன்னும் தீர்க்கப்படாமலே உள்ளன; மேலும், 2025-ஆம் ஆண்டிலும் பொருளாதார நெருக்கடி தொடர்ந்துகொண்டே இருக்கிறது.

=== வானிலை ===
[[File:Sri Lanka Precipitation and Irrigation map.png|thumb|தீவின் வடக்கு மற்றும் கிழக்கு பகுதிகளை விட, மலைப்பாங்கான தென்மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அதிக மழைப்பொழிவு காணப்படுகிறது]]
இலங்கை ஒரு வெப்பமண்டல நாடாக இருப்பதால், நாட்டின் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளில் ஆண்டின் எந்த நேரத்திலும் மழை பெய்யக்கூடும். இருப்பினும், தீவின் வெவ்வேறு பகுதிகளைப் பாதிக்கும் '''இரண்டு முக்கிய மழைக்காலங்கள்''' உள்ளன.

ஏப்ரல் முதல் ஜூலை வரை நீடிக்கும் முக்கிய தென்மேற்கு &quot;யால&quot; பருவமழை, நாட்டின் மேற்கு, தென்மேற்கு மற்றும் மலைப்பாங்கான பகுதிகளை நனைக்கிறது. நவம்பர் முதல் மார்ச் வரை வீசும் வடகிழக்கு &quot;மகா&quot; பருவமழை, கிழக்குக் கடற்கரைப் பகுதியை பாதிக்கிறது. அக்டோபர் மற்றும் நவம்பர் மாதங்களில் நாடு முழுவதும் நிலவும் பொதுவாக நிலையற்ற வானிலையையும் கவனத்தில் கொள்ள வேண்டும். மலைப்பாங்கான பகுதிகளில் இந்நிலை குறிப்பாகக் காணப்படுகிறது; அப்பகுதிகளில் ஜனவரி முதல் மார்ச் வரையிலான காலமே அதிக சூரிய வெளிச்சம் கொண்டதாக அமைகிறது.

ஒன்றோடொன்று மேற்படியாத (வெவ்வேறு காலங்களில் வீசும்) இரண்டு பருவமழைகளின் காரணமாக, இலங்கையின் ஏதோ ஒரு பகுதியில் எப்போதும் நல்ல வானிலை நிலவுகிறது. நாட்டின் ஒரு பகுதியிலிருந்து மற்றொரு பகுதிக்குச் செல்லும்போது காலநிலையிலும் பெரும் மாற்றங்கள் காணப்படுகின்றன. உதாரணமாக, மத்திய இலங்கையின் மலைப்பகுதியான நுவரெலியாவில் ஆண்டு முழுவதும் வெப்பநிலை -5 முதல் 20°C வரை இருக்கும்; அதே சமயம் வறண்ட மண்டலத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள அம்பாந்தோட்டையில் வெப்பநிலை தொடர்ந்து 30-35°C அளவில் நிலவுகிறது. இந்தத் தீவை ஏறக்குறைய ஈரப்பதமான மண்டலம் மற்றும் வறண்ட மண்டலம் என இரு வகைகளாகப் பிரிக்கலாம். தென்மேற்குப் பகுதியில் உள்ள மலைகள், வீசும் மேற்கத்தியக் காற்றிலிருந்து ஈரப்பதத்தைத் தடுத்து நிறுத்தி, அங்கு ஒரு ஈரப்பதமான மண்டலத்தை உருவாக்குகின்றன. வடக்குப் பகுதி சமமாகவும் வறண்டதாகவும் உள்ளது; மேலும், காற்று கிழக்குக் கடற்கரையை அடையும்போது, ​​அது தனது ஈரப்பதத்தில் பெரும்பகுதியை இழந்திருக்கும்.

பொதுவாக, இலங்கை முழுவதும் ஆண்டு முழுவதும் அதிக வெப்பம் நிலவுகிறது; இதனாலேயே பெரும்பாலான உள்ளூர் ஆண்கள் 'சாரோங்'  எனப்படும் வேட்டி போன்ற ஆடையை அணிகிறார்கள், அதே வேளையில் பெண்கள் மெல்லிய துணியிலான நீண்ட ஆடைகளை அணிகிறார்கள்.

=== மதம் ===
மத ரீதியான பிரிவுகள் பெரும்பாலும் இன அடிப்படையிலேயே அமைந்துள்ளன; இதன்படி, பெரும்பான்மையினரான சிங்களவர்கள் ஏறக்குறைய முழுமையாக பௌத்தர்களாக உள்ளனர். அதேவேளையில், சிறுபான்மையினரான தமிழர்களில் பெரும்பாலோர் இந்துக்களாக இருந்தாலும், குறிப்பிடத்தக்க எண்ணிக்கையிலான கிறிஸ்தவர்களும் இஸ்லாமியர்களும் இச்சிறுபான்மைப் பிரிவில் அடங்குவர்.

=== நிலப்பரப்பு ===
பெரும்பாலும் தாழ்வான, சமமான அல்லது அலை அலையான சமவெளி; தெற்கு-மத்திய உட்புறப் பகுதியில் மலைகள் உள்ளன.
* மிக உயர்ந்த இடம்: ''பிதுருதாலகல'', 2,524 மீ.
* இரண்டாவது உயர்ந்த சிகரம்: ''கிரிகல்போத்தா'' - ஓர்டன் சமவெளி, 2,388 மீ.
* மூன்றாவது உயர்ந்த சிகரம்: ''தோதுபோல கண்டா'' - ஓர்டன் சமவெளி, 2,357 மீ.

=== பார்வையாளர் தகவல் ===
* [https://www.srilanka.travel/ இலங்கை சுற்றுலா] இணையதளம்

==உரையாடல்==
[[File:Nuwara_Eliya_2013_01.JPG|thumb|இலங்கையில் காணப்படும் ஒரு வழக்கமான மும்மொழிப் பலகை: மேலே சிங்களம், நடுவில் தமிழ், கீழே ஆங்கிலம்.]]
{{Wy/ta/See also|Wy/ta/சிங்கள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|Wy/ta/தமிழ் சொற்றொடர்நூல்}}
பெரும்பான்மை சிங்கள மக்களால் பேசப்படும் [[Wy/ta/சிங்கள சொற்றொடர்நூல்|சிங்களம்]] மற்றும் சிறுபான்மைத் தமிழர்களால் பேசப்படும் '''தமிழ்''' ஆகியன இலங்கையின் இரண்டு அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழிகளாகும். குறிப்பாக [[Wy/ta/கொழும்பு|கொழும்பு]], [[Wy/ta/கண்டி |கண்டி ]]மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/காலி|காலி]] போன்ற நகரங்களிலும், அரசு மற்றும் சுற்றுலாத்துறை அதிகாரிகளாலும் ஆங்கிலம் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது; பொது இடங்களில் உள்ள அறிவிப்புப் பலகைகளும் பெரும்பாலும் மூன்று மொழிகளிலும் இடம்பெற்றிருக்கும். கொழும்பில் உள்ள பெரும்பாலான மக்களால் ஆங்கிலம் பேச முடிந்தாலும், எல்லா இடங்களிலும் உள்ள அனைவரும் சரளமாக ஆங்கிலம் பேசுவார்கள் என்று எதிர்பார்க்க வேண்டாம். சுற்றுலாப் பகுதிகளில் ஆங்கிலம் பேசுவதில் உங்களுக்கு எந்தச் சிக்கலும் இருக்காது. இருப்பினும், கிராமப்புறங்களில் உள்ள பெரும்பாலான மக்களால் சில எளிய சொற்களைத் தவிர வேறு ஆங்கிலம் எதுவும் பேச முடியாது.

*'''சிங்கள மொழி''': சிங்களத்தில் வாழ்த்துச் சொல் ''ஆயுபோவன்'' ஆகும். இதன் பொருள் &quot;நீங்கள் நீண்ட காலம் வாழ்க&quot; என்பதாகும்; 'நன்றி' என்பது ''ஸ்தூதியி'' என்றும், &quot;எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள்&quot; என்பது ''கொஹொமட'' என்றும் கூறப்படுகிறது.
*'''ஆங்கில மொழி''': ஆங்கிலத்தில் வாழ்த்துச் சொல் ''குட் டே'' ஆகும்; 'நன்றி' என்பது ''தேங்க் யூ'' ஆகும்.

சிங்கள எழுத்துமுறை வளைவானது, ஆனால் தமிழ் எழுத்துமுறை நிறைய நேர்கோடுகளுடன் கட்டம் கட்டமாக இருக்கும். அவற்றுக்கிடையே வேறுபடுத்தி அறிவது எளிது. சிங்களம் என்பது மொழி என்பதையும், சிங்களவர் என்பது பெரும்பான்மை இனக்குழுவைக் குறிக்கிறது என்பதையும் கவனத்தில் கொள்ளவும்.

பிரிவினைவாதப் பதட்டங்களின் வரலாற்றைக் கருத்தில் கொண்டால், '''இலங்கையில் மொழி ஒரு உணர்வுப்பூர்வமான பிரச்சினையாகும்''', மேலும் சில தமிழர்கள் தங்களைச் சிங்களத்தில் அழைப்பதை அவமானகரமானதாகக் கருதக்கூடும்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Cautionbox|புத்தரின் உருவம் அல்லது மத முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்ததாகக் கருதப்படக்கூடிய வேறு ஏதேனும் உருவங்களை உடலில் [[Wy/ta/பச்சைகுத்தல்|பச்சையாகக் குத்தியிருப்பவர்களை]] இலங்கை காவல்துறை கைது செய்யவும், அவர்களை நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேற்றவும் கூடும். அத்தகைய பச்சை குத்தப்பட்டிருந்தால், அதை மறைத்து வைத்துக்கொள்வது அல்லது இலங்கைக்குச் செல்வதைத் தவிர்ப்பது மிகவும் அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறது.}}
[[File:Visa policy of Sri Lanka.svg|thumb|375px|இலங்கையின் விசா தேவைகளைக் காட்டும் வரைபடம்; இதில், தங்க நிறத்தில் குறிக்கப்பட்ட நாடுகளில் மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்துடன் வருகை விசா வழங்கப்படுகிறது.]]

===விசா விதிமுறைகள்===
[[Wy/ta/மாலி|மாலி]], [[Wy/ta/சீசெல்சு|சீசெல்சு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]] ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களைத் தவிர (இவர்களுக்கு ''ETA'' தேவையில்லை), மற்ற பெரும்பாலான நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள் ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்திற்கு (ETA)'' இணையம் வழியாக விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம். இது அந்நாட்டில் ''30 நாட்கள்'' வரை தங்குவதற்கு அனுமதிக்கிறது மற்றும் ஆறு மாதங்களுக்குச் செல்லுபடியாகும். நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு முன், [https://www.eta.gov.lk/slvisa/ அதிகாரப்பூர்வ அரசு இணையதளம்] வழியாக விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும். விண்ணப்பதாரர் மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்தைப் பெறுவார். விசா கட்டணம் ''SAARC'' நாடுகளுக்கு (பிராந்திய ஒத்துழைப்புக்கான தெற்காசிய அமைப்பு: வங்காளதேசம், பூட்டான், இந்தியா, மாலத்தீவுகள், நேபாளம் மற்றும் பாகிஸ்தான்) 20 அமெரிக்க டாலராகவும், மற்ற நாடுகளுக்கு 50 அமெரிக்க டாலராகவும் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின்படி) உள்ளது; இதனுடன் 2 டாலர் செயலாக்கக் கட்டணமும் வசூலிக்கப்படும். ETA-வைப் பெறுவதற்கு வழக்கமாக 2 நாட்கள் ஆகும் என்று கூறப்பட்டாலும், நடைமுறையில் கட்டணம் செலுத்தப்பட்ட 10 முதல் 20 நிமிடங்களிலேயே அது வழங்கப்படலாம். 48 மணிநேரம் வரையிலான பயண இடைநிறுத்த விசாக்கள் இலவசமாக வழங்கப்படுகின்றன.

[https://www.immigration.gov.lk/pages_e.php?id=60 மே 2026 நிலவரப்படி, 40 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் இலவச மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்துக்குத் தகுதி பெற்றுள்ளனர்.]

மாற்றாக, முன்கூட்டியே ETA-வைப் பெறாமலேயே, பண்டாரநாயக்க சர்வதேச விமான நிலையத்தில் (வருகைப் பகுதியில் உள்ள சுங்கச் சோதனைக்கு முந்தைய விசா கவுண்டரில்) 60 அமெரிக்க டாலர் கட்டணத்தில் சுற்றுலா விசாவைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். எனவே, இலங்கைக்கான விமானம் அல்லது கப்பலில் ஏறுவதற்கு 'இணைநிலை விசா' கட்டாயமான முன்நிபந்தனை அல்ல.

2025-ஆம் ஆண்டு நிலவரப்படி, விசா நடைமுறைகளில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள 'திரும்பிச் செல்வதற்கான பயணச்சீட்டு' பற்றிய சரிபார்ப்பு, விமான நிலையத்திற்கு வருகை தரும் பெரும்பாலான (அல்லது அனைத்து) மேற்கத்திய நாட்டினரிடமும் மேற்கொள்ளப்படவில்லை. ஒருவேளை அத்தகைய சரிபார்ப்பு மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டு, உங்களிடம் அத்தகைய பயணச்சீட்டு இல்லையென்றால் கூட, விமான நிலையத்தின் அருகலை (Wi-Fi) வசதியைப் பயன்படுத்தி அங்கேயே அதை முன்பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள முடியும்.

'''முக்கியமானது:''' கொழும்பு விமான நிலையத்தில் உள்ள குடிவரவு அதிகாரிகள், நீங்கள் இணையம் மூலம் பெறும் மின்னணு பயண அனுமதிச் சீட்டில் உள்ள கடவுச்சீட்டு எண்ணின் துல்லியத்தன்மை குறித்து மிகவும் கண்டிப்புடன் இருப்பார்கள். ஒரே ஒரு இலக்கத் தவறு கூட, உங்களைப் புதிய விசா வாங்கும்படி கட்டாயப்படுத்தவும், உங்கள் இணையவழிப் பணத்தைத் திரும்பப் பெறுவதற்காகக் கொழும்பில் உள்ள அடையாளம் தெரியாத ஏதேனும் ஒரு அரசாங்க அலுவலகத்திற்கு உங்களைப் பரிந்துரைக்கவும் காரணமாகக் கொள்ளப்படும். 1 மற்றும் I, 0 மற்றும் O ஆகியவற்றில் கவனமாக இருங்கள். அந்த எண், உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டில் உள்ள கணினி படிக்கக்கூடிய பகுதியுடன் துல்லியமாகப் பொருந்த வேண்டும், வேறு எதனுடனும் பொருந்தக்கூடாது (உதாரணமாக, ரஷ்ய கடவுச்சீட்டுகளில் எழுத்து மற்றும் எண் அல்லாத குறியீடு உள்ளது, அதை முற்றிலுமாகத் தவிர்க்க வேண்டும்).

இலங்கை விசா நடைமுறைகள் குறித்த விரிவான கலந்துரையாடலை [https://docs.google.com/document/d/14G1n2RcRpu7By4G1EpXirg0WWUMj5K9PysDnAlwNdN0/mobilebasic இங்கே] காணலாம்.

==== விசா நீட்டிப்பு ====
ஆரம்பத்தில் ETA-வைப் பெறுவது எவ்வளவு எளிதாக இருந்ததோ, விசா நீட்டிப்பு என்று வரும்போது அது அவ்வளவு சிக்கலான அதிகாரத்துவ நடைமுறையாக மாறக்கூடும். தேவையற்ற மன உளைச்சலைத் தவிர்க்க, ஒரு முகவரை அணுகுவதே சிறந்தது என்று அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறது. நீங்களே இதைச் செய்ய விரும்பினால், [https://www.immigration.gov.lk/index_e.php குடிவரவுத் துறையை] அணுகலாம். முகவரி: &quot;சுஹுருபாய&quot;, ஸ்ரீ சுபூதிபுர சாலை, பத்தரமுல்ல; தொலைபேசி: +94 11 532–9000; வேலை நேரம்: திங்கள் முதல் வெள்ளி வரை, காலை 09:00 மணி முதல் மாலை 16:30 மணி வரை. இணையம் வழியாகவும் விண்ணப்பிக்க வாய்ப்புள்ளது; ஆனால், பெரும்பாலான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தங்களுக்கு எந்தவொரு கட்டணச் சீட்டும் கிடைக்கவில்லை என்றும், நேரில் செல்ல வேண்டியிருந்ததாகவும் கூறுகின்றனர். எனவே, கொழும்பில் இருக்கும்போதே, அதாவது நாட்டிற்கு வந்த உடனேயே விசா நீட்டிப்புக்கான ஏற்பாடுகளைச் செய்வது சிறந்தது.

விசா நீட்டிப்பு என்பது, ஆரம்பத்தில் வழங்கப்பட்ட 30 நாள் நுழைவு விசாவிற்கு அப்பால், நாட்டில் கூடுதலாக 1 முதல் 6 மாதங்கள் வரை தங்குவதற்கான அனுமதியை வழங்குகிறது. நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைந்த உடனிருந்து விசா காலாவதியாகும் நேரம் வரை எப்போது வேண்டுமானாலும் இதற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம். இதற்கு மேல் நீட்டிப்பு கோருவது அந்தந்தத் துறையின் முடிவைப் பொறுத்தது; அத்தகைய நீட்டிப்பிற்கு வழக்கமான நீட்டிப்புக் கட்டணத்துடன் கூடுதலாக இலங்கை ரூ.15,000 கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படும். முதல் 90 நாள் நீட்டிப்புக்கான கட்டண விவரங்களை மேலே காணவும்.

[[File:Sri-lanka-visa-extension-fees,-Sept-2015.jpg|thumbnail|விசா நீட்டிப்புக் கட்டணங்கள்]]
இத்துறை கட்டணத்தை அமெரிக்க டாலர்களில் நிர்ணயிக்கிறது, ஆனால் நீங்கள் இலங்கை ரூபாயில் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி 10,000 ரூபாய்) செலுத்த வேண்டும். விசா கால நீட்டிப்பு நடைமுறைக்கு, உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டு மற்றும் பயணத்தைத் தொடர்வதற்கான பயணச்சீட்டு ஆகியவை தேவைப்படும். இலங்கையில் நீங்கள் தங்கியிருக்கும் காலம், உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டின் காலாவதி தேதிக்கு குறைந்தது இரண்டு மாதங்களுக்கு முன்பாகவே முடிவடைய வேண்டும்.

குடியேற்றத் துறை அலுவலகம் திங்கள் முதல் வெள்ளி வரை காலை 8:30 மணிக்கு சற்று முன்னதாகவே விசா நீட்டிப்புப் பணிகளைத் தொடங்குகிறது. இருப்பினும், ஊழியர் ஒருவர் வழக்கமாக காலை 7:00 மணிக்கும் 7:30 மணிக்கும் இடைப்பட்ட நேரத்தில் வரிசை எண்கள் மற்றும் படிவங்களை வழங்கத் தொடங்கிவிடுவார்; எனவே, முதலில் சேவை பெறுவதற்கு முன்கூட்டியே அங்கு செல்வது நல்லது.

2015 கோடைக்காலத்தில் மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்ட பல நீட்டிப்பு அனுபவங்களின் அடிப்படையில், காலை 7:00 மணிக்குச் சென்றால் மொத்த நேரம் சுமார் 2½ மணிநேரம் ஆகும்: காலை 7:15 மணிக்கு வரிசை எண் (டிக்கெட்) பெறுதல், 8:30 மணிக்கு ஆவணங்களைச் சமர்ப்பித்தல், 9:00 மணிக்குக் கட்டணம் செலுத்துதல் மற்றும் 9:30 மணி அளவில் கடவுச்சீட்டைத் திரும்பப் பெறுதல் என இந்த நடைமுறை அமையும். காலை 8:30 மணிக்குச் சென்றால், அலுவலக அறை ஏற்கனவே நிரம்பியிருக்கக்கூடும் என்பதால், 3 முதல் 4 மணிநேரம் வரை ஆகலாம். காலை 9:30 மணிக்கு மேல் சென்றால், கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும் மற்றும் குறைந்தது 4 மணிநேரம் தேவைப்படும். காலை 11:30 மணிக்கு மேல் செல்வது பொதுவாகப் பயனளிக்காது, ஏனெனில் கட்டணம் செலுத்தும் கவுண்டர் மதியம் 2:30 மணிக்கு மூடப்படும்; கட்டணம் செலுத்தும் நிலைக்கு உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்வதற்கான முந்தைய நடைமுறைகளை அவர்கள் 2:30 மணிக்குள் முடிக்காவிட்டால், நீங்கள் மறுநாள் மீண்டும் வர வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

முகவர்கள் மூலமாகவும் விசா நீட்டிப்பைச் செய்துகொள்ளலாம்: அவர்கள் உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டு மற்றும் ஆவணங்களைப் பெற்றுக்கொண்டு, வரிசையில் நின்று, கட்டணம் செலுத்திவிட்டு, பின்னர் கடவுச்சீட்டை உங்களிடம் திருப்பித் தருவார்கள். பெரிய சுற்றுலாப் பயணக் குழுக்கள் பெரும்பாலும் நீட்டிப்புப் பணிகளுக்கு இத்தகைய முகவர்களைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றன. இந்த முகவர்களுக்கு நடைமுறைகள் நன்கு தெரியும்: அவர்கள் முன்கூட்டியே வந்து முதல் வரிசை எண்களைப் பெற்றுவிடுவார்கள். இதனால், விசா நீட்டிப்பு தேவைப்படும் 25 வெளிநாட்டினரைப் பிரதிநிதித்துவப்படுத்தும் ஒரு உள்ளூர் முகவருக்குப் பின்னால் நீங்கள் நிற்க நேரிட்டால், உங்கள் காத்திருப்பு நேரம் கணிசமாக அதிகரிக்கக்கூடும். தனிப்பட்ட முறையில் பயணிப்பவருக்குச் சிறந்த ஆலோசனை என்னவென்றால், உள்ளூர் முகவர்கள் வரிசை எண் பெறுவதற்கு ''முன்பே'' உங்கள் வரிசை எண்ணைப் பெறுவதாகும்: காலை 7:00 மணிக்கு முன்பே வந்து, நுழைவாயிலைக் கடந்ததும் இடதுபுறம் உள்ள மரத்தாலான மேஜைக்கு அருகில் உடனடியாக வரிசையில் நிற்கவும்; முகவர்கள் உங்களுக்கு முன்னால் வந்து வரிசையில் சேருவதை அனுமதிக்காதீர்கள்.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
[[File:COLOMBO AIRPORT SRI LANKA JUNE 2011 (5890843686).jpg|thumb|கொழும்பு விமான நிலையம்]]
2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி, இலங்கையில் இரண்டு செயல்பாட்டிலுள்ள சர்வதேச விமான நிலையங்கள் உள்ளன. இவற்றில் முதன்மையானதும் மிகவும் பயனுள்ளதுமான விமான நிலையம் '''கொழும்பு-பண்டாரநாயக்க பன்னாட்டு வானூர்தி நிலையம்''' ({{Wy/ta/IATA|CMB}}) ஆகும்; இங்கிருந்து கொழும்பு நகரை (35 கி.மீ தொலைவு) டாக்ஸி மூலம் சென்றடைய சுமார் ஒரு மணி நேரம் ஆகும். நாட்டின் வடகோடியில் அமைந்துள்ள '''யாழ்ப்பாண பன்னாட்டு வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்கு''' ({{Wy/ta/IATA|JAF}}), [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னையிலிருந்து]] தினமும் இரண்டு விமான சேவைகளும், [[Wy/ta/திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி|திருச்சியிலிருந்து]] தினமும் ஒரு விமான சேவையும் உள்ளன. இவ்விரு நகரங்களும் இந்தியாவின் [[Wy/ta/தமிழ்நாடு|தமிழ்நாடு]] மாநிலத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளதாலும், இலங்கையின் வடபகுதியில் கணிசமான அளவில் தமிழ் மக்கள் வசிப்பதாலும் இந்த விமானச் சேவைகள் மிகவும் பொருத்தமானவையாக உள்ளன. நாட்டின் தென்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள '''மத்தல ராஜபக்ச பன்னாட்டு வானூர்தி நிலையம்''' ({{Wy/ta/IATA|HRI}}) ஒரு பயனற்ற முதலீடாகவே உள்ளது; இங்கு வழக்கமான சர்வதேச விமான சேவைகள் எதுவும் இயக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

'''[https://www.srilankan.com/ ஸ்ரீலங்கன் ஏர்லைன்ஸ்]''' என்பது இலங்கையின் தேசிய வான்னூர்திச் சேவையாகும்; இது ஐரோப்பா, தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா, சீனா, ஜப்பான், மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள், [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பாகிஸ்தான்|பாகிஸ்தான்]] ஆகிய பகுதிகளில் உள்ள நகரங்களிலிருந்து வான்னூர்திகளை இயக்குகிறது. மேலும், [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]], [[Wy/ta/திருவனந்தபுரம்|திருவனந்தபுரம்]], [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]], [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]], [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மாலத்தீவுகள்|மாலத்தீவுகள்]] போன்ற அருகிலுள்ள இடங்களுக்கும் இவ்வானூர்தி நிறுவனம் வான்னூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது. ஸ்ரீலங்கன் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் வான்னூர்திகளுக்கு இடையே 8 முதல் 48 மணிநேரம் வரை நீங்கள் இங்கு காத்திருக்க வேண்டியிருந்தால், அந்நிறுவனம் இலவச தங்குமிடம் மற்றும் உணவை வழங்குகிறது (ஜூலை 2023 நிலவரப்படி, விமான நிலையத்திற்கு அருகிலுள்ள ''ஃபுல் மூன் ஓட்டலில்'' தங்குமிடம் வழங்கப்படுகிறது); அத்துடன், கோரினால் கொழும்பு நகரைச் சுற்றிப் பார்க்கும் இலவசக் குழுப் பயண வசதியையும் இது வழங்குகிறது. இச்சேவை சில நிபந்தனைகளுக்கு உட்பட்டது; இதைப் பெற, குறைந்தது 48 மணிநேரத்திற்கு முன்பாகவே [https://www.srilankan.com/Zh_cn/plan-and-book/transit-accommodation வானூர்தி நிறுவனத்தைத் தொடர்பு கொண்டு] முன்பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டும். முன்பதிவு செய்யப்படாவிட்டால், இலவச தங்குமிட வசதி வழங்கப்படாது.

'''[https://emirates.com எமிரேட்ஸ் ஏர்லைன்ஸ்]''', '''[https://www.etihad.com எத்திஹாத்]''', '''[https://www.qatarairways.com/ கத்தார் ஏர்வேஸ்]''' மற்றும் '''[https://omanair.com/ ஓமன் ஏர்]''' ஆகியவை [[Wy/ta/ஐரோப்பா|ஐரோப்பா]] மற்றும் உலகின் பிற பகுதிகளைச் சேர்ந்த பல முக்கிய நகரங்களை, [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்]], [[Wy/ta/தோகா|தோகா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மஸ்கத்|மஸ்கத்]] வழியாகக் கொழும்புடன் இணைக்கின்றன.

'''[https://www.flydubai.com ஃப்ளைதுபாய்]''' துபாயுடனும், '''[https://airasia.com/ ஏர் ஏசியா]''' [[Wy/ta/சிங்கப்பூர்|சிங்கப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/கோலாலம்பூர்|கோலாலம்பூர்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பாங்காக்|பாங்காக்குடனும்]], '''[https://www.goindigo.in/ இண்டிகோ]''' இந்தியாவின் பல நகரங்களுடனும், '''[https://www.rj.com ராயல் ஜோர்தானியன்]''' அம்மனுடனும் இணைப்பை வழங்குகின்றன.

'''ஸ்ரீலங்கன் ஏர்வேஸ்''' மற்றும் '''குவாண்டாஸ்''' ஆகியவை [[Wy/ta/மெல்பேர்ண்|மெல்பேர்ணிலிருந்து]] தினசரி வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன; இதில் ஸ்ரீலங்கன் ஏர்வேஸ் [[Wy/ta/சிட்னி|சிட்னியிலிருந்தும்]] வாரத்திற்கு நான்கு வானூர்தி சேவைகளை இயக்குகிறது. 2026-ஆம் ஆண்டு ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம் முதல், '''ஜெட்ஸ்டார்''' நிறுவனமும் [[Wy/ta/மெல்பேர்ண்|மெல்பேர்ணிலிருந்து]] நேரடி வானூர்தி சேவைகளைத் தொடங்கவுள்ளது.

====வட அமெரிக்காவிலிருந்து====
ஆசியா, ஆஸ்திரேலியா, மத்திய கிழக்கு மற்றும் ஐரோப்பா ஆகிய பிராந்தியங்களுக்கு வெளியேயுள்ள நகரங்களிலிருந்து இலங்கைக்கு நேரடி வானூர்தி சேவைகள் எதுவும் இல்லை. [[Wy/ta/அமைதிப் பெருங்கடல்|அமைதிப் பெருங்கடற்கரை]]ப் பகுதியிலிருந்து பார்த்தால், பயணிக்க வேண்டிய தூரம் பூமியின் சுற்றளவில் ஏறக்குறைய பாதியளவாகும். உங்கள் விருப்பம் மற்றும் கையில் உள்ள நேரத்தைப் பொறுத்து, நீங்கள் ஐரோப்பா, ஆசியா அல்லது [[Wy/ta/மெல்பேர்ண்|மெல்பேர்ண்]] ஆகிய இடங்களில் இடைநிறுத்தம் செய்து பயணிக்கலாம்; அல்லது [[Wy/ta/சிகாகோ|சிகாகோ]], [[Wy/ta/நியூவர்க்|நியூவர்க்]], [[Wy/ta/நியூயார்க்கு|நியூயார்க்கு]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/தொராண்டோ|தொராண்டோவிலிருந்து]] வட துருவத்தின் வழியாக [[Wy/ta/புது தில்லி|புது தில்லி]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பைக்கு]]ச் செல்லும் நேரடி விமானத்தைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கலாம். பல சந்தர்ப்பங்களில் இதுவே மிக விரைவான வழியாக அமையலாம், ஆனால் இதற்கு இந்திய 'டிரான்சிட் விசா' தேவையா என்பதைச் சரிபார்த்துக் கொள்ளவும். மற்றொரு விரைவான மற்றும் எளிதான வழி, [[Wy/ta/கத்தார்|கத்தார்]], [[Wy/ta/பகுரைன்|பகுரைன்]] அல்லது [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்|ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்]] ஆகிய இடங்களில் இடைநிறுத்தம் செய்யும் மத்திய கிழக்கு வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களைப் பயன்படுத்துவதாகும் (இவற்றிற்கு டிரான்சிட் விசா தேவையில்லை). உதாரணமாக, [[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாயை]] தளமாகக் கொண்ட எமிரேட்ஸ் நிறுவனம், [[Wy/ta/சான் பிரான்சிஸ்கோ|சான் பிரான்சிஸ்கோ]], [[Wy/ta/லாசு ஏஞ்சலசு|லாசு ஏஞ்சலசு]], [[Wy/ta/ஹியூஸ்டன்|ஹியூஸ்டன்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/தொராண்டோ|தொராண்டோ]] ஆகிய நகரங்களிலிருந்து கொழும்புக்குச் செல்லும் முன் மிகக் குறுகிய இடைநிறுத்தத்துடன் கூடிய தினசரி விமான சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது. மேலும், துபாயிலிருந்து கொழும்புக்கு நாளொன்றுக்கு இரண்டு அல்லது மூன்று முறை நேரடி விமான சேவைகளையும் எமிரேட்ஸ் வழங்குகிறது. ஸ்ரீலங்கன் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் 'ஒன்வேர்ல்ட்' கூட்டணியின் ஒரு பகுதியாக இருப்பதால், அமெரிக்கன் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் மற்றும் பல்வேறு ஆசிய, ஐரோப்பிய மற்றும் மத்திய கிழக்கு விமான நிறுவனங்களுடன் இணைந்து ''தொடர் பயணச்சீட்டு முறை'' வசதியைப் பெற முடிகிறது.

=== படகில் ===
2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி, [[Wy/ta/தென்னிந்தியா|தென்னிந்தியாவின்]] [[Wy/ta/நாகப்பட்டினம்|நாகப்பட்டினம்]] மற்றும் வட [[Wy/ta/யாழ்ப்பாணம்|யாழ்ப்பாணத்தின்]] ''காங்கேசன்துறை'' ஆகிய இடங்களுக்கு இடையே '''செயில் சுபம்''' நிறுவனம் வழக்கமான படகு சேவையை இயக்கி வருகிறது. ஏப்ரல் 2025 நிலவரப்படி, வாரத்திற்குப் பலமுறை இயக்கப்படும் இப்படகுகள், நாகப்பட்டினம் துறைமுகத்திலிருந்து (கலங்கரை விளக்கத்திற்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ளது) காலை 07:30 மணிக்குக் புறப்பட்டு, சுமார் 11:30 மணியளவில் காங்கேசன்துறையைச் சென்றடைகின்றன. குடிவரவு, பாதுகாப்பு மற்றும் சுங்க நடைமுறைகளை நிறைவு செய்வதற்காகப் பயணிகள் காலை 06:00 மணிக்கே துறைமுகத்திற்கு வந்து சேருமாறு அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறார்கள். நல்ல நிலையில் உள்ள இப்படகுகள் குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட வசதியைக் கொண்டிருப்பதால், பயணிகளுக்கு வசதியான பயண அனுபவத்தை அளிக்கின்றன.

ஏப்ரல் 2025 நிலவரப்படி, ஒரு வழிப் பயணத்திற்கான கட்டணம் இந்திய ரூபாய் 4,500 ஆகும்; இதனை கடன் அட்டை அல்லது ஒருமித்த செலுத்துகை இணைப்பிடைமுகம் (''யுபிஐ'') மூலம் இணையவழியில் வாங்கலாம். முன்பே பெறப்பட்ட இலங்கை ''மின்னணு பயண அங்கீகாரத்ததுடன்'' காங்கேசன்துறை துறைமுகத்திற்கு வந்து சேரும் செயல்முறை மிகவும் எளிதாகவும் விரைவாகவும் உள்ளது; இங்கு குடிவரவு மற்றும் சுங்க நடைமுறைகள் திறம்பட மேற்கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன. மிதிவண்டிகள் உள்ளிட்ட அதிகப்படியான உடைமைகளுடன் பயணம் செய்வது அனுமதிக்கப்படுவது மட்டுமல்லாமல், இந்த படகுச் சேவைக்கான முக்கிய நோக்கமாகவும் அதுவே இருப்பதாகத் தெரிகிறது; இருப்பினும், உடைமைகளின் அளவு மற்றும் எடையைப் பொறுத்து கூடுதல் கட்டணங்கள் வசூலிக்கப்படலாம்.

[[Wy/ta/தூத்துக்குடி|தூத்துக்குடி]]–[[Wy/ta/கொழும்பு|கொழும்பு]] இடையிலான பழைய பயணிகள் படகுச் சேவை காலவரையின்றி நிறுத்தி வைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. தூத்துக்குடி துறைமுகத்திலிருந்து இலங்கைக்குச் சரக்குக் கப்பல்கள் மூலம் பயணிகளை ஏற்றிச் செல்வது சட்டவிரோதமானது என்று தூத்துக்குடி சுங்கத்துறை அதிகாரிகள் தெரிவித்துள்ளனர்.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==
இலங்கையில் கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்து சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களையும் இணைக்கும் ஒரு வலுவான பொதுப் போக்குவரத்து வலையமைப்பு உள்ளது, இது தனிப்பட்ட பயணத்தை மிகவும் எளிதாக்குகிறது. விடுமுறை நாட்களில் அவ்வப்போது ஏற்படும் பெரும் கூட்ட நெரிசல், மற்றும் சாமான்களை வைப்பதற்கு போதுமான இடமின்மை ஆகியவற்றால், சிலருக்குப் பேருந்துகள் சிரமமான பயண முறையாகத் தோன்றலாம். ஆயினும், அவை உள்ளூர் மக்களுடன் உரையாட சிறந்த வாய்ப்புகளை வழங்குகின்றன, மலிவானவை, ஏராளமாக உள்ளன, மேலும் பல்வேறு கட்டண வரம்புகளிலும் (விரைவு/உள்ளூர், பொது/தனியார்) கிடைக்கின்றன. கடந்த காலத்தில் தனியாகப் பயணம் செய்யும் பெண்கள் துன்புறுத்தப்படுவது அடிக்கடி நிகழ்ந்திருந்தாலும், தற்பொழுது இலங்கை முதிர்ச்சியடைந்ததாகத் தெரிகிறது.

=== பேருந்தில் ===
இலங்கையில் பேருந்துப் பயணம் மலிவானது. குறைந்த செலவில் பயணம் செய்பவர்களுக்கு, பேருந்துகள் எல்லா இடங்களிலும் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும் அவற்றின் பாதுகாப்பு மற்றும் பயன்பாட்டு எளிமை கேள்விக்குரியதாகவே உள்ளது. ஒரு வெளிநாட்டவராக உங்களிடம் அதிக கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படலாம் — சரியான கட்டணத்தைப் பெற, நீங்கள் செல்ல வேண்டிய இடத்திற்கான பயணச்சீட்டைக் கேளுங்கள், அல்லது உள்ளூர்வாசி ஒருவரிடம் முன்கூட்டியே கேளுங்கள். சில நாட்களுக்குப் பிறகு, சரியான விலைகள் குறித்த ஒரு புரிதல் உங்களுக்கு வந்துவிடும். ஒரு வழிகாட்டியாக, ஒரு சாதாரண உள்ளூர் பேருந்தின் கட்டணம் ஒரு கிலோமீட்டருக்கு சுமார் ரூ 5–10 ஆக இருக்க வேண்டும், தூரம் அதிகரிக்க அதிகரிக்க கட்டணம் குறையும் (5 கி.மீ ~ ரூ 50, மற்றும் 40 கி.மீ ~ ரூ 200). இதற்கு மேல் செல்லும் ஒவ்வொரு கட்டணமும் உங்களிடம் அதிக கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படுவதற்கான அறிகுறியாகும். பேருந்துகள், குறிப்பாக நகரங்களில், இரவு 10 மணி அளவில் தாமதமாக இயங்குகின்றன. கூகுள் நிலப்படங்கள், பேருந்து நிறுத்தங்களின் பட்டியல்களில் பேருந்து வழித்தடங்கள் மற்றும் கால அட்டவணைகள் குறித்த முழுமையற்ற தகவல்களைக் காட்டுகிறது. கூகுள் நிலப்படங்களில்ல் சிறந்த பேருந்து கால அட்டவணைத் தகவல்கள் பேருந்து பணிமனைகளில் காணப்படுகின்றன; சாலையோர நிறுத்தங்களில் பொதுவாக வழித்தடங்கள் எதுவும் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டிருக்காது. மதிப்புரைகளைச் சரிபார்க்கவும், ஏனெனில் சில நேரங்களில் மதிப்புரையாளர்கள் பேருந்து நிறுத்தத்தில் கிடைக்கும் கால அட்டவணைகளின் புகைப்படங்களை இணைப்பார்கள்.

இலங்கையில் பொது, தனியார் மற்றும் சொகுசு என மூன்று வகையான பேருந்துகள் உள்ளன. '''பொதுப் பேருந்துகள்''' இலங்கை போக்குவரத்துச் வாரியத்தால் இயக்கப்படுகின்றன; இவை சிவப்பு நிறத்தில் பூசப்பட்ட, எவ்வித ஆடம்பரமும் இல்லாத சாதாரண பேருந்துகளாகும். பொதுப் பேருந்து சேவையின் வழித்தடங்கள் மற்றும் நேர அட்டவணைகளை [https://sltb.eseat.lk/home இங்கே] தேடிப் பார்க்கலாம். சாலைகளில் '''தனியார் பேருந்துகள்''' அதிக அளவில் காணப்படுகின்றன. இவையும் அடிப்படை வசதிகளைக் கொண்டவைதான் என்றாலும், சிவப்பு நிறத்திற்குப் பதிலாக பெரும்பாலும் நீல நிறத்தில் பூசப்பட்டிருக்கும்; அத்துடன் இவை பெரும்பாலும் அதிக அலங்காரங்களுடன் காணப்படும். இவை பொதுவாக உரிமையாளர்களாலேயே இயக்கப்படுகின்றன; அதிக வருமானம் ஈட்டுவதற்காக ஆபத்தான முறையிலும் அதிவேகமாகவும் வாகனத்தை ஓட்டுவதற்கும், முடிந்தவரை அதிக பயணிகளை ஏற்றிக்கொண்டு செல்வதற்கும் இவை பெயர் போனவை. பொது மற்றும் தனியார் பேருந்துகள் ஆகிய இரண்டிலுமே, முன்பக்கக் கண்ணாடிக்கு மேலே ஒரே மாதிரியான வழித்தடத்தைக் குறிக்கும் பலகைகள் பொருத்தப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

நீங்கள் ஆடம்பரமாக பயணம் செய்ய திட்டமிட்டால் '''சொகுசுப் பேருந்துகள்''' (தனியார் குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட பேருந்துகள்) சில வழித்தடங்களில் இருமடங்கு கட்டணத்தில் இயங்கும். இது இணையவழி முன்பதிவு, குளிரூட்டு வசதி மற்றும் உத்தரவாதமான இருக்கை ஆகியவற்றை வழங்குகிறது. சொகுசு பேருந்து நிறுவனங்களில் [https://superline.lk/ '''சூப்பர்லைன்'''] மற்றும் [https://ncgexpress.lk/bus-timetables/ '''என்சிஜி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்'''] ஆகியவை அடங்கும். பல நிறுவனங்களின் பேருந்துகளை [https://busseat.lk பேருந்து பயணச்சீட்டு] இணையதளத்தில் முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம். 

நாட்டின் பேருந்து சேவை வலையமைப்பு குறித்த தகவல்களைப் பெறுவது கடினம். நாடு தழுவிய 'தேசிய போக்குவரத்து ஆணையத்தின்' இணையதளம் மிகவும் மோசமான நிலையில் உள்ளது. பல்வேறு மாகாணங்கள் தங்கள் சொந்தப் பேருந்து சேவைகளை நிர்வகிப்பதால் நிலைமை இன்னும் சிக்கலாகிறது; இதனால், பேருந்து வழித்தடங்கள் குறித்த மையப்படுத்தப்பட்ட மற்றும் புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்ட தரவுத்தளம் எதுவும் இல்லை. அரசாங்கம் நிர்ணயித்துள்ள அதிகாரப்பூர்வ கட்டண விவரங்களை [https://www.ntc.gov.lk/Bus_info/bus_fares.php இணையதளத்தில்] காணலாம்; இருப்பினும், தனியார் பேருந்துகளில் சில சமயங்களில் கட்டணம் இதைவிடக் குறைவாகவும் இருக்கலாம். மேலும், மிக முக்கியமான வழித்தடங்கள் குறித்த தகவல்களை [https://routemaster.lk/ இங்கே] காணலாம். பேருந்து கட்டணம் செலுத்தும்போது, ​​நடத்துநர் நீங்கள் கொடுக்கும் கட்டணத்தை அப்படியே வைத்துக்கொண்டு, உங்களுக்குப் பயணச்சீட்டையோ அல்லது மீதிப் பணத்தையோ (சில்லறையையோ) தராமல் போக வாய்ப்புள்ளது. அனைத்துப் பயணிகளும் கட்டாயம் பயணச்சீட்டு வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும். எனவே, பயணச்சீட்டைக் கண்டிப்பாகக் கேளுங்கள்; அத்துடன் கட்டணம் எவ்வளவு என்று கேட்டு, அதற்கான சரியான தொகையை (சில்லறையை) வாங்க முயற்சிக்கவும்.

பேருந்து நிலையங்கள் குழப்பமான இடங்கள், ஆனால் கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைவரும் தங்கள் ஆங்கிலத்தைப் பயிற்சி செய்து உங்களுக்கு உதவுவதில் மகிழ்ச்சி அடைவார்கள். மேலும், பேருந்தில் பயணிக்கும் போது, ​​பேருந்தில் ஏறும் துறவிகள் அல்லது பாதிரியார்களுக்கு முன் பயணிகள் இருக்கைகளை விட்டுக்கொடுப்பது உள்ளூர் ஆசாரம்.

பேருந்துப் பயணத்தை எளிதாக்க, நீங்கள் முன்கூட்டியே வந்து குறைந்த அளவு உடமைகளுடன் பயணிக்கலாம். அதிகப்படியான உடமைகள் உங்களிடம் இருந்து, அவற்றை உங்கள் மடியிலோ அல்லது கால்களுக்கு அடியிலோ வைக்க விரும்பவில்லை என்றால், உங்கள் முதுகுப்பைக்காக ஒரு தனி இருக்கையை வாங்குவது குறித்துப் பரிசீலிக்கலாம். பயணக் கட்டணம் குறைவாக இருப்பதால், இது சாத்தியமான ஒரு வழியாகவே இருக்கும்!

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
{{Wy/ta/Cautionbox|1=2025-ஆம் ஆண்டு நவம்பர்/டிசம்பர் மாதங்களில், [[w:ta:தித்வா புயல்|தித்வா புயல்]] இலங்கையின் தொடருந்து கட்டமைப்பில் 70 சதவீதத்தை சேதப்படுத்தியது.
(பிப்ரவரி 2026 நிலவரப்படி) பழுதுபார்க்கும் பணிகள் நடைபெற்று வருகின்றன, இருப்பினும் பல வழித்தடங்கள் இன்னும் பயன்பாட்டில் இல்லை:
* பதுளை மற்றும் எல்லாவிலிருந்து வரும் ரயில்கள் அம்பேவெல வரை மட்டுமே செல்கின்றன; அவை கண்டி அல்லது கொழும்பு வரை செல்வதில்லை.
* கொழும்பிலிருந்து கண்டி, மாத்தளை, எல்லா அல்லது பதுளைக்கு ரயில்கள் இல்லை; இவ்வழித்தடங்களில் ரயில்கள் ரம்புக்கனை வரை மட்டுமே இயக்கப்படுகின்றன.
* கொழும்பிலிருந்து காலி/பெலியத்த, சிலாபம், திருகோணமலை, மட்டக்களப்பு மற்றும் யாழ்ப்பாணம் வரையிலான ரயில் சேவைகள் தொடர்ந்து நடைபெறுகின்றன.
கூடுதல் தகவல்களை [https://railway.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=917&amp;lang=en இலங்கை ரயில்வேயின் இணையதளத்தில்] காணலாம்.
|lastedit=2026-07-28}}
[[File:Sri Lanka Railroads Map.svg|300px|thumb|இலங்கை தொடருந்துப் பாதை வரைபடம்]]
இலங்கையில் தீவு முழுவதும் உள்ள அனைத்து முக்கிய நகரங்களையும் இணைக்கும் விரிவான தொடருந்து கட்டமைப்பு உள்ளது. தொடருந்துகள் (குறிப்பாக முதல் மற்றும் இரண்டாம் வகுப்பு) ஓரளவுக்கு வசதியானவை; பயணச்சீட்டுகளை நேரடியாக வாங்கினால் கட்டணமும் குறைவு. முன்பதிவு இல்லாமலேயே எந்தவொரு தொடருந்து நிலையத்திலும் மூன்றாம் வகுப்பு பயணச்சீட்டுகளை எப்போதும் வாங்கலாம்; இரண்டாம் வகுப்பு பயணச்சீட்டுகளும் பெரும்பாலும் கிடைக்கின்றன.

முதல் மற்றும் இரண்டாம் வகுப்பு பயணச்சீட்டுகள் பயணத் தேதிக்கு 30 நாட்களுக்கு முன்னதாக, தினமும் காலை 10:00 மணிக்கு (உள்ளூர் நேரம்) விற்பனைக்கு வருகின்றன. இவை பெரும்பாலும் சில நிமிடங்களிலேயே இடைத்தரகர்களால் வாங்கப்பட்டுவிடுகின்றன; பின்னர் அவர்கள் வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு அசல் விலையை விடப் பல மடங்கு அதிக விலைக்கு அவற்றை விற்கிறார்கள். இணையம் வழியாக இந்த பயணச்சீட்டுகளை நேரடியாக வாங்க முடிந்தாலும், மின்னஞ்சல் மூலம் பெறப்பட்ட ரசீதை செல்லுபடியாகும் பயணச்சீட்டாக மாற்றிக்கொள்ள வேண்டியிருக்கும்; இப்பணியை [https://seatreservation.railway.gov.lk/mtktwebslr/ticketprintinglocations குறிப்பிட்ட சில ரயில் நிலையங்களில்] மட்டுமே செய்ய முடியும்.

இலங்கையின் மலைப்பகுதிக்குள் நுழையும்போது, ​​மலைகளின் வழியே வளைந்து செல்லும் தண்டவாளங்களுடன் கூடிய தொடருந்துப் பாதை அமைப்பு மிகவும் ரம்மியமாகக் காட்சியளிக்கிறது. மத்திய இலங்கைக்கோ அல்லது மிகவும் அற்புதமான கடற்கரை வழித்தடத்திற்கோ இரயில் பயணம் செய்வது, அதுவே நினைவில் நிற்கும் ஒரு பயணமாகும். வாய்ப்பு கிடைத்தால், விரைவு இரயில்களைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து, முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்ய முயலுங்கள். சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் இயற்கை காட்சிகளைக் கண்டு ரசிப்பதற்காக சிறப்புப் பார்வை இரயில் பெட்டிகள் உள்ளன. நீங்கள் விரைவு இரயில் செல்லும் வழித்தடத்தில் பயணிக்கிறீர்களா இல்லையா என்பதைப் பொறுத்து, இரயில்கள் பேருந்துகளை விட மெதுவாகச் செல்லக்கூடும், ஆனால் அவை பேருந்துகளை விட மிகவும் வசதியானவை மற்றும் மலிவானவை.

தொடருந்து நேர அட்டவணைகள் மற்றும் கட்டணங்களை விரைவில் இணையதளத்தில் பார்க்கலாம் (தற்பொழுது இணையதளம் பராமரிப்பில் உள்ளது). மலைப்பாதைகளில் செல்லும் தொடருந்துகள் பெரும்பாலும் தாமதமாகலாம்; அதே சமயம் கூடுதல் தொடருந்துகளும் இயக்கப்படலாம் — எனவே தொடருந்து நிலையத்தில் விசாரித்துத் தெரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள்! கட்டணங்கள் மற்றும் தூர விவரங்களை அறிய, பயன்படுத்துவதற்குச் சற்று எளிதான [http://slr.malindaprasad.com/ இணையதளம்] ஒன்றும் உள்ளது.

தொடருந்து பெட்டிகளில் மூன்று வகுப்புகள் உள்ளன; இருப்பினும், முதல் மற்றும் இரண்டாம் வகுப்பு வசதிகள் சில நகரிடை மற்றும் விரைவு தொடருந்துகளில் மட்டுமே கிடைக்கின்றன. மூன்றாம் வகுப்பில் பயணம் செய்வது கேட்பதற்குத் தோன்றுவது போல மோசமானதல்ல. பெரும்பாலும், மூன்றாம் மற்றும் இரண்டாம் வகுப்புகளுக்கு இடையிலான ஒரே வித்தியாசம் இருக்கைகளுக்கு இடையே கை வைக்கும் தாங்கி இல்லாமை மட்டுமே ஆகும். நகரிடை மற்றும் விரைவு ரயில்களில் முன்பதிவு வசதி கொண்ட பெட்டிகள் உள்ளன; இவற்றில் பயணிக்க [https://seatreservation.railway.gov.lk/mtktwebslr/ அதிகாரப்பூர்வ இணையதளம்] மூலம் முன்கூட்டியே இருக்கைகளை முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம்.

குறிப்பாகக் காலை மற்றும் பிற்பகல் வேளைகளில் தொடருந்துகளில் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருக்கலாம். மேலும், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடையே பிரபலமான வழித்தடங்களில் (உதாரணமாக, கொழும்பு-கண்டி வழித்தடம்) உள்ள 'அப்சர்வேஷன் கார்' (காட்சிகளை ரசிக்கும் வகையிலான பெட்டி) இருக்கைகள், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளின் வருகை அதிகம் உள்ள காலங்களில் பல நாட்களுக்கு முன்பே முன்பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டு நிரம்பிவிடும். எனவே, முடிந்தவரை முன்கூட்டியே இருக்கையை முன்பதிவு செய்துகொள்வது நல்லது; கூடுதல் விவரங்களுக்கு [https://seatreservation.railway.gov.lk/mtktwebslr/ இலங்கை தொடருந்து] மற்றும் [http://seat61.com/SriLanka.htm இலங்கையில் தொடருந்து பயணம்] ஆகிய இணையதளங்களைப் பார்க்கவும்.

தொடருந்து வசதி இருக்கும்போது அது ஒரு சிறந்த பயணத் தேர்வாக அமைகிறது; சாதாரண தொடருந்துகளின் கட்டணம் தனியார் பேருந்து கட்டணத்தை விட மிகச் சற்று அதிகமாகவோ அல்லது ஏறக்குறைய சமமாகவோதான் இருக்கும். முதல் மற்றும் இரண்டாம் வகுப்பு ரயில் பயணச்சீட்டுகளைப் பல நாட்களுக்கு முன்பே முன்பதிவு செய்ய முடிவது இதன் சிறப்பம்சங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். இலங்கை தொடருந்துத் துறைக்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில் ஒரு பயனுள்ள இணையதளம் உள்ளது. அதிகாரப்பூர்வமான திறன்பேசி செயலி எதுவும் இல்லை என்றாலும், [https://rdmns.lk/ ஓரளவு பயனுள்ள ஒரு அதிகாரப்பூர்வமற்ற செயலி] உள்ளது.

'''கண்டி''' மற்றும் '''பதுளை''' நகரங்களுக்கு இடையிலான தொடருந்து பயணம், குறிப்பாக '''நுவரெலியா''' மற்றும் '''எல்ல''' பகுதிகளுக்கு இடையே காணப்படும் கண்கவர் காட்சிகளுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது. பதுளை நோக்கிச் செல்லும்போது ரயிலின் வலதுபுற இருக்கையில் அமர்வது சிறந்தது, ஏனெனில் அப்பக்கத்திலிருந்து சிறந்த காட்சிகளைக் காண முடியும்.

தனியார் தொடருந்து சேவைகள் தற்போது இயக்கப்படுவதில்லை. எக்ஸ்போரெயில் மற்றும் ராஜதானி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் ஆகியவை குறிப்பிட்ட இடங்களுக்குக் குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட மற்றும் உயர்தரச் சேவைகளுடன் கூடிய முதல் வகுப்பு தொடருந்து பெட்டிகளை இயக்கி வந்தன.

===முச்சக்கர வாகனத்தில்===
[[File:Sri Lanka Tuk-Tuk Parking 2009.jpg|thumb|நுவரெலியாவில் வாடகைக்காகக் காத்திருக்கும் முச்சக்கர வண்டிகள்]]
இலங்கையில் பயன்பாட்டில் உள்ள ஒரு பொதுவான போக்குவரத்து வாகனம் 'முச்சக்கர வண்டி' (அல்லது 'ட்ரை-ஷா') என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மூன்று சக்கர வாகனமாகும்; இது உலகின் பிற பகுதிகளில் 'டக்-டக்' என்று பரவலாக அறியப்படுகிறது (இந்தியாவில் ''ஆட்டோ ரிட்சா''). இவை வாடகை மகிழுந்துகளைப் போலவே செயல்படுகின்றன; பல சூழல்களில், ஓரிடத்திலிருந்து மற்றொரு இடத்திற்குச் செல்ல இவை வசதியான மற்றும் சிக்கனமான வழியாக அமைகின்றன. இருப்பினும், இவற்றில் இருக்கை வார்ப்பட்டைகள் இல்லாததாலும், பக்கவாட்டுப் பகுதிகள் திறந்த நிலையில் இருப்பதாலும் சாலைப் பாதுகாப்பு குறித்த கவலைகள் உள்ளன. கொழும்பு-பண்டாரநாயக்க சர்வதேச விமான நிலைய வளாகத்திற்குள் இவ்வகையான வாகனங்களை இயக்க அனுமதி இல்லை; எனவே, நீங்கள் அங்கிருந்து புறப்படும்போது, ​​ஒரு 'டக்-டக்' ஓட்டுநரின் பேச்சைக் கேட்டு அவரை வாடகைக்கு அமர்த்திக்கொள்ள வேண்டாம்.

இலங்கையில் முச்சக்கர வண்டிகள் எங்கும் பரவலாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன. எந்தவொரு தெருவிலும், கைகாட்டி நிறுத்திச் செல்லக்கூடிய ஒரு முச்சக்கர வண்டி வருவதற்குச் சில நிமிடங்களுக்கு மேல் காத்திருக்க வேண்டியிருக்காது. நீங்கள் பயணப் பொருட்களுடன் (லக்கேஜ்) பயணம் செய்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், கூடுதல் இடவசதி கொண்ட சற்று பெரிய முச்சக்கர வண்டிகளைத் தேடிப் பயன்படுத்தலாம். இது பயணிக்க ஒரு தனித்துவமான வழியாக இருந்தாலும், எல்லாச் சூழல்களிலும் இது மிகவும் சிக்கனமானதாக இருக்காது. பொதுப் போக்குவரத்து மிகவும் மலிவானது; மேலும், பெரும்பாலான முச்சக்கர வண்டி ஓட்டுநர்கள் வெளிநாட்டினரிடம் அதிக கட்டணம் வசூலிக்க முற்படுவார்கள். எனவே, அவர்கள் முதலில் கூறும் கட்டணத்திற்கு ஒருபோதும் ஒப்புக்கொள்ளாதீர்கள் அல்லது கீழே குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள செயலியைப் பயன்படுத்துங்கள். ஒரு கிலோமீட்டருக்கு சுமார் 70–100 ரூபாய் என்பது உங்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கக்கூடிய சிறந்த கட்டணமாகும். கட்டணமானி பொருத்தப்பட்ட முச்சக்கர வண்டியைப் பயன்படுத்த நேரிட்டால், அந்த மானி இயக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதா என்பதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். வாடகை மகிழுந்துகள் சற்று அதிக கட்டணம் கொண்டவை என்றாலும், அவை மிகவும் பாதுகாப்பானவை. இருப்பினும், ஒரு முச்சக்கர வண்டியில் பயணம் செய்யாமல் இலங்கையின் முழுமையான பயண அனுபவத்தைப் பெற முடியாது.

பல்வேறு செயலிகள் மூலம் முச்சக்கர வண்டிகளை வரவழைக்கலாம்; 2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி, ''பிக் மி'' மற்றும் ''உபர்'' ஆகியவை மிகவும் பிரபலமானவையாக உள்ளன. பயணக் கட்டணத்தை முன்கூட்டியே அறிந்துகொள்ளவும், பிற ஓட்டுநர்களுடன் கட்டணம் குறித்துப் பேசி முடிவு செய்யவும் இந்தச் செயலிகள் மிகவும் பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கின்றன. சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, இந்தச் செயலிகளைப் பயன்படுத்துவதே சிறந்தது; இல்லையெனில், கட்டணம் தொடர்பான தேவையற்ற வாக்குவாதங்களும் சிக்கல்களும் தொடர்ந்து கொண்டே இருக்கும்.

=== வாடகை மகிழுந்தில் ===
கொழும்பு நகருக்குள் சுற்றிப் பார்க்க முச்சக்கர வண்டிகளை விட வாடகை மகிழுந்துகள் சிறந்தவை; அவை பெரும்பாலும் கட்டணமானியைப் பயன்படுத்துவதால் (பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும் என்பதால்) செலவும் குறைவாகவே இருக்கும். சாதாரண கட்டணம் சுமார் 185 ரூபாயாக இருக்கும்; மேலும், சுமார் 40 அமெரிக்க டாலர் கட்டணத்தில் முழு நாள் பயணத் திட்டங்களும் (சுமார் 8 மணிநேரம் மற்றும் 80 கி.மீ தூரம் வரை) கிடைக்கின்றன. காத்திருப்புக்கான கூடுதல் கட்டணம் ஏதுமின்றி, ஒரு கிலோமீட்டருக்கு 100–115 ரூபாய் என்ற விகிதத்தில் வெளியூர்களுக்கும் அவர்கள் உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்வார்கள். சுற்றுலா ஏற்பாட்டாளர்கள் பரிந்துரைக்கும் திட்டத்தைப் பின்பற்றாமல், உங்கள் விருப்பப்படியே பயணத் திட்டத்தை அமைத்துக்கொண்டு பயணிக்கவும் முடியும்.

மீட்டர் முறைக்கு மாற்றாக, 'Uber' மற்றும் 'PickMe' போன்ற சேவைகளும் உள்ளன. பயணச் சிரமங்களைத் தவிர்க்க இவற்றைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம்!

ஒரு நாள் அல்லது உங்கள் முழு விடுமுறை காலத்திற்கும் மகிழுந்துடன் கூடிய ஓட்டுநரை நீங்கள் வாடகைக்கு அமர்த்திக்கொள்ளலாம். சில ஓட்டுநர்கள் மற்றும் வழிகாட்டிகள் அரசு உரிமம் பெற்றவர்கள்; இவர்களில் சிலர் பல மொழிகள் தெரிந்தவர்களாகவும், வரலாறு, கலாச்சாரம் மற்றும் இயற்கை சார்ந்த விஷயங்களில் ஆழ்ந்த அறிவு கொண்டவர்களாகவும் இருப்பார்கள். குறிப்பாக, பழமையான இடங்கள் மற்றும் இயற்கை காப்பகங்களுக்குச் செல்லும்போது இவர்களின் அறிவு மிகவும் பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும்.

நிச்சயமாக, உங்களுக்குப் பணத்தட்டுப்பாடு இல்லை என்றாலோ அல்லது குறிப்பாகக் குறைந்த நேரமே இருந்தாலோ, பயணத்தின் ஒரு பகுதிக்கோ அல்லது முழு பயணத்திற்குமோ ஓட்டுநருடன் கூடிய மகிழுந்தை வாடகைக்கு எடுப்பது உங்கள் பயணத் திட்டத்தை எளிதாகப் பின்பற்ற உதவும். சில சமயங்களில், ஒரே நாளில் இரண்டு இடங்களைப் பார்வையிடவும் இது உங்களுக்கு வாய்ப்பளிக்கும்.

=== கட்டைவிரல் சைகயால் ===
இலங்கையில் அறிமுகமில்லாதவர்களிடம் அவர்களது வாகனத்தில் இலவசமாக இடத்துக்கு இடம் பயணம் செய்ய கட்டைவிரல் சைகையால்  கெஞ்சுவது வழக்கமான ஒன்றாக இல்லாவிட்டாலும், அது மிகவும் எளிதானது. இதில் உள்ள ஒரே சவால் பொருத்தமான வாகனத்தைக் கண்டறிவதுதான்; ஏனெனில், சாலைகளில் பெரும்பாலும் முச்சக்கர வண்டிகள் (டக்-டக்), இருசக்கர வாகனங்கள், சுற்றுலாப் பேருந்துகள் மற்றும் சாதாரணப் பேருந்துகளே அதிகம் காணப்படுகின்றன. இருப்பினும், சரக்கு லாரிகள், சாதாரண கார்கள் அல்லது வேன்களும் போதுமான அளவில் இருப்பதால், பெரும்பாலும் 15 நிமிடங்களுக்கு மேல் காத்திருக்க வேண்டியிருக்காது.

பெரும்பாலான இடங்களில் பேருந்துகள் எளிதாகக் கிடைத்தாலும், மிகவும் தொலைதூர இடங்களுக்குச் செல்லும்போது, ​​பேருந்துக்காக ஒரு மணி நேரம் காத்திருப்பதற்குப் பதிலாக, யாரேனும் செல்லும் வாகனத்தில் ''கெஞ்சுப்பயணம்'' மேற்கொள்வது அதிகப் பலனளிக்கும்.

உள்ளூர் மக்கள் பொதுவாகப் பயணம் செய்ய அனுமதிப்பதற்குப் பணம் கேட்பதில்லை (ஏதேனும் இடைத்தரகரிடம் சிக்கிக்கொண்டால் தவிர). ஒருவேளை அவர்கள் பணம் கேட்டால், பேருந்து கட்டண விகிதத்தின் அடிப்படையில் (ஒரு கிலோமீட்டருக்கு 5-10 ரூபாய்) அதற்கான தொகையை வழங்குவது நியாயமானதாக இருக்கும். முச்சக்கர வண்டி அல்லது வாடகை மகிழுந்துக்குரிய கட்டணத்தை ஒருபோதும் கொடுக்காதீர்கள்; அத்தகைய கட்டணங்களைக் கோருவதற்கு உரிய உரிமம் தேவைப்படும்.

=== வாடகை அடிப்படையில் ===
[[File:Tuk Tuk Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|முச்சக்கர வாகனம் ஒன்றை வாடகைக்கு எடுக்கும் ஒரு சுற்றுலாப் பயணி]]
நீங்கள் பல்வேறு நிறுவனங்களிடமிருந்து ஒரு முச்சக்கர வண்டியை வாடகைக்கு எடுக்கலாம். இந்த நிறுவனங்களில் சில மற்றவற்றை விட அதிக சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. உதாரணமாக, சில நிறுவனங்கள் இலங்கை ஓட்டுநர் உரிமம் பெறுவதற்கான உதவி, இலவச பழுதுபார்ப்பு, வரம்பற்ற கிலோமீட்டர்கள், மற்றும் ஊடலை ஒலிப்பிகள், குளிர்பதனப் பெட்டி, பூட்டக்கூடிய சேமிப்பு வசதி, 24 மணி நேர தொலைபேசி ஆதரவு போன்ற முச்சக்கர வண்டியின் சிறப்பம்சங்களை வழங்குகின்றன. நன்கு ஆராய்ந்து பாருங்கள்.

சர்வதேச ஓட்டுநர் உரிமம் பரிந்துரைக்கப்பட்டாலும், நடைமுறையில் காவல்துறை அதைக் கேட்காது. சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளை அதிகம் தொந்தரவு செய்யாமல், ஊழல் தொடர்பான எந்தவொரு விஷயங்களிலிருந்தும் அவர்களைப் பாதுகாப்பதே நிர்வாகத்தின் விதியாகத் தெரிகிறது.

இலங்கையில் பொதுவாக அதிகம் நிகழும் சாலை விபத்துகளுக்கு, வாடகைக்கு எடுக்கப்படும் கார்கள் குறைவான வாய்ப்பையே கொண்டிருக்கின்றன. நீங்கள் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கும் மகிழுந்தின் வகையைப் பொறுத்தும், ஓட்டல் அல்லது பயண முகமை (இவை சேவைக் கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கும்) மூலமாக முன்பதிவு செய்கிறீர்களா என்பதைப் பொறுத்தும், எரிபொருள் செலவு நீங்கலாக ஒரு நாளுக்கான வாடகை கட்டணம் ரூ. 5,000 முதல் ரூ. 10,000 வரை மாறுபடும்.

நீங்களே காரை ஓட்டுவதற்கு, உங்கள் சர்வதேச ஓட்டுநர் உரிமத்தை எடுத்து வந்து, இலங்கையின் '''இலங்கை தானுந்துக் கழகம்''' மூலம் அதை அங்கீகரிக்கச் செய்ய வேண்டும். இந்த நடைமுறையை உங்களுக்காகச் செய்து தருமாறு ஒரு பயண முகமையிடம் முன்கூட்டியே கட்டணம் செலுத்தி ஏற்பாடு செய்யலாம்; இல்லையெனில், கொழும்பில் நீங்களே நேரில் சென்று இதைச் செய்ய வேண்டும், இதற்கு ஒரு நாள் அவகாசம் தேவைப்படும். கொழும்பு விமான நிலையத்தில் சர்வதேச மகிழுந்து வாடகை நிறுவனங்களையும், நெகம்போ கடற்கரைப் பகுதியில் சில உள்ளூர் நிறுவனங்களையும் நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

இங்கு வாகனப் போக்குவரத்து இடதுபுறமாகவே நடைபெறும். சில முக்கிய சாலைகள் நல்ல நிலையில் இருந்தாலும், குறிப்பாக உட்புறப் பகுதிகளில் உள்ள மற்ற சாலைகள் குறுகலாகவும் குண்டும் குழியுமாகவும் உள்ளன. சாலைகளில் மகிழுந்துகளுடன் மிதிவண்டி ஓட்டுநர்கள், பாதசாரிகள் மற்றும் விலங்குகளும் காணப்படுவார்கள்; அவர்கள் உங்கள் மீது கவனம் செலுத்துவார்கள் என்று எதிர்பார்க்க வேண்டாம். உள்ளூர் ஓட்டுநர் பழக்கவழக்கங்கள் மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளிலிருந்து மிகவும் மாறுபட்டவை, மேலும் போக்குவரத்து ஆபத்தானதாக அமையலாம். விபத்துகளும் காயங்களும் இங்கு சாதாரணமாக நிகழக்கூடியவை. மற்றொரு ஓட்டுநர் உங்களைப் பார்த்தாரா என்பது உறுதியாகத் தெரியாவிட்டாலோ அல்லது ஆபத்தான சூழல் ஏதேனும் தென்பட்டாலோ, உங்கள் வாகனத்தின் வாகன ஒலியை ஒலிக்கச் செய்யுங்கள். வாகன ஒலியை குறைவாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதை விட, சற்று அதிகமாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதே சிறந்தது.
[[File:CinnamonAir.jpg|thumb|ஒரு நீர்நில வாழ் சினமன் ஏர் செஸ்னா]]

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி, தீவு முழுவதும் உள்ள இடங்களைச் சிறிய ரக வானூர்திகள் அல்லது உலங்கூர்திகள் மூலம் இணைக்கும் மூன்று உள்நாட்டு விமான நிறுவனங்கள் உள்ளன. அவை [https://senokair.com/ செனாக் ஏர்], [https://www.helitours.lk/ ஹெலிடூர்ஸ்] மற்றும் [https://www.cinnamonair.com சினமன் ஏர்] ஆகியனவாகும். இவற்றில், திட்டமிடப்பட்ட நேர அட்டவணைப்படி இயங்கும் ஒரே வானூர்தி நிறுவனம் 'சினமன் ஏர்' மட்டுமே. இவர்கள் நிலத்திலும் நீரிலும் தரையிறங்கக்கூடிய 'செஸ்னா' ரக வானூர்திகளைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர்; இதன் மூலம் தீவில் உள்ள அழகிய ஏரிகள் மற்றும் நீர்த்தேக்கங்களிலும் இவர்களால் தரையிறங்க முடிகிறது.

'''ரத்மலானை வானூர்தி நிலையம்''' ({{Wy/ta/IATA|RML}}) என்பது கொழும்பு நகர மையத்திலிருந்து 15 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு சிறிய உள்நாட்டு வானூர்தி நிலையமாகும். 'செனோக் ஏர்' மற்றும் 'ஹெலிடூர்ஸ்' ஆகிய நிறுவனங்கள் இவ்வானூர்தி நிலையத்திலிருந்து வாடகை உலங்கூர்தி சேவைகளை இயக்குகின்றன.

===சுற்றுலா ஏற்பாட்டாளர் மூலம்===
சுற்றுலா ஏற்பாட்டாளர்கள், தீவு முழுவதும் உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்ல ஒரு வேன் மற்றும் ஓட்டுநரை ஏற்பாடு செய்வதில் மகிழ்ச்சி அடைவார்கள். ஆனால் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருங்கள், சாலைகள் மேடு பள்ளமாகவும் மெதுவாகவும் இருக்கும். நீங்கள் வந்தவுடன் திட்டமிடாமல் முன்பதிவு செய்தால், தீவின் எந்தவொரு 'சுற்றுலா'விற்கும் ஒப்புக்கொள்வதற்கு முன், நீங்கள் எங்கு செல்கிறீர்கள் என்பதை வரைபடத்தில் காட்டுமாறு கேளுங்கள். மேலும், நீங்கள் எங்கு பயணிக்க விரும்புகிறீர்கள் என்பது குறித்த தெளிவான எண்ணம் உங்களுக்கு இருக்க, அங்கு வருவதற்கு முன்பே ஆய்வு செய்யுங்கள். பயணத்தை நீட்டிக்கவும் செலவை அதிகரிக்கவும் தேவையற்ற முறையில் பின்னோக்கிச் செல்வது ஒரு உண்மையான ஆபத்தாகும். அதுபோலவே, தரகுப் பணத்தைப் பெறும் முயற்சியில், ஒரு ஓட்டுநர் உங்களை விரும்பத்தகாத கடைவலப் பயணங்களுக்கு அழைத்துச் செல்ல விரும்புவதும் ஆபத்தாகும். இலங்கையில் நிபுணத்துவம் பெற்ற பயண இணையதளங்களை எளிதாகக் காணலாம். மேலும், சுயெச்சையான சுற்றுப்பயணங்களைத் தேடும் தனிப்பட்ட பயணிகளுக்குக் கிடைக்கும் தேர்வுகளை அவை பெரிதும் அதிகரித்துள்ளன. அவற்றில் சிறந்தவை, தெளிவாகக் குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட பயணத் திட்டங்களை உருவாக்கும். மேலும், சில இணையதளங்கள் பயணத் திட்டங்களில் கடைசி நேர மாற்றங்களைச் செய்யும் அளவுக்கு நெகிழ்வுத்தன்மையுடன் உள்ளன. அவர்களின் முன்பதிவு நிபந்தனைகள் மற்றும் மோசடி தடுப்புக் கொள்கைகளைக் காட்டும்படி கேளுங்கள்.

== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==
[[File:Ruwanwelisaya Stupa 23.JPG|thumb|அனுராதபுரத்தில் உள்ள ருவன்வெலிசாய ஸ்தூபி]]
பல சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களில் வெளிநாட்டினருக்கான நுழைவுக் கட்டணம், உள்ளூர்வாசிகளுக்கான கட்டணத்தை விடப் பத்து மடங்கு வரை அதிகமாக உள்ளது. மேலும், தற்போது மிகத் தொலைவில் உள்ள புத்தர் சிலைகள் அல்லது நீர்வீழ்ச்சிகளைக் காணக்கூட 300 ரூபாயோ அல்லது அதற்கும் மேலோ கட்டணமாக வசூலிக்கப்படுகிறது.

புத்தரின் புனிதப் பல் எச்சத்தைப் பாதுகாத்து வைப்பதற்காக 16-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் கட்டப்பட்ட வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க ஒரு கட்டிடமே [[Wy/ta/கண்டி#Q289175|புனிதப் பல் எச்சக் கோயில்]] (தலதா மாளிகை) ஆகும். இது முதலில் இலங்கையின் மன்னர்களுக்கான அரண்மனையாகக் கட்டப்பட்டு, பின்னர் கோயிலாக மாற்றப்பட்டது. பலமுறை சிதைக்கப்பட்ட இக்கட்டிடம், 1983 முதல் 2009 வரை நடைபெற்ற உள்நாட்டுப் போரின்போது நடத்தப்பட்ட பயங்கரவாதத் தாக்குதல் உட்படப் பல சந்தர்ப்பங்களில் மீண்டும் கட்டியெழுப்பப்பட்டுள்ளது.

இலங்கையில் உள்ள சில பிரபலமான இடங்கள்:
* [[Wy/ta/மன்னார்|மன்னார்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/யாழ்ப்பாணம்|யாழ்ப்பாணம்]] போன்ற கடற்கரைக்காயல்கள் மற்றும் அப்பகுதிகளில் உள்ள சதுப்பு நிலங்கள்.
* [[Wy/ta/நுவரெலியா|நுவரெலியாவில்]] உள்ள அழகான ஆங்கில பாணி கிராமங்கள்; இங்கு பல தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்களும் ''ஹக்கல பூங்காவும்'' உள்ளன.
* [[Wy/ta/உனவட்டுன|உனவட்டுன]], [[Wy/ta/காலி|காலி]], [[Wy/ta/வெலிகம|வெலிகம]], [[Wy/ta/பெந்தோட்டை|பெந்தோட்டை]] மற்றும் வடக்குப் பகுதி கடற்கரைகள் நன்கு அறியப்பட்டவை; இருப்பினும் டிக்வெல்ல, கல்பட்டியா அல்லது எஸ்.கே. டவுன் போன்ற அமைதியான கடற்கரைகளும் பல உள்ளன.
* [[Wy/ta/யாழ்ப்பாணம்|யாழ்ப்பாணம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/வட மாகாணம்|வட மாகாணத் தீவுகளில்]] (எ.கா. [[Wy/ta/நெடுந்தீவு|நெடுந்தீவு]]) உள்ள, அதிகம் அறியப்படாத இலங்கைப் பகுதிகள்.
* [[Wy/ta/அனுராதபுரம்|அனுராதபுரம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பொலன்னறுவை|பொலன்னறுவை]] ஆகிய பண்டைய நகரங்கள் (கோயில்கள் மட்டுமல்ல).
* [[Wy/ta/சிலாபம்|சிலாபம்]] மணல் திட்டுகள் (பறவைகளைக் காண்பதற்கு ஏற்ற இடம்).
* பின்னவல யானைகள் காப்பகம்.
* [[Wy/ta/சிகரக் காட்டுவள சரணாலயம்|சிகரக் காட்டுவள சரணாலயம்]], [[Wy/ta/நக்கிள்ஸ் மலைத்தொடர்|நக்கிள்ஸ் மலைத்தொடர்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிங்கராஜ வனப்பகுதி|சிங்கராஜ வனப்பகுதி]] ஆகியவற்றின் மழைக்காடுகள்.

2,500 ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேலான வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணியைக் கொண்ட இலங்கை, செழுமையான கலாச்சார மற்றும் இயற்கை பாரம்பரியத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இங்குள்ள [[Wy/ta/இலங்கையிலுள்ள உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தலங்கள்|இலங்கையிலுள்ள உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தலங்கள்]] நாட்டின் மிகச்சிறந்த சிறப்பம்சங்களில் ஒன்றாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட எட்டுத் தலங்களுடன், தெற்காசியாவிலேயே அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தலங்களைக் கொண்ட நாடுகளில் இலங்கை இரண்டாவது இடத்தில் உள்ளது (30 தலங்களுடன் இந்தியா மட்டுமே இதில் முதலிடத்தில் உள்ளது). பரந்து விரிந்த மத்திய மலைப்பகுதி ([[Wy/ta/ஹோர்டன் சமவெளி தேசிய பூங்கா|ஹோர்டன் சமவெளி தேசிய பூங்கா]], [[Wy/ta/நக்கிள்ஸ் மலைத்தொடர்|நக்கிள்ஸ் மலைத்தொடர்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிகரக் காட்டுவள சரணாலயம்|சிகரக் காட்டுவள சரணாலயம்]] ஆகிய மூன்று மலைப்பகுதி பூங்காக்களையும் உள்ளடக்கியது) 2010-ஆம் ஆண்டில் உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தலங்களின் பட்டியலில் சேர்க்கப்பட்டது. இவை தவிர, ''செருவில மங்கள ராஜ மகா விகாரை'' மற்றும் மகாவலி ஆற்றின் வழியே அமைந்துள்ள பழமையான யாத்திரைப் பாதையான ''செருவில முதல் ஸ்ரீ பாத (புனித பாதச்சுவடு ஆலயம்) வரையிலான பாதை'' ஆகியவற்றை உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தலங்களாக அறிவிக்க இலங்கை அடையாளம் கண்டுள்ளது.

=== பயணவிவர ஏடுகள் ===
{{Wy/ta/See also|இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டத்தின் புனிதத் தலங்கள்}}
* [[Wy/ta/இலங்கையில் உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தலங்களுக்கான சுற்றுலா|இலங்கையில் உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தலங்களுக்கான சுற்றுலா]]

== செய்யுங்கள் ==
=== அலைச்சறுக்கு ===
[[File:Panama, Beach, 2025-07 CN-01.jpg|thumb|அருகம் குடாவிற்குத் தெற்கே உள்ள பனாமா கடற்கரையில் அலைச்சறுக்கு வீரர்கள்]]
நவம்பர் முதல் ஏப்ரல் வரை நீங்கள் மேற்கு மற்றும் தெற்கு கடற்கரைப் பகுதிகளில் அலைச்சறுக்கு செய்யலாம். ஆரம்ப நிலையில் உள்ளவர்களுக்கு, தெற்கு கடற்கரையில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/வெலிகமா|வெலிகமா]] சிறந்த இடமாகும். [[Wy/ta/அருகம் குடா|அருகம் குடா]] அலைச்சறுக்கிற்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது.

=== பட்டச்சறுக்கல் ===
[[File:Sommer in Hyeres.jpg|thumb|கோடைக்காலத்தில் பட்டச்சறுக்கல் விளையாட்டு]]
நீங்கள் கிழக்குக் கடற்கரையில் பட்டச்சறுக்கல் செய்யலாம். ஆரம்ப நிலையில் உள்ளவர்களுக்கு [[Wy/ta/கல்பிட்டியா|கல்பிட்டியா]] (சேதவாடி மற்றும் கப்பலடி லகூன்கள்) சிறந்த இடமாகும்; இங்கு கைட்சர்ஃபிங் பயிற்சிக் கூடங்களையும், ஆசியாவிலேயே அதற்கான மிகச் சிறந்த சூழலையும் நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

=== சறுக்குப்படகு செலுத்தல் ===
[[File:River Rafting Vorderrhein.jpg|thumb|ஆற்றில் சறுக்குப் படகு சவாரி]]
வெப்பமண்டல மழைக்காடுகளில் சறுக்குப்படகு செலுத்தல் எனப்படும் துடுப்புப் படகுச் சாகசம் மேற்கொள்ளப்படுகிறது; இதில் துடுப்பு வலிப்பவர்கள் காற்றடைக்கக்கூடிய படகைப் பயன்படுத்திச் சிறிய நீர்வீழ்ச்சிகள் வழியாகப் பயணிக்கின்றனர். [[Wy/ta/சபரகமுவ மாகாணம்|சபரகமுவ மாகாணத்தில்]] உள்ள '''கிதுல்கல''' போன்ற இடங்கள் இத்தகைய வெளிப்புறச் சாகச நடவடிக்கைக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றவை.

=== நீரடிக் காற்றுவழங்கி ===
 [[File:Snorkeling in the Green Lagoon, Bacuit Bay.JPG|thumb|நீரடிக் காற்றுவழங்கி பயன்பாடு]]
[[Wy/ta/இக்கடுவை|இக்கடுவை]] அருகே உள்ள பவளப்பாறைப் பகுதி மற்றும் அதையொட்டிய சரணாலயம் ஆகியவை ஆமைகளைப் பார்ப்பதற்கான பிரபலமான இடங்களாகும். இங்கு நீரடிக் காற்றுவாங்கியை பயன்படுத்தி கடலுக்கு அடியிலுள்ள காட்சிகளை பார்க்க பலர் முனைகின்றனர்.

=== நடைப் பிரயாணம் ===
[[File:Hikers in Narangala Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|இலங்கையின் நாரங்கலாவில் அதிகாலையில் மலையேறுபவர்கள்.]]
[[Wy/ta/ஓட்டன் சமவெளி தேசிய வனம்|ஓட்டன் சமவெளி தேசிய வனத்தில்]], ''உலகின் முடிவில்'' உள்ள அற்புதமான காட்சியைக் காண ஒரு நல்ல மலையேற்ற வாய்ப்பை வழங்குகிறது — இருப்பினும், இது சற்று அதிகச் செலவுள்ளது.

அதேபோல், [[Wy/ta/நக்கிள்ஸ் மலைத்தொடர்|நக்கிள்ஸ் மலைத்தொடர்]] பல வழிகாட்டப்பட்ட மலையேற்றங்களையும் முகாம்களையும் வழங்குகிறது. நீங்கள் ஒரு தனிப் பயணியாக இருந்தால், அருகிலுள்ள மீர்முரேவுக்குச் செல்லுங்கள் — அங்கு குறைந்தது இரண்டு மலையேற்றங்களையும் சில பாறையேற்றங்களையும் காணலாம்.

நுவரெலியாவைச் சுற்றி, நீங்கள் சரியாகத் தேடினால், பல பாதைகளைக் காணலாம் — நிச்சயமாக சிகரத்திற்கு அருகிலேயே. மேலும், டெல்ஹௌசி ([[Wy/ta/நுவரெலியா#Q60789|சிவனொளிபாத மலையின்]]  அடிவார முகாம்) கார்ட்மோர் நீர்வீழ்ச்சியுடன் இணைகிறது, அதன் அருகாமையிலும் பல பாதைகள், நீர்வீழ்ச்சிகள் மற்றும் ஆற்றுக்குளங்கள் உள்ளன.

மற்றொரு சிறந்த இடம் [[Wy/ta/குருணாகல்|குருணேகல்]] டோலுகந்தா மலை ஆகும். இது ஒரு உற்சாகமான பகல்நேர மலையேற்றத்திற்கும், மலை உச்சிப் பயணத்திற்கும் ஏற்றது.

அதுமட்டுமின்றி, [[Wy/ta/எல்லா|எல்லாவை]]ச் சுற்றி எல்லா பாறை உள்ளது (ரூ. 1,000 கட்டணம், ஆனால் பல இலவச மாற்று வழிகளும் உள்ளன) மற்றும் பிரபலமான தொடருந்து தண்டவாள நடைப்பயணமும் உள்ளன.
[[File:A Black tailed godwit.jpg|thumb|[[Wy/ta/மன்னார்|மன்னாரில்]] சூரிய அஸ்தமனம்]]

=== பறவை நோக்கல் ===
இலங்கையில் 400-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட பறவை இனங்கள் உள்ளன; அவற்றில் 30-க்கும் மேற்பட்டவை அகணிய இனங்கள் (இங்கு மட்டுமே காணப்படக்கூடியவை). இத்தீவிற்குச் செல்லும்போது பறவை நோக்கல் ஒரு சிறந்த பொழுதுபோக்காக அமையும். இதற்குத் தேவையானது ஒரு தொலைநோக்கி மற்றும் பறவை இனங்களை அடையாளம் காண உதவும் களக் கையேடு மட்டுமே; இவற்றை உள்ளூர் புத்தகக் கடைகள் மற்றும் வணிக வளாகங்களில் எளிதாக வாங்கலாம். (களக் கையேடுகளை வாங்கும்போது, ​​[https://www.ceylonbirdclub.org/ இலங்கை பறவை மன்றம்] மற்றும் [https://fogsl.cmb.ac.lk/ இலங்கை களப் பறவையியல் குழு] ஆகியவற்றின் வெளியீடுகள் மிகவும் பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகின்றன.)

பறவைகளைக் காண்பதற்குச் சிறந்த இடம் [[Wy/ta/குமண தேசிய வனம்|குமண தேசிய வனம்]] ஆகும்; இப்பகுதி அரிதாகத் தென்படும் பறவைகள் மற்றும் வலசை வரும் பறவைகளின் வருகைக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது. வலசை வரும் காலங்களில் [[Wy/ta/மன்னார்|மன்னார்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/சிலாபம்|சிலாபம்]] போன்ற இடங்கள் வலசை வரும் பறவைகளால் (குறிப்பாகக் கரையோரங்களில் வசிக்கும் பறவைகளால்) நிறைந்திருக்கும். அடர்ந்த காடுகளில் உள்ள பறவைகளைக் காண விரும்பினால், இலங்கையின் அகணியப் பறவை இனங்கள் அனைத்தையும் கொண்ட [[Wy/ta/சிங்கராஜ வனக் காப்பகம்|சிங்கராஜ வனக் காப்பகம்]] மிகச் சிறந்த இடமாகும். [[Wy/ta/யாலா தேசிய பூங்கா|யாலா தேசிய பூங்காவிற்கு]] அருகிலுள்ள [[Wy/ta/புந்தல தேசிய பூங்கா|புந்தல தேசிய பூங்காவும்]] பறவைகளைக் காண்பதற்கு ஏற்ற மற்றொரு சிறந்த இடமாகும்.

=== திமிங்கிலங்களைப் பார்த்தல் ===
[[Wy/ta/மிரிஸ்ஸ|மிரிஸ்ஸ]] துறைமுகத்திலிருந்து பல நிறுவனங்கள் திமிங்கிலங்களைப் பார்க்கும் சுற்றுலாக்களை வழங்குகின்றன. இச்சமயத்தில் கடல் கொந்தளிப்பாகவும், படகு ஆடிக்கொண்டும் இருக்கும் என்பதை எதிர்பார்க்கலாம்; அதேவேளையில், திமிங்கிலங்களைப் பார்ப்பதற்கான டஜன் கணக்கான படகுகள் அவற்றைத் துரத்திச் சென்று அவற்றுக்கு மன அழுத்தத்தை ஏற்படுத்துவதால், திமிங்கிலங்களை காண்பது அரிதாகவே அமையலாம்.

=== சுற்றுலாத் தலங்கள் ===
இலங்கை 2,500 ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேலான வரலாற்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; நாடு முழுவதும் பல பண்டைய காலச் சிதைவுகளைக் காணலாம். உங்களுக்குத் தொல்லியலில் ஆர்வம் இருந்தால், இத்தகைய இடங்களைப் பார்வையிடுவது ஒரு சிறந்த தேர்வாக அமையும். பரிந்துரைக்கப்படும் இடங்கள் [[Wy/ta/மத்திய மாகாணம்|மத்திய மாகாணத்தில்]] அமைந்துள்ளன; குறிப்பாக [[Wy/ta/அனுராதபுரம்|அனுராதபுரம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பொலன்னறுவை|பொலன்னறுவை]] ஆகியவை சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடையே மிகவும் பிரபலமான இடங்களாகும்.

=== வரலாறு மற்றும் கலாச்சாரம் ===
கலாச்சாரச் சுற்றுலாவிற்கு எப்போது வேண்டுமானாலும் செல்லலாம்; இருப்பினும், புகழ்பெற்ற '''எசல பெரகரா''' திருவிழாவைக் காண ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம் மிகவும் ஏற்றது. பல நூற்றாண்டுகள் கடந்தும் இன்றும் நம்மை ஈர்க்கும் வகையிலுள்ள பழங்காலச் சின்னங்கள் மற்றும் உலகப் பாரம்பரியத் தளங்களை நேரில் கண்டு ரசியுங்கள். கலாச்சாரம் சார்ந்த கூடுதல் தகவல்களுக்கு [https://www.lovesrilanka.org/key-experiences/history-and-culture/ இலங்கையை நேசியுங்கள்] இணையதளத்தைப் பார்வையிடவும்.

== வாங்குங்கள் ==
=== பணம் ===
{{Wy/ta/Exchange rates
| currency=இலங்கை ரூபாய்
| currencyCode=Rs&amp;nbsp;
| date=January 2026
| USD=310
| EUR=360
| GBP=420
| INR=340
| source=[https://www.xe.com/currency/lkr-sri-lankan-rupee XE.com]
}}
இலங்கையின் நாணயம் 'இலங்கை ரூபாய்' ஆகும்; இது &quot;රු&quot; அல்லது &quot;Rs&quot; (ISO குறியீடு: LKR) என்ற குறியீட்டால் குறிக்கப்படுகிறது. இதில் 1 (பழைய வடிவம் பெரியதாகவும் வெள்ளையாகவும் இருக்கும்; புதிய வடிவம் அளவில் மிகச் சிறியதாகவும் வடிவமைப்பில் சற்று மாற்றத்துடனும் இருக்கும்), 2 (வெள்ளி நிறம்), 5 (தங்கம் மற்றும் வெள்ளி நிறம்), 10 (வெள்ளி நிறம்) மற்றும் 20 ரூபாய் (ஏழு பக்கங்களைக் கொண்ட வெள்ளி நிற நாணயம்) ஆகிய மதிப்பிலான நாணயங்கள் புழக்கத்தில் உள்ளன. 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000 மற்றும் 5,000 ரூபாய் மதிப்பிலான பணத்தாள்கள் (நோட்டுகள்) வெளியிடப்படுகின்றன. சில ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முந்தைய நாணயங்கள் பொதுவாக மிகவும் மோசமான நிலையில் காணப்படுகின்றன. கிழிந்த, சிதைக்கப்பட்ட அல்லது கிறுக்கல்கள் உள்ள பணத்தாள்கள் கடைகளில் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுவதில்லை; அதேபோல, ஈரமான அல்லது கசங்கிய நிலையில் உள்ள பணத்தாள்களும் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படாது. சில்லறையைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளும்போது கவனமாக இருக்கவும்; மிகச் சிறிய கிழிசல் அல்லது மை கறை இருந்தாலும் அந்தப் பணம் செல்லாததாகிவிடக்கூடும் என்பதால், நல்ல நிலையில் உள்ள பணத்தையே பெற்றுக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்.
[[File:Spice shop in Kandy Market, Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|கண்டி சந்தையில் உள்ள வாசனைப் பொருள் கடை]]
இலங்கை நாணயத்தாள்களில் போலியானவற்றை அடையாளம் காண உதவும் சில முக்கிய பாதுகாப்பு அம்சங்கள் உள்ளன; பயணிகள் அவற்றைப் பற்றித் தெரிந்துகொள்வது அவசியம். இவற்றில் நாணயத்தாளின் இடதுபுறத்தில் உள்ள நீர்முத்திரை, இடது மற்றும் வலது ஓரங்களில் உள்ள மேடான இழைகள் மற்றும் நாணயத்தாளின் நடுப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள பளபளப்பான முப்பரிமாண ஒளிப்படப் பட்டை ஆகியவை அடங்கும்.

==== தன்னியக்க வங்கி இயந்திரம் (ஏ.டி.எம்.) ====
நகரங்கள் மற்றும் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளில், குறிப்பாக வங்கிக் கிளைகளில் ஏ.டி.எம்-கள் பரவலாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன; ஆனால் கிராமப்புறங்களில் இவை குறைவாகவே உள்ளன. குறிப்பிட்ட சின்னங்கள் (சிரஸ், மேஸ்ட்ரோ, விசா எலக்ட்ரான் போன்றவை) இடம்பெற்றிருக்கும் இடங்களில், பற்று அட்டைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தியும் பணம் எடுக்கலாம். எல்லா ஏ.டி.எம்-களும் சர்வதேச அட்டைகளை ஏற்பதில்லை என்றாலும், பல ஏ.டி.எம்-கள் அவற்றை ஏற்கின்றன. பெரும்பாலான ஏ.டி.எம்-கள் ஒரே நேரத்தில் 100,000 ரூபாய் வரை வழங்கும் வசதியைக் கொண்டுள்ளன. 'பீப்பிள்ஸ் பேங்க்' மற்றும் 'பேங்க் ஆஃப் சிலோன்' ஆகிய வங்கிகள் மட்டுமே '''பணம் எடுப்பதற்கு எவ்விதக் கட்டணமும் வசூலிப்பதில்லை''' என்று தெரிகிறது.

==== கடன் அட்டைகளும் வங்கி சேவைகளும் ====
இலங்கையில் மோசடிகள் அதிகரித்து வருவதால், கடன் அட்டைகளைப் பயன்படுத்துவதில் கவனமாக இருக்கவும். இலங்கையிலிருந்து வெளிநாடுகளுக்கு வெஸ்டர்ன் யூனியன் அல்லது மணி கிராம் மூலம் பணத்தை அனுப்ப முடியாது; இலங்கையில் இருக்கும்போது சர்வதேச பணப் பரிமாற்றத்தின் மூலம் பணத்தைப் பெற மட்டுமே முடியும்.

===செலவுகள்===
இலங்கையில் தங்குமிடச் செலவு தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவை விட சற்று அதிகம். இருப்பினும், உணவு விலை ஏறக்குறைய சமமாகவே உள்ளது: உள்ளூர் தெருவோர உணவின் விலை சுமார் €1, உள்ளூர் உணவகத்தில் ஒரு வேளை உணவின் விலை €2-5, மற்றும் உள்ளூர் லயன் பீர் பாட்டிலின் விலை €1 ஆகும். நாடு முழுவதும் எளிமையான தங்குமிடங்கள், விடுதிகள் மற்றும் வீட்டுத் தங்குமிடங்கள் உள்ளன. வளரும் நாடுகளில் பொதுவாக இருப்பது போல, மிகவும் மலிவான வீட்டுத் தங்குமிடங்களுக்கு இணையத்தில் இருப்பு இல்லை, எனவே அவற்றை இணையத்தில் முன்பதிவு செய்ய முடியாது. அத்தகைய இடங்களுக்கான விலைகள் பொதுவாக ஒரு இரவுக்கு சுமார் €25 ஆகும். கடற்கரையோரத்தில், ஒரு இரவுக்கு €30-60 விலையில் பல சிறிய பூட்டிக் ஹோட்டல்கள் திறக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.
[[File:Maximum Retail Price Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|இந்தத் தண்ணீர் பாட்டிலில் ரூ. 90 என அதிகபட்ச சில்லறை விலை அச்சிடப்பட்டுள்ளது.]]

=== கடைவலம் ===
[[Wy/ta/கொழும்பு|கொழும்பு]] ஒரு ஷாப்பிங் தலைநகரம் ஆகும். இங்கு நவீன மற்றும் கலாச்சாரப் பொருட்களை விற்கும் பல மால்களும் பிளாசாக்களும் உள்ளன. கிராமப்புறங்களில் கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் விற்கப்படுகின்றன: நாணல், பிரம்பு, பருத்தி, காகிதம், தோல், மரம், களிமண், உலோகம் மற்றும் இரத்தினக்கற்கள் ஆகியவற்றிலிருந்து பாட்டிக் துணிகள், பொம்மைகள், அரிய பொருட்கள், நகைகள் மற்றும் பிற கைவினைப் பொக்கிஷங்கள் உருவாக்கப்படுகின்றன. அதிக கிராமப்புறங்களில் செல்லும்போது, ​​தரம் குறைந்த ஆனால் மலிவான பொம்மைகள், தொப்பிகள், சூரியக்கண்ணாடிகள் போன்றவற்றை விற்கும் கடைகளை நீங்கள் காணலாம். போலி சூரியக்கண்ணாடிகள் பார்ப்பதற்கு அழகாக இருக்கலாம், ஆனால் அவை அசல் கண்ணாடிகளைப் போல புற ஊதாக் கதிர்களிலிருந்து உங்கள் கண்களைப் பாதுகாக்காது. பல பொட்டலமிடப்பட்ட பொருட்களில் வரிகள் உட்பட '''அதிகபட்ச சில்லறை விலை (அசிவி)'''  அச்சிடப்பட்டிருக்கும். சில்லறை விற்பனையாளர்கள் இதைவிட அதிகமாக விலை வைக்கக்கூடாது. பெரும்பாலான விற்பனையாளர்கள் இந்த விதியைக் கடைப்பிடித்தாலும், சுற்றுலாத் தலங்கள் அல்லது தொலைதூர இடங்களில் அசிவி-யை விட அதிகமாக உங்களிடம் விலை வசூலிக்கப்படலாம்.

இநாட்டில் ரத்தினக் கற்கள் (முக்கியமாக நீலக்கல் மற்றும் சந்திரகாந்தக் கல்) வெட்டி எடுக்கப்படுகின்றன. பதிக்கப்படாத கற்கள் மற்றும் முழுமையாகத் தயாரிக்கப்பட்ட நகைகள் ஆகிய இரண்டுமே இங்கு எளிதாகக் கிடைக்கின்றன; பெரும்பாலும் நியாயமான விலையிலேயே இவை விற்கப்படுகின்றன. [[Wy/ta/கொழும்பு#வாங்குங்கள்|கொழும்பு/வாங்குங்கள்]] பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்.

== உண்ணுங்கள் ==
[[File:Kiribath (milk rice).jpg|thumb|கிரிபாத் - தேங்காய்ப்பாலில் சமைக்கப்பட்ட அரிசி]]
[[File:Chicken Kotthu - Food 1.jpg|thumb|கோழி இறைச்சி கொத்து ரொட்டி]]
[[File:Paalappam.JPG|thumb|பாலப்பம்]]
{{ Wy/ta/See also|தெற்காசிய சமையல்}}
இலங்கை மற்றும் தென்னிந்திய உணவுகளுக்கு இடையே பல பொதுவான அம்சங்கள் உள்ளன; அதனால் பல உள்ளூர் உணவகங்கள் தங்கள் உணவு வகைகளை ''இலங்கை மற்றும் தென்னிந்திய'' உணவுகள் என்று குறிப்பிடுகின்றன. இருப்பினும், பல்வேறு வகையான ஆப்பங்கள், ''டெவில்ட்'' (காரமான மசாலா கலந்த) இறைச்சி அல்லது மீன் மற்றும் கணவாய் போன்ற தனித்துவமான இலங்கை உணவுகளும் உள்ளன. அத்துடன், எந்தவொரு கறிக்கும் காரமான சுவையூட்டியாகச் சேர்க்கப்படும், துருவிய தேங்காய், சிவப்பு மிளகாய் தூள் மற்றும் எலுமிச்சை சாறு ஆகியவற்றால் செய்யப்படும் ''போல் சம்போல்'' போன்றவையும் இதில் அடங்கும்.

இலங்கை உணவுகளில் பெரிய அளவிலான பன்முகத்தன்மை இல்லை. பெரும்பாலான இடங்களில் ஒரே மாதிரியான உணவுகளே கிடைக்கின்றன—பொரித்த சிற்றுண்டிகள், பேக்கரி பலகாரங்கள், கொத்து, ரொட்டி, கறி போன்றவை; அவ்வப்போது தோசை கிடைக்கும் இடங்களையும் காணலாம். மற்றபடி, சீன மற்றும் மேற்கத்திய பாணி உணவகங்களும் உள்ளன.

இலங்கையில் பல்வேறு உணவு வகைகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. இவை மிக உருசியாக காணப்படுகின்றன. இங்கு சிங்கள, முசுலிம் மற்றும் தமிழ் மக்களின் பாரம்பரிய உணவுகள் வேறுபட்டு காணப்பட்டாலும், இலங்கையின் தேசிய உணவாக விளங்குவது நெல் அரிசிச் சோறே ஆகும்.

இலங்கை உணவுகள் பொதுவாக காரமானவை; நீங்கள் விரும்பினால் குறைவான காரம் கொண்ட உணவுகளைக் கேட்கலாம், ஆனாலும் அவை காரமாகவே இருக்கும். இலங்கையர்கள் தங்கள் '''வலது கையால்''' உணவை உண்கிறார்கள்; அவ்வாறு சாப்பிட இயலாத பட்சத்தில், அனைத்து உணவகங்களிலும் அதற்கான கரண்டி-முட்கரண்டி வசதி கிடைக்கும். இருப்பினும், இலங்கை முறைப்படி (விரல் நுனிகளை மட்டும் பயன்படுத்தி) சாப்பிட்டுப் பாருங்கள்; இது பார்ப்பதற்கு எளிதாகத் தோன்றினாலும் உண்மையில் சற்று சவாலானது, ஆனால் அதே சமயம் ஒருவிதமான சுதந்திர உணர்வையும் அளிக்கிறது.

இலங்கையில் உணவு பொதுவாக மிகவும் மலிவானது; ஒரு சாதாரண உணவின் விலை சுமார் 1 அமெரிக்க டாலர் மட்டுமே. சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளை மையமாகக் கொண்ட விலையுயர்ந்த உணவகங்களில் கூட, கட்டணம் அரிதாகவே 10 அமெரிக்க டாலர்களுக்கு மேல் இருக்கும். இலங்கையர்களின் முக்கிய உணவு 'சோறும் கறியும்' (விலை ரூ. 300–500) ஆகும்; இதில் ஒரு பெரிய அளவிலான சோற்றுக்குச் சுற்றிலும் பலவிதமான கறிகளும் சுவையான பதார்த்தங்களும் பரிமாறப்படும். மலிவான மதிய உணவை உண்ண விரும்பினால், உள்ளூர் மக்கள் செல்லும் இடங்களுக்கு நீங்களும் செல்லலாம்; பல சிறிய உணவகங்களில் (இவை குழப்பமூட்டும் வகையில் 'ஓட்டல்கள்' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன) மக்கள் கூட்டம் நிரம்பி வழிவதைக் காணலாம். இவ்வகை உணவகங்களில் வழக்கமாகச் சோறு-கறி பொட்டலங்கள் மற்றும் 'ஷார்ட் ஈட்ஸ்' எனப்படும் சிற்றுண்டிகள் விற்கப்படுகின்றன; உருளைக்கிழங்கு, மீன் அல்லது கோழி இறைச்சி நிரப்பப்பட்ட காரமான ரோல்கள் மற்றும் சமோசாக்கள் இதில் அடங்கும். அதிக விலைக்குக் கருகிய கோழி இறைச்சி மற்றும் சிப்ஸ் விற்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கான உணவகங்களைத் தவிர்த்து, சிக்கனமான பயணத்தை மேற்கொள்ள விரும்புவோருக்கு இது மிகச் சிறந்த தேர்வாகும். நீங்கள் உண்ணும் அளவிற்கு ஏற்பவே கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படுகிறது; எனவே, மிகக் கடுமையான பசி இல்லாவிட்டால், இதற்கான செலவு ஒரு அமெரிக்க டாலருக்கும் குறைவாகவே இருக்கும்.

கொழும்புக்கு வெளியே நீங்கள் சாலை வழியாகப் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​மதிய உணவுக்காக வழியில் நிறுத்தக்கூடிய இடங்கள் ஏராளமாக உள்ளன. நாடு முழுவதும் உள்ள முக்கிய சாலைகளையொட்டி அமைந்துள்ள ஓய்வு விடுதிகள் மற்றும் ஓட்டல்களில் நல்ல உணவகங்கள் உள்ளன; இவை இலங்கை மற்றும் மேற்கத்திய உணவு வகைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. புதிய வகை உணவுகளை முயற்சிப்பதில் உங்களுக்கு விருப்பம் இல்லையென்றால், இந்த உணவகங்களில் சுவையான சாண்ட்விச்கள் மற்றும் சூப் வகைகளை எளிதாகப் பெறலாம். இவ்விடங்களில் மிகச் சிறந்த 'அரிசி மற்றும் கறி' உணவுகள் கிடைக்கின்றன; இங்கு தாராளமான அளவு சாதத்துடன் பல வகையான கறிகள் பரிமாறப்படும்.

'''கொத்து ரொட்டி''' (பொடியாக நறுக்கப்பட்ட ரொட்டி, காய்கறிகள் மற்றும் விருப்பமான இறைச்சி ஆகியவற்றின் கலவை) கண்டிப்பாகச் சுவைக்க வேண்டிய ஒரு உணவாகும் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி இதன் விலை சுமார் 1000 ரூபாயாகும்). இது இலங்கைக்குக்கே உரித்தான ஒரு தனித்துவமான உணவாகும்; தெருவோர வியாபாரிகளால் அப்போதே சூடாகத் தயாரிக்கப்படும்போது இது மிகச் சிறந்த சுவையுடன் இருக்கும். இருப்பினும், பழைய அல்லது கெட்டுப்போன ரொட்டியைப் பயன்படுத்தியதால் வாடிக்கையாளர்கள் உடல்நலக்குறைவுக்கு ஆளான சம்பவங்களைத் தொடர்ந்து, பல கொத்து ரொட்டி உணவகங்கள் மூடப்பட்டுள்ளன. எனவே, எச்சரிக்கையுடன் செயல்படுங்கள்; சிறந்த கொத்து ரொட்டி உணவகங்கள் எவை என்பதைத் தெரிந்துகொள்ள உள்ளூர் மக்களிடம் விசாரிப்பது இன்னும் சிறந்தது.

நீங்கள் முயற்சி செய்ய வேண்டிய பிற உணவுகளில் இடியாப்பம், ஆப்பம், பிட்டு மற்றும் கிரிபாத் ஆகியவை அடங்கும்.

சிங்கள பிரதேசங்களில் முக்கிய உணவாக விளங்குவது பாற்சோறு ஆகும். இது சிங்கள மக்களின் பாரம்பரிய உணவாக விளங்குகிறது.
மேலும் சில சிங்கள உணவுகள்:-

* கெவும்
* அஸ்மி
* அலப்பை

யாழ்ப்பாணம் உட்பட்ட தமிழ் மக்களின் பிரதேசங்களில் பாரம்பரிய உணவாக மக்கள் உண்பது சோறு ஆகும். ஆனாலும் இங்கு கொத்துரொட்டி மிகவும் பிரபல்யமாக விளங்குகிறது. 
மேலும் சில தமிழ் உணவுகள்:-
{{Wy/ta/Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
* பிட்டு
* இடியப்பம்
* இரொட்டி
* ஆப்பம்
* வடை
* பொங்கல்
* பூரி
* தோசை
* போண்டா
* மோதகம்
* போலி
* ஊத்தப்பம்
{{Wy/ta/Div col end}}

2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி, பல்வேறு உணவு வகைகளுக்கான தோராயமான விலைகள் பின்வருமாறு:

* இலங்கை பாணியிலான காலை உணவு (ஆப்பம், தேநீர்/காபி): ரூ. 1200
* மேற்கத்திய பாணியிலான காலை உணவு (அவகேடோ டோஸ்ட், காபி): ரூ. 2500
* சிக்கன் கொத்து ரொட்டி: ரூ. 1000
* காரமான மீன் வறுவல் மற்றும் சாதம்: ரூ. 1500
* மீன் மற்றும் சிப்ஸ்: ரூ. 2000 மற்றும் அதற்கு மேல்
* கடல் உணவுத் தட்டு (பகிர்ந்து உண்ணக்கூடியது): ரூ. 5000 மற்றும் அதற்கு மேல்
* பீட்சா: ரூ. 3000 மற்றும் அதற்கு மேல்
* பர்கர்: ரூ. 1500 மற்றும் அதற்கு மேல்

கொழும்பு நகரில் பல உயர்தர உணவகங்கள் உள்ளன. உள்ளூர் மற்றும் சர்வதேச உணவு வகைகளை வழங்கும் பல சிறந்த உணவகங்கள் இங்குள்ள ஐந்து நட்சத்திர விடுதிகளில் அமைந்துள்ளன. இவ்வகை உணவகங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கொழும்பின் மேற்குப் பகுதியிலும் (காலி வீதியை ஒட்டியும்) காணப்படுகின்றன; எனினும், கொழும்பு மற்றும் பிற முக்கிய நகரங்களிலும் இவை பரவலாக உள்ளன.

கெஎப்சி, பீட்சா ஹட், சப்வே மற்றும் பர்கர் கிங் போன்ற துரித உணவகங்களை முக்கிய நகரங்களில் காணலாம்.

'வடை' போன்ற சிற்றுண்டிகளை, பூரி மற்றும் ஆப்பம் போன்ற பிற இந்திய வகை உணவுகளுடன் உள்ளூர் கடைகளில் வாங்கலாம். இவ்வகை உணவுகள் பெரும்பாலும் மாவு மற்றும் எண்ணெயைக் கொண்டு தயாரிக்கப்படுகின்றன. இவை பெரும்பாலும் இரவு உணவாக உட்கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன; மன்னார் பகுதியில் உள்ள பெரும்பாலான உணவகங்களில் இவற்றைக் காணலாம். இப்பகுதிகளில் 'இடியாப்பம்'  பரவலாகக் கிடைக்கிறது; இது வயிறை நிறைக்கக்கூடிய ஒரு உணவாகும். இவ்வகை உணவுகள் பெரும்பாலும் 'போல் சம்போல்' (தேங்காய் சம்பல்) அல்லது பருப்பு கறி போன்றவற்றுடன் சேர்த்து உண்ணப்படுகின்றன. சில உணவகங்களில் கடல் உணவுகளும் கிடைக்கின்றன. நண்டு, இறால் மற்றும் மீன் ஆகியவை சிறந்த தேர்வுகள்; இவை பெரும்பாலும் சாதாரண தெருவோர உணவகங்களை விட, தங்கும் விடுதிகள் மற்றும் ஹோட்டல்களிலேயே அதிகம் கிடைக்கின்றன.

ரிட்ஸ்பரி மற்றும் கண்டோஸ் ஆகியவை சாக்லேட் வகைகளில் முக்கிய பிராண்டுகளாகும்; இதில் கண்டோஸ் தயாரிப்புகள் உயர்தரம் கொண்டவை என்றாலும், அவற்றின் விலை சற்று அதிகம். இலங்கையில் தயாரிக்கப்படும் பிற சிற்றுண்டிகளில் மன்ச்சி மற்றும் மலிபான் பிராண்ட் பிஸ்கட்டுகளும் அடங்கும்.

பனிக்கூழ் (''ஐஸ்கிரீம்'') பொதுவாக உள்ளூர் பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகளில் கிடைக்கும். ''எலிஃபன்ட் ஹவுஸ்'' மற்றும் ''மேஜிக்'' ஆகியவை இலங்கையில் தயாரிக்கப்படும் இரண்டு பொதுவான பிராண்டுகள் ஆகும். கடற்கரைகளைக் கடந்து செல்லும் தள்ளுவண்டிகளிலிருந்தும் நீங்கள் பனிக்கூழ் வாங்கலாம். மிகவும் மலிவான பனிக்கூழ், &quot;கேப்டன் கூல்&quot; எனப்படும் பாப்சிக்கிள் ஆகும், இதன் விலை பொதுவாக 20 ரூபாய். பனிக்கூழ் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட பிராண்டுகளுடையதாக இருக்க வேண்டும், ஏனெனில் மற்றவை போதுமான தரத்தில் இல்லாமல் இருக்கலாம். சில மாவட்டங்களில், இசையை இசைத்தபடி சுற்றி வரும் பனிக்கூழ் முச்சக்கர வண்டிகள் உள்ளன. முச்சக்கர வண்டியில் இருந்து பனிக்கூழ் வாங்குவது இரண்டாவது சிறந்த தேர்வாகும், ஏனெனில் அவை மேற்கூறிய பிராண்டுகளால் தயாரிக்கப்பட்ட பொருட்களை வழங்குகின்றன. பாப்சிக்கிள்களுக்கு மாற்றாக &quot;ஐஸ் பாக்கெட்டுகள்&quot; என்ற ஒன்றையும் நீங்கள் காணலாம், இருப்பினும் இவை அதிகாரப்பூர்வமற்ற நிறுவனங்களால் தயாரிக்கப்படுவதால் பொதுவாக சுகாதாரமற்றவையாகக் கருதப்படுகின்றன. இது ஒரு உறைந்த பானமாகும், இதன் உள்ளடக்கத்தை மூடியிருக்கும் பாலிதீன் தாளின் மூலையைக் கடித்து, அந்தத் துளையிலிருந்து உறிஞ்சிக் குடிக்க வேண்டும். இந்த பாக்கெட்டுகளை உட்கொள்வது சிரமமாக இருந்தாலும், அவை மலிவானவை (ரூ. 20) மற்றும் புத்துணர்ச்சியூட்டக்கூடியவை.

பல பல்பொருள் அங்காடித் தொடர்கள் இருந்தாலும், '''கார்கில்ஸ்''', '''கீல்ஸ்''' மற்றும் '''லாஃப்''' ஆகியவையே சிறந்தவை.

== பருகுங்கள் ==
இலங்கையில், '''குழாய் நீரை'''ப் பருகுவது பாதுகாப்பானதல்ல. போத்தலில் அடைக்கப்பட்ட தண்ணீர் மலிவானது (ஜனவரி 2025-ல் 1 லிட்டருக்கு ரூ. 150) மற்றும் எல்லா இடங்களிலும் கிடைக்கிறது. நம்பகமான பிராண்டுகளின் போத்தல்களில் ''இலங்கை தரநிலை நிறுவனம்'' முத்திரை இருக்கும்; எனவே, அதைச் சரிபார்க்கவும். '''மென்பானங்கள்''' இங்கு அதிகமான இடங்களில் கிடைக்கின்றன.

காலநிலை காரணமாக '''புதிய பால்''' எளிதில் கெட்டுப்போகக்கூடியது என்பதால், அதன் விலை பெரும்பாலும் அதிகமாகவே இருக்கும். அதற்கு மாற்றாகப் பெரும்பாலும் பால் பவுடர் அல்லது அதி-உயர்-வெப்பநிலை பால் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

'''தம்பிலி''' எனப்படும் செவ்விளநீரின் நீர் மிகவும் புத்துணர்ச்சியூட்டக்கூடியது. தீவு முழுவதும் சாலை ஓரங்களில் இது விற்பனை செய்யப்படுகிறது; உங்கள் கண் முன்னாலேயே இளநீர் வெட்டித் தரப்படும் இதன் விலை, பாட்டிலில் அடைக்கப்பட்ட பானங்களை விடக் குறைவு (ஒன்றுக்கு சுமார் 30 ரூபாய்கள்). சர்வதேச அளவில் பிரபலமான குளிர்பானங்கள் எல்லா இடங்களிலும் கிடைக்கின்றன. அதேபோல, உள்ளூர் நிறுவனமான 'எலிஃபண்ட் ஹவுஸ்' தயாரிக்கும் குளிர்பானங்களும் பரவலாகக் கிடைக்கின்றன; இந்நிறுவனம் பலவிதமான பானங்களைத் தயாரிக்கிறது - இஞ்சி பீர் மற்றும் கிரீம் சோடா ஆகியவற்றை நீங்கள் முயற்சித்துப் பார்க்கலாம்.

உள்ளூரில் மிகவும் பரவலாகக் காணப்படும் பீர் '''லயன் லாகர்''' ஆகும்: உணவகங்கள் மற்றும் மதுக்கூடங்களில் இதன் பெரிய பாட்டில்கள் 2025-ஆம் ஆண்டில் சுமார் ரூ. 1000-க்கு விற்கப்படுகின்றன. உங்களுக்கு அடர் நிற பீர் பிடிக்குமானால், '''லயன் ஸ்டவுட்'''-ஐ முயற்சித்துப் பாருங்கள். இது மென்மையான, அடர்த்தியான தன்மை, சாக்லேட் போன்ற சுவை மற்றும் அதிக சாராயம் அளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது! மற்ற பீர் வகைகளில் '''த்ரீ காயின்ஸ்''' அடங்கும், இது மவுண்ட் லவினியா ஓட்டல் சங்கிலியால், பெல்ஜிய செய்முறையின்படி தயாரிக்கப்படுவதாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது.

பாரம்பரிய மதுபானம் '''அராக்''' (பட்டை சாராயம்) ஆகும், இதன் ஒரு பாட்டிலின் விலை சுமார் ரூ. 4000 ஆகும், மேலும் இது பெரும்பாலும் கிளப் சோடாவுடன் அருந்தப்படுகிறது. நீங்கள் எவ்வளவு பணம் கொடுக்கத் தயாராக இருக்கிறீர்கள் என்பதைப் பொறுத்து இதன் தரம் மாறுபடலாம். பரவலாகப் பரிந்துரைக்கப்படும் ஒரு பிராண்ட் 'ஓல்ட் ரிசர்வ்' ஆகும், இது அதன் பிரீமியம் விலைக்குத் தகுதியானது. உள்ளூரில் தயாரிக்கப்படும் மற்ற மதுபான வகைகளில் ஆஸ்காட் ட்ரை ஜின் அடங்கும், இது ஓரளவு நன்றாக உள்ளது மற்றும் ஒரு பாட்டிலின் விலை ரூ. 5,670 (2025). உள்ளூர் ரம் ஒரு பாட்டிலுக்கு சுமார் ரூ. 4000-க்கு விற்கப்படுகிறது. இறக்குமதி செய்யப்பட்ட மதுபானங்கள் மிகவும் விலை உயர்ந்தவை.

'''போயா''' நாட்களில் மது விற்பனை மற்றும் பொது இடங்களில் மது அருந்துதல் ஆகியவை தடை செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளன. இந்நாட்கள் பொதுவாகப் பௌர்ணமி நாளன்று வரும் என்றாலும், சில சமயங்களில் அதற்கு முந்தைய அல்லது அடுத்த நாளிலும் வரக்கூடும். இந்நாட்களில் நீங்கள் மது அருந்த விரும்பினால், அதற்கேற்ப முன்கூட்டியே திட்டமிட்டுக் கொள்ளுங்கள்.

==உறங்குங்கள்==
இலங்கையில் தங்குமிட வசதிகள் உருமாற்றம் அடைந்துள்ளன. நவீன சுற்றுலாத் துறை என இன்று அறியப்படுவது, 1960-களில் மேற்குக் கடற்கரையில் கட்டப்பட்ட பாரம்பரிய கடற்கரை விடுதிகளுடன் தொடங்கியது. இவை முதன்மையாகத் தொகுப்பு விடுமுறைப் பயணிகளை மற்றும் பாரம்பரிய பயண ஏற்பாட்டாளர்களை இலக்காகக் கொண்டிருந்தன. ஆனால் கடந்த பத்தாண்டுகளில், வில்லாக்கள், பூட்டிக் ஹோட்டல்கள் மற்றும் தனிப்பட்ட தங்குமிடங்களின் வளர்ச்சியால் ஒரு பெரும் மாற்றம் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளது. இவை ஏராளமான தேர்வுகளை வழங்குகின்றன.

==கற்றுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்==
*'''பௌத்த ஆய்வுகள் மற்றும் பாலி மொழி'''. [https://arts.pdn.ac.lk/pali/ பேராதெனிய] மற்றும் ''கெலனிய'' பல்கலைக்கழகங்கள் ஆங்கிலத்தில் பல்வேறு வகையான பௌத்த ஆய்வுகள் மற்றும் பாலி மொழிப் படிப்புகளை வழங்குகின்றன.
*'''தியானம்'''. [http://www.bps.lk/olib/mi/mi015.pdf பௌத்த பதிப்பகச் சங்க வழிகாட்டியில்] தியானப் படிப்புகளை (பொதுவாக இலவசமாக) வழங்கும் மடாலயங்களையும் தியான மையங்களையும் நீங்கள் காணலாம்.
*'''மகாமேவ்நவ தியான மடாலயம்''' பௌத்தத்தைப் பற்றி அறிந்துகொள்ள ஒரு நல்ல இடமாகும்.
*'''நடனம்''' இலங்கையின் பாரம்பரிய நடனத்தில் உடரத, பஹதரத மற்றும் சபரகமு என மூன்று பிரிவுகள் உள்ளன. நாடு முழுவதும் நடனப் பயிற்சி மையங்கள் உள்ளன, அங்கு ஆர்வமுள்ளவர்கள் கற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம்.

== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==
=== குற்றம் ===
இலங்கையில் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு வன்முறைக் குற்றங்கள் பொதுவாக மற்ற இடங்களை விட அதிக தீவிரமான பிரச்சனையாக இருப்பதில்லை. 2020-களில் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் சம்பந்தப்பட்ட வன்முறைக் குற்றங்கள் அதிகரித்துள்ளன, ஆனாலும் அவை மிகவும் அரிதானவையே. உங்கள் சொந்த நாட்டில் நீங்கள் கடைப்பிடிப்பதைப் போன்ற அதே கவனத்தையும் அக்கறையையும் இங்கும் கடைப்பிடியுங்கள். உள்ளூர் மக்கள் வெளிநாட்டினரைப் புன்னகையுடன் வரவேற்பார்கள், மேலும் பொதுவாக உதவிகரமாக இருப்பார்கள். இருட்டிய பிறகு தனியாகச் செல்வதைத் தவிர்ப்பது பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகிறது. பொதுப் போக்குவரத்தில் பிக்பாக்கெட் செய்வது அரிது, ஆனாலும் வழக்கமான முன்னெச்சரிக்கை நடவடிக்கைகளை மேற்கொள்ளுங்கள்.

===சாலைப் பாதுகாப்பு===
துரதிர்ஷ்டவசமாக, இலங்கையின் சாலை விபத்து மரண விகிதம் ஆசியாவிலேயே மிக மோசமான ஒன்றாகும். சராசரியாக ஒவ்வொரு நாளும் எட்டு பேர் சாலை விபத்துகளில் உயிரிழக்கின்றனர். முந்திச் செல்லுதல், கவனக்குறைவாக வாகனம் ஓட்டுதல் அல்லது அதிவேகமாகச் செல்லுதல் போன்றவற்றால் பெரும்பாலான விபத்துகள் நிகழ்கின்றன. பேருந்து ஓட்டுநர்கள், நேரக் கட்டுப்பாடுகள் காரணமாக, குறிப்பாக ஆக்ரோஷமாகவும் ஆபத்தான முறையிலும் வாகனம் ஓட்டுவதில் பெயர் பெற்றவர்கள்; மேலும், கண்மூடித்தனமாக முந்திச் செல்வது மிகவும் சாதாரணமாக நிகழ்கிறது.

நீங்கள் ஒரு முச்சக்கர வண்டி அல்லது மோட்டார் பைக்கை வாடகைக்கு எடுத்தால், கவனமாக ஓட்டுங்கள் மற்றும் எப்போதும் போதுமான இடைவெளி விடுங்கள். தெருவில் நடந்து செல்லும்போது, ​​இரு திசைகளிலிருந்தும் வரும் போக்குவரத்தைக் கவனியுங்கள். சாலையைக் கடக்கும்போது எப்போதும் இருபுறமும் பாருங்கள். சாலையோரத்தில் நடந்து செல்லும்போது, ​​எதிரே வரும் வாகனங்களை எதிர்கொண்டவாறு செல்வது சிறந்தது.

===போரும் பயங்கரவாதமும்===
இலங்கையின் நீண்ட மற்றும் இரத்தக்களரியான உள்நாட்டுப் போர் 2009-ல் முடிவுக்கு வந்தது. அப்போது, ​​அரசாங்கப் படைகள் பொதுமக்களுக்கு எதிராகப் போர்க்குற்றங்களைச் செய்து, தமிழ்ப் புலிகளை இறுதியாகத் தோற்கடித்தன. இருப்பினும், கிராமப்புறங்களில் இன்னும் கண்ணிவெடிகள் உள்ளன, மேலும் வடக்கு மற்றும் கிழக்கு நகரங்கள் இன்னும் புனரமைக்கப்பட்டு வருகின்றன. 2028-க்குள் அனைத்து கண்ணிவெடிகளையும் அகற்றுவதை இலங்கை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்டுள்ளது, ஆனால் இது ஒரு நீண்ட மற்றும் அதிக உழைப்பு தேவைப்படும் செயல்முறையாகும், இதற்கான சர்வதேச நிதி நிச்சயமற்றதாக உள்ளது. நீங்கள் கண்ணிவெடிகளை எதிர்கொள்வதற்கான வாய்ப்பு மிகவும் குறைவு, ஆனால் சந்தேகத்திற்குரிய எதையும் நீங்கள் கண்டால், அதிகாரிகளுக்குத் தெரிவிக்க '114' என்ற எண்ணை அழைக்கவும்.

[[File:20160122 Sri Lanka 3581 Colombo sRGB (25675867011).jpg|thumb|கொழும்பின் பேட்டாவில், இரண்டு புதிய கட்டிடங்களுக்கு இடையில் சிதிலமடைந்த காலனித்துவ கால கட்டிடம் ஒன்று அமைந்துள்ளது.]]
2019 ஆம் ஆண்டு ஈஸ்டர் பண்டிகையின் போது, ​​இஸ்லாமிய அரசுடன் தொடர்புடைய பயங்கரவாதிகள் நாடு முழுவதும் ஒருங்கிணைத்து நடத்திய தொடர் குண்டுவெடிப்புகளில் நூற்றுக்கணக்கானோர் கொல்லப்பட்டனர். இருப்பினும், அதைத் தொடர்ந்து வேறு தாக்குதல்கள் எதுவும் நடைபெறவில்லை, மேலும் நாடு விரைவாக இயல்பு நிலைக்குத் திரும்பியது.

=== பெண்களின் பாதுகாப்பு மற்றும் நேர்பாலீர்ப்புப் பெண், நேர்பாலீர்ப்பு ஆண், இருபாலீர்ப்பாளர், மாற்றுப் பாலினத்தவர் (நேபெ. நேஆ. இ. மா) உரிமைகள் ===
பொதுவாக, இலங்கையில் ஒரு பெண்ணாகத் தனியாகப் பயணம் செய்வது ஒப்பீட்டளவில் பாதுகாப்பானது, ஆனால் உங்கள் சொந்தப் பாதுகாப்பிற்காக சில விதிகளைப் பின்பற்றவும்.

* நள்ளிரவில் பொதுப் போக்குவரத்தைப் பயன்படுத்த வேண்டாம்.
* கிராமப்புறங்களில், இரவு ஒன்பது மணிக்கு மேல் தெருவில் இருப்பதைத் தவிர்க்க முயலுங்கள், அவ்வாறு இருக்க நேர்ந்தால், உங்கள் தோள்களையும் முழங்கால்களையும் மூடிக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.
* கடற்கரையில், குழுக்களாக அல்லது சுற்றுலாப் பகுதிகளில் இருக்க முயலுங்கள்.

இன்னும் நடைமுறையில் உள்ள காலனித்துவ காலச் சட்டங்களின்படி, பரஸ்பர சம்மதத்துடன் வயதுவந்தோர் ஈடுபடும் ஓரினச்சேர்க்கை செயல்பாடு அபராதத் தண்டனைக்குரியதாகும். [[Wy/ta/நேபெ.நேஆ.இ.மா பயணம்|நேபெநேஆஇமா]] பயணிகள் விவேகத்துடன் செயல்பட வேண்டும்.

===ஏமாற்றுக்காரர்கள் மற்றும் தரகர்கள்===
2025-ஆம் ஆண்டிலும் கூட, அனைத்து சுற்றுலாப் பகுதிகளிலும் ஏமாற்றுக்காரர்களும் தரகர்களும் ஒரு தீவிரமான பிரச்சனையாக உள்ளனர். தங்குமிடம், பயணம் அல்லது பொருட்கள் வாங்குவதற்காக ஒரு தரகரின் சேவைகளைப் பயன்படுத்துவது விலையை அதிகரிப்பதோடு, மேலும் பல மோசடிகளுக்கும் தரகு வேலைகளுக்கும் வழிவகுக்கும். உதாரணமாக, சுற்றுலா வழிகாட்டிகள் மற்றும் முச்சக்கர வண்டி ஓட்டுநர்களைத் தயக்கமின்றி தரகர்களாகக் கருதலாம், மேலும் அவர்களிடம் எச்சரிக்கையுடன் நடந்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். இலங்கைக்கு முதன்முறை பயணம் செய்பவர்கள் மோசடிகளுக்கு ஆளாக நேரிடலாம், இருப்பினும், இலங்கைக்குப் பலமுறை பயணம் செய்பவர்கள் மிக அரிதாகவே ஏமாற்றப்படுகிறார்கள். மேலும், முன்னெச்சரிக்கை நடவடிக்கைகளை மேற்கொள்வதன் மூலம் மோசடிக்காரர்களுக்குப் பலியாகாமல் எளிதாகத் தவிர்க்கலாம்:

* ஆதாரம் இல்லாமல் ஒரு இடத்திற்கு (பேருந்து நிலையம் போன்றவை) தாங்களே பொறுப்பு என்று கூறும் எவரையும் நம்பாதீர்கள்.
* கேட்காமல் வழிகாட்டுதல்களையோ அல்லது (பயண) ஆலோசனைகளையோ கூறி உங்களுக்கு உதவ முயற்சிக்கும் எவரிடமும் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருங்கள். வாடகை மகிழுந்து மற்றும் முச்சக்கர வண்டி ஓட்டுநர்களின் எந்த ஆலோசனையையும் நம்பாதீர்கள், குறிப்பாக நீங்கள் செல்ல விரும்பும் இடம் மூடப்பட்டுள்ளது, ஆபத்தானது, இல்லவே இல்லை என்றெல்லாம் அவர்கள் கூறினால். உங்களுக்கு உறுதியாகத் தெரியவில்லை என்றால், ஒரு வரைபடத்தைப் பாருங்கள் அல்லது சம்பந்தமில்லாத உள்ளூர்வாசியிடம் கேளுங்கள். உங்கள் தங்கும் விடுதி மூடப்பட்டுள்ளது அல்லது நிரம்பிவிட்டது என்று உங்களிடம் கூறப்பட்டால், அது பெரும்பாலும் பொய்யே தவிர, Booking.com போன்ற இந்த காலகட்டத்தில் அது உண்மையல்ல.
* முன்பின் தெரியாத ஒருவர் உங்களுடன் உரையாடலைத் தொடங்கும்போது எச்சரிக்கையாக இருங்கள். இலங்கையர்கள் கூச்ச சுபாவமுள்ளவர்கள்; தாங்கள் பணம் சம்பாதிக்கும் ஏதேனும் ஒரு விற்பனை, சேவை அல்லது நன்கொடையை முன்வைப்பதற்காகவே அவர்கள் மேற்கத்தியர்களிடம் முன்முயற்சியுடன் பேசுகிறார்கள். இது பொதுவாக &quot;நீங்கள் எங்கிருந்து வருகிறீர்கள்?&quot;, &quot;எங்கே போகிறீர்கள்?&quot;, மற்றும் &quot;முதல் முறையாக இலங்கையா?&quot; போன்ற கேள்விகளுடன் தொடங்கும், இது பெரும்பாலும் ஒரு தரகராகச் செயல்படுவதற்கே வழிவகுக்கும்.
* நீங்கள் இலங்கைக்கு முதல் முறையாக வருகிறீர்கள் என்றால், அதை ஒப்புக்கொள்ளாதீர்கள். ஏனெனில் அது, நாட்டில் உள்ள பொருட்கள் மற்றும் சேவைகளின் விலைகள் உங்களுக்குத் தெரியாது என்பதை வெளிக்காட்டிவிடும்.
* வேறு வழியே இல்லை என்றால் தவிர, '''ஒரே ஓட்டுநரையோ அல்லது வழிகாட்டியையோ ஒரு நாளுக்கு மேல் பணியமர்த்தாதீர்கள்'''. ஒவ்வொரு நகரத்திலும் அவர்கள் ஏராளமாகக் காணப்படுவார்கள். மேலும், நாடு மிகவும் சிறியதாக இருப்பதால், பேருந்து, ரயில், முச்சக்கர வண்டி அல்லது வேறு ஒரு ஓட்டுநர் மூலமாக நகரங்களுக்கு இடையே பயணம் செய்வதில் உங்களுக்கு எந்தச் சிரமமும் இருக்காது. நீங்கள் தினசரி அல்லது மணிநேரக் கட்டணத்தில் ஒப்புக்கொண்டாலும், ஓட்டுநர்கள் பொதுவாகத் தங்களின் 'சகோதரர்' அல்லது நண்பர்களின் வணிகங்களுக்கு (உதாரணமாக, மசாலாத் தோட்டம், சிற்பக் கடைகள் அல்லது இரத்தினக் கற்கள் கடைகள்) உங்களைக் கட்டாயப்படுத்திச் செல்லும்படி செய்து, உங்களிடமிருந்து அதிக சேவைக் கட்டணம் பெற முயற்சிப்பார்கள். உங்களுக்கு விருப்பமில்லை என்று அமைதியாகவும் உறுதியாகவும் கூறுங்கள். அவர்கள் தொடர்ந்து உங்களைக் கட்டாயப்படுத்தினால், அவர்களை விட்டுவிட்டு வேறு ஒரு ஓட்டுநரைக் கண்டுபிடியுங்கள் — அவர்கள் மிகவும் சாதாரணமாகக் காணப்படுவார்கள், மற்றொருவரைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பதில் உங்களுக்கு எந்தச் சிரமமும் இருக்காது.
* மற்றொரு 'பரிந்துரைக்கப்பட்ட' நபர் அல்லது 'நண்பரின்' சேவையை ஒருபோதும் பயன்படுத்தாதீர்கள். இது உங்கள் இறுதி விலையை கணிசமாக உயர்த்திவிடும். நீங்கள் உண்மையிலேயே உதவ விரும்பினால், அந்தப் பணத்தை தெருவில் பிச்சை எடுக்கும் ஏழை ஆத்மாக்களில் ஒருவருக்குக் கொடுங்கள்.
* யாரையும் ஏமாற்றியதற்காக ஒருபோதும் குற்ற உணர்ச்சி கொள்ளாதீர்கள், இதைத்தான் தரகர்கள் தங்களுக்கு இரையாக்கிக் கொள்கிறார்கள், மேலும் பொருட்கள் அல்லது சேவைகளுக்கு அதிக விலையைச் செலுத்த வைப்பதற்காக உங்கள் குற்ற உணர்வைப் பயன்படுத்த முயற்சிப்பார்கள்.
* நீங்கள் ஒரு சேவைக்கோ அல்லது சுற்றுப்பயணத்திற்கோ பணம் செலுத்தினால், நீங்கள் பேரம் பேசியதைக் கேளுங்கள், மேலும் ஒப்புக்கொள்ளப்படாத மற்ற இடங்களுக்கும் விஷயங்களுக்கும் உங்களை திசைதிருப்ப விடாதீர்கள். உங்கள் நிலைப்பாட்டில் உறுதியாக இருங்கள், நிலைமை மோசமடைந்தால் பணம் செலுத்த மாட்டேன் என்று அச்சுறுத்துங்கள்.
* நீங்கள் ஏமாற்றப்பட்டால், அந்த மோசடிக்கு முதலில் காரணமான இடத்தில், அதாவது உங்கள் விருந்தினர் இல்லத்தில், ஒரு விமர்சனத்தை எழுதுங்கள். அதிக விலை அல்லது மோசமான சுற்றுப்பயணங்கள், இரவு உணவுகள் அல்லது வாடகை மகிழுந்து சேவைகள் போன்ற இந்த நிலைமையைப் பற்றி மற்ற விருந்தினர்கள் தெரிந்து கொள்வது முக்கியம், அப்போதுதான் அவர்களும் அதே வலையில் சிக்க மாட்டார்கள். விருந்தினர் இல்ல உரிமையாளர்கள் தங்கள் நடத்தையை நன்கு அறிவார்கள், இது உதவுவது அல்ல, இது தரகு வேலை. 
* பொது நிறுவனங்களால் நடத்தப்படும் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ இடங்கள் மற்றும் சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களுக்குச் செல்லும்போது, ​​எப்போதும் முறையான மற்றும் அச்சிடப்பட்ட பயணச்சீட்டுகளைக் கேளுங்கள். பயணச்சீட்டு இல்லை என்றால் நீங்கள் பணம் செலுத்தத் தேவையில்லை! பயணச்சீட்டு வழங்கப்படாதபோது செலுத்தப்படும் பணம், நேரடியாக பயணச்சீட்டு விற்பனையாளரின் பைகளுக்குச் செல்கிறது. இதனால், அரசாங்கத்திற்கு இந்தப் பணம் கிடைப்பதில்லை, அதனால் அவர்களால் அந்த இடத்தை முறையாகப் பராமரிக்கவும் முடிவதில்லை. கிழிந்த அல்லது பயன்படுத்தப்பட்ட பயணச்சீட்டுத் துண்டுகளின் வெற்று அடுக்கைக் காட்டி ஏமாந்துவிடாதீர்கள் — மீண்டும் சொல்கிறேன், பயணச்சீட்டு இல்லை என்றால் நீங்கள் பணம் செலுத்தத் தேவையில்லை! (நீங்கள் நிலைமையை அடுத்த கட்டத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல விரும்பினால், காவல்துறை உங்கள் பக்கம் இருக்கும்.) நீங்கள் ஒரு சுற்றுலா வழிகாட்டியைப் பயன்படுத்தும்போது இது குறிப்பாக உண்மையாகும். அவர் பயணச்சீட்டுகளைக் கவனித்துக்கொள்வதாகக் கூறலாம், ஆனால் உண்மையில் அவரும் பயணச்சீட்டு விற்பனையாளரும் அந்தப் பணம் பொது நிதிக்குச் செல்வதை உறுதி செய்வதற்குப் பதிலாக, தங்களுக்குள் பணத்தைப் பிரித்துக்கொள்வார்கள். இது ஊழல், இதில் பங்கேற்காதீர்கள் மற்றும் ஒரு பொறுப்பான பயணியாக உங்கள் பங்கை ஆற்றுங்கள்!

== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ===
* [[w:ta:கல்லீரல் அழற்சி|ஈரல் அழற்சி ஏ+பி]] மற்றும் [[w:ta:இரணஜன்னி|இரணஜன்னி]] நோய்களுக்கு தடுப்பூசிகள் பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகின்றன. சுற்றுலாப் பகுதிகளுக்கு வெளியே, குறிப்பாக மழைக்காலத்தில் பயணம் செய்யும் பயணிகளுக்கு [[w:ta:டைஃபஸ்|டைஃபஸ்]] தடுப்பூசியும் பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகிறது. [https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/japanese-encephalitis.html#1938 சிடிசியும் '''ஜப்பானிய மூளை அழற்சி நோய்'''க்கு எதிரான தடுப்பூசியைப் பரிந்துரைக்கிறது].
* [[w:ta:முடக்குக் காய்ச்சல்|முடக்குக் காய்ச்சல்]]: மழைக்காலத்தில் கொசு விரட்டியைப் பயன்படுத்தவும். தலை மற்றும் மூட்டு வலிகள் ஏற்பட்டால் மருத்துவரை அணுகவும். ''டெங்வாக்சியா'' மற்றும் ''குடெங்கா'' என இரண்டு தடுப்பூசிகள் உள்ளன.
* [[w:ta:சிக்குன்குனியா|சிக்குன்குனியா நோய்]]: கொசுக்களால் பரவும் இந்த வைரஸ் தொற்று, அக்டோபர் 2025-ல் காலியில் பயணிகளால் பதிவாகியுள்ளது. இதன் அறிகுறிகள் வலிமிகுந்ததாகவும், நீண்ட காலம் நீடிக்கக்கூடியதாகவும் இருக்கும். ''DEET'' அடிப்படையிலான பூச்சி விரட்டியைப் பயன்படுத்தவும், முடிந்தவரை உங்கள் தோலை மூடிக்கொள்ளவும். 
* [[w:ta:மலேரியா|மலேரியா]]: 2016 முதல் இலங்கை   [https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/malaria உலக சுகாதார அமைப்பால் மலேரியா இல்லாத மண்டலமாக] அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
* [[w:ta:மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல்|மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல்]]: ஆசியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளைப் போலவே இலங்கையும் மஞ்சள் காய்ச்சல் இல்லாத நாடாக உள்ளது, ஆனால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட பகுதிகளில் இருந்து வரும் 1 வயதுக்கு மேற்பட்ட பயணிகளுக்கு தடுப்பூசி சான்றிதழ் தேவைப்படுகிறது.
* இலங்கையில் ஆக்ரோஷமான நாய்கள் ஒரு பிரச்சனையாக உள்ளன. பகல் நேரங்களில், தெரு நாய்கள் மிகவும் சோர்வாக இருப்பதால் அச்சுறுத்தலாக இருப்பதில்லை, ஆனால் இரவில் அவை ஆக்ரோஷமாக மாறக்கூடும். வெளிச்சம் குறைவாக உள்ள பகுதிகளில் இரவில் நடக்கும்போது பாதுகாப்பிற்காக ஒரு தடியை எடுத்துச் செல்லுங்கள். ஒரு கல்லை எடுப்பது போல் பாவனை செய்வதும் அவற்றை விலக்கி வைக்க உதவும். குறிப்பாக நீங்கள் நீண்ட காலம் தங்கினால், [[w:ta:வெறிநாய்க்கடி நோய்|வெறிநாய்க்கடி தடுப்பூசி]] போட்டுக்கொள்வது நல்லது.
* பார்வையாளர்கள் குழாய் நீரை அருந்தக்கூடாது. குடிப்பதற்கும் பல் துலக்குவதற்கும் புட்டியில் அடைக்கப்பட்ட தண்ணீரையே பயன்படுத்துங்கள்.
* சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடையே 'பாம்புக் கடி' ஏற்படுவது மிகவும் அரிது என்றாலும், கடிபட்ட எவரும் உடனடியாக மருத்துவ உதவியை நாட வேண்டும். கடியால் வலியோ வீக்கமோ ஏற்படவில்லை என்றாலும் இது பொருந்தும். தேசிய அவசரகால எண் '''119''' ஆகும். கொழும்பில், 119 என்ற எண்ணை அழைக்கவும் அல்லது அவசரகால ஆம்புலன்ஸ் வேண்டுமென்றால் '''110''' என்ற எண்ணை அழைக்கவும்.
* மணலில் வாழும் மிகச் சிறிய 'ஈக்கள்' உள்ளன (உள்நாட்டில் மட்டுமே, கடற்கரைகளில் அல்ல). உலர்ந்த மணலுடன் ஏற்படும் எந்தவொரு தொடர்பும் பொதுவாகக் கடியையும், அதைத் தொடர்ந்து வலிமிகுந்த அரிப்பையும் ஏற்படுத்தும்.
* கொழும்புக்கு வெளியே, நொய்தாள்கள் கிடைப்பது அரிது. உங்கள் பயணத்திற்குத் தேவையான அளவு கொண்டு வாருங்கள்.

எப்போதும் போல, பயணக் காப்பீடு வாங்க வசதியில்லையென்றால், பயணம் செய்ய முடியாது. நீங்கள் இணையத்தில் என்ன படித்தாலும், அரசு மருத்துவமனைகள் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு இலவசம் அல்ல. அரசு மருத்துவமனைகள் தனியார் மருத்துவமனைகளை விட மலிவானவை, ஆனால் அவை பணத்தை மட்டுமே எடுத்துக்கொள்கின்றன, மேலும் தனியார் மருத்துவமனைகளைப் போல பயணக் காப்பீட்டை ஏற்றுக்கொள்வதில்லை.

== சமாளியுங்கள் ==
[[File:Sri Lanka major religions per district (2012).svg|thumb|இலங்கையில் பிரதான மதங்களின் பரவல் (2012)]]
===சுற்றுலா வழிகாட்டிகள்===
சில சுற்றுலா வழிகாட்டிகள், நீங்கள் வாங்கும் ஒவ்வொரு பொருளுக்கும் கடை உரிமையாளரிடமிருந்து சேவைக் கட்டணம் பெறும் கடைகளுக்கு உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்லக்கூடும். மற்ற கடைகளில் உங்களுக்கு விருப்பமான பொருட்களின் விலைகளைக் கண்காணிப்பதன் மூலம், இந்த அதிக விலைகளைக் கொடுப்பதிலிருந்து உங்களைப் பாதுகாத்துக் கொள்ளலாம்.

===மதம்===
இலங்கையில் பல கலாச்சாரங்களும் மதங்களும் உள்ளன. மதங்கள் நாட்டின் கட்டமைப்புக்கு பங்களிக்கின்றன. கோயில்கள், மசூதிகள் மற்றும் தேவாலயங்கள் ஆகியவை சமூகத்தினரின் பொதுவான ஆர்வமூட்டும் இடங்களாகவும், மக்கள் கூடும் இடங்களாகவும் உள்ளன. 2012 ஆம் ஆண்டு நிலவரப்படி, 70% இலங்கை மக்கள் தேரவாத பௌத்த மதத்தைப் பின்பற்றுகிறார்கள். இலங்கை தனது மதங்களை மிகவும் தீவிரமாக எடுத்துக்கொள்கிறது; பொது இடங்களில் மரியாதையற்ற வார்த்தைகள் அல்லது செயல்கள் [[Wy/ta/இலங்கை#மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள்|கைதுக்கு]] வழிவகுக்கும்.
* '''பௌத்தம்''' — கி.பி. 3 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் இலங்கைக்கு வந்த இது, இப்போது இலங்கையில் மிகவும் பொதுவான மதமாகவும், சிங்களவர்களிடையே ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்தும் மதமாகவும், அதன் 2000 ஆண்டுகால வரலாற்றின் ஒரு பகுதியாகவும் உள்ளது.
* '''இந்து மதம்''' — இலங்கையின் இரண்டாவது பெரிய மதமான இது, நாடு முழுவதும் பரவிக் காணப்படுகிறது, மேலும் தமிழ் இனத்தவரிடையே பெரும்பான்மை மதமாக உள்ளது.
* '''இஸ்லாம்''' — அரபு வர்த்தகர்கள் வழியாக நாட்டிற்கு வந்தது; தற்போது கணிசமான சிறுபான்மைத் தமிழர்களாலும், இலங்கை மலாய்க்காரர்களாலும் பின்பற்றப்படுகிறது.
* '''கிறிஸ்தவம்''' — போர்த்துகீசியர்களால் இலங்கைக்கு அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டு, கணிசமான சிறுபான்மைத் தமிழர்களால் பின்பற்றப்படுகிறது. பெரும்பாலான இலங்கை கிறிஸ்தவர்கள் ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்கர்கள் ஆவர்.

== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==
[[File:Buddha cover with blue lights shadow.jpg|thumb|கொழும்பில் உள்ள கங்காராம கோவிலில் உள்ள புத்தர் சிலைகள்]]
பழகிக்கொள்ளச் சிறிது காலம் எடுக்கக்கூடிய, குறிப்பாக மேற்கத்தியப் பயணிகளுக்கு, பல பழக்கவழக்கங்கள் இலங்கையில் உள்ளன.
* கோயில்களுக்குச் செல்லும்போது காலணிகளைக் கழற்றிவிட்டு, கண்ணியமான ஆடை அணிவது வழக்கம் (அதாவது, குட்டைப் பாவாடைகள், மேலாடைகள், குட்டைக் கால்சட்டைகள் கூடாது). ஒரு வீட்டிற்குள் நுழைவதற்கு முன்பும் காலணிகளைக் கழற்றுவது வழக்கம், இருப்பினும் ஜப்பான் போன்ற இடங்களில் உள்ளது போல் இது கடுமையாகப் பின்பற்றப்படுவதில்லை.
* கோயிலில் பயிற்சி செய்யும் இளம் துறவிகள் மற்றும் குழந்தைகள் உட்பட, பௌத்தத் துறவிகளை ஒருபோதும் தொடவோ தட்டவோ கூடாது.
* புத்தரைச் சித்தரிக்கும் பச்சை குத்தல்களைக் காட்ட வேண்டாம். மற்ற பௌத்தப் பகுதிகளில் அவை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டாலும், இலங்கையில் அவை மிகவும் அவமானகரமானவையாகக் கருதப்படலாம். கைது மற்றும் நாடு கடத்துதல் ஆகியவை யதார்த்தமான நிகழ்வுகளாகும், இருப்பினும் இது கடைசியாக 2014-இல் நடந்தது.
* ஒரு புத்தர் சிலைக்கு நியாயமான தூரத்தில் இருக்கும்போது, ​​அதற்குப் பின்னால் திரும்ப வேண்டாம். புகைப்படங்களுக்குப் போஸ் கொடுக்கும்போதும் இது பொருந்தும், அப்போது நீங்கள் சிலையுடன் கை அல்லது உடல் தொடர்பை ஏற்படுத்தக் கூடாது. புத்தர் சிலைக்கு அருகில் நின்று புகைப்படம் எடுப்பதை விட, அனைவரும் அதை நோக்குவது போல, சிலையை நோக்கியவாறு புகைப்படம் எடுப்பது அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறது.
* இலங்கையில் &quot;பொது இடங்களில் நிர்வாணமாக இருப்பது&quot; சட்டவிரோதமாகும் – நிர்வாணமாகவோ அல்லது மேலாடையின்றியோ சூரியக்குளியல் செய்வதும், ஆடையின்றி நீந்துவதும் தவிர்க்கப்பட வேண்டும், ஆனால் இதற்கு அனுமதிக்கும் தனியார் கடற்கரை விடுதிகளில் மட்டும் விதிவிலக்கு உண்டு.
* சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு அதிக சலுகைகள் வழங்கப்பட்டாலும், பணம் மற்றும் சிறிய பொருட்களைக் கொடுக்கும்போது &quot;வலது கையைப் பயன்படுத்துவது&quot; மிகவும் நாகரிகமானதாகும். பெரிய அல்லது கனமான பொருட்களுக்கு நீங்கள் இரு கைகளையும் பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
* &quot;துறவிகள்/முதியவர்கள்/மாற்றுத்திறனாளிகளிடம் மரியாதையாக நடந்துகொள்ளுங்கள்.&quot; இதற்கென குறிப்பிட்ட நெறிமுறைகள் எதுவும் இல்லை, ஆனால் நெரிசலான பேருந்தில் அவர்களுக்கு இருக்கை கொடுப்பது போல நீங்கள் சாதாரணமாகச் செய்வதையே செய்யுங்கள். அதுபோலவே, பெருநகரங்களின் வீதிகளில் சுற்றித் திரியும் வறுமையில் வாடும் மக்களுக்கும் மரியாதை காட்டுங்கள்.
* &quot;அரசியல்&quot; பற்றி, குறிப்பாக சிங்கள/தமிழ் பிளவு அல்லது விடுதலைப் புலிகள் இயக்கம் பற்றி விவாதிப்பது மிகவும் சர்ச்சைக்குரியதாகும். 2009-ல் முடிவடைந்த 26 ஆண்டு கால உள்நாட்டுப் போரில், தற்கொலைத் தாக்குதல்கள் மற்றும் படுகொலைகள் உட்பட நாடு முழுவதும் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான தாக்குதல்கள் நடந்தன. இவற்றில் இரு தரப்பிலும் ஏராளமான அரசியல்வாதிகளும் பொதுமக்களும் கொல்லப்பட்டனர்.
* முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்த இடங்களையும் (உள்ளேயும் வெளியேயும்), வணிக வளாகங்கள் மற்றும் தேயிலைத் தொழிற்சாலைகளின் உள்ளேயும் 'புகைப்படம் எடுக்கக் கூடாது' (வெளியே எடுக்கலாம்). கொழும்பு கோட்டையில் (கடற்கரையைத் தவிர) குறிப்பாகக் கவனமாக இருக்கவும். வீரர்கள் எதையாவது பாதுகாத்துக் கொண்டிருந்தால், அதை புகைப்படம் எடுக்கக் கூடாது. அறிவிப்புப் பலகைகளை மட்டும் நம்ப வேண்டாம், ஏனெனில் சில சமயங்களில் அவை பழையதாகவோ அல்லது காணாமல் போயிருக்கலாம். உதாரணமாக, ஒரு பாலத்தின் ஒரு முனையில் 'புகைப்படம் எடுக்கக் கூடாது' என்ற அறிவிப்புப் பலகை இருக்கலாம், ஆனால் மறுமுனையில் இல்லாமல் இருக்கலாம்.
* காதலர்களுக்கு இடையேயான முத்தமிடுதல் மற்றும்/அல்லது கட்டிப்பிடித்தல் போன்ற பாதிப்பில்லாததாகத் தோன்றும் 'பொது இடங்களில் அன்பை வெளிப்படுத்துதல்' தனிப்பட்ட நடத்தை எனக் கருதப்படுவதால், கலாச்சார ரீதியாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படாமல் போகலாம். ஆனால், இரவு விடுதிகள், சூதாட்ட விடுதிகள் மற்றும் கடற்கரைக் கொண்டாட்டங்கள் போன்ற பெரியவர்களுக்காக ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட நிகழ்ச்சிகளிலும் நிறுவனங்களிலும் இது ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுகிறது. வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு மிகுந்த சலுகை காட்டப்படுவதுடன், பெற்றோரும் அவர்களது குழந்தைகளும் கைகோர்த்து நடப்பதும், பொது இடங்களில் பாசத்தைக் காட்டுவதும் தவறாகக் கருதப்படுவதில்லை.

== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==

===தொலைபேசி===
இலங்கைக்கான நாட்டின் குறியீடு '''94'''. வெளிநாட்டில் இருந்து சுழற்றும் போது சர்வதேச அளவில் நாட்டிற்கு சுழற்றும் செய்யும் போது (அதாவது 0112 688 688 ஆனது +94 112 688 688) பகுதி குறியீட்டிற்கு முன் உள்ள நகரங்களின் முன்னொட்டை ('''0''') அகற்றவும். 94க்குப் பின் வரும் இரண்டு எண்கள் பகுதிக் குறியீட்டைக் குறிக்கின்றன. ஒவ்வொரு மாவட்டத்திற்கும் அவை வேறுபட்டவை மேலும் தகவலுக்கு [[w:ta:இலங்கை தொலைபேசிக் குறியீடுகள்|இலங்கை தொலைபேசிக் குறியீடுகளை]] பார்க்கவும்.

=== செல்லிடத் தொலைபேசி மற்றும் தரவு ===
2025 ஆம் ஆண்டு நிலவரப்படி, பின்வரும் தொலைத்தொடர்புப் பிணையசேவை வழங்குநர்கள் உள்ளனர்: [https://dialog.lk/mobile டயலாக்], [https://www.airtel.lk/ ஏர்டெல்], [https://mobitel.lk/ மொபிடெல்] மற்றும் [https://hutch.lk/ ஹட்சு].

தீவில் 4ஜி ஆற்றலெல்லை நன்றாக உள்ளது, சில நேரங்களில் வழங்குநரைப் பொறுத்து சற்று மாறுபடும். டயலாக் தான் சிறந்தது என்று மக்கள் கூறுகிறார்கள், உண்மையில் மொபிடெல் சில நேரங்களில் சரியான இணைப்பு இல்லாமல் இருப்பது போல் தெரிகிறது.

2025 ஆம் ஆண்டு நிலவரப்படி, தரவு உட்பட திட்டங்கள் (விமான நிலையத்தில்) சுமார் €9-க்கு கிடைக்கின்றன. இதில் 30 நாட்களுக்கு 50-60GB தரவு, வரம்பற்ற சமூக ஊடகங்கள், அழைப்புகள் மற்றும் குறுஞ்செய்திகள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். ஏர்டெல், 30 நாட்களுக்கு 12GB தரவிற்கு ரூ. 1,188 என்ற சலுகையை வழங்குகிறது, இதில் வரம்பற்ற சமூக ஊடகங்கள் மற்றும் அழைப்புகள் அடங்கும். ஏர்டெல் மற்றும் மொபிடெல் வெறும் ரூ. 1,000-க்கு 15GB தரவை வழங்குகின்றன. மொபிடெல் ஒரு நாளைக்கு 1GB தரவை வழங்குகிறது. அழைப்புகள், குறுஞ்செய்திகள் மற்றும் வரம்பற்ற சமூக ஊடகப் பயன்பாடு, 29 நாட்களுக்கு ரூ. 1,390-க்கு.

===இணையம்===
பெரும்பாலான உணவகங்கள் மற்றும் விருந்தினர் இல்லங்களில் இலவச அருகலை வசதி உள்ளது.


[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q854}}
{{Wy/ta/IsPartOf|Wy/ta/தெற்கு ஆசியா}}
[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]</text>
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    <title>Wy/ta/ஆப்கானித்தான்</title>
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      <comment>விரைவுத் தகவல்கள் வார்ப்புரு சிறிது மாற்றியமைக்கப்பட்டது</comment>
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'''ஆப்கானித்தான்''' என்பது [[Wy/ta/ஆசியா|ஆசியா]]க் கண்டத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்ட மலைப்பாங்கான ஒரு நாடு ஆகும். மேற்கே [[Wy/ta/ஈரான்|ஈரான்]], தெற்கிலும் கிழக்கிலும் [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கிஸ்தான்]], வடக்கே துருக்மெனிஸ்தான், உஸ்பெகிஸ்தான், தாஜிக்ஸ்தான், கிழக்கில் [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] போன்ற நாடுகள் இதன் எல்லைகளாக அமைந்துள்ளன.

==பிரதேசங்கள்==
{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
| regionmap=Map of Afghanistan.png
| regionmaptext=ஆப்கானித்தானின் பிரதேசங்கள்

| region1name=[[Wy/ta/மேற்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்|மேற்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region1color=#715D5C
| region1description=

| region2name=[[Wy/ta/கிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்|கிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region2color=#AC9393
| region2description=

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/வடமேற்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்|வடமேற்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region3color=#827A78
| region3description=

| region4name=[[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்|வடகிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region4color=#766A60
| region4description=

| region5name=[[Wy/ta/தென் ஆப்கானித்தான்|தென் ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region5color=#655C5A
| region5description=
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
[[File:View of Herat in 2009.jpg|thumb|View of [[Wy/ta/Herat|Herat]] from a hill in 2009.]]

* [[Wy/ta/கபுல்|கபுல்]] - கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது. தலைநகரம்
&lt;!-- capital top, alphabetise the rest --&gt;
* [[Wy/ta/பாமியன்|பாமியன்]] - ஒரு காலத்தில் உலக அதிசயங்களில் ஒன்றாக விளங்கியது. இங்கிருந்த உயரமான கல் வேலைப்பாடுகள் தலிபனால் கலாச்சார விசமத்தின் இழிவான செயலால் அழிக்கப்பட்டது.
* [[Wy/ta/காழ்னி|காழ்னி]] - தென் கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது, கபுலிற்கும், கந்தகரிக்கும் இடையில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
* [[Wy/ta/கெரத்|கெரத்]] - கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது. ஈரானிற்கான வாயிலாக விளங்குகிறது. பாரசீகத்தின் தாக்கம் காணப்படும் பல வரலாற்று சுற்றுலாத்தலங்கள் காணப்படுகின்றன.
* [[Wy/ta/சலலபாத்|சலலபாத்]] - கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது. கபுலிற்கும், கைப்பர் கணவாய்க்கும் இடையில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
* [[Wy/ta/கந்தகர்|கந்தகர்]] - தெற்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது
* [[Wy/ta/குண்டுசு|குண்டுசு]] - வடகிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ள முக்கிய நகரம். தஜிகிஸ்தான் புள்ளியை கடக்கிறது.
* [[Wy/ta/மாசார்-இ சாரிப்|மாசார்-இ சாரிப்]] -

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=LocationAfghanistan.svg
| flag=Flag of Afghanistan.svg
| capital=[[Wy/ta/காபுல்|காபுல்]]
| government=இசுலாமியக் குடியரசு
| currency=ஆப்கானி (AFN)
| area=647,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| population=31,108,077 (2013)
| language=
| religion=
| electricity=220V/50Hz +/-50%
| callingcode=+93
| tld=.af
| timezone=ஒஅநே +4.5
}}


==வாங்க==
ஆப்கானித்தானின் உள்நாட்டுப் பணம் '''ஆப்கானி''' ('''Afghani''', '''AFN''') ஆகும். திசம்பர், 2009-இன் அடிப்படையில், ஓர் அமெரிக்க டாலர் (USD1) 48.50 ஆப்கானிக்கு (AFN48.50) சமமாகும. ஓர் இந்திய ரூபாய் (₹1) 70 ஆப்கானிகளுக்கு (AFN70) சமமாக விளங்குகிறது.

[[File:Pasht rug.jpg|thumb|150px|Afghan man holding Persian silk rug in southern Afghanistan.]]
[[File:Kabul carpet vendor.jpg|thumb|150px|Carpets sold in Kabul. 1m sq. costs around $300]]

ஆப்கானித்தானில் பேரம் பேசல் கலாச்சாரத்தில் முக்கிய இடத்தை வகிக்கிறது.

ஆப்கானித்தானின் அதிக பிரபலமான உற்பத்தியாக விளங்குவது '''தரை விரிப்புக்கள்'''' ஆகும். சில தரை விரிப்புக்கள் கீழே வருமாறு:
* '''பலுச்சி விரிப்பு''' ('''Baluchi rugs''')
* '''தேர்கொமன் விரிப்பு''' (சிலவேளைகளில் போக்ஹரா, '''Turkoman rugs''', often labelled &quot;Bokhara&quot;)
* '''ஆப்கான் விரிப்பு''' ('''Afghan rugs''')

==பார்க்க==
யுனெஸ்கோவின் உலக பாரம்பரிய களங்கள் பல ஆப்காநித்தானில் காணப்படுகின்றன. இதற்கும் மேலாக பல சுற்றுலாத்தலங்களும் காணப்படுகின்றன.
*'''பாமியனின் புத்த சிற்பங்கள்'''. - தலிபன் ஆறாம் நூற்றாண்டு சிற்பங்கள் பலவற்றை கலாச்சார குற்றத்தில் அழித்தனர். 
*'''[[Wy/ta/பேண்ட்-இ அமீர் தேசிய பூங்கா|பேண்ட்-இ அமீர் தேசிய பூங்கா]]''', ஆறு ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்ட ஏரிகள் இதன் நேர்த்தியான இயற்கை ஈர்ப்பை மேலும் மெருகூட்டுகின்றன. இது கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 2900 தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
*'''ஜாமின் பள்ளி வாசல் தூபி''' ஹெரத்திற்கு வடக்கே அமைந்துள்ளது. யுனேஸ்கோவில் பட்டியலிடப்பட்டது.

'''மாசாரி இ சாரிப்'''பில் அதிகமான சிறந்த பள்ளி வாசல்கள் காணப்படுகின்றன. மற்றும் '''ஹெரத்''' போன்ற இடங்களில் பள்ளி வாசல்களை மேம்படுத்தும் திட்டம் மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டு வருகின்றது.

==செய்ய==

==சாப்பிட==
[[File:Afghan cuisine.jpg|thumb|சில பிரபல ஆப்கானித்தானிய உணவுகள்.]]

இங்கு மூன்று வகையான பாண் காணப்படுகின்றது. அவையாவன

*'''நான்''' ('''Naan''') - நீளமாகவும், நீள்வட்டமாகவும் காணப்படும்.

*'''ஓபி நொன்''' ('''Obi Non''') - உஸ்பெக் வகை பாண். டிஸ்க் போன்ற வடிவத்தில் காணப்படும். நானை விட அடர்த்தியாக காணப்படும். வழமையாக வெள்ளை மாவில் செய்யப்படுகிறது.

*'''லாவாஷ்''' ('''Lavash''') - மிகவும் ஒல்லியான பாண். லாவாஷ் மாதிரியான பாண் எங்கும் கிடைக்காது. வழமையாக இறைச்சிகள் மற்றும் அவியல்களுக்கான முலாமாக பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

அரிசி உணவு வகைகளே ஆப்கானித்தானில் அரசனாக விளங்குகிறது. அரிசி உணவு வகைகள் சில:- 
*'''கபுலி புலோ''' ('''Kabuli Pulao''' or Kabuli Palaw, Qabili Palaw, Qabili Palau or simply Palau)
*'''சலோ''' ('''Chalao''') - வெள்ளை அரிசி. பாசுமதி மாதிரியான மிக நீளமான தானியங்கள் அவசியம்.
*'''பலோ''' ('''Palao''') 
*'''யாக்னி பலோ''' ('''Yakhni Palao''')
*'''சமராட் பலோ''' ('''Zamarod Palao''')
*'''குவோர்மா பலோ''' ('''Qorma Palao''')
*'''போரே பலோ''' ('''Bore Palao''')
*'''போஞ்சன்-இ-ரூமி பலோ''' ('''Bonjan-e-Roomi Palao''')
*'''செர்காஹ் பலோ''' ('''Serkah Palao''')
*'''செபெட் பலோ''' ('''Shebet Palao''')
*'''நரேஞ் பலோ''' ('''Narenj Palao''')
*'''மாஷ் பலோ''' ('''Maash Palao''')
*'''அலௌ பலௌ பலோ''' ('''Alou Balou Palao''')

'''குவோர்மா''' ('''Qorma''') என்ற உணவும் இங்கு பிரபல்யமாக விளங்குகிறது. இங்கு நூற்றிற்கும் மேற்பட்ட குவோர்மா வகைகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. அவற்றுள் சில:-

*'''குவோர்மா அலோ-போகரா வ டல்னகோத்''' ('''Qorma Alou-Bokhara wa Dalnakhod''')
*'''குவோர்மா நட்றூ''' ('''Qorma Nadroo''')
*'''குவோர்மா லவாந்து''' ('''Qorma Lawand''')
*'''குவோர்மா சப்ழி''' ('''Qorma Sabzi''') 
*'''குவோர்மா சல்கம்''' ('''Qorma Shalgham''')

[[File:Bolani Afghan bread 01.jpg|thumb|150px|Bolani, similar to quesadilla]]

'''நொறுக்குத்தீனிகள்''' 
*'''பகலவா''' ('''Baklava''')
*'''ஆப்கான் கேக்''' ('''Afghan Cake''')
*'''கோசு பீல்''' ('''Gosh Feel''')
*'''பேர்னியா''' ('''Fernea''')
*'''மோ-ரப்பா''' ('''Mou-rubba''')
*'''குல்சா''' ('''Kulcha''')
*'''நரேஞ் பளு''' ('''Narenge Palau''')

== குடிக்க ==
ஆப்கானித்தான் இசுலாமிய நாடாக மாறியதிலிருந்து மதுசார கொள்வனவு குற்றம் ஆகும். ஆனாலும், [[Wy/ta/கபுல்|கபுலில்]] அமைந்துள்ள உணவு விடுதிகளில் இவற்றை பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம்.

==நித்திரைக்கு==
பல உணவுவிடுதிகளும், தங்குவிடுதிகளும் ஆப்கானித்தானின் பிரதான நகரங்களில் அமைந்துள்ளன.

[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q889}}
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'''ஆப்கானித்தான்''' என்பது [[Wy/ta/ஆசியா|ஆசியா]]க் கண்டத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்ட மலைப்பாங்கான ஒரு நாடு ஆகும். மேற்கே [[Wy/ta/ஈரான்|ஈரான்]], தெற்கிலும் கிழக்கிலும் [[Wy/ta/பாக்கித்தான்|பாக்கிஸ்தான்]], வடக்கே துருக்மெனிஸ்தான், உஸ்பெகிஸ்தான், தாஜிக்ஸ்தான், கிழக்கில் [[Wy/ta/சீனா|சீனா]] போன்ற நாடுகள் இதன் எல்லைகளாக அமைந்துள்ளன.

==பிரதேசங்கள்==
{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
| regionmap=Map of Afghanistan.png
| regionmaptext=ஆப்கானித்தானின் பிரதேசங்கள்

| region1name=[[Wy/ta/மேற்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்|மேற்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region1color=#715D5C
| region1description=

| region2name=[[Wy/ta/கிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்|கிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region2color=#AC9393
| region2description=

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/வடமேற்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்|வடமேற்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region3color=#827A78
| region3description=

| region4name=[[Wy/ta/வடகிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்|வடகிழக்கு ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region4color=#766A60
| region4description=

| region5name=[[Wy/ta/தென் ஆப்கானித்தான்|தென் ஆப்கானித்தான்]]
| region5color=#655C5A
| region5description=
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
[[File:View of Herat in 2009.jpg|thumb|View of [[Wy/ta/Herat|Herat]] from a hill in 2009.]]

* [[Wy/ta/கபுல்|கபுல்]] - கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது. தலைநகரம்
&lt;!-- capital top, alphabetise the rest --&gt;
* [[Wy/ta/பாமியன்|பாமியன்]] - ஒரு காலத்தில் உலக அதிசயங்களில் ஒன்றாக விளங்கியது. இங்கிருந்த உயரமான கல் வேலைப்பாடுகள் தலிபனால் கலாச்சார விசமத்தின் இழிவான செயலால் அழிக்கப்பட்டது.
* [[Wy/ta/காழ்னி|காழ்னி]] - தென் கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது, கபுலிற்கும், கந்தகரிக்கும் இடையில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
* [[Wy/ta/கெரத்|கெரத்]] - கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது. ஈரானிற்கான வாயிலாக விளங்குகிறது. பாரசீகத்தின் தாக்கம் காணப்படும் பல வரலாற்று சுற்றுலாத்தலங்கள் காணப்படுகின்றன.
* [[Wy/ta/சலலபாத்|சலலபாத்]] - கிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது. கபுலிற்கும், கைப்பர் கணவாய்க்கும் இடையில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
* [[Wy/ta/கந்தகர்|கந்தகர்]] - தெற்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது
* [[Wy/ta/குண்டுசு|குண்டுசு]] - வடகிழக்கில் அமைந்துள்ள முக்கிய நகரம். தஜிகிஸ்தான் புள்ளியை கடக்கிறது.
* [[Wy/ta/மாசார்-இ சாரிப்|மாசார்-இ சாரிப்]] -

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=Afghanistan on the globe (Afghanistan centered).svg
| capital=[[Wy/ta/காபுல்|காபுல்]]
| government=இசுலாமியக் குடியரசு
| currency=ஆப்கான் ஆப்கானி
| area=652,230 கி.மீ.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| population=41,454,761 (2023)
| language=பஷ்தூ, தாரி, பலூச்சி 
| religion=இசுலாம்
| electricity=240V/50Hz +/-50%
| callingcode=+93
| tld=.af
| timezone=UTC+04:30
| driving side = வலப்பக்கம்
}}

==வாங்க==
ஆப்கானித்தானின் உள்நாட்டுப் பணம் '''ஆப்கானி''' ('''Afghani''', '''AFN''') ஆகும். திசம்பர், 2009-இன் அடிப்படையில், ஓர் அமெரிக்க டாலர் (USD1) 48.50 ஆப்கானிக்கு (AFN48.50) சமமாகும. ஓர் இந்திய ரூபாய் (₹1) 70 ஆப்கானிகளுக்கு (AFN70) சமமாக விளங்குகிறது.

[[File:Pasht rug.jpg|thumb|150px|Afghan man holding Persian silk rug in southern Afghanistan.]]
[[File:Kabul carpet vendor.jpg|thumb|150px|Carpets sold in Kabul. 1m sq. costs around $300]]

ஆப்கானித்தானில் பேரம் பேசல் கலாச்சாரத்தில் முக்கிய இடத்தை வகிக்கிறது.

ஆப்கானித்தானின் அதிக பிரபலமான உற்பத்தியாக விளங்குவது '''தரை விரிப்புக்கள்'''' ஆகும். சில தரை விரிப்புக்கள் கீழே வருமாறு:
* '''பலுச்சி விரிப்பு''' ('''Baluchi rugs''')
* '''தேர்கொமன் விரிப்பு''' (சிலவேளைகளில் போக்ஹரா, '''Turkoman rugs''', often labelled &quot;Bokhara&quot;)
* '''ஆப்கான் விரிப்பு''' ('''Afghan rugs''')

==பார்க்க==
யுனெஸ்கோவின் உலக பாரம்பரிய களங்கள் பல ஆப்காநித்தானில் காணப்படுகின்றன. இதற்கும் மேலாக பல சுற்றுலாத்தலங்களும் காணப்படுகின்றன.
*'''பாமியனின் புத்த சிற்பங்கள்'''. - தலிபன் ஆறாம் நூற்றாண்டு சிற்பங்கள் பலவற்றை கலாச்சார குற்றத்தில் அழித்தனர். 
*'''[[Wy/ta/பேண்ட்-இ அமீர் தேசிய பூங்கா|பேண்ட்-இ அமீர் தேசிய பூங்கா]]''', ஆறு ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்ட ஏரிகள் இதன் நேர்த்தியான இயற்கை ஈர்ப்பை மேலும் மெருகூட்டுகின்றன. இது கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 2900 தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
*'''ஜாமின் பள்ளி வாசல் தூபி''' ஹெரத்திற்கு வடக்கே அமைந்துள்ளது. யுனேஸ்கோவில் பட்டியலிடப்பட்டது.

'''மாசாரி இ சாரிப்'''பில் அதிகமான சிறந்த பள்ளி வாசல்கள் காணப்படுகின்றன. மற்றும் '''ஹெரத்''' போன்ற இடங்களில் பள்ளி வாசல்களை மேம்படுத்தும் திட்டம் மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டு வருகின்றது.

==செய்ய==

==சாப்பிட==
[[File:Afghan cuisine.jpg|thumb|சில பிரபல ஆப்கானித்தானிய உணவுகள்.]]

இங்கு மூன்று வகையான பாண் காணப்படுகின்றது. அவையாவன

*'''நான்''' ('''Naan''') - நீளமாகவும், நீள்வட்டமாகவும் காணப்படும்.

*'''ஓபி நொன்''' ('''Obi Non''') - உஸ்பெக் வகை பாண். டிஸ்க் போன்ற வடிவத்தில் காணப்படும். நானை விட அடர்த்தியாக காணப்படும். வழமையாக வெள்ளை மாவில் செய்யப்படுகிறது.

*'''லாவாஷ்''' ('''Lavash''') - மிகவும் ஒல்லியான பாண். லாவாஷ் மாதிரியான பாண் எங்கும் கிடைக்காது. வழமையாக இறைச்சிகள் மற்றும் அவியல்களுக்கான முலாமாக பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

அரிசி உணவு வகைகளே ஆப்கானித்தானில் அரசனாக விளங்குகிறது. அரிசி உணவு வகைகள் சில:- 
*'''கபுலி புலோ''' ('''Kabuli Pulao''' or Kabuli Palaw, Qabili Palaw, Qabili Palau or simply Palau)
*'''சலோ''' ('''Chalao''') - வெள்ளை அரிசி. பாசுமதி மாதிரியான மிக நீளமான தானியங்கள் அவசியம்.
*'''பலோ''' ('''Palao''') 
*'''யாக்னி பலோ''' ('''Yakhni Palao''')
*'''சமராட் பலோ''' ('''Zamarod Palao''')
*'''குவோர்மா பலோ''' ('''Qorma Palao''')
*'''போரே பலோ''' ('''Bore Palao''')
*'''போஞ்சன்-இ-ரூமி பலோ''' ('''Bonjan-e-Roomi Palao''')
*'''செர்காஹ் பலோ''' ('''Serkah Palao''')
*'''செபெட் பலோ''' ('''Shebet Palao''')
*'''நரேஞ் பலோ''' ('''Narenj Palao''')
*'''மாஷ் பலோ''' ('''Maash Palao''')
*'''அலௌ பலௌ பலோ''' ('''Alou Balou Palao''')

'''குவோர்மா''' ('''Qorma''') என்ற உணவும் இங்கு பிரபல்யமாக விளங்குகிறது. இங்கு நூற்றிற்கும் மேற்பட்ட குவோர்மா வகைகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. அவற்றுள் சில:-

*'''குவோர்மா அலோ-போகரா வ டல்னகோத்''' ('''Qorma Alou-Bokhara wa Dalnakhod''')
*'''குவோர்மா நட்றூ''' ('''Qorma Nadroo''')
*'''குவோர்மா லவாந்து''' ('''Qorma Lawand''')
*'''குவோர்மா சப்ழி''' ('''Qorma Sabzi''') 
*'''குவோர்மா சல்கம்''' ('''Qorma Shalgham''')

[[File:Bolani Afghan bread 01.jpg|thumb|150px|Bolani, similar to quesadilla]]

'''நொறுக்குத்தீனிகள்''' 
*'''பகலவா''' ('''Baklava''')
*'''ஆப்கான் கேக்''' ('''Afghan Cake''')
*'''கோசு பீல்''' ('''Gosh Feel''')
*'''பேர்னியா''' ('''Fernea''')
*'''மோ-ரப்பா''' ('''Mou-rubba''')
*'''குல்சா''' ('''Kulcha''')
*'''நரேஞ் பளு''' ('''Narenge Palau''')

== குடிக்க ==
ஆப்கானித்தான் இசுலாமிய நாடாக மாறியதிலிருந்து மதுசார கொள்வனவு குற்றம் ஆகும். ஆனாலும், [[Wy/ta/கபுல்|கபுலில்]] அமைந்துள்ள உணவு விடுதிகளில் இவற்றை பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம்.

==நித்திரைக்கு==
பல உணவுவிடுதிகளும், தங்குவிடுதிகளும் ஆப்கானித்தானின் பிரதான நகரங்களில் அமைந்துள்ளன.

[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q889}}
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      <comment>/* புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் */ மேலும் விவரங்கள் சேர்க்கப்பட்டன</comment>
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{{Wy/ta/2026 Middle East warningbox}}
'''ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்''' ([[Wy/ta/அரபு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|அரபு மொழி]]: الإمارات العربية المتحدة ''அல்-ʾஇமாராத் அல்-ʿஅரபீயா அல்-முத்தஹிதா'') அல்லது வெறுமனே '''அமீரகம்''' (الإم) ''அல்-இமாரத்'') பாரசீக வளைகுடாவின் நுழைவாயிலில் உள்ள வரலாறு மற்றும் பண்பாடு நிறைந்த நாடு ஆகும். 

[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]] போன்ற பளபளப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் முதல், [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] (''வெறிச்சோடிய பகுதி'') எனப்படும் பரந்த மற்றும் கடுமையான பாலைவன நிலப்பரப்புகள் வரை பல்வேறு சிறப்பம்சங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]]ப் பிராந்தியத்திலான பயணங்களைத் தொடங்குவதற்கு ஏற்ற ஒரு இடமாக அமைகிறது.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் என்பது ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் (அரபு மொழியில் 'இமாராத்'; ஒருமையில் 'இமாரா') ஒரு கூட்டமைப்பாகும்:
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|height=|width=500|24.199|54.091|zoom=7}}

{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q187712|fill=#e3e989}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=துபாய் அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q613|fill=#b383b3}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q188810|fill=#d69c4b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q159477|fill=#0000ff}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q175021|fill=#d76972}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல்-கைமா|இராசு அல்-கைமா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q170024|fill=#71b37b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q4091|fill=#4f93c0}} &lt;!--Fujairah--&gt;

{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
| region1name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]
| region1color=#e3e989
| region1items=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]
| region1description=

| region2name=துபாய் அமீரகம்
| region2color=#b383b3
| region2items=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] and [[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]
| region2description=

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]
| region3color=#d69c4b
| region3items=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]], [[Wy/ta/திப்பா (ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்)|திப்பா]], [[Wy/ta/கல்பா|கல்பா]], [[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]] and [[Wy/ta/நக்குவா|நக்குவா]]
| region3description=

| region4name=அசுமான் அமீரகம்
| region4color=#0000ff
| region4items=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]
| region4description=

| region5name=உம் அல்-குவைன் அமீரகம்
| region5color=#d76972
| region5items=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]
| region5description=

| region6name=இராசு அல் கைமா அமீரகம்
| region6color=#71b37b
| region6items=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]
| region6description=

| region7name=புசைரா அமீரகம்
| region7color=#4f93c0
| region7items=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]
| region7description=
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் முழுவதும் பல நகரங்கள், சிறு நகரங்கள் மற்றும் கிராமங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. அந்தந்த அமீரகங்களுக்குப் பெயரையே கொண்ட தலைநகரங்கள், அந்தந்த அமீரகத்தின் முக்கிய நகரங்களாகவும் போக்குவரத்து மையங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]]|wikidata=Q1519}} (அரபு: أبو ظبي‎) - நாட்டின் தலைநகரம், பெரிய அருங்காட்சியகங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களால் நிரம்பியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} (அரபு: دبي‎) – ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிதி மூலதனம் மற்றும் வர்த்தக மையம் மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]]|wikidata=Q289693}} (அரபு: الشارقة) – அரபு மற்றும் இசுலாமிய கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு புகழ்பெற்ற நாட்டின் பண்பாட்டு மையம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]|wikidata=Q159477}} (அரபு: عجمان) – மிகச்சிறிய அமீரகம், நிதானமான சூழ்நிலையுடன் அமைதியான இடங்களில் ஒன்று.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]|wikidata=Q175021}} (அரபு: أم القيوين) – பல கடற்கரை ஓய்வு விடுதிகளுடன் வளைகுடாவில் விரிவடையும் ஒரு தீபகற்ப நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]|wikidata=Q2126436}} (அரபு: راس الخيمة) – மத்திய கிழக்கின் சாகச மையம், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தில் உள்ள மிக உயரமான மலை மற்றும் பல சிலிர்ப்பான செயல்பாடுகள்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]|wikidata=Q4091}} (அரபு: الفجيرة) – ஓமன் வளைகுடாவில் பிரபலமான சுற்றுலா மற்றும் தங்கும் இடம். &quot;கிழக்கு கடற்கரையின் மணமகள்&quot; என்று செல்லப்பெயர்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
பிற பிரபலமான இடங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]|wikidata=Q234600}} (அரபு: العين) – ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறிய சோலையாகத் திகழ்ந்த இது, தற்போது ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லை நகரமான [[Wy/ta/புரைமி|புரைமிக்கு]] அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு முக்கிய நகரமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]|wikidata=Q770233}} (அரபு: حتا) – ஒரு காலத்தில் மலைப்பகுதி கிராமமாக இருந்த இது, தற்போது கயாக்கிங் மற்றும் மலையேற்றம் போன்ற சாகசச் செயல்பாடுகளுக்கான முக்கிய இடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]]|wikidata=Q764279}} (அரபு: خورفكان) – அழகான வளைகுடாப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள இந்நகரம், பல வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கண்காணிப்பு கோபுரங்களையும் பாரம்பரியமான 'வெள்ளிக்கிழமைச் சந்தை'யையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/லிவா சோலை|லிவா சோலை]]|wikidata=Q615949}} (அரபு: واحة ليوا) – [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனத்தின் விளிம்பில் உள்ள ஒரு சோலையைச் சுற்றி அமைந்துள்ள பிறை வடிவ விவசாயப் பகுதி இது. இங்கிருந்து றுப்உல் காலீ பகுதியை எளிதாக அணுகலாம்; மேலும் மணல் மேடுகள் வழியாக மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் 'ஆஃப்-ரோட்' சாகசப் பயணங்களுக்கு இது புகழ்பெற்றது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/ருவைசு|ருவைசு]]|wikidata=Q1023786}} (அரபு: الرويس) – அபுதாபி அமீரகத்தின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தொழில் மற்றும் எரிசக்தி சார்ந்த நகரமாகும்.

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg
| capital=[[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]]
| currency=அரபு அமீரக திர்கம்
| population=11,760,922 ([https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/united-arab-emirates-population/ வேர்ல்டோமீட்டர்சு])
| electricity=220 V-240 V; 50 Hz; பிளக் வகை &quot;ஜி&quot;
| callingcode=+971
| timezone=ஒஅநே + 4
}}
பாரசீக வளைகுடா மற்றும் ஓமன் வளைகுடாவின் கடற்கரையோரங்களில் அமைந்துள்ள ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், சுமார் 83,600 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இது [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரியா|ஆத்திரியாவை]] விடச் சற்று சிறியதாகும். பழங்குடியினக் கூட்டமைப்பாகத் திகழும் இந்நாடு, ''ஆயிரத்தோர் இரவுகள்'' கதைகளில் வரும் ஒரு தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையுடனான விசித்திரக் கதையைப் போன்றது. இருப்பினும், தற்காலத்தில் இது ஒரு பன்னாட்டு நிதி மையமாக உருவெடுத்துள்ளது.

20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதி வரை கூட, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் யாருடைய சுற்றுலாத் திட்டத்திலும் இடம்பெற்றிருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால், தங்களின் அபரிமிதமான எண்ணெய் மற்றும் எரிவாயு செல்வத்தை முதலீடு செய்ததும், இசுலாமியக் கோட்பாடுகளை ஒப்பீட்டளவில் தாராளமான கண்ணோட்டத்துடன் அணுகியதும் (குறிப்பாக வசதி படைத்த வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு) நிலைமையை முற்றிலும் மாற்றிவிட்டன. செயற்கைத் தீவுகள், பெரும் பணக்காரர்களுக்குத் தேவையான அனைத்தும் கிடைக்கும் பிரம்மாண்டமான வணிக வளாகங்கள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான கட்டிடம் எனப் பல பிரம்மாண்டத் திட்டங்கள் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தைப் புகழின் உச்சிக்குக் கொண்டு சென்றன. 21-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில், துபாயை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எமிரேட்சு'' மற்றும் அபுதாபியை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எதிகாத் ஏர்வேசு'' ஆகிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களின் அபரிமிதமான வளர்ச்சியால், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறை மிக வேகமாக விரிவடைந்தது. இது அந்த நாட்டை உலகளாவிய மையமாக மாற்றியுள்ளது என்று கூறலாம். அதே சமயம், 'எம்டி குவார்ட்டர்' எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள தொலைதூர, அற்புதமான மணல் குன்றுகள் மற்றும் ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லையை ஒட்டிய வடகிழக்கு அமீரகங்களில் காணப்படும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் பள்ளத்தாக்குகள் மற்றும் மலைகள் என, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் மற்றொரு அறியப்படாத பக்கமும் உள்ளது.

==பார்க்க==

==சாப்பிட==
கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒவ்வொரு உணவு வகைகளும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் இல் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

==குடிக்க==

==நித்திரை கொள்ள==

==கற்க==

==அடுத்து செல்ல==

[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q878}}</text>
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      <comment>/* புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் */ மேலும் விவரங்கள் சேர்க்கப்பட்டன</comment>
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{{Wy/ta/2026 Middle East warningbox}}
'''ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்''' ([[Wy/ta/அரபு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|அரபு மொழி]]: الإمارات العربية المتحدة ''அல்-ʾஇமாராத் அல்-ʿஅரபீயா அல்-முத்தஹிதா'') அல்லது வெறுமனே '''அமீரகம்''' (الإم) ''அல்-இமாரத்'') பாரசீக வளைகுடாவின் நுழைவாயிலில் உள்ள வரலாறு மற்றும் பண்பாடு நிறைந்த நாடு ஆகும். 

[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]] போன்ற பளபளப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் முதல், [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] (''வெறிச்சோடிய பகுதி'') எனப்படும் பரந்த மற்றும் கடுமையான பாலைவன நிலப்பரப்புகள் வரை பல்வேறு சிறப்பம்சங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]]ப் பிராந்தியத்திலான பயணங்களைத் தொடங்குவதற்கு ஏற்ற ஒரு இடமாக அமைகிறது.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் என்பது ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் (அரபு மொழியில் 'இமாராத்'; ஒருமையில் 'இமாரா') ஒரு கூட்டமைப்பாகும்:
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|height=|width=500|24.199|54.091|zoom=7}}

{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q187712|fill=#e3e989}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=துபாய் அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q613|fill=#b383b3}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q188810|fill=#d69c4b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q159477|fill=#0000ff}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q175021|fill=#d76972}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல்-கைமா|இராசு அல்-கைமா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q170024|fill=#71b37b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q4091|fill=#4f93c0}} &lt;!--Fujairah--&gt;

{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
| region1name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]
| region1color=#e3e989
| region1items=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]
| region1description=

| region2name=துபாய் அமீரகம்
| region2color=#b383b3
| region2items=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] and [[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]
| region2description=

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]
| region3color=#d69c4b
| region3items=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]], [[Wy/ta/திப்பா (ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்)|திப்பா]], [[Wy/ta/கல்பா|கல்பா]], [[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]] and [[Wy/ta/நக்குவா|நக்குவா]]
| region3description=

| region4name=அசுமான் அமீரகம்
| region4color=#0000ff
| region4items=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]
| region4description=

| region5name=உம் அல்-குவைன் அமீரகம்
| region5color=#d76972
| region5items=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]
| region5description=

| region6name=இராசு அல் கைமா அமீரகம்
| region6color=#71b37b
| region6items=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]
| region6description=

| region7name=புசைரா அமீரகம்
| region7color=#4f93c0
| region7items=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]
| region7description=
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் முழுவதும் பல நகரங்கள், சிறு நகரங்கள் மற்றும் கிராமங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. அந்தந்த அமீரகங்களுக்குப் பெயரையே கொண்ட தலைநகரங்கள், அந்தந்த அமீரகத்தின் முக்கிய நகரங்களாகவும் போக்குவரத்து மையங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]]|wikidata=Q1519}} (அரபு: أبو ظبي‎) - நாட்டின் தலைநகரம், பெரிய அருங்காட்சியகங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களால் நிரம்பியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} (அரபு: دبي‎) – ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிதி மூலதனம் மற்றும் வர்த்தக மையம் மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]]|wikidata=Q289693}} (அரபு: الشارقة) – அரபு மற்றும் இசுலாமிய கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு புகழ்பெற்ற நாட்டின் பண்பாட்டு மையம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]|wikidata=Q159477}} (அரபு: عجمان) – மிகச்சிறிய அமீரகம், நிதானமான சூழ்நிலையுடன் அமைதியான இடங்களில் ஒன்று.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]|wikidata=Q175021}} (அரபு: أم القيوين) – பல கடற்கரை ஓய்வு விடுதிகளுடன் வளைகுடாவில் விரிவடையும் ஒரு தீபகற்ப நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]|wikidata=Q2126436}} (அரபு: راس الخيمة) – மத்திய கிழக்கின் சாகச மையம், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தில் உள்ள மிக உயரமான மலை மற்றும் பல சிலிர்ப்பான செயல்பாடுகள்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]|wikidata=Q4091}} (அரபு: الفجيرة) – ஓமன் வளைகுடாவில் பிரபலமான சுற்றுலா மற்றும் தங்கும் இடம். &quot;கிழக்கு கடற்கரையின் மணமகள்&quot; என்று செல்லப்பெயர்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
பிற பிரபலமான இடங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]|wikidata=Q234600}} (அரபு: العين) – ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறிய சோலையாகத் திகழ்ந்த இது, தற்போது ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லை நகரமான [[Wy/ta/புரைமி|புரைமிக்கு]] அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு முக்கிய நகரமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]|wikidata=Q770233}} (அரபு: حتا) – ஒரு காலத்தில் மலைப்பகுதி கிராமமாக இருந்த இது, தற்போது கயாக்கிங் மற்றும் மலையேற்றம் போன்ற சாகசச் செயல்பாடுகளுக்கான முக்கிய இடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]]|wikidata=Q764279}} (அரபு: خورفكان) – அழகான வளைகுடாப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள இந்நகரம், பல வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கண்காணிப்பு கோபுரங்களையும் பாரம்பரியமான 'வெள்ளிக்கிழமைச் சந்தை'யையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/லிவா சோலை|லிவா சோலை]]|wikidata=Q615949}} (அரபு: واحة ليوا) – [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனத்தின் விளிம்பில் உள்ள ஒரு சோலையைச் சுற்றி அமைந்துள்ள பிறை வடிவ விவசாயப் பகுதி இது. இங்கிருந்து றுப்உல் காலீ பகுதியை எளிதாக அணுகலாம்; மேலும் மணல் மேடுகள் வழியாக மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் 'ஆஃப்-ரோட்' சாகசப் பயணங்களுக்கு இது புகழ்பெற்றது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/ருவைசு|ருவைசு]]|wikidata=Q1023786}} (அரபு: الرويس) – அபுதாபி அமீரகத்தின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தொழில் மற்றும் எரிசக்தி சார்ந்த நகரமாகும்.

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg
| capital=[[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]]
| currency=அரபு அமீரக திர்கம்
| population=11,760,922 ([https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/united-arab-emirates-population/ வேர்ல்டோமீட்டர்சு])
| electricity=220 V-240 V; 50 Hz; பிளக் வகை &quot;ஜி&quot;
| callingcode=+971
| timezone=ஒஅநே + 4
}}
பாரசீக வளைகுடா மற்றும் ஓமன் வளைகுடாவின் கடற்கரையோரங்களில் அமைந்துள்ள ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், சுமார் 83,600 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இது [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரியா|ஆத்திரியாவை]] விடச் சற்று சிறியதாகும். பழங்குடியினக் கூட்டமைப்பாகத் திகழும் இந்நாடு, ''ஆயிரத்தோர் இரவுகள்'' கதைகளில் வரும் ஒரு தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையுடனான விசித்திரக் கதையைப் போன்றது. இருப்பினும், தற்காலத்தில் இது ஒரு பன்னாட்டு நிதி மையமாக உருவெடுத்துள்ளது.

20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதி வரை கூட, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் யாருடைய சுற்றுலாத் திட்டத்திலும் இடம்பெற்றிருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால், தங்களின் அபரிமிதமான எண்ணெய் மற்றும் எரிவாயு செல்வத்தை முதலீடு செய்ததும், இசுலாமியக் கோட்பாடுகளை ஒப்பீட்டளவில் தாராளமான கண்ணோட்டத்துடன் அணுகியதும் (குறிப்பாக வசதி படைத்த வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு) நிலைமையை முற்றிலும் மாற்றிவிட்டன. செயற்கைத் தீவுகள், பெரும் பணக்காரர்களுக்குத் தேவையான அனைத்தும் கிடைக்கும் பிரம்மாண்டமான வணிக வளாகங்கள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான கட்டிடம் எனப் பல பிரம்மாண்டத் திட்டங்கள் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தைப் புகழின் உச்சிக்குக் கொண்டு சென்றன. 21-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில், துபாயை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எமிரேட்சு'' மற்றும் அபுதாபியை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எதிகாத் ஏர்வேசு'' ஆகிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களின் அபரிமிதமான வளர்ச்சியால், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறை மிக வேகமாக விரிவடைந்தது. இது அந்த நாட்டை உலகளாவிய மையமாக மாற்றியுள்ளது என்று கூறலாம். அதே சமயம், 'எம்டி குவார்ட்டர்' எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள தொலைதூர, அற்புதமான மணல் குன்றுகள் மற்றும் ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லையை ஒட்டிய வடகிழக்கு அமீரகங்களில் காணப்படும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் பள்ளத்தாக்குகள் மற்றும் மலைகள் என, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் மற்றொரு அறியப்படாத பக்கமும் உள்ளது.

இருப்பினும், இந்த ஜொலிக்கும் முகப்புக்கு அடியில், மிகக் குறைந்த ஊதியம் பெறும் புலம்பெயர் தொழிலாளர்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரும் வர்க்கமே உள்ளது. இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கொடூரமான முறையில் நடத்தப்படுகிறார்கள். அதுமட்டுமின்றி, எவ்வித விமர்சனத்தையும் பொறுத்துக்கொள்ளாத, சர்வாதிகாரப் போக்குடைய ஆளும் குடும்பங்களும் அங்கு உள்ளன. ஏன், தங்கள் சொந்தக் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த 'கட்டுக்கடங்காத' உறுப்பினர்களின் விமர்சனங்களைக் கூட அவர்கள் சகித்துக்கொள்வதில்லை.

==பார்க்க==

==சாப்பிட==
கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒவ்வொரு உணவு வகைகளும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் இல் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

==குடிக்க==

==நித்திரை கொள்ள==

==கற்க==

==அடுத்து செல்ல==

[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q878}}</text>
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      <comment>/* புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் */ வரலாறு துவங்கப்பட்டுள்ளது</comment>
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      <text bytes="18991" sha1="46ct5incxrq6r4dgmppb8ylam4twnw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ta/Pagebanner|Dubai WV banner.jpg|pgname=ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்}}
{{Wy/ta/2026 Middle East warningbox}}
'''ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்''' ([[Wy/ta/அரபு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|அரபு மொழி]]: الإمارات العربية المتحدة ''அல்-ʾஇமாராத் அல்-ʿஅரபீயா அல்-முத்தஹிதா'') அல்லது வெறுமனே '''அமீரகம்''' (الإم) ''அல்-இமாரத்'') பாரசீக வளைகுடாவின் நுழைவாயிலில் உள்ள வரலாறு மற்றும் பண்பாடு நிறைந்த நாடு ஆகும். 

[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]] போன்ற பளபளப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் முதல், [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] (''வெறிச்சோடிய பகுதி'') எனப்படும் பரந்த மற்றும் கடுமையான பாலைவன நிலப்பரப்புகள் வரை பல்வேறு சிறப்பம்சங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]]ப் பிராந்தியத்திலான பயணங்களைத் தொடங்குவதற்கு ஏற்ற ஒரு இடமாக அமைகிறது.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் என்பது ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் (அரபு மொழியில் 'இமாராத்'; ஒருமையில் 'இமாரா') ஒரு கூட்டமைப்பாகும்:
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|height=|width=500|24.199|54.091|zoom=7}}

{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q187712|fill=#e3e989}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=துபாய் அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q613|fill=#b383b3}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q188810|fill=#d69c4b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q159477|fill=#0000ff}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q175021|fill=#d76972}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல்-கைமா|இராசு அல்-கைமா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q170024|fill=#71b37b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q4091|fill=#4f93c0}} &lt;!--Fujairah--&gt;

{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
| region1name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]
| region1color=#e3e989
| region1items=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]
| region1description=

| region2name=துபாய் அமீரகம்
| region2color=#b383b3
| region2items=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] and [[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]
| region2description=

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]
| region3color=#d69c4b
| region3items=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]], [[Wy/ta/திப்பா (ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்)|திப்பா]], [[Wy/ta/கல்பா|கல்பா]], [[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]] and [[Wy/ta/நக்குவா|நக்குவா]]
| region3description=

| region4name=அசுமான் அமீரகம்
| region4color=#0000ff
| region4items=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]
| region4description=

| region5name=உம் அல்-குவைன் அமீரகம்
| region5color=#d76972
| region5items=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]
| region5description=

| region6name=இராசு அல் கைமா அமீரகம்
| region6color=#71b37b
| region6items=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]
| region6description=

| region7name=புசைரா அமீரகம்
| region7color=#4f93c0
| region7items=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]
| region7description=
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் முழுவதும் பல நகரங்கள், சிறு நகரங்கள் மற்றும் கிராமங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. அந்தந்த அமீரகங்களுக்குப் பெயரையே கொண்ட தலைநகரங்கள், அந்தந்த அமீரகத்தின் முக்கிய நகரங்களாகவும் போக்குவரத்து மையங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]]|wikidata=Q1519}} (அரபு: أبو ظبي‎) - நாட்டின் தலைநகரம், பெரிய அருங்காட்சியகங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களால் நிரம்பியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} (அரபு: دبي‎) – ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிதி மூலதனம் மற்றும் வர்த்தக மையம் மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]]|wikidata=Q289693}} (அரபு: الشارقة) – அரபு மற்றும் இசுலாமிய கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு புகழ்பெற்ற நாட்டின் பண்பாட்டு மையம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]|wikidata=Q159477}} (அரபு: عجمان) – மிகச்சிறிய அமீரகம், நிதானமான சூழ்நிலையுடன் அமைதியான இடங்களில் ஒன்று.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]|wikidata=Q175021}} (அரபு: أم القيوين) – பல கடற்கரை ஓய்வு விடுதிகளுடன் வளைகுடாவில் விரிவடையும் ஒரு தீபகற்ப நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]|wikidata=Q2126436}} (அரபு: راس الخيمة) – மத்திய கிழக்கின் சாகச மையம், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தில் உள்ள மிக உயரமான மலை மற்றும் பல சிலிர்ப்பான செயல்பாடுகள்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]|wikidata=Q4091}} (அரபு: الفجيرة) – ஓமன் வளைகுடாவில் பிரபலமான சுற்றுலா மற்றும் தங்கும் இடம். &quot;கிழக்கு கடற்கரையின் மணமகள்&quot; என்று செல்லப்பெயர்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
பிற பிரபலமான இடங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]|wikidata=Q234600}} (அரபு: العين) – ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறிய சோலையாகத் திகழ்ந்த இது, தற்போது ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லை நகரமான [[Wy/ta/புரைமி|புரைமிக்கு]] அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு முக்கிய நகரமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]|wikidata=Q770233}} (அரபு: حتا) – ஒரு காலத்தில் மலைப்பகுதி கிராமமாக இருந்த இது, தற்போது கயாக்கிங் மற்றும் மலையேற்றம் போன்ற சாகசச் செயல்பாடுகளுக்கான முக்கிய இடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]]|wikidata=Q764279}} (அரபு: خورفكان) – அழகான வளைகுடாப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள இந்நகரம், பல வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கண்காணிப்பு கோபுரங்களையும் பாரம்பரியமான 'வெள்ளிக்கிழமைச் சந்தை'யையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/லிவா சோலை|லிவா சோலை]]|wikidata=Q615949}} (அரபு: واحة ليوا) – [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனத்தின் விளிம்பில் உள்ள ஒரு சோலையைச் சுற்றி அமைந்துள்ள பிறை வடிவ விவசாயப் பகுதி இது. இங்கிருந்து றுப்உல் காலீ பகுதியை எளிதாக அணுகலாம்; மேலும் மணல் மேடுகள் வழியாக மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் 'ஆஃப்-ரோட்' சாகசப் பயணங்களுக்கு இது புகழ்பெற்றது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/ருவைசு|ருவைசு]]|wikidata=Q1023786}} (அரபு: الرويس) – அபுதாபி அமீரகத்தின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தொழில் மற்றும் எரிசக்தி சார்ந்த நகரமாகும்.

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg
| capital=[[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]]
| currency=அரபு அமீரக திர்கம்
| population=11,760,922 ([https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/united-arab-emirates-population/ வேர்ல்டோமீட்டர்சு])
| electricity=220 V-240 V; 50 Hz; பிளக் வகை &quot;ஜி&quot;
| callingcode=+971
| timezone=ஒஅநே + 4
}}
பாரசீக வளைகுடா மற்றும் ஓமன் வளைகுடாவின் கடற்கரையோரங்களில் அமைந்துள்ள ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், சுமார் 83,600 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இது [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரியா|ஆத்திரியாவை]] விடச் சற்று சிறியதாகும். பழங்குடியினக் கூட்டமைப்பாகத் திகழும் இந்நாடு, ''ஆயிரத்தோர் இரவுகள்'' கதைகளில் வரும் ஒரு தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையுடனான விசித்திரக் கதையைப் போன்றது. இருப்பினும், தற்காலத்தில் இது ஒரு பன்னாட்டு நிதி மையமாக உருவெடுத்துள்ளது.

20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதி வரை கூட, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் யாருடைய சுற்றுலாத் திட்டத்திலும் இடம்பெற்றிருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால், தங்களின் அபரிமிதமான எண்ணெய் மற்றும் எரிவாயு செல்வத்தை முதலீடு செய்ததும், இசுலாமியக் கோட்பாடுகளை ஒப்பீட்டளவில் தாராளமான கண்ணோட்டத்துடன் அணுகியதும் (குறிப்பாக வசதி படைத்த வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு) நிலைமையை முற்றிலும் மாற்றிவிட்டன. செயற்கைத் தீவுகள், பெரும் பணக்காரர்களுக்குத் தேவையான அனைத்தும் கிடைக்கும் பிரம்மாண்டமான வணிக வளாகங்கள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான கட்டிடம் எனப் பல பிரம்மாண்டத் திட்டங்கள் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தைப் புகழின் உச்சிக்குக் கொண்டு சென்றன. 21-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில், துபாயை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எமிரேட்சு'' மற்றும் அபுதாபியை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எதிகாத் ஏர்வேசு'' ஆகிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களின் அபரிமிதமான வளர்ச்சியால், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறை மிக வேகமாக விரிவடைந்தது. இது அந்த நாட்டை உலகளாவிய மையமாக மாற்றியுள்ளது என்று கூறலாம். அதே சமயம், 'எம்டி குவார்ட்டர்' எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள தொலைதூர, அற்புதமான மணல் குன்றுகள் மற்றும் ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லையை ஒட்டிய வடகிழக்கு அமீரகங்களில் காணப்படும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் பள்ளத்தாக்குகள் மற்றும் மலைகள் என, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் மற்றொரு அறியப்படாத பக்கமும் உள்ளது.

இருப்பினும், இந்த ஜொலிக்கும் முகப்புக்கு அடியில், மிகக் குறைந்த ஊதியம் பெறும் புலம்பெயர் தொழிலாளர்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரும் வர்க்கமே உள்ளது. இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கொடூரமான முறையில் நடத்தப்படுகிறார்கள். அதுமட்டுமின்றி, எவ்வித விமர்சனத்தையும் பொறுத்துக்கொள்ளாத, சர்வாதிகாரப் போக்குடைய ஆளும் குடும்பங்களும் அங்கு உள்ளன. ஏன், தங்கள் சொந்தக் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த 'கட்டுக்கடங்காத' உறுப்பினர்களின் விமர்சனங்களைக் கூட அவர்கள் சகித்துக்கொள்வதில்லை.

=== வரலாறு ===
கி.பி. 630-இல் இசுலாமிய இறைத்தூதர் முகம்மதுவின் தூதுவர்கள் வருகை தந்ததைத் தொடர்ந்து, அப்பகுதி இசுலாம் மதத்திற்கு மாறியது. முகம்மதுவின் காலத்திற்குப் பிறகு, திப்பா என்னுமிடத்தில் நடைபெற்ற முக்கியப் போர்களில் ஒன்றில், முஸ்லிம் அல்லாதவர்கள் தோற்கடிக்கப்பட்டனர். இதன் விளைவாக அரேபிய தீபகற்பத்தில் இசுலாம் வெற்றி பெற்றது.

==பார்க்க==

==சாப்பிட==
கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒவ்வொரு உணவு வகைகளும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் இல் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

==குடிக்க==

==நித்திரை கொள்ள==

==கற்க==

==அடுத்து செல்ல==

[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
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{{Wy/ta/2026 Middle East warningbox}}
'''ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்''' ([[Wy/ta/அரபு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|அரபு மொழி]]: الإمارات العربية المتحدة ''அல்-ʾஇமாராத் அல்-ʿஅரபீயா அல்-முத்தஹிதா'') அல்லது வெறுமனே '''அமீரகம்''' (الإم) ''அல்-இமாரத்'') பாரசீக வளைகுடாவின் நுழைவாயிலில் உள்ள வரலாறு மற்றும் பண்பாடு நிறைந்த நாடு ஆகும். 

[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]] போன்ற பளபளப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் முதல், [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] (''வெறிச்சோடிய பகுதி'') எனப்படும் பரந்த மற்றும் கடுமையான பாலைவன நிலப்பரப்புகள் வரை பல்வேறு சிறப்பம்சங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]]ப் பிராந்தியத்திலான பயணங்களைத் தொடங்குவதற்கு ஏற்ற ஒரு இடமாக அமைகிறது.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் என்பது ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் (அரபு மொழியில் 'இமாராத்'; ஒருமையில் 'இமாரா') ஒரு கூட்டமைப்பாகும்:
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|height=|width=500|24.199|54.091|zoom=7}}

{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q187712|fill=#e3e989}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=துபாய் அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q613|fill=#b383b3}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q188810|fill=#d69c4b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q159477|fill=#0000ff}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q175021|fill=#d76972}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல்-கைமா|இராசு அல்-கைமா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q170024|fill=#71b37b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q4091|fill=#4f93c0}} &lt;!--Fujairah--&gt;

{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
| region1name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]
| region1color=#e3e989
| region1items=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]
| region1description=

| region2name=துபாய் அமீரகம்
| region2color=#b383b3
| region2items=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] and [[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]
| region2description=

| region3name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]
| region3color=#d69c4b
| region3items=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]], [[Wy/ta/திப்பா (ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்)|திப்பா]], [[Wy/ta/கல்பா|கல்பா]], [[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]] and [[Wy/ta/நக்குவா|நக்குவா]]
| region3description=

| region4name=அசுமான் அமீரகம்
| region4color=#0000ff
| region4items=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]
| region4description=

| region5name=உம் அல்-குவைன் அமீரகம்
| region5color=#d76972
| region5items=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]
| region5description=

| region6name=இராசு அல் கைமா அமீரகம்
| region6color=#71b37b
| region6items=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]
| region6description=

| region7name=புசைரா அமீரகம்
| region7color=#4f93c0
| region7items=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]
| region7description=
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் முழுவதும் பல நகரங்கள், சிறு நகரங்கள் மற்றும் கிராமங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. அந்தந்த அமீரகங்களுக்குப் பெயரையே கொண்ட தலைநகரங்கள், அந்தந்த அமீரகத்தின் முக்கிய நகரங்களாகவும் போக்குவரத்து மையங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]]|wikidata=Q1519}} (அரபு: أبو ظبي‎) - நாட்டின் தலைநகரம், பெரிய அருங்காட்சியகங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களால் நிரம்பியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} (அரபு: دبي‎) – ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிதி மூலதனம் மற்றும் வர்த்தக மையம் மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]]|wikidata=Q289693}} (அரபு: الشارقة) – அரபு மற்றும் இசுலாமிய கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு புகழ்பெற்ற நாட்டின் பண்பாட்டு மையம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]|wikidata=Q159477}} (அரபு: عجمان) – மிகச்சிறிய அமீரகம், நிதானமான சூழ்நிலையுடன் அமைதியான இடங்களில் ஒன்று.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]|wikidata=Q175021}} (அரபு: أم القيوين) – பல கடற்கரை ஓய்வு விடுதிகளுடன் வளைகுடாவில் விரிவடையும் ஒரு தீபகற்ப நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]|wikidata=Q2126436}} (அரபு: راس الخيمة) – மத்திய கிழக்கின் சாகச மையம், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தில் உள்ள மிக உயரமான மலை மற்றும் பல சிலிர்ப்பான செயல்பாடுகள்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]|wikidata=Q4091}} (அரபு: الفجيرة) – ஓமன் வளைகுடாவில் பிரபலமான சுற்றுலா மற்றும் தங்கும் இடம். &quot;கிழக்கு கடற்கரையின் மணமகள்&quot; என்று செல்லப்பெயர்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
பிற பிரபலமான இடங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]|wikidata=Q234600}} (அரபு: العين) – ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறிய சோலையாகத் திகழ்ந்த இது, தற்போது ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லை நகரமான [[Wy/ta/புரைமி|புரைமிக்கு]] அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு முக்கிய நகரமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]|wikidata=Q770233}} (அரபு: حتا) – ஒரு காலத்தில் மலைப்பகுதி கிராமமாக இருந்த இது, தற்போது கயாக்கிங் மற்றும் மலையேற்றம் போன்ற சாகசச் செயல்பாடுகளுக்கான முக்கிய இடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]]|wikidata=Q764279}} (அரபு: خورفكان) – அழகான வளைகுடாப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள இந்நகரம், பல வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கண்காணிப்பு கோபுரங்களையும் பாரம்பரியமான 'வெள்ளிக்கிழமைச் சந்தை'யையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/லிவா சோலை|லிவா சோலை]]|wikidata=Q615949}} (அரபு: واحة ليوا) – [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனத்தின் விளிம்பில் உள்ள ஒரு சோலையைச் சுற்றி அமைந்துள்ள பிறை வடிவ விவசாயப் பகுதி இது. இங்கிருந்து றுப்உல் காலீ பகுதியை எளிதாக அணுகலாம்; மேலும் மணல் மேடுகள் வழியாக மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் 'ஆஃப்-ரோட்' சாகசப் பயணங்களுக்கு இது புகழ்பெற்றது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/ருவைசு|ருவைசு]]|wikidata=Q1023786}} (அரபு: الرويس) – அபுதாபி அமீரகத்தின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தொழில் மற்றும் எரிசக்தி சார்ந்த நகரமாகும்.

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg
| capital=[[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]]
| currency=அரபு அமீரக திர்கம்
| population=11,760,922 ([https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/united-arab-emirates-population/ வேர்ல்டோமீட்டர்சு])
| electricity=220 V-240 V; 50 Hz; பிளக் வகை &quot;ஜி&quot;
| callingcode=+971
| timezone=ஒஅநே + 4
}}
பாரசீக வளைகுடா மற்றும் ஓமன் வளைகுடாவின் கடற்கரையோரங்களில் அமைந்துள்ள ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், சுமார் 83,600 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இது [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரியா|ஆத்திரியாவை]] விடச் சற்று சிறியதாகும். பழங்குடியினக் கூட்டமைப்பாகத் திகழும் இந்நாடு, ''ஆயிரத்தோர் இரவுகள்'' கதைகளில் வரும் ஒரு தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையுடனான விசித்திரக் கதையைப் போன்றது. இருப்பினும், தற்காலத்தில் இது ஒரு பன்னாட்டு நிதி மையமாக உருவெடுத்துள்ளது.

20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதி வரை கூட, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் யாருடைய சுற்றுலாத் திட்டத்திலும் இடம்பெற்றிருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால், தங்களின் அபரிமிதமான எண்ணெய் மற்றும் எரிவாயு செல்வத்தை முதலீடு செய்ததும், இசுலாமியக் கோட்பாடுகளை ஒப்பீட்டளவில் தாராளமான கண்ணோட்டத்துடன் அணுகியதும் (குறிப்பாக வசதி படைத்த வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு) நிலைமையை முற்றிலும் மாற்றிவிட்டன. செயற்கைத் தீவுகள், பெரும் பணக்காரர்களுக்குத் தேவையான அனைத்தும் கிடைக்கும் பிரம்மாண்டமான வணிக வளாகங்கள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான கட்டிடம் எனப் பல பிரம்மாண்டத் திட்டங்கள் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தைப் புகழின் உச்சிக்குக் கொண்டு சென்றன. 21-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில், துபாயை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எமிரேட்சு'' மற்றும் அபுதாபியை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எதிகாத் ஏர்வேசு'' ஆகிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களின் அபரிமிதமான வளர்ச்சியால், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறை மிக வேகமாக விரிவடைந்தது. இது அந்த நாட்டை உலகளாவிய மையமாக மாற்றியுள்ளது என்று கூறலாம். அதே சமயம், 'எம்டி குவார்ட்டர்' எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள தொலைதூர, அற்புதமான மணல் குன்றுகள் மற்றும் ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லையை ஒட்டிய வடகிழக்கு அமீரகங்களில் காணப்படும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் பள்ளத்தாக்குகள் மற்றும் மலைகள் என, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் மற்றொரு அறியப்படாத பக்கமும் உள்ளது.

இருப்பினும், இந்த ஜொலிக்கும் முகப்புக்கு அடியில், மிகக் குறைந்த ஊதியம் பெறும் புலம்பெயர் தொழிலாளர்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரும் வர்க்கமே உள்ளது. இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கொடூரமான முறையில் நடத்தப்படுகிறார்கள். அதுமட்டுமின்றி, எவ்வித விமர்சனத்தையும் பொறுத்துக்கொள்ளாத, சர்வாதிகாரப் போக்குடைய ஆளும் குடும்பங்களும் அங்கு உள்ளன. ஏன், தங்கள் சொந்தக் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த 'கட்டுக்கடங்காத' உறுப்பினர்களின் விமர்சனங்களைக் கூட அவர்கள் சகித்துக்கொள்வதில்லை.

=== வரலாறு ===
கி.பி. 630-இல் இசுலாமிய இறைத்தூதர் முகம்மதுவின் தூதுவர்கள் வருகை தந்ததைத் தொடர்ந்து, அப்பகுதி இசுலாம் மதத்திற்கு மாறியது. முகம்மதுவின் காலத்திற்குப் பிறகு, திப்பா என்னுமிடத்தில் நடைபெற்ற முக்கியப் போர்களில் ஒன்றில், முஸ்லிம் அல்லாதவர்கள் தோற்கடிக்கப்பட்டனர். இதன் விளைவாக அரேபிய தீபகற்பத்தில் இசுலாம் வெற்றி பெற்றது.

வரலாற்று ரீதியாக, கடற்கரையோரத் துறைமுக நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பாலைவனச் சோலைகளின் தொகுப்பாக விளங்கிய அமீரகங்கள், சேக்குகளால் ஆளப்படும் ஏழு பழங்குடியின அமைப்புகளின் கூட்டமைப்பாகும். இவை ஒன்றிணைந்து ஒரு கூட்டாட்சி நாட்டை உருவாக்கின. அக்காலத்தில் அரேபியாவிலும் அதைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பகுதிகளிலும் நிலவிய பிற பழங்குடியினரின் விரிவாக்கவாதத்தை — குறிப்பாக சவூதி மற்றும் ஓமானின் விரிவாக்கவாதத்தை — எதிர்ப்பதற்காக, பல்வேறு அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகள் ஒன்றிணைந்து, தங்கள் வளங்களை ஒருங்கிணைக்க முடிவு செய்தனர். 1820-ஆம் ஆண்டில், இந்த ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகளும் பிரித்தானியப் பாதுகாப்பின் கீழ் இருக்க ஒப்புக்கொண்டனர். அக்காலத்தில் இவை ''போர்நிறுத்த உடன்பாட்டிற்குக் கட்டுப்பட்ட மாநிலங்கள்'' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டன. 1971-ஆம் ஆண்டு டிசம்பர் 2-ஆம் தேதியன்று, அபுதாபி மற்றும் துபாயின் சேக்குகள் சந்தித்தபோது, ​​ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்திடமிருந்து சுதந்திரம் பெற்றதாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது. அப்போது, ​​அபுதாபியின் சேக் சயீத், துபாயின் சேக் ரஷித்திடம் ஒரு ஒன்றியத்தை உருவாக்க முன்மொழிந்தார். சார்ஜா, அசுமான், உம் அல்-குவைன் மற்றும் புசைரா ஆகிய அமீரகங்கள் இந்த அழைப்பை ஏற்று, ஒன்றியத்தில் இணைய ஒப்புக்கொண்டன. சில மாதங்களுக்குப் பிறகு, 1972-ஆம் ஆண்டு பிப்ரவரி 10-ஆம் தேதியன்று, ராஸ் அல்-கைமாவும் இந்த ஒன்றியத்தில் இணைந்தது. ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தை உருவாக்குவதில் முக்கிய உந்துசக்தியாகச் செயல்பட்ட சேக் சயீத், இந்த நாட்டின் நிறுவனர் என்று போற்றப்படுகிறார். சேக் சயீத் மற்றும் பிற அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகள் அனைவரும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிறுவனத் தந்தையர்களாகக் கருதப்படுகின்றனர்.

==பார்க்க==

==சாப்பிட==
கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒவ்வொரு உணவு வகைகளும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் இல் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

==குடிக்க==

==நித்திரை கொள்ள==

==கற்க==

==அடுத்து செல்ல==

[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
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'''ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்''' ([[Wy/ta/அரபு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|அரபு மொழி]]: الإمارات العربية المتحدة ''அல்-ʾஇமாராத் அல்-ʿஅரபீயா அல்-முத்தஹிதா'') அல்லது வெறுமனே '''அமீரகம்''' (الإم) ''அல்-இமாரத்'') பாரசீக வளைகுடாவின் நுழைவாயிலில் உள்ள வரலாறு மற்றும் பண்பாடு நிறைந்த நாடு ஆகும். 

[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]] போன்ற பளபளப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் முதல், [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] (''வெறிச்சோடிய பகுதி'') எனப்படும் பரந்த மற்றும் கடுமையான பாலைவன நிலப்பரப்புகள் வரை பல்வேறு சிறப்பம்சங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]]ப் பிராந்தியத்திலான பயணங்களைத் தொடங்குவதற்கு ஏற்ற ஒரு இடமாக அமைகிறது.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் என்பது ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் (அரபு மொழியில் 'இமாராத்'; ஒருமையில் 'இமாரா') ஒரு கூட்டமைப்பாகும்:
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{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல்-கைமா|இராசு அல்-கைமா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q170024|fill=#71b37b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q4091|fill=#4f93c0}} &lt;!--Fujairah--&gt;

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| region5description=

| region6name=இராசு அல் கைமா அமீரகம்
| region6color=#71b37b
| region6items=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]
| region6description=

| region7name=புசைரா அமீரகம்
| region7color=#4f93c0
| region7items=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]
| region7description=
}}

==நகரங்கள்==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் முழுவதும் பல நகரங்கள், சிறு நகரங்கள் மற்றும் கிராமங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. அந்தந்த அமீரகங்களுக்குப் பெயரையே கொண்ட தலைநகரங்கள், அந்தந்த அமீரகத்தின் முக்கிய நகரங்களாகவும் போக்குவரத்து மையங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]]|wikidata=Q1519}} (அரபு: أبو ظبي‎) - நாட்டின் தலைநகரம், பெரிய அருங்காட்சியகங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களால் நிரம்பியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} (அரபு: دبي‎) – ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிதி மூலதனம் மற்றும் வர்த்தக மையம் மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]]|wikidata=Q289693}} (அரபு: الشارقة) – அரபு மற்றும் இசுலாமிய கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு புகழ்பெற்ற நாட்டின் பண்பாட்டு மையம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]|wikidata=Q159477}} (அரபு: عجمان) – மிகச்சிறிய அமீரகம், நிதானமான சூழ்நிலையுடன் அமைதியான இடங்களில் ஒன்று.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]|wikidata=Q175021}} (அரபு: أم القيوين) – பல கடற்கரை ஓய்வு விடுதிகளுடன் வளைகுடாவில் விரிவடையும் ஒரு தீபகற்ப நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]|wikidata=Q2126436}} (அரபு: راس الخيمة) – மத்திய கிழக்கின் சாகச மையம், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தில் உள்ள மிக உயரமான மலை மற்றும் பல சிலிர்ப்பான செயல்பாடுகள்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]|wikidata=Q4091}} (அரபு: الفجيرة) – ஓமன் வளைகுடாவில் பிரபலமான சுற்றுலா மற்றும் தங்கும் இடம். &quot;கிழக்கு கடற்கரையின் மணமகள்&quot; என்று செல்லப்பெயர்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
பிற பிரபலமான இடங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]|wikidata=Q234600}} (அரபு: العين) – ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறிய சோலையாகத் திகழ்ந்த இது, தற்போது ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லை நகரமான [[Wy/ta/புரைமி|புரைமிக்கு]] அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு முக்கிய நகரமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]|wikidata=Q770233}} (அரபு: حتا) – ஒரு காலத்தில் மலைப்பகுதி கிராமமாக இருந்த இது, தற்போது கயாக்கிங் மற்றும் மலையேற்றம் போன்ற சாகசச் செயல்பாடுகளுக்கான முக்கிய இடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]]|wikidata=Q764279}} (அரபு: خورفكان) – அழகான வளைகுடாப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள இந்நகரம், பல வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கண்காணிப்பு கோபுரங்களையும் பாரம்பரியமான 'வெள்ளிக்கிழமைச் சந்தை'யையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/லிவா சோலை|லிவா சோலை]]|wikidata=Q615949}} (அரபு: واحة ليوا) – [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனத்தின் விளிம்பில் உள்ள ஒரு சோலையைச் சுற்றி அமைந்துள்ள பிறை வடிவ விவசாயப் பகுதி இது. இங்கிருந்து றுப்உல் காலீ பகுதியை எளிதாக அணுகலாம்; மேலும் மணல் மேடுகள் வழியாக மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் 'ஆஃப்-ரோட்' சாகசப் பயணங்களுக்கு இது புகழ்பெற்றது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/ருவைசு|ருவைசு]]|wikidata=Q1023786}} (அரபு: الرويس) – அபுதாபி அமீரகத்தின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தொழில் மற்றும் எரிசக்தி சார்ந்த நகரமாகும்.

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg
| capital=[[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]]
| currency=அரபு அமீரக திர்கம்
| population=11,760,922 ([https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/united-arab-emirates-population/ வேர்ல்டோமீட்டர்சு])
| electricity=220 V-240 V; 50 Hz; பிளக் வகை &quot;ஜி&quot;
| callingcode=+971
| timezone=ஒஅநே + 4
}}
பாரசீக வளைகுடா மற்றும் ஓமன் வளைகுடாவின் கடற்கரையோரங்களில் அமைந்துள்ள ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், சுமார் 83,600 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இது [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரியா|ஆத்திரியாவை]] விடச் சற்று சிறியதாகும். பழங்குடியினக் கூட்டமைப்பாகத் திகழும் இந்நாடு, ''ஆயிரத்தோர் இரவுகள்'' கதைகளில் வரும் ஒரு தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையுடனான விசித்திரக் கதையைப் போன்றது. இருப்பினும், தற்காலத்தில் இது ஒரு பன்னாட்டு நிதி மையமாக உருவெடுத்துள்ளது.

20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதி வரை கூட, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் யாருடைய சுற்றுலாத் திட்டத்திலும் இடம்பெற்றிருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால், தங்களின் அபரிமிதமான எண்ணெய் மற்றும் எரிவாயு செல்வத்தை முதலீடு செய்ததும், இசுலாமியக் கோட்பாடுகளை ஒப்பீட்டளவில் தாராளமான கண்ணோட்டத்துடன் அணுகியதும் (குறிப்பாக வசதி படைத்த வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு) நிலைமையை முற்றிலும் மாற்றிவிட்டன. செயற்கைத் தீவுகள், பெரும் பணக்காரர்களுக்குத் தேவையான அனைத்தும் கிடைக்கும் பிரம்மாண்டமான வணிக வளாகங்கள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான கட்டிடம் எனப் பல பிரம்மாண்டத் திட்டங்கள் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தைப் புகழின் உச்சிக்குக் கொண்டு சென்றன. 21-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில், துபாயை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எமிரேட்சு'' மற்றும் அபுதாபியை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எதிகாத் ஏர்வேசு'' ஆகிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களின் அபரிமிதமான வளர்ச்சியால், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறை மிக வேகமாக விரிவடைந்தது. இது அந்த நாட்டை உலகளாவிய மையமாக மாற்றியுள்ளது என்று கூறலாம். அதே சமயம், 'எம்டி குவார்ட்டர்' எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள தொலைதூர, அற்புதமான மணல் குன்றுகள் மற்றும் ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லையை ஒட்டிய வடகிழக்கு அமீரகங்களில் காணப்படும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் பள்ளத்தாக்குகள் மற்றும் மலைகள் என, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் மற்றொரு அறியப்படாத பக்கமும் உள்ளது.

இருப்பினும், இந்த ஜொலிக்கும் முகப்புக்கு அடியில், மிகக் குறைந்த ஊதியம் பெறும் புலம்பெயர் தொழிலாளர்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரும் வர்க்கமே உள்ளது. இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கொடூரமான முறையில் நடத்தப்படுகிறார்கள். அதுமட்டுமின்றி, எவ்வித விமர்சனத்தையும் பொறுத்துக்கொள்ளாத, சர்வாதிகாரப் போக்குடைய ஆளும் குடும்பங்களும் அங்கு உள்ளன. ஏன், தங்கள் சொந்தக் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த 'கட்டுக்கடங்காத' உறுப்பினர்களின் விமர்சனங்களைக் கூட அவர்கள் சகித்துக்கொள்வதில்லை.

=== வரலாறு ===
கி.பி. 630-இல் இசுலாமிய இறைத்தூதர் முகம்மதுவின் தூதுவர்கள் வருகை தந்ததைத் தொடர்ந்து, அப்பகுதி இசுலாம் மதத்திற்கு மாறியது. முகம்மதுவின் காலத்திற்குப் பிறகு, திப்பா என்னுமிடத்தில் நடைபெற்ற முக்கியப் போர்களில் ஒன்றில், முஸ்லிம் அல்லாதவர்கள் தோற்கடிக்கப்பட்டனர். இதன் விளைவாக அரேபிய தீபகற்பத்தில் இசுலாம் வெற்றி பெற்றது.

வரலாற்று ரீதியாக, கடற்கரையோரத் துறைமுக நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பாலைவனச் சோலைகளின் தொகுப்பாக விளங்கிய அமீரகங்கள், சேக்குகளால் ஆளப்படும் ஏழு பழங்குடியின அமைப்புகளின் கூட்டமைப்பாகும். இவை ஒன்றிணைந்து ஒரு கூட்டாட்சி நாட்டை உருவாக்கின. அக்காலத்தில் அரேபியாவிலும் அதைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பகுதிகளிலும் நிலவிய பிற பழங்குடியினரின் விரிவாக்கவாதத்தை — குறிப்பாக சவூதி மற்றும் ஓமானின் விரிவாக்கவாதத்தை — எதிர்ப்பதற்காக, பல்வேறு அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகள் ஒன்றிணைந்து, தங்கள் வளங்களை ஒருங்கிணைக்க முடிவு செய்தனர். 1820-ஆம் ஆண்டில், இந்த ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகளும் பிரித்தானியப் பாதுகாப்பின் கீழ் இருக்க ஒப்புக்கொண்டனர். அக்காலத்தில் இவை ''போர்நிறுத்த உடன்பாட்டிற்குக் கட்டுப்பட்ட மாநிலங்கள்'' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டன. 1971-ஆம் ஆண்டு டிசம்பர் 2-ஆம் தேதியன்று, அபுதாபி மற்றும் துபாயின் சேக்குகள் சந்தித்தபோது, ​​ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்திடமிருந்து சுதந்திரம் பெற்றதாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது. அப்போது, ​​அபுதாபியின் சேக் சயீத், துபாயின் சேக் ரஷித்திடம் ஒரு ஒன்றியத்தை உருவாக்க முன்மொழிந்தார். சார்ஜா, அசுமான், உம் அல்-குவைன் மற்றும் புசைரா ஆகிய அமீரகங்கள் இந்த அழைப்பை ஏற்று, ஒன்றியத்தில் இணைய ஒப்புக்கொண்டன. சில மாதங்களுக்குப் பிறகு, 1972-ஆம் ஆண்டு பிப்ரவரி 10-ஆம் தேதியன்று, ராஸ் அல்-கைமாவும் இந்த ஒன்றியத்தில் இணைந்தது. ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தை உருவாக்குவதில் முக்கிய உந்துசக்தியாகச் செயல்பட்ட சேக் சயீத், இந்த நாட்டின் நிறுவனர் என்று போற்றப்படுகிறார். சேக் சயீத் மற்றும் பிற அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகள் அனைவரும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிறுவனத் தந்தையர்களாகக் கருதப்படுகின்றனர்.

=== புவியியல் ===
இந்த நாடு பெரும்பாலும் [[Wy/ta/பாலைவனம்|பாலைவனமாக]] இருந்தாலும், பிற நிலப்பரப்புகளையும் இங்கே காண முடியும். பல அமீரகங்களில், குறிப்பாக ராஸ் அல்-கைமாவில், மலைகளையும் பள்ளத்தாக்குகளையும் (வாடிகள்) எல்லா இடங்களிலும் காணலாம். இத்தகைய மாறுபட்ட நிலப்பரப்புகள், வடக்குப் பகுதியில் உள்ள அமீரகங்களுக்குத் தனித்துவமான சிறப்புகளை வழங்குகின்றன. நாடு முழுவதும் நீர்த்தேக்கங்களையும், உள்ளூர் வனவிலங்குகளையும் கண்டு ரசிக்கலாம். கடற்கரையோரங்களில், குறிப்பாக அபுதாபி மற்றும் உம் அல்-குவைன் பகுதிகளில் சதுப்புநிலக் காடுகள் உள்ளன. அங்கு நீங்கள் கயாக்கிங் (படகு சவாரி) செய்து மகிழலாம். முக்கிய நகரங்களுக்குள் நுழையும்போது, ​​நீங்கள் பாலைவனத்தில் இருக்கிறீர்கள் என்பதையே மறந்துவிடும் அளவுக்கு, அந்த நகரங்கள் பசுமையான தாவரங்கள், பூங்காக்கள் மற்றும் பரந்த புல்வெளிகளால் அலங்கரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.


==பார்க்க==

==சாப்பிட==
கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒவ்வொரு உணவு வகைகளும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் இல் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

==குடிக்க==

==நித்திரை கொள்ள==

==கற்க==

==அடுத்து செல்ல==

[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
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{{Wy/ta/2026 Middle East warningbox}}
'''ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்''' ([[Wy/ta/அரபு சொற்றொடர்நூல்|அரபு மொழி]]: الإمارات العربية المتحدة ''அல்-ʾஇமாராத் அல்-ʿஅரபீயா அல்-முத்தஹிதா'') அல்லது வெறுமனே '''அமீரகம்''' (الإم) ''அல்-இமாரத்'') பாரசீக வளைகுடாவின் நுழைவாயிலில் உள்ள வரலாறு மற்றும் பண்பாடு நிறைந்த நாடு ஆகும். 

[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அபுதாபி|அபுதாபி]] போன்ற பளபளப்பான, பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட நகரங்கள் முதல், [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] (''வெறிச்சோடிய பகுதி'') எனப்படும் பரந்த மற்றும் கடுமையான பாலைவன நிலப்பரப்புகள் வரை பல்வேறு சிறப்பம்சங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ள இப்பகுதி, [[Wy/ta/மத்திய கிழக்கு|மத்திய கிழக்கு]]ப் பிராந்தியத்திலான பயணங்களைத் தொடங்குவதற்கு ஏற்ற ஒரு இடமாக அமைகிறது.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் என்பது ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் (அரபு மொழியில் 'இமாராத்'; ஒருமையில் 'இமாரா') ஒரு கூட்டமைப்பாகும்:
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|height=|width=500|24.199|54.091|zoom=7}}

{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q187712|fill=#e3e989}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=துபாய் அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q613|fill=#b383b3}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q188810|fill=#d69c4b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q159477|fill=#0000ff}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q175021|fill=#d76972}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல்-கைமா|இராசு அல்-கைமா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q170024|fill=#71b37b}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|title=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]] அமீரகம்|type=geoshape|wikidata=Q4091|fill=#4f93c0}} &lt;!--Fujairah--&gt;

{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
| region1name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி (அமீரகம்)|அபு தாபி அமீரகம்]]
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| region1items=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]
| region1description=

| region2name=துபாய் அமீரகம்
| region2color=#b383b3
| region2items=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]] and [[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]
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| region3name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா (அமீரகம்)|சார்சா அமீரகம்]]
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| region5name=உம் அல்-குவைன் அமீரகம்
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| region6name=இராசு அல் கைமா அமீரகம்
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==நகரங்கள்==
ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் முழுவதும் பல நகரங்கள், சிறு நகரங்கள் மற்றும் கிராமங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. அந்தந்த அமீரகங்களுக்குப் பெயரையே கொண்ட தலைநகரங்கள், அந்தந்த அமீரகத்தின் முக்கிய நகரங்களாகவும் போக்குவரத்து மையங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அபு தாபி|அபு தாபி]]|wikidata=Q1519}} (அரபு: أبو ظبي‎) - நாட்டின் தலைநகரம், பெரிய அருங்காட்சியகங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச்சின்னங்களால் நிரம்பியுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாய்]]|wikidata=Q612}} (அரபு: دبي‎) – ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிதி மூலதனம் மற்றும் வர்த்தக மையம் மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]]|wikidata=Q289693}} (அரபு: الشارقة) – அரபு மற்றும் இசுலாமிய கட்டிடக்கலைக்கு புகழ்பெற்ற நாட்டின் பண்பாட்டு மையம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/அசுமான்|அசுமான்]]|wikidata=Q159477}} (அரபு: عجمان) – மிகச்சிறிய அமீரகம், நிதானமான சூழ்நிலையுடன் அமைதியான இடங்களில் ஒன்று.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/உம் அல்-குவைன்|உம் அல்-குவைன்]]|wikidata=Q175021}} (அரபு: أم القيوين) – பல கடற்கரை ஓய்வு விடுதிகளுடன் வளைகுடாவில் விரிவடையும் ஒரு தீபகற்ப நகரம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/இராசு அல் கைமா|இராசு அல் கைமா]]|wikidata=Q2126436}} (அரபு: راس الخيمة) – மத்திய கிழக்கின் சாகச மையம், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தில் உள்ள மிக உயரமான மலை மற்றும் பல சிலிர்ப்பான செயல்பாடுகள்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|name=[[Wy/ta/புசைரா|புசைரா]]|wikidata=Q4091}} (அரபு: الفجيرة) – ஓமன் வளைகுடாவில் பிரபலமான சுற்றுலா மற்றும் தங்கும் இடம். &quot;கிழக்கு கடற்கரையின் மணமகள்&quot; என்று செல்லப்பெயர்.

==பிற சேருமிடங்கள்==
பிற பிரபலமான இடங்கள் பின்வருமாறு:

* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அல் ஐன்|அல் ஐன்]]|wikidata=Q234600}} (அரபு: العين) – ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறிய சோலையாகத் திகழ்ந்த இது, தற்போது ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லை நகரமான [[Wy/ta/புரைமி|புரைமிக்கு]] அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு முக்கிய நகரமாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/அத்தா|அத்தா]]|wikidata=Q770233}} (அரபு: حتا) – ஒரு காலத்தில் மலைப்பகுதி கிராமமாக இருந்த இது, தற்போது கயாக்கிங் மற்றும் மலையேற்றம் போன்ற சாகசச் செயல்பாடுகளுக்கான முக்கிய இடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/கோர் பக்கான்|கோர் பக்கான்]]|wikidata=Q764279}} (அரபு: خورفكان) – அழகான வளைகுடாப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள இந்நகரம், பல வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கண்காணிப்பு கோபுரங்களையும் பாரம்பரியமான 'வெள்ளிக்கிழமைச் சந்தை'யையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/லிவா சோலை|லிவா சோலை]]|wikidata=Q615949}} (அரபு: واحة ليوا) – [[Wy/ta/றுப்உல் காலீ|றுப்உல் காலீ]] எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனத்தின் விளிம்பில் உள்ள ஒரு சோலையைச் சுற்றி அமைந்துள்ள பிறை வடிவ விவசாயப் பகுதி இது. இங்கிருந்து றுப்உல் காலீ பகுதியை எளிதாக அணுகலாம்; மேலும் மணல் மேடுகள் வழியாக மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் 'ஆஃப்-ரோட்' சாகசப் பயணங்களுக்கு இது புகழ்பெற்றது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity|name=[[Wy/ta/ருவைசு|ருவைசு]]|wikidata=Q1023786}} (அரபு: الرويس) – அபுதாபி அமீரகத்தின் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தொழில் மற்றும் எரிசக்தி சார்ந்த நகரமாகும்.

== புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg
| capital=அபுதாபி
| currency=ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரக திர்கம்
| population=10,100,000
| electricity=220 வால்டு; யூரோபிளக்; 
| callingcode=+971
| timezone=UTC+04:00
| language=அரபு, ஆங்கிலம்
| tld=ae
| driving side=வலது
| emergencies=112
| religion=இசுலாம்
}}
பாரசீக வளைகுடா மற்றும் ஓமன் வளைகுடாவின் கடற்கரையோரங்களில் அமைந்துள்ள ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், சுமார் 83,600 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இது [[Wy/ta/ஆத்திரியா|ஆத்திரியாவை]] விடச் சற்று சிறியதாகும். பழங்குடியினக் கூட்டமைப்பாகத் திகழும் இந்நாடு, ''ஆயிரத்தோர் இரவுகள்'' கதைகளில் வரும் ஒரு தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையுடனான விசித்திரக் கதையைப் போன்றது. இருப்பினும், தற்காலத்தில் இது ஒரு பன்னாட்டு நிதி மையமாக உருவெடுத்துள்ளது.

20-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதி வரை கூட, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் யாருடைய சுற்றுலாத் திட்டத்திலும் இடம்பெற்றிருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால், தங்களின் அபரிமிதமான எண்ணெய் மற்றும் எரிவாயு செல்வத்தை முதலீடு செய்ததும், இசுலாமியக் கோட்பாடுகளை ஒப்பீட்டளவில் தாராளமான கண்ணோட்டத்துடன் அணுகியதும் (குறிப்பாக வசதி படைத்த வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு) நிலைமையை முற்றிலும் மாற்றிவிட்டன. செயற்கைத் தீவுகள், பெரும் பணக்காரர்களுக்குத் தேவையான அனைத்தும் கிடைக்கும் பிரம்மாண்டமான வணிக வளாகங்கள், உலகின் மிக உயரமான கட்டிடம் எனப் பல பிரம்மாண்டத் திட்டங்கள் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தைப் புகழின் உச்சிக்குக் கொண்டு சென்றன. 21-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில், துபாயை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எமிரேட்சு'' மற்றும் அபுதாபியை மையமாகக் கொண்ட ''எதிகாத் ஏர்வேசு'' ஆகிய வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்களின் அபரிமிதமான வளர்ச்சியால், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்துத் துறை மிக வேகமாக விரிவடைந்தது. இது அந்த நாட்டை உலகளாவிய மையமாக மாற்றியுள்ளது என்று கூறலாம். அதே சமயம், 'எம்டி குவார்ட்டர்' எனப்படும் பெரும் பாலைவனப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள தொலைதூர, அற்புதமான மணல் குன்றுகள் மற்றும் ஓமன் நாட்டு எல்லையை ஒட்டிய வடகிழக்கு அமீரகங்களில் காணப்படும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் பள்ளத்தாக்குகள் மற்றும் மலைகள் என, ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் மற்றொரு அறியப்படாத பக்கமும் உள்ளது.

இருப்பினும், இந்த ஜொலிக்கும் முகப்புக்கு அடியில், மிகக் குறைந்த ஊதியம் பெறும் புலம்பெயர் தொழிலாளர்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரும் வர்க்கமே உள்ளது. இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கொடூரமான முறையில் நடத்தப்படுகிறார்கள். அதுமட்டுமின்றி, எவ்வித விமர்சனத்தையும் பொறுத்துக்கொள்ளாத, சர்வாதிகாரப் போக்குடைய ஆளும் குடும்பங்களும் அங்கு உள்ளன. ஏன், தங்கள் சொந்தக் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த 'கட்டுக்கடங்காத' உறுப்பினர்களின் விமர்சனங்களைக் கூட அவர்கள் சகித்துக்கொள்வதில்லை.

=== வரலாறு ===
கி.பி. 630-இல் இசுலாமிய இறைத்தூதர் முகம்மதுவின் தூதுவர்கள் வருகை தந்ததைத் தொடர்ந்து, அப்பகுதி இசுலாம் மதத்திற்கு மாறியது. முகம்மதுவின் காலத்திற்குப் பிறகு, திப்பா என்னுமிடத்தில் நடைபெற்ற முக்கியப் போர்களில் ஒன்றில், முஸ்லிம் அல்லாதவர்கள் தோற்கடிக்கப்பட்டனர். இதன் விளைவாக அரேபிய தீபகற்பத்தில் இசுலாம் வெற்றி பெற்றது.

வரலாற்று ரீதியாக, கடற்கரையோரத் துறைமுக நகரங்கள் மற்றும் பாலைவனச் சோலைகளின் தொகுப்பாக விளங்கிய அமீரகங்கள், சேக்குகளால் ஆளப்படும் ஏழு பழங்குடியின அமைப்புகளின் கூட்டமைப்பாகும். இவை ஒன்றிணைந்து ஒரு கூட்டாட்சி நாட்டை உருவாக்கின. அக்காலத்தில் அரேபியாவிலும் அதைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பகுதிகளிலும் நிலவிய பிற பழங்குடியினரின் விரிவாக்கவாதத்தை — குறிப்பாக சவூதி மற்றும் ஓமானின் விரிவாக்கவாதத்தை — எதிர்ப்பதற்காக, பல்வேறு அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகள் ஒன்றிணைந்து, தங்கள் வளங்களை ஒருங்கிணைக்க முடிவு செய்தனர். 1820-ஆம் ஆண்டில், இந்த ஏழு அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகளும் பிரித்தானியப் பாதுகாப்பின் கீழ் இருக்க ஒப்புக்கொண்டனர். அக்காலத்தில் இவை ''போர்நிறுத்த உடன்பாட்டிற்குக் கட்டுப்பட்ட மாநிலங்கள்'' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டன. 1971-ஆம் ஆண்டு டிசம்பர் 2-ஆம் தேதியன்று, அபுதாபி மற்றும் துபாயின் சேக்குகள் சந்தித்தபோது, ​​ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்திடமிருந்து சுதந்திரம் பெற்றதாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது. அப்போது, ​​அபுதாபியின் சேக் சயீத், துபாயின் சேக் ரஷித்திடம் ஒரு ஒன்றியத்தை உருவாக்க முன்மொழிந்தார். சார்ஜா, அசுமான், உம் அல்-குவைன் மற்றும் புசைரா ஆகிய அமீரகங்கள் இந்த அழைப்பை ஏற்று, ஒன்றியத்தில் இணைய ஒப்புக்கொண்டன. சில மாதங்களுக்குப் பிறகு, 1972-ஆம் ஆண்டு பிப்ரவரி 10-ஆம் தேதியன்று, ராஸ் அல்-கைமாவும் இந்த ஒன்றியத்தில் இணைந்தது. ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தை உருவாக்குவதில் முக்கிய உந்துசக்தியாகச் செயல்பட்ட சேக் சயீத், இந்த நாட்டின் நிறுவனர் என்று போற்றப்படுகிறார். சேக் சயீத் மற்றும் பிற அமீரகங்களின் சேக்குகள் அனைவரும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தின் நிறுவனத் தந்தையர்களாகக் கருதப்படுகின்றனர்.

=== புவியியல் ===
இந்த நாடு பெரும்பாலும் [[Wy/ta/பாலைவனம்|பாலைவனமாக]] இருந்தாலும், பிற நிலப்பரப்புகளையும் இங்கே காண முடியும். பல அமீரகங்களில், குறிப்பாக ராஸ் அல்-கைமாவில், மலைகளையும் பள்ளத்தாக்குகளையும் (வாடிகள்) எல்லா இடங்களிலும் காணலாம். இத்தகைய மாறுபட்ட நிலப்பரப்புகள், வடக்குப் பகுதியில் உள்ள அமீரகங்களுக்குத் தனித்துவமான சிறப்புகளை வழங்குகின்றன. நாடு முழுவதும் நீர்த்தேக்கங்களையும், உள்ளூர் வனவிலங்குகளையும் கண்டு ரசிக்கலாம். கடற்கரையோரங்களில், குறிப்பாக அபுதாபி மற்றும் உம் அல்-குவைன் பகுதிகளில் சதுப்புநிலக் காடுகள் உள்ளன. அங்கு நீங்கள் கயாக்கிங் (படகு சவாரி) செய்து மகிழலாம். முக்கிய நகரங்களுக்குள் நுழையும்போது, ​​நீங்கள் பாலைவனத்தில் இருக்கிறீர்கள் என்பதையே மறந்துவிடும் அளவுக்கு, அந்த நகரங்கள் பசுமையான தாவரங்கள், பூங்காக்கள் மற்றும் பரந்த புல்வெளிகளால் அலங்கரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

==பார்க்க==

==சாப்பிட==
கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒவ்வொரு உணவு வகைகளும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் இல் குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.

==குடிக்க==

==நித்திரை கொள்ள==

==கற்க==

==அடுத்து செல்ல==

[[Category:Wy/ta/ஆசிய நாடுகள்]]
[[Category:Wy/ta]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Country articles]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q878}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/اۆن</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:56:53Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Wt/azb/اۆن دییشدیریلیر</comment>
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      <text bytes="2445" sha1="ifbn2mbf4xecsjb3vyn8wfb2idtey0f" xml:space="preserve">==اۆن==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دده قورقود لوگو}}{{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}اۆن← دده قورقود کیتاب‌دا [[Wt/azb/سس|سس]] معناسیندادیر. اۆنوم آنگلانگ بگلر، سؤزوم دینگلنگ، بگلر← [[Wt/azb/اون|اون]].
#:نسیمی، خطایی، فۆضولی، واقیف و باشقا کلاسسیکلریمیزین دیلینده ایشلنمیش [[Wt/azb/سس|سس]] آنلاملی.
#اۆن مۆعاصیر ادبی دیلیمیزده آرخایک لشمیشدیر. آذربایجان دیلی‌نین دیالئکتوْلوْژی لۆغتی‌نده (1964) 
#اۆن سؤزونون شیوه‌لریمیزین اکثریتینده سس معناسیندا ایشلنمه‌سیندن بحث ائدیلرکن فیکری تسدیق اۆچون لاچین شیوه‌سینه ایستیناد ائدیلیر (گئژه گۆندوز اۆنوم گؤيه قالخیف). 
#قئيد ائدک کی، سس آنلاملی اۆن قرب (غرب) لهجه‌سی‌نین تکجه لاچین دئيیل، اکثر شیوه‌لرینده ساخلانیلماقدادیر . بۇ معنادا [[Wt/azb/قازاخ|قازاخ]] بوْرچالی شیوه‌لرینده ایشلنن اۆن سؤزو ماراق دوْغورور (اۆنوم عرشه چێخیف).
#دیوان لغات الترک← سس و ایله، اون شکلینده ده یازیلیر. (بسیم آتالایا گؤره اون یازیلیشی عربجه ایملاسینین قایدالارینا گؤره دیر).
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : Ün
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/sound|sound]]
* تورکییه: اۆن
* عربجه: 
* فارسجا: صوت/ صدا
* باهار دیلی: سَس
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# &quot;عزیز تانری وئردی،'دده قورقود'اون سؤز دونیاسی&quot;
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383'' ،''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو 2006''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دده قورقود سؤزجوکلری]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/قوزئی آذربایجان سؤزجوکلری]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:sound]]
[[Fa:صدا]]</text>
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{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: بؤرک← بیر شئ درِی‌دَن یا پارچادان باشی‌چه تیکَللَر← [[Wt/azb/باشلیق|باشلیق]].
# {{Wt/azb/دده قورقود لوگو}}دده قورقود دا. [[Wt/azb/پاپاق|پاپاق]] آنلاملیدیر.
#:دده قورقورد داستان‌دا ... [[Wt/azb/کئچه بؤرک|کئچه بؤرکلی]]، آزغون دینلی، قۇزگون دیللی کافر چێقا گلدی. 
#ماراقلیدیر کی، بیر نؤو تعیینی سؤز بیرلشمه‌سی کونستروکسیياسیندا اولان کئچه بؤرک  واحیدی قرب (غرب) لهجه‌سینده مۆرککب سؤز کیمی ساخلانیلماقدادیر. مثلا، کندیربازا تاماشا ائدنلرین دقتینی يايیندیرماق اۆچون بیر سێرا گۆلمه‌لی اويونلار نۆمايیش ائتدیرن شخص باشینا [[Wt/azb/کئچه|کئچه]] [[Wt/azb/پاپاق|پاپاق]] قويدوغو اۆچون قرب لهجه‌سینده [[Wt/azb/کئچبؤلوک|کئچبؤلوک]]، [[Wt/azb/کئجبؤروک|کئجبؤروک]] آدلانیر. 
#قرب (غرب) لهجه‌سینده [[Wt/azb/بؤروک|بؤروک]] ([[Wt/azb/بؤرخ|بؤرخ]]) سؤزو قوجا قادینلارین کلاغايیدان اول باشلارینا قويدوقلاری بزکسیز [[Wt/azb/آراقچین|آراقچین]] معناسیندا دا ایشله‌نیر.
#: بؤروکو قوژا آرواتدار قويور، امه جهللر قويماز؛ قاواخلار قوژا آرواتدار بؤرک قواردی.
#شیوه‌لریمیزین اکثریتی اۆچون سجیوی اولان بؤرک سؤزو مۆعاصیر   دیلیمیزده [[Wt/azb/بؤرک قاپان|بؤرک قاپان]] خالق اويونونون آدیندا و بؤرکونو گؤيه  آتماق، بؤرکون يئرده قالسین کیمی فرازئولوژی واحیدلرده ده مۆحافیظه‌‌ اولونماقدادیر.
[[File:شاهک اسیر.jpg|thumb|245px|left|بؤرکلی تورکجه آتاسی]]
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : Börk
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/hat|hat]]
* تورکییه : بؤرک
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: کلاه
* باهار دیلی: بؤرک
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دده قورقود سؤزجوکلری]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:hat]]
[[Fa:کلاه]]</text>
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{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#{{Wt/azb/دده قورقود لوگو}} بؤکلک← کیتابی دده‌‌ قورقوددا ایشلنمیش [[Wt/azb/هشرات|هشرات]] آدلاریندان [[Wt/azb/ایت میلچه یی|ایت میلچه یی]] آنلاملی.
#:بؤکلک (هئی، اوغول قارچار، اداما اۇش بؤکلک کیبی بۇنگلودور.
#بؤ سؤزو قرب ( غرب) لهجه‌سینده فونئتیک دئفورماسیيايا اۇغراسا دا، ایلکین معناسینی عينیله ساخلاماقدادیر← [[Wt/azb/بۆلخ|بۆلخ]]، [[Wt/azb/بؤلخ|بؤلخ]] داغلاردا اولور. 
#:اونو دا قئيد ائدک کی، قرب (غرب) لهجه‌سینده بؤکلک ایسمی اساسیندا يارانمیش [[Wt/azb/بۆلخ|بۆلخ]]، [[Wt/azb/لنمخ|لنمخ]] فعلی ده ایشلنمکده‌دیر. میثالی اوچون← ایت میلچه یی سانجمیش دانا اؤزونو اورا- بۇرا وۇراراق قاچاندا بئله دئيیلیر: دانا بۆلخعلندی؛ دانا بۆلخ‌لنه- بۆلخ‌لنه قورغا گیردی.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : bökələk
* اینگیلیرجه: [[Wt/azb/dog mosquito|dog mosquito]]
* تورکییه: بؤکلک
* عربجه: 
* فارسجا: پشه سگ
* باهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/ایت چیبینه|ایت چیبینه]]
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دده قورقود سؤزجوکلری]]
[[En:dog mosquito]]
[[Fa:پشه سگ]]</text>
      <sha1>cdswcc3q9184gdvlsw0wqbrz9gc54m1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/ایراغ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2875619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382130</id>
      <parentid>3934640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:30:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/ایراغ دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7382130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1639" sha1="mv47vcw516dwvfxuef38g0d6qqw3cjo" xml:space="preserve">==ایراغ==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#{{Wt/azb/دده قورقود لوگو}} ایراغ← دده قورقوددا [[Wt/azb/اۇزاق|اۇزاق]] آنلاملیدیر. داستان‌دا ایراغ و [[Wt/azb/اێراغ|اێراغ]] فونئتیک واریانتیندا ایشلنمیشدیر (بره چوبان، ایراغیندان - ياقینینگدان برو گلگیل: گؤگ اێراق، يئر قاتی)← [[Wt/azb/ایراق|ایراق]].
#بۇ سؤز شیوه‌لریمیزده هر ایکی واریانتدا ایشلنمکده‌دیر. میثالی اؤچون← [[Wt/azb/قۇبا|قۇبا]] شیوه‌سینده [[Wt/azb/ایراغ|ایراغ]] (سنی گؤروم درد-بلا سننن ایراغ اۇلسون، آی اۇغلوم.
#قرب (غرب) لهجه‌سینده [[Wt/azb/اێراخ|اێراخ]]، پیس آدامنان اێراخ دۇرسان ياخشیدی. 
#قرب (غرب) لهجه‌سینده‌کی اێراخ سؤزو [[Wt/azb/اێ|اێ]] صایت دۆشومو ایله ده ایشله‌نیر (راخ جانینگنان، آی بالا. جانیندان اۇزاق، آی بالا). 
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : İrağ
* اینگلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/away|away]]
* تورکییه: ایراغ
* عربجه:
* فارسجا: دور
* باهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/ایراق|ایراق]]
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دده قورقود سؤزجوکلری]]
[[En:away]]
[[Fa:دور]]</text>
      <sha1>mv47vcw516dwvfxuef38g0d6qqw3cjo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/اوُیخو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2876304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382096</id>
      <parentid>3937162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:05:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/اوُیخو دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7382096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1606" sha1="l1l86bwirgj63k3buqns316wrrw81x7" xml:space="preserve">==اوُیخو==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#{{Wt/azb/دده قورقود لوگو}} اوُیخو← دده قورقود داستان‌دا [[Wt/azb/يۇخو|يۇخو]] آنلاملی، [[Wt/azb/دۆش|دۆش]] سؤزو ایله  برابر، اۇيخو و واقئه سؤزلری ده ایشلنمیشدیر. 
#:میثاللار: دۆش← مگر اول گئجه يئگنک دۆش گؤردی.‌اۇيخو← دۆن اۇيخوسوندان کافر اوتاغا قويولدی.‌ واقئه← قارا قايغیلو واقئه گؤردی.
#داستاندا کی اۇيخو سؤزونون مۆعاصیر ادبی دیلیمیزده يۇخو شکلینده ایشلنمه‌سی معلومدور. تۆرک منشأ‌لی دۇش دۆش  و عرب منشأ‌لی واقیه سؤزو ایسه يالنیز شیوه‌لریمیزده مۆحافیظه‌‌ اولونموشدور.
#مثلا داستاندا کی دۆش سؤزو قرب (غرب) لهجه‌سینده دۇش، تۇش، چۇش، واقئه (واقیه) ایسه «و:غه» شکلینده ایشلنمکده‌دیر (و: غمده للمی گؤرموشم، آ بالا). 
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : Uyxu
* اینگلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/sleep|sleep]]
* تورکییه: اوُیخو
* عربجه: 
* فارسجا: خواب
* باهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/یوخه|یؤخِه]]
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دده قورقود سؤزجوکلری]]
[[En:sleep]]
[[Fa:خواب]]</text>
      <sha1>l1l86bwirgj63k3buqns316wrrw81x7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/ایمیرزه</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2876322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382134</id>
      <parentid>3937184</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:39:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/ایمیرزه دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7382134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="sw7llkpa4fv1dowvzzukold24g4ulwe" xml:space="preserve">==ایمیرزه==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#{{Wt/azb/دده قورقود لوگو}} ایمیرزه← دده قورقود داستان‌دا [[Wt/azb/ياراشیقلی|ياراشیقلی]] معناسیندادیر (...بیر ایمیرزه خوب يیگیت قیرق يیگید ایلن ساغیندا و سولیندا اوتوریرلار).
# بو سؤزون فونئتیک ترکیبی و معناسی قرب (غرب) لهجه‌سینده عینیله ساخلانماقدادیر (ایمیرزه ایگیتدر چوخ گلیف- گئدیف بو دونيه‌دن؛ قونشونون اوغلو بیر ایمیرزه اوغلاندی). 
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : İmirzə
* اینگیلزجه: [[Wt/azb/becoming|becoming]]
*تورکییه: ایمیرزه
* عربجه: 
* فارسجا: برازنده
* باهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/یاراشوق|یاراشؤق]]
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دده قورقود سؤزجوکلری]]
[[En:becoming]]
[[Fa:برازنده]]</text>
      <sha1>sw7llkpa4fv1dowvzzukold24g4ulwe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/آغیر</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2880567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381798</id>
      <parentid>7376478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:48:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/آغیر دییشدیریلیر/ایصلاح</comment>
      <origin>7381798</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1901" sha1="3cgn23w2ttezjav1k0rhqfomwacoagf" xml:space="preserve">==آغیر==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: آغیر← وَزنَه، آغیرلیک، آغیر یئر، آغیر سو. قانشاری← [[Wt/azb/یونگول|یونگول]].
#آغیر (اَغیر)← عزیز، محترم. اَغِرلیغ کِشی (آغیرلیغ کیشی): خالق و یا بَی طرفیندن آغیرلانان، یعنی عزیز توتولان آدام. 
#:تَنکری مَنی اَغیرلادی (تنگری منی آغیرلادی) تانری منی عزیز توتدو. 
#:گئجه نین دورقونلوغو کئچنده، اَغیر اَذاق اَمرُلدی: آغیر آذاق امرۆلدی؛ آغیر آیاق چکیلدی دئییلیر کی. آغیر یئریشلی آدام واراجاغی یئره چاتدی؛ دئمکدیر.
#آغیر (اَغیر)← اَغیر نانک (آغیر ننق)؛ قیمت‌ده آغیر اولان نسنه، ده یرلی شئی.
# {{Wt/azb/دده قورقود لوگو}}دده قورقود دا← آغیر خزینه‌سینی، بول آقچاسینی ياغمالادیلار.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : ağır 
* اینگیلزجه: [[Wt/azb/heavy|heavy]]
* تورکییه: آغیر
* عربجه:
* فارسجا: سنگین
* باهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/آغر|آغِر]]/ [[Wt/azb/آقر|آقِر]]
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو 2006''
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383'' 
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دده قورقود سؤزجوکلری]]
[[En:heavy]]
[[Fa:سنگین]]</text>
      <sha1>3cgn23w2ttezjav1k0rhqfomwacoagf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/آغ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2900903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381790</id>
      <parentid>7295364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:14:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/آغ دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7381790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="909" sha1="67thnvevgbpya5w4oe0lds6kiao0jvh" xml:space="preserve">== آغ ==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: آغ← نَچْچه مَعنی‌سِه وار، نفرین اؤلمؤش. [[Wt/azb/آق|آق]] بویاق. قانشاری← [[Wt/azb/قارا|قارا]].
#:آغ والدَین اؤلموش.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : ağ
* اینگیلیزجه: curse
* تورکییه :
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: نفرین
*باهار دیلی: آق
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]</text>
      <sha1>67thnvevgbpya5w4oe0lds6kiao0jvh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/آلچاق</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2900954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381812</id>
      <parentid>7294175</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:13:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/آلچاق دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7381812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1139" sha1="pu0uegtltkbdsnffmzszzl344ospp3i" xml:space="preserve">== آلچاق ==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: آلچاق← کؤله، [[Wt/azb/قیسا|قیسا]]، آز. قانشاری← [[Wt/azb/اوجا|اوجا]].
#:چؤخ آلچاق اوجادی!
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : alçaq
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/short|short]]
* تورکییه : آلجاق
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: کوتاه
* باهار دیلی: آلچاق/ [[Wt/azb/قصه|قصه]]
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/گونئی آذربایجان سؤزجوکلری]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/قوزئی آذربایجان سؤزجوکلری]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیلی]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:short]]
[[Fa:کوتاه]]</text>
      <sha1>pu0uegtltkbdsnffmzszzl344ospp3i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/آق</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2901057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381791</id>
      <parentid>7296225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:20:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/آق دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7381791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="994" sha1="c5lkpyplm1zbqwa4hywkxf3epw4l4j5" xml:space="preserve">== آق ==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: آق ([[Wt/azb/آغ|آغ]])← نَچْچه مَعنی‌سِه وار، نفرین اؤلمؤش. آق بویاق. قانشاری  [[Wt/azb/قارا|قارا]].
#:آق‌والدین قالمیش!
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : aq
* اینگیلیزجه: white color
* تورکییه : آق
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: سفید
*بهار دیلی: آق
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:white color]]
[[Fa:سفید]]</text>
      <sha1>c5lkpyplm1zbqwa4hywkxf3epw4l4j5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/اون</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2909517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382123</id>
      <parentid>4064283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/اون دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7382123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="909" sha1="bf4gn956zn2anln5ypowz24vv4zdlhp" xml:space="preserve">== اون ==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: اؤن← ۱۰ (سایی)← ۹ دان سوْنرا و ۱۱ دان قاباق یئرلشن بیر طبیعی عدددیر← [[Wt/azb/اۆن|اۆن]].
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : on
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/ten|ten]]
* تورکییه : اؤن
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: دَه
* باها. دیلی: اؤن
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:ten]]
[[Fa:دَه]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2534314</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:ESL 2826 copy.JPG]] → [[File:Cairo cityscape 2826.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)</comment>
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Qahire, ju suka u paytexta dewleta [[Wy/diq/Mısır|Mısır]]'i ya.


==Cay ==
*[[Wy/diq/Piramidi|Piramidê Mısıri]]
[[Category:Wy/diq]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q85}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid</title>
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__NOTOC__&lt;!-- --&gt;__NOEDITSECTION__
{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;padding-bottom:6px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:185%;&quot;&gt;Moin un haartelk wilkoomen up d' oostfräisk Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Däi fräej ensüklopedii mit fräej inhollen, däi in tausóómenaarbaid skreeven wordent.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|{{Wp/frs/Dóóğnóóm_fan_nuu}}, {{LOCALDAY}} {{Wp/frs/Móóndsnóóm_fan_nuu}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} 
&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''{{Wp/frs/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' siiden up Oostfräisk&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;75%&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #a7d7f9; padding-top:5px&quot;&gt;
'''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[Help:Wp/frs/Gebruuksanwiisen|gebruuksanwiisen]] - [[Help:Wp/frs/Mäinskupssiid|mäinskupssiid]] - [[:Category:Wp/frs|hoovdgruep]]  -  [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?testwiki=Wp%2Ffrs näej beaarbaidens] - [[Wp/frs/Listen|listen]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:100%; font-size:90%; padding-bottom:5px&quot;|
[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages horizontal flip.png|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Tóól|Tóól]]'''&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wp/frs/Friiso-Saksk|Friiso-saksk tóólen]]: [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisk|Oostfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Gröyngersk|Gröyngersk]] 
* [[Wp/frs/Fräisk|Fräisk tóólen]]: [[Wp/frs/Westfräisk|Westfräisk]] -  [[Wp/frs/Sóóterfräisk|Sóóterfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisk|Noordfräisk]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu mathematics.png|30px]]'''Natürwäitenskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Bioloogii|Bioloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Füüsik|Füüsik]] - [[Wp/frs/Skeemii|Skeemii]] - [[Wp/frs/Astronoomii|Astronoomii]] - [[Wp/frs/Matemóótik|Matemóótik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|30px]]'''Selskupswäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Filosoofii|Filosoofii]] - [[Wp/frs/Histoorje|Histoorje]] - [[Wp/frs/Psücholoogii|Psücholoogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Sosjoloogii|Sosjoloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Tóólwäitenskup|Tóólwäitenskup]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Fragengesetz.gif|30px]]'''Politik, Recht un Selskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wirtskaft|Wirtskaft]] - [[Wp/frs/Politik|Politik]] - [[Wp/frs/Recht|Recht]] - [[Wp/frs/Selskup|Selskup]] - [[Wp/frs/Skaul|Skaul]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Icon tools.png|30px]]'''Anwend't Wäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Häilküen|Häilküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Inf'rmóótik|Inf'rmóótik]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerküen|Weerküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerldruumfort|Weerldruumfort]] - [[Wp/frs/Technik|Technik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kcoloredit.svg|30px]]'''Künst un Kultüer'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Architektüer|Architektüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Film|Film]] - [[Wp/frs/Kultüer|Kultüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Litteróótüer|Litteróótüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Musik|Musik]] - [[Wp/frs/Glôov|Glôov]] - [[Wp/frs/Móóleräj|Móóleräj]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Edge-firefox.png|30px]]'''Däi Weerld'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Geogróófii|Geogróófii]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerld|Weerld]] - [[Wp/frs/Kuntinent|Kuntinent]] - [[Wp/frs/Nóósjoon|Nóósjoon]] - [[Wp/frs/Land|Land]] - [[Wp/frs/Lauğ|Lauğ]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|30px]]'''Bóósisartikkels'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wikipedia:Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal|Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- 
|&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
|- 
|}
|&lt;!-- TÜSKENRUUM --&gt; style=&quot;border:5px solid transparent;&quot; |

| style=&quot;width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; background-color:#f9f9f9; vertical-align:top; padding: 5px 10px 10px 5px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot;|
[[Image:Flag_of_Frisia.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisland|Fräisland]]'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/West-Fräisland|West-Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Westfräisland|Westfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Prowins Gröyngen|Gröyngerland]] - [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Ollenbörger Fräislâan|Ollenbörger Fräislâan]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisland|Noordfräisland]]
*[[Wp/frs/Fräisk ailâan|Fräisk ailâan]]
&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Ost-Friesland.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Fräisland|Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Wäisermaarsk|Wäisermaarsk]] - [[Wp/frs/Sóóterland|Sóóterland]]
*Oost-Fräisk steeden: [[Wp/frs/Äisens|Äisens]] - [[Wp/frs/Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Bróók|Bróók]] - [[Wp/frs/Emden|Emden]]  - [[Wp/frs/Forel|Forel]] - [[Wp/frs/Jäiver|Jäiver]] - [[Wp/frs/Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Nörden|Nörden]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördenham|Nördenham]] - [[Wp/frs/Skörtens|Skörtens]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiner|Wäiner]] - [[Wp/frs/Witmund|Witmund]] - [[Wp/frs/Wiismaur|Wiismaur]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]]
*Oostfräisk ailâan: [[Wp/frs/Börkem|Börkem]] - [[Wp/frs/Jüüst|Jüüst]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördernäj|Nördernäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Baltrem|Baltrem]] - [[Wp/frs/Langerooğ|Langerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Spiikerooğ|Spiikerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Wangerooğ|Wangerooğ]]
*Wóóters: [[Wp/frs/Äiems|Äiems]] - [[Wp/frs/Äims-Jóó-Knóól|Äims-Jóó-Knóól]] - [[Wp/frs/Heef|Heef]] - [[Wp/frs/Jóóbossem|Jóóbossem]] - [[Wp/frs/Läidóó|Läidóó]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordsäj|Noordsäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiser|Wäiser]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Ostfriesland Flagge mit Wappen.0.2.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Witmund|Witmund]]  - [[Wp/frs/Stad Emden|Stad Emden]]
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
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{{Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid}}
|}

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&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Söyken:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
 type=search
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Näej siid upsetten:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Wp/frs|*]]
|}

{{INTERWIKI|Q5296}}</text>
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__NOTOC__&lt;!-- --&gt;__NOEDITSECTION__
{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;padding-bottom:6px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:185%;&quot;&gt;Moin un haartelk wilkoomen up d' oostfräisk Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Däi fräej ensüklopedii mit fräej inhollen, däi in tausóómenaarbaid skreeven wordent.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|{{Wp/frs/Dóóğnóóm_fan_nuu}}, {{LOCALDAY}} {{Wp/frs/Móóndsnóóm_fan_nuu}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} 
&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''{{Wp/frs/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' siiden up Oostfräisk&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;75%&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #a7d7f9; padding-top:5px&quot;&gt;
'''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[Help:Wp/frs/Gebruuksanwiisen|gebruuksanwiisen]] - [[Help:Wp/frs/Mäinskupssiid|mäinskupssiid]] - [[:Category:Wp/frs|hoovdgruep]]  -  [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?testwiki=Wp%2Ffrs näej beaarbaidens] - [[Wp/frs/Listen|listen]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:100%; font-size:90%; padding-bottom:5px&quot;|

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu mathematics.png|30px]]'''Natürwäitenskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Bioloogii|Bioloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Füüsik|Füüsik]] - [[Wp/frs/Skeemii|Skeemii]] - [[Wp/frs/Astronoomii|Astronoomii]] - [[Wp/frs/Matemóótik|Matemóótik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|30px]]'''Selskupswäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Filosoofii|Filosoofii]] - [[Wp/frs/Histoorje|Histoorje]] - [[Wp/frs/Psücholoogii|Psücholoogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Sosjoloogii|Sosjoloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Tóólwäitenskup|Tóólwäitenskup]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Fragengesetz.gif|30px]]'''Politik, Recht un Selskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wirtskaft|Wirtskaft]] - [[Wp/frs/Politik|Politik]] - [[Wp/frs/Recht|Recht]] - [[Wp/frs/Selskup|Selskup]] - [[Wp/frs/Skaul|Skaul]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Icon tools.png|30px]]'''Anwend't Wäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Häilküen|Häilküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Inf'rmóótik|Inf'rmóótik]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerküen|Weerküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerldruumfort|Weerldruumfort]] - [[Wp/frs/Technik|Technik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kcoloredit.svg|30px]]'''Künst un Kultüer'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Architektüer|Architektüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Film|Film]] - [[Wp/frs/Kultüer|Kultüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Litteróótüer|Litteróótüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Musik|Musik]] - [[Wp/frs/Glôov|Glôov]] - [[Wp/frs/Móóleräj|Móóleräj]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Edge-firefox.png|30px]]'''Däi Weerld'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Geogróófii|Geogróófii]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerld|Weerld]] - [[Wp/frs/Kuntinent|Kuntinent]] - [[Wp/frs/Nóósjoon|Nóósjoon]] - [[Wp/frs/Land|Land]] - [[Wp/frs/Lauğ|Lauğ]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|30px]]'''Bóósisartikkels'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wikipedia:Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal|Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- 
|&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
|- 
|}
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| style=&quot;width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; background-color:#f9f9f9; vertical-align:top; padding: 5px 10px 10px 5px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot;|
[[Image:Flag_of_Frisia.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisland|Fräisland]]'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/West-Fräisland|West-Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Westfräisland|Westfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Prowins Gröyngen|Gröyngerland]] - [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Ollenbörger Fräislâan|Ollenbörger Fräislâan]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisland|Noordfräisland]]
*[[Wp/frs/Fräisk ailâan|Fräisk ailâan]]
&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Ost-Friesland.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Fräisland|Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Wäisermaarsk|Wäisermaarsk]] - [[Wp/frs/Sóóterland|Sóóterland]]
*Oost-Fräisk steeden: [[Wp/frs/Äisens|Äisens]] - [[Wp/frs/Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Bróók|Bróók]] - [[Wp/frs/Emden|Emden]]  - [[Wp/frs/Forel|Forel]] - [[Wp/frs/Jäiver|Jäiver]] - [[Wp/frs/Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Nörden|Nörden]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördenham|Nördenham]] - [[Wp/frs/Skörtens|Skörtens]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiner|Wäiner]] - [[Wp/frs/Witmund|Witmund]] - [[Wp/frs/Wiismaur|Wiismaur]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]]
*Oostfräisk ailâan: [[Wp/frs/Börkem|Börkem]] - [[Wp/frs/Jüüst|Jüüst]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördernäj|Nördernäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Baltrem|Baltrem]] - [[Wp/frs/Langerooğ|Langerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Spiikerooğ|Spiikerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Wangerooğ|Wangerooğ]]
*Wóóters: [[Wp/frs/Äiems|Äiems]] - [[Wp/frs/Äims-Jóó-Knóól|Äims-Jóó-Knóól]] - [[Wp/frs/Heef|Heef]] - [[Wp/frs/Jóóbossem|Jóóbossem]] - [[Wp/frs/Läidóó|Läidóó]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordsäj|Noordsäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiser|Wäiser]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Ostfriesland Flagge mit Wappen.0.2.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Witmund|Witmund]]  - [[Wp/frs/Stad Emden|Stad Emden]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages horizontal flip.png|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Friiso-Saksk|Friiso-saksk tóólen]]'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisk|Oostfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Gröyngersk|Gröyngersk]]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages horizontal flip.png|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisk|Fräisk tóólen]]'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Westfräisk|Westfräisk]] -  [[Wp/frs/Sóóterfräisk|Sóóterfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisk|Noordfräisk]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; padding: 5px 10px 10px 5px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{{Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid}}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |

&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Söyken:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
 type=search
 width=90
 preload=Template:Standard content for new page
 editintro=Template:Instructions
 default=Wp/frs/
&lt;/inputbox&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Näej siid upsetten:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
 type=create
 width=90
 preload=Template:Standard content for new page
 editintro=Template:Instructions
 default=Wp/frs/
&lt;/inputbox&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Wp/frs|*]]
|}

{{INTERWIKI|Q5296}}</text>
      <sha1>g32g6xlrsdi3627nmuyghtg3uoxs71b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382133</id>
      <parentid>7382132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:37:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382133</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7302" sha1="253713xdszi9cqahttq8m7z49jeqfb6" xml:space="preserve">
__NOTOC__&lt;!-- --&gt;__NOEDITSECTION__
{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;padding-bottom:6px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:185%;&quot;&gt;Moin un haartelk wilkoomen up d' oostfräisk Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Däi fräej ensüklopedii mit fräej inhollen, däi in tausóómenaarbaid skreeven wordent.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|{{Wp/frs/Dóóğnóóm_fan_nuu}}, {{LOCALDAY}} {{Wp/frs/Móóndsnóóm_fan_nuu}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} 
&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''{{Wp/frs/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' siiden up Oostfräisk&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;75%&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #a7d7f9; padding-top:5px&quot;&gt;
'''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[Help:Wp/frs/Gebruuksanwiisen|gebruuksanwiisen]] - [[Help:Wp/frs/Mäinskupssiid|mäinskupssiid]] - [[:Category:Wp/frs|hoovdgruep]]  -  [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?testwiki=Wp%2Ffrs näej beaarbaidens] - [[Wp/frs/Listen|listen]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:100%; font-size:90%; padding-bottom:5px&quot;|

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu mathematics.png|30px]]'''Natürwäitenskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Bioloogii|Bioloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Füüsik|Füüsik]] - [[Wp/frs/Skeemii|Skeemii]] - [[Wp/frs/Astronoomii|Astronoomii]] - [[Wp/frs/Matemóótik|Matemóótik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|30px]]'''Selskupswäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Filosoofii|Filosoofii]] - [[Wp/frs/Histoorje|Histoorje]] - [[Wp/frs/Psücholoogii|Psücholoogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Sosjoloogii|Sosjoloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Tóólwäitenskup|Tóólwäitenskup]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Fragengesetz.gif|30px]]'''Politik, Recht un Selskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wirtskaft|Wirtskaft]] - [[Wp/frs/Politik|Politik]] - [[Wp/frs/Recht|Recht]] - [[Wp/frs/Selskup|Selskup]] - [[Wp/frs/Skaul|Skaul]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Icon tools.png|30px]]'''Anwend't Wäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Häilküen|Häilküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Inf'rmóótik|Inf'rmóótik]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerküen|Weerküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerldruumfort|Weerldruumfort]] - [[Wp/frs/Technik|Technik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kcoloredit.svg|30px]]'''Künst un Kultüer'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Architektüer|Architektüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Film|Film]] - [[Wp/frs/Kultüer|Kultüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Litteróótüer|Litteróótüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Musik|Musik]] - [[Wp/frs/Glôov|Glôov]] - [[Wp/frs/Móóleräj|Móóleräj]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Edge-firefox.png|30px]]'''Däi Weerld'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Geogróófii|Geogróófii]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerld|Weerld]] - [[Wp/frs/Kuntinent|Kuntinent]] - [[Wp/frs/Nóósjoon|Nóósjoon]] - [[Wp/frs/Land|Land]] - [[Wp/frs/Lauğ|Lauğ]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|30px]]'''Bóósisartikkels'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wikipedia:Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal|Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- 
|&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
|- 
|}
|&lt;!-- TÜSKENRUUM --&gt; style=&quot;border:5px solid transparent;&quot; |

| style=&quot;width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; background-color:#f9f9f9; vertical-align:top; padding: 5px 10px 10px 5px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot;|
[[Image:Flag_of_Frisia.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisland|Fräisland]]'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/West-Fräisland|West-Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Westfräisland|Westfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Prowins Gröyngen|Gröyngerland]] - [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Ollenbörger Fräislâan|Ollenbörger Fräislâan]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisland|Noordfräisland]]
*[[Wp/frs/Fräisk ailâan|Fräisk ailâan]]
&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Ost-Friesland.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Fräisland|Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Wäisermaarsk|Wäisermaarsk]] - [[Wp/frs/Sóóterland|Sóóterland]]
*Oost-Fräisk steeden: [[Wp/frs/Äisens|Äisens]] - [[Wp/frs/Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Bróók|Bróók]] - [[Wp/frs/Emden|Emden]]  - [[Wp/frs/Forel|Forel]] - [[Wp/frs/Jäiver|Jäiver]] - [[Wp/frs/Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Nörden|Nörden]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördenham|Nördenham]] - [[Wp/frs/Skörtens|Skörtens]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiner|Wäiner]] - [[Wp/frs/Witmund|Witmund]] - [[Wp/frs/Wiismaur|Wiismaur]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]]
*Oostfräisk ailâan: [[Wp/frs/Börkem|Börkem]] - [[Wp/frs/Jüüst|Jüüst]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördernäj|Nördernäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Baltrem|Baltrem]] - [[Wp/frs/Langerooğ|Langerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Spiikerooğ|Spiikerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Wangerooğ|Wangerooğ]]
*Wóóters: [[Wp/frs/Äiems|Äiems]] - [[Wp/frs/Äims-Jóó-Knóól|Äims-Jóó-Knóól]] - [[Wp/frs/Heef|Heef]] - [[Wp/frs/Jóóbossem|Jóóbossem]] - [[Wp/frs/Läidóó|Läidóó]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordsäj|Noordsäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiser|Wäiser]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Ostfriesland Flagge mit Wappen.0.2.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Witmund|Witmund]]  - [[Wp/frs/Stad Emden|Stad Emden]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages horizontal flip.png|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Friiso-Saksk|Friiso-saksk tóólen]]'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisk|Oostfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Gröyngersk|Gröyngersk]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages horizontal flip.png|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisk|Fräisk tóólen]]'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Westfräisk|Westfräisk]] -  [[Wp/frs/Sóóterfräisk|Sóóterfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisk|Noordfräisk]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; padding: 5px 10px 10px 5px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{{Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid}}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |

&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Söyken:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
 type=search
 width=90
 preload=Template:Standard content for new page
 editintro=Template:Instructions
 default=Wp/frs/
&lt;/inputbox&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Näej siid upsetten:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
 type=create
 width=90
 preload=Template:Standard content for new page
 editintro=Template:Instructions
 default=Wp/frs/
&lt;/inputbox&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Wp/frs|*]]
|}

{{INTERWIKI|Q5296}}</text>
      <sha1>253713xdszi9cqahttq8m7z49jeqfb6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382135</id>
      <parentid>7382133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:41:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7273" sha1="alrw7bumkcvxvoztjeuhwfpj0ys2mko" xml:space="preserve">
__NOTOC__&lt;!-- --&gt;__NOEDITSECTION__
{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;padding-bottom:6px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:185%;&quot;&gt;Moin un haartelk wilkoomen up d' oostfräisk Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Däi fräej ensüklopedii mit fräej inhollen, däi in tausóómenaarbaid skreeven wordent.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|{{Wp/frs/Dóóğnóóm_fan_nuu}}, {{LOCALDAY}} {{Wp/frs/Móóndsnóóm_fan_nuu}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} 
&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''{{Wp/frs/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' siiden up Oostfräisk&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;75%&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #a7d7f9; padding-top:5px&quot;&gt;
'''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[Help:Wp/frs/Gebruuksanwiisen|gebruuksanwiisen]] - [[Help:Wp/frs/Mäinskupssiid|mäinskupssiid]] - [[:Category:Wp/frs|hoovdgruep]]  -  [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?testwiki=Wp%2Ffrs näej beaarbaidens] - [[Wp/frs/Listen|listen]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:100%; font-size:90%; padding-bottom:5px&quot;|

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu mathematics.png|30px]]'''Natürwäitenskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Bioloogii|Bioloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Füüsik|Füüsik]] - [[Wp/frs/Skeemii|Skeemii]] - [[Wp/frs/Astronoomii|Astronoomii]] - [[Wp/frs/Matemóótik|Matemóótik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|30px]]'''Selskupswäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Filosoofii|Filosoofii]] - [[Wp/frs/Histoorje|Histoorje]] - [[Wp/frs/Psücholoogii|Psücholoogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Sosjoloogii|Sosjoloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Tóólwäitenskup|Tóólwäitenskup]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Fragengesetz.gif|30px]]'''Politik, Recht un Selskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wirtskaft|Wirtskaft]] - [[Wp/frs/Politik|Politik]] - [[Wp/frs/Recht|Recht]] - [[Wp/frs/Selskup|Selskup]] - [[Wp/frs/Skaul|Skaul]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Icon tools.png|30px]]'''Anwend't Wäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Häilküen|Häilküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Inf'rmóótik|Inf'rmóótik]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerküen|Weerküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerldruumfort|Weerldruumfort]] - [[Wp/frs/Technik|Technik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kcoloredit.svg|30px]]'''Künst un Kultüer'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Architektüer|Architektüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Film|Film]] - [[Wp/frs/Kultüer|Kultüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Litteróótüer|Litteróótüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Musik|Musik]] - [[Wp/frs/Glôov|Glôov]] - [[Wp/frs/Móóleräj|Móóleräj]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Edge-firefox.png|30px]]'''Däi Weerld'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Geogróófii|Geogróófii]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerld|Weerld]] - [[Wp/frs/Kuntinent|Kuntinent]] - [[Wp/frs/Nóósjoon|Nóósjoon]] - [[Wp/frs/Land|Land]] - [[Wp/frs/Lauğ|Lauğ]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|30px]]'''Bóósisartikkels'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wikipedia:Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal|Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- 
|&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
|- 
|}
|&lt;!-- TÜSKENRUUM --&gt; style=&quot;border:5px solid transparent;&quot; |

| style=&quot;width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; background-color:#f9f9f9; vertical-align:top; padding: 5px 10px 10px 5px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot;|
[[Image:Flag_of_Frisia.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisland|Fräisland]]'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/West-Fräisland|West-Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Westfräisland|Westfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Prowins Gröyngen|Gröyngerland]] - [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Ollenbörger Fräislâan|Ollenbörger Fräislâan]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisland|Noordfräisland]]
*[[Wp/frs/Fräisk ailâan|Fräisk ailâan]]
&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Ost-Friesland.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Fräisland|Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Wäisermaarsk|Wäisermaarsk]] - [[Wp/frs/Sóóterland|Sóóterland]]
*Oost-Fräisk steeden: [[Wp/frs/Äisens|Äisens]] - [[Wp/frs/Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Bróók|Bróók]] - [[Wp/frs/Emden|Emden]]  - [[Wp/frs/Forel|Forel]] - [[Wp/frs/Jäiver|Jäiver]] - [[Wp/frs/Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Nörden|Nörden]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördenham|Nördenham]] - [[Wp/frs/Skörtens|Skörtens]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiner|Wäiner]] - [[Wp/frs/Witmund|Witmund]] - [[Wp/frs/Wiismaur|Wiismaur]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]]
*Oostfräisk ailâan: [[Wp/frs/Börkem|Börkem]] - [[Wp/frs/Jüüst|Jüüst]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördernäj|Nördernäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Baltrem|Baltrem]] - [[Wp/frs/Langerooğ|Langerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Spiikerooğ|Spiikerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Wangerooğ|Wangerooğ]]
*Wóóters: [[Wp/frs/Äiems|Äiems]] - [[Wp/frs/Äims-Jóó-Knóól|Äims-Jóó-Knóól]] - [[Wp/frs/Heef|Heef]] - [[Wp/frs/Jóóbossem|Jóóbossem]] - [[Wp/frs/Läidóó|Läidóó]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordsäj|Noordsäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiser|Wäiser]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Ostfriesland Flagge mit Wappen.0.2.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Witmund|Witmund]]  - [[Wp/frs/Stad Emden|Stad Emden]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages horizontal flip.png|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Friiso-Saksk|Friiso-saksk tóólen]]'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisk|Oostfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Gröyngersk|Gröyngersk]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Frisian flag.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisk|Fräisk tóólen]]'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Westfräisk|Westfräisk]] -  [[Wp/frs/Sóóterfräisk|Sóóterfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisk|Noordfräisk]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; padding: 5px 10px 10px 5px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{{Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid}}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
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&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Söyken:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Näej siid upsetten:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
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&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Wp/frs|*]]
|}

{{INTERWIKI|Q5296}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382143</id>
      <parentid>7382135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:08:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tjaark</username>
        <id>2698746</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7243" sha1="66yar3ahgfqqcwlgfvkz0i83hql2w6i" xml:space="preserve">
__NOTOC__&lt;!-- --&gt;__NOEDITSECTION__
{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:100%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;padding-bottom:6px&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:185%;&quot;&gt;Moin un haartelk wilkoomen up d' oostfräisk Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Däi fräej ensüklopedii mit fräej inhollen, däi in tausóómenaarbaid skreeven wordent.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|{{Wp/frs/Dóóğnóóm_fan_nuu}}, {{LOCALDAY}} {{Wp/frs/Móóndsnóóm_fan_nuu}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} 
&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''{{Wp/frs/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' siiden up Oostfräisk&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;75%&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #a7d7f9; padding-top:5px&quot;&gt;
'''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[Help:Wp/frs/Gebruuksanwiisen|gebruuksanwiisen]] - [[Help:Wp/frs/Mäinskupssiid|mäinskupssiid]] - [[:Category:Wp/frs|hoovdgruep]]  -  [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?testwiki=Wp%2Ffrs näej beaarbaidens] - [[Wp/frs/Listen|listen]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f9f9f9; width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot; |
{|  style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; vertical-align:top; background:transparent; padding-left:2em; padding-right:3em; padding-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:100%; font-size:90%; padding-bottom:5px&quot;|

[[Image:Nuvola apps edu mathematics.png|30px]]'''Natürwäitenskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Bioloogii|Bioloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Füüsik|Füüsik]] - [[Wp/frs/Skeemii|Skeemii]] - [[Wp/frs/Astronoomii|Astronoomii]] - [[Wp/frs/Matemóótik|Matemóótik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|30px]]'''Selskupswäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Filosoofii|Filosoofii]] - [[Wp/frs/Histoorje|Histoorje]] - [[Wp/frs/Psücholoogii|Psücholoogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Sosjoloogii|Sosjoloogii]] - [[Wp/frs/Tóólwäitenskup|Tóólwäitenskup]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Fragengesetz.gif|30px]]'''Politik, Recht un Selskup'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wirtskaft|Wirtskaft]] - [[Wp/frs/Politik|Politik]] - [[Wp/frs/Recht|Recht]] - [[Wp/frs/Selskup|Selskup]] - [[Wp/frs/Skaul|Skaul]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Icon tools.png|30px]]'''Anwend't Wäitenskuppen'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Häilküen|Häilküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Inf'rmóótik|Inf'rmóótik]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerküen|Weerküen]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerldruumfort|Weerldruumfort]] - [[Wp/frs/Technik|Technik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps kcoloredit.svg|30px]]'''Künst un Kultüer'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Architektüer|Architektüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Film|Film]] - [[Wp/frs/Kultüer|Kultüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Litteróótüer|Litteróótüer]] - [[Wp/frs/Musik|Musik]] - [[Wp/frs/Glôov|Glôov]] - [[Wp/frs/Móóleräj|Móóleräj]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Edge-firefox.png|30px]]'''Däi Weerld'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Geogróófii|Geogróófii]] - [[Wp/frs/Weerld|Weerld]] - [[Wp/frs/Kuntinent|Kuntinent]] - [[Wp/frs/Nóósjoon|Nóósjoon]] - [[Wp/frs/Land|Land]] - [[Wp/frs/Lauğ|Lauğ]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|30px]]'''Bóósisartikkels'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Wikipedia:Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal|Liest fan artikkels däi elker Wikipedia hebben sal]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- 
|&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
|- 
|}
|&lt;!-- TÜSKENRUUM --&gt; style=&quot;border:5px solid transparent;&quot; |

| style=&quot;width:50%; border:1px solid #a7d7f9; background-color:#f9f9f9; vertical-align:top; padding: 5px 10px 10px 5px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;&quot;|
[[Image:Flag_of_Frisia.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisland|Fräisland]]'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/West-Fräisland|West-Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Westfräisland|Westfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Prowins Gröyngen|Gröyngerland]] - [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Ollenbörger Fräislâan|Ollenbörger Fräislâan]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisland|Noordfräisland]]
*[[Wp/frs/Fräisk ailâan|Fräisk ailâan]]
&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Ost-Friesland.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oost-Fräisland|Oost-Fräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Fräisland|Fräisland]] - [[Wp/frs/Wusten|Wusten]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Wäisermaarsk|Wäisermaarsk]] - [[Wp/frs/Sóóterland|Sóóterland]]
*Oost-Fräisk steeden: [[Wp/frs/Äisens|Äisens]] - [[Wp/frs/Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Bróók|Bróók]] - [[Wp/frs/Emden|Emden]]  - [[Wp/frs/Forel|Forel]] - [[Wp/frs/Jäiver|Jäiver]] - [[Wp/frs/Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Nörden|Nörden]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördenham|Nördenham]] - [[Wp/frs/Skörtens|Skörtens]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiner|Wäiner]] - [[Wp/frs/Witmund|Witmund]] - [[Wp/frs/Wiismaur|Wiismaur]] - [[Wp/frs/Wilmshóóven|Wilmshóóven]]
*Oostfräisk ailâan: [[Wp/frs/Börkem|Börkem]] - [[Wp/frs/Jüüst|Jüüst]] - [[Wp/frs/Nördernäj|Nördernäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Baltrem|Baltrem]] - [[Wp/frs/Langerooğ|Langerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Spiikerooğ|Spiikerooğ]] - [[Wp/frs/Wangerooğ|Wangerooğ]]
*Wóóters: [[Wp/frs/Äiems|Äiems]] - [[Wp/frs/Äims-Jóó-Knóól|Äims-Jóó-Knóól]] - [[Wp/frs/Heef|Heef]] - [[Wp/frs/Jóóbossem|Jóóbossem]] - [[Wp/frs/Läidóó|Läidóó]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordsäj|Noordsäj]] - [[Wp/frs/Wäiser|Wäiser]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Ostfriesland Flagge mit Wappen.0.2.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]:'''&lt;br&gt;
*[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisland|Oostfräisland]]: [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Auerk|Auerk]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Läär|Läär]] - [[Wp/frs/Landkrais Witmund|Witmund]]  - [[Wp/frs/Stad Emden|Stad Emden]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Friso-Saxon.png|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Friiso-Saksk|Friiso-saksk tóólen]]'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Oostfräisk|Oostfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Gröyngersk|Gröyngersk]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Frisian flag.svg|30px]]'''[[Wp/frs/Fräisk|Fräisk tóólen]]'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Wp/frs/Westfräisk|Westfräisk]] -  [[Wp/frs/Sóóterfräisk|Sóóterfräisk]] - [[Wp/frs/Noordfräisk|Noordfräisk]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
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{{Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid}}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:2px; background:transparent&quot;
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&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Söyken:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Näej siid upsetten:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
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[[Category:Wp/frs|*]]
|}

{{INTERWIKI|Q5296}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Patriyarkadong Ekumeniko sg Konstantinopla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3086925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381844</id>
      <parentid>5595578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1144" sha1="qjbuo9hplgspvfpceux29mmv67wkvjj" xml:space="preserve">Ang '''Patriyarkado nga Ekumeniko sang Konstantinopla''' ([[Wp/hil/Tinurko|tinurko]]: ''İstanbul Ekümenik Patrikhanesi'') isa ka simbahang awtosefalo sang [[Wp/hil/Simbahang Ortodokso|komunyong ortodokso]]. Ang lider sini amo ang [[Wp/hil/Patriyarkang Ekumeniko|Patriyarkang Ekumeniko]]ng si [[Wp/hil/Bartolome I sg Konstantinopla|Bartolome I sang Konstantinopla]], nga ''primus inter pares'' sang tanan nga mga obispong ortodokso. Ini gintawag nga ''ekumeniko'' ([[Wp/hil/grinyego|grinyego]]: οικουμενικό, ''oikoumenikó'') kay ang [[Wp/hil/İstanbul|Konstantinopla]] [[Wp/hil/kabesera|kabisera]] sang [[Wp/hil/Imperyong Romano|Imperyong Romano]] sang 395 asta 1453, kag nangin ''caretaker'' sang balay (grinyego: οικουμένη, ''oikouménī'') ukon imperyo.

Sa [[Wp/hil/pentarkiya|pentarkiya]], ikaduha ang Patriyarkadong Ekumeniko sa onor; ang una amo ang [[Wp/hil/Balaang Sede|Balaang Sede]] sang [[Wp/hil/Simbahang Katoliko|Roma]].

==Mga eksternong enlase==
*[http://www.ec-patr.org/ Ofisyal nga sityo]

[[Category:Wp/hil/Kristiyanismo sa Ewropa]]
[[Category:Wp/hil/Turkiya]]
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q211004}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Panay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3193078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381834</id>
      <parentid>5520449</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="1434" sha1="qm6vuv7xdfo2o1vgd2qzoz5nkb8xsz5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Panay.svg|right|270 px]]

'''Panay''' ang ika-anom sa pinakadako kag ika-apat sa pinakamatawo nga pulu sa [[wp/hil|Pilipinas]]. May 12,011 kilometro kwadrado ang kalaparon sini kag may populasyon nga 4,477,247. 4.4 porsiyento ang kabahin sang Panay sa populasyon sang Pilipinas. 

Ang Dakbanwa sang [[wp/hil/Dakbanwa sang Iloilo|Iloilo]] ang pinakadako nga dakbanwa sa buong pulu nga may 447,992 nga populasyon. Tatsulok ini nga pulu nga makita sa nakatundang bahagi sang [[wp/hil/Kabisay-an|Kabisay-an]]. 160 kilometro ang kalabog sini. Natunga ini sa apat ka probinsya: [[wp/hil/Aklan|Aklan]], [[wp/hil/Antique|Antique]], [[wp/hil/Capiz|Capiz]], [[wp/hil/Iloilo|Iloilo]]. 

Makita ang Panay sa alasagas sang Pulu sang [[wp/hil/Mindoro|Mindoro]], makita naman sa alasagas sang Panay ang Polo sang [[wp/hil/Negros|Negros]] kag [[wp/hil/Guimaras|Guimaras]]. Sa aminhan kag aminhang bulutlakan naman makita ang Dagat sang [[wp/hil/Dagat Sibuyan|Sibuyan]], [[wp/hil/Álò sang Jintotolo|Álò sang Jintotolo,]] kag Kapuloan sang [[wp/hil/Romblon|Romblon]] kag [[wp/hil/Masbate|Masbate]]; sa nakatundan kag habagatang nakatundan makita ang Dagat sang [[wp/hil/Dagat sang Sulu|Sulu]] kag ang Kapuluan sang [[wp/hil/Palawan|Palawan]] kag sa habagatan naman makita ang [[wp/hil/Lim-aw sang Panay|Lim-aw sang Panay]]. Panay lamang ang mayor nga polo sa Kabisay-an nga ang ngalan indi ginngalan sa iya mga probinsya.
[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3205202</id>
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      <id>7382231</id>
      <parentid>7336629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:44:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2547710</id>
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      <text bytes="4844" sha1="f9g2qlreqsti1j8q0irtd83xuj16pfr" xml:space="preserve">{|class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;background:#FDFDFD;border:1px solid #d0d0d0;padding:.2em;margin:auto;&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;'''[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις]] τῶν [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:right;height:3em;background:#DDDDFF&quot; |Πολιτεῖαι 
|
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀλαβᾶμα|Ἀλαβᾶμα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἀλάσκα|Ἀλάσκα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἀνθεμόεσσα|Άνθεμόεσσα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἀρισωνή|Ἀρισωνή]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἀρκανσία|Ἀρκανσία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Αὑαΐα|Αὑαΐα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Βόρειος Δακώτα|Βόρειος Δακώτα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Βόρειος Καρολίνα|Βόρειος Καρολίνα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Γεωργία (Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς)|Γεωργία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Γῆ Μαριάμ|Γῆ Μαριάμ]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Δελαυέρη|Δελαυέρη]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Δυτικὴ Οὐιργινία|Δυτικὴ Οὐιργινία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἴδαον|Ἴδαον]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἰλλινοισία|Ἰλλινοισία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανή|Ἰνδιανή]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἴουα|Ἴουα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Καλιφορνία|Καλιφορνία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Κανσία|Κανσία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Κενομανία|Κενομανία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Κεντακία|Κεντακία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Κολωρᾶδον|Κολωρᾶδον]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Κοννεκτικούτη|Κοννεκτικούτη]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Λουδοβικία|Λουδοβικία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Μασσαχουσέττη|Μασσαχουσέττη]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Μιννεσώτα|Μιννεσώτα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή|Μισιγανή]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Μισσισσιππία|Μισσισσιππία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Μισσουρία|Μισσουρία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Νέα Ἁντωνία|Νέα Ἁντωνία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Νέα Καισάρεια|Νέα Καισάρεια]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Νεβράσκα|Νεβράσκα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον (πολιτεία)|Νέον Ἐβόρακον]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Νέον Μεξικόν|Νέον Μεξικόν]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Νότιος Δακώτα|Νότιος Δακώτα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Νότιος Καρολίνα|Νότιος Καρολίνα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ὀῗον|Ὀῗον]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ὄρεγον|Ὄρεγον]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ὀρεινή|Ὀρεινή]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Οὐασιγκτών (πολιτεία)|Οὐασιγκτών]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Οὐιομίνη|Οὐιομίνη]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Οὐιργινία|Οὐιργινία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Οὐισκωνσινία|Οὐισκωνσινία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Οὔτα|Οὔτα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Πενσυλουανία|Πενσυλουανία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ῥοδόνησος|Ῥοδόνησος]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Τεννεσσεία|Τεννεσσεία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Τεξία|Τεξία]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Χιονώδης|Χιονώδης]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Χλωρὸν Ὄρος|Χλωρὸν Ὄρος]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ὠκλαώμα|Ὠκλαώμα]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:right;height:3em;background:#DDDDFF&quot; |Ὁμόσπονδος Δῆμος 
|
| style=&quot;background:#F7F7F7&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Οὐασιγκτών (Δ.Κ.)|Οὐασιγκτών (Δ.Κ.)]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:right;height:3em;background:#DDDDFF&quot; |Κτήσεις 
|
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀμερικανικαὶ Παρθένοι Νῆσοι|Ἀμερικανικαὶ Παρθένοι Νῆσοι]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Ἀμερικανικὴ Σαμόα|Ἀμερικανικὴ Σαμόα]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Βόρειοι Μαριᾶναι Νῆσοι|Βόρειοι Μαριᾶναι Νῆσοι]]{{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Βορική|Βορική]] {{wp/grc/•}} [[Wp/grc/Γουάμη|Γουάμη]]
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:wp/grc/Πρότυπα Γεωγραφίας|Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f9g2qlreqsti1j8q0irtd83xuj16pfr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγανή</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3216120</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>5018515</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:45:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>PastelKos moved page [[Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγάνη]] to [[Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγανή]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="87" sha1="rvf1q5sbcn00ve7bodze45fcacj8jcx" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι τῶν ΗΠΑ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Μισιγάνη}}</text>
      <sha1>rvf1q5sbcn00ve7bodze45fcacj8jcx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν τῆς Ἀμερικῆς</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3216974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382232</id>
      <parentid>7336758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:45:20Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2547710</id>
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      <text bytes="24217" sha1="d1nm8nyog1gfc81uaoo4gdu8ph0f1cj" xml:space="preserve">Αἱ [[Wp/grc/Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς|Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς]] εἰσὶ συμπολιτεία ἐν τῇ [[Wp/grc/Ἀμερική|Ἀμερικῇ]] συνθεῖσα ὑπὸ πεντήκοντα πολιτειῶν (οὖσαι αἱ σφετέραι κεφάλαιαι διαιρέσεις), ἑνὸς ὁμοσπόνδου δήμου (τῆς πρωτευούσης αὐτῶν [[Wp/grc/Οὐασιγκτών (Δ.Κ.)|Οὐασιγκτῶνος]]), τῶν κτήσεων αὐτῆς καί τινων ἄλλων οἰκουμένων καὶ ἐρήμων νήσων ἀνὰ τὸν [[Wp/grc/Εἰρηνικὸς Ὠκεανός|Εἰρηνικὸν]] καὶ τὴν [[Wp/grc/Καριββὶς Θάλασσα|Καριββίδα θάλασσαν]].

== Αἱ πεντήκοντα πολιτεῖαι ==
Οὗτος ὁ κατάλογος δείκνυσι τὰς πεντήκοντα πολιτείας σὺν τοῖσδε τοῖς μηνύμασι:

# τὸ σημεῖον ἑκάστης πολιτείας·
# πίναξ εἰκάζων τὴν θέσιν τῆς πολιτείας ταῖς Ἡνωμέναις Πολιτείαις·
# τὸ ὄνομα τῆς πολιτείας ἑλληνιστί καὶ ὑπὸ τούτου τὸ ξένον·
# ὁ χρόνος εἰσόδου τῇ ἑνώσει ἢ τῆς κυρώσεως τοῦ συντάγματος·
# ἡ μητρόπολις τῆς πολιτείας·
# ἡ μεγίστη πόλις τῆς πολιτείας·
# ἡ δίγραμμος συντομία μάλιστα χρωμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀμερικανικοῦ ταχυδρομείου·
# τὸ ἐμβαδὸν τῆς πολιτείας
# τὸ πλῆθος τῆς πολιτείας

{| class=&quot;references-small sortable wikitable&quot;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;line-height:95%; width:2em&quot; |Σημεῖον
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;line-height:95%; width:2em&quot; |Πίναξ
!Ὄνομα
!Εἰσόδος τῇ ἑνώσει
!μητρόπολις
!Μεγίστη Πόλις
!Συντομία&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://pe.usps.com/text/pub28/28apb.htm Appendix B: Two–Letter State and Possession Abbreviations]&quot;, ''pe.usps.com''&lt;/ref&gt;
!Ἐμβαδόν (χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates]&quot;, ''census.gov''&lt;/ref&gt;
!Πλῆθος&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2010-2019/state/totals/nst-est2019-01.xlsx?# Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Alabama.svg|frameless|75x75px|border]]
|[[File:Alabama_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀλαβάμα|Ἀλαβάμα]]
''(Alabama)''
|14 Δεκ. 1819 (22η)
|[[Wp/grc/Μοντγόμερον (Ἀλαβάμα)|Μοντγόμερον]]
|[[Wp/grc/Βιρμιγχάμη (Ἀλαβάμα)|Βιρμιγχάμη]]
|AL
|131.171
|4.903.185
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Alaska.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Alaska_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀλάσκα|Ἀλάσκα]]
''(Alaska)''
|13 Ἰαν. 1959 (49η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἰούνελλον|Ἰούνελλον]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ναύσταθμος|Ναύσταθμος]]
|AK
|1.477.953
|731.545
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Florida.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Florida_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀνθεμόεσσα|Ἀνθεμόεσσα]]
''(Florida)''
|03 Μαρ. 1845 (27η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ταλλασσεία|Ταλλασσεία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἰαξωνόπολις (Ἀνθεμόεσσα)|Ἰαξωνόπολις]]
|FL
|138.887
|21.477.737
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Arizona.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Arizona_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀρισωνή|Ἀρισωνή]]
''(Arizona)''
|14 Φεβ. 1912 (48η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Φοῖνιξ (Ἀρισωνή)|Φοῖνιξ]]
|AZ
|294.207
|7.278.717
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Arkansas.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Arkansas_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀρκανσία|Ἀρκανσία]]
''(Arkansas)''
|15 Ἰουν. 1836 (25η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Λιθάριον (Ἀρκανσία)|Λιθάριον]]
|AR
|134.771
|3.017.804
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hawaii.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Hawaii_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Αὑαΐα|Αὑαΐα]]
''(Hawaii)''
|21 Αὐγ. 1959 (50η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Ὁνολύλον|Ὁνολύλον]]
|HI
|16.635
|1.415.872
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:North_Dakota_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Βόρειος Δακώτα|Βόρειος Δακώτα]]
''(North Dakota)''
|02 Νοε. 1889 (39η)
|[[Wp/grc/Βισμάρκη (Βόρειος Δακώτα)|Βισμάρκη]]
|[[Wp/grc/Φάργων (Βόρειος Δακώτα)|Φάργων]]
|ND
|178.711
|762.062
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:North_Carolina_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Βόρειος Καρολίνα|Βόρειος Καρολίνα]]
''(North Carolina)''
|21 Νοε. 1789 (12η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ῥαλεία (Βόρειος Καρολίνα)|Ῥαλεία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Καρολῖνον (Βόρειος Καρολίνα)|Καρολῖνον]]
|NC
|125.920
|10.488.084
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Georgia_(U.S._state).svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Georgia_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Γεωργία (Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς)|Γεωργία]]
''(Georgia)''
|02 Ἰαν. 1788 (4η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Ἀτλάντη|Ἀτλάντη]]
|GE
|148.959
|10.617.423
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Maryland.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Maryland_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Γῆ Μαριάμ|Γῆ Μαριάμ]]
''(Maryland)''
|28 Ἀπρ. 1788 (7η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀννάπολις (Γῆ Μαριάμ)|Ἀννάπολις]]
|[[Wp/grc/Βαλτιμώρη|Βαλτιμώρη]]
|MD
|25.142
|6.045.680
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Delaware.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Delaware_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Δελαυέρη|Δελαυέρη]]
''(Delaware)''
|07 Δεκ. 1787 (1η)
|[[Wp/grc/Δοῦβρις (Δελαυέρη)|Δοῦβρις]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐιλμιγγτώνη (Δελαυέρη)|Οὐιλμιγγτώνη]]
|DE
|5.047
|973.764
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Δυτικὴ Οὐιργινία|Δυτικὴ Οὐϊργινία]]
''(West Virginia)''
|20 Ἰουν. 1863 (35η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Καρολούπολις (Δυτικὴ Οὐιργινία)|Καρολούπολις]]
|WV
|62.259
|1.792.147
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Idaho.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Idaho_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἴδαον|Ἴδαον]]
''(Idaho)''
|03 Ἰουλ. 1890 (43η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Ξυλούπολις|Ξυλούπολις]]
|ID
|214.045
|1.787.065
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Illinois.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Illinois_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἰλλινοισία|Ἰλλινοισία]]
''(Illinois)''
|03 Δεκ. 1818 (21η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἐαρόαγρος (Ἰλλινοισία)|Ἐαρόαγρος]]
|[[Wp/grc/Σικᾶγον|Σικᾶγον]]
|IL
|143.793
|12.671.821
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Indiana.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Indiana_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανή|Ἰνδιανή]]
''(Indiana)''
|11 Δεκ. 1816 (19η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Ἰνδιανάπολις|Ἰνδιανάπολις]]
|IN
|92.789
|6.732.219
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Iowa.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Iowa_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἴουα|Ἴουα]]
''(Iowa)''
|28 Δεκ. 1846 (29η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Μοναχούπολις (Ἴουα)|Μοναχούπολις]]
|IA
|144.669
|3.155.070
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_California.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:California_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Καλιφορνία|Καλιφορνία]]
''(California)''
|09 Σεπ. 1850 (31η)
|[[Wp/grc/Σακραμέντον|Σακραμέντον]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀγγελόπολις|Ἀγγελόπολις]]
|CA
|403.466
|39.512.223
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Kansas.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Kansas_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Κανσία|Κανσία]]
''(Kansas)''
|29 Ἰαν. 1861 (34η)
|[[Wp/grc/Τοπήκη (Κανσία)|Τοπήκη]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐιχίτα|Οὐιχίτα]]
|KS
|211.754
|2.913.314
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Maine.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Maine_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Κενομανία|Κενομανία]]
''(Maine)''
|15 Μαρ. 1820 (23η)
|[[Wp/grc/Αὐγούστα (Κενομανία)|Αὐγούστα]]
|[[Wp/grc/Λιμενία (Κενομανία)|Λιμενία]]
|ME
|79.883
|1.344.212
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Kentucky.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Kentucky_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Κεντακία|Κεντακία]]
''(Kentucky)''
|01 Ἰουν. 1792 (15η)
|[[Wp/grc/Φραγκοφοῦρτον (Κεντακία)|Φραγκοφοῦρτον]]
|[[Wp/grc/Λουδοβικούπολις (Κεντακία)|Λουδοβικούπολις]]
|KY
|102.269
|4.467.673
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Colorado.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Colorado_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Κολωρᾶδον|Κολωρᾶδον]]
''(Colorado)''
|01 Αὐγ. 1876 (38η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Δενουέριον|Δενουέριον]]
|CO
|268.431
|5.758.736
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Connecticut.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Connecticut_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Κοννεκτικούτη|Κοννεκτικούτη]]
''(Connecticut)''
|09 Ἰαν. 1788 (5η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἁρτφόρδη (Κοννεκτικούτη)|Ἁρτφόρδη]]
|[[Wp/grc/Γεφυρολιμήν (Κοννεκτικούτη)|Γεφυρολιμήν]]
|CT
|12.542
|3.565.287
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Louisiana.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Louisiana_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Λουδοβικία|Λουδοβικία]]
''(Louisiana)''
|30 Ἀπρ. 1812 (7η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἐρυθροβακτηρία|Ἐρυθροβακτηρία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νέον Γήναβον|Νέον Γήναβον]]
|LA
|111.898
|4.648.794
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Massachusetts_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Μασσαχουσέττη|Μασσαχουσέττη]]
''(Massachusetts)''
|06 Φεβ. 1788 (6η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Βοστώνη|Βοστώνη]]
|MA
|20.202
|6.892.503
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Minnesota.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Minnesota_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Μιννεσώτα|Μιννεσώτα]]
''(Minnesota)''
|11 Μαΐ. 1858 (32η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἁγία Παυλούπολις (Μιννεσώτα)|Ἁγία Παυλούπολις]]
|[[Wp/grc/Μιννεάπολις|Μιννεάπολις]]
|MN
|206.232
|5.639.632
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Michigan.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Michigan_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή|Μισιγανή]]
''(Michigan)''
|26 Ἰαν. 1837 (26η)
|[[Wp/grc/Λανσίγγη|Λανσίγγη]]
|[[Wp/grc/Δητρόϊτον|Δητρόϊτον]]
|MI
|146.435
|9.986.857
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Mississippi.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Mississippi_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Μισσισσιππία|Μισσισσιππία]]
''(Mississippi)''
|10 Δεκ. 1817 (20η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Ἰαξωνία (Μισσισσιππία)|Ἰαξωνία]]
|MS
|121.531
|2.976.149
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Missouri.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Missouri_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Μισσουρία|Μισσουρία]]
''(Missouri)''
|10 Αὐγ. 1821 (24η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἰεφερσωνία (Μισσουρία)|Ἰεφερσωνία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Κανσόπολις|Κανσόπολις]]
|MO
|178.040
|6.137.428
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:New_Hampshire_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νέα Ἁντωνία|Νέα Ἁντωνία]]
''(New Hampshire)''
|21 Ἰουν. 1788 (9η)
|[[Wp/grc/Κονκορδία (Νέα Ἁντωνία)|Κονκορδία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Μανκούνιον (Νέα Ἁντωνία)|Μανκούνιον]]
|NH
|23.187
|1.359.711
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:New_Jersey_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νέα Καισάρεια|Νέα Καισάρεια]]
''(New Jersey)''
|18 Δεκ. 1787 (3η)
|[[Wp/grc/Τρέντων (Νέα Καισάρεια)|Τρέντων]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νέαρκον|Νέαρκον]]
|NJ
|19.047
|8.882.190
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Nebraska.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Nebraska_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νεβράσκα|Νεβράσκα]]
''(Nebraska)''
|01 Μαρ. 1867 (37η)
|[[Wp/grc/Λιγκωνία|Λιγκωνία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ὠμάη|Ὠμάη]]
|NE
|198.974
|1.934.408
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_New_York.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:New_York_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον (πολιτεία)|Νέον Ἐβόρακον]]
''(New York)''
|26 Ἰουλ. 1788 (11η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀλβανία (Νέον Ἐβόρακον)|Ἀλβανία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νέον Ἐβόρακον|Νέον Ἐβόρακον]]
|NY
|122.057
|19.453.561
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:New_Mexico_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νέον Μεξικόν|Νέον Μεξικόν]]
''(New Mexico)''
|06 Ἰαν. 1912 (47η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἁγία Πίστις (Νέον Μεξικόν)|Ἁγία Πίστις]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀλβυκέρκη|Ἀλβυκέρκη]]
|NM
|314.161
|2.096.829
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:South_Dakota_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νότιος Δακώτα|Νότιος Δακώτα]]
''(South Dacota)''
|02 Νοε. 1889 (40η)
|[[Wp/grc/Πετρόπολις (Νότιος Δακώτα)|Πετρόπολις]]
|[[Wp/grc/Καταρράκται τῶν Σιούκων|Καταρράκται τῶν Σιούκων]]
|SD
|196.350
|884.659
|-
|[[File:Flag of South Carolina.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:South_Carolina_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Νότιος Καρολίνα|Νότιος Καρολίνα]]
''(South Carolina)''
|23 Μαΐ. 1788 (8η)
|[[Wp/grc/Κολομβία (Νότιος Καρολίνα)|Κολομβία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Καρολούπολις (Νότιος Καρολίνα)|Καρολούπολις]]
|SC
|77.857
|5.148.714
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Ohio.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Ohio_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ὀῗον|Ὀῗον]]
''(Ohio)''
|01 Μαρ. 1803 (17η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Κολομβούπολις (Ὀῗον)|Κολομβούπολις]]
|OH
|105.829
|11.689.100
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Oregon.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Oregon_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ὄρεγον|Ὄρεγον]]
''(Oregon)''
|14 Φεβ. 1859 (33η)
|[[Wp/grc/Σαλήμ (Ὄρεγον)|Σαλήμ]]
|[[Wp/grc/Λιμενία (Ὄρεγον)|Λιμενία]]
|OR
|248.608
|4.217.737
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Montana.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Montana_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ὀρεινή|Ὀρεινή]]
''(Montana)''
|08 Νοε. 1889 (41η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἑλενόπολις|Ἑλενόπολις]]
|[[Wp/grc/Βίλλιγξ|Βίλλιγξ]]
|MT
|376.962
|1.068.778
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Washington.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Washington_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐασιγκτών (πολιτεία)|Οὐασιγκτών]]
''(Washington)''
|11 Νοε. 1889 (42η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ὀλυμπία (Οὐασιγκτών)|Ὀλυμπία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Σεάττλη|Σεάττλη]]
|WA
|172.119
|7.614.893
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Wyoming.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Wyoming_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐιομίνη|Οὐιομίνη]]
''(Wyoming)''
|&lt;abbr&gt;10 Ἰουλ. 1890 (44η)&lt;/abbr&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Σεϋέννη (Οὐιομίνη)|Σεϋέννη]]
|WY
|251.470
|578.759
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Virginia.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Virginia_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐιργινία|Οὐιργινία]]
''(Virginia)''
|25 Ἰουν. 1788 (10η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ῥιχμώνδη (Οὐιργινία)|Ῥιχμώνδη]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐιργινίας Αἰγιαλός|Οὐιργινίας Αἰγιαλός]]
|VA
|102.279
|8.535.519
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Wisconsin_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐισκωνσινία|Οὐισκωνσινία]]
''(Wisconsin)''
|29 Μαΐ. 1848 (30η)
|[[Wp/grc/Μαδισωνία (Οὐισκωνσινία)|Μαδισωνία]]
|[[Wp/grc/Μιλουαύχη|Μιλουαύχη]]
|WI
|140.268
|5.822.434
|-
|[[File:Flag of Utah.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Utah_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὔτα|Οὔτα]]
''(Utah)''
|04 Ἰαν. 1896 (45η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Ἁλολιμνόπολις|Ἁλολιμνόπολις]]
|UT
|212.818
|3.205.958
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Pennsylvania_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Πενσυλουανία|Πενσυλουανία]]
''(Pennsylvania)''
|12 Νοε. 1787 (2η)
|[[Wp/grc/Ἁρρισβοῦργον (Πενσυλουανία)|Ἁρρισβοῦργον]]
|[[Wp/grc/Φιλαδέλφεια (Πενσυλουανία)|Φιλαδέλφεια]]
|PA
|115.883
|12.801.989
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Rhode_Island_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ῥοδόνησος|Ῥοδόνησος]]
''(Rhode Island)''
|29 Μαϊ. 1790 (13η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Πρόνοια (Ῥοδόνησος)|Πρόνοια]]
|RI
|2.678
|1.059.361
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Tennessee.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Tennessee_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Τεννεσσεία|Τεννεσσεία]]
''(Tennessee)''
|01 Ἰουν. 1796 (16η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Νασούπολις (Τεννεσσεία)|Νασούπολις]]
|TN
|106.846
|6.829.174
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Texas.svg|frameless|75x75px|border]]
|[[File:Texas_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Τεξία|Τεξία]]
''(Texas)''
|29 Δεκ. 1845 (28η)
|[[Wp/grc/Αὐγούστα (Τεξία)|Αὐγούστα]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὑστωνία|Οὑστωνία]]
|TX
|676.587
|28.995.881
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Nevada.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Nevada_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Χιονώδης|Χιονώδης]]
''(Nevada)''
|31 Ὀκτ. 1864 (36η)
|[[Wp/grc/Καρσωνόπολις (Χιονώδης)|Καρσωνόπολις]]
|[[Wp/grc/Λειμῶνες|Λειμῶνες]]
|NV
|284.332
|3.080.156
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Vermont.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Vermont_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Χλωρὸν Ὄρος|Χλωρὸν Ὄρος]]
''(Vermont)''
|04 Μαρ. 1791 (14η)
|[[Wp/grc/Μομπελλίερον (Χλωρὸν Ὄρος)|Μομπελλίερον]]
|[[Wp/grc/Βυρλιγγτώνη (Χλωρὸν Ὄρος)|Βυρλιγγτώνη]]
|VT
|23.871
|623.989
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Oklahoma_in_United_States.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ὠκλαώμα|Ὠκλαώμα]]
''(Oklahoma)''
|16 Νοε. 1907 (46η)
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wp/grc/Ὠκλαωμόπολις|Ὠκλαωμόπολις]]
|OK
|177.660
|3.956.971
|}

== Ὁμόσπονδος Δῆμος ==
{| class=&quot;references-small sortable wikitable&quot;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;line-height:95%; width:2em&quot; |Σημεῖον
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;line-height:95%; width:2em&quot; |Πίναξ
!Ὄνομα
!Κατέστατο
!Συντομία&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
!Ἐμβαδόν (χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
!Πλῆθος&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[File:Flag of Washington, D.C.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Washington D.C. in United States (special marker).svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Οὐασιγκτών (Δ.Κ.)|Δῆμος τῆς Κολομβίας]]
''(District of Columbia)''
|16 Ἰουλίου 1790&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://washington.org/DC-information/washington-dc-history The History of Washington, DC]&quot;. Destination DC. 15 Μαρτίου 2016, ἀναλαβὸν τῇ 19/01/2021&lt;/ref&gt;
|DC
|158
|705.749
|}

== Κτήσεις ==
{| class=&quot;references-small sortable wikitable&quot;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;line-height:95%; width:2em&quot; |Σημεῖον
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;line-height:95%; width:2em&quot; |Πίναξ
!Ὄνομα
!Ἐκέκτητο
!μητρόπολις
!Συντομία&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
!Ἐμβαδόν (χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
!Πλῆθος&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|frameless|75x75px|border]]
|[[File:United States Virgin Islands in its region.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀμερικανικαὶ Παρθένοι Νῆσοι|Ἀμερικανικαὶ Παρθένοι Νῆσοι]]
''(U.S. Virgin Islands)''
|1917
|[[Wp/grc/Καρλόττα-Ἀμαλία|Καρλόττα-Ἀμαλία]]
|VI
|348
|103.700
|-
|[[File:Flag of American Samoa.svg|frameless|75x75px|border]]
|[[File:American Samoa in its region.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Ἀμερικανικὴ Σαμόα|Ἀμερικανικὴ Σαμόα]]
''(American Samoa)''
|1900
|[[Wp/grc/Παγγοπάγγον|Παγγοπάγγον]]
|AS
|505
|57.400
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Northern Mariana Islands in its region.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Βόρειοι Μαριᾶναι Νῆσοι|Βόρειοι Μαριᾶναι Νῆσοι]]
''(Northern Mariana Islands)''
|1986
|[[Wp/grc/Σαϊπάνη|Σαϊπάνη]]
|MP
|472
|52.300
|-
|[[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Puerto Rico in its region.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Βορική|Βορική]]
''(Puerto Rico)''
|1899
|[[Wp/grc/Ἁγία Ἰωαννούπολις (Βορική)|Ἁγία Ἰωαννούπολις]]
|PR
|8.868
|3.193.694
|-
|[[File:Flag of Guam.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[File:Guam in its region.svg|frameless|79x79px]]
|[[Wp/grc/Γουάμη|Γουάμη]]
''(Guam)''
|1899
|[[Wp/grc/Ἁγάτνη|Ἁγάτνη]]
|GU
|543
|161.700
|}

== Πινακοθήκη ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:US states by date of statehood2.gif|Πίναξ ἐπεκτάσεως τῶν πολιτειῶν
File:US population map.png|Πίναξ πυκνότητος πλήθους
File:Americanindiansmapcensusbureau.gif|Πίναξ εἰκάζων τοὺς αὐτοχθόνας ἀμερικανοὺς ταῖς ΗΠΑ
File:US 50 states Köppen.svg|Πίναξ κλίματος Köppen
File:US map - rivers and lakes3.jpg|Πίναξ ποταμῶν καὶ λιμνῶν
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== Πηγαί ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Σύνδεσμοι Ἐξώτεροι ==
{{Wp/grc/Commonscat|States_of_the_United_States|τῶν Πολιτειῶν τῶν ΗΠΑ}}

* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/ Πλείω μηνύματα ἐν τῇ Βιβλιοθήκῃ τοῦ Κογκρέσσου]
* [https://www.usa.gov/Agencies/State_and_Territories.shtml Κυβερνήσεις τῶν πολιτειῶν καὶ τῶν κτήσεων τῶν ΗΠΑ]
{{Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι καὶ κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ}}
[[Category:Wp/grc/Κατάλογοι περὶ τῶν Ἡνωμένων Πολιτειῶν]]
[[Category:Wp/grc/Πολιτεῖαι τῶν ΗΠΑ]]
[[Category:Wp/grc/Κτήσεις τῶν ΗΠΑ]]
[[Category:Wp/grc]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Πολιτεῖαι_καὶ_κτήσεις_τῶν_Ἡνωμένων_Πολιτειῶν_τῆς_Ἀμερικῆς}}

{{INTERWIKI|Q1682357}}</text>
      <sha1>d1nm8nyog1gfc81uaoo4gdu8ph0f1cj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Washington, D.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3232159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381914</id>
      <parentid>5497917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:25:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="215" sha1="jb5s8gbk1g3tqxe9okasg19fgrvojki" xml:space="preserve">Ang '''Washington, D.C.''', pormal nga '''District of Columbia''' kag kilala man nga '''D.C.''' o '''Washington''' lang, amo ang kabiserang dakbanwa sang [[Wp/hil/Estados Unidos|Estados Unidos]].
[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
      <sha1>jb5s8gbk1g3tqxe9okasg19fgrvojki</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Rehiyon Bikol</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3232165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381870</id>
      <parentid>5497907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:54:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="189" sha1="94n9pxrwcorgpcdeqc4x1zjmlulfvdk" xml:space="preserve">Ang '''Rehiyon Bikol''' ([[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]]: ''Bicol Region'') isa ka rehiyon sa [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] nga makita sa sur sang isla [[Wp/hil/Luzon|Luzon]].
[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
      <sha1>94n9pxrwcorgpcdeqc4x1zjmlulfvdk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Reaksyong kimikal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3234392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381864</id>
      <parentid>5600275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:52:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="817" sha1="t42ta1yi6b409302znr05nbs9irh9az" xml:space="preserve">Ang '''reaksyong kimikal''' ([[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]]: ''chemical reaction'') amo ang proseso nga nagadala sa kimikal nga pagkaliwat sang isa ka grupo sang kimikal nga substansya pakadto sa lain.&lt;ref&gt;IUPAC, ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'', 2nd ed. (the &quot;Gold Book&quot;) (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) &quot;[https://goldbook.iupac.org/C01033.html chemical reaction]&quot;. doi:[[doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01033|10.1351/goldbook.C01033]]&lt;/ref&gt; Klasikal ang mga reaksyong kimikal nga ang mga pagbag-o lang nga ulihi sa posisyon sang mga elektron sa pagporma kag pagkaguba sang mga angtang kimikal sa tunga sang mga atomo, sang waay ka pagbabag-o sa nukleyi (waay pagbabag-o sa mga elementong yara), kag kadamoan ginapaliwanag sang isa ka ekwasyong kimikal.

== Ginkuhaan ==
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q36534}}</text>
      <sha1>t42ta1yi6b409302znr05nbs9irh9az</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381869</id>
      <parentid>7381864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:54:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <origin>7381869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="822" sha1="0mhiauyky92tf3ngy0smbo3jgtno21o" xml:space="preserve">Ang '''reaksyong kimikal''' ([[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]]: ''chemical reaction'') amo ang proseso nga nagadala sa kimikal nga pagkaliwat sang isa ka grupo sang kimikal nga substansya pakadto sa lain.&lt;ref&gt;IUPAC, ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'', 2nd ed. (the &quot;Gold Book&quot;) (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) &quot;[https://goldbook.iupac.org/C01033.html chemical reaction]&quot;. doi:[[doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01033|10.1351/goldbook.C01033]]&lt;/ref&gt; Klasikal ang mga reaksyong kimikal nga ang mga pagbag-o lang yara sa ulihi nga posisyon sang mga elektron sa pagporma kag pagkaguba sang mga kaangtanan kimikal sa tunga sang mga atomo, sang waay pagbag-o sa nukleyi (waay pagbabag-o sa mga elementong yara), kag kadamuon nga ginapaathag sang isa ka ekwasyong kimikal.

== Ginkuhaan ==
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Unibersidad sang Pilipinas, Visayas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3251360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381908</id>
      <parentid>6647248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:19:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="831" sha1="8y6azoo5h5emvqupfcca9oefg2kq6h4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:UPV Iloilo City &amp; Oblation, Aug 2024.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Kampus sa Dakbwanwa sang Iloilo sang U.P. Visayas]]
[[File:U.P. Visayas Miagao New Admin Bldg., Aug 2024.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Kampus sa Miagao sang U.P. Visayas]]

Ang '''Unibersidad sang Pilipinas, Visayas''' ([[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]]: ''University of the Philippines Visayas'') isa ka nasyunal nga unibersidad sa [[Wp/hil/Miagao, Iloilo|Miagao]], [[Wp/hil/Iloilo|Iloilo]], [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. May yara ini tatlo nga kampus: sa Miagao (panguna), dakbanwa sang [[Wp/hil/Dakbanwa sang Iloilo|Iloilo]], kag [[Wp/hil/Tacloban|Tacloban]]. Sadto man nga parte sang UP Visayas ang kampus nga makita sa [[Wp/hil/Cebu|Cebu]].

==Mga pangguwa nga kawad==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517030654/http://www.upv.edu.ph/ Opisyal nga websityo]
[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Unibersidad sang Pilipinas, Diliman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3251363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381907</id>
      <parentid>7298662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:18:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="1541" sha1="lz6nrxbdkecx58p8z0of4uy0erfbb9w" xml:space="preserve">[[File:University of the Philippines seal.svg|thumb|Ang tatak sang Unibersidad sang Pilipinas Diliman nga amo ang pungkoan sang administrasyon sa [[Wp/hil/Unibersidad sang Pilipinas|Unibersidad sang Pilipinas nga Sistema]].]]

Ang '''Unibersidad sang Pilipinas, Diliman''' ([[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]]: ''University of the Philippines, Diliman''), ginatawag man nga '''UP Diliman''', '''UPD''', o '''UP''', isa ka unibersidad nasyunal nga makita sa distrito sang Diliman sa syudad sang [[Wp/hil/Dakbanwa sang Quezon|Quezon]], [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]].  

Ginpatindog ini sang Pebrero 12, 1949 kag amo na subong ginapungkoan sang administrasyon sang [[Wp/hil/Unibersidad sang Pilipinas|Unibersidad sang Pilipinas]] nga Sistema (''University of the Philippines System'') nga amo ang nasyunal nga unibersidad sang Pilipinas.

== Galeriya ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Quezon Hall, U.P. Diliman, Feb 2024.jpg|Ang Oblation Plaza nga nagapakita sa monumento sang Oblation kag ang atubang sang Quezon Hall.
University Avenue, U.P. Diliman, Quezon City (1).jpg|University Avenue
Sunken Garden, U.P. Diliman, Quezon City (1).jpg|Sunken Garden
Oblation Plaza during fireworks display.jpg|Ang Quezon Hall sadtong 2011 Lantern Parade
National Science Complex, U.P. Diliman, Quezon City (1).jpg|National Science Complex
Fire Tree beside University Avenue, U.P. Diliman, Quezon City (1).jpg|Isa ka Fire Tree sa kilid sang University Avenue
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Mga pangguwa nga kawad==
* [http://www.upd.edu.ph Opisyal nga websityo]
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Unibersidad sang San Agustin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3265057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381909</id>
      <parentid>6866932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:20:56Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="1430" sha1="0du7pu6oejqkbe7ac9z9fb7zhowsrxt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Aug 2024.jpg|thumb|Urdaneta Hall, ang pinakatigulang nga yara pa nga edipisyo sa unibersidad]]
Ang '''Unibersidad sang San Agustin''' o '''University of San Agustin''' (ginatawag man sa akronimo sini nga '''USA'''), kilala man nga '''UNISAG''', isa ka pribadong Romano Katolikong research, koedukasyonal, nonprofit kag higher education institution nga ginapadalagan sang ''Order of Saint Augustine'' sa [[Wp/hil/Dakbanwa sang Iloilo|Dakbanwa sang Iloilo]], [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. 

Nagsugod sa 40 ka estudyante, nahimo ini sang mga Espanyol nga Agustinyano sa bulig sang mga Amerikano sadtong 1904 bilang isa ka preparatoryang eskwelahan para sa mga lalaki. Sang 1917, gin-inkorporar ini kag nangin ''Colegio de San Agustin de Iloilo''. Sang Marso 1953, nakuha sang San Agustin ang istadong unibersidad nga naghimo sini nga pinakauna nga unibersidad sa Katundang Bisayas.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usa.edu.ph/?q=node/5 University of San Agustin Historical Milestones] Retrieved 10/13/13&lt;/ref&gt; Ang San Agustin man ang pinakauna nga Agustinyanong unibersidad sa Asya-Pasipiko.

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==
*[http://www.usa.edu.ph University of San Agustin] Opisyal na websityo
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060820080734/http://www.osanet.org/homeint.htm Official Web site of the Order of St. Augustine]

== Mga ginkuhaan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Unibersidad sang Santa La Salle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3277446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381910</id>
      <parentid>5497915</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:22:09Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1637" sha1="8xeh2xqrpttfqc8va0nnb0v0aibolce" xml:space="preserve">[[File:LaSalleBCD.jpg|thumb|268x268px|Unibersidad sang Santa La Salle]]
Ang '''Unibersidad sang Santa La Salle''' o '''University of St. La Salle''' (USLS) isa ka Katolikong pribadong research nga unibersidad nga ginapadalagan sang De La Salle Brothers, makita sa La Salle Avenue, [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. Gintindog sadtong 1952 bilang ang ''La Salle College - Bacolod'', ini ang ikaduha nga pinakatigulang nga kampus nga ginhimo sang kongregasyon sa nasyon (pinakauna kag pinakatigulang sa gwa sang Manila).&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081228072432/http://www.usls.edu.ph/index.cfm/about-usls/history/ &quot;History - University of St. La Salle&quot;]. Center for International and External Linkages, University of St. La Salle. Archived from [http://www.usls.edu.ph/index.cfm/about-usls/history/ the original] on 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2009-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ang unibersidad myembro sang De La Salle Philippines, isa ka network nga gintindog sadtong 2006 nga ginabilog sang 16 ka Lasalyanong edukasyonal nga institusyon sa isla sang Pilipinas. Nagahatag ini sang preschool, elementarya, sekundarya (junior &amp; senior high), undergraduate, kag graduate programs. May pito ini ka kolehiyo: ang Business and Accountancy, Engineering and Technology, Arts and Sciences, Education, Nursing, Law, kag Medicine.

== Pangguwa nga kawad ==

* [http://www.finduniversity.ph/universities/university-of-saint-la-salle/#courses Lista sang mga programa nga ginahatag sang USLS]
* [https://www.facebook.com/lasallebcd University of St. La Salle sa Facebook]

== Ginkuhaan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Unibersidad sang Pilipinas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3282004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381904</id>
      <parentid>7194202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:17:53Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="2220" sha1="a9qd7qk5nnpk91o03tfzy2x53fqjr7a" xml:space="preserve">[[File:University of the Philippines seal.svg|thumb|230x230px|Tatak sang UP]]
[[File:Quezon Hall, U.P. Diliman, Feb 2024.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Ang Quezon Hall sa U.P. Diliman]]

Ang '''Unibersidad sang Pilipinas''' ([[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]]: ''University of the Philippines'', kilala man sa katawagan nga '''UP''') isa ka unibersidad nasyunal nga ginhimo sang tuig 1908 sa pwersa sang RA 1870 sang pinakauna nga Lehislatura sang Filipinas, nga nakilala sa tawag nga &quot;University Act&quot; kag ini tungod sa kagustohan sang [[Wp/hil/Estados Unidos|Estados Unidos]]. Makita diri ang lain nga mga kurso sang edukasyon kag sa pagtudlo, sa layi, sa humanidades, sa inhenyeriya, sa medisina, mga siyensya, agrikultura, kag iban pa.

== Mga nangin Presidente sang UP ==
* Murray Bartlett (1911-1915)
* Ignacio Villamor (1915-1921)
* Gut Potter Benton (1921-1925)
* Rafael Palma (1925-1933)
* Jorge Bocobo (1934-1939)
* Bienvenido Gonzales (1939-1943, 1945-1951)
* Antonio Sison (1943-1945)
* Vidal Tan (1951-1956)
* Enrique Virata (1956-1958)
* Vicente Sinco (1958-1962)
* Carlos Romulo (1962-1968)
* Salvador Lopez (1969-1975)
* Onofre Corpus (1975-1979)
* Emmanuel Soriano (1979-1981)
* Edgardo Angara (1981-1987)
* Jose Abueva (1987-1993)
* Emil Javier (1993-1999)
* Francisco Nemenzo (1999-2004)
* Emerlinda Roman (2004-2011)
* Alfredo Pascual (2011-2017)
* Danilo Concepcion (2017-2023)
* Angelo Jimenez (2023–subong)

==Mga pangguwa nga kawad==
* [http://www.upb.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines Baguio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211122065003/https://www.upcebu.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines Cebu]
* [http://www.upd.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines Diliman]
* [http://www.uplb.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines Los Baños]
* [http://www.upm.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines Manila]
* [http://www.upmin.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines Mindanao]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517030654/http://www.upv.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines Visayas]
* [http://www.up.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines System]
* [http://www.upou.edu.ph/ University of the Philippines Open University]

[[Category:Wp/hil/Kategorya:Edukasyon sa Pilipinas]] 
[[Category:Wp/hil]] 

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/mh/Jidni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3284279</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:24:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Таёжный лес</username>
        <id>2566317</id>
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      <text bytes="322" sha1="656oxqggs1qwz7sbvebiaw8xaymlzre" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge Dusk (2) 2019-06-21.jpg|250px|right|thumb]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''Jidni'''&lt;/div&gt; (''Sydney'') juon jikin kweliọk ilo [[Wp/mh/Aujtōrōlia|Aujtōrōlia]].

[[Category:Wp/mh]]
[[Category:Wp/mh/Aujtōrōlia]]
[[Category:Wp/mh/Jikin kweliọk]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Sorbetes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3286963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381891</id>
      <parentid>5497910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:06:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Soy20</username>
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      <text bytes="1157" sha1="cltdvbcr3itke4bmo8f6zjc6vmk7jwi" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ice cream with whipped cream, chocolate syrup, and a wafer.jpg|thumb|Isa ka sorbetes]]
Ang '''sorbetes''' ukon '''ice cream''' isa ka matam-is nga naga-ice nga pagkaon nga tipikal nga ginakaon bilang pamahaw ukon pangyam-is. Pwede ini nga maubra gikan sa gatas ukon krema kag butangan sang sabor sa paagi sang pampatam-is, pwede nga kalamay ukon isa ka alternatibo, kag pampalasa, kaangay sang kakaw ukon baynilya, ukon  prutas, kaangay ang strawberry ukon  peach.

Ang sorbetes pwedeng isirbe sa mga kaunan, para kaunon sang nakakutsara, o dilaan gamit ang nakakaong mga wafer cone. Ang sorbetes pwedeng isirbe kaupod ang iban nga mga pangdolse, halimbawa ang apple pie, o bilang isa ka ingrediente sa mga ice cream float, sundae, milkshake, ice cream cake kag maskin sa mga ginhurnong pagkaon, kaangay sang Baked Alaska.

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==
* [http://today.uconn.edu/blog/2011/08/how-its-made-uconn-dairy-bar-ice-cream How It's Made: UConn Dairy Bar Ice Cream]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/selected-internet/icecream.html Selected Internet Resources – Ice Cream / Science Reference Section, Library of Congress]
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rar/Marike Tokerau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3305890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382216</id>
      <parentid>5363368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:16:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Таёжный лес</username>
        <id>2566317</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="417" sha1="2jfcrnlu1w10gyk4kusaooua8vyx5tf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Location North America.svg|250px|right|thumb|Marike Tokerau.]]
'''Marike Tokerau'''

==‘Enua==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[Wp/rar/‘Enua|‘Enua]]
! [[Wp/rar/Reo Paratāne|Reo Paratāne]]
|-
| [[Wp/rar/Kanata|Kanata]]
| Canada
|-
| [[Wp/rar/Marike (‘enua)|Marike]]
| United States
|-
| [[Wp/rar/Panama|Panama]]
| Panama
|}

[[Category:Wp/rar]]
[[Category:Wp/rar/Marike Tokerau| ]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rar/Marike Tonga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3305891</id>
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        <id>2566317</id>
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      <text bytes="363" sha1="ptz9o6mdk6tw31rzoqihlh630wt5qtt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|250px|right|thumb|Marike Tonga.]]
'''Marike Tonga'''

==‘Enua==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[Wp/rar/‘Enua|‘Enua]]
! [[Wp/rar/Reo Paratāne|Reo Paratāne]]
|-
| [[Wp/rar/Peru|Peru]]
| Peru
|-
| [[Wp/rar/Tīre|Tīre]]
| Chile
|}

[[Category:Wp/rar]]
[[Category:Wp/rar/Marike Tonga| ]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Risa Hontiveros</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3326035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381880</id>
      <parentid>7116093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:58:30Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1453" sha1="trd09l8uhbwzljeuikpwh9w8yx8y1vb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lady Senators 3rd Regular Session Hontiveros (cropped).jpg|thumb|Si Hontiveros sang 2018]]
Si '''Ana Theresia &quot;Risa&quot; Navarro Hontiveros-Baraquel'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hontiveros, Risa&quot;. Rappler. https://web.archive.org/web/20190712130300/https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/data/candidates/senator/risa-hontiveros. Retrieved on July 23, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; (IPA: [hɔntiverɔs barakɛl]; nabata Pebrero 24, 1966) isa ka Pilipino nga politiko, lider sang komunidad, kag peryodista nga nangin representante sang Akbayan sa Kamara de Representantes sang Pilipinas sugod 2004 asta 2010.

Nangin nominado siya sa 2005 Nobel Prize para sa iya mga amot sa katawhayan, diplomasiya, kag diyalogo. Sa subong, siya nagasilbi bilang isa ka Senador sang Pilipinas matapos nga magdaog sa eleksyon 2016, sa ikasiyam nga lugar sa isipay sang mga boto. Nakaagi man siya padalagan sa pagkasenador sang 2010 kag 2013 bag-o nangin madinalag-on sang 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Geronimo, Jee Y. [http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/133583-hontiveros-proclamation-senators &quot;Risa Hontiveros finally wins Senate seat: 'We defied gravity'&quot;]. Rappler.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==
* [http://www.facebook.com/hontiverosrisa Official Facebook page]
* [https://twitter.com/risahontiveros Official Twitter account]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130418114712/http://rhvolunteers.com/ Official Volunteers for Risa Hontiveros website]

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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Si '''Zoroastro''' (sa Griyego: Ζωροάστρης, Zōroastrēs), nakilala man nga '''Zarathustra''' (/ˌzærəˈθuːstrə/, /ˌzɑːrə-/; Zaraθuštra), '''Zarathushtra Spitama''', o '''Ashu Zarathushtra''' (Modernong Persyano: زرتشت, Zartosht), ginakilala nga kalagnon nga pumalátok sang [[Wp/hil/Zoroastriyanismo|Zoroastriyanismo]]. 

Ginahambal nga siya nangin isa ka Iranyo nga propeta nga nagpatok sang isa ka relihiyoso nga hublag nga nagasunod sang mga paalinton sang Kinaraan nga Iranyo nga relihiyon nga sa kadugayon nangin isa ka relihiyon sa Sinang-unang Iran. Tumandok siya nga manog-hambal sang [[Wp/hil/Tigulang Avestan|Tigulang Avestan]] kag nabuhi sa sidlakan nga bahin sang kapatagan sang [[Iran]], pero ang iya santo nga kapanganakan indi pat-od nga nabal-an.

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==

* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroaster-index Zoroastro] sa ''Encyclopædia Iranica''
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zoroaster-Iranian-prophet Zoroastro] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+Zoroaster+OR+Zarathustra+%29 Mga ubra o istorya ki Zoroastro] sa Internet Archive
* [https://librivox.org/author/8938 Mga ubra ni Zoroaster] sa LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

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'''கோவா''' ([[Wy/ta/கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|கொங்கணி]]: गोंय / கோய், [[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]]: गोवा ''கோவா''), [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு கடற்கரை]] பகுதியிலுள்ள ஒரு மாநிலமாகும். இங்குள்ள அழகிய கடற்கரைகளும் அருவிகளும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளை பெரிதும் ஈர்ப்பவை. கோவா செழுமையான வரலாற்றைக் கொண்ட ஒரு முன்னாள் போர்த்துகீசியக் காலனி ஆகும். சுமார் 3,700 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவில் விரிந்துள்ளதும், ஏறத்தாழ 14 கோடியே மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டதுமான கோவா, இந்திய அளவுகோல்களின்படி ஒரு சிறிய மாநிலமாகும். இந்திய மற்றும் போர்த்துகீசியப் பண்பாடுகள் மற்றும் கட்டடக்கலைகளின் தனித்துவமான கலவையை இது கொண்டுள்ளது; இக்கலவையானது ஆண்டுதோறும் சுமார் 25 கோடி பார்வையாளர்களை (இதில் ஏறத்தாழ 4,00,000 வெளிநாட்டு சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளும் அடங்குவர்) ஈர்க்கிறது. இதன் காரணமாகவே, இம்மாநிலத்திற்கு 'விழாக்களின் மாநிலம்'  என்ற புனைப்பெயர் சூட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது.

[[File:BeachFun.jpg|கோவா கடற்கரை|thumb]]
அருவிகள் (துத்சாகர், அம்போலி, மங்கேலி, தோடாமர்க்கு) மற்றும் மலைப்பாதைகளால் வரம் பெற்றது. 1960-ஆம் ஆண்டுகள் முதற்கொண்டு, கோவா தொடர்ந்து பார்வையாளர்களை ஈர்த்து வருகிறது: முதலில் இப்பிகள் மற்றும் தாயகம் திரும்பிய வெளிநாடு வாழ் கோவா மக்கள்; பின்னர் சாசனச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் (1987-ஆம் ஆண்டில் செர்மானியர்கள் தொடங்கி); கத்தோலிக்க மற்றும் இந்துத் திருத்தலங்களுக்கு யாத்திரை செல்பவர்கள்; கோவாவையே தங்கள் நிரந்தர வசிப்பிடமாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்துக் குடியேறுபவர்கள்; மருத்துவ சிகிச்சைக்காகச் செல்பவர்கள்; மற்றும் கோவாவில் நடைபெறும் கருத்தரங்குகள், மாநாடுகளில் கலந்துகொள்ளும், நாளுக்கு நாள் அதிகரித்து வரும் மக்கள் எனப் பல தரப்பினரும் இங்கு வருகின்றனர்.

==பிராந்தியங்கள்==
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| region1description=வடகோவா பகுதி அதன் துடிப்பான இரவு வாழ்க்கை, பரபரப்பான சந்தைகள் மற்றும் உற்சாகமான சூழலுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது. பாகா, கலங்குட் மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அஞ்சுனா|அஞ்சுனா]] போன்ற இங்குள்ள பிரபலமான கடற்கரைகள், கொண்டாட்ட விரும்பிகள், சாகசப் பயணிகள் மற்றும் நீர் விளையாட்டு ஆர்வலர்களை ஈர்க்கின்றன. பரபரப்பான இக்கடற்கரைகள் பகல் நேரத்தில் நீர் விளையாட்டு நடவடிக்கைகளுக்கு ஏற்ற இடங்களாகவும், சூரியன் மறைந்த பிறகு துடிப்பான இரவு வாழ்க்கை மையங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.

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{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|type=geoshape|fill=#a53737|title=[[North Goa]]|wikidata=Q108234}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|type=geoshape|fill=#8a84a3|title=[[South Goa]]|wikidata=Q108244}}

==நகரங்கள்==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கோவாவின் நகரங்கள்|&quot;பாதி நகர்ப்புறம்&quot; என்று தன்னை அடையாளப்படுத்திக்கொள்ளும் ஒரு மாநிலமாக இருந்தபோதிலும், கோவாவில் ஆச்சரியப்படும் வகையில் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான கிராமங்கள் உள்ளன. அங்குள்ள &quot;நகரங்கள்&quot; கூட உண்மையில் சிறிய, நெரிசல் மிகுந்த ஊர்களைப் போலவே (அழகிய சூழல் கொண்ட பஞ்சிம் நகரைப் போன்று) காட்சியளிக்கின்றன. எந்தவொரு நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகையும் ஒரு லட்சத்திற்கு மேல் கணிசமாக இல்லை. இருப்பினும், சில நகரங்கள் அந்த எண்ணிக்கையை நெருங்குகின்றன.

இங்குள்ள கிராமங்கள் மிகவும் கவரும் வகையிலும், தனித்துவமான உலகமாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன. ஆனால், சுற்றுலா மற்றும் அதனால் ஏற்பட்ட நில வணிக வளர்ச்சி ஆகியவை, சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தேடி வரும் அந்த இடத்தையே அழித்துவிடுவதாக உள்ளூர் மக்கள் கருதுகின்றனர்.}}

* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
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| lat=15.49093 | long=73.82785
| image=Panaji Church (3044129555).jpg
|wikidata=Q214681}} — இது 'பஞ்சிம்' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது; போர்த்துகீசியர் ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் 'நவ கோவா' என்று அறியப்பட்டது. இது மாநிலத் தலைநகராகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
| name=[[Wy/ta/மப்பூசா|மப்பூசா]]
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|wikidata=Q2087705}} — இப்பட்டணம் வடக்கு கோவாவில், பனாஜியிலிருந்து சுமார் 13 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. மப்பூசா கோவாவின் முக்கியமான சந்தை மையங்களில் ஒன்றாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
| name=[[Wy/ta/மட்காவ்|மட்காவ்]]
| lat=15.28322 | long=73.98619
|wikidata=Q515117}} — கோவாவின் இரண்டாவது பெரிய நகரம். இது மாநிலத்தின் வணிக மற்றும் பண்பாட்டுத் தலைநகராகத் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
| name=[[Wy/ta/பழைய கோவா|பழைய கோவா]]
| lat=15.50277 | long=73.91541
| image=Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus_2012.jpg
|wikidata=Q553907}} — இங்கு 16-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டைச் சேர்ந்த தேவாலயங்கள், கன்னிமாடங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச் சின்னங்கள் அமைந்துள்ளன.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
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| lat=15.38603 | long=73.84404
|wikidata=Q978780}} — தென் கோவா மாவட்டத்தின் மர்மகோவா தாலுகாவில் அமைந்துள்ள மக்கள் தொகை மிகுந்த ஒரு நகரம் இது.

கோவாவில் கடற்கரையோரப் பகுதிகள் ([[Wy/ta/கலங்குட்|கலங்குட்]], [[Wy/ta/கண்டோலிம்|கண்டோலிம்]] போன்றவை) மற்றும் உட்புறப் பகுதிகள் (கனகோனாவில் உள்ள சௌடி, சான்வோர்டெம்-குவெபெம், பிச்சோலிம், பெர்னெம் நகரம் போன்றவை) என வேறு சில சிறிய, அழகான மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் மக்கள் கூட்டம் நிறைந்த நகரங்களும் உள்ளன. இவற்றில் சில, அருகிலுள்ள சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களுக்குச் செல்வதற்கான நுழைவாயில்களாகவும் அமைகின்றன. மேலும், கோவாவில் சுமார் 350 கிராமங்கள் உள்ளன. இவை பெரும்பாலும் இயற்கை எழில் கொஞ்சும் சூழலைக் கொண்டிருப்பதோடு, ஒவ்வொன்றும் தனக்கென தனித்துவமான சிறப்பியல்புகளையும் கொண்டுள்ளன.

== பிற சேருமிடங்கள் ==
* {{Wy/ta/Marker| type=vicinity
|name=கார்சா பிராங்கா ஆயுர்வேத தாவரவியல் பூங்கா
|lat=15.34481 |long=73.99590
|image=
}}, உலூத்தோலிம் &amp;mdash;
* {{Wy/ta/Marker| type=vicinity
|name=கரை பூங்கா
|lat=15.32480 |long=74.02098
|image=
}}, [[Wy/ta/சிரோடா|சிரோடா]] &amp;mdash;
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity
| name=பகவான் மகாவீரர் காட்டுயிர்ச் சரணாலயம் மற்றும் மொல்லம் தேசியப் பூங்கா
| lat=15.33390 | long=74.28835
| image=
| wikidata=Q2397554
}} பகவான் மகாவீர் சரணாலயம் மற்றும் மொல்லெம் தேசிய பூங்கா ஆகியவை பல்வேறு வகையான பூக்கும் தாவரங்கள் மற்றும் பசுமையான சூழலைக் கொண்ட ஒரு தூய இயற்கை பகுதியாகும். இது பல பாலூட்டிகள், பறவைகள், வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சிகள் மற்றும் ஊர்வனவற்றின் வாழ்விடமாகவும் விளங்குகிறது. இது கோவாவின் மிகப்பெரிய பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதியாகும். இங்கு ''தாம்ப்டி சுர்லா கோயில்'', ''தாம்ப்டி நீர்வீழ்ச்சி'' மற்றும் பிற சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களையும் காணலாம்.

==புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்==
[[File:Map-India-Goa01.png|thumb|கோவா வரைபடம்]]
1510 ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் 1961 ஆம் ஆண்டு வரை கோவா போர்த்துகலின் காலனியாக இருந்தது. 1961-ஆம் ஆண்டில் விச்சய் நடவடிக்கை என்ற நடவடிக்கையின் கீழ், கோவாவின் கட்டுப்பாட்டை மீட்க இந்திய இராணுவம் அங்கு அனுப்பப்பட்டது. இந்த இணைப்பானது இந்தியாவில் 'கோவா விடுதலை' என்றும், போர்த்துகலில் 'கோவா மீதான படையெடுப்பு' என்றும் குறிப்பிடப்படுகிறது.

கோவாவின் இதயம் அதன் கிராமங்களிலேயே குடிகொண்டிருக்கிறது. மற்றவர்களைப் போலன்றி, கோவாவாசிகள் நகரங்களில் வசிப்பதில்லை என்று புகழ்பெற்ற கோவா கட்டிடக்கலைஞர் இயெரார்ட் டா குன்கா வேறொரு இடத்தில் வாதிட்டுள்ளார். அவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கிராமங்களிலேயே வசிக்கின்றனர்; அங்கிருந்து வேலைக்குச் சென்று வருகின்றனர்.

கோவாவின் கிராமங்களே தனித்துவமான அழகையும் தனித்தன்மையையும் தன்னுள் கொண்டுள்ளன. கோவாவில் வாழ்வது சற்றே கடினமாகவும் மந்தமாகவும் இருக்கலாம்; ஆனால் அங்கு விடுமுறையைக் கழிப்பது மிகச் சிறப்பாக அமையும். ஓர் இதமான மாலைப் பொழுதிலோ அல்லது ஓர் அமைதியான காலை வேளையிலோ, எவ்விதத் திட்டமுமின்றி சும்மா ஒரு பயணம் மேற்கொள்ளலாம். கோவாவின் கிராமங்கள் கொண்டுள்ள அழகைக் கண்டு  வியந்து போகலாம்.

நகர்ப்புறங்களைப் போலன்றி, கிராமங்கள் பொதுவாகச் சுத்தமாகவும், நட்பான சூழலுடனும், அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் நிறைந்திருக்கும் பகுதிகளைத் தவிர — மற்ற கிராமப் பகுதிகள் பணத்திற்கு ஏற்ற மதிப்பளிப்பவையாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.

கோவா பல முகங்களைக் கொண்டது. இதன் கடற்கரைப் பகுதியானது, உட்புற நிலப்பகுதியிலிருந்து மாறுபட்டுள்ளது.  சில கிராமங்கள், சற்று மாறுபட்ட மற்றும் தனித்துவமான அனுபவங்களை வழங்குகின்றன. இத்தகைய கிராமங்கள் பெரும்பாலும், பெரும்பாலான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தங்கும் இடங்களுக்கு அருகிலேயே அமைந்துள்ளன.  எனவே, தங்குமிடம் தேடுவது இங்கு ஒரு பிரச்சினையாக இருக்க வாய்ப்பில்லை.

451 ஆண்டுகளாக இந்தியாவின் பிற பகுதிகளிலிருந்து தனிமைப்படுத்திய போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியின் காரணமாக, கோவா இந்தியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளிலிருந்து வெளிப்படையாகவே மாறுபட்டுத் திகழ்கிறது. கோவாவின் மக்கள் தொகையானது இந்துக்கள் மற்றும் ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்கர்களின் கலவையாக அமைந்துள்ளது. இம்மக்கள்தொகை பரவல் தோராயமாக 65% இந்துக்களாகவும், 24% கிறித்தவர்களாகவும் உள்ளது. இங்கு சிறிய அளவிலான முசுலிம் மக்கள் தொகையும் உள்ளது. இத்தகைய பன்முகத்தன்மை இருந்தபோதிலும், இங்கு மதக்கலவரங்கள் ஏறக்குறைய அறவே இல்லாத நிலையே காணப்படுகிறது. மேலும், இந்தியாவின் மிகவும் அமைதியான மாநிலங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் கோவா கருதப்படுகிறது.

கோவா மக்களின் பிரதான உணவு மீன், கறி மற்றும் சாதம் ஆகும்

===பண்பாடு===
[[File:Church of St. Cajetan,Old Goa,India..jpg|thumb|250px|கோவாவில் 1661-ஆம் ஆண்டு போர்த்துகீசியர்கள் காலத்தில் கட்டப்பட்ட புனித கச்சேதன் தேவாலயம்]]

கோவாவின் பண்பாடு முதன்மையாக அங்குள்ள இந்து மற்றும் கத்தோலிக்க மக்களால் வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இங்குள்ள மக்கள் பெரும்பாலும் நிதானமான, கவலையற்ற இயல்புடையவர்கள். விமானம் மற்றும் இரயில் போக்குவரத்து வசதிகள் மேம்பட்டதன் காரணமாக, அண்டை மாநிலங்களிலிருந்து மக்கள் பெருமளவில் இங்கு வரத் தொடங்கியுள்ளனர். இது பல்வேறு விதமான கலாச்சாரங்களையும் தன்னுடன் கொண்டு வந்துள்ளது. இந்தியாவின் பிற மாநிலங்களைச் சேர்ந்த பலரும் இங்கு வந்து குடியேறியுள்ளனர்.

கோவாவின் கத்தோலிக்கர்கள் பொதுவாகத் தங்கள் இந்துப் பின்னணியை ஏற்றுக்கொள்வதுடன், தங்கள் நம்பிக்கைகளுக்குள் சாதிய அமைப்பின் தடங்களையும் கொண்டுள்ளனர். பல நேர்வுகளில், இந்துக்கள் தங்கள் பொதுச் சொத்துக்களின் உரிமையையும் நிர்வாகத்தையும் தொடர்ந்து தக்கவைத்துக்கொள்வதற்காக, தங்கள் மகன்களில் ஒருவரை மட்டும் மதம் மாறுவதற்காகப் பின்னால் விட்டுச் சென்றதாகவும்; அதே வேளையில், குடும்பத்தின் மற்ற உறுப்பினர்கள் தங்கள் இந்துத் தெய்வங்களைப் பிரதிநிதித்துவப்படுத்தும் சிலைகளுடன் அண்டைப்பகுதிகளுக்குக் குடியேற விரும்பியதாகவும் ஆவணங்கள் குறிப்பிடுகின்றன.

பல ஆண்டுகளாக, ஏராளமான கத்தோலிக்கர்கள் பம்பாய் மற்றும் புனே ஆகிய முக்கிய வர்த்தக நகரங்களுக்கும், அங்கிருந்து கிழக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்காவிற்கும் (அப்போதைய போர்த்துகீசிய காலனிகளான அங்கோலா மற்றும் மொசாம்பிக்கிற்கும்), போர்ச்சுகலுக்கும், 20 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் இறுதியில் கனடா மற்றும் ஆத்திரேலியாவிற்கும் குடிபெயர்ந்துள்ளனர். எனவே, கோவாவின் பல பழைய மூதாதையர் சொத்துக்கள், பரவலாகப் பரவியுள்ள சொத்து வாரிசுகளுக்கு இடையேயான கருத்து வேறுபாடுகளால் ஏற்பட்ட சட்டச் சிக்கல்களில் சிக்கியோ அல்லது கைவிடப்பட்டோ கிடக்கின்றன. வெளிநாடுகளில் வசிக்கும் கோவா மக்கள் தங்கள் சொந்த மாநிலத்திற்குத் திரும்பி வருகின்றனர். அவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கடற்கரையோரம் விடுமுறைக்கால இல்லங்களை வாங்குகிறார்கள். பின்னர் அவை முகவர்களால் குறுகிய காலம் தங்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு வாடகைக்கு விடப்படும் 'வாடகைக்கு விடப்படும்' குடியிருப்புகளாக மாற்றப்படுகின்றன .

கோவாவிற்குச் செல்ல ஆண்டின் மிகச்சிறந்த காலம், வானிலை இதமாகவும், வறண்டதாகவும், இரம்மியமாகவும் இருக்கும் நவம்பர் நடுப்பகுதி முதல் பிப்ரவரி நடுப்பகுதி வரையிலான காலமாகும்.

===கலை மற்றும் பண்பாடு===
கோவாவில் ஏராளமான அருங்காட்சியகங்கள், கலைக்கூடங்கள் மற்றும் நூலகங்கள் உள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/பனாஜி|பனாஜியில்]], கோவா மாநில அருங்காட்சியகம், கலா அகாடமி, மத்திய நூலகம் மற்றும் கோவா அறிவியல் மையம் உள்ளிட்ட பல அரசு நடத்தும் அருங்காட்சியகங்களை நீங்கள் காணலாம். [[Wy/ta/வாசுகோ ட காமா|வாசுகோ ட காமாவில்]], பழமையான வானூர்திகளைக் காண்பதற்கான சிறந்த இடமான கடற்படை வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்து அருங்காட்சியகம் அமைந்துள்ளது.

கிறிஸ்தவ மதக் கலை மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் மதச்சார்பற்ற கலைகளின் எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளைக் காண [[Wy/ta/பழைய கோவா|பழைய கோவா]] ஒரு சிறந்த இடமாகும். அங்கு நீங்கள் கிறிஸ்தவக் கலை அருங்காட்சியகத்தையும், இயல்புமீறிய பாணி கலைஞர் டோம் மார்ட்டினின் படைப்புகளைக் கொண்ட நவீன கலைக்கூடத்தையும் காணலாம். [[Wy/ta/மர்ம கோவா|மர்ம கோவாப்]] பகுதியில், புனித யோசப் வாசு அவர்களின் மத அருங்காட்சியகம் அமைந்துள்ளது. [[Wy/ta/பார்தேசு|பார்தேசுப்]] பகுதியில் உள்ள சேவியர் வரலாற்று ஆய்வு மையத்திலும் கிறிஸ்தவக் கலைக்கான ஒரு கலைக்கூடம் உள்ளது.

கோவாவின் தனித்துவமான மற்றும் சுதந்திரமான வாழ்க்கை முறையால் ஈர்க்கப்பட்ட பல கலைஞர்கள், ஓவியர்கள் மற்றும் கட்டிடக் கலைஞர்கள் இங்கு குடியேறி, கலைக்கூடங்களையும் அருங்காட்சியகங்களையும் நிறுவியுள்ளனர். இதற்கு ஒரு எடுத்துக்காட்டு [[Wy/ta/கண்டோலிம்|கண்டோலிமில்]] அமைந்துள்ள சுபோத் கெர்கரின் கலைக்கூடம் ஆகும். மேலும் பெனாலிமில் &quot;கோவா சித்ரா அருங்காட்சியகம்&quot; அமைந்துள்ளது. இது ஓரிடத்தில் திரட்டப்பட்ட இனவரைவியல் சார்ந்த கலைப்பொருட்களின் மிகப்பெரிய தொகுப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

கோவா கலைஞர்கள், வடிவமைப்பாளர்கள், நிரலாளர்கள் மற்றும் பொறியாளர்களை ஈர்த்து, இந்தியாவின் படைப்பாற்றல் மையமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இந்தியாவின் முதல் தொழில்நுட்ப மற்றும் கலை அருங்காட்சியகமான '''சென்சிஸ்தான்''' இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது.

மற்ற குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அருங்காட்சியகங்கள்: [[Wy/ta/பெனோலிம்|பெனோலிமில்]] உள்ள ஜெரார்ட் டா குன்யாவின் கட்டிடக்கலை அருங்காட்சியகமான '''கோவா இல்லம்''' (''அவுசு ஆப் கோவா''), மற்றும் கோவாவின் பாரம்பரிய கடந்த காலத்தை விளக்கி மீண்டும் உருவாக்கும் முயற்சியான, லௌடோலிம், [[Wy/ta/சால்செட்டு|சால்செட்டில்]] உள்ள ''பெரும் பாதம்'' (&quot;பிக் ஃபூட்&quot; என்கிற மூதாதையரின் கோவா) ஆகியவை ஆகும். மேலும், நுவேம், சால்செட்டில் உள்ள ''அஷ்வெக் வின்டேஜ் வேர்ல்ட்'' என்ற பெயரில் ஒரு வகையான பழங்காலக் கார்களின் சேகரிப்பும் கூட உள்ளது.

===கோவாவிற்கும் போர்த்துகலுக்கும் இடையிலான தொடர்புகள்===
தூதரகங்களைத் தவிர, கோவாவில் பல்வேறு பண்பாட்டு அமைப்புகளும் செயல்பட்டு வருகின்றன. இவற்றில் போர்த்துகீசிய அமைப்புகளே அதிக அளவில் செயல்படுகின்றன.

பனாஜியின் 'லத்தீன் பகுதி'யான ஃபோன்டைன்னாசில் ''ஃபுண்டாசியோ ஓரியண்டே'' அமைப்பு முக்கிய இடத்தைப் பிடித்துள்ளது. இது கோவாவின் பண்பாட்டுச் சூழலுக்குப் பன்முகத்தன்மையைச் சேர்க்கும் வகையிலான பண்பாட்டு நிகழ்வுகளுக்கு ஆதரவளித்து வருகிறது. இருப்பினும், இவ்வமைப்பு தொடங்கப்பட்ட ஆரம்பக் காலத்தில் சில முக்கியச் சிக்கல்களை எதிர்கொண்டது. கோவா தனது முன்னாள் போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியாளர்களிடமிருந்து பிரிந்தபோது ஏற்பட்ட கசப்பான சூழல் மற்றும் சுதந்திரப் போராட்ட வீரர்களின் ஒரு பிரிவினரிடையே நிலவிய தீவிர தேசியவாத மனப்பான்மை ஆகியவை இதற்கான காரணங்களாகக் கருதப்படலாம். தெற்கு ஆசியாவின் மிகச்சிறிய பகுதியொன்றைச் சார்ந்த புத்தகங்களுக்கான சந்தை சிறியதாக இருந்தாலும் வண்ணமயமானதாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இச்சந்தையில் கோவா தொடர்பான பல புத்தகங்கள் வெளிவருவதற்கு 'ஃபுண்டாசியோ' அமைப்பு வழங்கும் நிதியுதவியும் ஒரு முக்கியக் காரணமாக அமைந்துள்ளது.

===பொது விடுமுறை நாட்கள்===
கோவாவில் ஆண்டுதோறும் ஏறக்குறைய இரண்டு வாரங்களுக்கு விடுமுறை நாட்கள் வருகின்றன. அரசு அலுவலகங்கள் வாரத்திற்கு ஐந்து நாட்கள் மட்டுமே செயல்படுகின்றன (சனிக்கிழமை மற்றும் ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழமைகளில் விடுமுறை). பஞ்சிம் நகரில் கடைகள் மற்றும் வணிக நிறுவனங்கள் மாலை வேளையில் சீக்கிரமாகவே (சுமார் இரவு 8 மணிக்கு) மூடப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், மதிய வேளையில் நீண்ட இடைவேளை (சுமார் மதியம் 1:00 மணி முதல் 3:30 மணி வரை) எடுக்கப்படுகிறது. கோவா கடை உரிமையாளர்கள் இந்த மதிய இடைவேளையைத் தீவிரமாகக் கடைப்பிடிக்கின்றனர். இச்சமயத்தில் எந்தவித வணிக நடவடிக்கைகளும் நடைபெறுவதில்லை. எனினும், மதுக்கூடங்கள், உணவகங்கள் மற்றும் பிற வணிக வளாகங்கள் வாடிக்கையாளர்களுக்கு ஏற்ற வகையில் நீண்ட நேரம் செயல்படுகின்றன.

நத்தார் (கிறிஸ்துமஸ்), குடியரசு தினம், ஈத்-உல்-சுஹா (தியாகத் திருநாள்), குடி பட்வா, புனித வெள்ளி, சுதந்திர தினம், கணேஷ் சதுர்த்தி (இரு நாட்களும்), காந்தி ஜெயந்தி, தசரா, தீபாவளி, ஈத்-உல்-பித்ர் (ஈகைத் திருநாள்), புனித பிரான்சிஸ் சேவியர் திருவிழா, கோவா விடுதலை தினம், மகா சிவராத்திரி, வண்ணத் திருநாள் மற்றும் மீலாதுன் நபி ஆகியவை இங்குள்ள முக்கிய பொது அல்லது சிறப்பு விடுமுறை நாட்களாகும். உள்ளூர் மதத் திருவிழாக்களின் போதும் வங்கிகள் செயல்படக்கூடும்.

கணேஷ் சதுர்த்தி மற்றும் 'கார்னிவல்' (கிறிஸ்தவ நாட்காட்டியில் 'லெண்ட்' அல்லது தவக்காலம் தொடங்குவதற்கு முன் கொண்டாடப்படும் திருவிழா) போன்ற பண்டிகைக் காலங்களில், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளும் பிற மாநிலங்களில் வசிக்கும் உள்ளூர் மக்களும் பெருமளவில் இங்கு வருகை தருவார்கள். இக்காலகட்டங்களில் மாநிலத்திற்குச் செல்லத் திட்டமிட்டால், தொடருந்து, பேருந்து மற்றும் வானூர்திப் பயண முன்பதிவுகளை முன்கூட்டியே செய்துகொள்வது நல்லது.

பசுமையான பகுதிகளில் கட்டிடங்கள் கட்டுவதற்கு கட்டுப்பாடுகள் விதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதால், கோவா பசுமையாகவும் அழகாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. குடியிருப்புப் பகுதிகள் அதற்கென ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட மண்டலங்களில் மட்டுமே அமைக்கப்படுகின்றன. பசுமை மண்டலப் பகுதிகள் எவ்வித இடையூறுமின்றி அப்படியே பாதுகாக்கப்படுகின்றன.

=== வாசியுங்கள் ===
* '''இந்தியாவில் ஒரு கிப்பிப் பெண்ணின் நினைவுக் குறிப்புகள்''' (''Memoirs of a hippie girl in India.'') - ஆன் பெகோய் (2013). ''டொராண்டோ'': பெகோய் பப்ளிகேஷன்ஸ். 1970-களின் தொடக்கத்தில் கோவாவில் நிகழ்ந்த சாகசங்கள் பற்றியது.
* '''கோவாவின் விசித்திரமானவர்கள்: இந்தியாவில் எனது கிப்பி ஆண்டுகள்''' (''Goa Freaks: My Hippie Years in India'' () - கிளியோ ஓட்சர் (1995). கோவாவில் தான் கழித்த கிப்பி ஆண்டுகள் மற்றும் தனது அனுபவங்கள் குறித்து கிளியோ ஓட்சர் இதில் எழுதியுள்ளார்.
* '''கோவா மத விசாரணை''' (''The Goa Inquisition'') - ஆனந்த் பிரியோல்கர். கோவா சமூகம் மற்றும் பண்பாட்டின் மீது 'மத விசாரணை' ஏற்படுத்திய தாக்கத்தை விரிவாகவும், ஆழமான ஆய்வின் அடிப்படையிலும் விவரிக்கும் ஒரு சுவாரஸ்யமான மற்றும் சிந்தனையைத் தூண்டும் நூல். பாம்பே பல்கலைக்கழக அச்சகம். {{Wy/ta/ISBN|978-0-8364-2753-0}}

===பார்வையாளர்த் தகவல்===
* [https://goa-tourism.com/ கோவா] சுற்றுலா இணையதளம்

== பேச்சுமொழி ==
கோவாவின் மாநில மொழி [[Wy/ta/கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|கொங்கணி]] ஆகும். பெரும்பாலான கோவா மக்கள் கொங்கணி, [[Wy/ta/ஆங்கில சொற்றொடர்நூல்|ஆங்கிலம்]], [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] ஆகிய மொழிகளைப் பேசுகின்றனர். [[Wy/ta/போர்த்துகீசிய சொற்றொடர்நூல்|போர்த்துகீசிய]] மொழியும் ஒரு சிறிய பிரிவினரால் அறியப்படுகிறது. குறிப்பாக, உயர்குடியினர், முந்தைய சலுகை பெற்ற வகுப்பினர் அல்லது 1961-ஆம் ஆண்டுக்கு முந்தைய போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியின் கீழ் இருந்த கோவாவில் கல்வி பயின்ற மூத்த தலைமுறையினர் இம்மொழியை அறிந்திருக்கின்றனர்.

கோவாவில் வெவ்வேறு நோக்கங்களுக்காகப் பல்வேறு மொழிகள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. கொங்கணி மொழி மிகவும் பரவலாகப் பேசப்படுகிறது. ஆங்கிலமும் மராட்டியும் மிகவும் பரவலாக வாசிக்கப்படுகின்றன. பெரும்பாலான செய்தித்தாள்களும் இவ்விரு மொழிகளிலேயே வெளியிடப்படுகின்றன.

கத்தோலிக்கர்கள் தங்கள் வழிபாட்டுச் சேவைகளுக்குப் பெரும்பாலும் கொங்கணி மொழியையே பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர். அதேவேளையில், இம்மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள இந்துக்களுக்கு மதரீதியான பயன்பாட்டிற்கான மொழியாகப் பெரும்பாலும் மராட்டி விளங்குகிறது. நிர்வாகப் பணிகள் பெரும்பாலும் ஆங்கிலத்திலேயே மேற்கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன.  இதுவே அதிகாரப்பூர்வ அரசிதழ் வெளியீட்டு மொழியாகவும், நீதிமன்றங்களில் முதன்மையாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் மொழியாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

கொங்கணி மொழியைக் கற்பது சற்று கடினமாக இருக்கலாம். இம்மொழி கோவாவிலும் அதற்கு வெளியிலும் நான்கு முதல் ஐந்து வகையான எழுத்து வடிவங்களில் எழுதப்படுகிறது: தேவநாகரி (அதிகாரப்பூர்வ எழுத்து வடிவம்), உரோமன் அல்லது 'ரோமி' (கோவாவில் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவது), கன்னட எழுத்து வடிவம், மலையாள எழுத்து வடிவம் மற்றும் பெர்சிய-அரபு எழுத்து வடிவம் (இந்தியாவின் மேற்கு கடற்கரைப் பகுதியில் தெற்கே அமைந்துள்ள சில முசுலிம் சமூகத்தினரால் இது பயன்படுத்தப்படுவதாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது). உரோமன் எழுத்து வடிவத்தில் கொங்கணி மொழியைக் கற்பதற்கான நூல்களும் வெளியிடப்பட்டுள்ளன. இதன் மூலம், கோவாவில் கொங்கணி மொழிக்கான அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட எழுத்து வடிவமான தேவநாகரியை (இந்தி, மராட்டி மற்றும் பிற மொழிகளை எழுதப் பயன்படுவது) அறியாதவர்களுக்கு இம்மொழியைக் கற்பது எளிதாகிறது.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==
கோவாவை இரண்டு வானூர்தி நிலையங்கள், தொடருந்து மற்றும் இந்தியாவின் பல்வேறு நகரங்களுடன் (குறிப்பாக [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/மங்களூரு|மங்களூரு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]]) மாநிலத்தை இணைக்கும் ஏராளமான பேருந்துகள் மூலம் சென்றடையலாம். நீங்கள் மும்பை அல்லது [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனேவிலிருந்து]] பயணம் செய்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், மகிழுந்துப் பயணம் கொங்கண் பகுதியின் கண்கவர் இயற்கை காட்சிகளை ரசித்தபடியே செல்லும் அனுபவத்தை உங்களுக்கு அளிக்கும்.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
கோவாவில் இரண்டு வானூர்தி நிலையங்கள் உள்ளன. இவை ஒவ்வொன்றிலிருந்தும் ஏறக்குறைய சம எண்ணிக்கையிலான வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன மற்றும் பல்வேறு இடங்களுக்கு வானூர்திகள் இயக்கப்படுகின்றன.

வாசுகோ ட காமா பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=go|name=தாபோலிம் வானூர்தி நிலையம் |wikidata=Q1431173}} ({{Wy/ta/IATA|GOI}}) கோவாவின் மிகப் பழமையான வானூர்தி நிலையமாகும். இது 1955-இல் போர்த்துகீசியர்களால் கட்டப்பட்டது.

[[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]], [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது (இந்தியா)|ஐதராபாது]], [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]], [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]], [[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாத்து|அகமதாபாத்து]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/கோழிக்கோடு|கோழிக்கோடு]] (காலிகட்) ஆகிய நகரங்களுக்குப் பல உள்நாட்டு விமான நிறுவனங்கள் தினசரி வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. மேலும், [[Wy/ta/பகுரைன்|பகுரைன்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாயிலிருந்து]] சர்வதேச வானூர்தி சேவைகளும், [[Wy/ta/உருசியா|உருசியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/கசகசுத்தான்|கசகசுத்தானிலிருந்து]] சில சிறப்பு வாடகை வானூர்தி சேவைகளும் உள்ளன.

வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்கு வந்தடைந்ததும், முன்பணம் செலுத்திப் பயணிக்கும் வாடகை மகிழுந்துகளைப் பயன்படுத்தவும்: பிரதான கட்டிடத்தின் வெளியேறும் வழியிலிருந்து இடதுபுறம் 30 மீட்டர் தொலைவில் மஞ்சள் நிற முன்பணம் செலுத்தும் வாடகை மகிழுந்து முன்பதிவு மையம் உள்ளது. சர்வதேச பயணிகள் வருகைப் பகுதியிலும் இத்தகைய வாடகை மகிழுந்து நிறுத்தம் ஒன்று உள்ளது. இவற்றின் கட்டணம் மஞ்சள் நிற வாடகை மகிழுந்துளை விடச் சற்று குறைவாக இருக்கும். பல விடுதிகள் வானூர்தி நிலையத்திலிருந்து விருந்தினர்களை இலவசமாக அழைத்துச் செல்லும் வசதியை வழங்குகின்றன. எனவே, உங்கள் விடுதியிடம் இத்தகைய இலவச அழைத்துச் செல்லும் வசதி உள்ளதா என்று கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள்.

மாநிலத்தின் வடகோடியில் அமைந்துள்ள {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=go|name=மனோகர் சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையம்|wikidata=Q27981434}} ({{Wy/ta/IATA|GOX}}) 2023-இல் திறக்கப்பட்டது. இது தாபோலிம் வானூர்தி நிலையத்தைப் போலவே உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திச் சேவைகளை வழங்குவதோடு, [[Wy/ta/தோகா|தோகா]], [[Wy/ta/மசுகத்து|மசுகத்து]], [[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/தாசுகண்டு|தாசுகண்டு]] ஆகிய இடங்களிலிருந்து கூடுதல் வானூர்திகளையும், [[Wy/ta/கசகசுத்தான்|கசகசுத்தானிலிருந்து]] சிறப்பு வானூர்திகளையும், [[Wy/ta/உருசியா|உருசியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்|ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்திலிருந்து]] பருவகால வானூர்திகளையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.

=== பேருந்தில் ===
பல்வேறு நகரங்களிலிருந்து பேருந்து வழித்தடங்கள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் பெரும்பாலான போக்குவரத்து [[Wy/ta/மும்பை]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனேவிலிருந்து]] வருகிறது. தெற்கிலிருந்து அதிகரித்து வரும் தேவையின் காரணமாக, [[Wy/ta/மங்களூரு|மங்களூரு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூருவிலிருந்து]] பேருந்துகள் மற்றும் தொடருந்துகளின் எண்ணிக்கை அதிகரித்துள்ளது. மும்பையிலிருந்து கோவா செல்லும் இரவு நேரப் பேருந்துகள், தொடருந்துகள் மற்றும் வானூர்திப் பயணத்திற்கு ஒரு மாற்றாகும். கூட்ட நெரிசல் மிகுந்த காலங்களில் (குறிப்பாக கிறிஸ்துமஸ்-புத்தாண்டு கூட்ட நெரிசல், கார்னிவல், அல்லது குடும்பங்கள் பயணம் செய்யும் பிற இந்தியப் பகுதிகளில் பள்ளி விடுமுறைகள் இருக்கும் சமயங்களில்) முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்யுங்கள்.

கடம்பா போக்குவரத்து கழகம் என்பது கோவா மாநிலத்தால் நடத்தப்படும் போக்குவரத்து சேவையாகும். அதன் பேருந்துகள் ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறந்த நிலையிலும், திறமையான நிலையிலும் இருந்தன. [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகம்]] (சில சேவைகள், குறிப்பாக வோல்வோ பேருந்துகள், திறமையானவை), [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்|ஆந்திரப் பிரதேச]] அரசுகளால் இயக்கப்படும் பிற மாநிலப் பேருந்துகளும் உள்ளன. பல தனியார் நிறுவனங்களும் மற்ற நகரங்களுக்குப் பேருந்து இணைப்புகளை வழங்குகின்றன. அவை பல்வேறு அளவிலான தள்ளுபடிகள் மற்றும் நேரந்தவறாமையுடன் செயல்படுகின்றன, இவ்விரண்டும் பொதுவாக ஒன்றுக்கொன்று நேர்மாறாகத் தொடர்புடையவை. கர்நாடகாவைச் சேர்ந்த விஜயானந்த் ஒரு பரிந்துரைக்கப்பட்ட தனியார் பேருந்து நிறுவனமாகும். ஆன்லைனில் முன்பதிவு செய்யுங்கள் [https://www.vrlbus.in/ இங்கே].

பனாஜியில், தொடருந்து மற்றும் பேருந்து பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்வதற்கான பிரதான மையம், கடம்பா மாநிலங்களுக்கு இடையேயான பேருந்து முனையத்தைச் சுற்றி அமைந்துள்ளது. கொங்கன் ரயில்வேக்கான பயணச்சீட்டுகளையும் இங்கே முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம், இருப்பினும் விடுமுறை காலங்களில் நீண்ட வரிசைகளை எதிர்பார்க்கலாம் (இந்தியாவில், இந்த விடுமுறை காலங்கள் குழந்தைகளின் பள்ளி விடுமுறை நாட்களுடனும் ஒத்துப்போகக்கூடும்).

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
[[File:On a moving train (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|கோவாவில் ஒரு தொடருந்தில்]]
[https://www.indianrail.gov.in/ இந்தியன் ரயில்வே], [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]], [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாத்து|அகமதாபாத்து]], [[Wy/ta/மங்களூரு|மங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]], [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]], [[Wy/ta/திருவனந்தபுரம்|திருவனந்தபுரம்]], [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாத்து|ஐதராபாத்து]] ஆகிய இடங்களிலிருந்து கோவாவிற்கு நேரடி ரயில் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது. இதன் சேருமிட நிலையம் பொதுவாக தெற்கு கோவாவில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/மட்காவ்|மட்காவ்]] ஆகும். இந்த வழித்தடம் பசுமையான பகுதிகள் மற்றும் பல சுரங்கப்பாதைகள் வழியாகச் செல்வதால், ரயிலில் கோவாவிற்குப் பயணம் செய்வது ஒரு உண்மையான இன்பமாகும். கோவா, [[Wy/ta/பெல்காம்|பெல்காம்]], [[Wy/ta/மீரஜ்|மீரஜ்]] வழித்தடம் வழியாக [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]] உடனும் இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

சில சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தவறவிடும் ஒரு தொடருந்து நிலையம் '''திவிம்''' ஆகும். இங்கு பெரும்பாலான தொடருந்துகள் இயக்கப்படுகின்றன. மேலும் இது கலங்குட் கடற்கரையிலிருந்து வாடகை மகிழுந்து மூலம் 20 நிமிடப் பயண தூரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. குறைந்த செலவில் பயணம் செய்பவர்களுக்கு, இதுவே மிகவும் மலிவான தேர்வாகும். மேலும், சாலை வழியாகப் பயணிப்பதை விட இது வேகமானதாகவும், மிகவும் வசதியானதாகவும் இருக்கிறது. கொங்கன் கன்யா மற்றும் நேத்ராவதி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் போன்ற முக்கிய தொடருந்துகளில் பொதுவாக அதிக முன்பதிவுகள் இருப்பதால், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்வது அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறது.

மும்பை மற்றும் பெரும்பாலான பிற இடங்களிலிருந்து வரும் தொடருந்துகளில் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்காக ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட எண்ணிக்கையிலான இருக்கைகள் ஒதுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஒதுக்கீட்டு பயணச்சீட்டுகளை சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தொடருந்து நிலையத்தில் நேரில் சென்றுதான் வாங்க வேண்டும். பயண முகவர் மூலம் முன்பதிவு செய்ய முடியாது. ஒதுக்கீட்டு பயணச்சீட்டுகள் புறப்படும் நிலையத்தில் மட்டுமே விற்கப்படுகின்றன. பயணச்சீட்டுகளை [https://www.irctc.co.in/ நிகழ்நிலை] என்ற இணையதளத்தில் முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம்.

குறைந்த செலவில் பயணம் செய்பவர்களைத் தவிர, குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட படுக்கை வசதி கொண்ட பேருந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்வது நல்லது. இவை அதிக சத்தமில்லாதவை மற்றும் மிகவும் வசதியானவை. ஒவ்வொரு படுக்கையிலும் புதிதாகத் துவைக்கப்பட்ட இரண்டு விரிப்புகள், ஒரு போர்வை மற்றும் ஒரு தலையணை வழங்கப்படும். கேட்டால் ஒரு கைத்துண்டையும் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம்.

பெரும்பாலான பயண முகவர்கள் ஒரு சிறிய கட்டணத்தில் (₹200) பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்வார்கள், ஆனால் தொடருந்துகளில் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும் என்பதால் நீங்கள் முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டும். கடைசி நிமிடத்தில் பயணச்சீட்டு முன்பதிவைச் செய்யாதீர்கள், ஏனெனில் நீங்கள் ஏமாற்றமடைய நேரிடலாம். [https://irctc.co.in IRCTC தளம்]- இல் ஆன்லைனில் முன்பதிவு செய்வது வசதியானது. முன்பதிவுகள் இரண்டு மாதங்களுக்கு முன்பே தொடங்குகின்றன.

{{Wy/ta/See also|Wy/ta/இந்தியாவில் தொடருந்துப் பயணம்}}

=== மகிழுந்தில் ===


=== வலசையில் ===
மும்பையிலிருந்து கோவாவிற்கு அவ்வப்போது சொகுசுக் கப்பல் சேவைகள் இயங்கி வந்தன, ஆனால் பாதுகாப்பு குறித்த கவலைகள் மற்றும் கணிக்க முடியாத வானிலை காரணமாக அவை நிறுத்தப்பட்டன. மேலும் மீண்டும் தொடங்குவதற்கான வாய்ப்பும் குறைவு.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==
கோவாவிற்கு உயர் தெளிவுத்திறன் கொண்ட வரைபடங்கள் கிடைக்காது. உதாரணமாக, சில பிரபலமான தீவுகள் பல வரைபடங்களில் காட்டப்படுவதில்லை.

கோவாவின் சில பகுதிகளில் வழிகாட்டிப் பலகைகள் இல்லாததால், வழியைக் கண்டறிவது சவாலாக இருக்கலாம். சந்தேகம் ஏற்பட்டால், தயங்காமல் கேளுங்கள். பொதுவாக மக்கள் நட்புடனும் உதவியாகவும் இருப்பார்கள், ஆனால் துல்லியமான பதில்களை எதிர்பார்க்க வேண்டாம் ('ஐந்து நிமிடப் பயணம்' என்று சொல்லப்படுவது இருபது நிமிடங்கள் ஆகலாம்).

வாகனம் ஓட்டும்போது, ​​வீட்டு விலங்குகள் மற்றும் சிறு குழந்தைகள் சாலையைக் கடந்து ஓடுவது, குறியிடப்படாத வேகத்தடைகள் மற்றும் வேக மேடுகள் போன்ற எதிர்பாராத நிகழ்வுகளை எதிர்பார்க்கலாம்.

கோவாவில் ஊபர், ஓலா மற்றும் நான்கு சக்கர வாகனங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தும் பிற பயணப் பகிர்வு சேவைகள் தடை செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளன.

=== விசையுந்தில் ===
கைமய மற்றும் தானியங்கிப் பல்லிணைப் பெட்டி கொண்ட விசையுந்துகள் மற்றும் துள்ளுந்துகளை வாடகைக்கு எடுக்கலாம் (பொதுவாக தலைக்கவசம் இல்லாமல்). நீண்ட காலம் தங்கத் திட்டமிடுபவர்கள் அதற்குப் பதிலாக ஒன்றை வாங்குவதைக் கருத்தில் கொள்ளலாம். ஒண்டா ஆக்டிவா துள்ளுந்தின் வாடகை ஒரு நாளைக்கு சுமார் ₹350 (சுற்றுலா உச்ச காலம் அல்லாத நாட்களில் ₹400) ஆகும். பல்லிணைப் பெட்டி கொண்ட விசையுந்துகளைத் தேடுபவர்களுக்கு இதைவிடச் சற்று அதிகமாகும். மே 2022 தொடக்கத்தில், பல சிறிய சாலையோரக் கடைகள் ஒரு லிட்டர் பெட்ரோலை ₹105-க்கு விற்கின்றன. அதேசமயம், பெட்ரோல் நிலையங்களில் (கடலோரப் பகுதிகளில் இவற்றைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பது கடினம்) ஒரு லிட்டரின் விலை ₹105-ஐ விடச் சற்று அதிகமாக இருக்கலாம்.

விசையுந்துகளை நீண்ட காலத்திற்கு (ஒரு மாதம் அல்லது அதற்கு மேல்) வாடகைக்கு எடுக்கும்போது, ​​எப்போதும் தள்ளுபடி கேளுங்கள். ஒரு நாளைக்கு ₹100-க்கு மேல் நீங்கள் செலுத்த வேண்டியதில்லை. விசையுந்தின் அனைத்து உரிமை ஆவணங்களும் உங்களிடம் இருப்பதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். மேலும், மஞ்சள் நிற எண்பலகை கொண்ட விசையுந்துகளை கோவாவிற்கு வெளியே எடுத்துச் செல்வதைத் தவிர்க்கவும், ஏனெனில் அது தண்டனைக்குரிய குற்றமாகும். அருகிலுள்ள உள்ளூர் பயணங்களுக்கு வெள்ளை நிற எண்பலகை கொண்ட பைக்கை வாடகைக்கு எடுப்பது ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளத்தக்கது. ஆனால் நீங்கள் தொலைதூரம் பயணிக்க விரும்பினால், எப்போதும் மஞ்சள் நிற நம்பர் எண்பலகை பைக்கையே வாடகைக்கு எடுங்கள்.

முக்கிய சாலைகளில் செல்லும்போது தலைக்கவசம் அணிவது கட்டாயமாகும் (அணியாதவர்களுக்கு ₹100 அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படும்). வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு சர்வதேச ஓட்டுநர் உரிமம் (1949 ஒப்பந்தம்) தேவைப்படும். உங்களை நிறுத்தும் போது காவல்துறை உங்களிடம் கேட்கும் முதல் ஆவணம் இதுதான். உங்கள் வழக்கமான ஓட்டுநர் உரிமத்தையும் உடன் எடுத்துச் செல்ல வேண்டும்.

=== பேருந்தில் ===
கோவாவில் பேருந்தில் பயணம் செய்வது மிகவும் வசதியானது, ஏனெனில் சாலை வலையமைப்பு கோவாவின் அனைத்து இடங்களையும் எளிதாக இணைக்கிறது. மாநிலப் போக்குவரத்துக் கழகம் மற்றும் தனியார் பேருந்துகள் முக்கிய இடங்களில் போக்குவரத்து சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன.

நேரம் தவறிய சேவை, இரைச்சல் மற்றும் நெரிசல் இருந்தபோதிலும், வண்ணமயமான உள்ளூர் கதாபாத்திரங்களுடன் வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட தனியார் பேருந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்வதில் ஒரு தனித்துவமான வசீகரம் உள்ளது.

பேருந்துகள் விலை மலிவானவை, கட்டணம் பெரும்பாலும் ₹4-6 ஆக இருக்கும். 30-40 கி.மீ பயணத்திற்கு ₹10-15 ஆகும்.

=== மகிழுந்தில் ===
கோவா முழுவதும் சுயமாக ஓட்டுவதற்கும், ஓட்டுநருடன் கூடிய மகிழுந்துகளுக்கும் பல வாடகைக் கார் நிறுவனங்கள் உள்ளன. மேலும், ஆன்லைன் வாடகைக்கார் முன்பதிவுகளும் கிடைக்கின்றன. மே 2022 தொடக்கத்தில், இன்னோவா காருக்கு ஒரு நாளைக்கு சுமார் ₹2,200, டெம்போ டிராவலருக்கு சுமார் ₹3,500, கேம்ரிக்கு ₹4,500 மற்றும் மற்ற கார்களுக்கு இதைவிடச் சற்று அதிகமாக வாடகை வசூலிக்கப்பட்டது.

குறிப்பாக, கோவாவில் ஊபர் மற்றும் ஓலா சேவைகள் இல்லை. ஏனெனில், கோவாவில் மிகவும் முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்த உள்ளூர் டாக்ஸி சங்கங்களின் நலன்களைப் பாதுகாக்கும் பொருட்டு, மாநில அரசு இந்த நான்கு சக்கர வாகன நிறுவனங்களுக்குத் தடை விதித்துள்ளது.

=== வாடகை மகிழுந்தில் ===
கோவாவில், ஓட்டல்களுக்கு வெளியிலேயே வாடகை மகிழுந்து சேவைகளை எளிதாகப் பெறலாம் அல்லது இணையம் வழியாகவும் முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம். ஓலா  அல்லது ஊபர் போன்ற நிறுவனங்களின் வாடகை மகிழுந்து சேவைகள் இங்கு இல்லை. இருப்பினும், உள்ளூர் வாடகை மகிழுந்துகளை முன்பதிவு செய்ய ஐஓஎஸ் மற்றும் ஆண்டிராயிடு தளங்களில் [https://www.goamiles.com/ கோவா மைல்சு] எனும் சவாரிப்-பகிர்வுச் செயலி கிடைக்கிறது.
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|15.498889|73.827778|zoom=8}}
[[Image:RiversideofPanjimGoaIndia.JPG|thumb|300px|பஞ்சிம் ஆற்றங்கரை, கோவா]]

== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==
====கலை மற்றும் பண்பாடு====
கோவா அருங்காட்சியகங்கள், கலைக்கூடங்கள் மற்றும் நூலகங்களின் நியாயமான பங்கைக் காட்டிலும் அதிகமாக உள்ளது. கோவா மாநில அருங்காட்சியகம், கலை மன்றம், மத்திய நூலகம் மற்றும் கோவா அறிவியல் மையம் உள்ளிட்ட அரசாங்கத்தால் நடத்தப்படும் பல அருங்காட்சியகங்களை நீங்கள் [[Wy/ta/பனாஜி|பனாஜியில்]] காணலாம். [[Wy/ta/வாசுகோ ட காமா|வாசுகோ ட காமாவில்]], நீங்கள் கடற்படை வானூர்தி அருங்காட்சியகத்தைக் காணலாம், இது பழங்கால வானூர்திகளைக் காண சிறந்த இடமாகும்.

கிறிஸ்தவ மதக் கலை மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் மதச்சார்பற்ற கலைகளின் எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளைக் காண [[Wy/ta/பழைய கோவா|பழைய கோவா]] ஒரு சிறந்த இடமாகும். அங்கு நீங்கள் கிறிஸ்தவக் கலை அருங்காட்சியகத்தையும், இயல்புமீறிய பாணி கலைஞர் டோம் மார்ட்டினின் படைப்புகளைக் கொண்ட நவீன கலைக்கூடத்தையும் காணலாம். [[Wy/ta/மர்ம கோவா|மர்ம கோவா]] பகுதியில், புனித யோசப் வாசு அவர்களின் மத அருங்காட்சியகம் அமைந்துள்ளது. [[Wy/ta/பார்தேசு|பார்தேசுப்]] பகுதியில் உள்ள சேவியர் வரலாற்று ஆய்வு மையத்திலும் கிறிஸ்தவக் கலைக்கான ஒரு கலைக்கூடம் உள்ளது.

கோவாவின் தனித்துவமான மற்றும் சுதந்திரமான வாழ்க்கை முறையால் ஈர்க்கப்பட்ட பல கலைஞர்கள், ஓவியர்கள் மற்றும் கட்டிடக் கலைஞர்கள் இங்கு குடியேறியுள்ளனர். அவர்கள் கலைக்கூடங்களையும் அருங்காட்சியகங்களையும் நிறுவியுள்ளனர். இதற்கு ஒரு எடுத்துக்காட்டு [[Wy/ta/கண்டோலிம்|கண்டோலிமில்]] உள்ள '''சுபோத் கெர்கரின் கலைக்கூடம்''' ஆகும். [[Wy/ta/பெனாலிம்|பெனாலிமில்]] '''கோவா சித்ரா அருங்காட்சியகம்''' அமைந்துள்ளது; இது ஓரிடத்தில் திரட்டப்பட்ட இனவரைவியல் சார்ந்த கலைப்பொருட்களின் மிகப்பெரிய தொகுப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
[[File:panjimin.jpg|thumb|300px|பல வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கட்டிடங்கள் விடுதிகளாகவும், இல்லவிடுதி எனப்படும் தங்கும் இல்லங்களாகவும் மாற்றப்பட்டுள்ளன]].

மற்ற குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அருங்காட்சியகங்கள்: [[Wy/ta/பெனாலிம்|பெனௌலிமில்]] உள்ள ''ஜெரார்ட் டா குன்யாவின்'' கட்டிடக்கலை அருங்காட்சியகமான '''அவுசஸ் ஆஃப் கோவா''' (''கோவா இல்லம்''), மற்றும் கோவாவின் பாரம்பரிய கடந்த காலத்தை விளக்கி மீண்டும் உருவாக்கும் முயற்சியான, [[Wy/ta/சால்செட்டே|சால்செட்டேயின்]] லௌடோலிமில் உள்ள '''பிக் ஃபூட்''' (என்கிற ''மூதாதையர் கோவா''). சால்செட்டேயின் நுவேமில் உள்ள '''அஷ்வெக் வின்டேஜ் வேர்ல்ட்''' என்ற பெயரில் ஒரு வகையான பழங்கால மகிழுந்துகளின் சேகரிப்பும் கூட உள்ளது.

பனாஜிம் அல்லது ஃபோன்டைனின் லத்தீன் காலாண்டில் பல பாரம்பரிய கட்டிடங்கள் உள்ளன, அவற்றில் சில அவற்றின் அசல் நிலையில் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

==== கடற்கரைகள் ====
கோவா அதன் கடற்கரைகள், பழமையான கோயில்கள் மற்றும் தேவாலயங்கள், மற்றும் கோவா திருவிழா ஆகியவற்றிற்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது.
[[Image:Palolem Sunset.JPG|thumb|200px|பாலோலம் கடற்கரையில் சூரிய அஸ்தமனம்]]
* '''[[Wy/ta/அகோண்டா|அகோண்டா கடற்கரை]]''' — தெற்கே அமைந்துள்ள இது ''ஆமை கடற்கரை'' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.
* '''[[Wy/ta/அஞ்சுனா|அஞ்சுனா கடற்கரை]]''' — சபோரா கோட்டைக்கு அருகில் உள்ளது. இதன் முக்கிய ஈர்ப்பு 1920-இல் கட்டப்பட்ட அற்புதமான ''அல்புகெர்க் மாளிகை'' ஆகும். இது எண்கோண வடிவ கோபுரங்கள் மற்றும் அழகான மங்களூரு ஓட்டுக்கூரையுடன் அமைந்துள்ளது. 1960 மற்றும் 1970-களில், [[Wy/ta/கலங்குட்|கலங்குட்]] போன்ற இடங்கள் அதிக &quot;நெரிசல் மிக்கதாக&quot; மாறிய பிறகு, கோவாவில் கிப்பிகளின் இரண்டாவது இல்லமாகவும் முக்கிய இடமாகவும் அஞ்சுனா திகழ்ந்தது. இன்றும் ஒவ்வொரு புதன்கிழமையும் இங்கு ஒரு ''பழம் பொருட் சந்தை'' (பழைய பொருட்கள் மற்றும் கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் விற்கப்படும் சந்தை) நடைபெறுகிறது. (இது இப்போது பெரிதும் மாறி, பொதுவான வணிகச் சந்தை போலாகிவிட்டது). அருகிலுள்ள அர்போரா கிராமத்தில், மழைக்காலம் அல்லாத பருவங்களில் சனிக்கிழமை இரவுகளில் இரண்டு வண்ணமயமான சந்தைகள் நடைபெறுகின்றன. இது இன்றும் கோவாவின் ''மாற்றுப் பண்பாட்டுப்'' பகுதியாகவே கருதப்படுகிறது. இருப்பினும், 'கிப்பி காலத்தின்' அனுபவத்தைப் பெற விரும்பும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளும் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையில் இங்கு வருகை தருகின்றனர்.
* '''அரம்போல் கடற்கரை''' — வட கோவாவில் பெர்னெம் பகுதிக்கு அருகில் உள்ள ஒரு அமைதியான கடற்கரை. இங்கு தங்கும் விடுதிகள் அல்லது உணவகங்கள் போன்ற வசதிகள் அதிகம் இல்லை. கடல் நீர் ஆழம் குறைவாக இருப்பதால் நீந்துவதற்கு ஏற்றது.
* '''அசுவேம் கடற்கரை''' — வட கோவாவின் பெர்னெம் தாலுகாவில் அமைந்துள்ள அமைதியான கடற்கரை.
* '''[[Wy/ta/பாகா|பாகா கடற்கரை]]''' — கலங்குட்டிற்கு மிக அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள, குடும்பங்கள் மற்றும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கான ஒரு பிரபலமான கடற்கரை.
* '''[[Wy/ta/பெனௌலிம்|பெனௌலிம்]]''' கடற்கரை
* '''[[Wy/ta/கலங்குட்|கலங்குட் கடற்கரை]]''' — கோவாவின் அனைத்து கடற்கரைகளிலும் 'ராணி' என்று போற்றப்படுவது. ஒரு காலத்தில் மிகவும் உயர்வாகக் கருதப்பட்ட இடம். இப்போது மக்கள் கூட்டம் நிறைந்தது. இங்குள்ள முக்கியச் சாலையில் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலை எதிர்பார்க்கலாம். இந்திய சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளால் நிரம்பிய இந்தக் கடற்கரை, மிகுந்த இரைச்சல், நினைவுப் பொருட்கள் விற்பனை மற்றும் நீர் விளையாட்டுச் சேவைகளை வற்புறுத்தி வழங்கும் நபர்கள் நிறைந்த இடமாக உள்ளது. அமைதியை இங்கே பெற முடியாது என்றாலும், பல பிரபலமான கிளப்புகள் மற்றும் நல்ல உணவகங்கள் இங்கு உள்ளன.
* '''[[Wy/ta/கண்டோலிம்|கண்டோலிம்]]''' மற்றும் '''[[Wy/ta/சிங்குரிம்|சிங்குரிம் கடற்கரை]]''' — இவை வட கோவாவின் [[Wy/ta/பார்தேசு|பார்தேசு]] தாலுகாவில் உள்ள கடற்கரைகள். ஒரு காலத்தில் எளிய மீனவக் கிராமங்களாக இருந்த இவை, இப்போது வட கோவாவின் நெரிசலான, கான்கிரீட் கட்டிடங்கள் நிறைந்த கடற்கரைப் பகுதிகளாக மாறிவிட்டன. இவை ''கோவாவின் பெனிடாம்'' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. அல்லது அதே போன்ற நெரிசலான இடமாக வேகமாக மாறி வருகின்றன.
* '''[[Wy/ta/சபோரா|சபோரா கடற்கரை]]''' — சபோரா கோட்டை இங்குதான் அமைந்துள்ளது. இது வாகடோர் மற்றும் அஞ்சுனா கடற்கரைகளுக்கு அருகில் உள்ளது. பாரம்பரிய மீனவர்களின் எதிர்ப்புகளுக்கு மத்தியில் 1960 மற்றும் 1970-களில் கோவாவில் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்ட இழுவைப்படகுகள் தங்கள் மீன்பிடி வரத்தை இறக்கும் மீன்பிடித் தளமும் இங்குள்ளது. ''தில் சாக்தா ஹை'' திரைப்படத்தின் ஒரு பாடல் இந்தக் கோட்டையில் படமாக்கப்பட்டது. கோட்டை சிதிலமடைந்த நிலையில் இருந்தாலும், கடலையும் இரு கடற்கரைகளையும் காணும் வசீகரமான காட்சிகளை இது வழங்குகிறது. கோட்டைக்குச் செல்லும் வழியைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பது சற்று கடினம், ஆனால் இருசக்கர வாகன ஓட்டிகளுக்கு அது ஒரு பொருட்டாக இருக்காது. குன்றின் உச்சியில் கட்டப்பட்டுள்ளதால், கோட்டைக்கு ஏறுவது சற்று சிரமமாக இருக்கலாம்.
* '''கோல்வா கடற்கரை''' — அதன் இயற்கை அழகுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது. இது கோவாவின் ஒரே கத்தோலிக்க பெரும்பான்மை துணை மாவட்டமான சால்செட்டின் ஒரு பகுதியாகும். ஒரு காலத்தில் மிகவும் விருந்தோம்பல் நிறைந்த பகுதியாக இருந்த இது, இப்போது சுற்றுலாவின் காரணமாக பணமயமாக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது. சால்செட்டின் கடற்கரைப் பகுதி வெல்சாவ் கடற்கரையில் தொடங்கி, லீலா மற்றும் ஆலிடே இன் ஓட்டல்கள் அமைந்துள்ள பேதுலில் முடிவடைகிறது. இந்தப் பகுதியில் உள்ள மற்ற பிரபலமான கடற்கரைகள் உட்டோர்டா, மஜோர்டா, அரோசிம், பெனௌலிம் மற்றும் வர்கா ஆகும். தெற்குக் கடற்கரைகள் அழகாகவும், அமைதியாகவும், குறைவான குடிசைகளைக் கொண்டும் உள்ளன. மாநிலத்தின் வடக்குப் பகுதியில் உள்ள, அதிக வணிகமயமாக்கப்பட்ட கடற்கரைகளுடன் ஒப்பிடும்போது, இங்கு கோவாவின் இயற்கை அழகை ரசிப்பது எளிது. தெற்குக் கடற்கரைகள் குடும்பங்களுக்கு மிகவும் ஏற்றதாகவும், பொதுவாக தூய்மையாகவும் அழகாகவும் உள்ளன.
* '''[[Wy/ta/மாண்ட்ரெம்|மாண்ட்ரெம் கடற்கரை]]''' &amp;mdash; கோவாவின் பெர்னெம் தாலுகாவின் வடகோடியில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
* '''[[Wy/ta/மோர்சிம்|மோர்சிம் கடற்கரை]]''' — உருசிய சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் அதிகம் கூடும் ஒரு அழகான கடற்கரை. கடலின் ஆழம் குறைவாக இருப்பதாலும், கடற்கரை மிகவும் அகலமாக இருப்பதாலும், இது ''காத்தாடி உலாவல்'' செய்பவர்களிடையே பிரபலமாக உள்ளது. இங்கு கட்டணம் சற்று அதிகம். உருசிய உணவுகளை வழங்கும் பல உணவகங்கள் உள்ளன. இரவு நேரக் கொண்டாட்டங்கள் இங்கு மிகவும் உற்சாகமாக இருக்கும்.
* '''[[Wy/ta/பாலோலம்|பாலோலம் கடற்கரை]]''' — கோவாவின் தென்கோடியில், கனகோனா தாலுகாவில் அமைந்துள்ள கடற்கரை. அழகான மற்றும் அமைதியான சூழலைக் கொண்ட இது, அருகிலுள்ள தீவுகளையும் கொண்டுள்ளது. இங்கு உணவருந்தச் சிறந்த இடங்கள் உள்ளன. உள்ளூர் நிலவரப்படி இதன் செலவுகள் அதிகரித்து வருவதுடன் சற்று கூட்டமும் காணப்படுகிறது. இருப்பினும், பிற பிரபலமான கடற்கரைகளுடன் ஒப்பிடுகையில் இங்கு கூட்டம் குறைவுதான்.
* '''பட்னெம் கடற்கரை''' — கனகோனா தாலுகாவில் உள்ள ஒரு சிறிய மற்றும் அமைதியான கடற்கரை.
* '''[[Wy/ta/வாகேட்டர்|வாகேட்டர் கடற்கரை]]''' — அஞ்சுனாவிற்கு அருகிலுள்ள பார்தேசில் அமைந்துள்ளது. மேற்கத்திய சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் அடிக்கடி வந்து செல்லும் இடம் மற்றும் கொண்டாட்டங்களுக்குப் புகழ்பெற்றது.

====வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்கள்====
இப்பகுதியில் பல வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயங்கள் உள்ளன. சாங்கெம் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள '''பகவான் மகாவீர் வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயம்''', கோவாவிலேயே மிகப்பெரிய பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட வனவிலங்குப் பகுதிகளில் ஒன்றாகும். சாங்க்யும்மில் அமைந்துள்ள ''துத் சாகர்'' நீர்வீழ்ச்சி, மேலிருந்து கீழ் வரை 600 மீட்டர் உயரத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

[[Wy/ta/போண்டா|போண்டாவில்]] அமைந்துள்ள '''போண்ட்லா வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயம்''' கடமான்கள், இந்தியக் காட்டெருது, மற்றும் காட்டுப்பன்றிகள் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு விலங்குகளின் வாழ்விடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. அவ்வப்போது இங்கு யானைகளும் காணப்பட்டுள்ளன. போண்டாவிலேயே அமைந்துள்ள '''கோவா வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சிப் பூங்கா'''வில் வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சிகள் மட்டுமின்றி, மழைநீர் சேகரிப்பு குறித்த ஒரு தனித்துவமான பரிசோதனை முயற்சியும் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளது.

கனகோனாவில் உள்ள '''கோத்திகாவ் வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயம்''', அரிய வகை தாவரங்கள் மற்றும் உயரமான மரங்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு காடாகும். இங்கு சூரிய ஒளி தரையை அடைவது அரிது. பனாஜியில் உள்ள '''டாக்டர் சலீம் அலி பறவைகள் சரணாலயத்திற்கு'''ச் செல்ல, தலைமை வனவிலங்கு காப்பாளரின் அனுமதி தேவை.

== செய்யுங்கள் ==
* '''கேளிக்கை விழா'''. தவக்காலத்திற்குச் சற்று முன்பு, பிப்ரவரி மாத நடுப்பகுதியில் நடைபெறும் ''கார்னிவல்'' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இந்த நான்கு நாள் நிகழ்வில், உற்சாகமான ஊர்வலங்கள், அலங்கார ஊர்திகள், கிதார் இசை, நேர்த்தியான நடனங்கள் மற்றும் இடைவிடாத கொண்டாட்டங்கள் இடம்பெறுகின்றன.
* '''நீரில் பாய்தல்'''. — இதற்கான பருவம் அக்டோபர் நடுப்பகுதியிலிருந்து மே நடுப்பகுதி வரை ஆகும். இந்தியாவில் பருவமழைக் காலங்களில் (சூன் முதல் அக்டோபர் நடுப்பகுதி வரை) நீரில் பாய்தல் செய்வது சாத்தியமில்லை. நீரின் வெப்பநிலை 27-30⁰ C ஆக இருக்கும். உள்ளூர் நீரில் பாய்தல் தளங்கள், வாசுகோ டா காமாவிற்கு அருகிலுள்ள கடற்கரைக்கு அப்பால் அமைந்துள்ள ''கிராண்டே தீவை''ச் சுற்றியுள்ளன. இந்த நீரில் பாய்தல் தளங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் 12-16 மீட்டர் ஆழம் கொண்டவை, மேலும் பருவம் முழுவதும் பார்வைத்தெளிவு மாறுபடும், சராசரியாக சுமார் 5-6 மீட்டர் இருக்கும். இங்கு கடல்வாழ் உயிரினங்கள் ஏராளமாக உள்ளன. பல வகையான பவளப்பாறை மீன்கள், கடின மற்றும் மென்மையான பவளங்கள், மற்றும் நீரில் பாய்தல் செய்வதற்கு பல கப்பல் சிதைவுகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. பல நீரில் பாய்தல் மையங்கள் ''மூழ்கல் பயிற்றுவிப்பாளர்களின் தொழில்முறைச் சங்கம்'' படிப்புகளை நடத்துவதோடு, அண்டை மாநிலமான [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகத்தில்]] உள்ள ''பிஜியன் தீவிற்கு'' (உள்ளூரில் ''நேத்ரானி தீவு'' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) நீரில் பாய்தல் பயணங்களையும் ஏற்பாடு செய்கின்றன.

====தன்னார்வப் பணி====
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கவனிக்கவும்|இந்திய விசா விதிமுறைகளின்படி, எவ்வித ஊதியமும் பெறாத பணியைச் செய்வதற்கான ஒப்பந்தம் உங்களிடம் இருந்தாலும், நீங்கள் இப்போது '''வேலைவாய்ப்பு விசா மூலம் மட்டுமே தன்னார்வப் பணியைச் செய்ய முடியும்''' (அதாவது, சுற்றுலா விசாவில் செய்ய முடியாது). உங்கள் நாட்டைப் பொறுத்து, இதற்கான செலவு அதிகமாக இருக்கலாம்.}}
*{{Wy/ta/Do
| name=கோவாவில் தன்னார்வப் பணி | alt= | url=https://volunteering-goa.com/ | email=info@volunteering-goa.com
| address=போர்வோரிம் | lat= | long= | directions=பஞ்சிம்-மபுசா முக்கிய நெடுஞ்சாலையில் (NH17) அமைந்துள்ளது
| phone=+91 860 5458574 | tollfree= | fax=
| hours= | price=
| content=அனாதை இல்லங்கள், இயற்கை மையங்கள், விலங்குகள் மீட்பு மற்றும் தொண்டு நிறுவனக் கடைகள் ஆகியவற்றில் உள்ள திட்டங்களுக்கு உதவுவதன் மூலம் நீங்கள் உண்மையான கோவாவை அனுபவிக்கலாம்.
}}

== வாங்குங்கள் ==
கோவா கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் போதிய அங்கீகாரம் பெறுவதில்லை, மேலும் அவை உண்மையான மலிவு விலையில் கிடைக்கக்கூடும். அவற்றின் வகைகளில் செதுக்கப்பட்ட மரச்சாமான்கள், பித்தளைப் பொருட்கள், பின்னல் வேலைப்பாடுகள் மற்றும் பல அடங்கும் (அரசாங்கத்தால் நடத்தப்படும் ''அபரந்த் பேரங்காடி'' பற்றிய பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்).

குறிப்பாக வட கோவாவின் இரவுச் சந்தைகளில், உலகளாவிய பொருட்கள் வியக்கத்தக்க பன்முகத்தன்மையுடன் கிடைக்கின்றன. பனாஜியில், 18 ஜூன் சாலை, கடைக்காரர்களையும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளையும் ஈர்க்கும் ஒரு இடமாக வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வருகிறது. மபுசா, ஒவ்வொரு வெள்ளிக்கிழமையும் ஒரு பாரம்பரிய சந்தையை நடத்துவதோடு, ஏராளமான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளையும், குறிப்பாக வெளிநாட்டினரையும் ஈர்க்கிறது. கோவாவின் திறமையான பொற்கொல்லர்கள் மபுசாவின் சந்தையிலும், மார்கோ மற்றும் பனாஜியின் சில பகுதிகளிலும் நேர்த்தியாக வரிசையாகக் காணப்படுகின்றனர். பாரம்பரிய கோவா அரக்கு வேலைப்பாடு கொண்ட பொம்மைகளைப் பாருங்கள் (''அபரந்த் பேரங்காடியில் கிடைக்கும்''). அஞ்சுனாவில் ஒரு ''பழைய பொருட்கள் சந்தை'' உள்ளது.

'''மருத்துவச் சுற்றுலா''' என்பது மருத்துவச் சேவைகளைப் பெறுவதற்காக வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் இங்கு வருவதைக் குறிக்கிறது. இத்தகைய மருத்துவச் சுற்றுலா சேவைகளை வழங்கும் பல மையங்கள் இங்கு உள்ளன; உதாரணமாக, கலங்கூட்டில் உள்ள பழைய பெட்ரோல் பங்க் அருகே ரோமானோ சேம்பர்ஸில் அமைந்துள்ள &quot;டாக்டர் பிமென்டாவின் பல் மருத்துவ மையம்&quot; மற்றும் மட்காவோவில் உள்ள நேரு ஸ்டேடியம் அருகிலுள்ள &quot;லேக் பிளாசா&quot; ஆகியவற்றைக் குறிப்பிடலாம்.

====கைவினைப் பொருட்கள்====
'''அபராந்த்''' விற்பனை நிலையங்களின் வலையமைப்பு, அரசு நடத்தும் கோவா கைவினைப்பொருட்கள் வலையமைப்பால் நிர்வகிக்கப்படுகிறது. கோவா முழுவதும் உள்ள அவர்களின் 10 விற்பனை நிலையங்களில், கோவாவின் ஆர்வமூட்டும்  கைவினைப்பொருட்களை நீங்கள் காணலாம். பொருட்களின் வரிசையில் சிப்பி வேலைப்பாடுகள், பீங்கான், மூங்கில், காகிதக்கூழ், தேங்காய் சார்ந்த பொருட்கள் மற்றும் நார் பொருட்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். எளிதில் உடையக்கூடிய சில கைவினைப்பொருட்களை வீட்டிற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்வதில் பார்வையாளர்களுக்குச் சிரமம் இருந்தால், நார் பொருட்கள் ஒரு நல்ல தேர்வாகும். பனாஜியில் வாசுகோ டா காமாவிலும் ('சுதந்திரப் பாதையில், வாசுகோ ரெசிடென்சியில்'), மார்கே, மபுசா, கலங்குட் ஆகிய இடங்களில் உள்ள உள்ளூர் ஜி.டி.டி.சி. நடத்தும் 'ரெசிடென்சி' தங்கும் விடுதிகளிலும், தொழிற்பேட்டையில் உள்ள பிச்சோலிம் மண்பாண்ட உற்பத்தி மையத்திலும், மற்றும் லௌடோலிமின் ''பிக் ஃபுட்டிலும்'' நான்கு விற்பனை நிலையங்கள் உள்ளன.

பஞ்சிம்மில், 'அபராந்த்' நிறுவனத்தின் பிற விற்பனை நிலையங்கள் பின்வரும் இடங்களில் அமைந்துள்ளன: உத்யோக் பவன் (''கோவா காவல் துறை தலைமையகத்திற்கு எதிரே, படகுத் துறைக்கு அருகில்''); முக்கிய கடம்பா பேருந்து நிலையம்; மற்றும் நியூகி நகரில் (''ரூவா டி ஓரெம்'') உள்ள கோவா கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் நிறுவனத்தின் கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் வளாக அலுவலகம். நகர மையத்திலிருந்து சுமார் 2.5 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ள இந்த இறுதியாகக் குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட இடத்தில்தான் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான பொருட்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன.

உலர் தேங்காய் மற்றும் தேங்காய் ஓடுகளைக் கொண்டு செதுக்கப்படும் பொருட்கள், பெரும்பாலும் மரத்தாலான அடிப்பாகத்தில் பொருத்தப்படும் வகையில் வடிவமைக்கப்படுகின்றன. மேஜை விளக்குகள், பூந்தொட்டிகள், மேஜை கடிகாரங்கள், பல்வேறு மதச் சிலைகள் மற்றும் அலங்காரப் பொருட்கள் ஆகியவை இவற்றில் அடங்கும்.

அழகான வடிவங்கள் மற்றும் அமைப்புகளைக் கொண்ட 'குரோசே' பின்னல் கலைப் பொருட்களும் இதில் உள்ளன. அதேபோல, கடற்கரையில் வீசப்பட்ட கடல் சிப்பிகளும் கைவினைஞர்களின் கைவண்ணத்தால் புதிய கலைப் பொருட்களாக மாற்றப்படுகின்றன. பானைகள், சாம்பல் தட்டுகள், பூந்தொட்டிகள் மற்றும் தெய்வச் சிலைகள் ஆகியவை மரபுசார்ந்த மண்பாண்டப் பொருட்களில் அடங்கும்; மூங்கில் பொருட்களும் இவ்வாறே தயாரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

இவற்றில் சில பொருட்கள் பிச்சோலிமில் உள்ள கோவா கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் மையத்திலேயே தயாரிக்கப்படுகின்றன. மற்றவை மாநிலம் முழுவதும் உள்ள கைவினைஞர்களிடமிருந்து பெறப்படுகின்றன. புவியியல் ரீதியாகப் பரவலாக அமைந்துள்ள உள்ளூர் கைவினைஞர்களின் திறன்களை வெளிக்கொணர்வதிலும், அவர்களின் திறமைகளைத் தக்கவைக்க உதவும் வகையில் சந்தை வாய்ப்புகளை ஏற்படுத்தித் தருவதிலும் இந்த அமைப்பு சிறப்பாகச் செயல்பட்டுள்ளது.

'''கையால் ஓவியம் தீட்டப்பட்ட மண்பாண்டங்கள்''' — கோவாவின் தனித்துவமான தயாரிப்பு இது.

'''அறைகலன்கள்''', கடை உலா வாய்ப்புகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, மற்றொரு ஆர்வத்திற்குரிய துறையாகும். அளவில் பெரியதாக இருந்தாலும், பழங்காலப் பொருட்களுக்கான வணிகமும் வளர்ந்து வருகிறது.

== உண்ணுங்கள் ==
[[File:Goan Fish Curry.jpg|thumbnail|கோவா மீன் குழம்பு மிகவும் சுவையாக இருக்கும்; இது வறுசோறுடன் மிக நன்றாகப் பொருந்தும்.]]
கோவாவின் பிரதான உணவில் சாதம், மீன் குழம்பு, ஊறுகாய் மற்றும் பொரித்த மீன் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். இவற்றை பல கடற்கரைக் கடைகளில் காணலாம். கோவா உணவு வகைகள் போர்த்துகீசிய மற்றும் உள்ளூர் சுவைகளின் கலவையாகும். இறால் பல்சாவ் மற்றும் பூண்டு சேர்த்த நெய்மீன் போன்ற பல உணவுகளில் தனித்துவமான போர்த்துகீசிய சுவை உள்ளது. இந்த உணவு வகைகள் பெரும்பாலும் கடல் உணவுகளை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டவை; சாதம் மற்றும் மீன் ஆகியவை பிரதான உணவுகளாகும். நெய்மீன் (விஷன் அல்லது விஸ்வான்) மிகவும் பொதுவான ஒரு சிறப்பு உணவாகும், மற்றவற்றில் வாவல் மீன், சுறா, சூரை மீன் மற்றும் கானாங்கெளுத்தி ஆகியவை அடங்கும். ஓடுடைய உயிரினங்களில் நண்டுகள், இறால்கள், புலி இறால்கள், கடல் நண்டு, கணவாய் மீன் மற்றும் மட்டிகள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும்.

[[File:Serradura in Goa.jpg|thumb|கோவாவில் உள்ள ஒரு உணவகத்தில் செரதுரா]] 
விண்டலூ, டோபியாசா, சாகுட்டி மற்றும் காஃப்ரியல் போன்ற உணவுகள் வெளிநாடுகளில் உள்ள இந்திய உணவகங்களின் உணவுப் பட்டியல்களில் உங்களுக்குப் பரிச்சயமானவையாக இருக்கும். மேலும் இவை கோவாவின் மரபுசார் உணவுகளாகும். பெபிங்கா என்பது ஒரு மரபுசார்ந்த கோவா அடுக்கு புட்டிங் ஆகும். இது சில ஓட்டல்களில் 'வீட்டில் தயாரிக்கப்பட்டது' போலக் கிடைக்கிறது. மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளில் உள்ள இந்திய உணவகங்களில் விண்டலூ பொதுவாக மாட்டிறைச்சியிலிருந்து தயாரிக்கப்பட்டாலும், கோவாவில் விண்டலூ பொதுவாகப் பன்றி இறைச்சியிலிருந்து தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. செர்ரடுரா என்பது கோவாவில் மட்டுமே காணப்படும் ஒரு போர்த்துகீசிய இனிப்பு வகையாகும். எனவே இதை நிச்சயம் சுவைத்துப் பார்க்க வேண்டும்.

பெரும்பாலான கடற்கரைகளில் உள்ள சிறிய உணவகங்களில், குறிப்பாக கடல் உணவுகள், ஆச்சரியப்படத்தக்க வகையில் மிகச் சுவையாகக் கிடைக்கின்றன. உங்கள் உணவை நீங்கள் எப்படி விரும்புகிறீர்கள் என்பதை அவர்கள் வழக்கமாக உங்களிடம் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்வார்கள். அங்குள்ள உணவகங்களில் சாப்பிடும் அனுபவத்தைத் தவறவிடாதீர்கள்.

பெரும்பாலான ஆடம்பரமான ஓட்டல்கள் மற்றும் உணவகங்களில் வழங்கப்படும் உணவு சுமாராகவே இருக்கும். எனவே, உள்ளூர் உணவகங்களில் சாப்பிடுவதே சிறந்தது. அவை எங்கு உள்ளன என்று வாடகை மகிழுந்து ஓட்டுநரிடம் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள். அதே சமயம், ஆடம்பர உணவகங்களுக்கு உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்ல அவரை அனுமதிக்காதீர்கள். ஏனெனில், அங்கு அழைத்துச் செல்வதன் மூலம் அவர்களுக்குக் தரகு கிடைக்கக்கூடும்.

== பருகுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|ஃபெனி பற்றிய தகவல்கள்|வட கோவா முந்திரி உற்பத்தியிலும், தென் கோவா தேங்காய் உற்பத்தியிலும் முன்னணியில் உள்ளன.

* ஃபெனி பானத்தில் 42% வரை மதுசாரம் உள்ளடக்கம் இருக்கலாம். கோவாவில் முறையே முந்திரி மற்றும் தேங்காய் ஃபெனியைத் தயாரிக்கும் சுமார் 4,000 மற்றும் 2,200 மரபுசார் வடிபான நிலையங்கள் உள்ளன.
* ஃபெனியை பழச்சாற்றின் கலவை பானங்களிலும் பயன்படுத்தலாம்; இருப்பினும், நவீன இந்தியாவில் இது 'நாட்டு மது' என்று வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளதால், அதன் வளர்ச்சிக்குச் சில தடைகள் உள்ளன.
* 16-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் மத்தியில் போர்த்துகீசியர்கள் தென் அமெரிக்காவிலிருந்து முந்திரியை கோவாவிற்கு அறிமுகப்படுத்தினர்.
* ஃபெனிக்கு ஒரு தனித்துவமான மணம் உண்டு; இது சிலருக்கு விரும்பத்தகாததாகத் தோன்றலாம்.}}
இந்தியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளைக் காட்டிலும் ஏறக்குறைய அனைத்து விஷயங்களிலும் அதிக செலவு ஆகக்கூடிய இடமாக கோவா இருந்தாலும், அங்கு மதுபானங்கள் மற்றும் ஒயின்களின் விலைகள் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க வகையில் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன. அங்கு கிடைக்கும் வகைகளில் ஒயின் (சிவப்பு மற்றும் வெள்ளை), விஸ்கி, பிராந்தி, ரம், ஜின், வோட்கா உள்ளிட்ட ''இந்தியாவில் தயாரிக்கப்பட்ட வெளிநாட்டு மதுபானங்கள்'' மற்றும் உள்ளூர் மதுபானங்கள் (முக்கியமாக முந்திரி மற்றும் தென்னை ஃபெனி) ஆகியவை அடங்கும். உள்நாட்டுத் தயாரிப்புகளின் விலை ஒரு பாட்டிலுக்கு ₹40 முதல் ₹350 வரை உள்ளது.

===ஃபெனி===
கோவாவில் நீண்ட காலமாகத் தயாரிக்கப்பட்டுப் பருகப்படும் இரண்டு உள்ளூர் மதுபான வகைகள் உள்ளன: அவை முந்திரி ஃபெனி மற்றும் தென்னை ஃபெனி ஆகும். இதில் ஒன்று முந்திரிப் பழத்திலிருந்தும், மற்றொன்று தென்னை மரத்தின் சாற்றிலிருந்தும் தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது.

கோவாவை ஆண்ட முன்னாள் போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியாளர்களால் ஃபெனி தயாரிக்கும் கலை செம்மைப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. முந்திரி பயிரை போர்த்துகீசியர்களே அறிமுகப்படுத்தினர். இன்று அது கோவா சமூகத்தின் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரத்தின் ஒரு முக்கிய அங்கமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. அண்டை மாநிலங்களில் முந்திரிப் பழங்கள் வீணாவதால், அருகிலுள்ள மகாராட்டிரத்திலிருந்து அவை கோவாவிற்கு இறக்குமதி செய்யப்படுகின்றன.

ஃபெனி கோவாவின் அடையாளமாகவே மாறிவிட்டது. முந்திரி ஃபெனிக்கு ''புவியியல் குறியீடு'' அந்தஸ்து வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளதால், இதனை கோவாவில் மட்டுமே தயாரிக்க முடியும்.

ஃபெனி ஒரு வீரியமான சுவையைக் கொண்டது. இதைச் சிலர் விரும்பி அருந்துகின்றனர், சிலர் விரும்புவதில்லை. பன்ஜிம்மில் உள்ள மதுபானக் கடைகளில் ஒன்றில், நினைவுப் பரிசாக ஃபெனியை வாங்கக் குவிந்திருக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளின் கூட்டத்தை நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

===ஒயின் மற்றும் பிற தயாரிப்புகள்===
நிச்சயமாக, வேறு பல தேர்வுகளும் உள்ளன. உள்ளூர் ஒயின்களின் விலை ஒரு பாட்டிலுக்கு ₹40 முதல் ₹150 வரை உள்ளது. கோவாவில் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டின் தொடக்கத்திலும், பெரும்பாலும் பிப்ரவரி மாத மத்தியில், &quot;கிரேப் எஸ்கேப்&quot; எனும் ஒயின் திருவிழா நடைபெறுகிறது.

'உராக்' பானத்தை அவசியம் சுவைத்துப் பாருங்கள். இது ஒரு தனித்துவமான 'ஸ்மோக்கி' (புகை போன்ற) சுவையைக் கொண்ட உள்ளூர் பானமாகும். உள்ளூர் மதுக்கூடங்களில் இதைக் கேட்டுப் பெறலாம். இது புத்துணர்ச்சியூட்டும் சுவையும் குறைந்த அளவு மதுசாரம் அளவும் கொண்ட ஒரு கோடைக்கால பானமாகும்.

உள்ளூர் தயாரிப்புகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, 'மேடம் ரோசா' நிறுவனம் காபி மற்றும் பிற மதுபான வகைகளையும் தயாரித்து வருகிறது. இதில் மாம்பழம், சோம்பு, பாதாம் மற்றும் சாக்லேட்-மின்ட் போன்ற சுவைகள் அடங்கும். மற்றொரு முக்கிய வணிகச் சின்னமான பிவிவி (பெட்ரோ வின்சென்ட் வாஸ்), முந்திரி மற்றும் பனை சார்ந்த தயாரிப்புகளை (750 மி.லி, 180 மி.லி மற்றும் 60 மி.லி அளவுகளில்) சந்தைப்படுத்துகிறது. டோம் பெட்ரோ, கோவன் ட்ரெஷர், கேஷ்யூ இன்சைட்  மற்றும் ஃப்ரூட் ஷேப் ஆகியவை பிற வணிகச் சின்னங்களில் சிலவாகும்.

== உறங்குங்கள் ==
இந்தியாவில் தங்குவதற்கு அதிக செலவு ஆகும் மாநிலங்களில் கோவாவும் ஒன்றாகும். நவம்பர் முதல் மார்ச் இறுதி வரை நீடிக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளின் வருகை அதிகம் உள்ள பருவத்தில், கட்டணங்கள் மிக அதிகமாக இருக்கும். குறிப்பாக டிசம்பர் மாதத்தில், 5-நட்சத்திர ஓட்டல்களின் கட்டணம் ஒரு இரவுக்கு சுமார் ₹20,000 முதல் ₹35,000 வரை இருக்கும். இப்பருவத்தில் அனைத்து சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களிலும் கட்டணங்கள் அதிகமாகவே வசூலிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

கடற்கரைக்கு அருகில் உள்ள குடிசைகள் ஒரு சிக்கனமான மற்றும் மகிழ்ச்சியான தேர்வாக அமையும். பெரும்பாலான கடற்கரைப் பகுதிகளில் இவற்றைக் காணலாம். இவற்றின் வாடகை ₹400 முதல் ₹600 வரை இருக்கும். இதில் இரட்டைப் படுக்கை, பூட்டு வசதி, துண்டுகள் மற்றும் கழிப்பறையுடன் கூடிய இணைந்த குளியலறை ஆகிய வசதிகளுடன் கூடிய முழுமையான குடிசை உங்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கும். பருவமழைக் காலங்களில் இந்தக் கடற்கரைக் குடிசைகள் மூடப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

கிறிஸ்துமஸ் மற்றும் புத்தாண்டுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட ஆண்டின் கடைசி வாரத்தில், அந்த இடம் வழக்கமாக மக்கள் கூட்டத்தால் நிரம்பி வழியும். அளவுக்கு அதிகமாகப் பிரபலப்படுத்தப்பட்ட அந்த வாரத்தைத் தவிர்த்தால், தேவையற்ற நெருக்கடிகள் ஏதுமின்றி உங்களுக்குச் சிறந்த சலுகைகள் கிடைக்கும்.

கூட்ட நெரிசலிலிருந்து விலகி இருப்பதற்கு பண்ணை தங்குதல் எனப்படும் பண்ணை இல்லத் தங்குமிடங்கள் பெருகிவரும் ஒரு பிரபலமான தேர்வாக உள்ளன. கோவாவின் சில கிராமப்புறப் பகுதிகளில் இத்தகைய தங்குமிடங்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன.

== சமாளியுங்கள் ==
பனாஜியில் உள்ள பழைய காலனித்துவ பாணியிலான மெனெசஸ் பிரகன்சா நிறுவனத்தில் மத்திய நூலகம் அமைந்துள்ளது. அதன் அரிய புத்தகங்கள் பிரிவைத் தவறவிடாதீர்கள். மபுசாவின் அதாய்டே நூலகம் உட்பட, முக்கிய நகரங்களில் நகராட்சி நூலகங்களும் உள்ளன. நல்ல சேகரிப்புகளைக் கொண்ட பிற ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனங்களில், ஆல்டோ போர்வோரிமில் உள்ள சேவியர் வரலாற்று ஆராய்ச்சி மையம், போர்வோரிமின் அருகிலேயே ஜேசுசபையால் நடத்தப்படும் தாமஸ் ஸ்டீவன்ஸ் கொங்கணி கேந்திரா, கோவா பல்கலைக்கழகம், மற்றும் மார்கோ பேருந்து நிலையம் மற்றும் உள்ளூர் நீதிமன்றத்திற்கு அருகிலுள்ள ஒரு வணிக நிறுவனத்தின் முதல் மாடியில் செயல்படும் அம்செம் தியாஸ் ('நமது மரபுகள்') என்றழைக்கப்படும் ஒரு விசித்திரமான கொங்கணி சார்ந்த நூலகம் ஆகியவை அடங்கும்.

===பணம்===
கோவாவில் வங்கிகளின் பரந்த வலைப்பின்னல் உள்ளது. அவற்றில் சிலவற்றில் நாணயங்களை மாற்றிக்கொள்ளலாம். சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் அதிகம் கூடும் இடங்களிலும் நகர்ப்புறங்களிலும் இத்தகைய சேவைகளை எளிதாகப் பெறலாம்.
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| address=3A/B சேசா கோர், பட்டோ இன் பனாஜிம் | lat= | long= | directions=
| phone=+91 832 2438656, +91 832 2438659 | tollfree=|fax=+91 832 2438657
| hours= | price=
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முன்னணி விடுதிகள், கடைகள் மற்றும் பயண முகவர்களும் அந்நியச் செலாவணி மாற்றும் சேவைகளை வழங்குவார்கள்.

== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
===தொலைபேசிகள்===
நாட்டுக்குரிய குறியீடு +91 (இந்தியா); கோவாவிற்கான குறியீடு 832 (நாட்டுக்குரிய குறியீடு முன்னொட்டாகச் சேர்க்கப்படாவிட்டால் 0832).

கோவாவின் தொலைபேசி அடைவுப் புத்தகம் கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளாக வெளியிடப்படவில்லை. இந்தியாவில் மிக அதிக தொலைபேசி அடர்த்தி (நூறு பயனர்களுக்கு எத்தனை தொலைபேசிகள் என்ற விகிதம்) கொண்ட மாநிலங்களில் ஒன்றாகத் திகழும் கோவாவில், இது ஒரு பெரும் குறைபாடாகும். பழைய தொலைபேசி அடைவுப் புத்தகங்களில், சந்தாதாரர்களின் விவரங்கள் மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள பல்வேறு சிறிய தொலைபேசி நிலையங்களின் அடிப்படையில் தனித்தனியாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டிருந்தன. (முன்பெல்லாம் ஒரு நிலையத்திலிருந்து மற்றொரு நிலையத்திற்கு அழைக்க 'ட்ரங்க் கால்' செய்ய வேண்டியிருந்தது; ஆனால் தற்போதைய நிலையில் அந்த நிலை இல்லை.) இதனால், ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட தொலைபேசி எண்ணைக் கண்டறிவது மிகவும் குழப்பமானதாக அமையலாம். இருப்பினும், உங்களிடம் பிஎஸ்என்எல் நிறுவனத்தின் தொலைபேசி எண் ஏதேனும் இருந்தால், 197 என்ற எண்ணை அழைப்பதன் மூலம் அதற்கான முகவரியை எளிதாகப் பெற முடியும்.

கோவாவில் தொலைபேசி கட்டமைப்பு தொடர்ந்து விரிவடைந்து வருவதையும், தொலைபேசி எண்கள் சில ஆண்டுகளிலேயே நான்கு இலக்கங்களிலிருந்து தற்போதைய ஏழு இலக்கங்களாக மாறியிருப்பதையும் கருத்தில் கொள்ளும்போது, ​​உங்களுக்குத் தேவையான சரியான எண்ணைக் கண்டறிவது சவாலானதாக இருக்கலாம்.

கோவா அரசின் தகவல் மற்றும் விளம்பரத் துறை (பஞ்சிம் நகரின் மையப்பகுதியில், ஆசாத் மைதானம் மற்றும் கோவா காவல் துறைத் தலைமையகத்திற்கு அருகில் உள்ள 'உத்யோக் பவன்' கட்டிடத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது). அவ்வப்போது தொலைபேசி எண்கள் அடங்கிய ஒரு சிறிய கையேட்டை வெளியிடுகிறது. இது குறைந்த விலையில் கிடைப்பினும், எளிதில் கிடைக்கக்கூடியதாக இருப்பதில்லை. இதில் முக்கியமாக அரசியல்வாதிகள், அரசு அதிகாரிகள் மற்றும் ஊடகவியலாளர்களின் விவரங்கள் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளன. பயனுள்ள சில தொலைநகல் எண்கள், மின்னஞ்சல் முகவரிகள் மற்றும் இணையதள முகவரிகளும் இதில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஆனால், அதிகாரிகள் உங்கள் மின்னஞ்சலுக்குப் பதிலளிப்பார்கள் என்று மட்டும் எதிர்பார்க்காதீர்கள்!

''மஞ்சள் பக்கங்கள்'' சேவையும் கிடைக்கிறது. உள்ளூர் வணிகங்கள் குறித்த விவரங்களுக்கு '''அலோ 2412121''' (0832-2412121) வைத் தொடர்பு கொள்ளவும்.

கோவாவில் கைபேசி சேவைகள் வேகமாக வளர்ந்துள்ளன. முன்பணம் செலுத்தப்பட்ட கைபேசி செறிவு அட்டை பெறுவது மிகவும் எளிது. இதற்கு சுமார் ₹100 செலவாகும். உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டின் நகல் (விசா பக்கம், நுழைவு முத்திரை மற்றும் புகைப்படப் பக்கம்) மற்றும் இரண்டு கடவுச்சீட்டு புகைப்படங்களை ஒரு தொலைபேசிக் கடைக்கு எடுத்துச் சென்றால் போதும். நீங்கள் இந்தியா முழுவதும் பயணம் செய்தால், செலவு மற்றும் ஆற்றலெல்லை பற்றி சிந்திப்பது நல்லது. ஏனெனில், நீங்கள் கோவாவை விட்டு வெளியேறி மற்றொரு மாநிலத்திற்குச் சென்றால், அனைத்து அழைப்புகளுக்கும் உழற்சிக் கட்டணம் செலுத்த வேண்டியிருக்கும். இருப்பினும், இது மலிவானதாகவே உள்ளது. கோவாவிலிருந்து இங்கிலாந்துக்கு ஒரு குறுஞ்செய்தி அனுப்ப ₹10 செலவாகும், மேலும் அழைப்புகளுக்கு நிமிடத்திற்கு சுமார் ₹12 செலவாகும்.

===இணையம்===
கோவாவின் நகர்ப்புறங்கள், சுற்றுலாத் தலங்கள் மற்றும் விடுதிகளில் இணைய மையங்களைக் காணலாம். வெளிநாட்டினர் மற்றும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் பெருமளவில் வசிக்கும் மாநிலம் என்பதால், இங்கு இணைய மையத்தைக் கண்டறிவது கடினமானதல்ல. இணையத்தைப் பயன்படுத்துவதற்கு முன் அடையாளச் சான்றைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். வெளிநாட்டினர் தங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டியது அவசியம்.

== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Cautionbox|அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் வருவதால், கோவாவில் சந்தர்ப்பத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தி குற்றங்களில் ஈடுபடும் பல குற்றவாளிகள் செயல்படுகின்றனர்.

2020-களின் தொடக்கத்தில், பாலியல் வன்முறைகள் உட்பட வெளிநாட்டினர் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட சில தீவிரமான சம்பவங்கள் நிகழ்ந்துள்ளன.|lastedit=2026-10-10|boldtext=எச்சரிக்கை}}
கடற்கரையில் ஆழம் குறைந்த நீரில் நடக்கும்போது கவனமாக இருக்கவும். ஏனெனில் சில கடற்கரைகளில் நீருக்கடியில் பாயும் வலிமையான நீரோட்டங்கள்  இருக்கலாம். குறிப்பாகக் கடல் நீர் மட்டம் குறையும் வேளையில், நீர் கடலை நோக்கி மிக வேகமாக வெளியேறும் என்பதால், மிராமரில் உள்ள மண்டோவி ஆறு போன்ற அனைத்து ஆறுகளும் கடலில் கலக்கும் இடங்களுக்குச் செல்வதைத் தவிர்க்கவும். சுற்றுலாப் பருவம் அல்லாத காலங்களில் கடலில் இறங்குவதையே தவிர்க்கவும். கோவாவில் பாதுகாப்பாக நீந்துவதற்கு ஏற்ற காலம் நவம்பர் முதல் மே மாதத் தொடக்கம் வரை ஆகும்.

பதப்படுத்தப்படாத முந்திரிப் பருப்புகளுடன் தொடர்பைத் தவிர்க்கவும், ஏனெனில் அவற்றில் [[Wy/ta/நச்சு படர்கொடி|நச்சு படர்கொடியில்]] காணப்படும் எரிச்சலூட்டும் பொருளான (உருசியோல்) உள்ளது. முந்திரிப் பழம் பழுத்தவுடன் உண்ணக்கூடியது.

கோவா மக்கள் மிகவும் நட்பானவர்கள் மற்றும் உதவிகரமானவர்கள். உங்களுக்குப் பிடித்தமான ஓட்டுநரைச் சந்தித்தால், அவருடைய தொடர்பு விவரங்களைப் பெற்று, அடுத்தடுத்த பயணங்களுக்கு அவரை முன்பதிவு செய்யுங்கள். பயண வழிகாட்டிகள் அதிக கட்டணம் வசூலிப்பவர்களாக இருக்கலாம், மேலும் அவர்கள் வெளிநாட்டுப் பயணிகளை ஏமாற்றுவதாகவும் அறியப்படுகிறது. உங்களுடன் நடனமாடக்கூடிய, கவர்ச்சியான பெண்கள் நிறைந்த ஒரு டிஸ்கோவிற்கு உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்வதாகக் கூறும் வழிகாட்டிகளிடம் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருங்கள். இது ஒரு மோசடி. பெரும்பாலும் கலங்கூட், பாகா மற்றும் அஞ்சுனாவில் உள்ள மலிவான டிஸ்கோ கிளப்புகளுக்குச் செல்லாதீர்கள். அவர்கள் உங்கள் பணத்தைத் திருடி, உங்களைச் சிக்கலில் மாட்டுவார்கள். கட்டணங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் சுமார் 500 இந்திய ரூபாயாக இருக்கும்; இதைத் தவிர்க்கவும்.

&quot;பரிசு&quot; தருவதாகக் கூறி இலவசப் பயணத்தை வழங்கும் எந்தவொரு மோசடியும் நிச்சயம் ஏமாற்றத்தில்தான் முடியும்.

கோவாவில் பொது இடங்களில் மது அருந்துவது சட்டவிரோதமானது. உரிமம் பெற்ற இடங்களின் எல்லைக்கு வெளியே மது அருந்தினால், உங்களுக்கு அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படலாம் அல்லது சிறைத்தண்டனை வழங்கப்படலாம். உதாரணமாக, பதிவு செய்யப்பட்ட கடற்கரை உணவகங்கள் அல்லது மதுக்கூடங்களுக்குள் நீங்கள் மது அருந்தலாம். ஆனால் திறந்த கடற்கரையிலோ அல்லது சாலையிலோ அவ்வாறு செய்யக்கூடாது.

''காது மருத்துவர்கள்'' என்று தங்களை அழைத்துக்கொள்ளும் நபர்களிடம் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருக்கவும். இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் பெண்களை விட ஆண்களையே அணுகி, உங்கள் காதிலிருந்து ஒரு சிறிய அருவருப்பான உயிரினத்தை 'எடுப்பது' போல நடித்து, அதற்கான 'சிகிச்சை'யை அளிக்க முன்வருவார்கள். இருப்பினும், தங்களை விளம்பரப்படுத்திக்கொள்ள அவர்கள் அச்சிட்டு வைத்திருக்கும் அட்டைகளைப் படிப்பது வேடிக்கையாக இருக்கும்.

தொடருந்தில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​சேப்படித் திருடர்கள், சிற்றுண்டி அல்லது தேநீர் தருவது போல் அணுகும் அந்நியர்கள் மற்றும் இந்திய ரயில்களைத் தங்கள் வேட்டைக் களமாக மாற்றிக்கொள்ளும் இது போன்ற பிற நபர்களிடம் கவனமாக இருங்கள். குளிர்சாதன வசதி இல்லாத பெட்டிகளில் உங்கள் காலணிகளைக் கழற்றி வைக்காதீர்கள். அவை திருடப்படக்கூடும். உங்கள் விலைமதிப்பற்ற பொருட்களுக்கும் இதே எச்சரிக்கை பொருந்தும்.

தொடருந்தில் இடங்கள் அனைத்தும் முன்பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டுவிட்டதாகக் கூறும் பயண முகவர்களை நம்ப வேண்டாம். அதிக செலவு பிடிக்கும் காரை நீங்கள் வாடகைக்கு அமர்த்த வேண்டும் என்றும், அதன் மூலம் தங்களுக்குக் தரகு கிடைக்க வேண்டும் என்றும் அவர்கள் விரும்புவதே இதற்குக் காரணம். அதற்குப் பதிலாக, [https://www.indianrail.gov.in/ இந்திய ரயில்வே இணையதளத்தில்] விவரங்களை நீங்களே சரிபார்ப்பது சிறந்தது. மேலும், [https://www.irctc.co.in இணையதளம்] மூலமாகவும் உங்கள் ரயில் டிக்கெட்டை முன்பதிவு செய்து கொள்ளலாம்.

குளிர்காலத்திலும் கோடைக்காலத்திலும் வெப்பநிலை கடுமையாக இருக்கலாம், எனவே சூரியத் திரை மறக்காதீர்கள்.

=== அவசர சேவைகள் ===
கோவாவில் மருத்துவ அவசரநிலைகளுக்குத் தொடர்புகொள்ள இப்போது {{Wy/ta/Phone|108}} என்ற எண் உள்ளது. ஜிவிகே இஎம்ஆர்ஐ (அவசரக்கால மேலாண்மை மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம்) மூலம் இயக்கப்படும் இச்சேவை, கோவா மருத்துவக் கல்லூரியை (பாம்போலிம்) மையமாகக் கொண்டு செயல்படுகிறது. மேலும், கோவாவின் பல்வேறு பகுதிகளிலும் இதற்கான ஆம்புலன்ஸ்கள் நிறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. இந்த நோயாளர் ஊர்திகள் முழுமையான வசதிகளுடன் கூடியவை என்பதோடு, அவற்றில் பயிற்சி பெற்ற அவசர மருத்துவப் பணியாளர்களும் உள்ளனர்.

== அடுத்த இலக்கு ==
* '''[[Wy/ta/அம்போலி|அம்போலி]]''' — கோவாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 130 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ள அம்போலி, சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், குறிப்பாகத் தேனிலவு கொண்டாடும் தம்பதிகள் விரும்பிச் செல்லும் இடங்களுள் ஒன்றாகும். மகாராட்டிரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள இப்பகுதியில் இரண்யகேசி கோயில், நாகட்டா நீர்வீழ்ச்சி, பாக்சைட் சுரங்கங்கள் மற்றும் சிர்காவோங்கர் போன்ற பல இடங்கள் உள்ளன.
* '''[[Wy/ta/கோகர்ணா|கோகர்ணா]]''' — கோவாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 132 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ள இது, கோவாவின் ஒரு துல்லியமான மறுவடிவமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. குண்ட்லே கடற்கரை, பாரடைஸ் கடற்கரை, ஓம் கடற்கரை மற்றும் கோகர்ணா கடற்கரை எனப் பல கடற்கரைகள் இதனைச் சூழ்ந்துள்ளன. அகநாசினி மற்றும் கங்காவளி ஆகிய இரு ஆறுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் இடமான கோகர்ணா, 'ருத்ர யோனி' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.
* '''[[Wy/ta/இரத்தினகிரி|இரத்தினகிரி]]''' — சிறந்த நாகரிகம் மற்றும் இயற்கையான நிலப்பரப்பு ஆகியவற்றின் சங்கமமாக இங்கேயுள்ள காட்சிகள் அமைந்துள்ளன. வடக்கு கோவாவிலிருந்து 250 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ள இரத்தினகிரி, ஆழமான பள்ளத்தாக்குகள், பசுமையான மலைகள் மற்றும் நெல் வயல்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இங்கு வரும் ஒவ்வொரு பார்வையாளரும் ரசிப்பதற்கும் கண்டறிவதற்கும் தனித்துவமான அம்சங்கள் உள்ளன.
* '''சாவந்த்வாடி''' — இது கோவாவிலிருந்து 100 கி.மீ தொலைவில், கண்கவர் பசுமை மற்றும் மலைத்தொடர்களால் சூழப்பட்ட ஒரு பகுதியாகும். சாவந்த்வாடியில் புலிகள், சிறுத்தைகள் மற்றும் காட்டுப்பன்றிகள் உள்ளிட்ட வியக்கத்தக்க வனவிலங்குகளைக் காணலாம். சித்ரகதி, கலாசூத்ரி, மூங்கில் வேலைப்பாடுகள் மற்றும் பிற மரத்தாலான பொருட்கள் போன்ற கலைப்படைப்புகளுக்கு இப்பகுதி பெயர் பெற்றது.


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'''கோவா''' ([[Wy/ta/கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|கொங்கணி]]: गोंय / கோய், [[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]]: गोवा ''கோவா''), [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு கடற்கரை]] பகுதியிலுள்ள ஒரு மாநிலமாகும். இங்குள்ள அழகிய கடற்கரைகளும் அருவிகளும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளை பெரிதும் ஈர்ப்பவை. கோவா செழுமையான வரலாற்றைக் கொண்ட ஒரு முன்னாள் போர்த்துகீசியக் காலனி ஆகும். சுமார் 3,700 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவில் விரிந்துள்ளதும், ஏறத்தாழ 14 கோடியே மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டதுமான கோவா, இந்திய அளவுகோல்களின்படி ஒரு சிறிய மாநிலமாகும். இந்திய மற்றும் போர்த்துகீசியப் பண்பாடுகள் மற்றும் கட்டடக்கலைகளின் தனித்துவமான கலவையை இது கொண்டுள்ளது; இக்கலவையானது ஆண்டுதோறும் சுமார் 25 கோடி பார்வையாளர்களை (இதில் ஏறத்தாழ 4,00,000 வெளிநாட்டு சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளும் அடங்குவர்) ஈர்க்கிறது. இதன் காரணமாகவே, இம்மாநிலத்திற்கு 'விழாக்களின் மாநிலம்'  என்ற புனைப்பெயர் சூட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது.

[[File:BeachFun.jpg|கோவா கடற்கரை|thumb]]
அருவிகள் (துத்சாகர், அம்போலி, மங்கேலி, தோடாமர்க்கு) மற்றும் மலைப்பாதைகளால் வரம் பெற்றது. 1960-ஆம் ஆண்டுகள் முதற்கொண்டு, கோவா தொடர்ந்து பார்வையாளர்களை ஈர்த்து வருகிறது: முதலில் இப்பிகள் மற்றும் தாயகம் திரும்பிய வெளிநாடு வாழ் கோவா மக்கள்; பின்னர் சாசனச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் (1987-ஆம் ஆண்டில் செர்மானியர்கள் தொடங்கி); கத்தோலிக்க மற்றும் இந்துத் திருத்தலங்களுக்கு யாத்திரை செல்பவர்கள்; கோவாவையே தங்கள் நிரந்தர வசிப்பிடமாகத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்துக் குடியேறுபவர்கள்; மருத்துவ சிகிச்சைக்காகச் செல்பவர்கள்; மற்றும் கோவாவில் நடைபெறும் கருத்தரங்குகள், மாநாடுகளில் கலந்துகொள்ளும், நாளுக்கு நாள் அதிகரித்து வரும் மக்கள் எனப் பல தரப்பினரும் இங்கு வருகின்றனர்.

==பிராந்தியங்கள்==
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| region1items=[[Wy/ta/பார்தேசு|பார்தேசு]], பிச்சோலிம், பெர்னேம், [[Wy/ta/போண்டா|போண்டா]], சத்தாரி, [[Wy/ta/தீசுவாடி|தீசுவாடி]], தார்பந்தோரா|
| region1description=வடகோவா பகுதி அதன் துடிப்பான இரவு வாழ்க்கை, பரபரப்பான சந்தைகள் மற்றும் உற்சாகமான சூழலுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது. பாகா, கலங்குட் மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/அஞ்சுனா|அஞ்சுனா]] போன்ற இங்குள்ள பிரபலமான கடற்கரைகள், கொண்டாட்ட விரும்பிகள், சாகசப் பயணிகள் மற்றும் நீர் விளையாட்டு ஆர்வலர்களை ஈர்க்கின்றன. பரபரப்பான இக்கடற்கரைகள் பகல் நேரத்தில் நீர் விளையாட்டு நடவடிக்கைகளுக்கு ஏற்ற இடங்களாகவும், சூரியன் மறைந்த பிறகு துடிப்பான இரவு வாழ்க்கை மையங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.

| region2name=[[Wy/ta/தென் கோவா|தென் கோவா]]
| region2color=#8a84a3
| region2items=[[Wy/ta/கனகோனா|கனகோனா]], [[Wy/ta/மர்மகோவா|மர்மகோவா]], கேபேம், [[Wy/ta/சால்சேட்|சால்சேட்]], [[Wy/ta/சாங்க்யும்|சாங்க்யும்]]
| region2description=தெற்குப் பகுதி மிகவும் அமைதியான சூழலைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. கூட்ட நெரிசலிலிருந்து விலகி, நிம்மதியான விடுமுறையைக் கழிக்க விரும்பும் பயணிகளுக்கு இது மிகச் சிறந்த தேர்வாகும். [[Wy/ta/பாலோலம்|பாலோலம்]], [[Wy/ta/அகோண்டா|அகோண்டா]] மற்றும் நியோலம் போன்ற கடற்கரைகள், அவற்றின் தூய வெண்மணல், தெளிவான நீர் மற்றும் கண்ணுக்கினிய இயற்கை எழில் கொஞ்சும் சூழலுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றவை. இங்கு வரும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், நிதானமான சூழலில் மனதை ஆசுவாசப்படுத்திக்கொள்ளவும், வெயிற்குளிப்பு எடுக்கவும், கடற்கரையின் அமைதியை ரசிக்கவும் முடியும்.
}}

{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|type=geoshape|fill=#a53737|title=[[North Goa]]|wikidata=Q108234}}
{{Wy/ta/Mapshape|type=geoshape|fill=#8a84a3|title=[[South Goa]]|wikidata=Q108244}}

==நகரங்கள்==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கோவாவின் நகரங்கள்|&quot;பாதி நகர்ப்புறம்&quot; என்று தன்னை அடையாளப்படுத்திக்கொள்ளும் ஒரு மாநிலமாக இருந்தபோதிலும், கோவாவில் ஆச்சரியப்படும் வகையில் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான கிராமங்கள் உள்ளன. அங்குள்ள &quot;நகரங்கள்&quot; கூட உண்மையில் சிறிய, நெரிசல் மிகுந்த ஊர்களைப் போலவே (அழகிய சூழல் கொண்ட பஞ்சிம் நகரைப் போன்று) காட்சியளிக்கின்றன. எந்தவொரு நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகையும் ஒரு லட்சத்திற்கு மேல் கணிசமாக இல்லை. இருப்பினும், சில நகரங்கள் அந்த எண்ணிக்கையை நெருங்குகின்றன.

இங்குள்ள கிராமங்கள் மிகவும் கவரும் வகையிலும், தனித்துவமான உலகமாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன. ஆனால், சுற்றுலா மற்றும் அதனால் ஏற்பட்ட நில வணிக வளர்ச்சி ஆகியவை, சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தேடி வரும் அந்த இடத்தையே அழித்துவிடுவதாக உள்ளூர் மக்கள் கருதுகின்றனர்.}}

* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
| name=[[Wy/ta/பனாஜி|பனாஜி]]
| lat=15.49093 | long=73.82785
| image=Panaji Church (3044129555).jpg
|wikidata=Q214681}} — இது 'பஞ்சிம்' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது; போர்த்துகீசியர் ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் 'நவ கோவா' என்று அறியப்பட்டது. இது மாநிலத் தலைநகராகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
| name=[[Wy/ta/மப்பூசா|மப்பூசா]]
| lat=15.60000 | long=73.82000
|wikidata=Q2087705}} — இப்பட்டணம் வடக்கு கோவாவில், பனாஜியிலிருந்து சுமார் 13 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. மப்பூசா கோவாவின் முக்கியமான சந்தை மையங்களில் ஒன்றாகும்.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
| name=[[Wy/ta/மட்காவ்|மட்காவ்]]
| lat=15.28322 | long=73.98619
|wikidata=Q515117}} — கோவாவின் இரண்டாவது பெரிய நகரம். இது மாநிலத்தின் வணிக மற்றும் பண்பாட்டுத் தலைநகராகத் திகழ்கிறது.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
| name=[[Wy/ta/பழைய கோவா|பழைய கோவா]]
| lat=15.50277 | long=73.91541
| image=Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus_2012.jpg
|wikidata=Q553907}} — இங்கு 16-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டைச் சேர்ந்த தேவாலயங்கள், கன்னிமாடங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச் சின்னங்கள் அமைந்துள்ளன.
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=city|zoom=12
| name=[[Wy/ta/வாசுகோ ட காமா|வாசுகோ ட காமா]]
| lat=15.38603 | long=73.84404
|wikidata=Q978780}} — தென் கோவா மாவட்டத்தின் மர்மகோவா தாலுகாவில் அமைந்துள்ள மக்கள் தொகை மிகுந்த ஒரு நகரம் இது.

கோவாவில் கடற்கரையோரப் பகுதிகள் ([[Wy/ta/கலங்குட்|கலங்குட்]], [[Wy/ta/கண்டோலிம்|கண்டோலிம்]] போன்றவை) மற்றும் உட்புறப் பகுதிகள் (கனகோனாவில் உள்ள சௌடி, சான்வோர்டெம்-குவெபெம், பிச்சோலிம், பெர்னெம் நகரம் போன்றவை) என வேறு சில சிறிய, அழகான மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் மக்கள் கூட்டம் நிறைந்த நகரங்களும் உள்ளன. இவற்றில் சில, அருகிலுள்ள சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களுக்குச் செல்வதற்கான நுழைவாயில்களாகவும் அமைகின்றன. மேலும், கோவாவில் சுமார் 350 கிராமங்கள் உள்ளன. இவை பெரும்பாலும் இயற்கை எழில் கொஞ்சும் சூழலைக் கொண்டிருப்பதோடு, ஒவ்வொன்றும் தனக்கென தனித்துவமான சிறப்பியல்புகளையும் கொண்டுள்ளன.

== பிற சேருமிடங்கள் ==
* {{Wy/ta/Marker| type=vicinity
|name=கார்சா பிராங்கா ஆயுர்வேத தாவரவியல் பூங்கா
|lat=15.34481 |long=73.99590
|image=
}}, உலூத்தோலிம் &amp;mdash;
* {{Wy/ta/Marker| type=vicinity
|name=கரை பூங்கா
|lat=15.32480 |long=74.02098
|image=
}}, [[Wy/ta/சிரோடா|சிரோடா]] &amp;mdash;
* {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=vicinity
| name=பகவான் மகாவீரர் காட்டுயிர்ச் சரணாலயம் மற்றும் மொல்லம் தேசியப் பூங்கா
| lat=15.33390 | long=74.28835
| image=
| wikidata=Q2397554
}} பகவான் மகாவீர் சரணாலயம் மற்றும் மொல்லெம் தேசிய பூங்கா ஆகியவை பல்வேறு வகையான பூக்கும் தாவரங்கள் மற்றும் பசுமையான சூழலைக் கொண்ட ஒரு தூய இயற்கை பகுதியாகும். இது பல பாலூட்டிகள், பறவைகள், வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சிகள் மற்றும் ஊர்வனவற்றின் வாழ்விடமாகவும் விளங்குகிறது. இது கோவாவின் மிகப்பெரிய பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதியாகும். இங்கு ''தாம்ப்டி சுர்லா கோயில்'', ''தாம்ப்டி நீர்வீழ்ச்சி'' மற்றும் பிற சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களையும் காணலாம்.

==புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்==
[[File:Map-India-Goa01.png|thumb|கோவா வரைபடம்]]
1510 ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் 1961 ஆம் ஆண்டு வரை கோவா போர்த்துகலின் காலனியாக இருந்தது. 1961-ஆம் ஆண்டில் விச்சய் நடவடிக்கை என்ற நடவடிக்கையின் கீழ், கோவாவின் கட்டுப்பாட்டை மீட்க இந்திய இராணுவம் அங்கு அனுப்பப்பட்டது. இந்த இணைப்பானது இந்தியாவில் 'கோவா விடுதலை' என்றும், போர்த்துகலில் 'கோவா மீதான படையெடுப்பு' என்றும் குறிப்பிடப்படுகிறது.

கோவாவின் இதயம் அதன் கிராமங்களிலேயே குடிகொண்டிருக்கிறது. மற்றவர்களைப் போலன்றி, கோவாவாசிகள் நகரங்களில் வசிப்பதில்லை என்று புகழ்பெற்ற கோவா கட்டிடக்கலைஞர் இயெரார்ட் டா குன்கா வேறொரு இடத்தில் வாதிட்டுள்ளார். அவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கிராமங்களிலேயே வசிக்கின்றனர்; அங்கிருந்து வேலைக்குச் சென்று வருகின்றனர்.

கோவாவின் கிராமங்களே தனித்துவமான அழகையும் தனித்தன்மையையும் தன்னுள் கொண்டுள்ளன. கோவாவில் வாழ்வது சற்றே கடினமாகவும் மந்தமாகவும் இருக்கலாம்; ஆனால் அங்கு விடுமுறையைக் கழிப்பது மிகச் சிறப்பாக அமையும். ஓர் இதமான மாலைப் பொழுதிலோ அல்லது ஓர் அமைதியான காலை வேளையிலோ, எவ்விதத் திட்டமுமின்றி சும்மா ஒரு பயணம் மேற்கொள்ளலாம். கோவாவின் கிராமங்கள் கொண்டுள்ள அழகைக் கண்டு  வியந்து போகலாம்.

நகர்ப்புறங்களைப் போலன்றி, கிராமங்கள் பொதுவாகச் சுத்தமாகவும், நட்பான சூழலுடனும், அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் நிறைந்திருக்கும் பகுதிகளைத் தவிர — மற்ற கிராமப் பகுதிகள் பணத்திற்கு ஏற்ற மதிப்பளிப்பவையாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன.

கோவா பல முகங்களைக் கொண்டது. இதன் கடற்கரைப் பகுதியானது, உட்புற நிலப்பகுதியிலிருந்து மாறுபட்டுள்ளது.  சில கிராமங்கள், சற்று மாறுபட்ட மற்றும் தனித்துவமான அனுபவங்களை வழங்குகின்றன. இத்தகைய கிராமங்கள் பெரும்பாலும், பெரும்பாலான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தங்கும் இடங்களுக்கு அருகிலேயே அமைந்துள்ளன.  எனவே, தங்குமிடம் தேடுவது இங்கு ஒரு பிரச்சினையாக இருக்க வாய்ப்பில்லை.

451 ஆண்டுகளாக இந்தியாவின் பிற பகுதிகளிலிருந்து தனிமைப்படுத்திய போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியின் காரணமாக, கோவா இந்தியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளிலிருந்து வெளிப்படையாகவே மாறுபட்டுத் திகழ்கிறது. கோவாவின் மக்கள் தொகையானது இந்துக்கள் மற்றும் ரோமன் கத்தோலிக்கர்களின் கலவையாக அமைந்துள்ளது. இம்மக்கள்தொகை பரவல் தோராயமாக 65% இந்துக்களாகவும், 24% கிறித்தவர்களாகவும் உள்ளது. இங்கு சிறிய அளவிலான முசுலிம் மக்கள் தொகையும் உள்ளது. இத்தகைய பன்முகத்தன்மை இருந்தபோதிலும், இங்கு மதக்கலவரங்கள் ஏறக்குறைய அறவே இல்லாத நிலையே காணப்படுகிறது. மேலும், இந்தியாவின் மிகவும் அமைதியான மாநிலங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் கோவா கருதப்படுகிறது.

கோவா மக்களின் பிரதான உணவு மீன், கறி மற்றும் சாதம் ஆகும்

===பண்பாடு===
[[File:Church of St. Cajetan,Old Goa,India..jpg|thumb|250px|கோவாவில் 1661-ஆம் ஆண்டு போர்த்துகீசியர்கள் காலத்தில் கட்டப்பட்ட புனித கச்சேதன் தேவாலயம்]]

கோவாவின் பண்பாடு முதன்மையாக அங்குள்ள இந்து மற்றும் கத்தோலிக்க மக்களால் வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இங்குள்ள மக்கள் பெரும்பாலும் நிதானமான, கவலையற்ற இயல்புடையவர்கள். விமானம் மற்றும் இரயில் போக்குவரத்து வசதிகள் மேம்பட்டதன் காரணமாக, அண்டை மாநிலங்களிலிருந்து மக்கள் பெருமளவில் இங்கு வரத் தொடங்கியுள்ளனர். இது பல்வேறு விதமான கலாச்சாரங்களையும் தன்னுடன் கொண்டு வந்துள்ளது. இந்தியாவின் பிற மாநிலங்களைச் சேர்ந்த பலரும் இங்கு வந்து குடியேறியுள்ளனர்.

கோவாவின் கத்தோலிக்கர்கள் பொதுவாகத் தங்கள் இந்துப் பின்னணியை ஏற்றுக்கொள்வதுடன், தங்கள் நம்பிக்கைகளுக்குள் சாதிய அமைப்பின் தடங்களையும் கொண்டுள்ளனர். பல நேர்வுகளில், இந்துக்கள் தங்கள் பொதுச் சொத்துக்களின் உரிமையையும் நிர்வாகத்தையும் தொடர்ந்து தக்கவைத்துக்கொள்வதற்காக, தங்கள் மகன்களில் ஒருவரை மட்டும் மதம் மாறுவதற்காகப் பின்னால் விட்டுச் சென்றதாகவும்; அதே வேளையில், குடும்பத்தின் மற்ற உறுப்பினர்கள் தங்கள் இந்துத் தெய்வங்களைப் பிரதிநிதித்துவப்படுத்தும் சிலைகளுடன் அண்டைப்பகுதிகளுக்குக் குடியேற விரும்பியதாகவும் ஆவணங்கள் குறிப்பிடுகின்றன.

பல ஆண்டுகளாக, ஏராளமான கத்தோலிக்கர்கள் பம்பாய் மற்றும் புனே ஆகிய முக்கிய வர்த்தக நகரங்களுக்கும், அங்கிருந்து கிழக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்காவிற்கும் (அப்போதைய போர்த்துகீசிய காலனிகளான அங்கோலா மற்றும் மொசாம்பிக்கிற்கும்), போர்ச்சுகலுக்கும், 20 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் இறுதியில் கனடா மற்றும் ஆத்திரேலியாவிற்கும் குடிபெயர்ந்துள்ளனர். எனவே, கோவாவின் பல பழைய மூதாதையர் சொத்துக்கள், பரவலாகப் பரவியுள்ள சொத்து வாரிசுகளுக்கு இடையேயான கருத்து வேறுபாடுகளால் ஏற்பட்ட சட்டச் சிக்கல்களில் சிக்கியோ அல்லது கைவிடப்பட்டோ கிடக்கின்றன. வெளிநாடுகளில் வசிக்கும் கோவா மக்கள் தங்கள் சொந்த மாநிலத்திற்குத் திரும்பி வருகின்றனர். அவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் கடற்கரையோரம் விடுமுறைக்கால இல்லங்களை வாங்குகிறார்கள். பின்னர் அவை முகவர்களால் குறுகிய காலம் தங்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு வாடகைக்கு விடப்படும் 'வாடகைக்கு விடப்படும்' குடியிருப்புகளாக மாற்றப்படுகின்றன .

கோவாவிற்குச் செல்ல ஆண்டின் மிகச்சிறந்த காலம், வானிலை இதமாகவும், வறண்டதாகவும், இரம்மியமாகவும் இருக்கும் நவம்பர் நடுப்பகுதி முதல் பிப்ரவரி நடுப்பகுதி வரையிலான காலமாகும்.

===கலை மற்றும் பண்பாடு===
கோவாவில் ஏராளமான அருங்காட்சியகங்கள், கலைக்கூடங்கள் மற்றும் நூலகங்கள் உள்ளன. [[Wy/ta/பனாஜி|பனாஜியில்]], கோவா மாநில அருங்காட்சியகம், கலா அகாடமி, மத்திய நூலகம் மற்றும் கோவா அறிவியல் மையம் உள்ளிட்ட பல அரசு நடத்தும் அருங்காட்சியகங்களை நீங்கள் காணலாம். [[Wy/ta/வாசுகோ ட காமா|வாசுகோ ட காமாவில்]], பழமையான வானூர்திகளைக் காண்பதற்கான சிறந்த இடமான கடற்படை வானூர்திப் போக்குவரத்து அருங்காட்சியகம் அமைந்துள்ளது.

கிறிஸ்தவ மதக் கலை மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் மதச்சார்பற்ற கலைகளின் எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளைக் காண [[Wy/ta/பழைய கோவா|பழைய கோவா]] ஒரு சிறந்த இடமாகும். அங்கு நீங்கள் கிறிஸ்தவக் கலை அருங்காட்சியகத்தையும், இயல்புமீறிய பாணி கலைஞர் டோம் மார்ட்டினின் படைப்புகளைக் கொண்ட நவீன கலைக்கூடத்தையும் காணலாம். [[Wy/ta/மர்ம கோவா|மர்ம கோவாப்]] பகுதியில், புனித யோசப் வாசு அவர்களின் மத அருங்காட்சியகம் அமைந்துள்ளது. [[Wy/ta/பார்தேசு|பார்தேசுப்]] பகுதியில் உள்ள சேவியர் வரலாற்று ஆய்வு மையத்திலும் கிறிஸ்தவக் கலைக்கான ஒரு கலைக்கூடம் உள்ளது.

கோவாவின் தனித்துவமான மற்றும் சுதந்திரமான வாழ்க்கை முறையால் ஈர்க்கப்பட்ட பல கலைஞர்கள், ஓவியர்கள் மற்றும் கட்டிடக் கலைஞர்கள் இங்கு குடியேறி, கலைக்கூடங்களையும் அருங்காட்சியகங்களையும் நிறுவியுள்ளனர். இதற்கு ஒரு எடுத்துக்காட்டு [[Wy/ta/கண்டோலிம்|கண்டோலிமில்]] அமைந்துள்ள சுபோத் கெர்கரின் கலைக்கூடம் ஆகும். மேலும் பெனாலிமில் &quot;கோவா சித்ரா அருங்காட்சியகம்&quot; அமைந்துள்ளது. இது ஓரிடத்தில் திரட்டப்பட்ட இனவரைவியல் சார்ந்த கலைப்பொருட்களின் மிகப்பெரிய தொகுப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

கோவா கலைஞர்கள், வடிவமைப்பாளர்கள், நிரலாளர்கள் மற்றும் பொறியாளர்களை ஈர்த்து, இந்தியாவின் படைப்பாற்றல் மையமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இந்தியாவின் முதல் தொழில்நுட்ப மற்றும் கலை அருங்காட்சியகமான '''சென்சிஸ்தான்''' இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது.

மற்ற குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அருங்காட்சியகங்கள்: [[Wy/ta/பெனோலிம்|பெனோலிமில்]] உள்ள ஜெரார்ட் டா குன்யாவின் கட்டிடக்கலை அருங்காட்சியகமான '''கோவா இல்லம்''' (''அவுசு ஆப் கோவா''), மற்றும் கோவாவின் பாரம்பரிய கடந்த காலத்தை விளக்கி மீண்டும் உருவாக்கும் முயற்சியான, லௌடோலிம், [[Wy/ta/சால்செட்டு|சால்செட்டில்]] உள்ள ''பெரும் பாதம்'' (&quot;பிக் ஃபூட்&quot; என்கிற மூதாதையரின் கோவா) ஆகியவை ஆகும். மேலும், நுவேம், சால்செட்டில் உள்ள ''அஷ்வெக் வின்டேஜ் வேர்ல்ட்'' என்ற பெயரில் ஒரு வகையான பழங்காலக் கார்களின் சேகரிப்பும் கூட உள்ளது.

===கோவாவிற்கும் போர்த்துகலுக்கும் இடையிலான தொடர்புகள்===
தூதரகங்களைத் தவிர, கோவாவில் பல்வேறு பண்பாட்டு அமைப்புகளும் செயல்பட்டு வருகின்றன. இவற்றில் போர்த்துகீசிய அமைப்புகளே அதிக அளவில் செயல்படுகின்றன.

பனாஜியின் 'லத்தீன் பகுதி'யான ஃபோன்டைன்னாசில் ''ஃபுண்டாசியோ ஓரியண்டே'' அமைப்பு முக்கிய இடத்தைப் பிடித்துள்ளது. இது கோவாவின் பண்பாட்டுச் சூழலுக்குப் பன்முகத்தன்மையைச் சேர்க்கும் வகையிலான பண்பாட்டு நிகழ்வுகளுக்கு ஆதரவளித்து வருகிறது. இருப்பினும், இவ்வமைப்பு தொடங்கப்பட்ட ஆரம்பக் காலத்தில் சில முக்கியச் சிக்கல்களை எதிர்கொண்டது. கோவா தனது முன்னாள் போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியாளர்களிடமிருந்து பிரிந்தபோது ஏற்பட்ட கசப்பான சூழல் மற்றும் சுதந்திரப் போராட்ட வீரர்களின் ஒரு பிரிவினரிடையே நிலவிய தீவிர தேசியவாத மனப்பான்மை ஆகியவை இதற்கான காரணங்களாகக் கருதப்படலாம். தெற்கு ஆசியாவின் மிகச்சிறிய பகுதியொன்றைச் சார்ந்த புத்தகங்களுக்கான சந்தை சிறியதாக இருந்தாலும் வண்ணமயமானதாகத் திகழ்கிறது. இச்சந்தையில் கோவா தொடர்பான பல புத்தகங்கள் வெளிவருவதற்கு 'ஃபுண்டாசியோ' அமைப்பு வழங்கும் நிதியுதவியும் ஒரு முக்கியக் காரணமாக அமைந்துள்ளது.

===பொது விடுமுறை நாட்கள்===
கோவாவில் ஆண்டுதோறும் ஏறக்குறைய இரண்டு வாரங்களுக்கு விடுமுறை நாட்கள் வருகின்றன. அரசு அலுவலகங்கள் வாரத்திற்கு ஐந்து நாட்கள் மட்டுமே செயல்படுகின்றன (சனிக்கிழமை மற்றும் ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழமைகளில் விடுமுறை). பஞ்சிம் நகரில் கடைகள் மற்றும் வணிக நிறுவனங்கள் மாலை வேளையில் சீக்கிரமாகவே (சுமார் இரவு 8 மணிக்கு) மூடப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், மதிய வேளையில் நீண்ட இடைவேளை (சுமார் மதியம் 1:00 மணி முதல் 3:30 மணி வரை) எடுக்கப்படுகிறது. கோவா கடை உரிமையாளர்கள் இந்த மதிய இடைவேளையைத் தீவிரமாகக் கடைப்பிடிக்கின்றனர். இச்சமயத்தில் எந்தவித வணிக நடவடிக்கைகளும் நடைபெறுவதில்லை. எனினும், மதுக்கூடங்கள், உணவகங்கள் மற்றும் பிற வணிக வளாகங்கள் வாடிக்கையாளர்களுக்கு ஏற்ற வகையில் நீண்ட நேரம் செயல்படுகின்றன.

நத்தார் (கிறிஸ்துமஸ்), குடியரசு தினம், ஈத்-உல்-சுஹா (தியாகத் திருநாள்), குடி பட்வா, புனித வெள்ளி, சுதந்திர தினம், கணேஷ் சதுர்த்தி (இரு நாட்களும்), காந்தி ஜெயந்தி, தசரா, தீபாவளி, ஈத்-உல்-பித்ர் (ஈகைத் திருநாள்), புனித பிரான்சிஸ் சேவியர் திருவிழா, கோவா விடுதலை தினம், மகா சிவராத்திரி, வண்ணத் திருநாள் மற்றும் மீலாதுன் நபி ஆகியவை இங்குள்ள முக்கிய பொது அல்லது சிறப்பு விடுமுறை நாட்களாகும். உள்ளூர் மதத் திருவிழாக்களின் போதும் வங்கிகள் செயல்படக்கூடும்.

கணேஷ் சதுர்த்தி மற்றும் 'கார்னிவல்' (கிறிஸ்தவ நாட்காட்டியில் 'லெண்ட்' அல்லது தவக்காலம் தொடங்குவதற்கு முன் கொண்டாடப்படும் திருவிழா) போன்ற பண்டிகைக் காலங்களில், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளும் பிற மாநிலங்களில் வசிக்கும் உள்ளூர் மக்களும் பெருமளவில் இங்கு வருகை தருவார்கள். இக்காலகட்டங்களில் மாநிலத்திற்குச் செல்லத் திட்டமிட்டால், தொடருந்து, பேருந்து மற்றும் வானூர்திப் பயண முன்பதிவுகளை முன்கூட்டியே செய்துகொள்வது நல்லது.

பசுமையான பகுதிகளில் கட்டிடங்கள் கட்டுவதற்கு கட்டுப்பாடுகள் விதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதால், கோவா பசுமையாகவும் அழகாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. குடியிருப்புப் பகுதிகள் அதற்கென ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட மண்டலங்களில் மட்டுமே அமைக்கப்படுகின்றன. பசுமை மண்டலப் பகுதிகள் எவ்வித இடையூறுமின்றி அப்படியே பாதுகாக்கப்படுகின்றன.

=== வாசியுங்கள் ===
* '''இந்தியாவில் ஒரு கிப்பிப் பெண்ணின் நினைவுக் குறிப்புகள்''' (''Memoirs of a hippie girl in India.'') - ஆன் பெகோய் (2013). ''டொராண்டோ'': பெகோய் பப்ளிகேஷன்ஸ். 1970-களின் தொடக்கத்தில் கோவாவில் நிகழ்ந்த சாகசங்கள் பற்றியது.
* '''கோவாவின் விசித்திரமானவர்கள்: இந்தியாவில் எனது கிப்பி ஆண்டுகள்''' (''Goa Freaks: My Hippie Years in India'' () - கிளியோ ஓட்சர் (1995). கோவாவில் தான் கழித்த கிப்பி ஆண்டுகள் மற்றும் தனது அனுபவங்கள் குறித்து கிளியோ ஓட்சர் இதில் எழுதியுள்ளார்.
* '''கோவா மத விசாரணை''' (''The Goa Inquisition'') - ஆனந்த் பிரியோல்கர். கோவா சமூகம் மற்றும் பண்பாட்டின் மீது 'மத விசாரணை' ஏற்படுத்திய தாக்கத்தை விரிவாகவும், ஆழமான ஆய்வின் அடிப்படையிலும் விவரிக்கும் ஒரு சுவாரஸ்யமான மற்றும் சிந்தனையைத் தூண்டும் நூல். பாம்பே பல்கலைக்கழக அச்சகம். {{Wy/ta/ISBN|978-0-8364-2753-0}}

===பார்வையாளர்த் தகவல்===
* [https://goa-tourism.com/ கோவா] சுற்றுலா இணையதளம்

== பேச்சுமொழி ==
கோவாவின் மாநில மொழி [[Wy/ta/கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|கொங்கணி]] ஆகும். பெரும்பாலான கோவா மக்கள் கொங்கணி, [[Wy/ta/ஆங்கில சொற்றொடர்நூல்|ஆங்கிலம்]], [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] ஆகிய மொழிகளைப் பேசுகின்றனர். [[Wy/ta/போர்த்துகீசிய சொற்றொடர்நூல்|போர்த்துகீசிய]] மொழியும் ஒரு சிறிய பிரிவினரால் அறியப்படுகிறது. குறிப்பாக, உயர்குடியினர், முந்தைய சலுகை பெற்ற வகுப்பினர் அல்லது 1961-ஆம் ஆண்டுக்கு முந்தைய போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியின் கீழ் இருந்த கோவாவில் கல்வி பயின்ற மூத்த தலைமுறையினர் இம்மொழியை அறிந்திருக்கின்றனர்.

கோவாவில் வெவ்வேறு நோக்கங்களுக்காகப் பல்வேறு மொழிகள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. கொங்கணி மொழி மிகவும் பரவலாகப் பேசப்படுகிறது. ஆங்கிலமும் மராட்டியும் மிகவும் பரவலாக வாசிக்கப்படுகின்றன. பெரும்பாலான செய்தித்தாள்களும் இவ்விரு மொழிகளிலேயே வெளியிடப்படுகின்றன.

கத்தோலிக்கர்கள் தங்கள் வழிபாட்டுச் சேவைகளுக்குப் பெரும்பாலும் கொங்கணி மொழியையே பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர். அதேவேளையில், இம்மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள இந்துக்களுக்கு மதரீதியான பயன்பாட்டிற்கான மொழியாகப் பெரும்பாலும் மராட்டி விளங்குகிறது. நிர்வாகப் பணிகள் பெரும்பாலும் ஆங்கிலத்திலேயே மேற்கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன.  இதுவே அதிகாரப்பூர்வ அரசிதழ் வெளியீட்டு மொழியாகவும், நீதிமன்றங்களில் முதன்மையாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் மொழியாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

கொங்கணி மொழியைக் கற்பது சற்று கடினமாக இருக்கலாம். இம்மொழி கோவாவிலும் அதற்கு வெளியிலும் நான்கு முதல் ஐந்து வகையான எழுத்து வடிவங்களில் எழுதப்படுகிறது: தேவநாகரி (அதிகாரப்பூர்வ எழுத்து வடிவம்), உரோமன் அல்லது 'ரோமி' (கோவாவில் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுவது), கன்னட எழுத்து வடிவம், மலையாள எழுத்து வடிவம் மற்றும் பெர்சிய-அரபு எழுத்து வடிவம் (இந்தியாவின் மேற்கு கடற்கரைப் பகுதியில் தெற்கே அமைந்துள்ள சில முசுலிம் சமூகத்தினரால் இது பயன்படுத்தப்படுவதாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது). உரோமன் எழுத்து வடிவத்தில் கொங்கணி மொழியைக் கற்பதற்கான நூல்களும் வெளியிடப்பட்டுள்ளன. இதன் மூலம், கோவாவில் கொங்கணி மொழிக்கான அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட எழுத்து வடிவமான தேவநாகரியை (இந்தி, மராட்டி மற்றும் பிற மொழிகளை எழுதப் பயன்படுவது) அறியாதவர்களுக்கு இம்மொழியைக் கற்பது எளிதாகிறது.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==
கோவாவை இரண்டு வானூர்தி நிலையங்கள், தொடருந்து மற்றும் இந்தியாவின் பல்வேறு நகரங்களுடன் (குறிப்பாக [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/மங்களூரு|மங்களூரு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]]) மாநிலத்தை இணைக்கும் ஏராளமான பேருந்துகள் மூலம் சென்றடையலாம். நீங்கள் மும்பை அல்லது [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனேவிலிருந்து]] பயணம் செய்கிறீர்கள் என்றால், மகிழுந்துப் பயணம் கொங்கண் பகுதியின் கண்கவர் இயற்கை காட்சிகளை ரசித்தபடியே செல்லும் அனுபவத்தை உங்களுக்கு அளிக்கும்.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
கோவாவில் இரண்டு வானூர்தி நிலையங்கள் உள்ளன. இவை ஒவ்வொன்றிலிருந்தும் ஏறக்குறைய சம எண்ணிக்கையிலான வானூர்தி நிறுவனங்கள் சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன மற்றும் பல்வேறு இடங்களுக்கு வானூர்திகள் இயக்கப்படுகின்றன.

வாசுகோ ட காமா பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=go|name=தாபோலிம் வானூர்தி நிலையம் |wikidata=Q1431173}} ({{Wy/ta/IATA|GOI}}) கோவாவின் மிகப் பழமையான வானூர்தி நிலையமாகும். இது 1955-இல் போர்த்துகீசியர்களால் கட்டப்பட்டது.

[[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]], [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாது (இந்தியா)|ஐதராபாது]], [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]], [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]], [[Wy/ta/செய்ப்பூர்|செய்ப்பூர்]], [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாத்து|அகமதாபாத்து]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/கோழிக்கோடு|கோழிக்கோடு]] (காலிகட்) ஆகிய நகரங்களுக்குப் பல உள்நாட்டு விமான நிறுவனங்கள் தினசரி வானூர்தி சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. மேலும், [[Wy/ta/பகுரைன்|பகுரைன்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/துபாய்|துபாயிலிருந்து]] சர்வதேச வானூர்தி சேவைகளும், [[Wy/ta/உருசியா|உருசியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/கசகசுத்தான்|கசகசுத்தானிலிருந்து]] சில சிறப்பு வாடகை வானூர்தி சேவைகளும் உள்ளன.

வானூர்தி நிலையத்திற்கு வந்தடைந்ததும், முன்பணம் செலுத்திப் பயணிக்கும் வாடகை மகிழுந்துகளைப் பயன்படுத்தவும்: பிரதான கட்டிடத்தின் வெளியேறும் வழியிலிருந்து இடதுபுறம் 30 மீட்டர் தொலைவில் மஞ்சள் நிற முன்பணம் செலுத்தும் வாடகை மகிழுந்து முன்பதிவு மையம் உள்ளது. சர்வதேச பயணிகள் வருகைப் பகுதியிலும் இத்தகைய வாடகை மகிழுந்து நிறுத்தம் ஒன்று உள்ளது. இவற்றின் கட்டணம் மஞ்சள் நிற வாடகை மகிழுந்துளை விடச் சற்று குறைவாக இருக்கும். பல விடுதிகள் வானூர்தி நிலையத்திலிருந்து விருந்தினர்களை இலவசமாக அழைத்துச் செல்லும் வசதியை வழங்குகின்றன. எனவே, உங்கள் விடுதியிடம் இத்தகைய இலவச அழைத்துச் செல்லும் வசதி உள்ளதா என்று கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள்.

மாநிலத்தின் வடகோடியில் அமைந்துள்ள {{Wy/ta/Marker|type=go|name=மனோகர் சர்வதேச வானூர்தி நிலையம்|wikidata=Q27981434}} ({{Wy/ta/IATA|GOX}}) 2023-இல் திறக்கப்பட்டது. இது தாபோலிம் வானூர்தி நிலையத்தைப் போலவே உள்நாட்டு வானூர்திச் சேவைகளை வழங்குவதோடு, [[Wy/ta/தோகா|தோகா]], [[Wy/ta/மசுகத்து|மசுகத்து]], [[Wy/ta/சார்சா|சார்சா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/தாசுகண்டு|தாசுகண்டு]] ஆகிய இடங்களிலிருந்து கூடுதல் வானூர்திகளையும், [[Wy/ta/கசகசுத்தான்|கசகசுத்தானிலிருந்து]] சிறப்பு வானூர்திகளையும், [[Wy/ta/உருசியா|உருசியா]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்|ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்திலிருந்து]] பருவகால வானூர்திகளையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.

=== பேருந்தில் ===
பல்வேறு நகரங்களிலிருந்து பேருந்து வழித்தடங்கள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் பெரும்பாலான போக்குவரத்து [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனேவிலிருந்து]] வருகிறது. தெற்கிலிருந்து அதிகரித்து வரும் தேவையின் காரணமாக, [[Wy/ta/மங்களூரு|மங்களூரு]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூருவிலிருந்து]] பேருந்துகள் மற்றும் தொடருந்துகளின் எண்ணிக்கை அதிகரித்துள்ளது. மும்பையிலிருந்து கோவா செல்லும் இரவு நேரப் பேருந்துகள், தொடருந்துகள் மற்றும் வானூர்திப் பயணத்திற்கு ஒரு மாற்றாகும். கூட்ட நெரிசல் மிகுந்த காலங்களில் (குறிப்பாக கிறிஸ்துமஸ்-புத்தாண்டு கூட்ட நெரிசல், கார்னிவல், அல்லது குடும்பங்கள் பயணம் செய்யும் பிற இந்தியப் பகுதிகளில் பள்ளி விடுமுறைகள் இருக்கும் சமயங்களில்) முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்யுங்கள்.

கடம்பா போக்குவரத்து கழகம் என்பது கோவா மாநிலத்தால் நடத்தப்படும் போக்குவரத்து சேவையாகும். அதன் பேருந்துகள் ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறந்த நிலையிலும், திறமையான நிலையிலும் இருந்தன. [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகம்]] (சில சேவைகள், குறிப்பாக வோல்வோ பேருந்துகள், திறமையானவை), [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரம்]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்|ஆந்திரப் பிரதேச]] அரசுகளால் இயக்கப்படும் பிற மாநிலப் பேருந்துகளும் உள்ளன. பல தனியார் நிறுவனங்களும் மற்ற நகரங்களுக்குப் பேருந்து இணைப்புகளை வழங்குகின்றன. அவை பல்வேறு அளவிலான தள்ளுபடிகள் மற்றும் நேரந்தவறாமையுடன் செயல்படுகின்றன, இவ்விரண்டும் பொதுவாக ஒன்றுக்கொன்று நேர்மாறாகத் தொடர்புடையவை. கர்நாடகாவைச் சேர்ந்த விஜயானந்த் ஒரு பரிந்துரைக்கப்பட்ட தனியார் பேருந்து நிறுவனமாகும். ஆன்லைனில் முன்பதிவு செய்யுங்கள் [https://www.vrlbus.in/ இங்கே].

பனாஜியில், தொடருந்து மற்றும் பேருந்து பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்வதற்கான பிரதான மையம், கடம்பா மாநிலங்களுக்கு இடையேயான பேருந்து முனையத்தைச் சுற்றி அமைந்துள்ளது. கொங்கன் ரயில்வேக்கான பயணச்சீட்டுகளையும் இங்கே முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம், இருப்பினும் விடுமுறை காலங்களில் நீண்ட வரிசைகளை எதிர்பார்க்கலாம் (இந்தியாவில், இந்த விடுமுறை காலங்கள் குழந்தைகளின் பள்ளி விடுமுறை நாட்களுடனும் ஒத்துப்போகக்கூடும்).

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
[[File:On a moving train (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|கோவாவில் ஒரு தொடருந்தில்]]
[https://www.indianrail.gov.in/ இந்தியன் ரயில்வே], [[Wy/ta/தில்லி|தில்லி]], [[Wy/ta/மும்பை|மும்பை]], [[Wy/ta/அகமதாபாத்து|அகமதாபாத்து]], [[Wy/ta/மங்களூரு|மங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/கொச்சி|கொச்சி]], [[Wy/ta/கொல்கத்தா|கொல்கத்தா]], [[Wy/ta/திருவனந்தபுரம்|திருவனந்தபுரம்]], [[Wy/ta/பெங்களூரு|பெங்களூரு]], [[Wy/ta/சென்னை|சென்னை]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/ஐதராபாத்து|ஐதராபாத்து]] ஆகிய இடங்களிலிருந்து கோவாவிற்கு நேரடி ரயில் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது. இதன் சேருமிட நிலையம் பொதுவாக தெற்கு கோவாவில் உள்ள [[Wy/ta/மட்காவ்|மட்காவ்]] ஆகும். இந்த வழித்தடம் பசுமையான பகுதிகள் மற்றும் பல சுரங்கப்பாதைகள் வழியாகச் செல்வதால், ரயிலில் கோவாவிற்குப் பயணம் செய்வது ஒரு உண்மையான இன்பமாகும். கோவா, [[Wy/ta/பெல்காம்|பெல்காம்]], [[Wy/ta/மீரஜ்|மீரஜ்]] வழித்தடம் வழியாக [[Wy/ta/புனே|புனே]] உடனும் இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

சில சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தவறவிடும் ஒரு தொடருந்து நிலையம் '''திவிம்''' ஆகும். இங்கு பெரும்பாலான தொடருந்துகள் இயக்கப்படுகின்றன. மேலும் இது கலங்குட் கடற்கரையிலிருந்து வாடகை மகிழுந்து மூலம் 20 நிமிடப் பயண தூரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. குறைந்த செலவில் பயணம் செய்பவர்களுக்கு, இதுவே மிகவும் மலிவான தேர்வாகும். மேலும், சாலை வழியாகப் பயணிப்பதை விட இது வேகமானதாகவும், மிகவும் வசதியானதாகவும் இருக்கிறது. கொங்கன் கன்யா மற்றும் நேத்ராவதி எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் போன்ற முக்கிய தொடருந்துகளில் பொதுவாக அதிக முன்பதிவுகள் இருப்பதால், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்வது அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறது.

மும்பை மற்றும் பெரும்பாலான பிற இடங்களிலிருந்து வரும் தொடருந்துகளில் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்காக ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட எண்ணிக்கையிலான இருக்கைகள் ஒதுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஒதுக்கீட்டு பயணச்சீட்டுகளை சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தொடருந்து நிலையத்தில் நேரில் சென்றுதான் வாங்க வேண்டும். பயண முகவர் மூலம் முன்பதிவு செய்ய முடியாது. ஒதுக்கீட்டு பயணச்சீட்டுகள் புறப்படும் நிலையத்தில் மட்டுமே விற்கப்படுகின்றன. பயணச்சீட்டுகளை [https://www.irctc.co.in/ நிகழ்நிலை] என்ற இணையதளத்தில் முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம்.

குறைந்த செலவில் பயணம் செய்பவர்களைத் தவிர, குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட படுக்கை வசதி கொண்ட பேருந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்வது நல்லது. இவை அதிக சத்தமில்லாதவை மற்றும் மிகவும் வசதியானவை. ஒவ்வொரு படுக்கையிலும் புதிதாகத் துவைக்கப்பட்ட இரண்டு விரிப்புகள், ஒரு போர்வை மற்றும் ஒரு தலையணை வழங்கப்படும். கேட்டால் ஒரு கைத்துண்டையும் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம்.

பெரும்பாலான பயண முகவர்கள் ஒரு சிறிய கட்டணத்தில் (₹200) பயணச்சீட்டுகளை முன்பதிவு செய்வார்கள், ஆனால் தொடருந்துகளில் கூட்டம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும் என்பதால் நீங்கள் முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டும். கடைசி நிமிடத்தில் பயணச்சீட்டு முன்பதிவைச் செய்யாதீர்கள், ஏனெனில் நீங்கள் ஏமாற்றமடைய நேரிடலாம். [https://irctc.co.in IRCTC தளம்]- இல் ஆன்லைனில் முன்பதிவு செய்வது வசதியானது. முன்பதிவுகள் இரண்டு மாதங்களுக்கு முன்பே தொடங்குகின்றன.

{{Wy/ta/See also|Wy/ta/இந்தியாவில் தொடருந்துப் பயணம்}}

=== மகிழுந்தில் ===


=== வலசையில் ===
மும்பையிலிருந்து கோவாவிற்கு அவ்வப்போது சொகுசுக் கப்பல் சேவைகள் இயங்கி வந்தன, ஆனால் பாதுகாப்பு குறித்த கவலைகள் மற்றும் கணிக்க முடியாத வானிலை காரணமாக அவை நிறுத்தப்பட்டன. மேலும் மீண்டும் தொடங்குவதற்கான வாய்ப்பும் குறைவு.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==
கோவாவிற்கு உயர் தெளிவுத்திறன் கொண்ட வரைபடங்கள் கிடைக்காது. உதாரணமாக, சில பிரபலமான தீவுகள் பல வரைபடங்களில் காட்டப்படுவதில்லை.

கோவாவின் சில பகுதிகளில் வழிகாட்டிப் பலகைகள் இல்லாததால், வழியைக் கண்டறிவது சவாலாக இருக்கலாம். சந்தேகம் ஏற்பட்டால், தயங்காமல் கேளுங்கள். பொதுவாக மக்கள் நட்புடனும் உதவியாகவும் இருப்பார்கள், ஆனால் துல்லியமான பதில்களை எதிர்பார்க்க வேண்டாம் ('ஐந்து நிமிடப் பயணம்' என்று சொல்லப்படுவது இருபது நிமிடங்கள் ஆகலாம்).

வாகனம் ஓட்டும்போது, ​​வீட்டு விலங்குகள் மற்றும் சிறு குழந்தைகள் சாலையைக் கடந்து ஓடுவது, குறியிடப்படாத வேகத்தடைகள் மற்றும் வேக மேடுகள் போன்ற எதிர்பாராத நிகழ்வுகளை எதிர்பார்க்கலாம்.

கோவாவில் ஊபர், ஓலா மற்றும் நான்கு சக்கர வாகனங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தும் பிற பயணப் பகிர்வு சேவைகள் தடை செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளன.

=== விசையுந்தில் ===
கைமய மற்றும் தானியங்கிப் பல்லிணைப் பெட்டி கொண்ட விசையுந்துகள் மற்றும் துள்ளுந்துகளை வாடகைக்கு எடுக்கலாம் (பொதுவாக தலைக்கவசம் இல்லாமல்). நீண்ட காலம் தங்கத் திட்டமிடுபவர்கள் அதற்குப் பதிலாக ஒன்றை வாங்குவதைக் கருத்தில் கொள்ளலாம். ஒண்டா ஆக்டிவா துள்ளுந்தின் வாடகை ஒரு நாளைக்கு சுமார் ₹350 (சுற்றுலா உச்ச காலம் அல்லாத நாட்களில் ₹400) ஆகும். பல்லிணைப் பெட்டி கொண்ட விசையுந்துகளைத் தேடுபவர்களுக்கு இதைவிடச் சற்று அதிகமாகும். மே 2022 தொடக்கத்தில், பல சிறிய சாலையோரக் கடைகள் ஒரு லிட்டர் பெட்ரோலை ₹105-க்கு விற்கின்றன. அதேசமயம், பெட்ரோல் நிலையங்களில் (கடலோரப் பகுதிகளில் இவற்றைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பது கடினம்) ஒரு லிட்டரின் விலை ₹105-ஐ விடச் சற்று அதிகமாக இருக்கலாம்.

விசையுந்துகளை நீண்ட காலத்திற்கு (ஒரு மாதம் அல்லது அதற்கு மேல்) வாடகைக்கு எடுக்கும்போது, ​​எப்போதும் தள்ளுபடி கேளுங்கள். ஒரு நாளைக்கு ₹100-க்கு மேல் நீங்கள் செலுத்த வேண்டியதில்லை. விசையுந்தின் அனைத்து உரிமை ஆவணங்களும் உங்களிடம் இருப்பதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். மேலும், மஞ்சள் நிற எண்பலகை கொண்ட விசையுந்துகளை கோவாவிற்கு வெளியே எடுத்துச் செல்வதைத் தவிர்க்கவும், ஏனெனில் அது தண்டனைக்குரிய குற்றமாகும். அருகிலுள்ள உள்ளூர் பயணங்களுக்கு வெள்ளை நிற எண்பலகை கொண்ட பைக்கை வாடகைக்கு எடுப்பது ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளத்தக்கது. ஆனால் நீங்கள் தொலைதூரம் பயணிக்க விரும்பினால், எப்போதும் மஞ்சள் நிற நம்பர் எண்பலகை பைக்கையே வாடகைக்கு எடுங்கள்.

முக்கிய சாலைகளில் செல்லும்போது தலைக்கவசம் அணிவது கட்டாயமாகும் (அணியாதவர்களுக்கு ₹100 அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படும்). வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு சர்வதேச ஓட்டுநர் உரிமம் (1949 ஒப்பந்தம்) தேவைப்படும். உங்களை நிறுத்தும் போது காவல்துறை உங்களிடம் கேட்கும் முதல் ஆவணம் இதுதான். உங்கள் வழக்கமான ஓட்டுநர் உரிமத்தையும் உடன் எடுத்துச் செல்ல வேண்டும்.

=== பேருந்தில் ===
கோவாவில் பேருந்தில் பயணம் செய்வது மிகவும் வசதியானது, ஏனெனில் சாலை வலையமைப்பு கோவாவின் அனைத்து இடங்களையும் எளிதாக இணைக்கிறது. மாநிலப் போக்குவரத்துக் கழகம் மற்றும் தனியார் பேருந்துகள் முக்கிய இடங்களில் போக்குவரத்து சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன.

நேரம் தவறிய சேவை, இரைச்சல் மற்றும் நெரிசல் இருந்தபோதிலும், வண்ணமயமான உள்ளூர் கதாபாத்திரங்களுடன் வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட தனியார் பேருந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்வதில் ஒரு தனித்துவமான வசீகரம் உள்ளது.

பேருந்துகள் விலை மலிவானவை, கட்டணம் பெரும்பாலும் ₹4-6 ஆக இருக்கும். 30-40 கி.மீ பயணத்திற்கு ₹10-15 ஆகும்.

=== மகிழுந்தில் ===
கோவா முழுவதும் சுயமாக ஓட்டுவதற்கும், ஓட்டுநருடன் கூடிய மகிழுந்துகளுக்கும் பல வாடகைக் கார் நிறுவனங்கள் உள்ளன. மேலும், ஆன்லைன் வாடகைக்கார் முன்பதிவுகளும் கிடைக்கின்றன. மே 2022 தொடக்கத்தில், இன்னோவா காருக்கு ஒரு நாளைக்கு சுமார் ₹2,200, டெம்போ டிராவலருக்கு சுமார் ₹3,500, கேம்ரிக்கு ₹4,500 மற்றும் மற்ற கார்களுக்கு இதைவிடச் சற்று அதிகமாக வாடகை வசூலிக்கப்பட்டது.

குறிப்பாக, கோவாவில் ஊபர் மற்றும் ஓலா சேவைகள் இல்லை. ஏனெனில், கோவாவில் மிகவும் முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்த உள்ளூர் டாக்ஸி சங்கங்களின் நலன்களைப் பாதுகாக்கும் பொருட்டு, மாநில அரசு இந்த நான்கு சக்கர வாகன நிறுவனங்களுக்குத் தடை விதித்துள்ளது.

=== வாடகை மகிழுந்தில் ===
கோவாவில், ஓட்டல்களுக்கு வெளியிலேயே வாடகை மகிழுந்து சேவைகளை எளிதாகப் பெறலாம் அல்லது இணையம் வழியாகவும் முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம். ஓலா  அல்லது ஊபர் போன்ற நிறுவனங்களின் வாடகை மகிழுந்து சேவைகள் இங்கு இல்லை. இருப்பினும், உள்ளூர் வாடகை மகிழுந்துகளை முன்பதிவு செய்ய ஐஓஎஸ் மற்றும் ஆண்டிராயிடு தளங்களில் [https://www.goamiles.com/ கோவா மைல்சு] எனும் சவாரிப்-பகிர்வுச் செயலி கிடைக்கிறது.
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|15.498889|73.827778|zoom=8}}
[[Image:RiversideofPanjimGoaIndia.JPG|thumb|300px|பஞ்சிம் ஆற்றங்கரை, கோவா]]

== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==
====கலை மற்றும் பண்பாடு====
கோவா அருங்காட்சியகங்கள், கலைக்கூடங்கள் மற்றும் நூலகங்களின் நியாயமான பங்கைக் காட்டிலும் அதிகமாக உள்ளது. கோவா மாநில அருங்காட்சியகம், கலை மன்றம், மத்திய நூலகம் மற்றும் கோவா அறிவியல் மையம் உள்ளிட்ட அரசாங்கத்தால் நடத்தப்படும் பல அருங்காட்சியகங்களை நீங்கள் [[Wy/ta/பனாஜி|பனாஜியில்]] காணலாம். [[Wy/ta/வாசுகோ ட காமா|வாசுகோ ட காமாவில்]], நீங்கள் கடற்படை வானூர்தி அருங்காட்சியகத்தைக் காணலாம், இது பழங்கால வானூர்திகளைக் காண சிறந்த இடமாகும்.

கிறிஸ்தவ மதக் கலை மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் மதச்சார்பற்ற கலைகளின் எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளைக் காண [[Wy/ta/பழைய கோவா|பழைய கோவா]] ஒரு சிறந்த இடமாகும். அங்கு நீங்கள் கிறிஸ்தவக் கலை அருங்காட்சியகத்தையும், இயல்புமீறிய பாணி கலைஞர் டோம் மார்ட்டினின் படைப்புகளைக் கொண்ட நவீன கலைக்கூடத்தையும் காணலாம். [[Wy/ta/மர்ம கோவா|மர்ம கோவா]] பகுதியில், புனித யோசப் வாசு அவர்களின் மத அருங்காட்சியகம் அமைந்துள்ளது. [[Wy/ta/பார்தேசு|பார்தேசுப்]] பகுதியில் உள்ள சேவியர் வரலாற்று ஆய்வு மையத்திலும் கிறிஸ்தவக் கலைக்கான ஒரு கலைக்கூடம் உள்ளது.

கோவாவின் தனித்துவமான மற்றும் சுதந்திரமான வாழ்க்கை முறையால் ஈர்க்கப்பட்ட பல கலைஞர்கள், ஓவியர்கள் மற்றும் கட்டிடக் கலைஞர்கள் இங்கு குடியேறியுள்ளனர். அவர்கள் கலைக்கூடங்களையும் அருங்காட்சியகங்களையும் நிறுவியுள்ளனர். இதற்கு ஒரு எடுத்துக்காட்டு [[Wy/ta/கண்டோலிம்|கண்டோலிமில்]] உள்ள '''சுபோத் கெர்கரின் கலைக்கூடம்''' ஆகும். [[Wy/ta/பெனாலிம்|பெனாலிமில்]] '''கோவா சித்ரா அருங்காட்சியகம்''' அமைந்துள்ளது; இது ஓரிடத்தில் திரட்டப்பட்ட இனவரைவியல் சார்ந்த கலைப்பொருட்களின் மிகப்பெரிய தொகுப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
[[File:panjimin.jpg|thumb|300px|பல வரலாற்றுச் சிறப்புமிக்க கட்டிடங்கள் விடுதிகளாகவும், இல்லவிடுதி எனப்படும் தங்கும் இல்லங்களாகவும் மாற்றப்பட்டுள்ளன]].

மற்ற குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அருங்காட்சியகங்கள்: [[Wy/ta/பெனாலிம்|பெனௌலிமில்]] உள்ள ''ஜெரார்ட் டா குன்யாவின்'' கட்டிடக்கலை அருங்காட்சியகமான '''அவுசஸ் ஆஃப் கோவா''' (''கோவா இல்லம்''), மற்றும் கோவாவின் பாரம்பரிய கடந்த காலத்தை விளக்கி மீண்டும் உருவாக்கும் முயற்சியான, [[Wy/ta/சால்செட்டே|சால்செட்டேயின்]] லௌடோலிமில் உள்ள '''பிக் ஃபூட்''' (என்கிற ''மூதாதையர் கோவா''). சால்செட்டேயின் நுவேமில் உள்ள '''அஷ்வெக் வின்டேஜ் வேர்ல்ட்''' என்ற பெயரில் ஒரு வகையான பழங்கால மகிழுந்துகளின் சேகரிப்பும் கூட உள்ளது.

பனாஜிம் அல்லது ஃபோன்டைனின் லத்தீன் காலாண்டில் பல பாரம்பரிய கட்டிடங்கள் உள்ளன, அவற்றில் சில அவற்றின் அசல் நிலையில் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

==== கடற்கரைகள் ====
கோவா அதன் கடற்கரைகள், பழமையான கோயில்கள் மற்றும் தேவாலயங்கள், மற்றும் கோவா திருவிழா ஆகியவற்றிற்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது.
[[Image:Palolem Sunset.JPG|thumb|200px|பாலோலம் கடற்கரையில் சூரிய அஸ்தமனம்]]
* '''[[Wy/ta/அகோண்டா|அகோண்டா கடற்கரை]]''' — தெற்கே அமைந்துள்ள இது ''ஆமை கடற்கரை'' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.
* '''[[Wy/ta/அஞ்சுனா|அஞ்சுனா கடற்கரை]]''' — சபோரா கோட்டைக்கு அருகில் உள்ளது. இதன் முக்கிய ஈர்ப்பு 1920-இல் கட்டப்பட்ட அற்புதமான ''அல்புகெர்க் மாளிகை'' ஆகும். இது எண்கோண வடிவ கோபுரங்கள் மற்றும் அழகான மங்களூரு ஓட்டுக்கூரையுடன் அமைந்துள்ளது. 1960 மற்றும் 1970-களில், [[Wy/ta/கலங்குட்|கலங்குட்]] போன்ற இடங்கள் அதிக &quot;நெரிசல் மிக்கதாக&quot; மாறிய பிறகு, கோவாவில் கிப்பிகளின் இரண்டாவது இல்லமாகவும் முக்கிய இடமாகவும் அஞ்சுனா திகழ்ந்தது. இன்றும் ஒவ்வொரு புதன்கிழமையும் இங்கு ஒரு ''பழம் பொருட் சந்தை'' (பழைய பொருட்கள் மற்றும் கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் விற்கப்படும் சந்தை) நடைபெறுகிறது. (இது இப்போது பெரிதும் மாறி, பொதுவான வணிகச் சந்தை போலாகிவிட்டது). அருகிலுள்ள அர்போரா கிராமத்தில், மழைக்காலம் அல்லாத பருவங்களில் சனிக்கிழமை இரவுகளில் இரண்டு வண்ணமயமான சந்தைகள் நடைபெறுகின்றன. இது இன்றும் கோவாவின் ''மாற்றுப் பண்பாட்டுப்'' பகுதியாகவே கருதப்படுகிறது. இருப்பினும், 'கிப்பி காலத்தின்' அனுபவத்தைப் பெற விரும்பும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளும் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையில் இங்கு வருகை தருகின்றனர்.
* '''அரம்போல் கடற்கரை''' — வட கோவாவில் பெர்னெம் பகுதிக்கு அருகில் உள்ள ஒரு அமைதியான கடற்கரை. இங்கு தங்கும் விடுதிகள் அல்லது உணவகங்கள் போன்ற வசதிகள் அதிகம் இல்லை. கடல் நீர் ஆழம் குறைவாக இருப்பதால் நீந்துவதற்கு ஏற்றது.
* '''அசுவேம் கடற்கரை''' — வட கோவாவின் பெர்னெம் தாலுகாவில் அமைந்துள்ள அமைதியான கடற்கரை.
* '''[[Wy/ta/பாகா|பாகா கடற்கரை]]''' — கலங்குட்டிற்கு மிக அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள, குடும்பங்கள் மற்றும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கான ஒரு பிரபலமான கடற்கரை.
* '''[[Wy/ta/பெனௌலிம்|பெனௌலிம்]]''' கடற்கரை
* '''[[Wy/ta/கலங்குட்|கலங்குட் கடற்கரை]]''' — கோவாவின் அனைத்து கடற்கரைகளிலும் 'ராணி' என்று போற்றப்படுவது. ஒரு காலத்தில் மிகவும் உயர்வாகக் கருதப்பட்ட இடம். இப்போது மக்கள் கூட்டம் நிறைந்தது. இங்குள்ள முக்கியச் சாலையில் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலை எதிர்பார்க்கலாம். இந்திய சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளால் நிரம்பிய இந்தக் கடற்கரை, மிகுந்த இரைச்சல், நினைவுப் பொருட்கள் விற்பனை மற்றும் நீர் விளையாட்டுச் சேவைகளை வற்புறுத்தி வழங்கும் நபர்கள் நிறைந்த இடமாக உள்ளது. அமைதியை இங்கே பெற முடியாது என்றாலும், பல பிரபலமான கிளப்புகள் மற்றும் நல்ல உணவகங்கள் இங்கு உள்ளன.
* '''[[Wy/ta/கண்டோலிம்|கண்டோலிம்]]''' மற்றும் '''[[Wy/ta/சிங்குரிம்|சிங்குரிம் கடற்கரை]]''' — இவை வட கோவாவின் [[Wy/ta/பார்தேசு|பார்தேசு]] தாலுகாவில் உள்ள கடற்கரைகள். ஒரு காலத்தில் எளிய மீனவக் கிராமங்களாக இருந்த இவை, இப்போது வட கோவாவின் நெரிசலான, கான்கிரீட் கட்டிடங்கள் நிறைந்த கடற்கரைப் பகுதிகளாக மாறிவிட்டன. இவை ''கோவாவின் பெனிடாம்'' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. அல்லது அதே போன்ற நெரிசலான இடமாக வேகமாக மாறி வருகின்றன.
* '''[[Wy/ta/சபோரா|சபோரா கடற்கரை]]''' — சபோரா கோட்டை இங்குதான் அமைந்துள்ளது. இது வாகடோர் மற்றும் அஞ்சுனா கடற்கரைகளுக்கு அருகில் உள்ளது. பாரம்பரிய மீனவர்களின் எதிர்ப்புகளுக்கு மத்தியில் 1960 மற்றும் 1970-களில் கோவாவில் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்ட இழுவைப்படகுகள் தங்கள் மீன்பிடி வரத்தை இறக்கும் மீன்பிடித் தளமும் இங்குள்ளது. ''தில் சாக்தா ஹை'' திரைப்படத்தின் ஒரு பாடல் இந்தக் கோட்டையில் படமாக்கப்பட்டது. கோட்டை சிதிலமடைந்த நிலையில் இருந்தாலும், கடலையும் இரு கடற்கரைகளையும் காணும் வசீகரமான காட்சிகளை இது வழங்குகிறது. கோட்டைக்குச் செல்லும் வழியைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பது சற்று கடினம், ஆனால் இருசக்கர வாகன ஓட்டிகளுக்கு அது ஒரு பொருட்டாக இருக்காது. குன்றின் உச்சியில் கட்டப்பட்டுள்ளதால், கோட்டைக்கு ஏறுவது சற்று சிரமமாக இருக்கலாம்.
* '''கோல்வா கடற்கரை''' — அதன் இயற்கை அழகுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது. இது கோவாவின் ஒரே கத்தோலிக்க பெரும்பான்மை துணை மாவட்டமான சால்செட்டின் ஒரு பகுதியாகும். ஒரு காலத்தில் மிகவும் விருந்தோம்பல் நிறைந்த பகுதியாக இருந்த இது, இப்போது சுற்றுலாவின் காரணமாக பணமயமாக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது. சால்செட்டின் கடற்கரைப் பகுதி வெல்சாவ் கடற்கரையில் தொடங்கி, லீலா மற்றும் ஆலிடே இன் ஓட்டல்கள் அமைந்துள்ள பேதுலில் முடிவடைகிறது. இந்தப் பகுதியில் உள்ள மற்ற பிரபலமான கடற்கரைகள் உட்டோர்டா, மஜோர்டா, அரோசிம், பெனௌலிம் மற்றும் வர்கா ஆகும். தெற்குக் கடற்கரைகள் அழகாகவும், அமைதியாகவும், குறைவான குடிசைகளைக் கொண்டும் உள்ளன. மாநிலத்தின் வடக்குப் பகுதியில் உள்ள, அதிக வணிகமயமாக்கப்பட்ட கடற்கரைகளுடன் ஒப்பிடும்போது, இங்கு கோவாவின் இயற்கை அழகை ரசிப்பது எளிது. தெற்குக் கடற்கரைகள் குடும்பங்களுக்கு மிகவும் ஏற்றதாகவும், பொதுவாக தூய்மையாகவும் அழகாகவும் உள்ளன.
* '''[[Wy/ta/மாண்ட்ரெம்|மாண்ட்ரெம் கடற்கரை]]''' &amp;mdash; கோவாவின் பெர்னெம் தாலுகாவின் வடகோடியில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
* '''[[Wy/ta/மோர்சிம்|மோர்சிம் கடற்கரை]]''' — உருசிய சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் அதிகம் கூடும் ஒரு அழகான கடற்கரை. கடலின் ஆழம் குறைவாக இருப்பதாலும், கடற்கரை மிகவும் அகலமாக இருப்பதாலும், இது ''காத்தாடி உலாவல்'' செய்பவர்களிடையே பிரபலமாக உள்ளது. இங்கு கட்டணம் சற்று அதிகம். உருசிய உணவுகளை வழங்கும் பல உணவகங்கள் உள்ளன. இரவு நேரக் கொண்டாட்டங்கள் இங்கு மிகவும் உற்சாகமாக இருக்கும்.
* '''[[Wy/ta/பாலோலம்|பாலோலம் கடற்கரை]]''' — கோவாவின் தென்கோடியில், கனகோனா தாலுகாவில் அமைந்துள்ள கடற்கரை. அழகான மற்றும் அமைதியான சூழலைக் கொண்ட இது, அருகிலுள்ள தீவுகளையும் கொண்டுள்ளது. இங்கு உணவருந்தச் சிறந்த இடங்கள் உள்ளன. உள்ளூர் நிலவரப்படி இதன் செலவுகள் அதிகரித்து வருவதுடன் சற்று கூட்டமும் காணப்படுகிறது. இருப்பினும், பிற பிரபலமான கடற்கரைகளுடன் ஒப்பிடுகையில் இங்கு கூட்டம் குறைவுதான்.
* '''பட்னெம் கடற்கரை''' — கனகோனா தாலுகாவில் உள்ள ஒரு சிறிய மற்றும் அமைதியான கடற்கரை.
* '''[[Wy/ta/வாகேட்டர்|வாகேட்டர் கடற்கரை]]''' — அஞ்சுனாவிற்கு அருகிலுள்ள பார்தேசில் அமைந்துள்ளது. மேற்கத்திய சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் அடிக்கடி வந்து செல்லும் இடம் மற்றும் கொண்டாட்டங்களுக்குப் புகழ்பெற்றது.

====வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயங்கள் மற்றும் பிற இடங்கள்====
இப்பகுதியில் பல வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயங்கள் உள்ளன. சாங்கெம் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள '''பகவான் மகாவீர் வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயம்''', கோவாவிலேயே மிகப்பெரிய பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட வனவிலங்குப் பகுதிகளில் ஒன்றாகும். சாங்க்யும்மில் அமைந்துள்ள ''துத் சாகர்'' நீர்வீழ்ச்சி, மேலிருந்து கீழ் வரை 600 மீட்டர் உயரத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

[[Wy/ta/போண்டா|போண்டாவில்]] அமைந்துள்ள '''போண்ட்லா வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயம்''' கடமான்கள், இந்தியக் காட்டெருது, மற்றும் காட்டுப்பன்றிகள் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு விலங்குகளின் வாழ்விடமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. அவ்வப்போது இங்கு யானைகளும் காணப்பட்டுள்ளன. போண்டாவிலேயே அமைந்துள்ள '''கோவா வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சிப் பூங்கா'''வில் வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சிகள் மட்டுமின்றி, மழைநீர் சேகரிப்பு குறித்த ஒரு தனித்துவமான பரிசோதனை முயற்சியும் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளது.

கனகோனாவில் உள்ள '''கோத்திகாவ் வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயம்''', அரிய வகை தாவரங்கள் மற்றும் உயரமான மரங்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு காடாகும். இங்கு சூரிய ஒளி தரையை அடைவது அரிது. பனாஜியில் உள்ள '''டாக்டர் சலீம் அலி பறவைகள் சரணாலயத்திற்கு'''ச் செல்ல, தலைமை வனவிலங்கு காப்பாளரின் அனுமதி தேவை.

== செய்யுங்கள் ==
* '''கேளிக்கை விழா'''. தவக்காலத்திற்குச் சற்று முன்பு, பிப்ரவரி மாத நடுப்பகுதியில் நடைபெறும் ''கார்னிவல்'' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இந்த நான்கு நாள் நிகழ்வில், உற்சாகமான ஊர்வலங்கள், அலங்கார ஊர்திகள், கிதார் இசை, நேர்த்தியான நடனங்கள் மற்றும் இடைவிடாத கொண்டாட்டங்கள் இடம்பெறுகின்றன.
* '''நீரில் பாய்தல்'''. — இதற்கான பருவம் அக்டோபர் நடுப்பகுதியிலிருந்து மே நடுப்பகுதி வரை ஆகும். இந்தியாவில் பருவமழைக் காலங்களில் (சூன் முதல் அக்டோபர் நடுப்பகுதி வரை) நீரில் பாய்தல் செய்வது சாத்தியமில்லை. நீரின் வெப்பநிலை 27-30⁰ C ஆக இருக்கும். உள்ளூர் நீரில் பாய்தல் தளங்கள், வாசுகோ டா காமாவிற்கு அருகிலுள்ள கடற்கரைக்கு அப்பால் அமைந்துள்ள ''கிராண்டே தீவை''ச் சுற்றியுள்ளன. இந்த நீரில் பாய்தல் தளங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் 12-16 மீட்டர் ஆழம் கொண்டவை, மேலும் பருவம் முழுவதும் பார்வைத்தெளிவு மாறுபடும், சராசரியாக சுமார் 5-6 மீட்டர் இருக்கும். இங்கு கடல்வாழ் உயிரினங்கள் ஏராளமாக உள்ளன. பல வகையான பவளப்பாறை மீன்கள், கடின மற்றும் மென்மையான பவளங்கள், மற்றும் நீரில் பாய்தல் செய்வதற்கு பல கப்பல் சிதைவுகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. பல நீரில் பாய்தல் மையங்கள் ''மூழ்கல் பயிற்றுவிப்பாளர்களின் தொழில்முறைச் சங்கம்'' படிப்புகளை நடத்துவதோடு, அண்டை மாநிலமான [[Wy/ta/கருநாடகம்|கருநாடகத்தில்]] உள்ள ''பிஜியன் தீவிற்கு'' (உள்ளூரில் ''நேத்ரானி தீவு'' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) நீரில் பாய்தல் பயணங்களையும் ஏற்பாடு செய்கின்றன.

====தன்னார்வப் பணி====
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கவனிக்கவும்|இந்திய விசா விதிமுறைகளின்படி, எவ்வித ஊதியமும் பெறாத பணியைச் செய்வதற்கான ஒப்பந்தம் உங்களிடம் இருந்தாலும், நீங்கள் இப்போது '''வேலைவாய்ப்பு விசா மூலம் மட்டுமே தன்னார்வப் பணியைச் செய்ய முடியும்''' (அதாவது, சுற்றுலா விசாவில் செய்ய முடியாது). உங்கள் நாட்டைப் பொறுத்து, இதற்கான செலவு அதிகமாக இருக்கலாம்.}}
*{{Wy/ta/Do
| name=கோவாவில் தன்னார்வப் பணி | alt= | url=https://volunteering-goa.com/ | email=info@volunteering-goa.com
| address=போர்வோரிம் | lat= | long= | directions=பஞ்சிம்-மபுசா முக்கிய நெடுஞ்சாலையில் (NH17) அமைந்துள்ளது
| phone=+91 860 5458574 | tollfree= | fax=
| hours= | price=
| content=அனாதை இல்லங்கள், இயற்கை மையங்கள், விலங்குகள் மீட்பு மற்றும் தொண்டு நிறுவனக் கடைகள் ஆகியவற்றில் உள்ள திட்டங்களுக்கு உதவுவதன் மூலம் நீங்கள் உண்மையான கோவாவை அனுபவிக்கலாம்.
}}

== வாங்குங்கள் ==
கோவா கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் போதிய அங்கீகாரம் பெறுவதில்லை, மேலும் அவை உண்மையான மலிவு விலையில் கிடைக்கக்கூடும். அவற்றின் வகைகளில் செதுக்கப்பட்ட மரச்சாமான்கள், பித்தளைப் பொருட்கள், பின்னல் வேலைப்பாடுகள் மற்றும் பல அடங்கும் (அரசாங்கத்தால் நடத்தப்படும் ''அபரந்த் பேரங்காடி'' பற்றிய பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்).

குறிப்பாக வட கோவாவின் இரவுச் சந்தைகளில், உலகளாவிய பொருட்கள் வியக்கத்தக்க பன்முகத்தன்மையுடன் கிடைக்கின்றன. பனாஜியில், 18 ஜூன் சாலை, கடைக்காரர்களையும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளையும் ஈர்க்கும் ஒரு இடமாக வேகமாக வளர்ந்து வருகிறது. மபுசா, ஒவ்வொரு வெள்ளிக்கிழமையும் ஒரு பாரம்பரிய சந்தையை நடத்துவதோடு, ஏராளமான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளையும், குறிப்பாக வெளிநாட்டினரையும் ஈர்க்கிறது. கோவாவின் திறமையான பொற்கொல்லர்கள் மபுசாவின் சந்தையிலும், மார்கோ மற்றும் பனாஜியின் சில பகுதிகளிலும் நேர்த்தியாக வரிசையாகக் காணப்படுகின்றனர். பாரம்பரிய கோவா அரக்கு வேலைப்பாடு கொண்ட பொம்மைகளைப் பாருங்கள் (''அபரந்த் பேரங்காடியில் கிடைக்கும்''). அஞ்சுனாவில் ஒரு ''பழைய பொருட்கள் சந்தை'' உள்ளது.

'''மருத்துவச் சுற்றுலா''' என்பது மருத்துவச் சேவைகளைப் பெறுவதற்காக வெளிநாட்டுச் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் இங்கு வருவதைக் குறிக்கிறது. இத்தகைய மருத்துவச் சுற்றுலா சேவைகளை வழங்கும் பல மையங்கள் இங்கு உள்ளன; உதாரணமாக, கலங்கூட்டில் உள்ள பழைய பெட்ரோல் பங்க் அருகே ரோமானோ சேம்பர்ஸில் அமைந்துள்ள &quot;டாக்டர் பிமென்டாவின் பல் மருத்துவ மையம்&quot; மற்றும் மட்காவோவில் உள்ள நேரு ஸ்டேடியம் அருகிலுள்ள &quot;லேக் பிளாசா&quot; ஆகியவற்றைக் குறிப்பிடலாம்.

====கைவினைப் பொருட்கள்====
'''அபராந்த்''' விற்பனை நிலையங்களின் வலையமைப்பு, அரசு நடத்தும் கோவா கைவினைப்பொருட்கள் வலையமைப்பால் நிர்வகிக்கப்படுகிறது. கோவா முழுவதும் உள்ள அவர்களின் 10 விற்பனை நிலையங்களில், கோவாவின் ஆர்வமூட்டும்  கைவினைப்பொருட்களை நீங்கள் காணலாம். பொருட்களின் வரிசையில் சிப்பி வேலைப்பாடுகள், பீங்கான், மூங்கில், காகிதக்கூழ், தேங்காய் சார்ந்த பொருட்கள் மற்றும் நார் பொருட்கள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். எளிதில் உடையக்கூடிய சில கைவினைப்பொருட்களை வீட்டிற்கு எடுத்துச் செல்வதில் பார்வையாளர்களுக்குச் சிரமம் இருந்தால், நார் பொருட்கள் ஒரு நல்ல தேர்வாகும். பனாஜியில் வாசுகோ டா காமாவிலும் ('சுதந்திரப் பாதையில், வாசுகோ ரெசிடென்சியில்'), மார்கே, மபுசா, கலங்குட் ஆகிய இடங்களில் உள்ள உள்ளூர் ஜி.டி.டி.சி. நடத்தும் 'ரெசிடென்சி' தங்கும் விடுதிகளிலும், தொழிற்பேட்டையில் உள்ள பிச்சோலிம் மண்பாண்ட உற்பத்தி மையத்திலும், மற்றும் லௌடோலிமின் ''பிக் ஃபுட்டிலும்'' நான்கு விற்பனை நிலையங்கள் உள்ளன.

பஞ்சிம்மில், 'அபராந்த்' நிறுவனத்தின் பிற விற்பனை நிலையங்கள் பின்வரும் இடங்களில் அமைந்துள்ளன: உத்யோக் பவன் (''கோவா காவல் துறை தலைமையகத்திற்கு எதிரே, படகுத் துறைக்கு அருகில்''); முக்கிய கடம்பா பேருந்து நிலையம்; மற்றும் நியூகி நகரில் (''ரூவா டி ஓரெம்'') உள்ள கோவா கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் நிறுவனத்தின் கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் வளாக அலுவலகம். நகர மையத்திலிருந்து சுமார் 2.5 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ள இந்த இறுதியாகக் குறிப்பிடப்பட்ட இடத்தில்தான் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான பொருட்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன.

உலர் தேங்காய் மற்றும் தேங்காய் ஓடுகளைக் கொண்டு செதுக்கப்படும் பொருட்கள், பெரும்பாலும் மரத்தாலான அடிப்பாகத்தில் பொருத்தப்படும் வகையில் வடிவமைக்கப்படுகின்றன. மேஜை விளக்குகள், பூந்தொட்டிகள், மேஜை கடிகாரங்கள், பல்வேறு மதச் சிலைகள் மற்றும் அலங்காரப் பொருட்கள் ஆகியவை இவற்றில் அடங்கும்.

அழகான வடிவங்கள் மற்றும் அமைப்புகளைக் கொண்ட 'குரோசே' பின்னல் கலைப் பொருட்களும் இதில் உள்ளன. அதேபோல, கடற்கரையில் வீசப்பட்ட கடல் சிப்பிகளும் கைவினைஞர்களின் கைவண்ணத்தால் புதிய கலைப் பொருட்களாக மாற்றப்படுகின்றன. பானைகள், சாம்பல் தட்டுகள், பூந்தொட்டிகள் மற்றும் தெய்வச் சிலைகள் ஆகியவை மரபுசார்ந்த மண்பாண்டப் பொருட்களில் அடங்கும்; மூங்கில் பொருட்களும் இவ்வாறே தயாரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

இவற்றில் சில பொருட்கள் பிச்சோலிமில் உள்ள கோவா கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் மையத்திலேயே தயாரிக்கப்படுகின்றன. மற்றவை மாநிலம் முழுவதும் உள்ள கைவினைஞர்களிடமிருந்து பெறப்படுகின்றன. புவியியல் ரீதியாகப் பரவலாக அமைந்துள்ள உள்ளூர் கைவினைஞர்களின் திறன்களை வெளிக்கொணர்வதிலும், அவர்களின் திறமைகளைத் தக்கவைக்க உதவும் வகையில் சந்தை வாய்ப்புகளை ஏற்படுத்தித் தருவதிலும் இந்த அமைப்பு சிறப்பாகச் செயல்பட்டுள்ளது.

'''கையால் ஓவியம் தீட்டப்பட்ட மண்பாண்டங்கள்''' — கோவாவின் தனித்துவமான தயாரிப்பு இது.

'''அறைகலன்கள்''', கடை உலா வாய்ப்புகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, மற்றொரு ஆர்வத்திற்குரிய துறையாகும். அளவில் பெரியதாக இருந்தாலும், பழங்காலப் பொருட்களுக்கான வணிகமும் வளர்ந்து வருகிறது.

== உண்ணுங்கள் ==
[[File:Goan Fish Curry.jpg|thumbnail|கோவா மீன் குழம்பு மிகவும் சுவையாக இருக்கும்; இது வறுசோறுடன் மிக நன்றாகப் பொருந்தும்.]]
கோவாவின் பிரதான உணவில் சாதம், மீன் குழம்பு, ஊறுகாய் மற்றும் பொரித்த மீன் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். இவற்றை பல கடற்கரைக் கடைகளில் காணலாம். கோவா உணவு வகைகள் போர்த்துகீசிய மற்றும் உள்ளூர் சுவைகளின் கலவையாகும். இறால் பல்சாவ் மற்றும் பூண்டு சேர்த்த நெய்மீன் போன்ற பல உணவுகளில் தனித்துவமான போர்த்துகீசிய சுவை உள்ளது. இந்த உணவு வகைகள் பெரும்பாலும் கடல் உணவுகளை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டவை; சாதம் மற்றும் மீன் ஆகியவை பிரதான உணவுகளாகும். நெய்மீன் (விஷன் அல்லது விஸ்வான்) மிகவும் பொதுவான ஒரு சிறப்பு உணவாகும், மற்றவற்றில் வாவல் மீன், சுறா, சூரை மீன் மற்றும் கானாங்கெளுத்தி ஆகியவை அடங்கும். ஓடுடைய உயிரினங்களில் நண்டுகள், இறால்கள், புலி இறால்கள், கடல் நண்டு, கணவாய் மீன் மற்றும் மட்டிகள் ஆகியவை அடங்கும்.

[[File:Serradura in Goa.jpg|thumb|கோவாவில் உள்ள ஒரு உணவகத்தில் செரதுரா]] 
விண்டலூ, டோபியாசா, சாகுட்டி மற்றும் காஃப்ரியல் போன்ற உணவுகள் வெளிநாடுகளில் உள்ள இந்திய உணவகங்களின் உணவுப் பட்டியல்களில் உங்களுக்குப் பரிச்சயமானவையாக இருக்கும். மேலும் இவை கோவாவின் மரபுசார் உணவுகளாகும். பெபிங்கா என்பது ஒரு மரபுசார்ந்த கோவா அடுக்கு புட்டிங் ஆகும். இது சில ஓட்டல்களில் 'வீட்டில் தயாரிக்கப்பட்டது' போலக் கிடைக்கிறது. மேற்கத்திய நாடுகளில் உள்ள இந்திய உணவகங்களில் விண்டலூ பொதுவாக மாட்டிறைச்சியிலிருந்து தயாரிக்கப்பட்டாலும், கோவாவில் விண்டலூ பொதுவாகப் பன்றி இறைச்சியிலிருந்து தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. செர்ரடுரா என்பது கோவாவில் மட்டுமே காணப்படும் ஒரு போர்த்துகீசிய இனிப்பு வகையாகும். எனவே இதை நிச்சயம் சுவைத்துப் பார்க்க வேண்டும்.

பெரும்பாலான கடற்கரைகளில் உள்ள சிறிய உணவகங்களில், குறிப்பாக கடல் உணவுகள், ஆச்சரியப்படத்தக்க வகையில் மிகச் சுவையாகக் கிடைக்கின்றன. உங்கள் உணவை நீங்கள் எப்படி விரும்புகிறீர்கள் என்பதை அவர்கள் வழக்கமாக உங்களிடம் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்வார்கள். அங்குள்ள உணவகங்களில் சாப்பிடும் அனுபவத்தைத் தவறவிடாதீர்கள்.

பெரும்பாலான ஆடம்பரமான ஓட்டல்கள் மற்றும் உணவகங்களில் வழங்கப்படும் உணவு சுமாராகவே இருக்கும். எனவே, உள்ளூர் உணவகங்களில் சாப்பிடுவதே சிறந்தது. அவை எங்கு உள்ளன என்று வாடகை மகிழுந்து ஓட்டுநரிடம் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள். அதே சமயம், ஆடம்பர உணவகங்களுக்கு உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்ல அவரை அனுமதிக்காதீர்கள். ஏனெனில், அங்கு அழைத்துச் செல்வதன் மூலம் அவர்களுக்குக் தரகு கிடைக்கக்கூடும்.

== பருகுங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|ஃபெனி பற்றிய தகவல்கள்|வட கோவா முந்திரி உற்பத்தியிலும், தென் கோவா தேங்காய் உற்பத்தியிலும் முன்னணியில் உள்ளன.

* ஃபெனி பானத்தில் 42% வரை மதுசாரம் உள்ளடக்கம் இருக்கலாம். கோவாவில் முறையே முந்திரி மற்றும் தேங்காய் ஃபெனியைத் தயாரிக்கும் சுமார் 4,000 மற்றும் 2,200 மரபுசார் வடிபான நிலையங்கள் உள்ளன.
* ஃபெனியை பழச்சாற்றின் கலவை பானங்களிலும் பயன்படுத்தலாம்; இருப்பினும், நவீன இந்தியாவில் இது 'நாட்டு மது' என்று வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளதால், அதன் வளர்ச்சிக்குச் சில தடைகள் உள்ளன.
* 16-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் மத்தியில் போர்த்துகீசியர்கள் தென் அமெரிக்காவிலிருந்து முந்திரியை கோவாவிற்கு அறிமுகப்படுத்தினர்.
* ஃபெனிக்கு ஒரு தனித்துவமான மணம் உண்டு; இது சிலருக்கு விரும்பத்தகாததாகத் தோன்றலாம்.}}
இந்தியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளைக் காட்டிலும் ஏறக்குறைய அனைத்து விஷயங்களிலும் அதிக செலவு ஆகக்கூடிய இடமாக கோவா இருந்தாலும், அங்கு மதுபானங்கள் மற்றும் ஒயின்களின் விலைகள் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க வகையில் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன. அங்கு கிடைக்கும் வகைகளில் ஒயின் (சிவப்பு மற்றும் வெள்ளை), விஸ்கி, பிராந்தி, ரம், ஜின், வோட்கா உள்ளிட்ட ''இந்தியாவில் தயாரிக்கப்பட்ட வெளிநாட்டு மதுபானங்கள்'' மற்றும் உள்ளூர் மதுபானங்கள் (முக்கியமாக முந்திரி மற்றும் தென்னை ஃபெனி) ஆகியவை அடங்கும். உள்நாட்டுத் தயாரிப்புகளின் விலை ஒரு பாட்டிலுக்கு ₹40 முதல் ₹350 வரை உள்ளது.

===ஃபெனி===
கோவாவில் நீண்ட காலமாகத் தயாரிக்கப்பட்டுப் பருகப்படும் இரண்டு உள்ளூர் மதுபான வகைகள் உள்ளன: அவை முந்திரி ஃபெனி மற்றும் தென்னை ஃபெனி ஆகும். இதில் ஒன்று முந்திரிப் பழத்திலிருந்தும், மற்றொன்று தென்னை மரத்தின் சாற்றிலிருந்தும் தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது.

கோவாவை ஆண்ட முன்னாள் போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியாளர்களால் ஃபெனி தயாரிக்கும் கலை செம்மைப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. முந்திரி பயிரை போர்த்துகீசியர்களே அறிமுகப்படுத்தினர். இன்று அது கோவா சமூகத்தின் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரத்தின் ஒரு முக்கிய அங்கமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. அண்டை மாநிலங்களில் முந்திரிப் பழங்கள் வீணாவதால், அருகிலுள்ள மகாராட்டிரத்திலிருந்து அவை கோவாவிற்கு இறக்குமதி செய்யப்படுகின்றன.

ஃபெனி கோவாவின் அடையாளமாகவே மாறிவிட்டது. முந்திரி ஃபெனிக்கு ''புவியியல் குறியீடு'' அந்தஸ்து வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளதால், இதனை கோவாவில் மட்டுமே தயாரிக்க முடியும்.

ஃபெனி ஒரு வீரியமான சுவையைக் கொண்டது. இதைச் சிலர் விரும்பி அருந்துகின்றனர், சிலர் விரும்புவதில்லை. பன்ஜிம்மில் உள்ள மதுபானக் கடைகளில் ஒன்றில், நினைவுப் பரிசாக ஃபெனியை வாங்கக் குவிந்திருக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளின் கூட்டத்தை நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

===ஒயின் மற்றும் பிற தயாரிப்புகள்===
நிச்சயமாக, வேறு பல தேர்வுகளும் உள்ளன. உள்ளூர் ஒயின்களின் விலை ஒரு பாட்டிலுக்கு ₹40 முதல் ₹150 வரை உள்ளது. கோவாவில் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டின் தொடக்கத்திலும், பெரும்பாலும் பிப்ரவரி மாத மத்தியில், &quot;கிரேப் எஸ்கேப்&quot; எனும் ஒயின் திருவிழா நடைபெறுகிறது.

'உராக்' பானத்தை அவசியம் சுவைத்துப் பாருங்கள். இது ஒரு தனித்துவமான 'ஸ்மோக்கி' (புகை போன்ற) சுவையைக் கொண்ட உள்ளூர் பானமாகும். உள்ளூர் மதுக்கூடங்களில் இதைக் கேட்டுப் பெறலாம். இது புத்துணர்ச்சியூட்டும் சுவையும் குறைந்த அளவு மதுசாரம் அளவும் கொண்ட ஒரு கோடைக்கால பானமாகும்.

உள்ளூர் தயாரிப்புகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, 'மேடம் ரோசா' நிறுவனம் காபி மற்றும் பிற மதுபான வகைகளையும் தயாரித்து வருகிறது. இதில் மாம்பழம், சோம்பு, பாதாம் மற்றும் சாக்லேட்-மின்ட் போன்ற சுவைகள் அடங்கும். மற்றொரு முக்கிய வணிகச் சின்னமான பிவிவி (பெட்ரோ வின்சென்ட் வாஸ்), முந்திரி மற்றும் பனை சார்ந்த தயாரிப்புகளை (750 மி.லி, 180 மி.லி மற்றும் 60 மி.லி அளவுகளில்) சந்தைப்படுத்துகிறது. டோம் பெட்ரோ, கோவன் ட்ரெஷர், கேஷ்யூ இன்சைட்  மற்றும் ஃப்ரூட் ஷேப் ஆகியவை பிற வணிகச் சின்னங்களில் சிலவாகும்.

== உறங்குங்கள் ==
இந்தியாவில் தங்குவதற்கு அதிக செலவு ஆகும் மாநிலங்களில் கோவாவும் ஒன்றாகும். நவம்பர் முதல் மார்ச் இறுதி வரை நீடிக்கும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளின் வருகை அதிகம் உள்ள பருவத்தில், கட்டணங்கள் மிக அதிகமாக இருக்கும். குறிப்பாக டிசம்பர் மாதத்தில், 5-நட்சத்திர ஓட்டல்களின் கட்டணம் ஒரு இரவுக்கு சுமார் ₹20,000 முதல் ₹35,000 வரை இருக்கும். இப்பருவத்தில் அனைத்து சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களிலும் கட்டணங்கள் அதிகமாகவே வசூலிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

கடற்கரைக்கு அருகில் உள்ள குடிசைகள் ஒரு சிக்கனமான மற்றும் மகிழ்ச்சியான தேர்வாக அமையும். பெரும்பாலான கடற்கரைப் பகுதிகளில் இவற்றைக் காணலாம். இவற்றின் வாடகை ₹400 முதல் ₹600 வரை இருக்கும். இதில் இரட்டைப் படுக்கை, பூட்டு வசதி, துண்டுகள் மற்றும் கழிப்பறையுடன் கூடிய இணைந்த குளியலறை ஆகிய வசதிகளுடன் கூடிய முழுமையான குடிசை உங்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கும். பருவமழைக் காலங்களில் இந்தக் கடற்கரைக் குடிசைகள் மூடப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

கிறிஸ்துமஸ் மற்றும் புத்தாண்டுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட ஆண்டின் கடைசி வாரத்தில், அந்த இடம் வழக்கமாக மக்கள் கூட்டத்தால் நிரம்பி வழியும். அளவுக்கு அதிகமாகப் பிரபலப்படுத்தப்பட்ட அந்த வாரத்தைத் தவிர்த்தால், தேவையற்ற நெருக்கடிகள் ஏதுமின்றி உங்களுக்குச் சிறந்த சலுகைகள் கிடைக்கும்.

கூட்ட நெரிசலிலிருந்து விலகி இருப்பதற்கு பண்ணை தங்குதல் எனப்படும் பண்ணை இல்லத் தங்குமிடங்கள் பெருகிவரும் ஒரு பிரபலமான தேர்வாக உள்ளன. கோவாவின் சில கிராமப்புறப் பகுதிகளில் இத்தகைய தங்குமிடங்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன.

== சமாளியுங்கள் ==
பனாஜியில் உள்ள பழைய காலனித்துவ பாணியிலான மெனெசஸ் பிரகன்சா நிறுவனத்தில் மத்திய நூலகம் அமைந்துள்ளது. அதன் அரிய புத்தகங்கள் பிரிவைத் தவறவிடாதீர்கள். மபுசாவின் அதாய்டே நூலகம் உட்பட, முக்கிய நகரங்களில் நகராட்சி நூலகங்களும் உள்ளன. நல்ல சேகரிப்புகளைக் கொண்ட பிற ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனங்களில், ஆல்டோ போர்வோரிமில் உள்ள சேவியர் வரலாற்று ஆராய்ச்சி மையம், போர்வோரிமின் அருகிலேயே ஜேசுசபையால் நடத்தப்படும் தாமஸ் ஸ்டீவன்ஸ் கொங்கணி கேந்திரா, கோவா பல்கலைக்கழகம், மற்றும் மார்கோ பேருந்து நிலையம் மற்றும் உள்ளூர் நீதிமன்றத்திற்கு அருகிலுள்ள ஒரு வணிக நிறுவனத்தின் முதல் மாடியில் செயல்படும் அம்செம் தியாஸ் ('நமது மரபுகள்') என்றழைக்கப்படும் ஒரு விசித்திரமான கொங்கணி சார்ந்த நூலகம் ஆகியவை அடங்கும்.

===பணம்===
கோவாவில் வங்கிகளின் பரந்த வலைப்பின்னல் உள்ளது. அவற்றில் சிலவற்றில் நாணயங்களை மாற்றிக்கொள்ளலாம். சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் அதிகம் கூடும் இடங்களிலும் நகர்ப்புறங்களிலும் இத்தகைய சேவைகளை எளிதாகப் பெறலாம்.
* {{Wy/ta/Listing
| name=இந்திய ரிசர்வ் வங்கியின் அந்நியச் செலாவணித் துறை| alt= | url= | email=
| address=3A/B சேசா கோர், பட்டோ இன் பனாஜிம் | lat= | long= | directions=
| phone=+91 832 2438656, +91 832 2438659 | tollfree=|fax=+91 832 2438657
| hours= | price=
| wikipedia= | wikidata=
| lastedit=
| content=
}}

முன்னணி விடுதிகள், கடைகள் மற்றும் பயண முகவர்களும் அந்நியச் செலாவணி மாற்றும் சேவைகளை வழங்குவார்கள்.

== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
===தொலைபேசிகள்===
நாட்டுக்குரிய குறியீடு +91 (இந்தியா); கோவாவிற்கான குறியீடு 832 (நாட்டுக்குரிய குறியீடு முன்னொட்டாகச் சேர்க்கப்படாவிட்டால் 0832).

கோவாவின் தொலைபேசி அடைவுப் புத்தகம் கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளாக வெளியிடப்படவில்லை. இந்தியாவில் மிக அதிக தொலைபேசி அடர்த்தி (நூறு பயனர்களுக்கு எத்தனை தொலைபேசிகள் என்ற விகிதம்) கொண்ட மாநிலங்களில் ஒன்றாகத் திகழும் கோவாவில், இது ஒரு பெரும் குறைபாடாகும். பழைய தொலைபேசி அடைவுப் புத்தகங்களில், சந்தாதாரர்களின் விவரங்கள் மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள பல்வேறு சிறிய தொலைபேசி நிலையங்களின் அடிப்படையில் தனித்தனியாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டிருந்தன. (முன்பெல்லாம் ஒரு நிலையத்திலிருந்து மற்றொரு நிலையத்திற்கு அழைக்க 'ட்ரங்க் கால்' செய்ய வேண்டியிருந்தது; ஆனால் தற்போதைய நிலையில் அந்த நிலை இல்லை.) இதனால், ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட தொலைபேசி எண்ணைக் கண்டறிவது மிகவும் குழப்பமானதாக அமையலாம். இருப்பினும், உங்களிடம் பிஎஸ்என்எல் நிறுவனத்தின் தொலைபேசி எண் ஏதேனும் இருந்தால், 197 என்ற எண்ணை அழைப்பதன் மூலம் அதற்கான முகவரியை எளிதாகப் பெற முடியும்.

கோவாவில் தொலைபேசி கட்டமைப்பு தொடர்ந்து விரிவடைந்து வருவதையும், தொலைபேசி எண்கள் சில ஆண்டுகளிலேயே நான்கு இலக்கங்களிலிருந்து தற்போதைய ஏழு இலக்கங்களாக மாறியிருப்பதையும் கருத்தில் கொள்ளும்போது, ​​உங்களுக்குத் தேவையான சரியான எண்ணைக் கண்டறிவது சவாலானதாக இருக்கலாம்.

கோவா அரசின் தகவல் மற்றும் விளம்பரத் துறை (பஞ்சிம் நகரின் மையப்பகுதியில், ஆசாத் மைதானம் மற்றும் கோவா காவல் துறைத் தலைமையகத்திற்கு அருகில் உள்ள 'உத்யோக் பவன்' கட்டிடத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது). அவ்வப்போது தொலைபேசி எண்கள் அடங்கிய ஒரு சிறிய கையேட்டை வெளியிடுகிறது. இது குறைந்த விலையில் கிடைப்பினும், எளிதில் கிடைக்கக்கூடியதாக இருப்பதில்லை. இதில் முக்கியமாக அரசியல்வாதிகள், அரசு அதிகாரிகள் மற்றும் ஊடகவியலாளர்களின் விவரங்கள் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளன. பயனுள்ள சில தொலைநகல் எண்கள், மின்னஞ்சல் முகவரிகள் மற்றும் இணையதள முகவரிகளும் இதில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஆனால், அதிகாரிகள் உங்கள் மின்னஞ்சலுக்குப் பதிலளிப்பார்கள் என்று மட்டும் எதிர்பார்க்காதீர்கள்!

''மஞ்சள் பக்கங்கள்'' சேவையும் கிடைக்கிறது. உள்ளூர் வணிகங்கள் குறித்த விவரங்களுக்கு '''அலோ 2412121''' (0832-2412121) வைத் தொடர்பு கொள்ளவும்.

கோவாவில் கைபேசி சேவைகள் வேகமாக வளர்ந்துள்ளன. முன்பணம் செலுத்தப்பட்ட கைபேசி செறிவு அட்டை பெறுவது மிகவும் எளிது. இதற்கு சுமார் ₹100 செலவாகும். உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டின் நகல் (விசா பக்கம், நுழைவு முத்திரை மற்றும் புகைப்படப் பக்கம்) மற்றும் இரண்டு கடவுச்சீட்டு புகைப்படங்களை ஒரு தொலைபேசிக் கடைக்கு எடுத்துச் சென்றால் போதும். நீங்கள் இந்தியா முழுவதும் பயணம் செய்தால், செலவு மற்றும் ஆற்றலெல்லை பற்றி சிந்திப்பது நல்லது. ஏனெனில், நீங்கள் கோவாவை விட்டு வெளியேறி மற்றொரு மாநிலத்திற்குச் சென்றால், அனைத்து அழைப்புகளுக்கும் உழற்சிக் கட்டணம் செலுத்த வேண்டியிருக்கும். இருப்பினும், இது மலிவானதாகவே உள்ளது. கோவாவிலிருந்து இங்கிலாந்துக்கு ஒரு குறுஞ்செய்தி அனுப்ப ₹10 செலவாகும், மேலும் அழைப்புகளுக்கு நிமிடத்திற்கு சுமார் ₹12 செலவாகும்.

===இணையம்===
கோவாவின் நகர்ப்புறங்கள், சுற்றுலாத் தலங்கள் மற்றும் விடுதிகளில் இணைய மையங்களைக் காணலாம். வெளிநாட்டினர் மற்றும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் பெருமளவில் வசிக்கும் மாநிலம் என்பதால், இங்கு இணைய மையத்தைக் கண்டறிவது கடினமானதல்ல. இணையத்தைப் பயன்படுத்துவதற்கு முன் அடையாளச் சான்றைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டும். வெளிநாட்டினர் தங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டியது அவசியம்.

== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==
{{Wy/ta/Cautionbox|அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் வருவதால், கோவாவில் சந்தர்ப்பத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தி குற்றங்களில் ஈடுபடும் பல குற்றவாளிகள் செயல்படுகின்றனர்.

2020-களின் தொடக்கத்தில், பாலியல் வன்முறைகள் உட்பட வெளிநாட்டினர் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட சில தீவிரமான சம்பவங்கள் நிகழ்ந்துள்ளன.|lastedit=2026-10-10|boldtext=எச்சரிக்கை}}
கடற்கரையில் ஆழம் குறைந்த நீரில் நடக்கும்போது கவனமாக இருக்கவும். ஏனெனில் சில கடற்கரைகளில் நீருக்கடியில் பாயும் வலிமையான நீரோட்டங்கள்  இருக்கலாம். குறிப்பாகக் கடல் நீர் மட்டம் குறையும் வேளையில், நீர் கடலை நோக்கி மிக வேகமாக வெளியேறும் என்பதால், மிராமரில் உள்ள மண்டோவி ஆறு போன்ற அனைத்து ஆறுகளும் கடலில் கலக்கும் இடங்களுக்குச் செல்வதைத் தவிர்க்கவும். சுற்றுலாப் பருவம் அல்லாத காலங்களில் கடலில் இறங்குவதையே தவிர்க்கவும். கோவாவில் பாதுகாப்பாக நீந்துவதற்கு ஏற்ற காலம் நவம்பர் முதல் மே மாதத் தொடக்கம் வரை ஆகும்.

பதப்படுத்தப்படாத முந்திரிப் பருப்புகளுடன் தொடர்பைத் தவிர்க்கவும், ஏனெனில் அவற்றில் [[Wy/ta/நச்சு படர்கொடி|நச்சு படர்கொடியில்]] காணப்படும் எரிச்சலூட்டும் பொருளான (உருசியோல்) உள்ளது. முந்திரிப் பழம் பழுத்தவுடன் உண்ணக்கூடியது.

கோவா மக்கள் மிகவும் நட்பானவர்கள் மற்றும் உதவிகரமானவர்கள். உங்களுக்குப் பிடித்தமான ஓட்டுநரைச் சந்தித்தால், அவருடைய தொடர்பு விவரங்களைப் பெற்று, அடுத்தடுத்த பயணங்களுக்கு அவரை முன்பதிவு செய்யுங்கள். பயண வழிகாட்டிகள் அதிக கட்டணம் வசூலிப்பவர்களாக இருக்கலாம், மேலும் அவர்கள் வெளிநாட்டுப் பயணிகளை ஏமாற்றுவதாகவும் அறியப்படுகிறது. உங்களுடன் நடனமாடக்கூடிய, கவர்ச்சியான பெண்கள் நிறைந்த ஒரு டிஸ்கோவிற்கு உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்வதாகக் கூறும் வழிகாட்டிகளிடம் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருங்கள். இது ஒரு மோசடி. பெரும்பாலும் கலங்கூட், பாகா மற்றும் அஞ்சுனாவில் உள்ள மலிவான டிஸ்கோ கிளப்புகளுக்குச் செல்லாதீர்கள். அவர்கள் உங்கள் பணத்தைத் திருடி, உங்களைச் சிக்கலில் மாட்டுவார்கள். கட்டணங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் சுமார் 500 இந்திய ரூபாயாக இருக்கும்; இதைத் தவிர்க்கவும்.

&quot;பரிசு&quot; தருவதாகக் கூறி இலவசப் பயணத்தை வழங்கும் எந்தவொரு மோசடியும் நிச்சயம் ஏமாற்றத்தில்தான் முடியும்.

கோவாவில் பொது இடங்களில் மது அருந்துவது சட்டவிரோதமானது. உரிமம் பெற்ற இடங்களின் எல்லைக்கு வெளியே மது அருந்தினால், உங்களுக்கு அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படலாம் அல்லது சிறைத்தண்டனை வழங்கப்படலாம். உதாரணமாக, பதிவு செய்யப்பட்ட கடற்கரை உணவகங்கள் அல்லது மதுக்கூடங்களுக்குள் நீங்கள் மது அருந்தலாம். ஆனால் திறந்த கடற்கரையிலோ அல்லது சாலையிலோ அவ்வாறு செய்யக்கூடாது.

''காது மருத்துவர்கள்'' என்று தங்களை அழைத்துக்கொள்ளும் நபர்களிடம் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருக்கவும். இவர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் பெண்களை விட ஆண்களையே அணுகி, உங்கள் காதிலிருந்து ஒரு சிறிய அருவருப்பான உயிரினத்தை 'எடுப்பது' போல நடித்து, அதற்கான 'சிகிச்சை'யை அளிக்க முன்வருவார்கள். இருப்பினும், தங்களை விளம்பரப்படுத்திக்கொள்ள அவர்கள் அச்சிட்டு வைத்திருக்கும் அட்டைகளைப் படிப்பது வேடிக்கையாக இருக்கும்.

தொடருந்தில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​சேப்படித் திருடர்கள், சிற்றுண்டி அல்லது தேநீர் தருவது போல் அணுகும் அந்நியர்கள் மற்றும் இந்திய ரயில்களைத் தங்கள் வேட்டைக் களமாக மாற்றிக்கொள்ளும் இது போன்ற பிற நபர்களிடம் கவனமாக இருங்கள். குளிர்சாதன வசதி இல்லாத பெட்டிகளில் உங்கள் காலணிகளைக் கழற்றி வைக்காதீர்கள். அவை திருடப்படக்கூடும். உங்கள் விலைமதிப்பற்ற பொருட்களுக்கும் இதே எச்சரிக்கை பொருந்தும்.

தொடருந்தில் இடங்கள் அனைத்தும் முன்பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டுவிட்டதாகக் கூறும் பயண முகவர்களை நம்ப வேண்டாம். அதிக செலவு பிடிக்கும் காரை நீங்கள் வாடகைக்கு அமர்த்த வேண்டும் என்றும், அதன் மூலம் தங்களுக்குக் தரகு கிடைக்க வேண்டும் என்றும் அவர்கள் விரும்புவதே இதற்குக் காரணம். அதற்குப் பதிலாக, [https://www.indianrail.gov.in/ இந்திய ரயில்வே இணையதளத்தில்] விவரங்களை நீங்களே சரிபார்ப்பது சிறந்தது. மேலும், [https://www.irctc.co.in இணையதளம்] மூலமாகவும் உங்கள் ரயில் டிக்கெட்டை முன்பதிவு செய்து கொள்ளலாம்.

குளிர்காலத்திலும் கோடைக்காலத்திலும் வெப்பநிலை கடுமையாக இருக்கலாம், எனவே சூரியத் திரை மறக்காதீர்கள்.

=== அவசர சேவைகள் ===
கோவாவில் மருத்துவ அவசரநிலைகளுக்குத் தொடர்புகொள்ள இப்போது {{Wy/ta/Phone|108}} என்ற எண் உள்ளது. ஜிவிகே இஎம்ஆர்ஐ (அவசரக்கால மேலாண்மை மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம்) மூலம் இயக்கப்படும் இச்சேவை, கோவா மருத்துவக் கல்லூரியை (பாம்போலிம்) மையமாகக் கொண்டு செயல்படுகிறது. மேலும், கோவாவின் பல்வேறு பகுதிகளிலும் இதற்கான ஆம்புலன்ஸ்கள் நிறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. இந்த நோயாளர் ஊர்திகள் முழுமையான வசதிகளுடன் கூடியவை என்பதோடு, அவற்றில் பயிற்சி பெற்ற அவசர மருத்துவப் பணியாளர்களும் உள்ளனர்.

== அடுத்த இலக்கு ==
* '''[[Wy/ta/அம்போலி|அம்போலி]]''' — கோவாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 130 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ள அம்போலி, சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள், குறிப்பாகத் தேனிலவு கொண்டாடும் தம்பதிகள் விரும்பிச் செல்லும் இடங்களுள் ஒன்றாகும். மகாராட்டிரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள இப்பகுதியில் இரண்யகேசி கோயில், நாகட்டா நீர்வீழ்ச்சி, பாக்சைட் சுரங்கங்கள் மற்றும் சிர்காவோங்கர் போன்ற பல இடங்கள் உள்ளன.
* '''[[Wy/ta/கோகர்ணா|கோகர்ணா]]''' — கோவாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 132 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ள இது, கோவாவின் ஒரு துல்லியமான மறுவடிவமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. குண்ட்லே கடற்கரை, பாரடைஸ் கடற்கரை, ஓம் கடற்கரை மற்றும் கோகர்ணா கடற்கரை எனப் பல கடற்கரைகள் இதனைச் சூழ்ந்துள்ளன. அகநாசினி மற்றும் கங்காவளி ஆகிய இரு ஆறுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் இடமான கோகர்ணா, 'ருத்ர யோனி' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.
* '''[[Wy/ta/இரத்தினகிரி|இரத்தினகிரி]]''' — சிறந்த நாகரிகம் மற்றும் இயற்கையான நிலப்பரப்பு ஆகியவற்றின் சங்கமமாக இங்கேயுள்ள காட்சிகள் அமைந்துள்ளன. வடக்கு கோவாவிலிருந்து 250 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ள இரத்தினகிரி, ஆழமான பள்ளத்தாக்குகள், பசுமையான மலைகள் மற்றும் நெல் வயல்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இங்கு வரும் ஒவ்வொரு பார்வையாளரும் ரசிப்பதற்கும் கண்டறிவதற்கும் தனித்துவமான அம்சங்கள் உள்ளன.
* '''சாவந்த்வாடி''' — இது கோவாவிலிருந்து 100 கி.மீ தொலைவில், கண்கவர் பசுமை மற்றும் மலைத்தொடர்களால் சூழப்பட்ட ஒரு பகுதியாகும். சாவந்த்வாடியில் புலிகள், சிறுத்தைகள் மற்றும் காட்டுப்பன்றிகள் உள்ளிட்ட வியக்கத்தக்க வனவிலங்குகளைக் காணலாம். சித்ரகதி, கலாசூத்ரி, மூங்கில் வேலைப்பாடுகள் மற்றும் பிற மரத்தாலான பொருட்கள் போன்ற கலைப்படைப்புகளுக்கு இப்பகுதி பெயர் பெற்றது.


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    <title>Wp/hil/Sara Duterte</title>
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      <text bytes="1215" sha1="0mziou1oglp78l1n5u0dgehc0nqjtxo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:VPSDPortrait_(cropped)_(3).jpg|thumb|Opisyal na imahe, 2022]]

Si '''Sara Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio''' (nabata Mayo 31, 1978), ginatawag man nga '''Inday Sara''', isa ka Pilipinong abogada kag politiko nga ang ika-15 kag subong bise presidente sang Pilipinas. Siya ang ikatatlo nga babaying bise presidente, ang ikatatlong bise presidente gikan sa Mindanao, kag ang pinakabata nga bise presidente sa kamaragtas sang Pilipinas. Bata nga babayi sang ika-16 nga presidente Rodrigo Duterte, sadto siya nagsirbe bilang alkalde sang Dakbanwa sang Davao sugod 2016 hasta 2022, kag gikan 2010 hasta 2013. Nangin  bise-alkalde man sya sang Dakbanwa sang Davao sugod 2007 hasta 2010.

Si Duterte nagdalagan para bise-presidente sang 2022 sa idalom sang Lakas–CMD, nga nangin kaupod ni Bongbong Marcos halin sa Partido Federal ng Pilipinas sa idalom sang UniTeam Alliance. Ang ticket nagdaog sing daku, nga nangin pinakauna nga magkaupod nga nagdaog sugod 2004, kag ang una nga napili bilang mayorya sugod sa pagtukod sang Ikalimang Republika sang 1986.

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==
* Mga medya nga relatibo ki [[:c:Category:Sara Duterte|Sara Duterte]] sa Wikimedia Commons
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1491004}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/esg/Main Page</title>
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      <id>7382033</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:28:18Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1201" sha1="1os3lqjpis9k86b48iifu531tbo3jkc" xml:space="preserve">[[file:wikipedia-logo-blank.png|150px]]

&lt;center&gt;
{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| valin=&quot;top&quot; |[[file:gondi map.png|150px]]
{|width=&quot;100%&quot;|valin=top|[[file:india telagana locator map.svg|150px]]
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&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px; &quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:220%; &quot;&gt;'''अहेरी गोंडी'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:300%; &quot;&gt;विकिपीडिया&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;'''''एक मुक्त ज्ञण कोष''''' &lt;br/&gt; '''''आपका स्वगात है!'''''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;'''There are currently[[Special:Prefixindex/Wp/esg|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wp/esg}}]] articles.'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;'''एक नया लेख शुरू करें: ⤵️'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
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[[Category:wp/esg]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q5296}}
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/Miguel Cervantès</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
        <id>2566594</id>
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      <text bytes="458" sha1="mx63gq820dn95zxjwgttcawxj7hexa0" xml:space="preserve">'''Miguel Cervantes''', diina diende mu kaabujima didi Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, wa mu [[Wp/lua/Ditunga|ditunga]] dia [[Wp/lua/Espagne|Espagne]]. Udi mulela dia matuku 29 ngondo wa kaswabanga(11) tshidimu tshia 1547, ne mmufwe mu dituku dia ngondo mwinaayi 1616 ku Madrid. Cervantes udi mufundi wa mianu, tusala ne manaya.

[[File:Cervantes Jáuregui.jpg|200px|right]]
[[Category:Wp/lua]]
[[Category:Wp/lua/Mìanda ya moyì wa muntu]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q5682}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/Léon Tolstoï</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3513380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382175</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="740" sha1="9ami9ideb5no23hmpvbnqglnar9ugrk" xml:space="preserve">'''Léon Tolstoï''', bamubikila kabidi ne '''Lev Nikolaïevitch Tolstoï''' mu tshiena russe kumpala kwa tshidimu tshia tshinunu nkama tshitemba makumi abidi ne muanda mukulu , mmulela mu ngondo wa Kashipu Mpempempe tshinunu nkama muanda mukulu makumi abidi ne muanda mukulu ne mufwe mu dia muanda muteketa  kaswabanga ku Astapovo, mmufundi wa beeba [[Wp/lua/Russia|Russie]]. Badi biikala bamuzangika bilondeshile difunda dyende dya miannu udi miikala ileeja kasuba ka beena ditunga diabu mu tshikondo tshia ba Tsar ; kadi udi kabidi mwikala ubiipisha bukalenge  bwa beena ditunga ne bwa beena maalu a Nzambi. Baka muteeka ba kaseka kudi beena Orthodoxe ba mu Russie. Mifunduyende ivwa mioska kunyima kwa lufu lwende.

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Unibersidad sang Iloilo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3517644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381900</id>
      <parentid>6866929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:16:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
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      <text bytes="1616" sha1="phtwic0crpd6kyakrmvq03jeu4i504z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:University of Iloilo, Aug 2024.jpg|thumb|Unibersidad sang Iloilo]]
Ang '''PHINMA – University of Iloilo''' (mas simple nga kilala bilang '''UI''') isa ka pribado, indi-sektaryano, kag ko-edukasyonal nga institusyon sa [[Wp/hil/Dakbanwa sang Iloilo|Dakbanwa sang Iloilo]], [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. Natukod ini sang 1947 sa paagi sang Pamilya Lopez nga halin sa Iloilo bilang '''Iloilo City Colleges'''. Ang pamilya kilala man sa pagtukod sa higanteng brodkast nga kompanyang ABS-CBN. 

Ang unibersidad dayon nga ginkuha sang konglomerado nga negosyong grupo nga PHINMA Industries, kag ang sa subong nga operasyon sini kag ang pagmanehar amo kontrolado sang nahambal nga kompanya. Ini ara sa idalom sang sanga sini nga PHINMA Education Network.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=PHINMA University of Iloilo |url=https://ui.phinma.edu.ph/about-us/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=PHINMA University of Iloilo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mga kolehiyo kag iban nga departamento==
*College of Allied Health Sciences&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Academics |url=https://ui.phinma.edu.ph/academics/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=PHINMA University of Iloilo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*College of Information Technology Education
*College of Engineering and Maritime Education
*College of Criminal Justice Education
*College of Management and Accountancy
*College of Teacher Education
*Graduate School
*Basic Education Department

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240802054759/https://ui.phinma.edu.ph/ Opisyal nga websityo]

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q7895543}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/hil/Pangkalibutan nga Hulugpaan sang Iloilo</title>
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      <id>7381842</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:41:37Z</timestamp>
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Ang '''Pangkalibutan nga Hulugpaan sang Iloilo''' (IATA: ILO, ICAO: RPVI), kilala man nga '''Iloilo International Airport''', '''Iloilo Airport''', '''Cabatuan International Airport''', kag '''Cabatuan Airport''', halin sa munisipalidad sang [[Wp/hil/Cabatuan, Iloilo|Cabatuan, Iloilo]], kun sa diin ini makita, isa ka pangkalibutan nga hulugpaan nga nagasirbe sa probinsya sang [[Wp/hil/Iloilo|Iloilo]] sa Pilipinas, kaupod ang kabisera sini nga [[Wp/hil/Dakbanwa sang Iloilo|Dakbanwa sang Iloilo]], nga pangrehiyon nga sentro sang [[Wp/hil/Nakatundang Kabisayaan|Nakatundang Kabisayaan]]. 

Ginbuksan ini para sa mga komersyal nga trapiko sang Hunyo 14, 2007, pagkatapos sang dekada nga pagplano kag konstruksyon. Ang daan nga hulugpaan amo ang Mandurriao Airport sa Distrito sang Mandurriao, Dakbanwa sang Iloilo nga gingamit sang pito ka dekada.

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190406014549/http://www.iloilointernationalairport.com/ Opisyal nga websityo]
* [http://www.iloiloairport.com/ IloiloAirport.com] - Ang Bag-o nga Iloilo Airport sa Cabatuan, Iloilo

[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q3085934}}</text>
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[[Category:Wq/zgh]]
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:40:03Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2603169</id>
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&lt;!-- ======================== ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;    
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-intro mp-Sec&quot;&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ 3}}&lt;/div&gt;     
&lt;!-- ======================== ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;         
          
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-main&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 15px;&quot;&gt;             

    &lt;!-- ======= ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ (العمود الأيمن - أصغر حجماً ويحوي ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ) ====== --&gt;  
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;flex: 1; min-width: 250px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px;&quot;&gt;
        
        &lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-itn mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:HSAktuell.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;
           
        &lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tfa mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق العمود الأيمن --&gt;

    &lt;!-- ======= ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ (العمود الأيسر - أكبر حجماً ويحوي ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⵏⵣⴰ, ⵓ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ) ======= --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;flex: 2.2; min-width: 300px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px;&quot;&gt;
        
        &lt;!-- 1. ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tga mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:HSutvald3.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;

        &lt;!-- 2. ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tga mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Newspaper (CoreUI Icons v1.0.0).svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;
       
        &lt;!-- 3. ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-what mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:W-circle.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;   
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق العمود الأيسر --&gt;

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق الحاوية الرئيسية mp-main --&gt;

&lt;!-- ========================= ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ========================= --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-sister mp-Sec&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 8px;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia-logo-circle.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}}
&lt;/div&gt;
    
&lt;!-- ======================== ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;

[[Category:Wq/zgh]]
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      <parentid>7381993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:44:29Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2603169</id>
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&lt;!-- ======================== ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;    
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-intro mp-Sec&quot;&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ 3}}&lt;/div&gt;     
&lt;!-- ======================== ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;         
          
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-main&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 15px;&quot;&gt;             

    &lt;!-- ======= ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ (العمود الأيمن - أصغر حجماً ويحوي ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ) ====== --&gt;  
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;flex: 2.5; min-width: 250px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px;&quot;&gt;
        
        &lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-itn mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:HSAktuell.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ&lt;/div&gt;     
                
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;
           
        &lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tfa mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ}}&lt;/div&gt;
        

    &lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق العمود الأيمن --&gt;

    &lt;!-- ======= ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ (العمود الأيسر - أكبر حجماً ويحوي ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⵏⵣⴰ, ⵓ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ) ======= --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;flex: 1; min-width: 300px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px;&quot;&gt;
        
        &lt;!-- 1. ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tga mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:HSutvald3.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ&lt;/div&gt;
                
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;

        &lt;!-- 2. ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tga mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Newspaper (CoreUI Icons v1.0.0).svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ&lt;/div&gt;
                
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;
       
        &lt;!-- 3. ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-what mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:W-circle.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ&lt;/div&gt;   
                
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق العمود الأيسر --&gt;

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق الحاوية الرئيسية mp-main --&gt;

&lt;!-- ========================= ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ========================= --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-sister mp-Sec&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 8px;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia-logo-circle.svg|30px|link=]]&lt;span&gt;ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ&lt;/div&gt;
        
    &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}}
&lt;/div&gt;
    
&lt;!-- ======================== ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;

[[Category:Wq/zgh]]
[[Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ]]
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:45:40Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Daoudsfouli</username>
        <id>2603169</id>
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&lt;!-- ======================== ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;    
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-intro mp-Sec&quot;&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ 3}}&lt;/div&gt;     
&lt;!-- ======================== ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;         
          
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-main&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 15px;&quot;&gt;             

    &lt;!-- ======= ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ (العمود الأيمن - أصغر حجماً ويحوي ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ) ====== --&gt;  
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;flex: 2.5; min-width: 250px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px;&quot;&gt;
        
        &lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-itn mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:HSAktuell.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ&lt;/div&gt;     
                
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;
           
        &lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tfa mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ&lt;/div&gt;
     &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ}}&lt;/div&gt;
        
    &lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق العمود الأيمن --&gt;

    &lt;!-- ======= ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ (العمود الأيسر - أكبر حجماً ويحوي ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⵏⵣⴰ, ⵓ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ) ======= --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;flex: 1; min-width: 300px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px;&quot;&gt;
        
        &lt;!-- 1. ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tga mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:HSutvald3.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ&lt;/div&gt;
                
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;

        &lt;!-- 2. ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-tga mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Newspaper (CoreUI Icons v1.0.0).svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ&lt;/div&gt;
                
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;
       
        &lt;!-- 3. ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ --&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-what mp-Sec&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:W-circle.svg|30px|link=]] &lt;span&gt;ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ&lt;/div&gt;   
                
            &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ}}
        &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق العمود الأيسر --&gt;

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- إغلاق الحاوية الرئيسية mp-main --&gt;

&lt;!-- ========================= ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ========================= --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mp-sister mp-Sec&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 8px;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecTitle&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;mp-SecCont&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;mp-h2&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia-logo-circle.svg|30px|link=]]&lt;span&gt;ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ&lt;/div&gt;
        
    &lt;/div&gt;{{Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ}}
&lt;/div&gt;
    
&lt;!-- ======================== ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ======================== --&gt;

[[Category:Wq/zgh]]
[[Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ]]
__NOEDITSECTION__
__NOTOC__
{{Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ}}</text>
      <sha1>8rzumpg38jxgvkkt1r8i0s90b9qvt4m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/Pere (peuple d'Afrique)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3571772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382211</id>
      <parentid>7381570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
        <id>2566594</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382211</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="286" sha1="390egdgeh3n8lna9uzewgtoqp3mwuxz" xml:space="preserve">'''Pere''' Bantu ba Pere mba bantu ba [[Wp/lua/Afilìka|Afilika]] wa pankatshi badi basombele mu mikuna ya munkatshi ne ku mubandu wa [[Wp/lua/Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata|ditunga dia kongu wa mungalata]] , pabuipi ne mikalu ya ditunga dia Rwanda ne dia Ouganda.

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
      <sha1>390egdgeh3n8lna9uzewgtoqp3mwuxz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bom/1</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3612755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381926</id>
      <parentid>7346092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7381926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="605" sha1="od0mp9locjc78lck1t1cud892kfrfni" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/bom/Databox|item=Q199}}
'''1''' ('''Gwining''') A se basa wu susu. Batin basa e lem Berom e ye Gwining. Gwining he mo a vok kabik Dagwie. Gwining be kwie we e pere basa e lem Berom. Gwining a se  gbing gbing e ji basa yaga be pere di wë.
Gwining a se pye de be mara di wey yaga a se pye pere ke messeng e ji basa. Be mwad nrani ke be mwad sumerian di be mwad Babylonian yene ra basa di gwinin d be mwad Arabic nmua. Be mwad lasara  yene ra basa di gwining yaga be pere basa di wey. Gwining asi tin basa na jêk. 


[[Category:Wp/bom]]
[[Category:Wp/bom/Berom Wikipedia Outreach]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q199}}</text>
      <sha1>od0mp9locjc78lck1t1cud892kfrfni</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bom/0</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3612772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381925</id>
      <parentid>7346087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:22:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7381925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="198" sha1="dyhc2ijdul89xdf61xhg4hff5am5w5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/bom/Databox|item=Q204}}
'''Vit''' Asi jot womo de be ra fwom e gwong jêk, a to si sangal erè  tēt vit è.

[[Category:Wp/bom]]
[[Category:Wp/bom/Berom Wikipedia Outreach]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q204}</text>
      <sha1>dyhc2ijdul89xdf61xhg4hff5am5w5u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bom/Rwang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3616137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381929</id>
      <parentid>6991230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:28:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7381929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="402" sha1="5ongmdiy4hguhybq820txunpk7n115h" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/bom/Databox|item=Q33971}}
'''Rwang''' Kɛ '''Gworwang,''' ka sede ba sé hyɔt, bê yila vɛ a berang. A se e nelâng cɔ́gɔt de he ras vɔk e jey yi e vwel. Berang ba sé deti-detu, ko za gwɛ he kye na yere cɔ̀gɔt gwɛ. Rwang o hwak gwo vɔk lang, tis, ney lang, pyɛ lang.

==Kwɔnsɛ̂==
&lt;references/&gt;
[[Category:Wp/bom]]
[[Category:Wp/bom/Berom Wikipedia Outreach]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q33971}}</text>
      <sha1>5ongmdiy4hguhybq820txunpk7n115h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bom/Nesey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3616245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381930</id>
      <parentid>7217344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:28:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7381930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="238" sha1="3oce1gjft52d5mnszabygvifocykgts" xml:space="preserve">'''Nesey''' Na se bàng e lɔ formicidae tanga, mwa dí Shok, yi bak Hymenoptera. Nesey na pɛrɛ ye vespoid ma Yi mo. Bagat na shɛy hê 13,800 Yi mwa 22,000 de ba gas.


[[Category:Wp/bom]]
[[Category:Wp/bom/Berom Wikipedia Outreach]]</text>
      <sha1>3oce1gjft52d5mnszabygvifocykgts</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bom/Kwet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3616396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381931</id>
      <parentid>7295177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:30:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7381931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="351" sha1="acu963kj5myxl6pggizqzutwlhcw3ik" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/bom/Databox|item=Q45922}}

'''Kwêt''' Gwa se yaga bara tô como. Gwa vɔk nu lis, ko gwa te vɔk nu yaga ba, e gbong pyɛ como.
Be mwad fwom gyep pomo re be suga be ra fwom di wey. Be mwad ja nayama be ra me fwom dingding. Wo vɔk gap re ba. Be ra me chomo


[[Category:Wp/bom]]
[[Category:Wp/bom/Berom Wikipedia Outreach]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q45922}}</text>
      <sha1>acu963kj5myxl6pggizqzutwlhcw3ik</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381932</id>
      <parentid>7381931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7381932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="352" sha1="6lbdi5ki7wuskb0zhpr5er150282u10" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/bom/Databox|item=Q45922}}

'''Kwêt''' Gwa se yaga bara tô como. Gwa vɔk nu lis, ko gwa te vɔk nu yaga ba, e gbong pyɛ chomo.
Be mwad fwom gyep pomo re be suga be ra fwom di wey. Be mwad ja nayama be ra me fwom dingding. Wo vɔk gap re ba. Be ra me chomo


[[Category:Wp/bom]]
[[Category:Wp/bom/Berom Wikipedia Outreach]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q45922}}</text>
      <sha1>6lbdi5ki7wuskb0zhpr5er150282u10</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bom/Fongol kya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3621951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381933</id>
      <parentid>6892351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:31:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7381933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="184" sha1="2qosqz27a9xf7w3fme4h5n98p3xsafn" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/bom/Databox|item=Q152079}}

'''Fongol kya''' A sé pyɛ de ya tɛt ɛ e bama de kya ha re sɔng kɛ cɔ́gɔt ɔ.

[[Category:Wp/bom]]
[[Category:Wp/bom/Berom Wikipedia Outreach]]</text>
      <sha1>2qosqz27a9xf7w3fme4h5n98p3xsafn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ngi/Idi barde gubana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3624329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382084</id>
      <parentid>7128050</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:48:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Edit</comment>
      <origin>7382084</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="724" sha1="7kl8ippdthvtejbmxlmv0h6hge83il6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Idi Barde Gubana.png|thumb]]
'''Idi barde gubana''' ɗa iwashi aifa gafa -24 ga tiira afrilu amman alif 1960. E kunun Gagai damagun Jihar yobe zigar chat  &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20250223030350/https://newstral.com/en/people/49587342/idi-barde-gubana&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stears.co/elections/upcoming-african-elections/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/tag/idi-barde-gubana/&lt;/ref&gt;Lanjeeriya
==Ɗaah ==
*Ɗah gubana hukuma Lardi funai daa jihar yobe
lanjeriya.

=== Rayuwa giri ===
Damagum hukuma funai 

=== karatu ===
Jami'ar maiduguri 
*makaranta jamiar maidugari jihar  borno 

=== gagai ===
Gubana  Jihar yobe 
==waña gari==
*siyasa

=== addiñi gari ===
*addini muslunci

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
      <sha1>7kl8ippdthvtejbmxlmv0h6hge83il6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382085</id>
      <parentid>7382084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:49:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382085</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="728" sha1="5uq56qh2pa7frfkbh8cwv5e81qqoa8c" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Idi Barde Gubana.png|thumb]]
'''Idi barde gubana''' ɗa iwashi aifa gafa -24 ga tiira afrilu amman alif 1960. E ko kunuñ Gagai damagun Jihar yobe zigar chat  &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20250223030350/https://newstral.com/en/people/49587342/idi-barde-gubana&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stears.co/elections/upcoming-african-elections/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/tag/idi-barde-gubana/&lt;/ref&gt;Lanjeeriya
==Ɗaah ==
*Ɗah gubana hukuma Lardi funai daa jihar yobe
lanjeriya.

=== Rayuwa giri ===
Damagum hukuma funai 

=== karatu ===
Jami'ar maiduguri 
*makaranta jamiar maidugari jihar  borno 

=== gagai ===
Gubana  Jihar yobe 
==waña gari==
*siyasa

=== addiñi gari ===
*addini muslunci

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
      <sha1>5uq56qh2pa7frfkbh8cwv5e81qqoa8c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ngi/Na</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3624756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382091</id>
      <parentid>7379621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382091</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="218" sha1="4fq4zcrngid5va967qnz7bgr4mxulxs" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Duna en Sossusvlei, Namibia, 2018-08-06, DD 002.jpg|thumb]]
'''Na''' ko nana nene nini nono nunu e ko kunuñ kunun kalma rama marni 

=== jimlaa Rama ===

== Naazar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]
[[Category:Wp/ngi/Nin]]</text>
      <sha1>4fq4zcrngid5va967qnz7bgr4mxulxs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ngi/Michael mcindoe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3626398</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382087</id>
      <parentid>7379976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:55:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Edit</comment>
      <origin>7382087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="330" sha1="hkilcnpnrp3jbuza19azejjrflt1efl" xml:space="preserve">''' Michael mcindoe''' da iwa achi ko kunuñ  tiira 2 amman alif 1979 marem e kawa fim ɗaan scotland 
==Ɗaan ==
*Scotland 

=== Rayuwa gari ===
Raruwa gari ɗaan scotland

=== muutu ===
Gagfa tire nuwamba amman alif 1992

=== gaagai ===

=== waana ===
*fim daan Scotland
==addiñi==
Kirista

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi/nin]]</text>
      <sha1>hkilcnpnrp3jbuza19azejjrflt1efl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382088</id>
      <parentid>7382087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="364" sha1="fqei5chwlkgxkgav6h49cys1vu243f6" xml:space="preserve">''' Michael mcindoe''' da iwa achi ko kunuñ  tiira 2 amman alif 1979 marem e kawa fim ɗaan scotland 
==Ɗaan ==
*Scotland 

=== Rayuwa gari ===
Raruwa gari ɗaah scotland

=== muutu ===
Gagfa tire nuwamba kunuñ amman alif 1992

=== gaagai ===

=== waana ===
*fim daan Scotland
==addiñi==
Andini kirista

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]
[[Category:Wp/ngi/Nin]]</text>
      <sha1>fqei5chwlkgxkgav6h49cys1vu243f6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ngi/Marni turanci</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3628612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382089</id>
      <parentid>7379963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:57:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382089</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="293" sha1="sin5s5w2fwuhfxjkezzgwgs4bbymznr" xml:space="preserve">'''Marni turanci''' marni raama e ko kunuñ dah ingila kasaua ma gaagai duniya e gefe ingila ko kunuñ dah zigar daan latin amirka &lt;ref&gt;https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Marni tunranci ===
*turanci raama ingila
*turanci latin america.

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
      <sha1>sin5s5w2fwuhfxjkezzgwgs4bbymznr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ngi/Karl Marx</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3629511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382080</id>
      <parentid>7257899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:43:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="873" sha1="gusl0efni6202gcxihdzumu7z6lrm2g" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl Marx''' 
Karl Marx frsa jamani da iwa achi bad tera mayu amman- alif 1818 e ko kunu aifa gafa guuma ayawau ɗandafudu 14 tera mach alif 1883 &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/461545.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rayuwa giri ===
* Zadayi Ko kunu amman alif 1818

=== Muutu giri ===
* Aifa gafa guuma ayawau dandafudu 14-1883

=== Wana giri ===
* Wana falsafa 
* Wana Kimiya 

=== Ɗaah giri ===
* Dah giri  Jamus Lardi turai (eu)&lt;br&gt;

== Karatu ==
* geri  kunu amman alif 1841

=== Ama giri ===
* Jenny Jenny.

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
      <sha1>gusl0efni6202gcxihdzumu7z6lrm2g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382081</id>
      <parentid>7382080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Edit</comment>
      <origin>7382081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="945" sha1="edwqxgpbdqtgoin3djf4c019rnda8qz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png|thumb]]
'''Karl Marx''' 
Karl Marx frsa jamani da iwa achi bad tera mayu amman- alif 1818 e ko kunu aifa gafa guuma ayawau ɗandafudu 14 tera mach alif 1883 &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/461545.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rayuwa giri ===
* Zadayi Ko kunu amman alif 1818

=== Muutu giri ===
* Aifa gafa guuma ayawau dandafudu 14-1883

=== Wana giri ===
* Wana falsafa 
* Wana Kimiya 

=== Ɗaah giri ===
* Dah giri  Jamus Lardi turai (eu)&lt;br&gt;

== Karatu ==
* geri  kunu amman alif 1841

=== Ama giri ===
* Jenny Jenny.

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
      <sha1>edwqxgpbdqtgoin3djf4c019rnda8qz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382083</id>
      <parentid>7382081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
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      <text bytes="999" sha1="rhzj6canroi21dqkqzptm4fihrg1o7w" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png|thumb]]
'''Karl Marx''' 
Karl Marx frsa jamani da iwa achi bad tera mayu amman- alif 1818 e ko kunu aifa gafa guuma ayawau ɗandafudu 14 tera mach alif 1883 &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/461545.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rayuwa giri ===
* Zadayi Ko kunu amman alif 1818

=== Muutu giri ===
* Aifa gafa guuma ayawau dandafudu 14-1883

=== Wana giri ===
* Wana falsafa 
* Wana Kimiya 

=== Ɗaah giri ===
* [[File:Berlin Karl Marx Allee 81 022260.jpg|thumb]]Ɗaah giri  Jamus Lardi turai (eu) &lt;br&gt;

== Karatu ==
* geri  kunu amman alif 1841

=== Ama giri ===
* Jenny Jenny.

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bom/Garòs</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:27:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
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      <text bytes="355" sha1="1kqholikkdenkw46pm9np936b9h131h" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/bom/Databox|item=Q25894}}

'''Garòs''' A sɛ nyàmà hey de ye re fweng. Begaròs hyɔ́t yɛn a vusa hɛn yaga sɛksa vwel. Vane de ba vusa hɛn a vɛ vê lɔ bovidae de be sɛ̀ e vwel Afrika, India, Middle East, Asia, di Russia.

==Kwɔnsɛ̂==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Wp/bom]]
[[Category:Wp/bom/Berom Wikipedia Outreach]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q25894}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/ngi/Nagasaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3630964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382095</id>
      <parentid>7379616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:04:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Adamu mc</username>
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      <text bytes="394" sha1="3mrlscfo3aaac0wx7vu245pj9y464tg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:View of Nagasaki from Mt. Nabekammuri Observatory, 20240814 1642 3517.jpg|thumb]]
'''Nagasaki''' e marun kunidda nikka ko kunuñ kunun ɗaah japan zigaar e zigaar dah yanki naahiyar asiya 

=== Waana ===
* Ruuwai 

=== Maarni ===
Marni raama jifanis Chanis fransi 

=== Ɗaah ===
* Ɗaah Japan

=== Baaka ===
* Nagasaki geefe zigar chat daa nahiyar asiya

== NAZAR ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/ngi/Nassau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3631608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382093</id>
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      <text bytes="399" sha1="0gk9z5s4fi0v0a2gybnpo9vkqegv3kt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Nassau, New York 080909 103.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Nassau, New York 080909 101.jpg|thumb]]
'''Nassau''' marun kunidda nikka e ko kunuñ kunun ɗaah bahamas yanki naahiyar asiya

=== Ɗaah ===
* Gagai Bahamas

=== Gaagai ===
* Nassau 

=== Waana ===
Waana ruwai

=== Ruwai ===
[[File:Nassau, New York 080909 111.jpg|thumb]]

=== Marni Rama ===
Marni hamas turanci

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Piso sang Pilipinas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3639393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381853</id>
      <parentid>6808218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:49:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="1156" sha1="05y05r520vvgi1xv51beiujvohi9wux" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Font 20 peso Coin Philippines.png|thumb|NGC nga Serye ₱20 (atubang)]]
Ang '''Piso sang Pilipinas''' (&lt;small&gt;Ingles nga Pilipinong paghambal:&lt;/small&gt; {{Wp/hil/IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛ|s|oʊ}}, {{Wp/hil/IPAc-en|ˈ|p|i|s|oʊ}}; Filipino: {{Wp/hil/IPA-tl|ˈpiso|}} o {{Wp/hil/IPA-tl|pɪˈso|}}; simbolo sang kurensiya: ₱; [[Wp/hil/ISO 4217|kodigo]]: PHP), amo ang opisyal nga currency sang [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. Gikan sa lenggwaheng Kastila, ang piso may yara depinisyon nga &quot;bug-at&quot;. 

Ginatunga ang kada piso sa 100 sentimos. Ang &quot;PHP&quot; amo ang kodigo sini sa ISO 4217. Ang Pilipinas isa sa mga banwa nga nangin kolonya sang [[Wp/hil/Espanya|Espanya]] nga nagagamit sa piso nga kurensiya. Ang lain nga mga banwa nga nagagamit amo ang [[Wp/hil/Mehiko|Mehiko]], [[Wp/hil/Kolombiya|Kolombiya]] kag [[Wp/hil/Arhentina|Arhentina]]. Sadtong Oktubre 2005, ang suplay sang piso sa Pilipinas nag-abot sa 569.2 bilyong piso (kapareho sang USD 11.5 bilyon).

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==
* [http://www.xe.com/iso4217.htm Listahan sang mga kodigo sa ISO 4217] 
* [http://philmoney.blogspot.com Mga Barya kag Salaping Papel sang Pilipinas]

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bom/Vow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3649582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381927</id>
      <parentid>6843747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CHENG REX</username>
        <id>2607725</id>
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      <text bytes="149" sha1="fmqo0j2nzi1i7e1su2yv9o999q51ljd" xml:space="preserve">'''Vou''' Ke vɔk gap. Ka sede ba sé bɛɛrɛ be yila vɛ a bevow. Yɛn e re sɔng. Ba sé deti-detu yaga nehyɔt mɛn. Jɛ̂k  hak hasé '''vow'''.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/Philippe Doucet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3713783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382212</id>
      <parentid>7381567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:04:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
        <id>2566594</id>
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      <text bytes="248" sha1="8pyoo6keoluh65uthhwpl103u528080" xml:space="preserve">'''Philippe Doucet''', mulela Vannes mu tshidimu tshia 1962, udi kamuana kamba  wa malu a bukola bua mubidi mu [[Wp/lua/Ditunga|ditunga]] Dia [[Wp/lua/France|France]]
[[File:Philippe Doucet, Maire d'Argenteuil.jpg|165px|right]]

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/SC Freiburg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3733499</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>7381690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:57:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
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      <text bytes="226" sha1="95r454989axbj3vwy80n6w4mvte0e2r" xml:space="preserve">'''SC Freiburg''' (mu tshiena-Allemagne: Sport-Club Freiburg e.V.) Didi tshisumbu tshia manaya aa ndundu tshia mu [[Wp/lua/Allemagne|Allemagne]] tshidi mu Freiburg im Breisgau tshidi tshinaya mu Bundesliga.
[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/West Ham United</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3733666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382206</id>
      <parentid>7381652</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:58:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
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      <text bytes="530" sha1="kcos8lcdu40uynwqsf0t1i64g4teo6f" xml:space="preserve">'''Tshisumbu tshia manaya a ndundu tshia West Ham United''', tshidibu babikila mu tshikoso ne: West Ham United anyi West Ham, ntshisumbu tshia manaya a ndundu tshia mu Angleterre tshivua tshituadije mu 1895 ne tshidi mu [[Wp/lua/Tshimenga|tshimenga]] tshia [[Wp/lua/London|London]] tshia Newham. Tshisumbu etshi tshidi tshinaya mu Premier League, manaya a ndundu a mu [[Wp/lua/Angleterre|Angleterre]], ne tshidi tshilombodibua kudi Vanessa Gold ne David Sullivan. Karren Brady udi mpindieu mulombodi wa mudimu.
[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Tubig</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3697" sha1="2uh9smuo3hd1sehy15gx8h68dhwwpt5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Water drop 001.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Isa ka tulo sang tubig nga nagakahulog pakadto sa tubig sa sulod sang baso]]
Ang '''tubig''' (Ingles: ''water'') isa ka inorganikong compound nga may kimikal nga pormula nga H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O. Ini isa ka sangkap nga matin-aw, wala sing sabor, wala sing baho, kag halos wala sing kolor. Ini ang nagapanguna nga elemento sang mga sapa, lanaw, kag kadagatan sang kalibutan, kag amo man ang likido sang tanan nga buhi nga organismo diin ini nagaserbe bilang solvent. Tungod ang tubig isa ka polar molecule, nagaagi ini sa mabaskog nga intermolecular hydrogen bonding nga amo ang dako nga rason sang iya mga pisikal kag kimikal nga katangian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |title=Water Q&amp;A: Why is water the &quot;universal solvent&quot;? |date=20 June 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[Wp/hil/United States Geological Survey|United States Geological Survey]], [[Wp/hil/U.S. Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206061114/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Importante ini sa tanan nga porma sang kabuhi, bisan pa nga wala ini nagahatag sang enerhiya halin sa pagkaon ukon organic micronutrient. Tungod yara ini sa tanan nga organismo, malig-on ang chemical structure, bugana sa bilog nga kalibutan, kag may mabaskog nga polarity kumpara sa gamay niya nga molecular size, ang tubig masami nga ginatawag nga &quot;universal solvent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |date=2017-08-09 |title=4.1: Water, the Universal Solvent |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Santa_Cruz/UCSC%3A_Chem_1B-AL_(Mednick)/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/04%3A_Types_of_Chemical_Reactions_and_Solution_Stoichiometry/4.01_Water%2C_the_Universal_Solvent |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimolohiya ==
Ang tinaga nga ''water'' sa Ingles naghalin sa Old English nga wæter, halin sa Proto-Germanic nga *watar (nga ginhalinan man sang Old Saxon nga watar, Old Frisian nga wetir, Dutch nga water, Old High German nga wazzar, German nga Wasser, vatn, kag Gothic nga 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato)). Ini naghalin sa Proto-Indo-European nga *wod-or, isa ka mas malaba nga porma sang gamut-tinaga nga *wed- ('tubig'; 'basa').

Konektado man ini, paagi sa gamut nga Indo-European, sa Greek nga ύδωρ (ýdor); halin sa Ancient Greek nga ὕδωρ (hýdōr), diin naghalin ang English nga 'hydro-'), sa Russian nga вода́ (vodá), Irish nga uisce, kag Albanian nga ujë.

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==
* [http://www.worldwater.org/ The World's Water Data Page]
* [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Comprehensive Water Database, AQUASTAT]
* [https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/ Water science school] (USGS)
* [http://water.worldbank.org/ Portal to The World Bank's strategy, work and associated publications on water resources]
* [https://www.waterontheweb.org Water on the web]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPpKhxtFf1Q &quot;Why water is one of the weirdest things in the universe&quot;], ''Ideas'', [[Wp/hil/BBC|BBC]], Video, 3:16 minutes, 2019
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/molecule-that-made-us/ ''H2O: The Molecule That Made Us''], a 2020 [[Wp/hil/PBS|PBS]] documentary

== Ginkuhaan ==
{{Wp/hil/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q283}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Pancit Molo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3772512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381835</id>
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      <text bytes="2123" sha1="r0f0yhjtk2cz9pe6sjuqmskftkbmpld" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kap Ising's Pancit Molo 01.jpg|thumb|342x342px|Isa ka bowl sang Pancit Molo]]
Ang '''Pancit Molo''' (kilala man subong nga '''Molo Soup''' ukon '''Molo Balls Soup''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Pancit Molo Recipe |url=https://www.pinoyrecipe.net/pancit-molo-recipe/ |website=Pinoy Recipe At Iba Pa|access-date=February 3, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ukon sa Ingles nga '''Filipino pork dumpling soup''', isa ka sahi sang sabaw nga nagagamit sang wonton wrappers nga nag-gikan sa distrito sang [[Wp/hil/Molo|Molo]] sa [[Wp/hil/Dakbanwa sang Iloilo|Dakbanwa sang Iloilo]], [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Iloilo&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Iloilo rising: Hometown of pancit molo, Jose Mari Chan &amp; Grace Poe|newspaper=The Philippine Star |url= http://www.philstar.com/travel-and-tourism/2014/10/26/1384375/iloilo-rising-hometown-pancit-molo-jose-mari-chan-grace-poe|access-date=February 3, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ini ginahimo halin sa ginaling nga karne sang baboy nga ginputos sa molo ukon wonton wrapper, may ginkay-as nga karne sang manok, kag may pasayan man. Ang sabaw masami nga ginaserbe sa yahong kag ginabudburan sang gin-pudpod nga sibuyas dahon kag ginisa nga ahos para magdugang pa gid ang sabor sini.

Ang [[Wp/hil/Pansit|pansit]], nga kon badbaron buot silingon &quot;luto nga may noodles,&quot; isa ka ordinaryo nga pagkaon sa Pilipinas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite book |title=Globalization of Chinese Food |date=2012-11-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-00286-1 |editor-last=Cheung |editor-first=Sidney |editor-last2=Wu |editor-first2=David Y. H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ang nagaserbe nga &quot;noodles&quot; sini nga sud-an amo ang mismong wonton wrappers nga gindulot sa sabaw, nga nakuha halin sa lutong Tsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bangud sa sini nga impluwensya, ang mga wonton sa sulod sang sabaw masami nga ginaanggid ukon ginakumpara sa &quot;siomai dumplings.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news |last=Poblete |first=Johanna D. |date=24 September 2009 |title=Mainstreaming Iloilo Cuisine |work=BusinessWorld }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lantawa man ==
* [[Wp/hil/La Paz Batchoy|La Paz Batchoy]]

== Gikuhaan ==
{{Wp/hil/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q25056937}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wy/ar/الفجيرة</title>
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      <text bytes="17243" sha1="8nz3tva8xog3rcujzxxu1zjxllb5xob" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ar/بانر|Fujairah banner Bitnah Fort.png|الفجيرة}}

'''الفجيرة''' هي الإمارة الواقعة في أقصى شرق [[Wy/ar/الإمارات العربية المتحدة|الإمارات العربية المتحدة]]، وهي الإمارة الوحيدة التي لا تمتلك ساحلًا على الخليج العربي. كما أنها أحدث الإمارات؛ إذ لم تستقل عن [[Wy/ar/الشارقة|الشارقة]] إلا عام 1952.

==تعرّف==

==الدخول==

===بالطائرة===
* {{Wy/ar/Go
| name=مطار الفجيرة الدولي
| alt={{Wy/ar/IATA|FJR}}
| url=
| email=
| address=
| lat=25.112572
| long=56.333773
| directions=
| phone=
| tollfree=
| hours=
| price=
| wikipedia=
| image=
| wikidata=
| lastedit=2026-02-07
| content=يخدم عددًا محدودًا من الوجهات.
}}

===بالقطار===
لا توجد قطارات ركاب في الفجيرة حتى الآن، إلا أن شبكة السكك الحديدية الوطنية المعروفة باسم [[Wy/ar/:Wikipedia:Etihad Rail|قطار الاتحاد]] قيد التطوير، ومن المتوقع أن تربط جميع إمارات الدولة.

===بالسيارة===
تبعد الفجيرة حوالي ساعتين بالسيارة عن [[Wy/ar/دبي|دبي]]، والطريق إليها معبّد بالكامل.

كما يمكن الوصول بسهولة إلى الفجيرة من [[Wy/ar/عُمان|عُمان]] المجاورة نظرًا لقرب الحدود. ويجب على الزوار الحصول على تأشيرات منفصلة لكل من عُمان والإمارات العربية المتحدة للتنقل بينهما بالسيارة أو بأي وسيلة أخرى.

===بالحافلة===

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تنطلق الحافلات بانتظام بين دبي والفجيرة (بمعدل يقارب حافلة كل ساعة خلال النهار والمساء). تستغرق الرحلة حوالي ساعتين. تبلغ الأجرة 30 درهمًا (يناير 2026). يمكن الاطلاع على الجداول الزمنية عبر [https://wojhati.rta.ae/ مخطط الرحلات «وجهتي» التابع لهيئة الطرق والمواصلات].

الحافلات مريحة، حيث تجلس النساء والأزواج والعائلات في الصفوف الأمامية، بينما يجلس الرجال في المقاعد المتبقية.

تنطلق الحافلات من محطة مترو «إي آند» (اتصالات سابقًا) في دبي، ومن موقع سينما بلازا القديمة/بنك HSBC في الفجيرة، مع التوقف عند محطة الحافلات في طريق الخروج من المدينة لشراء التذاكر.

===بسيارة الأجرة===
تتوفر سيارات الأجرة من الفجيرة (بجوار السينما القديمة) إلى دبي والشارقة. تبلغ تكلفة سيارة أجرة مشتركة إلى وسط دبي (موقف ديرة) حوالي 7 دولارات أمريكية، وتنطلق بمجرد اكتمال عدد الركاب. أما السيارة الخاصة فتكلف حوالي 28 دولارًا أمريكيًا، وقد تزيد حسب الوجهة داخل دبي. أضف نحو 15 دولارًا إضافيًا إذا كنت متجهًا إلى منطقة المارينا حيث تتركز الفنادق السياحية. انتبه إلى أن سيارات الأجرة ذات العداد القادمة من دبي إلى الفجيرة قد تكلف ضعف هذا المبلغ.

===بالقارب===

==التنقل==
مدينة الفجيرة '''ليست''' مصممة للمشاة، إذ تهيمن عليها الطرق الرئيسية الواسعة. تتوفر سيارات الأجرة من طراز نيسان ألتيما وتويوتا كامري بكثرة وتعمل بالعداد. تبدأ التعرفة من درهمين نهارًا (ودرهمين ونصف ليلًا). وقد يتعرض الزائر الذي يحاول التجول سيرًا على الأقدام إلى أبواق سيارات الأجرة، إذ يستغرب السائقون عادةً فكرة المشي داخل المدينة.

==شاهد==
* {{Wy/ar/See
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| content=أقدم مسجد قائم في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، بُني عام 1450 من الطين واللبن. يقع على الطريق بين مدينة الفجيرة ودبا بعد عبور مدينة خورفكان. يقع عند سفح تل صغير تعلوه أبراج مراقبة قديمة. يعد موقعًا مميزًا لمحبي التاريخ، كما يحظى بشعبية بين السياح المحليين والأجانب. يُسمح لغير المسلمين بدخول المسجد. يجب على النساء (وكذلك الرجال الذين يرتدون سراويل قصيرة) ارتداء ملابس محتشمة عند الدخول، ويوفر الموظفون الملابس المناسبة وأغطية الرأس. كما تستحق أبراج المراقبة القديمة الصعود إليها للاستمتاع بالإطلالة.
}}

* {{Wy/ar/See
| name=قلعة الفجيرة
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| content=تقع في وسط المدينة وتشرف على كامل مدينة الفجيرة، وتبعد نحو 3 كم عن الساحل. بُنيت بين عامي 1500 و1550م للدفاع عن المنطقة وصد الغزاة. تم الحفاظ عليها بعناية كبيرة دون إضافات حديثة، مما يمنح الزائر تصورًا حقيقيًا عن شكلها قبل قرون. كما يمكن استكشاف العديد من الأبراج والتحصينات بحرية، ويوفر العاملون كتيبات إرشادية مجانية.
}}

* {{Wy/ar/See
| name=متحف الفجيرة
| alt=
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| lat=
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| directions=بجوار قلعة الفجيرة.
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| price=رسوم الدخول 5 دراهم
| wikidata=Q55888123
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| content=يضم العديد من القطع الأثرية المكتشفة في الحفريات الأثرية داخل المنطقة وحولها، بما في ذلك العملات والأدوات الزراعية والأسلحة والفخار.
}}

* {{Wy/ar/See
| name=مسجد الشيخ زايد
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| content=نسخة أصغر من جامع الشيخ زايد الكبير في [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي|أبوظبي]]، ويتبع نفس الطراز المعماري تقريبًا.
}}
==افعل==
* يوفر '''منتجع بلو دايموند السلام''' مجموعة كبيرة من الأنشطة المائية، ويقع في منتصف ساحل الفجيرة.

* '''كورنيش الفجيرة''' – يمتد على شاطئ الفجيرة وسواحلها، ويعد مكانًا مناسبًا للمشي والتنزه. يضم العديد من المطاعم والأنشطة مثل تأجير الدراجات وركوب الخيل وملاعب كرة القدم المصغرة والأنشطة الشاطئية.

* '''شاطئ أمبريلا''' – شاطئ تم تجديده وإعادة افتتاحه، ويضم العديد من المرافق الترفيهية للأطفال والكبار. يحتوي على عدد من عربات الطعام ومناطق للنزهات، لكن يجب الانتباه إلى أن الدخول مجاني للساعة الأولى فقط، وبعدها تُفرض رسوم قدرها 10 دراهم لكل ساعة إضافية.

* {{Wy/ar/Do
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يمكن أيضًا استخدام الفجيرة كنقطة انطلاق للرحلات إلى المناطق المحيطة مثل '''خورفكان''' و'''كلباء'''. كما تزداد أهمية المدينة تدريجيًا كوجهة للأعمال، خصوصًا في قطاع النفط.

ورغم قرب المحيط الهندي، فإن بعض أجزاء الشاطئ قد لا تكون مناسبة للسباحة في بعض المواسم. ومع ذلك، فإن [[Wy/ar/دبا الفجيرة|دبا الفجيرة]] الواقعة على بعد 30 كم من مدينة الفجيرة تعد خيارًا ممتازًا للاستمتاع بالشواطئ المشمسة وممارسة مختلف الأنشطة البحرية.

ومن الأنشطة الممتعة أيضًا القيام برحلة بالقارب إلى إحدى الجزر العديدة المنتشرة في خليج عُمان، حيث يمكن الاستمتاع بالمشي وصيد الأسماك.

==تعلّم==
تُعد '''أكاديمية الفجيرة للطيران''' مدرسة متخصصة في تدريب الطيارين وتقع داخل مطار الفجيرة.

==اشترِ==
* {{Wy/ar/Buy
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| content=يقع بين جبال الفجيرة الخلابة في منتصف الطريق بين دبي والفجيرة، بالقرب من مسافي. يُعد من أكثر الأماكن شعبية لدى السياح. وعلى الرغم من اسمه، فإنه يعمل طوال أيام الأسبوع ويبيع مجموعة متنوعة من السلع مثل الأواني الفخارية والأثاث والسجاد والمنتجات المحلية والفواكه والخضروات الطازجة والألعاب وغيرها. لا توجد أسعار ثابتة، لذا تعتمد الأسعار على مهارتك في المساومة. الأسعار معقولة جدًا، لكن لا تنسَ التفاوض، إذ يحاول بعض الباعة استغلال السياح. ويُقبل السكان المحليون بكثرة على الذرة المشوية وجوز الهند الطازج.
}}

* {{Wy/ar/Buy
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| content=مركز تسوق افتُتح في أبريل 2012 ويضم مساحة تجارية تبلغ {{Wy/ar/M2|34,000}}، ويحتوي على 105 علامات تجارية متوسطة المستوى، 85٪ منها كانت جديدة على الفجيرة عند افتتاحه، كما يضم سينما فوكس.
}}

* {{Wy/ar/Buy
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* {{Wy/ar/Buy
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* {{Wy/ar/Buy
| name=الفجيرة مول
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==كُل==

===اقتصادي===
* '''مخبز زهرة الخليج''' يقدم سندويشات فلافل جيدة ومجموعة متنوعة من المخبوزات والوجبات الخفيفة.

===متوسط التكلفة===
* يقع '''مطعم المشوار''' في وسط المدينة داخل مبنى ذي تصميم مميز. يحتوي الطابق الأرضي على مقهى يقدم الأطعمة الشعبية في المنطقة مثل الشاورما والفلافل والشيشة. أما الطابق العلوي فيضم المطعم الرئيسي الذي يقدم أطباقًا لبنانية عالية الجودة.

* يمكن العثور على '''مطعم صدف الإيراني''' أيضًا في المدينة. يتميز بديكور لافت للنظر، بما في ذلك شلال في وسط قاعة الطعام، بينما يقدم أطعمة ذات جودة جيدة.

* يقدم '''مطعم أسماك البحر''' تشكيلة واسعة من المأكولات البحرية الطازجة التي تُصاد من مياه المنطقة، ويقع مقابل سوق السمك في الفجيرة.

* يقدم '''مطعم ثاثا كاداي''' أطباقًا شهية مثل البرياني وكاري فيروندو والبراتا والإدلي والدوسا.

===فاخر===
==اشرب==
لا توجد مشروبات محلية مميزة في الفجيرة، لذا فإن التشكيلة المعتادة من المياه والعصائر والشاي والقهوة والمشروبات الغازية متوفرة بسهولة.

تتوفر المشروبات الكحولية غالبًا داخل الفنادق الراقية فقط. ومن البدائل الأقل تكلفة '''نادي الفجيرة البحري''' الواقع على الكورنيش، بالإضافة إلى '''فندق فوجيرة بيتش موتيل''' الذي يضم منفذ بيع صغيرًا للمشروبات. قد تحتاج إلى السؤال عنه لأنه يقع في مكان غير ظاهر نسبيًا.

أما أفضل العروض على المشروبات في المدينة فتوجد في الحانة التابعة لنادي التنس والريف (وخاصة يوم الثلاثاء حيث تُقام أمسيات الكاريوكي).

==النوم==

===اقتصادي===
* '''بيت شباب جمعية بيوت الشباب (YHA)'''، يوفر غرفًا بسعر يقارب 75 درهمًا. المالك ليس ودودًا جدًا ولا يتحدث الإنجليزية بطلاقة، لكن الغرف نظيفة ومريحة وتحتوي على حمامات خاصة.

* '''نوفوتيل الفجيرة'''

===متوسط التكلفة===
* '''فندق الديار سيجي''' (التابع لمجموعة فنادق الديار في أبوظبي)، صُمم أساسًا لرجال الأعمال. يتميز بخدمة جيدة وغرف مريحة، كما يضم عددًا من المرافق الترفيهية من بينها صالة بولينغ بعشرة مسارات.

* '''إمارات سبرينغ للشقق الفندقية'''

===فاخر===
* '''نور أرجان''' من روتانا

* '''منتجع بلو دايموند السلام'''

* '''فندق راديسون بلو ريزورت الفجيرة'''

* '''كونكورد الفجيرة'''

* '''رويال إم الفجيرة'''، فندق خمس نجوم يقع بجوار الفجيرة مول.

==ابقَ آمنًا==
تنطبق في الفجيرة الاحتياطات المعتادة الخاصة بالقيادة في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. فمع أن قواعد المرور معروفة للجميع، إلا أن كثيرًا من السائقين يميلون إلى المجازفة بأساليب قيادة قد يراها بعض الزوار متهورة للغاية.

تتكون معظم الطرق داخل المدينة من عدة مسارات في كل اتجاه، لذلك قد تكون سيارات الأجرة أو استئجار سيارة الخيار الأفضل للتنقل.

إذا كانت سيارة الأجرة لا تحتوي على عداد أو كان العداد &quot;معطلًا&quot;، فمن الأفضل الاتفاق على الأجرة '''قبل''' بدء الرحلة.

==التأقلم==

==وجهات قريبة==
* يُنصح بشدة بزيارة [[Wy/ar/خورفكان|خورفكان]] المجاورة (وهي جيب تابع لإمارة [[Wy/ar/الشارقة|الشارقة]])، إذ يُعتبر شاطئها من أفضل الشواطئ في المنطقة.

* قد تكون القيادة عبر [[Wy/ar/جبال الحجر|جبال الحجر]] (التي تمتد داخل سلطنة عُمان) تجربة ممتعة، إلا أنها تتطلب تخطيطًا مسبقًا واختيار مركبة مناسبة للطريق.

* [[Wy/ar/عُمان|عُمان]] – تقع الحدود العُمانية على بعد نحو 30 دقيقة بالسيارة. يجب التحقق مسبقًا من متطلبات التأشيرة.


{{Wy/ar/Geo|25.2667|56.3333}}
{{Wy/ar/جزء|الإمارات العربية المتحدة}}

[[Category:Wy/ar]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q4045}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Negros Island Region</title>
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      <text bytes="2126" sha1="9y145ksz4droahjyd8kljb9zy8xke9f" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Negros Island Region in Philippines.svg|right|270px]]				
						
Ang '''Negros Island Region''' ('''NIR'''; Hiligaynon: ''Rehiyon sang Pulo sang Negros'')&lt;ref name=&quot;RA12000&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite PH act|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2024/06jun/20240611-RA-12000-FRM.pdf|title=An Act Establishing the Negros Island Region|chamber=RA|number=12000|date=2024-06-11|publisher=[[Wp/hil/Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette (Philippines)]]|accessdate=2024-06-19}}.&lt;/ref&gt; isa ka rehiyong pang-administrasyon sa [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]. Ginasakupan sini ang mga isla sang [[Wp/hil/Negros|Negros]] kag Siquijor kag ginakabug-osan sang mga probinsya sang [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Oriental|Negros Oriental]], kag [[Wp/hil/Siquijor|Siquijor]], upod ang highly-urbanized city sang [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], ang may pinakamadamo nga pumuluyo sa rehiyon. Ang mga sentro sang rehiyon amo ang Bacolod kag [[Wp/hil/Dumaguete|Dumaguete]].

Ang rehiyon ginsugod sang Mayo 29, 2015, nga nagasakop sang mga probinsya sang Negros Occidental kag Negros Oriental kag sang siudad sang Bacolod, nga tanan nahamtang sa isla sang Negros. Apang, ang NIR gin-abolisar sang Agosto 9, 2017. Kalapit pito ka tuig ang nagligad, ang rehiyon ginpatindog liwat sang Hunyo 11, 2024, ni Presidente Bongbong Marcos, kag sa sini nga tion gin-upod na ang Siquijor, isa ka isla nga probinsya sa habagatan-sidlangan sang Negros nga anay bahin sang [[Wp/hil/Central Visayas|Central Visayas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RA12000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;marcossigns&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news |last=de Leon |first=Dwight |date=2024-06-13 |title=Marcos signs law creating new Negros Island Region |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/marcos-signs-law-negros-island-region-june-2024/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=[[Wp/hil/Rappler|Rappler]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Base sa 2024 census, ini may populasyon nga 4,904,944. 13,525.56 kilometro kuadrado ang kalaparon sini.

== Ginkuhaan ==
{{Wp/hil/Reflist}}			
						
[[Category:Wp/hil/Mga rehiyon sang Pilipinas]]         						
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4675" sha1="l4uha8oyayjoi77s4y6gn3ofrmhapj8" xml:space="preserve">==Onam==
Dítag 1946 dok 22 Nobembor longédo Bhimlal Dole:mé mo:písok tadgénam boglong Namoni Majuli:lok Kérkér do:lu:do otagai. Bík abudok aminém Jarman Dole: odokké anédok aminém Mentoni Dole: émtagai. Jarman Dole:ké ommangkídí:dé– Bhimlal, Anondi, Dilip, Bunduram, Durneswor la: Komol bulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipok Kr. Dole:|title=MITPANLA:MA:NAM MISING TANI:|pages=168-170|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==
Aíké do:lu:dok pobug pokodo porobla dítag 1957 dítagdo Bhimlal Dole: bí ponamém pongabla Em.I (M.E School) ponamém poka Ahotguri Em.I  Iskuldo. Dítag 1964 do bí Ahotguri Hai Iskuldokké metrigém aiyopé pa:sto.Majuli Kole:jdokké bí Pi.Iyu ( P.U) dém pa:sto odokké odogíngké Bi.E ( B.A) démsin dítag 1969 do pa:sto. Pongkogdo bí migom agerém gertu:la bí dítag 1975 do Bi.Ti. (B.T) odokké dítag 1986 do Dibrugarh Inibarsiti: lokké Em.E (M.A) dém pokurto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Midang ==
Dítag 1971 do Bhimlal Dole:bí Luhitmukh Lopaisuk do:lu:dok Kampudoi Pe:gumé okum érangé mida:mola la:bika.Bhimlal Dole:ké omé annyiko odokké ao:ésin annyiko.Ommang kídardok aminém 1.Ronhili 2.Rubi 3. Bhoben odokké 4. Joyonto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Réngam ager ==

Mising agom  légangé ,Mising réngam légangé dítag 1981 dokké ardapé Kébang agerém gerné Bhimlal Dole:bí dítag 1987 dok Bahpola do ba:nam Mising Agom Kébang Mé:pa: potindok nébípé dungka. Dítag 1986 dokké dítag 1990 do:pé bí Mising poyirném ager b7iné ope:dok ajonai. Dítag 1992 dokké dítag 1996 do lékoda dítag 1999 dokké dítag 2001do:pé MAK ki:ni miba:lok bí ager ajonai. Dítag 1992 dokké dítag 1997 do:pé bí Jurhat  Mo:dum Jonsuné Bangke Mising Agom Kébang kídídok abupé du:la agerém ardapé gerboka. Dítag 2013 dokké bí Jurhat Bangke Mising Agom Kéba:dok abupé ila agerém sidodo:pé gerra dungai.

Bhimlal Dole:bí dítag 2005 dokké dítag 2007 do Mising Agom Kébang lok Abu- Oipé ila kélung kébang kídardo gíla ainé tarungém ru:bola ardapé agerém gerboka. Dítag 1996 dok ba:lennam Uttor-Posim Bangke Mising Agom Kéba:dok bí du:pungarné kébang abbai. Dítag 2004 dokké Jurhat Gormurdok Karpumpuli do:lu:do okum mola du:né Bhimlal Dole:bí dítag 2000 dokké dítag 2013 do:pé I-CARD, Jurhatlok gognam Lupo-Lujar kídído aré kané agomém  lubodungai. Sí:tok ayirdo bí aíké do:lung réngam légapé ajjo aroné érang uiyém ibonamsin ibodungai.Bí Jurhat amo:lok bangkí bangkí kébang kélulo bojeko agrém gerdungai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Migom Ager ==
Dítag 1970 do Bhimlal Dole:bí Namoni Majulidok S.S.B  Gobt.Eided Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerropka. Édé iskuldo dítag kopé agerém gergela bí Dibrugarh Hai Iskul do poyirnépé a:ngka. Dítag 1972 dítagdo bí Jurhatlok Bahpholado du:né Adhorso Jonojati Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé ika.Dítag 1985 dítagdo édé Adorsho Traibel Hayar Sekendari Iskulpé ikang.    

Dítag 1997 dokké odo bí Histori:lok poyirnépé ika.Dítag 1985 do Bahpholalo la:lennam Sri Sri Bishnudeb Jonojati Junior Kolej do:sin bí la:lenboné poyirnépé dítag 1986 dokké dítag 1997 do:pé Histori: poyirnépé agerém gerka.Bí dítag 2004 do:pé migom agerém ai kampopé gerra 30 Nobembor po:lodo gertérto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;          

== Gomlab ager ==
Bhimlal Dole:bí adjubadlabné adnékai. Bí mé:tom, do:déng, gomsarém bojéko atka. Doinik Jonombhumi, Ogrodut, Ohomiya Protidin, Amar Ohom, MAK Lusar, Dakor, Anu Agom, SiloMélo, Gamig, Ajon odobulu bíkké adnamé adí adílo lendungai. MAKdok Potin La:lenné Ba:pe Kéba:dok Abupé du:la 2005-07 ager dítagdo bojéko aré kané potiném bí la:lenboka. Anin-mo:té:lok kébangé lusar la:lennam légangé adnamém mamílo bí édílosin ‘Bila:ma:yé’ émmangai. Mo:mangko ara:do:sin adnamém adbila sí:sa:né opeyém aíké agom, gomlab agerém ardapé gerbomdopé aséngém bidungai.   

Bhimlal Dole:ké adnam potinkídí:dé– Do:mír Appun (mé:tom), Migang Ga:né Mising Tani:lok Turné Agomé (turyíng), Aín Doksori (do:déng), Bhimlal Dole:r Nirbasit Probondho Hongkolon (nébíng- Rongili Dole: Pe:gu) sé:bulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;   

== Sinam ==
Asin kínggídaggom aso: aso:pé bíkké amír ékéré tolígma:pé iya:nam légapé Bhimlal Dole:bí dítag 2014, 19 Januari yumédo Jurhat Medikel Kole:jlo appíngém mépagla uyu amo:pé gíkangku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising]]
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>l4uha8oyayjoi77s4y6gn3ofrmhapj8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381703</id>
      <parentid>7381700</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T12:06:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Réngam ager */</comment>
      <origin>7381703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4674" sha1="9ew984x459i230o8qqw95aq8ncxrlsv" xml:space="preserve">==Onam==
Dítag 1946 dok 22 Nobembor longédo Bhimlal Dole:mé mo:písok tadgénam boglong Namoni Majuli:lok Kérkér do:lu:do otagai. Bík abudok aminém Jarman Dole: odokké anédok aminém Mentoni Dole: émtagai. Jarman Dole:ké ommangkídí:dé– Bhimlal, Anondi, Dilip, Bunduram, Durneswor la: Komol bulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipok Kr. Dole:|title=MITPANLA:MA:NAM MISING TANI:|pages=168-170|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==
Aíké do:lu:dok pobug pokodo porobla dítag 1957 dítagdo Bhimlal Dole: bí ponamém pongabla Em.I (M.E School) ponamém poka Ahotguri Em.I  Iskuldo. Dítag 1964 do bí Ahotguri Hai Iskuldokké metrigém aiyopé pa:sto.Majuli Kole:jdokké bí Pi.Iyu ( P.U) dém pa:sto odokké odogíngké Bi.E ( B.A) démsin dítag 1969 do pa:sto. Pongkogdo bí migom agerém gertu:la bí dítag 1975 do Bi.Ti. (B.T) odokké dítag 1986 do Dibrugarh Inibarsiti: lokké Em.E (M.A) dém pokurto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Midang ==
Dítag 1971 do Bhimlal Dole:bí Luhitmukh Lopaisuk do:lu:dok Kampudoi Pe:gumé okum érangé mida:mola la:bika.Bhimlal Dole:ké omé annyiko odokké ao:ésin annyiko.Ommang kídardok aminém 1.Ronhili 2.Rubi 3. Bhoben odokké 4. Joyonto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Réngam ager ==

Mising agom  légangé ,Mising réngam légangé dítag 1981 dokké ardapé Kébang agerém gerné Bhimlal Dole:bí dítag 1987 dok Bahpola do ba:nam Mising Agom Kébang Mé:pa: potindok nébípé dungka. Dítag 1986 dokké dítag 1990 do:pé bí Mising poyirném ager biné ope:dok ajonai. Dítag 1992 dokké dítag 1996 do lékoda dítag 1999 dokké dítag 2001do:pé MAK ki:ni miba:lok bí ager ajonai. Dítag 1992 dokké dítag 1997 do:pé bí Jurhat  Mo:dum Jonsuné Bangke Mising Agom Kébang kídídok abupé du:la agerém ardapé gerboka. Dítag 2013 dokké bí Jurhat Bangke Mising Agom Kéba:dok abupé ila agerém sidodo:pé gerra dungai.

Bhimlal Dole:bí dítag 2005 dokké dítag 2007 do Mising Agom Kébang lok Abu- Oipé ila kélung kébang kídardo gíla ainé tarungém ru:bola ardapé agerém gerboka. Dítag 1996 dok ba:lennam Uttor-Posim Bangke Mising Agom Kéba:dok bí du:pungarné kébang abbai. Dítag 2004 dokké Jurhat Gormurdok Karpumpuli do:lu:do okum mola du:né Bhimlal Dole:bí dítag 2000 dokké dítag 2013 do:pé I-CARD, Jurhatlok gognam Lupo-Lujar kídído aré kané agomém  lubodungai. Sí:tok ayirdo bí aíké do:lung réngam légapé ajjo aroné érang uiyém ibonamsin ibodungai.Bí Jurhat amo:lok bangkí bangkí kébang kélulo bojeko agrém gerdungai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Migom Ager ==
Dítag 1970 do Bhimlal Dole:bí Namoni Majulidok S.S.B  Gobt.Eided Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerropka. Édé iskuldo dítag kopé agerém gergela bí Dibrugarh Hai Iskul do poyirnépé a:ngka. Dítag 1972 dítagdo bí Jurhatlok Bahpholado du:né Adhorso Jonojati Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé ika.Dítag 1985 dítagdo édé Adorsho Traibel Hayar Sekendari Iskulpé ikang.    

Dítag 1997 dokké odo bí Histori:lok poyirnépé ika.Dítag 1985 do Bahpholalo la:lennam Sri Sri Bishnudeb Jonojati Junior Kolej do:sin bí la:lenboné poyirnépé dítag 1986 dokké dítag 1997 do:pé Histori: poyirnépé agerém gerka.Bí dítag 2004 do:pé migom agerém ai kampopé gerra 30 Nobembor po:lodo gertérto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;          

== Gomlab ager ==
Bhimlal Dole:bí adjubadlabné adnékai. Bí mé:tom, do:déng, gomsarém bojéko atka. Doinik Jonombhumi, Ogrodut, Ohomiya Protidin, Amar Ohom, MAK Lusar, Dakor, Anu Agom, SiloMélo, Gamig, Ajon odobulu bíkké adnamé adí adílo lendungai. MAKdok Potin La:lenné Ba:pe Kéba:dok Abupé du:la 2005-07 ager dítagdo bojéko aré kané potiném bí la:lenboka. Anin-mo:té:lok kébangé lusar la:lennam légangé adnamém mamílo bí édílosin ‘Bila:ma:yé’ émmangai. Mo:mangko ara:do:sin adnamém adbila sí:sa:né opeyém aíké agom, gomlab agerém ardapé gerbomdopé aséngém bidungai.   

Bhimlal Dole:ké adnam potinkídí:dé– Do:mír Appun (mé:tom), Migang Ga:né Mising Tani:lok Turné Agomé (turyíng), Aín Doksori (do:déng), Bhimlal Dole:r Nirbasit Probondho Hongkolon (nébíng- Rongili Dole: Pe:gu) sé:bulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;   

== Sinam ==
Asin kínggídaggom aso: aso:pé bíkké amír ékéré tolígma:pé iya:nam légapé Bhimlal Dole:bí dítag 2014, 19 Januari yumédo Jurhat Medikel Kole:jlo appíngém mépagla uyu amo:pé gíkangku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising]]
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>9ew984x459i230o8qqw95aq8ncxrlsv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/frs/Seks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3781704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382115</id>
      <parentid>7219664</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:55:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1577" sha1="fetvku2iu63a492fdmyezf9lmjz6410" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wiki-cowgirl.svg|thumb|[[Wp/frs/Geslechtsferkeer|Geslechtsferkeer]] in 't [[Wp/frs/Riiderstellen|riiderstellen]]]]
'''Seks''' (fan [[Wp/frs/Engelsk|engelsk]] ''sex'' (geslechtsferkeer), fan [[Wp/frs/Letiinsk|letiinsk]] ''sexus'' &quot;geslecht&quot;) betäikent dat praktisk uutöyven fan seksuóólitäit. In d' gewôon tóólgebruuk betrekt sük seks up [[Wp/frs/Erootik|erootik]] un seksuäel hannelns tüsken twei of meerder seksuóólpartners, besünners däi [[Wp/frs/Geslechtsferkeer|geslechtsferkeer]] un fergliikboer [[Wp/frs/Seksuóólpraktik|seksuóólpraktikken]]. In d' wiiderder sin word't in däi umgaangstóól geleegenliik ook däi [[Wp/frs/Masturbóósjoon|masturbóósjoon]] mit inslooten (solosex mit sük sülst), alwoo 't sük hir bii näit um 'n interaksjoon hannelt.

== Biolooğsk funksjoon ==
[[File:Elephant Berlin Zoo having Sex.JPG|thumb|Kopulóósjoon bii [[Wp/frs/Öljefant|öljefanten]]]]
As ewulusjoonêer grund föör däi seksuäel reproduksjoon wordent fitnessföördäilen teegenoover dat ungeslechtelk fermeerdern as läip worskiinelk annoomen. Dat döörmiskern fan däi [[Wp/frs/Geen|geenen]] dee düs tau 'n biispil 'n reduksjoon fan dat risiko fan nóódäiliğ [[Wp/frs/Mutóósjoon|mutóósjoonen]] as ook däi reduksjoon fan däi anfalliğkaid föör [[Wp/frs/Infeksjoonskrankhaid|infeksjoonskrankhaiden]] bewirken.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/frs/Mark Ridley|Mark Ridley]]: ''Evolution.'' 3. uplóóeğ. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2003, ISBN 1-4051-0345-0, S. 314–327.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]
[[Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten_föör_föörskaau]]</text>
      <sha1>fetvku2iu63a492fdmyezf9lmjz6410</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/frs/Pornogróófii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3782790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382117</id>
      <parentid>7222875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:56:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382117</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="666" sha1="llzlh3ffj4n6rbrkx79o06aoufuv0m6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:In The Barn.jpg|thumb|Tusktäiken – ''In der Scheune'' (In d' sküer), 19. jorhunnert]]
'''Pornogróófii''' is dat diräekt dorstellen fan däi minskelk seksuóólitäit of däi seksuóólakt, in d' reegel mit dat tsiil, däi bekiiker seksuel t' erreegen. D'r bii wordent däi geslechtsorgóónen in höör aktiivitäit fóók bewust betoont. Däi kunsuum fan pornogróófii kan as föörm fan wojöörismus (&quot;däi &quot;skaaulüst&quot;) bekeeken worden. Dorstellensföörms fan däi pornogróófii bünt hoovdsóókelk biller, films ([[Wp/frs/Pornofilm|pornofilm]]), teksten un toondróógers.

[[Category:Wp/frs]]
[[Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten_föör_föörskaau]]</text>
      <sha1>llzlh3ffj4n6rbrkx79o06aoufuv0m6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/frs/Pornofilm</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3782791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382116</id>
      <parentid>7222876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:56:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382116</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="969" sha1="hm2d73k707ue4hj8x4fmsbqyzyvnon5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mahe Titof Inkorrekt(e)s.jpg|thumb|Dorstellers un filmcrew bii d' draaj fan 'n pornofilm]]
'N '''pornofilm''' of '''pornogróófsk film''' is däi aaudiowisuäel reóólisóósjoon fan däi pornoogróófii in dat medium film. Pornogróófii word't fóók definäärt as diräekt un düüdelk dorstellen fan minskelk seksuóólitäit un primêer geslechtsmaarkmóólen, däi dat seksuäel stimuläären fan däi kunsuument tau 't tsiil het.

In dat künst- un filmwäitenskuppelk uutnannersetten is disser definisjoonsfersöyk umstreeden, alwoo t.b. däi rechtswäitenskup unbedingt up disser definisjoon anweesen t' weesen let't. Dat ofgrensen tau zjonrebegreepen as erootikkfilm, däi ook as softporno betäikent word't, of däi seksfilm löpt ook oover dat kriteerium fan unmiddelborkaid un düüdelkkaid. Trots âals bünt däi zjonreoovergaangen fläitend un näit trenskaarp t' trekken.

[[Category:Wp/frs]]
[[Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten_föör_föörskaau]]</text>
      <sha1>hm2d73k707ue4hj8x4fmsbqyzyvnon5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wy/ta/Uses TemplateStyles/config</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>3786036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381787</id>
      <parentid>7239966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T14:33:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>வார்ப்புரு மாற்றியமைக்கப்பட்டது.</comment>
      <origin>7381787</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="2654" sha1="baiazrdo85x66jnb919iragheefktsw" xml:space="preserve">local cfg = {} -- Don’t touch this line.

-- Subpage blacklist: these subpages will not be categorized (except for the
-- error category, which is always added if there is an error).
-- For example “Template:Foo/doc” matches the `doc = true` rule, so it will have
-- no categories. “Template:Foo” and “Template:Foo/documentation” match no rules,
-- so they *will* have categories. All rules should be in the
--   ['&lt;subpage name&gt;'] = true,
-- format.
cfg['subpage_blacklist'] = {
	['doc'] = true,
	['sandbox'] = true,
	['sandbox2'] = true,
	['testcases'] = true,
}

-- Sandbox title: if the stylesheet’s title is &lt;template&gt;/&lt;stylesheet&gt;.css, the
-- stylesheet’s sandbox is expected to be at &lt;template&gt;/&lt;sandbox_title&gt;/&lt;stylesheet&gt;.css
-- Set to nil to disable sandbox links.
cfg['sandbox_title'] = 'sandbox'

-- Error category: this category is added if the module call contains errors
-- (e.g. no stylesheet listed). A category name without namespace, or nil
-- to disable categorization (not recommended).
cfg['error_category'] = 'Uses TemplateStyles templates with errors'

-- Default category: this category is added if no custom category is specified
-- in module/template call. A category name without namespace, or nil
-- to disable categorization.
cfg['default_category'] = 'Wy/ta/Templates using TemplateStyles'

-- Protection conflict category: this category is added if the protection level
-- of any stylesheet is lower than the protection level of the template. A category name
-- without namespace, or nil to disable categorization (not recommended).
cfg['protection_conflict_category'] = 'Wy/ta/Templates using TemplateStyles with a different protection level'

-- Hierarchy of protection levels, used to determine whether one protection level is lower
-- than another and thus should populate protection_conflict_category. No protection is treated as zero 
cfg['protection_hierarchy']  = {
	autoconfirmed = 1,
	extendedconfirmed = 2,
	templateeditor = 3,
	sysop = 4
}

-- Padlock pattern: Lua pattern to search on protected stylesheets for, or nil
-- to disable padlock check.
cfg['padlock_pattern'] = '{{pp-'

-- Missing padlock category: this category is added if a protected stylesheet
-- doesn’t contain any padlock template (specified by the above Lua pattern).
-- A category name without namespace (no nil allowed) if the pattern is not nil,
-- unused (and thus may be nil) otherwise.
cfg['missing_padlock_category'] = 'Wy/ta/Templates using TemplateStyles without padlocks'

-- Default subpage for the stylesheet if none is given
cfg['default_subpage_name'] = 'styles.css'
return cfg -- Don’t touch this line.</text>
      <sha1>baiazrdo85x66jnb919iragheefktsw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wy/ta/Redirect</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3788370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382056</id>
      <parentid>7244242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T04:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>வார்ப்புருவின் உரைகள் தமிழ் மொழிமாற்றம் செய்யப்பட்டு வருகின்றது</comment>
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      <text bytes="2083" sha1="sswuc3bmblr09s3imbexeg35k7r9v6i" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;dablink&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic; margin-left: 2em;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&quot;{{{1}}}&quot; இங்கு வழிமாற்றப்படுகிறது. பிற {{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு}}, காண்க {{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[:{{{3}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|மற்றும்|&amp;#32;மேலும் {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[:{{{5}}}]]|[[{{{1}}} (பொருள் தெளிவாக்கம்)]]}}}}|[[{{{1}}} (பொருள் தெளிவாக்கம்)]].&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and||&lt;!-- &quot;and&quot; is a special word, don't output &quot;For and, ...&quot;
    --&gt;&amp;#32;&amp;#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{4}}}|1|other uses|{{{4}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[:{{{5}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and|&amp;#32;and {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[:{{{7}}}]]|[[{{{4}}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{{4}}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#if:{{{6|}}}|&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and||&lt;!--
      --&gt;&amp;#32;&amp;#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{6}}}|1|other uses|{{{6}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[:{{{7}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and|&amp;#32;and {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[:{{{9}}}]]|[[{{{6}}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{{6}}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#if:{{{8|}}}|&lt;!--
      --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and||&lt;!--
        --&gt;&amp;#32;&amp;#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{8}}}|1|other uses|{{{8}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[:{{{9}}}]]|[[{{{8}}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;}}&lt;!--
  --&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}}}}}{{#switch:{{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|REDIRECT&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|REDIRECT|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|REDIRECT3|TERM = | #default = {{#ifexist:{{{1}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Wy/ta/Missing redirects]]}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Wy/ta/Documentation}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
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			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;name of redirect page&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;DE&quot;,
			&quot;aliases&quot;: [
				&quot;name&quot;
			]
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Description&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;a state in the US&quot;
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			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;another page&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Delaware&quot;
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		&quot;5&quot;: {},
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		&quot;7&quot;: {},
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Glaceon9</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>3793111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382162</id>
      <parentid>7268002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Glaceon9</username>
        <id>2695986</id>
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      <text bytes="366" sha1="by5i5drc8ikyl628o15qqiqvlqouyvm" xml:space="preserve">I am a person who likes the Pokémon Glaceon. Despite having an account here, I am still new, and not that good at using the source editor yet, so please bear with me :)

{{#babel:en-5|nys-1|jpn-2}}

*I am learning Noongar and working towards becoming fluent, but since I am Noongar, I consider it to be one of my native languages along with English, not my first :)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382163</id>
      <parentid>7382162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Glaceon9</username>
        <id>2695986</id>
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      <text bytes="365" sha1="0cmlox5d3z6bbq6opaorqtot6ouzsxe" xml:space="preserve">I am a person who likes the Pokémon Glaceon. Despite having an account here, I am still new, and not that good at using the source editor yet, so please bear with me :)

{{#babel:en|nys-1|jpn-2}}

(I am learning Noongar and working towards becoming fluent, but since I am Noongar, I consider it to be one of my native languages along with English, not my first :D)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/春典</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381764</id>
      <parentid>7377336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:38:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>补充</comment>
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      <text bytes="11936" sha1="k9sh8q05aitidi4zkiq1bfovy97lo6w" xml:space="preserve">'''春典'''，抑叫'''黑话'''、'''隐话'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.termonline.cn/word/121332/1#s1 隐语 术语在线—权威的术语知识服务平台]&lt;/ref&gt;，是兴时伫某一特殊行业当中，非局外侬所能了解其用语。古代其[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]有[[Wp/hnm/江湖|江湖]]帮会人物其用语，因为[[Wp/hnm/华南|华南]]讲「春」同[[Wp/hnm/华北|华北]]讲「典」来得名。现代其中国有春典就兴时伫[[Wp/hnm/互联网|互联网]]（比论讲[[Wp/hnm/阿里巴巴|阿里巴巴]]、[[Wp/hnm/字节跳动|字节跳动]]这枚大型[[Wp/hnm/企业|企业]]），意思就是拿简单其事情，用高深晦涩其用语过度包装，分侬难以望识描述其特点，因为这批用语本身使用伫[[Wp/hnm/普通话|普通话]]其书面报告、办公文稿同[[Wp/hnm/生成式AI|生成式AI]]&lt;ref&gt;比论讲[[Wp/hnm/普通话|普通话]]会定定出现这款[[Wp/hnm/子串|子串]]其春典：底层、赛博、张力、骨子、赋能、抓手、中台、打通、对齐、串联、闭环、沉淀、拉齐、赛道、下沉、粒度、心智、痛点、拆解、复盘、矩阵、倒逼、体感、很硬、跑通、拉通、收敛、发散、聚焦、辐射、引爆、撬动、激活、释放、加持、加码、链路、漏斗、势能、势位、高维、降维、垂直、横向、纵深、立体、垂类、长尾、头部、腰部、尾部、内卷、躺平、破圈、出圈、入局、破局、上岸、风口、爽点、痒点、刚需、落地、给到、平台、响应、同步、对标、迭代、优化、跟进、升级、交付、梳理、输出、提炼、包装、上升、方案、摸索、踩坑、填坑、报备、协同、联动、透传、打平、抹平、发力、兼容、量化、细分、重塑、蓄能、挖掘、背书、背锅、支持、支撑、协调、支援、加速、共建、共创、融合、拉升、洞察、渗透、咬合、穿梭、扩展、开拓、兜底、降级、容错、容灾、解耦、耦合、复用、封装、抽象、聚合、集成、抓包、观察、监控、上报、捕获、分发、分层、迁移、回溯、回归、回流、回跳、通晒、吃透、死磕、树立、跨界、共情、演绎、画饼、打造、反哺、输血、造血、造势、造市、造事、拉新、转化、留存、促活、付费、营收、盈利、获客、邀请、助力、激励、推广、投放、导流、覆盖、曝光、裂变、增长、优秀、感恩、比心、笔芯、下跪、致敬、订阅、认证、推送、流失、召回、授权、接入、铸造、构筑、构建、搭建、布局、组局、摸鱼、划水、众筹、收割、共享、重组、收口、转型、围绕、出击、证言、明确、评估、评审、务实、夯实、预判、预言、变迁、返佣、深入、打磨、攻坚、击穿、破冰、破题、解题、定量、定性、制约、约束、触及、触达、触发、操盘、思考、反思、精简、深耕、突围、补位、抽离、履约、进化、进军、起飞、皮实、本分、重磅、真香、自洽、精准、持续、灵活、稳定、可控、活跃、打法、玩法、纽带、刺激、规模、场景、渠道、入口、维度、格局、形态、体系、认知、感知、调性、战役、合力、心力、基石、基因、因子、通道、水位、水准、姿态、卡点、卡位、踝部、全域、公域、私域、本我、自我、超我、蓝海、红海、纵向、上限、下限、上游、下游、阈值、场域、架构、系统、标配、态势、锚点、标杆、壁垒、变量、期权、边界、品牌、阵地、高地、洼地、高空、革命、外包、福报、脑暴、脑洞、圈层、层级、段位、环节、困局、话术、文案、议程、公关、配称、力场、魔方、触点、流量、资源、排期、延期、弹窗、浮层、引导、蒙层、幕帘、遮罩、埋点、坑位、楼层、红包、峰值、漏洞、风险、瓶颈、策略、价值、复利、人性、利器、深度、玩家、小白、韭菜、羊毛、福利、套路、情怀、标准、规范、社群、产业、载体、服务、粘性、属性、地域、终端、版本、口碑、指标、年框、试点、母体、空白、银弹、解法、落盘、爆款、宽松、颗粒、零和、社交、主播、带货、地推、热度、收录、爬虫、运营、干货、高优、体验、创新、数据、模式、切入、卷入、颠覆、测试、露出、盘活、整合、善用、铺设、设置、合理、权重、定位、正态、提升、核心、类目、开启、异常、验证、部署、调用、抛出、对象、并发、性能、宣讲、机房、告警、推算、结构、算法、密度、适配、发布、阻塞、发版、绑定、抓取、轮播、提审、功能、能力、三方、习惯、识别、互斥、加载、格式、规格、通用、读写、请求、排查、后续、概率、流程、配合、反馈、追溯、形成、调研、主导、参与、落实、人效、带人、推动、分析、交流、对接、计划、规划、推进、预期、消化、回顾、专项、产出、减法、全栈、眼界、面交、勾兑、拥抱、改变、相信、技术、野心、鲶鱼、打假、脱贫、刷脸、黄泛、费拉、做题、革新、迎接、转变、体量、估值、融资、趋势、变革、涨粉、赚钱、用户、回馈、代购、品味、精品、匠心、正品、走心、戏精、扎心、公益、电商、亏损、短链、白条、共生、重构、库房、线上、挑战、神器、营销、红利、黏性、打透、分装、对焦、拿到、支撵、使捷、画像、度量、货币、同期、存量、增量、长效、跃升、扩容、要素、周期、设问、置换、神帖、阶层、改命、拐点、顶层、隐学、顶级、铁律、断层、升维、穷人、富人、博弈、奇点、战略、情商、钝感、自驱、主子、仆人、杠杆、逆袭、范式、增值、通胀、具身、换挡、银发、均质、溢价、野蛮、简中、终局、断崖、出清、对冲、涌现、韧性、降本、翻身、落后、大额、零售、利息、优惠、额度、立省、秒杀、贷款、卖点、互害、底牌、洗牌、筹码、血缘、豪门、富贵、草寇、攀附、献媚、谄媚、站队、做人、玩命、散财、森严、联姻、权贵、圈子、投机、中介、销售、房产、保险、单输、双输、正和、老实、向量、机制、狂潮、活水、外围、点位、兜住、压实、口径、人话、更硬、限购、待售、房价、楼市、占坑、保值、购房、园区、引进、落户、个税、社保、特许、产值、土著、避险、门票、留量、引擎、大v、蓝v、ugc、996、bug、app、pc端、kol、mcn、老百姓、大白话、关键人、玻璃心、有温度、内耗式、链接新、大局观、批判性、数字化、数智化、潜规则、节点人、松弛感、宿命感、微度假、临界点、非线性、大贝塔、金融化、黑天鹅、灰犀牛、抚养比、信息差、护城河、反脆弱、强需求、弱需求、对一下、碰一下、过一下、抢品类、观行业、明竞争、洞自身、开场子、提调子、冷启动、秀肌肉、借东风、断舍离、砍一刀、走出去、讲故事、扁平化、差异化、精细化、短平快、常态化、强依赖、方法论、组合拳、影响力、优先级、制高点、可用性、易用性、便捷性、一致性、端到端、点对点、点线面、上半场、下半场、主战场、人货场、基本面、基本盘、解释权、最优解、执行力、驱动力、鄙视链、全方位、全媒体、天花板、传话筒、登云梯、冲击力、视觉锤、孵化器、新物种、新篇章、新局势、新国货、新国潮、新动力、同理心、气氛组、竞争力、存在感、认同感、归属感、使命感、忠诚度、预热期、高峰期、高潮期、云计算、区块链、比特币、虚拟币、天使轮、自媒体、新媒体、价格门、小前台、凝聚力、元无知、软夺权、野路子、黑名单、不一致、云主机、小程序、移动端、服从性、饱和度、含金量、责任心、工作量、正能量、泛娱乐、接地气、阿里人、营业额、无人区、练兵场、更懂你、可能性、开发者、不上市、新责任、国际化、创作者、视频化、新消费、泛中产、生活家、有态度、段子手、物流网、供应链、智慧化、无人仓、一体化、小桔人、包容性、双十一、注册送、流动性、关系网、不烧心、大礼包、二手房、先行区、试验区、保税区、开发区、高层次、抗衰老、低税率、简税制、高净值、海景房、稀缺性、独占性、试验田、话语权、法治化、双循环、朋友圈、碎片化、阵营化、复合型、数字经济、我们查下、路径依赖、大而不强、多而不精、繁而无益、人情世故、飞轮效应、直属领导、业务底座、向上管理、疗愈经济、精神游牧、在地文化、静态资产、精神内核、美好出行、势在必行、博大精深、源远流长、生机勃勃、欣欣向荣、蓬勃发展、日新月异、与时俱进、推陈出新、独树一帜、精益求精、锦上添花、画龙点睛、点石成金、点亮未来、照亮前行、引领潮流、勇立潮头、披荆斩棘、风雨同舟、砥砺前行、笃行不怠、支棱起来、小步快跑、完善逻辑、去中心化、顺势而为、打破结界、有机结合、起承转合、拨冗参会、刻意练习、绝境求生、重新定义、内容创业、逻辑推理、解决问题、高举高打、高开低走、高台跳水、全情投入、全面封锁、剑走偏锋、结果导向、业务导向、人力不足、品效合一、全球领先、人无我有、人有我优、人优我变、势如破竹、势不可挡、石破天惊、关键路径、决策路径、天使投资、智慧城市、通证经济、中央厨房、先发优势、临门一脚、幂律分布、二八定律、叠加效应、马太效应、偏好植入、蚂蚁市场、心动情境、利基市场、第二曲线、可替代性、最高规制、三位一体、不破不立、千人千面、千人一面、信息茧房、价格歧视、心理账户、关键时期、沟通协作、品类战舰、行军路线、产品尖兵、拳头产品、超级符号、时间窗口、声音印记、神交已久、财务自由、微粒社会、增强回路、代偿效应、勾子商品、不忘初心、挣一块钱、理想主义、基础设施、促进进口、团队精神、知识产权、无人驾驶、永久免费、万物互联、云端仿真、概念推导、版权保护、一日五餐、中国智造、好的老板、广告公司、商品流通、正道成功、竞争求异、盟国思维、智能派单、系安全带、智能交通、随叫随到、契约精神、趋炎附势、作威作福、否极泰来、不过三代、同流合污、线性代数、封关运作、境内关外、房住不炒、第二居所、离岸资产、量价齐升、天然氧吧、候鸟老人、时代背景、历史潮流、重要窗口、制度创新、负面清单、极简审批、营商环境、区位优势、环境承载力、黄金气候带、高质量发展、第一性原理、延迟满足感、地毯式轰炸、饱和式攻击、四两拨千斤、开辟新路径、叫好又叫座、连续创业者、互联网思维、国民总时间、最后一公里、最大公约数、现象级事件、意义炼金术、符号私有化、非理性异动、跨越式机遇、世界级品质、企业家精神、智能商业体、利益共同体、专业化人才、世界500强、共识性发展...&lt;/ref&gt;，世侬讲[[Wp/hnm/海南话|海南话]]其阵时其实无需要使用去。

== 注解 ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/Gloria Bash</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3796794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382177</id>
      <parentid>7381679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:00:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
        <id>2566594</id>
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      <text bytes="361" sha1="je72w33t8xerclqbhhcyu0lhlhubxui" xml:space="preserve">'''Neema Bashige Gloria''', mumanyike bu Gloria Bash, muledibue mu dia matuku 25 ngondo wa dikumi ne muibidi 2002 mu Bukavu, udi muena [[Wp/lua/Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata|ditunga dia kongu wa mungalata]], udi mudifila ku diambuluisha dia bantu,udi wenza mudimu mukole mu malu a misambu ne a manaya.
[[File:Gloria Bash.jpg|200px|right]]

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382179</id>
      <parentid>7382177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:00:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
        <id>2566594</id>
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      <text bytes="361" sha1="bnjgoulg2jx8iynnfjs0hbv2ard1lf4" xml:space="preserve">'''Neema Bashige Gloria''', mumanyike bu Gloria Bash, muledibue mu dia matuku 25 ngondo wa dikumi ne muibidi 2002 mu Bukavu, udi muena [[Wp/lua/Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata|ditunga dia kongu wa mungalata]], udi mudifila ku diambuluisha dia bantu,udi wenza mudimu mukole mu malu a misambu ne a manaya.
[[File:Gloria Bash.jpg|250px|right]]

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/kge/merah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3797634</id>
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      <id>7381784</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T14:12:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Es Krim 5 juta Rasa</username>
        <id>2587179</id>
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      <text bytes="199" sha1="0t4s5ot8lqgas40jmtha7j0h9p8p72b" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/kge/basa|id}}==
{{Wt/kge/hulu|id}}

{{Wt/kge/-adj-|id}}
# [[Wt/kge/siyaw|siyaw]] 

=={{Wt/kge/basa|ms}}==
{{Wt/kge/hulu|ms}}

{{Wt/kge/-adj-|ms}}
# [[Wt/kge/siyaw|siyaw]] 

[[Category:Wt/kge]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Lista ad vosgi ché tótt al Wikipedij al duvria avé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381829</id>
      <parentid>7377807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:26:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Matemàtica */</comment>
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      <text bytes="25941" sha1="6zg503wwvvq5dpjgmiambkq2qd5ze7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/SM}}
== Biugrafeij ==
=== Artést e Architétt ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Le Corbusier|Le Corbusier]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Salvador Dalí|Salvador Dalí]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Albrecht Dürer|Albrecht Dürer]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vincent van Gogh|Vincent van Gogh]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|qualità|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Francisco Goya|Francisco Goya]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Katsushika Hokusai|Katsushika Hokusai]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Frida Kahlo|Frida Kahlo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Henri Matisse|Henri Matisse]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo Buonarroti]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|qualità|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Pablo Picasso|Pablo Picasso]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Raffaello Sanzio|Raffaello Sanzio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Rembrandt|Rembrandt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Peter Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sinān|Sinān]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Diego Velázquez|Diego Velázquez]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Andy Warhol|Andy Warhol]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Frank Lloyd Wright|Frank Lloyd Wright]]

=== Scritur, Cumediogréfi e Poeti ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Abu Nuwas|Abu Nuwas]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Hans Christian Andersen|Hans Christian Andersen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jane Austen|Jane Austen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo Bashō]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jorge Luis Borges|Jorge Luis Borges]]
# [[Wp/rgn/George Gordon Byron|George Gordon Byron]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Miguel de Cervantes|Miguel de Cervantes]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Geoffrey Chaucer|Geoffrey Chaucer]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Anton Čechov|Anton Čechov]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Charles Dickens|Charles Dickens]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fëdor Dostoevskij|Fëdor Dostoevskij]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gabriel García Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Hafez|Hafez]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Omero|Omero]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Victor Hugo|Victor Hugo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Joyce|James Joyce]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Franz Kafka|Franz Kafka]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Kālidāsa|Kālidāsa]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Li Bai|Li Bai]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Nagib Mahfuz|Nagib Mahfuz]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Molière|Molière]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Publio Ovidio Nasone|Publio Ovidio Nasone]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marcel Proust|Marcel Proust]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Aleksandr Sergeevič Puškin|Aleksandr Sergeevič Puškin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/William Shakespeare|William Shakespeare]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sofocle|Sofocle]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Lev Tolstoj|Lev Tolstoj]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mark Twain|Mark Twain]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Publio Virgilio Marone|Publio Virgilio Marone]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Cumpusitur e Musicést ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Louis Armstrong|Louis Armstrong]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Johann Sebastian Bach|Johann Sebastian Bach]]
# [[Wp/rgn/The Beatles|The Beatles]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ludwig van Beethoven|Ludwig van Beethoven]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Johannes Brahms|Johannes Brahms]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fryderyk Chopin|Fryderyk Chopin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Antonín Dvořák|Antonín Dvořák]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Georg Friedrich Händel|Georg Friedrich Händel]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Franz Joseph Haydn|Franz Joseph Haydn]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Umm Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gustav Mahler|Gustav Mahler]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giacomo Puccini|Giacomo Puccini]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Franz Schubert|Franz Schubert]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Igor' Fëdorovič Stravinskij|Igor' Fëdorovič Stravinskij]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij|Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giuseppe Verdi|Giuseppe Verdi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Antonio Vivaldi|Antonio Vivaldi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Richard Wagner|Richard Wagner]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Espluradur e Viagiadur ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Roald Amundsen|Roald Amundsen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Neil Armstrong|Neil Armstrong]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jacques Cartier|Jacques Cartier]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cristoforo Colombo|Cristoforo Colombo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Cook|James Cook]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Hernán Cortés|Hernán Cortés]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Iuri Gagarin|Iuri Gagarin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ibn Battuta|Ibn Battuta]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fernã da Magagliẽs|Fernã da Magagliẽs]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marco Polo|Marco Polo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Zheng He|Zheng He]]

=== Regést, Scenegiadur e Atur ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Ingmar Bergman|Ingmar Bergman]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sarah Bernhardt|Sarah Bernhardt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Charlie Chaplin|Charlie Chaplin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marlene Dietrich|Marlene Dietrich]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Walt Disney|Walt Disney]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sergej Michajlovič Ėjzenštejn|Sergej Michajlovič Ėjzenštejn]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Federico Fellini|Federico Fellini]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alfred Hitchcock|Alfred Hitchcock]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Stanley Kubrick|Stanley Kubrick]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Akira Kurosawa|Akira Kurosawa]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marilyn Monroe|Marilyn Monroe]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Satyajit Ray|Satyajit Ray]]

=== Inventur, Scinziédi e Matematghi ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Archimede|Archimede]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Avicenna|Avicenna]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tim Berners-Lee|Tim Berners-Lee]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Brahmagupta|Brahmagupta]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Copernich|Copernich]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marie Curie|Marie Curie]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Thomas Edison|Thomas Edison]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Eucléd|Eucléd]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Leonhard Euler|Leonhard Euler]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Michael Faraday|Michael Faraday]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Henry Ford|Henry Ford]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Galen|Galen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Galileo Galilei|Galileo Galilei]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Johannes Gutenberg|Johannes Gutenberg]]
# [[Wp/rgn/David Hilbert|David Hilbert]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Prescott Joule|James Prescott Joule]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giovanni Keplero|Giovanni Keplero]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi|Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz|Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Linné|Linné]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Clerk Maxwell|James Clerk Maxwell]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev|Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Louis Pasteur|Louis Pasteur]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Max Planck|Max Planck]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ernest Rutherford|Ernest Rutherford]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Erwin Schrödinger|Erwin Schrödinger]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Nikola Tesla|Nikola Tesla]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alan Turing|Alan Turing]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Watt|James Watt]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Filóṡfi e Scinziédi Sucél ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Aristotele|Aristotele]]'''
# [[Wp/rgn/Simone de Beauvoir|Simone de Beauvoir]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cāṇakya|Cāṇakya]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Confucio|Confucio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cartesio|Cartesio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Martin Heidegger|Martin Heidegger]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ibn Khaldun|Ibn Khaldun]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Immanuel Kant|Immanuel Kant]]
# [[Wp/rgn/John Maynard Keynes|John Maynard Keynes]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Laozi|Laozi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/John Locke|John Locke]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Niccolò Machiavelli|Niccolò Machiavelli]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Karl Marx|Karl Marx]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Friedrich Nietzsche|Friedrich Nietzsche]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Platone|Platone]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jean-Paul Sartre|Jean-Paul Sartre]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sima Qian|Sima Qian]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Adam Smith|Adam Smith]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Socrate|Socrate]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Voltaire|Voltaire]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Max Weber|Max Weber]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ludwig Wittgenstein|Ludwig Wittgenstein]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Zhu Xi|Zhu Xi]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Chép pulétichi ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Akbar|Akbar]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alessandro Magno|Alessandro Magno]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Aśoka|Aśoka]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Augusto|Augusto]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|vetrina|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Otto von Bismarck|Otto von Bismarck]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Simón Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gaio Giulio Cesare|Gaio Giulio Cesare]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|vetrina|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Carlo Magno|Carlo Magno]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Winston Churchill|Winston Churchill]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Costantino I|Costantino I]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ciro II di Persia|Ciro II di Persia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Charles de Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra|Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gengis Khan|Gengis Khan]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Che Guevara|Che Guevara]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giovanna d'Arco|Giovanna d'Arco]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|vetrina|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Lenin|Lenin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Abraham Lincoln|Abraham Lincoln]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Luigi XIV di Francia|Luigi XIV di Francia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Rosa Luxemburg|Rosa Luxemburg]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Napoleone Bonaparte|Napoleone Bonaparte]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pietro I di Russia|Pietro I di Russia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Qin Shi Huang|Qin Shi Huang]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Saladino|Saladino]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Iosif Stalin|Iosif Stalin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Solimano il Magnifico|Solimano il Magnifico]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sun Yat-sen|Sun Yat-sen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tamerlano|Tamerlano]]
# [[Wp/rgn/ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]]
# [[Wp/rgn/George Washington|George Washington]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Religius e Teòlghi ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Abramo|Abramo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tommaso d'Aquino|Tommaso d'Aquino]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Agostino d'Ippona|Agostino d'Ippona]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Buddha|Buddha]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Al-Ghazali|Al-Ghazali]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gesù|Gesù]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Martin Lutero|Martin Lutero]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mosè|Mosè]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Maometto|Maometto]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Nāgārjuna|Nāgārjuna]]

== Filusufeja ==
== Religiòuna ==
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# Religiòuna
## Buddéṡmi
## Crestianéṡmi
### Cìṡa Catòlga
### Prutestantéṡmi
## Induéṡmi
## Islam
### Islam Scìa
### Islam Sunnéd
## Giainéṡmi
## Giudeìṡmi
## Shinto
## Sikh
## Tao
## Zoroastréṡmi
# Mitolugèja
# Dio
## Monoteìṡmi
## Politeìṡmi
# Àlma
## Arinchernaziòuna
# Modi 'd vèda el Mond
## Ateìṡmi
## Fundamentaléṡmi
## Materialéṡmi
# Pràtghi Spirituèli
## Sufi
## Yoga
## Zen
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== Sucitê ==
=== Quiscciòuni sucièli ===
# Abórt
# Péna Capitèla
# Discriminaziòuna
## Razzéṡmi
## Glottofubéja
# Feminéṡmi
# Globalizaziòuna
# Dirétt Umèn
# Poritè
# Sccevitó

== Lèngua e lettradòura ==
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Linguaggio|Linguaggio]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua araba|Lingua araba]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua bengali|Lingua bengali]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua cinese|Lingua cinese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua inglese|Lingua inglese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua francese|Lingua francese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua tedesca|Lingua tedesca]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua greca|Lingua greca]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua ebraica|Lingua ebraica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua indostana|Lingua indostana]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua coreana|Lingua coreana]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua giapponese|Lingua giapponese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua latina|Lingua latina]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua persiana|Lingua persiana]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua portoghese|Lingua portoghese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lengua rumagnòla|Lengua rumagnòla]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua russa|Lingua russa]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua sanscrita|Lingua sanscrita]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua spagnola|Lingua spagnola]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua swahili|Lingua swahili]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua turca|Lingua turca]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Linguistica|Linguistica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Grammatica|Grammatica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Parola|Parola]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fonema|Fonema]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sillaba|Sillaba]]
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Sistema di scrittura|Sistema di scrittura]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Alfabeto arabo|Alfabeto arabo]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Caratteri cinesi|Caratteri cinesi]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Alfabeto cirillico|Alfabeto cirillico]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Alfabeto greco|Alfabeto greco]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Alfabeto latino|Alfabeto latino]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alfabetizzazione|Alfabetizzazione]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Traduzione|Traduzione]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== '''[[Wp/rgn/Letteratura|Letteratura]]''' ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|4}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Prosa|Prosa]]
## ''[[Wp/rgn/L'arte della guerra|L'arte della guerra]]''
# [[Wp/rgn/Fiction|Fiction]]
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Le mille e una notte|Le mille e una notte]]''
# [[Wp/rgn/Romanzo|Romanzo]]
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Il sogno della camera rossa|Il sogno della camera rossa]]''
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Genji monogatari|Genji monogatari]]''
# [[Wp/rgn/Poesia|Poesia]]
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Epopea di Gilgameš|Epopea di Gilgameš]]''
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Iliade|Iliade]]''
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Mahābhārata|Mahābhārata]]''
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Shāh-Nāmeh|Shāh-Nāmeh]]''
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Misurazioni ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Misurazione|Misurazione]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sistema internazionale di unità di misura|Sistema internazionale di unità di misura]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Chilogrammo|Chilogrammo]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Litro|Litro]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Metro|Metro]]
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Calendario|Calendario]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Calendario gregoriano|Calendario gregoriano]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Orologio|Orologio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Secondo|Secondo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giorno|Giorno]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Anno|Anno]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fuso orario|Fuso orario]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== [[Wp/rgn/Scienza|Scienza]] ==
# [[Wp/rgn/Natura|Natura]]

=== [[Wp/rgn/Astronomeja|Astronoméja]] ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|3}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Asteroid|Asteroid]]
# [[d:Q1|Universe]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Big Bang|Big Bang]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Busg nir|Busg nir]]
# [[d:Q3559|Comet]]
# [[d:Q318|Galaxy]]
## [[d:Q321|Milky Way]]
# [[d:Q544|Solar System]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Louna|Louna]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Stèla|Stèla]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sol|Sol]]
# [[d:Q634|Planet]]
## [[d:Q308|Mercury]]
## [[d:Q313|Venus]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tera|Tera]]
## [[d:Q111|Mars]]
## [[d:Q319|Jupiter]]
## [[d:Q193|Saturn]]
## [[d:Q324|Uranus]]
## [[d:Q332|Neptune]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vol spazièl|Vol spazièl]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== [[Wp/rgn/Biology|Biology]] ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# Biological materials
## [[d:Q7430|DNA]]
## [[d:Q8047|Enzyme]]
## [[d:Q11364|Hormone]]
## [[d:Q8054|Protein]]
# [[d:Q441|Botany]]
# [[d:Q4|Death]]
## [[d:Q10737|Suicide]]
# [[d:Q7150|Ecology]]
## [[d:Q11394|Endangered species]]
# [[d:Q3|Life]]
# [[d:Q11398|Biological classification]]
## [[d:Q7432|Species]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

==== Biological processes ====
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[d:Q1057|Metabolism]]
## [[d:Q11978|Digestion]]
## [[d:Q11982|Photosynthesis]]
## [[d:Q472287|Respiration]]
# [[d:Q1063|Evolution]]
# [[d:Q11990|Reproduction]]
## [[d:Q11995|Pregnancy]]
## [[d:Q290|Sex]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

==== [[Wp/rgn/Urganèṡmi|Urganèṡmi]] ====
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|3}}
# [[d:Q37868|Alga]]
# [[d:Q10872|Archaea]]
# [[d:Q10876|Bacteria]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fungh|Fungh]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pienta|Pienta]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fior|Fior]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Frut|Frut]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Erbri|Erbri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Protést|Protést]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Animel|Animel]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nematoda|Nematoda]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Mollusca|Mollusca]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Arthropod|Arthropod]]
### [[d:Q1390|Insect]]
#### [[Wp/rgn/Furmiga|Furmiga]]
#### [[Wp/rgn/Eva|Eva]]
#### [[Wp/rgn/Żanża|Żanża]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Ragn|Ragn]]
## Cordéd
### [[Wp/rgn/Pèsc|Pèsc]]
#### [[d:Q7372|Shark]]
### [[d:Q10908|Amphibian]]
### [[d:Q10811|Reptile]]
#### [[d:Q2102|Snake]]
#### [[d:Q430|Dinosaur]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Raz|Raz]]
#### [[Wp/rgn/Pol|Pol]]
#### [[d:Q10856|Pigeons and doves]]
# [[d:Q7377|Mammal]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Camel|Camel]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Gat|Gat]]
## [[d:Q830|Cattle]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cetacea|Cetacea]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Chen|Chen]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Caval|Caval]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pigra|Pigra]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Rodent|Rodent]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Baghen|Baghen]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Primate|Primate]]
### [[d:Q5|Human]]


{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

==== [[Wp/rgn/Anatumì|Anatumì]] ====
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Celola|Celola]]
# [[d:Q11068|Circulatory system]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sangui|Sangui]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cor|Cor]]
# [[d:Q11078|Endocrine system]]
# [[d:Q9649|Human gastrointestinal tract]]
## [[d:Q11083|Large intestine]]
## [[d:Q11090|Small intestine]]
## [[d:Q9368|Liver]]
# [[d:Q7365|Muscle]]
# [[d:Q9404|Nervous system]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cervel|Cervel]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nerv|Nerv]]
## [[d:Q11101|Sensory system]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Urecia|Urecia]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Neṡ|Neṡ]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Occ|Occ]]
### [[d:Q124794|Taste]]
# [[d:Q7895|Reproductive system]]
# [[d:Q7891|Respiratory system]]
# [[d:Q7881|Skeleton]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pèla|Pèla]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Saluda e midcina ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Midcina|Midṡēna]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Dentistry|Dentistry]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Maladì|Maladì]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Medication|Medication]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Antibiòtghi|Antibiòtghi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Saluda|Saluda]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Immune system|Immune system]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Menstruation|Menstruation]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pandemeja|Pandemeja]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vaccin|Vaccin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Virus|Virus]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

====Maladì specifghi/Condiziòuni====
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Dipendenza|Dipendenza]]
## [[d:Q153|Ethanol]]
## [[d:Q1566|Tobacco]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alzheimer|Alzheimer]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cancri|Cancri]]
# [[d:Q199804|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Influenza|Influenza]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Disabilité|Disabilité]]
## [[d:Q10874|Blindness]]
## [[d:Q12133|Deafness]]
# [[d:Q12135|Mental disorder]]
# [[d:Q41571|Epilepsy]]
# [[d:Q156103|Gastroenteritis]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mal 'd testa|Mal 'd testa]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Heart attack|Heart attack]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Malâria|Malâria]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Malnutrition|Malnutrition]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ubesité|Ubesité]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pulmunid|Pulmunid]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Polio|Polio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Smallpox|Smallpox]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Stroke|Stroke]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tuberculosis|Tuberculosis]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sexually transmitted disease|Sexually transmitted disease]]
## [[Wp/rgn/AIDS|AIDS]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== [[Wp/rgn/Chemica|Chémica]] ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|colwidth=16em}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Chémica inurgànica|Chémica inurgànica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Chémica urganica|Chémica urganica]]
## [[d:Q156|Spìrti]]
## [[d:Q11358|Carbo-idrèt]]
## [[d:Q11367|Lipid]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Chémica analétga|Chémica analétga]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Chémica fiṡica|Chémica fiṡica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Biochémica|Biochémica]]
# [[d:Q11173|Chemical compound]]
## [[d:Q11158|Acid]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Baṡa (chémica)|Baṡa (chémica)]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sel|Sel]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Elemèint chémich|Elemèint chémich]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tevla periodga|Tevla periodga]]
## [[d:Q663|Aluminium]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Carboni|Carboni]]
## [[d:Q753|Copper]]
## [[d:Q897|Or]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Idròggni|Idròggni]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fèr|Fèr]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nitroggni|Nitroggni]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Oxygen|Oxygen]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Argèint|Argèint]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mulecla|Mulecla]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Scienzi dla Tèra ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|colwidth=16em}}
# [[d:Q7937|Climate]]
# [[d:Q81041|Earth water cycle]]
# [[Wp/rgn/El Niño|El Niño]]
# [[d:Q7942|Global warming]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Taramòt|Taramòt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Geologeja|Geologéja]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Minerel|Minerel]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Diaménd|Diaménd]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Plate tectonics|Plate tectonics]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Ròcia|Ròcia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Natural disaster|Natural disaster]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Inundaziòun|Inundaziòun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tsunami|Tsunami]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vulchén|Vulchén]]
# [[d:Q11663|Weather]]
## [[d:Q8074|Cloud]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Piogia|Piogia]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Neva|Neva]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tornado|Tornado]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tropical cyclone|Tropical cyclone]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Vèint|Vèint]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== [[Wp/rgn/Fiṡica|Fiṡica]] ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|colwidth=16em}}
# Acceleration
# [[Wp/rgn/Atom|Atom]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Energì|Energì]]
## Conservation of energy
# Electromagnetic radiation
## [[Wp/rgn/Lósgia|Lósgia]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Culur|Culur]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mecanica Classgha|Mecanica Classgha]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fòrza|Fòrza]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fòrza Elettro-magnetica|Fòrza Elettro-magnetica]]
### Magnèt
### Magnetic field
## [[Wp/rgn/Gravitè|Gravitè]]
##Strong interaction
##Weak interaction
# [[Wp/rgn/Màsa|Màsa]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Metal|Metal]]
#Nuclear fission
# [[Wp/rgn/Stèd dla materia|Stèd dla materia]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Gas|Gas]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Liquid|Liquid]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Plasma|Plasma]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Solid|Solid]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mecanica quantéstga|Mecanica quantéstga]]
# Radioactive decay
# [[Wp/rgn/Relativitè ginerala|Relativitè ginerala]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Relativitè strèta|Relativitè strèta]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Semi-cundutór|Semi-cundutór]]
# Sound
# [[Wp/rgn/Vlocità|Vlocità]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Vlocità dla lósgia|Vlocità dla lósgia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Temperadóra|Temperadóra]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tèimp|Tèimp]]
# Thermodynamics
# [[Wp/rgn/Svòid|Svòid]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|Matemàtica]] ==
# [[Wp/rgn/Aritmètica|Aritmètica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Logaretmi|Logaretmi]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nómbri|Nómbri]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Teoréja 'd nómbri|Teoréja 'd nómbri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Algebra|Algebra]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nómbri cumpless|Nómbri cumpless]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Equazioun|Equazioun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Algebra linêra|Algebra linêra]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Geometréja|Geometréja]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cantoun|Cantoun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Area|Area]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Coordinate system|Coordinate system]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pi Gréch|Pi Gréch]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pythagorean theorem|Pythagorean theorem]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Simetrì|Simetrì]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Trigonometréja|Trigonometréja]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Analiṣi Matematica|Analiṣi Matematica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Equaziouna diferenziela|Equaziouna diferenziela]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Numerical analysis|Numerical analysis]]
# Probability and statistics
## [[Wp/rgn/Prubabilité|Prubabilité]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Statestica|Statestica]]
# Loggca e fundazioun
## [[Wp/rgn/Funziouna (matematega)|Funziouna (matematega)]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Infnidé|Infnidé]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Mathematical proof|Mathematical proof]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Set theory|Set theory]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== Alimìnt e agricultòura ==
== Tecnologeja ==
== Arti e passtèimp ==
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Cultura|Cultura]]'''
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Arta|Arta]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Giurnalèin|Giurnalèin]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pitóra|Pitóra]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fotografèja|Fotografèja]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Scultòura|Scultòura]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Ceràmga|Ceràmga]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Bal|Bal]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Moda (vestì)|Moda]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Teatri|Teatri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Caligrafeja|Caligrafeja]]

=== Architettura ed ingegneria civila ===
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Architettura|Architettura]]'''
# [[Wp/rgn/Arco (architettura)|Erco]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pòunt|Pòunt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Canal (strutura)|Canal]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sbaramèint|Sbaramèint]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cupola|Cupola]]
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Chèsa|Chèsa]]'''
# Strutture specifiche
## [[Wp/rgn/Angkor Wat|Angkor Wat]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Colossej|Colossej]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Grand mur cinèṡ|Grand mur cinèṡ]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tòra Eiffel|Tòra Eiffel]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Empire State Building|Empire State Building]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|qualità|20px}}
## [[Wp/rgn/Santa Sofia (Istanbul)|Santa Sofia]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Partenòun|Partenòun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Piramda ad Giza|Piramda ad Giza]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Basilica ad San Pìtri|Basilica ad San Pìtri]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Statua dla Libertè (USA)|Statua dla Libertè (USA)]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Taj Mahal|Taj Mahal]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sbaramèint dal Tri Gòzi|Sbaramèint dal Tri Gòzi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Piramda|Piramda]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tora|Tora]]

=== Cinema, radio e televiṡiòun ===
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Cinema (opera cinematogràfga)|Cìnema]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Animaziòuna|Animaziòuna]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Radio (media 'd masa)|Radio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Televiṡiòun (media 'd masa)|Televiṡiòun]]

=== Muṡica ===
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Muṡica|Muṡica]]'''
# [[Wp/rgn/Canzòun (muṡica)|Canzòun]]
# Gèneri muṡichèl pricìṡ
## [[Wp/rgn/Blues|Blues]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Musica classica|Musica classica]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Opera|Opera]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Sinfonia|Sinfonia]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Musica elettronica|Musica elettronica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Flamenco|Flamenco]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Hip hop|Hip hop]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Jazz|Jazz]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Reggae|Reggae]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Rock|Rock]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Samba|Samba]]
# Strumenti musicali
## [[Wp/rgn/Tamburo|Tamburo]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Flauto|Flauto]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Chitara|Chitara]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pianofort|Pianofort]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tromba|Tromba]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Viulèin|Viulèin]]

=== Tèimp lébri ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Giugh|Giugh]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Backgammon|Backgammon]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Scacchi|Scacchi]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|vetrina|20px}}
## [[Wp/rgn/Go (gioco)|Go]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Videozug|Videogiugh]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giugh d'azzardo|Giugh d'azzardo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Arti marzièli|Arti marzièli]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Judo|Judo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giugh olèmpghi|Giugh olèmpghi]]
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Sport|Sport]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Atletica leggera|Atletica leggera]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sport con la palla|Sport con la palla]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Baseball|Baseball]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Palacèst|Palacèst]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Cricket|Cricket]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Chelcc (sport)|Chelcc]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Golf|Golf]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Rugby|Rugby]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Tennis|Tennis]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nuoto|Nuoto]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Bilìn|Bilìn]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== Storia ==
=== Preistoria e Mond antigh ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Storia|Storia]]
# Témp Antigh

== Geografèja ==
=== Cuntinént e Regiòuni principali ===
# Africa
# Antartide
# America
## America meridiunèla
## America settentriunèla
# Artide
# Aṡia
## Meż Uriént
# Europa
# Uceania

=== Paéṡ ===
E sarià d'avè al vòsgi su gran parta dij 243 paéṡ ma queli ilinchéd tra i stéd de' mond. Pri gli ediziòuni znèini ad Wikipedia, tra i pió impurtént i duvria èsa:

{{Wp/rgn/Div col|3}}
# Afghanistan
# Algeria
# Arabia Saudita
# Argintèina
# Australia
# Óstria
# Bangladesh
# Braṡél
# Canada
# Cina RP
# Colombia
# Corea del Sód
# Congo-RD
# Cuba
# Egit
# Etiopia
# Filipèini
# Franza
# Germania
# Giapòun
# India
# Indonesia
# Iran
# Iraq
# Iṡraèl
# [[Wp/rgn/Italia|Italia]]
# Mèssic
# Nigeria
# Paéṡ Bas
# Pakistan
# Polonia
# Portugal
# Regn Unid
# Róssia
# Sudaffrica
# Spagna
# Stéd Unid dl'America
# Sudan
# [[Wp/rgn/Svizra|Svizra]]
# Tanzanìa
# Thailandia
# Turchéja
# Ucraina
# Cità 'd Vatichèn
# Vietnam
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Cità ===
=== Stoiṡi d'aqua ===

=== Muntagni e diṡért ===

[[Category:Wp/rgn|*]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q5460604}}
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== Biugrafeij ==
=== Artést e Architétt ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Le Corbusier|Le Corbusier]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Salvador Dalí|Salvador Dalí]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Albrecht Dürer|Albrecht Dürer]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vincent van Gogh|Vincent van Gogh]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|qualità|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Francisco Goya|Francisco Goya]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Katsushika Hokusai|Katsushika Hokusai]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Frida Kahlo|Frida Kahlo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Henri Matisse|Henri Matisse]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo Buonarroti]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|qualità|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Pablo Picasso|Pablo Picasso]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Raffaello Sanzio|Raffaello Sanzio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Rembrandt|Rembrandt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Peter Paul Rubens|Peter Paul Rubens]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sinān|Sinān]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Diego Velázquez|Diego Velázquez]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Andy Warhol|Andy Warhol]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Frank Lloyd Wright|Frank Lloyd Wright]]

=== Scritur, Cumediogréfi e Poeti ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Abu Nuwas|Abu Nuwas]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Hans Christian Andersen|Hans Christian Andersen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jane Austen|Jane Austen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo Bashō]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jorge Luis Borges|Jorge Luis Borges]]
# [[Wp/rgn/George Gordon Byron|George Gordon Byron]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Miguel de Cervantes|Miguel de Cervantes]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Geoffrey Chaucer|Geoffrey Chaucer]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Anton Čechov|Anton Čechov]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Charles Dickens|Charles Dickens]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fëdor Dostoevskij|Fëdor Dostoevskij]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gabriel García Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Hafez|Hafez]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Omero|Omero]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Victor Hugo|Victor Hugo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Joyce|James Joyce]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Franz Kafka|Franz Kafka]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Kālidāsa|Kālidāsa]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Li Bai|Li Bai]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Nagib Mahfuz|Nagib Mahfuz]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Molière|Molière]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Publio Ovidio Nasone|Publio Ovidio Nasone]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marcel Proust|Marcel Proust]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Aleksandr Sergeevič Puškin|Aleksandr Sergeevič Puškin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/William Shakespeare|William Shakespeare]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sofocle|Sofocle]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Lev Tolstoj|Lev Tolstoj]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mark Twain|Mark Twain]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Publio Virgilio Marone|Publio Virgilio Marone]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Cumpusitur e Musicést ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Louis Armstrong|Louis Armstrong]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Johann Sebastian Bach|Johann Sebastian Bach]]
# [[Wp/rgn/The Beatles|The Beatles]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ludwig van Beethoven|Ludwig van Beethoven]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Johannes Brahms|Johannes Brahms]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fryderyk Chopin|Fryderyk Chopin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Antonín Dvořák|Antonín Dvořák]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Georg Friedrich Händel|Georg Friedrich Händel]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Franz Joseph Haydn|Franz Joseph Haydn]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Umm Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gustav Mahler|Gustav Mahler]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giacomo Puccini|Giacomo Puccini]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Franz Schubert|Franz Schubert]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Igor' Fëdorovič Stravinskij|Igor' Fëdorovič Stravinskij]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij|Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giuseppe Verdi|Giuseppe Verdi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Antonio Vivaldi|Antonio Vivaldi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Richard Wagner|Richard Wagner]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Espluradur e Viagiadur ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Roald Amundsen|Roald Amundsen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Neil Armstrong|Neil Armstrong]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jacques Cartier|Jacques Cartier]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cristoforo Colombo|Cristoforo Colombo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Cook|James Cook]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Hernán Cortés|Hernán Cortés]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Iuri Gagarin|Iuri Gagarin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ibn Battuta|Ibn Battuta]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fernã da Magagliẽs|Fernã da Magagliẽs]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marco Polo|Marco Polo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Zheng He|Zheng He]]

=== Regést, Scenegiadur e Atur ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Ingmar Bergman|Ingmar Bergman]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sarah Bernhardt|Sarah Bernhardt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Charlie Chaplin|Charlie Chaplin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marlene Dietrich|Marlene Dietrich]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Walt Disney|Walt Disney]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sergej Michajlovič Ėjzenštejn|Sergej Michajlovič Ėjzenštejn]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Federico Fellini|Federico Fellini]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alfred Hitchcock|Alfred Hitchcock]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Stanley Kubrick|Stanley Kubrick]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Akira Kurosawa|Akira Kurosawa]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marilyn Monroe|Marilyn Monroe]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Satyajit Ray|Satyajit Ray]]

=== Inventur, Scinziédi e Matematghi ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Archimede|Archimede]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Avicenna|Avicenna]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tim Berners-Lee|Tim Berners-Lee]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Brahmagupta|Brahmagupta]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Copernich|Copernich]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Marie Curie|Marie Curie]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Thomas Edison|Thomas Edison]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Eucléd|Eucléd]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Leonhard Euler|Leonhard Euler]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Michael Faraday|Michael Faraday]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Henry Ford|Henry Ford]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Galen|Galen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Galileo Galilei|Galileo Galilei]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Johannes Gutenberg|Johannes Gutenberg]]
# [[Wp/rgn/David Hilbert|David Hilbert]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Prescott Joule|James Prescott Joule]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giovanni Keplero|Giovanni Keplero]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi|Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz|Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Linné|Linné]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Clerk Maxwell|James Clerk Maxwell]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev|Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Louis Pasteur|Louis Pasteur]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Max Planck|Max Planck]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ernest Rutherford|Ernest Rutherford]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Erwin Schrödinger|Erwin Schrödinger]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Nikola Tesla|Nikola Tesla]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alan Turing|Alan Turing]]
# [[Wp/rgn/James Watt|James Watt]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Filóṡfi e Scinziédi Sucél ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Aristotele|Aristotele]]'''
# [[Wp/rgn/Simone de Beauvoir|Simone de Beauvoir]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cāṇakya|Cāṇakya]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Confucio|Confucio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cartesio|Cartesio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Martin Heidegger|Martin Heidegger]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ibn Khaldun|Ibn Khaldun]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Immanuel Kant|Immanuel Kant]]
# [[Wp/rgn/John Maynard Keynes|John Maynard Keynes]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Laozi|Laozi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/John Locke|John Locke]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Niccolò Machiavelli|Niccolò Machiavelli]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Karl Marx|Karl Marx]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Friedrich Nietzsche|Friedrich Nietzsche]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Platone|Platone]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jean-Paul Sartre|Jean-Paul Sartre]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sima Qian|Sima Qian]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Adam Smith|Adam Smith]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Socrate|Socrate]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Voltaire|Voltaire]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Max Weber|Max Weber]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ludwig Wittgenstein|Ludwig Wittgenstein]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Zhu Xi|Zhu Xi]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Chép pulétichi ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Akbar|Akbar]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alessandro Magno|Alessandro Magno]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Aśoka|Aśoka]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Augusto|Augusto]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|vetrina|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Otto von Bismarck|Otto von Bismarck]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Simón Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gaio Giulio Cesare|Gaio Giulio Cesare]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|vetrina|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Carlo Magno|Carlo Magno]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Winston Churchill|Winston Churchill]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Costantino I|Costantino I]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ciro II di Persia|Ciro II di Persia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Charles de Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra|Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gengis Khan|Gengis Khan]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Che Guevara|Che Guevara]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giovanna d'Arco|Giovanna d'Arco]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|vetrina|20px}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Lenin|Lenin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Abraham Lincoln|Abraham Lincoln]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Luigi XIV di Francia|Luigi XIV di Francia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Rosa Luxemburg|Rosa Luxemburg]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Napoleone Bonaparte|Napoleone Bonaparte]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pietro I di Russia|Pietro I di Russia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Qin Shi Huang|Qin Shi Huang]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Saladino|Saladino]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Iosif Stalin|Iosif Stalin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Solimano il Magnifico|Solimano il Magnifico]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sun Yat-sen|Sun Yat-sen]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tamerlano|Tamerlano]]
# [[Wp/rgn/ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]]
# [[Wp/rgn/George Washington|George Washington]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Religius e Teòlghi ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Abramo|Abramo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tommaso d'Aquino|Tommaso d'Aquino]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Agostino d'Ippona|Agostino d'Ippona]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Buddha|Buddha]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Al-Ghazali|Al-Ghazali]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Gesù|Gesù]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Martin Lutero|Martin Lutero]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mosè|Mosè]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Maometto|Maometto]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Nāgārjuna|Nāgārjuna]]

== Filusufeja ==
== Religiòuna ==
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# Religiòuna
## Buddéṡmi
## Crestianéṡmi
### Cìṡa Catòlga
### Prutestantéṡmi
## Induéṡmi
## Islam
### Islam Scìa
### Islam Sunnéd
## Giainéṡmi
## Giudeìṡmi
## Shinto
## Sikh
## Tao
## Zoroastréṡmi
# Mitolugèja
# Dio
## Monoteìṡmi
## Politeìṡmi
# Àlma
## Arinchernaziòuna
# Modi 'd vèda el Mond
## Ateìṡmi
## Fundamentaléṡmi
## Materialéṡmi
# Pràtghi Spirituèli
## Sufi
## Yoga
## Zen
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== Sucitê ==
=== Quiscciòuni sucièli ===
# Abórt
# Péna Capitèla
# Discriminaziòuna
## Razzéṡmi
## Glottofubéja
# Feminéṡmi
# Globalizaziòuna
# Dirétt Umèn
# Poritè
# Sccevitó

== Lèngua e lettradòura ==
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Linguaggio|Linguaggio]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua araba|Lingua araba]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua bengali|Lingua bengali]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua cinese|Lingua cinese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua inglese|Lingua inglese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua francese|Lingua francese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua tedesca|Lingua tedesca]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua greca|Lingua greca]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua ebraica|Lingua ebraica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua indostana|Lingua indostana]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua coreana|Lingua coreana]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua giapponese|Lingua giapponese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua latina|Lingua latina]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua persiana|Lingua persiana]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua portoghese|Lingua portoghese]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lengua rumagnòla|Lengua rumagnòla]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua russa|Lingua russa]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua sanscrita|Lingua sanscrita]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua spagnola|Lingua spagnola]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua swahili|Lingua swahili]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Lingua turca|Lingua turca]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Linguistica|Linguistica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Grammatica|Grammatica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Parola|Parola]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fonema|Fonema]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sillaba|Sillaba]]
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Sistema di scrittura|Sistema di scrittura]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Alfabeto arabo|Alfabeto arabo]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Caratteri cinesi|Caratteri cinesi]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Alfabeto cirillico|Alfabeto cirillico]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Alfabeto greco|Alfabeto greco]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Alfabeto latino|Alfabeto latino]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alfabetizzazione|Alfabetizzazione]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Traduzione|Traduzione]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== '''[[Wp/rgn/Letteratura|Letteratura]]''' ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|4}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Prosa|Prosa]]
## ''[[Wp/rgn/L'arte della guerra|L'arte della guerra]]''
# [[Wp/rgn/Fiction|Fiction]]
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Le mille e una notte|Le mille e una notte]]''
# [[Wp/rgn/Romanzo|Romanzo]]
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Il sogno della camera rossa|Il sogno della camera rossa]]''
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Genji monogatari|Genji monogatari]]''
# [[Wp/rgn/Poesia|Poesia]]
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Epopea di Gilgameš|Epopea di Gilgameš]]''
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Iliade|Iliade]]''
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Mahābhārata|Mahābhārata]]''
## ''[[Wp/rgn/Shāh-Nāmeh|Shāh-Nāmeh]]''
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Misurazioni ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Misurazione|Misurazione]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sistema internazionale di unità di misura|Sistema internazionale di unità di misura]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Chilogrammo|Chilogrammo]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Litro|Litro]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Metro|Metro]]
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Calendario|Calendario]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Calendario gregoriano|Calendario gregoriano]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Orologio|Orologio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Secondo|Secondo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giorno|Giorno]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Anno|Anno]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fuso orario|Fuso orario]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== [[Wp/rgn/Scienza|Scienza]] ==
# [[Wp/rgn/Natura|Natura]]

=== [[Wp/rgn/Astronomeja|Astronoméja]] ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|3}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Asteroid|Asteroid]]
# [[d:Q1|Universe]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Big Bang|Big Bang]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Busg nir|Busg nir]]
# [[d:Q3559|Comet]]
# [[d:Q318|Galaxy]]
## [[d:Q321|Milky Way]]
# [[d:Q544|Solar System]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Louna|Louna]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Stèla|Stèla]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sol|Sol]]
# [[d:Q634|Planet]]
## [[d:Q308|Mercury]]
## [[d:Q313|Venus]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tera|Tera]]
## [[d:Q111|Mars]]
## [[d:Q319|Jupiter]]
## [[d:Q193|Saturn]]
## [[d:Q324|Uranus]]
## [[d:Q332|Neptune]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vol spazièl|Vol spazièl]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== [[Wp/rgn/Biology|Biology]] ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# Biological materials
## [[d:Q7430|DNA]]
## [[d:Q8047|Enzyme]]
## [[d:Q11364|Hormone]]
## [[d:Q8054|Protein]]
# [[d:Q441|Botany]]
# [[d:Q4|Death]]
## [[d:Q10737|Suicide]]
# [[d:Q7150|Ecology]]
## [[d:Q11394|Endangered species]]
# [[d:Q3|Life]]
# [[d:Q11398|Biological classification]]
## [[d:Q7432|Species]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

==== Biological processes ====
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[d:Q1057|Metabolism]]
## [[d:Q11978|Digestion]]
## [[d:Q11982|Photosynthesis]]
## [[d:Q472287|Respiration]]
# [[d:Q1063|Evolution]]
# [[d:Q11990|Reproduction]]
## [[d:Q11995|Pregnancy]]
## [[d:Q290|Sex]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

==== [[Wp/rgn/Urganèṡmi|Urganèṡmi]] ====
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|3}}
# [[d:Q37868|Alga]]
# [[d:Q10872|Archaea]]
# [[d:Q10876|Bacteria]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fungh|Fungh]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pienta|Pienta]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fior|Fior]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Frut|Frut]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Erbri|Erbri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Protést|Protést]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Animel|Animel]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nematoda|Nematoda]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Mollusca|Mollusca]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Arthropod|Arthropod]]
### [[d:Q1390|Insect]]
#### [[Wp/rgn/Furmiga|Furmiga]]
#### [[Wp/rgn/Eva|Eva]]
#### [[Wp/rgn/Żanża|Żanża]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Ragn|Ragn]]
## Cordéd
### [[Wp/rgn/Pèsc|Pèsc]]
#### [[d:Q7372|Shark]]
### [[d:Q10908|Amphibian]]
### [[d:Q10811|Reptile]]
#### [[d:Q2102|Snake]]
#### [[d:Q430|Dinosaur]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Raz|Raz]]
#### [[Wp/rgn/Pol|Pol]]
#### [[d:Q10856|Pigeons and doves]]
# [[d:Q7377|Mammal]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Camel|Camel]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Gat|Gat]]
## [[d:Q830|Cattle]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cetacea|Cetacea]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Chen|Chen]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Caval|Caval]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pigra|Pigra]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Rodent|Rodent]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Baghen|Baghen]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Primate|Primate]]
### [[d:Q5|Human]]


{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

==== [[Wp/rgn/Anatumì|Anatumì]] ====
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Celola|Celola]]
# [[d:Q11068|Circulatory system]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sangui|Sangui]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cor|Cor]]
# [[d:Q11078|Endocrine system]]
# [[d:Q9649|Human gastrointestinal tract]]
## [[d:Q11083|Large intestine]]
## [[d:Q11090|Small intestine]]
## [[d:Q9368|Liver]]
# [[d:Q7365|Muscle]]
# [[d:Q9404|Nervous system]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cervel|Cervel]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nerv|Nerv]]
## [[d:Q11101|Sensory system]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Urecia|Urecia]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Neṡ|Neṡ]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Occ|Occ]]
### [[d:Q124794|Taste]]
# [[d:Q7895|Reproductive system]]
# [[d:Q7891|Respiratory system]]
# [[d:Q7881|Skeleton]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pèla|Pèla]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Saluda e midcina ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Midcina|Midṡēna]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Dentistry|Dentistry]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Maladì|Maladì]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Medication|Medication]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Antibiòtghi|Antibiòtghi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Saluda|Saluda]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Immune system|Immune system]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Menstruation|Menstruation]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pandemeja|Pandemeja]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vaccin|Vaccin]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Virus|Virus]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

====Maladì specifghi/Condiziòuni====
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Dipendenza|Dipendenza]]
## [[d:Q153|Ethanol]]
## [[d:Q1566|Tobacco]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Alzheimer|Alzheimer]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cancri|Cancri]]
# [[d:Q199804|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Influenza|Influenza]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Disabilité|Disabilité]]
## [[d:Q10874|Blindness]]
## [[d:Q12133|Deafness]]
# [[d:Q12135|Mental disorder]]
# [[d:Q41571|Epilepsy]]
# [[d:Q156103|Gastroenteritis]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mal 'd testa|Mal 'd testa]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Heart attack|Heart attack]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Malâria|Malâria]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Malnutrition|Malnutrition]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Ubesité|Ubesité]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pulmunid|Pulmunid]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Polio|Polio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Smallpox|Smallpox]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Stroke|Stroke]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tuberculosis|Tuberculosis]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sexually transmitted disease|Sexually transmitted disease]]
## [[Wp/rgn/AIDS|AIDS]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== [[Wp/rgn/Chemica|Chémica]] ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|colwidth=16em}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Chémica inurgànica|Chémica inurgànica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Chémica urganica|Chémica urganica]]
## [[d:Q156|Spìrti]]
## [[d:Q11358|Carbo-idrèt]]
## [[d:Q11367|Lipid]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Chémica analétga|Chémica analétga]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Chémica fiṡica|Chémica fiṡica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Biochémica|Biochémica]]
# [[d:Q11173|Chemical compound]]
## [[d:Q11158|Acid]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Baṡa (chémica)|Baṡa (chémica)]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sel|Sel]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Elemèint chémich|Elemèint chémich]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tevla periodga|Tevla periodga]]
## [[d:Q663|Aluminium]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Carboni|Carboni]]
## [[d:Q753|Copper]]
## [[d:Q897|Or]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Idròggni|Idròggni]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fèr|Fèr]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nitroggni|Nitroggni]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Oxygen|Oxygen]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Argèint|Argèint]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mulecla|Mulecla]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Scienzi dla Tèra ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|colwidth=16em}}
# [[d:Q7937|Climate]]
# [[d:Q81041|Earth water cycle]]
# [[Wp/rgn/El Niño|El Niño]]
# [[d:Q7942|Global warming]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Taramòt|Taramòt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Geologeja|Geologéja]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Minerel|Minerel]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Diaménd|Diaménd]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Plate tectonics|Plate tectonics]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Ròcia|Ròcia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Natural disaster|Natural disaster]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Inundaziòun|Inundaziòun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tsunami|Tsunami]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Vulchén|Vulchén]]
# [[d:Q11663|Weather]]
## [[d:Q8074|Cloud]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Piogia|Piogia]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Neva|Neva]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tornado|Tornado]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tropical cyclone|Tropical cyclone]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Vèint|Vèint]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== [[Wp/rgn/Fiṡica|Fiṡica]] ===
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|colwidth=16em}}
# Acceleration
# [[Wp/rgn/Atom|Atom]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Energì|Energì]]
## Conservation of energy
# Electromagnetic radiation
## [[Wp/rgn/Lósgia|Lósgia]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Culur|Culur]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mecanica Classgha|Mecanica Classgha]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Fòrza|Fòrza]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fòrza Elettro-magnetica|Fòrza Elettro-magnetica]]
### Magnèt
### Magnetic field
## [[Wp/rgn/Gravitè|Gravitè]]
##Strong interaction
##Weak interaction
# [[Wp/rgn/Màsa|Màsa]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Metal|Metal]]
#Nuclear fission
# [[Wp/rgn/Stèd dla materia|Stèd dla materia]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Gas|Gas]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Liquid|Liquid]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Plasma|Plasma]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Solid|Solid]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Mecanica quantéstga|Mecanica quantéstga]]
# Radioactive decay
# [[Wp/rgn/Relativitè ginerala|Relativitè ginerala]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Relativitè strèta|Relativitè strèta]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Semi-cundutór|Semi-cundutór]]
# Sound
# [[Wp/rgn/Vlocità|Vlocità]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Vlocità dla lósgia|Vlocità dla lósgia]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Temperadóra|Temperadóra]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tèimp|Tèimp]]
# Thermodynamics
# [[Wp/rgn/Svòid|Svòid]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|Matemàtica]] ==
# [[Wp/rgn/Aritmètica|Aritmètica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Logaretmi|Logaretmi]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nómbri|Nómbri]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Teoréja 'd nómbri|Teoréja 'd nómbri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Algebra|Algebra]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nómbri cumpless|Nómbri cumpless]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Equazioun|Equazioun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Algebra linêra|Algebra linêra]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Geometréja|Geometréja]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cantoun|Cantoun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Area|Area]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Coordinate system|Coordinate system]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pi Gréch|Pi Gréch]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pythagorean theorem|Pythagorean theorem]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Simetrì|Simetrì]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Trigonometréja|Trigonometréja]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Analiṣi Matematica|Analiṣi Matematica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Equaziouna diferenziela|Equaziouna diferenziela]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Numerical analysis|Numerical analysis]]
# Probability and statistics
## [[Wp/rgn/Prubabilité|Prubabilité]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Statestica|Statestica]]
# Loggca e fundazioun
## [[Wp/rgn/Funziouna (matematega)|Funziouna (matematega)]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Infnidé|Infnidé]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Mathematical proof|Mathematical proof]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Set theory|Set theory]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== Alimìnt e agricultòura ==
== Tecnologeja ==
== Arti e passtèimp ==
{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Cultura|Cultura]]'''
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Arta|Arta]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Giurnalèin|Giurnalèin]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pitóra|Pitóra]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Fotografèja|Fotografèja]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Scultòura|Scultòura]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Ceràmga|Ceràmga]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Bal|Bal]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Moda (vestì)|Moda]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Teatri|Teatri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Caligrafeja|Caligrafeja]]

=== Architettura ed ingegneria civila ===
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Architettura|Architettura]]'''
# [[Wp/rgn/Arco (architettura)|Erco]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Pòunt|Pòunt]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Canal (strutura)|Canal]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Sbaramèint|Sbaramèint]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Cupola|Cupola]]
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Chèsa|Chèsa]]'''
# Strutture specifiche
## [[Wp/rgn/Angkor Wat|Angkor Wat]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Colossej|Colossej]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Grand mur cinèṡ|Grand mur cinèṡ]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tòra Eiffel|Tòra Eiffel]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Empire State Building|Empire State Building]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|qualità|20px}}
## [[Wp/rgn/Santa Sofia (Istanbul)|Santa Sofia]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Partenòun|Partenòun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Piramda ad Giza|Piramda ad Giza]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Basilica ad San Pìtri|Basilica ad San Pìtri]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Statua dla Libertè (USA)|Statua dla Libertè (USA)]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Taj Mahal|Taj Mahal]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sbaramèint dal Tri Gòzi|Sbaramèint dal Tri Gòzi]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Piramda|Piramda]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Tora|Tora]]

=== Cinema, radio e televiṡiòun ===
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Cinema (opera cinematogràfga)|Cìnema]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Animaziòuna|Animaziòuna]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Radio (media 'd masa)|Radio]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Televiṡiòun (media 'd masa)|Televiṡiòun]]

=== Muṡica ===
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Muṡica|Muṡica]]'''
# [[Wp/rgn/Canzòun (muṡica)|Canzòun]]
# Gèneri muṡichèl pricìṡ
## [[Wp/rgn/Blues|Blues]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Musica classica|Musica classica]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Opera|Opera]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Sinfonia|Sinfonia]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Musica elettronica|Musica elettronica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Flamenco|Flamenco]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Hip hop|Hip hop]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Jazz|Jazz]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Reggae|Reggae]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Rock|Rock]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Samba|Samba]]
# Strumenti musicali
## [[Wp/rgn/Tamburo|Tamburo]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Flauto|Flauto]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Chitara|Chitara]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pianofort|Pianofort]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Tromba|Tromba]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Viulèin|Viulèin]]

=== Tèimp lébri ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Giugh|Giugh]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Backgammon|Backgammon]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Scacchi|Scacchi]] {{Wp/rgn/Icona|vetrina|20px}}
## [[Wp/rgn/Go (gioco)|Go]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Videozug|Videogiugh]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giugh d'azzardo|Giugh d'azzardo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Arti marzièli|Arti marzièli]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Judo|Judo]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Giugh olèmpghi|Giugh olèmpghi]]
# '''[[Wp/rgn/Sport|Sport]]'''
## [[Wp/rgn/Atletica leggera|Atletica leggera]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Sport con la palla|Sport con la palla]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Baseball|Baseball]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Palacèst|Palacèst]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Cricket|Cricket]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Chelcc (sport)|Chelcc]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Golf|Golf]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Rugby|Rugby]]
### [[Wp/rgn/Tennis|Tennis]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nuoto|Nuoto]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Bilìn|Bilìn]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

== Storia ==
=== Preistoria e Mond antigh ===
# [[Wp/rgn/Storia|Storia]]
# Témp Antigh

== Geografèja ==
=== Cuntinént e Regiòuni principali ===
# Africa
# Antartide
# America
## America meridiunèla
## America settentriunèla
# Artide
# Aṡia
## Meż Uriént
# Europa
# Uceania

=== Paéṡ ===
E sarià d'avè al vòsgi su gran parta dij 243 paéṡ ma queli ilinchéd tra i stéd de' mond. Pri gli ediziòuni znèini ad Wikipedia, tra i pió impurtént i duvria èsa:

{{Wp/rgn/Div col|3}}
# Afghanistan
# Algeria
# Arabia Saudita
# Argintèina
# Australia
# Óstria
# Bangladesh
# Braṡél
# Canada
# Cina RP
# Colombia
# Corea del Sód
# Congo-RD
# Cuba
# Egit
# Etiopia
# Filipèini
# Franza
# Germania
# Giapòun
# India
# Indonesia
# Iran
# Iraq
# Iṡraèl
# [[Wp/rgn/Italia|Italia]]
# Mèssic
# Nigeria
# Paéṡ Bas
# Pakistan
# Polonia
# Portugal
# Regn Unid
# Róssia
# Sudaffrica
# Spagna
# Stéd Unid dl'America
# Sudan
# [[Wp/rgn/Svizra|Svizra]]
# Tanzanìa
# Thailandia
# Turchéja
# Ucraina
# Cità 'd Vatichèn
# Vietnam
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}

=== Cità ===
=== Stoiṡi d'aqua ===

=== Muntagni e diṡért ===

[[Category:Wp/rgn|*]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q5460604}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Dialèt Sammarinèiṡ]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Artècul che toti al Wikipedi agl'areb d avēr| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Abraham Lincoln</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381874</id>
      <parentid>7300515</parentid>
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      <text bytes="758" sha1="0pk2l7zo5erajkvc20cr2kjfovq0vhv" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/SM}}

[[File:Abraham Lincoln 1863 Portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lincoln tel 1863]]
'''Abraham Lincoln''', (Hodgenville, 12 fibrèr 1809 – Washington, 15 avril 1865), l'è sted un polétichi, avuchéd e militèr americhèn.

E fo e' sedggèṡmi presidèint ad [[Wp/rgn/Stèd Unid d'America|Stèd Unid d'America]], dal 4 mèrz 1861 fin e' sò mazemèint. E guidò l'Uniòun a la vitoria tla guera civila americhèna, arescénda a tnì unid la federaziòuna. E quéndi  e dèt forza mal gvèrn federèl e mudernò l'ecunumeja 'd Paeṡ.

E fo fat citadèin unurèri dla [[Wp/rgn/San Marein|Ripóbblica ad San Marèin]].

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Biugrafeij]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q91}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Presideint USA]]{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Itaglia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="632" sha1="ixk9af8dmzomz27fiqrpbt8og5bi4z3" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Gra amm=0|Nom=Itaglia|Tip=Stêt|Ban=Flag of Italy.svg|Ste=Emblem of Italy.svg|Img=EU-Italy.svg|Did=L'Itaglia int l'[[Wp/rgn/Ugnõn Evropéa|Ugnõn Evropéa]].|Nom ufc=Repubblica Italiana|Cap=[[Wp/rgn/Roma|Roma]]|Abi=58942828|Sup=302069.41|Nom abi=itagliẽn|Map=Map of Italy-it-2.svg|Len ufz=[[Wp/rgn/Italien|itagliãn]]|Elt len=tãnti lenguv luchêli}}

L''''Itaglia''' l'è un paéṣ dl'Evròpa meridiunêla cun cvêlca ìṣula znẽna ch l'è int l'Àfrica setentriunêla.

{{Wp/rgn/Regiòuni Italièni}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Italia]]{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Roma</title>
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      <text bytes="2515" sha1="5nld6xjoyf5v33sl1fi2w18im3912mz" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|var=SM|Gra amm=3|Nom=Roma|Tip=cumun|Ban=Roma-Gonfalone-2.svg|Ste=Roma-Stemma-2.svg|Img=Pincio_Panorama_di_Roma.jpg|Sta={{Template:Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Alt=21|Sup=1287.36|Abi=2743357|Sit=https://www.comune.roma.it/web/it/home.page|Map=Map_of_comune_of_Rome_(metropolitan_city_of_Capital_Rome,_region_Lazio,_Italy).svg}}

'''Roma''' l'e la capitèla dla [[Wp/rgn/Italia|Ripóbblica Italièna]].
Sa 2 743 357 abitìnt l'è e' cumùn pió pupulòuṡ d'Italia e e' térz dl'Uniouna Europea dop Berlin e Madrid.

Roma l'è enca ciameda la &quot;cità dal sèt còlli&quot; pri la só geografèja e la &quot;cità eterna&quot; pri la só stòria ch'la travèrsa 26 sècli.

== Storia ==
=== Tèmp antighi ===
==== Fundaziòuna e perìod Munarchégh ====
La tradiziouna la vó Roma fundèda ma Romùli e' 21 avrél 753 Avénti Crést; pó la cità la fo rètta da una munarchéja pri emènch 244 ann, sa id re d'uréggni Latina e Sabina e pó Etrósca. Roma la saria donca frótt d'un sincretéṡmi culturèl dal pupulaziòuni ad Lazi.
[[File:Jacques-Louis_David,_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg|thumb|centre|Jacques-Louis David, ''E' Giuramént déj Uràzi'', 1784/85.]]
==== Roma Ripubblichèna ====
==== Roma Imperièla ====
=== Mediuèv ===
==== Capitèla dal Stéd dla Ciṡa ====
=== Tèmp muderni ===
[[File:Rome, a view of the river Tiber looking south with the Castel Sant'Angelo and Saint Peter's Basilica beyond by Rudolf Wiegmann 1834.jpg|thumb|centre|Rudolf Wiegmann, ''Roma, vésta pri 'l fióm Tévere, Castel Sant'Ènggli e la Baṡélica 'd San Pétri'', 1834]]
=== Roma italièna ===
[[File:Breccia di Porta Pia Ademollo.jpg|thumb|centre|Carlo Ademollo, ''Brècia ma Porta Pia'', 1880]]
==== Roma sotta e' Fascéṡmi ====
==== E' dopguèra ====

== Simból ==
=== Stemma ===
[[File:Roma-Stemma-3.svg|thumb|centre|Stemma 'd Roma sa el só motto SPQR]]
=== Gunfalòun ===
[[File:Roma-Gonfalone-2.svg|thumb|centre]]
=== Bandìra ===
[[File:Flag_of_Rome_(with_Lesser_Arms).svg|thumb|centre|Bandìra amministratìva]] [[File:Flag_of_Rome.svg|thumb|centre|Bandìra civìla ]]
=== Élt simból ===
[[File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg|thumb|centre|La lupa capituléna]]
==Demugraféja==
===Lèngua===
[[File:Nove-bone.jpg|thumb|centre|Pubblicità biléngui in Romanèsch e Italièn]]
== Nòti ==
== Bibliograféja ==
== Vosgi lighèdi ==
== Ligàcc ad fùra ==

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Cità]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Italia]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q220}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Wp/rgn/Var</title>
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      <text bytes="10101" sha1="eu6g45yj4vw4orwt2u9kn8e6d788i0y" xml:space="preserve">	local p = {}

-- Dizionari delle varietà
-- Inserire le traduzioni nella propria varietà in ordine alfabetico
local dizionari = {

    -- RO = Dialetto della Romagna nord-ovest
    -- (Ravenna, Forlì, Faenza, Imola...)
    RO = {
		[&quot;abitanti&quot;] = &quot;abitẽnt&quot;,
		[&quot;altitudine&quot;] = &quot;altitùdin&quot;,
		[&quot;altre lingue&quot;] = &quot;êtri lenguv&quot;,
		[&quot;amministratore&quot;] = &quot;aministrador&quot;,
		[&quot;aritmetiche&quot;] = &quot;aritmètichi&quot;,
		[&quot;binario&quot;] = &quot;binêri&quot;,
		[&quot;capitale&quot;] = &quot;capitêla&quot;,
		[&quot;capoluogo&quot;] = &quot;chêplùgh&quot;,
		[&quot;cardinale&quot;] = &quot;cardinêl&quot;,
		[&quot;città metropolitana&quot;] = &quot;zitê metrupulitãna&quot;,
		[&quot;comune&quot;] = &quot;cumõn&quot;,
		[&quot;comuni&quot;] = &quot;cumõn&quot;,
		[&quot;confini&quot;] = &quot;cunfẽn&quot;,
        [&quot;consultato&quot;] = &quot;cunsultê&quot;,
		[&quot;correlati&quot;] = &quot;lighè&quot;,
		[&quot;densità&quot;] = &quot;dinsitê&quot;,
		[&quot;derivati&quot;] = &quot;davnū&quot;,
		[&quot;di&quot;] = &quot;d&quot;,
		[&quot;divisione amministrativa&quot;] = &quot;diviṣiõn aministrativa&quot;,
		[&quot;divisione superiore&quot;] = &quot;diviṣiõn supariora&quot;,
		[&quot;edizione&quot;] = &quot;ediziõn&quot;,
		[&quot;esadecimale&quot;] = &quot;eṣadecimêl&quot;,
		[&quot;fattori&quot;] = &quot;fatur&quot;,
		[&quot;frazione&quot;] = &quot;fraziõn&quot;,
		[&quot;frazioni&quot;] = &quot;fraziõn&quot;,
		[&quot;funzione&quot;] = &quot;funziõn&quot;,
		[&quot;funzioni&quot;] = &quot;funziõn&quot;,
		[&quot;generi&quot;] = &quot;gènar&quot;,
        [&quot;immagine&quot;] = &quot;figura&quot;,
		[&quot;libero consorzio comunale&quot;] = &quot;lèbar cunsôrzi cumunêl&quot;,
		[&quot;lingue ufficiali&quot;] = &quot;lenguv ufiziêli&quot;,
        [&quot;morte&quot;] = &quot;môrt&quot;,
        [&quot;nascita&quot;] = &quot;nàsita&quot;,
        [&quot;nome&quot;] = &quot;nöm&quot;,
		[&quot;nome abitanti&quot;] = &quot;nöm abitẽnt&quot;,
		[&quot;nome ufficiale&quot;] = &quot;nöm ufiziêl&quot;,
		[&quot;numero&quot;] = &quot;nòmar&quot;,
		[&quot;ordinale&quot;] = &quot;urdinêl&quot;,
		[&quot;origini culturali&quot;] = &quot;prinzepi culturel&quot;,
		[&quot;origini stilistiche&quot;] = &quot;prinzepi de' stil&quot;,
        [&quot;pagine&quot;] = &quot;pàgin&quot;,
		[&quot;popolarità&quot;] = &quot;pupularitê&quot;,
		[&quot;presidente&quot;] = &quot;prasidẽnt&quot;,
        [&quot;professione&quot;] = &quot;prufesiõn&quot;,
		[&quot;provincia&quot;] = &quot;pruvẽnza&quot;,
		[&quot;province&quot;] = &quot;pruvẽnz&quot;,
		[&quot;regionali&quot;] = &quot;regiunel&quot;,
		[&quot;regione&quot;] = &quot;regiõn&quot;,
		[&quot;regioni&quot;] = &quot;regiõn&quot;,
		[&quot;romano&quot;] = &quot;rumãn&quot;,
		[&quot;senza fonte&quot;] = &quot;sẽnza surẓẽnt&quot;,
		[&quot;sito istituzionale&quot;] = &quot;sid istituziunêl&quot;,
		[&quot;sottogeneri&quot;] = &quot;sotgènar&quot;,
		[&quot;stati&quot;] = &quot;stét&quot;,
		[&quot;stato&quot;] = &quot;stêt&quot;,
		[&quot;strumenti&quot;] = &quot;strumẽnt&quot;,
		[&quot;superficie&quot;] = &quot;àrea&quot;,
		[&quot;tipici&quot;] = &quot;caraterèstich&quot;,
		[&quot;tipo&quot;] = &quot;tip&quot;,
        [&quot;traduttore&quot;] = &quot;tradutór&quot;,
		[&quot;valore&quot;] = &quot;valōr&quot;,
		[&quot;valori&quot;] = &quot;valur&quot;,
        [&quot;volume&quot;] = &quot;vulòm&quot;,

        -- Mesi dell'anno
        [&quot;gennaio&quot;] = &quot;ẓnêr&quot;,
        [&quot;febbraio&quot;] = &quot;fabrêr&quot;,
        [&quot;marzo&quot;] = &quot;mêrz&quot;,
        [&quot;aprile&quot;] = &quot;avril&quot;,
        [&quot;maggio&quot;] = &quot;maẓ&quot;,
        [&quot;giugno&quot;] = &quot;ẓogn&quot;,
        [&quot;luglio&quot;] = &quot;loj&quot;,
        [&quot;agosto&quot;] = &quot;agost&quot;,
        [&quot;settembre&quot;] = &quot;setèmbar&quot;,
        [&quot;ottobre&quot;] = &quot;utōbar&quot;,
        [&quot;novembre&quot;] = &quot;nuvèmbar&quot;,
        [&quot;dicembre&quot;] = &quot;dizèmbar&quot;,
		
		-- Regioni italiane
		[&quot;Abruzzo&quot;] = &quot;Abròz&quot;,
		--[&quot;Basilicata&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;Calabria&quot;] = &quot;Calàbria&quot;,
		--[&quot;Campania&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;Emilia-Romagna&quot;] = &quot;Emiglia-Rumãgna&quot;,
		--[&quot;Friuli-Venezia Giulia&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		--[&quot;Lazio&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;Liguria&quot;] = &quot;Ligùria&quot;,
		[&quot;Lombardia&quot;] = &quot;Lumbardèja&quot;,
		[&quot;Marche&quot;] = &quot;Mêrch&quot;,
		--[&quot;Molise&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;Piemonte&quot;] = &quot;Piemõnt&quot;,
		[&quot;Puglia&quot;] = &quot;Pòglia&quot;,
		[&quot;Sardegna&quot;] = &quot;Sardègna&quot;,
		[&quot;Sicilia&quot;] = &quot;Sizèglia&quot;,
		[&quot;Toscana&quot;] = &quot;Tuscãna&quot;,
		[&quot;Trentino-Alto Adige&quot;] = &quot;Trintẽn-Alto Adige&quot;,
		[&quot;Umbria&quot;] = &quot;Òmbria&quot;,
		[&quot;Valle d'Aosta&quot;] = &quot;Val d Aosta&quot;,
		[&quot;Veneto&quot;] = &quot;Vènet&quot;,

		-- Province italiane
		[&quot;Bologna&quot;] = &quot;Bulögna&quot;,
		[&quot;Bolzano&quot;] = &quot;Bulẓãn&quot;,
		[&quot;Caserta&quot;] = &quot;Caṣérta&quot;,
		[&quot;Catania&quot;] = &quot;Catània&quot;,
		[&quot;Cremona&quot;] = &quot;Cremõna&quot;,
		[&quot;Ferrara&quot;] = &quot;Frêra&quot;,
		[&quot;Firenze&quot;] = &quot;Firẽnza&quot;,
		[&quot;Forlì-Cesena&quot;] = &quot;Furlè-Ciṣẽna&quot;,
		[&quot;Livorno&quot;] = &quot;Livóran&quot;,
		[&quot;Milano&quot;] = &quot;Milãn&quot;,
		[&quot;Modena&quot;] = &quot;Môdna&quot;,
		[&quot;Napoli&quot;] = &quot;Nêpul&quot;,
		[&quot;Novara&quot;] = &quot;Nuvera&quot;,
		[&quot;Padova&quot;] = &quot;Pêdva&quot;,
		[&quot;Palermo&quot;] = &quot;Palérum&quot;,
		[&quot;Parma&quot;] = &quot;Pêrma&quot;,
		[&quot;Pesaro e Urbino&quot;] = &quot;Péṣar e Urbino&quot;,
		[&quot;Piacenza&quot;] = &quot;Piacẽnza&quot;,
		[&quot;Pisa&quot;] = &quot;Piṣa&quot;,
		[&quot;Ravenna&quot;] = &quot;Ravèna&quot;,
		[&quot;Rimini&quot;] = &quot;Rèmin&quot;,
		[&quot;Roma&quot;] = &quot;Röma&quot;,
		[&quot;Rovigo&quot;] = &quot;Ruvigh&quot;,
		[&quot;Torino&quot;] = &quot;Turẽn&quot;,
		[&quot;Trieste&quot;] = &quot;Trièst&quot;,
		[&quot;Venezia&quot;] = &quot;Venezia&quot;,
		[&quot;Verona&quot;] = &quot;Verõna&quot;,
		[&quot;Vicenza&quot;] = &quot;Vizẽnza&quot;,
		
		-- Stati del mondo
		[&quot;Albania&quot;] = &quot;Albanèja&quot;,
		[&quot;Andorra&quot;] = &quot;Andòrra&quot;,
		[&quot;Argentina&quot;] = &quot;Arẓintẽna&quot;,
		[&quot;Australia&quot;] = &quot;Avstraglia&quot;,
		[&quot;Austria&quot;] = &quot;Àvstria&quot;,
		[&quot;Bangladesh&quot;] = &quot;Bangladesh&quot;,
		[&quot;Belgio&quot;] = &quot;Belg&quot;,
		[&quot;Brasile&quot;] = &quot;Braṣil&quot;,
		[&quot;Bulgaria&quot;] = &quot;Bulgarèja&quot;,
		[&quot;Canada&quot;] = &quot;Canadà&quot;,
		[&quot;Cina&quot;] = &quot;Cina&quot;,
		[&quot;Corea del Nord&quot;] = &quot;Curéa de' Nord&quot;,
		[&quot;Corea del Sud&quot;] = &quot;Curéa de' Sud&quot;,
		[&quot;Costa d'Avorio&quot;] = &quot;Costa d Avôri&quot;,
		[&quot;Costa Rica&quot;] = &quot;Costa Rica&quot;,
		[&quot;Croazia&quot;] = &quot;Gruàzia&quot;,
		[&quot;Cuba&quot;] = &quot;Cuba&quot;,
		[&quot;Danimarca&quot;] = &quot;Danimêrca&quot;,
		[&quot;Ecuador&quot;] = &quot;Ecuador&quot;,
		[&quot;Egitto&quot;] = &quot;Egèt&quot;,
		[&quot;El Salvador&quot;] = &quot;El Salvador&quot;,
		[&quot;Eritrea&quot;] = &quot;Eritréa&quot;,
		[&quot;Etiopia&quot;] = &quot;Etiòpia&quot;,
		[&quot;Filippine&quot;] = &quot;Filipin&quot;,
		[&quot;Finlandia&quot;] = &quot;Finlandia&quot;,
		[&quot;Francia&quot;] = &quot;Frãnza&quot;,
		[&quot;Germania&quot;] = &quot;Germãgna&quot;,
		[&quot;Ghana&quot;] = &quot;Ghana&quot;,
		[&quot;Giappone&quot;] = &quot;Giapõn&quot;,
		[&quot;Gibuti&quot;] = &quot;Gibuti&quot;,
		[&quot;Giordania&quot;] = &quot;Ẓurdãgna&quot;,
		[&quot;Grecia&quot;] = &quot;Gregia&quot;,
		[&quot;Guyana&quot;] = &quot;Guyana&quot;,
		[&quot;India&quot;] = &quot;Èngia&quot;,
		[&quot;Iran&quot;] = &quot;Iran&quot;,
		[&quot;Iraq&quot;] = &quot;Iraq&quot;,
		[&quot;Irlanda&quot;] = &quot;Irlãnda&quot;,
		[&quot;Islanda&quot;] = &quot;Iṣlãnda&quot;,
		[&quot;Israele&quot;] = &quot;Iṣraél&quot;,
		[&quot;Italia&quot;] = &quot;Itaglia&quot;,
		[&quot;Kazakistan&quot;] = &quot;Kazàkistan&quot;,
		[&quot;Kenya&quot;] = &quot;Kenya&quot;,
		[&quot;Kirghizistan&quot;] = &quot;Kirghìzistan&quot;,
		[&quot;Kiribati&quot;] = &quot;Kiribati&quot;,
		[&quot;Lesotho&quot;] = &quot;Lesotho&quot;,
		[&quot;Libano&quot;] = &quot;Lìban&quot;,
		[&quot;Libia&quot;] = &quot;Lìbia&quot;,
		[&quot;Liechtenstein&quot;] = &quot;Liechtenstein&quot;,
		[&quot;Lussemburgo&quot;] = &quot;Lusemburg&quot;,
		[&quot;Madedonia del Nord&quot;] = &quot;Macedògna de' Nord&quot;,
		[&quot;Madagascar&quot;] = &quot;Madagascar&quot;,
		[&quot;Malawi&quot;] = &quot;Malawi&quot;,
		[&quot;Mali&quot;] = &quot;Mali&quot;,
		[&quot;Malta&quot;] = &quot;Mêlta&quot;,
		[&quot;Marocco&quot;] = &quot;Maröc&quot;,
		[&quot;Messico&quot;] = &quot;Mèsic&quot;,
		[&quot;Monaco&quot;] = &quot;Mùnegu&quot;,
		[&quot;Nauru&quot;] = &quot;Naùru&quot;,
		[&quot;Nepal&quot;] = &quot;Népal&quot;,
		[&quot;Nicaragua&quot;] = &quot;Nicaràgua&quot;,
		[&quot;Norvegia&quot;] = &quot;Nurvegia&quot;,
		[&quot;Nuova Zelanda&quot;] = &quot;Nova Ẓelãnda&quot;,
		[&quot;Oman&quot;] = &quot;Oman&quot;,
		[&quot;Paesi Bassi&quot;] = &quot;Paìṣ Bëṣ&quot;,
		[&quot;Pakistan&quot;] = &quot;Pàkistan&quot;,
		[&quot;Panama&quot;] = &quot;Pànama&quot;,
		[&quot;Paraguay&quot;] = &quot;Paraguay&quot;,
		[&quot;Perù&quot;] = &quot;Pirù&quot;,
		[&quot;Polonia&quot;] = &quot;Pulògna&quot;,
		[&quot;Portogallo&quot;] = &quot;Partugal&quot;,
		[&quot;Qatar&quot;] = &quot;Qatar&quot;,
		[&quot;Regno Unito&quot;] = &quot;Règn Unì&quot;,
		[&quot;Repubblica Centrafricana&quot;] = &quot;Ripóblica Zintrafrichẽna&quot;,
		[&quot;Romania&quot;] = &quot;Rumanèja&quot;,
		[&quot;Russia&quot;] = &quot;Rosia&quot;,
		[&quot;Saint Kitts e Nevis&quot;] = &quot;Saint Kitts e Nevis&quot;,
		[&quot;Samoa&quot;] = &quot;Samóa&quot;,
		[&quot;San Marino&quot;] = &quot;Sãn Marẽn&quot;,
		[&quot;São Tomé e Príncipe&quot;] = &quot;São Tomé e Príncipe&quot;,
		[&quot;Senegal&quot;] = &quot;Sénegal&quot;,
		[&quot;Serbia&quot;] = &quot;Serbia&quot;,
		[&quot;Seychelles&quot;] = &quot;Seychelles&quot;,
		[&quot;Slovacchia&quot;] = &quot;Ṣluvachia&quot;,
		[&quot;Slovenia&quot;] = &quot;Sluvegna&quot;,
		[&quot;Spagna&quot;] = &quot;Spãgna&quot;,
		[&quot;Sri Lanka&quot;] = &quot;Sri Lanka&quot;,
		[&quot;Stati Uniti&quot;] = &quot;Stet Unì&quot;,
		[&quot;Svezia&quot;] = &quot;Ṣvezia&quot;,
		[&quot;Svizzera&quot;] = &quot;Ṣvèzra&quot;,
		[&quot;eSwatini&quot;] = &quot;eSwatini&quot;,
		[&quot;Tagikistan&quot;] = &quot;Tagìkistan&quot;,
		[&quot;Tonga&quot;] = &quot;Tonga&quot;,
		[&quot;Trinidad e Tobago&quot;] = &quot;Trinidad e Tobago&quot;,
		[&quot;Tunisia&quot;] = &quot;Tunisèja&quot;,
		[&quot;Turchia&quot;] = &quot;Turchèja&quot;,
		[&quot;Turkmenistan&quot;] = &quot;Turkménistan&quot;,
		[&quot;Tuvalu&quot;] = &quot;Tuvalu&quot;,
		[&quot;Ucraina&quot;] = &quot;Ucraina&quot;,
		[&quot;Ungheria&quot;] = &quot;Ungarèja&quot;,
		[&quot;Uruguay&quot;] = &quot;Uruguay&quot;,
		[&quot;Uzbekistan&quot;] = &quot;Uzbékistan&quot;,
		[&quot;Vanuatu&quot;] = &quot;Vanuatu&quot;,
		[&quot;Città del Vaticano&quot;] = &quot;Zitê de' Vaticãn&quot;,
    },

    -- SM = Dialetto sammarinese
    SM = {
		[&quot;abitanti&quot;] = &quot;abitint&quot;,
	    [&quot;altre lingue&quot;] = &quot;élti lèngui&quot;,
		[&quot;capitale&quot;] = &quot;capitèla&quot;,
     	[&quot;capoluogo&quot;] = &quot;chép-lugh&quot;,
		[&quot;confini&quot;] = &quot;cunféin&quot;,
		[&quot;densità&quot;] = &quot;densitè&quot;,
		[&quot;di&quot;] = &quot;'d&quot;,
		[&quot;divisione amministrativa&quot;] = &quot;diviṡiòun aministratéva&quot;,
		[&quot;divisione superiore&quot;] = &quot;diviṡiòun 'd sòra&quot;,
		[&quot;edizione&quot;] = &quot;ediziòuna&quot;,
        [&quot;immagine&quot;] = &quot;imaggna&quot;,
		[&quot;lingue ufficiali&quot;] = &quot;lèngui uficéli&quot;,
        [&quot;morte&quot;] = &quot;morta&quot;,
        [&quot;nascita&quot;] = &quot;nascia&quot;,
        [&quot;nome&quot;] = &quot;nom&quot;,
		[&quot;nome abitanti&quot;] = &quot;nom abitìnt&quot;,
		[&quot;nome ufficiale&quot;] = &quot;nom uficiél&quot;,
        [&quot;pagine&quot;] = &quot;pàggni&quot;,
		[&quot;presidente&quot;] = &quot;presidèint&quot;,
        [&quot;professione&quot;] = &quot;profesiòuna&quot;,
		[&quot;stato&quot;] = &quot;stèd&quot;,
		[&quot;superficie&quot;] = &quot;stoiṡa&quot;,
		[&quot;senza fonte&quot;] = &quot;séinza fònta&quot;,
		[&quot;sito istituzionale&quot;] = &quot;séd istituziunél&quot;,
		[&quot;tipo&quot;] = &quot;tip&quot;,
        [&quot;traduttore&quot;] = &quot;tradutór&quot;,
        [&quot;volume&quot;] = &quot;vulóm&quot;,

        -- Mesi dell'anno
        [&quot;gennaio&quot;] = &quot;sgner&quot;,
        [&quot;febbraio&quot;] = &quot;fibrer&quot;,
        [&quot;marzo&quot;] = &quot;merz&quot;,
        [&quot;aprile&quot;] = &quot;avril&quot;,
        [&quot;maggio&quot;] = &quot;magg&quot;,
        [&quot;giugno&quot;] = &quot;giogn&quot;,
        [&quot;luglio&quot;] = &quot;loj&quot;,
        [&quot;agosto&quot;] = &quot;agost&quot;,
        [&quot;settembre&quot;] = &quot;sitembri&quot;,
        [&quot;ottobre&quot;] = &quot;utobri&quot;,
        [&quot;novembre&quot;] = &quot;nuvembri&quot;,
        [&quot;dicembre&quot;] = &quot;dicembri&quot;,

		-- Stati del mondo
        [&quot;Italia&quot;] = &quot;Italia&quot;,
        [&quot;Russia&quot;] = &quot;Rósia&quot;,
		[&quot;San Marino&quot;] = &quot;San Marèin&quot;,
    },
}

-- Sigle che utilizzano lo stesso dizionario
local alias = {
    RC = &quot;RO&quot;,
    RZ = &quot;RO&quot;,
}

-- Restituisce la traduzione
function p.traduci(frame)

    local var = frame.args.var
    local italiano = frame.args.italiano

    -- Varietà predefinita
    if not var or var == &quot;&quot; then
        var = &quot;RO&quot;
    end

    -- Se la sigla è un alias, usa il dizionario corrispondente
    if alias[var] then
        var = alias[var]
    end

    -- Se la varietà non esiste, usa RO
    if not dizionari[var] then
        var = &quot;RO&quot;
    end

    -- Cerca la parola nella varietà richiesta
    local traduzione = dizionari[var][italiano]

    -- Se non trovata e la varietà non è RO,
    -- cerca nel dizionario RO
    if not traduzione and var ~= &quot;RO&quot; then
        traduzione = dizionari.RO[italiano]
    end

    -- Se non esiste nemmeno in RO,
    -- restituisce il termine italiano
    if not traduzione then
        traduzione = italiano
    end

    -- Gestione dell'iniziale
    local minuscola = frame.args.minuscola

    if minuscola == &quot;1&quot; then
        return mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(traduzione, 1, 1)) ..
               mw.ustring.sub(traduzione, 2)
    end

    return mw.ustring.upper(mw.ustring.sub(traduzione, 1, 1)) ..
           mw.ustring.sub(traduzione, 2)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>eu6g45yj4vw4orwt2u9kn8e6d788i0y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3802615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381810</id>
      <parentid>7293371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:09:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7381810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3930" sha1="qyuo5b6nmqezlltivdk1lk8yxpvvxmk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;cite style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;{{
#if: {{{aut|}}}
|{{{aut}}},&amp;#32;
}}{{#if: {{{url|}}}
|[{{{url}}} ''{{{tit|}}}'']
|''{{{tit|}}}''
}}{{#if: {{{ann|}}}
|&amp;#32;({{{ann}}})
}}{{#if: {{{edi|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{{edi}}}
}}{{#if: {{{loc|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{{loc}}}
}}{{#if: {{{edz|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{{edz}}}ª&amp;#32;{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=edizione|minuscola=1}}
}}{{#if: {{{vol|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=volume|minuscola=1}}&amp;#32;{{{vol}}}
}}{{#if: {{{ser|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{{ser}}}
}}{{#if: {{{cap|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=cap|minuscola=1}}.&amp;#32;{{{cap}}}
}}{{#if: {{{pag|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=pàg(g)|minuscola=1}}.&amp;#32;{{{pag}}}
}}{{#if: {{{tra|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=traduttore|minuscola=1}}:&amp;#32;{{{tra}}}
}}{{#if: {{{isb|}}}
|.&amp;#32;ISBN&amp;#32;{{{isb}}}
}}{{#if: {{{doi|}}}
|.&amp;#32;DOI:&amp;#32;[https://doi.org/{{{doi}}} {{{doi}}}]
}}.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
Questo template serve per creare una '''citazione bibliografica di un libro'''.

Le etichette bibliografiche vengono generate in base alla varietà linguistica indicata tramite il parametro &lt;code&gt;var&lt;/code&gt;. Se &lt;code&gt;var&lt;/code&gt; non viene specificato, viene utilizzata automaticamente la varietà '''RO''' (Romagna nord-ovest).

== Sintassi ==

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var =
 |aut =
 |tit =
 |ann =
 |edi =
 |loc =
 |edz =
 |vol =
 |ser =
 |cap =
 |pag =
 |tra =
 |isb =
 |doi =
 |url =
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Parametri ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Parametro
! Descrizione
|-
| &lt;code&gt;var&lt;/code&gt;
| Sigla della varietà linguistica da utilizzare per le etichette. Se omesso, viene utilizzato &lt;code&gt;RO&lt;/code&gt;.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;aut&lt;/code&gt;
| Nome dell'autore o degli autori.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;tit&lt;/code&gt;
| Titolo del libro.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;ann&lt;/code&gt;
| Anno di pubblicazione.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;edi&lt;/code&gt;
| Nome dell'editore.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;loc&lt;/code&gt;
| Luogo di pubblicazione.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;edz&lt;/code&gt;
| Numero dell'edizione.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;vol&lt;/code&gt;
| Numero del volume.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;ser&lt;/code&gt;
| Nome della serie o collana.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;cap&lt;/code&gt;
| Titolo o numero del capitolo citato.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;pag&lt;/code&gt;
| Numero o intervallo delle pagine citate.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;tra&lt;/code&gt;
| Nome del traduttore.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;isb&lt;/code&gt;
| Numero ISBN.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;doi&lt;/code&gt;
| DOI della pubblicazione.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;url&lt;/code&gt;
| Collegamento alla versione disponibile online.
|}

== Varietà linguistiche ==

Il parametro &lt;code&gt;var&lt;/code&gt; determina la varietà linguistica utilizzata per le etichette della citazione. Se viene utilizzata una sigla non riconosciuta, il modulo utilizza &lt;code&gt;RO&lt;/code&gt; come varietà predefinita.

=== Esempio ===

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var = RO
 |aut = Giovanni Pascoli
 |tit = Myricae
 |ann = 1891
 |edi = Zanichelli
 |loc = Bologna
 |pag = 25-30
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Il template genera una citazione bibliografica utilizzando le forme linguistiche della varietà RO (Romagna nord-ovest).

=== Esempio senza specificare la varietà ===

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |aut = Giovanni Pascoli
 |tit = Myricae
 |ann = 1891
 |edi = Zanichelli
 |loc = Bologna
 |pag = 25-30
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

In questo caso viene utilizzata automaticamente la varietà &lt;code&gt;RO&lt;/code&gt;.

=== Esempio con la varietà sammarinese ===

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var = SM
 |aut = Giovanni Pascoli
 |tit = Myricae
 |ann = 1891
 |edi = Zanichelli
 |loc = Bologna
 |pag = 25-30
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

In questo caso le etichette della citazione vengono visualizzate secondo il dizionario della varietà &lt;code&gt;SM&lt;/code&gt;.

== Esempio completo ==

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var = RO
 |aut = Umberto Eco
 |tit = Il nome della rosa
 |ann = 1980
 |edi = Bompiani
 |loc = Milano
 |edz = 1
 |pag = 125-130
 |isb = 88-452-9046-2
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

È possibile combinare liberamente i parametri. I parametri non compilati non vengono visualizzati.
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Mudël]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qyuo5b6nmqezlltivdk1lk8yxpvvxmk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Svizra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3802669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381890</id>
      <parentid>7305246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="ksnmtc0gd4zpe96tyv8jeb4g47g554o" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/Stèd2
 |nom       = Svizra
 |imaggna   = Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg
 |stemma    = Coat of Arms of Switzerland (Pantone).svg
 |capitèla  = 
 |lèngua    = Francés, Italièn, Rumàncc, Tedèsch
 |stoiṡa    = 41 291
 |abitint   = 9 034 088
 |densitè   = 209,9
 |chérta    = Europe-Switzerland.svg
}}
La '''Svizra''' o '''Confederaziòun Elvètga''' l'è un Stéd federèl dl'Europa Centrèla, cumpòsta da 26 Cantun autonomi sa 6 ch'i sò semi-cantun.

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Svizra]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ_dl'Europa]]{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
      <sha1>ksnmtc0gd4zpe96tyv8jeb4g47g554o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/rgn/Zita web</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3802685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381811</id>
      <parentid>7378084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:10:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7817" sha1="bgnk3q7fbu96dv0idco80am8rbxzrnk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;web&quot; style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;{{
#if: {{{aut|}}}
|{{{aut}}},&amp;#32;
}}{{#if: {{{tit|{{{titolo|}}}}}}
|[{{{url}}} ''{{{tit|{{{titolo|}}}}}}'']
}}{{#if: {{{sit|}}}
|,&amp;#32;ins&amp;#32;''{{{sit}}}''
}}{{#if: {{{pub|}}}
|,&amp;#32;{{{pub}}}
}}{{#if: {{{dat|}}}
|&amp;#32;({{Wp/rgn/Dêda
 |var={{{var|RO}}}
 |gg={{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Dêda|gg|data={{{dat}}}}}
 |mm={{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Dêda|mm|data={{{dat}}}}}
 |aa={{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Dêda|aa|data={{{dat}}}}}
}})
}}{{#if: {{{acc|{{{accesso|}}}}}}
|&amp;#32;({{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=consultato|minuscola=1}}:&amp;#32;{{Wp/rgn/Dêda
 |var={{{var|RO}}}
 |gg={{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Dêda|gg|data={{{acc|{{{accesso|}}}}}}}}
 |mm={{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Dêda|mm|data={{{acc|{{{accesso|}}}}}}}}
 |aa={{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Dêda|aa|data={{{acc|{{{accesso|}}}}}}}}
}})
}}.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
'''Zita web''' è un template per citare una pagina web o una risorsa disponibile su Internet. La traduzione delle etichette linguistiche viene gestita dal modulo [[Module:Wp/rgn/Var|Wp/rgn/Var]], mentre le date vengono formattate attraverso il template [[Template:Wp/rgn/Dêda|Dêda]].

== Utilizzo ==

La sintassi di base è:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Zita web
 |var = 
 |aut = 
 |tit = 
 |sit = 
 |pub = 
 |dat = 
 |url = 
 |acc = 
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

I parametri &lt;code&gt;tit&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;url&lt;/code&gt; sono obbligatori.

== Parametri ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Parametro
! Descrizione
! Obbligatorio
! Esempio
|-
| '''var'''
| Sigla della varietà linguistica. Se non specificata, viene utilizzata '''RO'''.
| No
| &lt;code&gt;RO&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| '''aut'''
| Autore della pagina.
| No
| &lt;code&gt;Mario Rossi&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| '''tit'''
| Titolo della pagina web. Viene visualizzato in corsivo e reso cliccabile, collegandolo all'URL indicato nel parametro &lt;code&gt;url&lt;/code&gt;.
| Sì
| &lt;code&gt;Storia della Romagna&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| '''sit'''
| Nome del sito web. È facoltativo. Se compilato, viene preceduto dalla preposizione '''ins''' e visualizzato in corsivo.
| No
| &lt;code&gt;Esempio.it&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| '''pub'''
| Editore, ente o organizzazione responsabile della pagina o del sito.
| No
| &lt;code&gt;Comune di Ravenna&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| '''dat'''
| Data di pubblicazione o di ultimo aggiornamento della pagina.
| No
| &lt;code&gt;1-1-2004&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| '''url'''
| Indirizzo della pagina web. È obbligatorio e non viene visualizzato direttamente. Viene utilizzato come destinazione del collegamento del titolo.
| Sì
| &lt;code&gt;https://www.esempio.it&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| '''acc'''
| Data dell'ultimo accesso alla pagina.
| Sì
| &lt;code&gt;23-08-2026&lt;/code&gt;
|}

== Titolo e URL ==

Il parametro &lt;code&gt;url&lt;/code&gt; contiene l'indirizzo della pagina web. L'URL non viene visualizzato direttamente nella citazione. Il parametro &lt;code&gt;tit&lt;/code&gt; contiene il titolo della pagina. Il titolo viene visualizzato in corsivo e diventa il collegamento alla pagina indicata nel parametro &lt;code&gt;url&lt;/code&gt;.

Per esempio:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web
 |tit = Storia della Romagna
 |url = https://www.esempio.it/storia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

produce indicativamente:

:''[https://www.esempio.it/storia Storia della Romagna]''

Il titolo è cliccabile e conduce all'URL indicato.

== Sito web ==

Il parametro &lt;code&gt;sit&lt;/code&gt; è facoltativo; se viene compilato, il nome del sito viene preceduto dalla preposizione romagnola '''ins''' e visualizzato in corsivo.

Per esempio:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web
 |tit = Storia della Romagna
 |sit = Esempio.it
 |url = https://www.esempio.it/storia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

produce indicativamente:

:''[https://www.esempio.it/storia Storia della Romagna]'', ins ''Esempio.it''

== Date ==

Il template utilizza due parametri distinti per le date:

* &lt;code&gt;dat&lt;/code&gt; — data di pubblicazione o aggiornamento;
* &lt;code&gt;acc&lt;/code&gt; — data dell'ultimo accesso.

Entrambi utilizzano lo stesso sistema di riconoscimento delle date.

=== Formati accettati ===
Le date possono essere inserite utilizzando diversi formati. Sono accettate, per esempio:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;1/1/2004
01/01/2004
1-1-2004
01-01-2004
1.1.2004
01.01.2004
1 gennaio 2004
01 gennaio 2004&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

La forma utilizzata per l'inserimento non determina la forma della data visualizzata. 

Per esempio:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
|dat = 01/01/2004
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

e:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
|dat = 1 gennaio 2004
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

rappresentano la stessa data.

=== Formattazione delle date ===
Il template ricava automaticamente:

* il giorno;
* il numero del mese;
* l'anno.

Questi valori vengono quindi passati a [[Template:Wp/rgn/Dêda|Dêda]].

Per esempio:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
|acc = 23/08/2026
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

viene trasformato internamente in una chiamata equivalente a:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Dêda
 |var = RO
 |gg = 23
 |mm = 8
 |aa = 2026
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

La visualizzazione finale della data dipende quindi da '''Dêda'''.

=== Data di pubblicazione ===
La data indicata nel parametro &lt;code&gt;dat&lt;/code&gt; viene formattata secondo la varietà linguistica selezionata.

Per esempio:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Zita web
 |var = RO
 |tit = La storia della Romagna
 |url = https://www.esempio.it/storia
 |dat = 1/1/2004
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

produce una data nella forma prevista dalla varietà RO.

Il mese viene tradotto attraverso [[Module:Wp/rgn/Var|Wp/rgn/Var]] e la data viene visualizzata secondo le regole di [[Template:Wp/rgn/Dêda|Dêda]].

=== Data di ultimo accesso ===
La data dell'ultimo accesso viene inserita nel parametro &lt;code&gt;acc&lt;/code&gt;.

Per esempio:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
|acc = 23-08-2026
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Il template ricava automaticamente giorno, mese e anno e li passa a '''Dêda'''.

La parola che introduce la data viene ottenuta direttamente da [[Module:Wp/rgn/Var|Wp/rgn/Var]]. Il template utilizza:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var
 |traduci
 |var={{{var|RO}}}
 |italiano=consultato
 |minuscola=1
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Il parametro &lt;code&gt;minuscola=1&lt;/code&gt; fa sì che l'etichetta venga restituita con la prima lettera minuscola.

== Varietà linguistiche ==

Il parametro &lt;code&gt;var&lt;/code&gt; determina la varietà utilizzata per tutte le forme linguistiche della citazione.

La stessa varietà viene utilizzata:

* per la traduzione di '''consultato''';
* per la traduzione dei mesi;
* per la visualizzazione delle date attraverso '''Dêda'''.

Per esempio:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
|var = SM
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

utilizza la varietà sammarinese.

Se &lt;code&gt;var&lt;/code&gt; non viene specificato, viene utilizzata automaticamente '''RO'''.

== Esempi ==

=== Esempio completo ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web
 |var = RO
 |aut = Mario Rossi
 |tit = La storia della Romagna
 |sit = Esempio.it
 |pub = Istituto di storia romagnola
 |dat = 1-1-2004
 |url = https://www.esempio.it/storia-romagna
 |acc = 23 agosto 2026
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Il risultato sarà indicativamente:

:Mario Rossi''. [https://www.esempio.it/storia-romagna La storia della Romagna]'', ins ''Esempio.it'', Istituto di storia romagnola (1 ẓnêr 2004) (cunsultê: 23 agost 2026).

Il titolo '''La storia della Romagna''' sarà cliccabile e porterà all'URL specificato.

=== Esempio con la varietà sammarinese ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/Zita web
 |var = SM
 |tit = Storia di San Marino
 |sit = Esempio.it
 |url = https://www.esempio.it/san-marino
 |dat = 1.1.2004
 |acc = 23/08/2026
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In questo caso sia le etichette sia i mesi saranno richiesti nella varietà '''SM'''.

== Dipendenze ==

Il template utilizza:

* [[Module:Wp/rgn/Var|Wp/rgn/Var]] — per la traduzione delle etichette e dei mesi;
* [[Template:Wp/rgn/Dêda|Dêda]] — per la visualizzazione delle date.

[[Category:Wp/rgn/Mudël]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Wp/rgn/Neil Armstrong</title>
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{{Wp/rgn/S}}

[[File:Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg|right|upright|thumb]]

'''Neil Alden Armstrong''' (Wapakoneta, 5 agòst 1930 – Cincinnati, 25 agòst 2012) l'è stèd un astronauta e ingignìr erospazél americhén, cumandént dla missiòun lunèra Apollo 11.

Ufficèl dla US Navy e pilota dal provi, e intrò mal Corp Astronauta dla NASA tel 1962, e vlò sa la Gemini 8, prim astronauta civil a vlè tal spàzi, e, insem ma David Scott, a fè un alghemént urbitèl tra dó aparécc; sa l'Apollo 11 sa Buzz Aldrin i fo al primi persòuni a camnè só la Lòuna e 21 lój 1969 ma al 2 e 51&lt;ref&gt;UTC&lt;/ref&gt; dla nòta.

[[File:GEMINI-TITAN_(GT)-8_-_PRELAUNCH_ACTIVITY_-_CAPE_(s66-24446).jpg|centre|thumb|Armstrong ch u-s pripèra pri la Gemini 8, 1966]] [[File:As11-40-5886.jpg|centre|thumb|Armstrong só la lòuna]]
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vita privèda ==
Sa i Boy Scout e seguiva la Ciṡa Metudésta, parà mal chèrti furmél e scrivèva &quot;Diésta&quot;.
Spuṡed tel 1956, j aveva tri fiul: Eric, Karen e Mark.

Dop l'Apollo e facétt una vida artida luntèna dal lusghi dla fama. E muré e' 25 agòst 2012, pri dal cumplicaziòuni dop un'uperaziòuna 'd puntegg ma le curunerij.

[[File:Neil_Armstrong_burial_at_sea_(201209140008HQ).jpg|centre|thumb|Sepoltura te mer ad Neil Armstrong.]]

== Eredità culturèla ==
Tel 2018, Josh Singer u j à adatèd la biografèja ufficèla tel cinema First Man (E' prim om), dirigéd da Damien Chazelle e sa Ryan Gosling tla pèrta 'd Armstrong.


{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Astronauti]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Espluradur]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Biugrafeij]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1615}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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[[File:Yuri_Gagarin_with_awards_(cropped)_2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|]]
'''Jurij Alekseevič Gagarin ''' ([[Wp/rgn/Róss|Róss]]: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин; Klušino, 9 merz 1934 – Kiržač, 27 merz 1968) o snà '''Iuri Gagarin''' l'è stèd un cosmonauta, pilota e puletich soviètghi, e al fo el prim om a fè un vul te spazi ad succèss sa la Vostok 1.

Nèd t'una fameja róssa, ciamèd ''Iura'' pri i amigh, andò nel 1955 ma la I Scòla Militèra Piloti d'aviaziòuna ad Čkalov (ogg Orenburg) e fat Tenèint tel 1957. L'istèda 'd 1959 pasò la seleziòuna pri el prugram Vostok; id 20 candidéd snà 6 sa Gagarin (pó ciamed ''i sia ad Soči'') i fo capè pri purtè avènti l'adestraméint.

La misiòuna Vostok 1 la partè el 12 avrìl 1961 al 9:07 ora ad Mosca&lt;ref&gt;UTC+3&lt;/ref&gt; dal cosmodròmi ad Bajkonur. Gagarin fè un'orbita intéra artorni la tera, el prim dla storia, in 108 minùd pri pó turnè sèlv al 10:55 ora ad Mosca ateréd sal paracaduti t'un chemp ma sód ad Engels.

[[File:Космонавт_Юрий_Гагарин.jpg|centre|thumb|Gagarin sal tuton spaziàl dla Vostok 1, 1962.]]

== Vita privèda ==
=== Religiòuna ===
Ad Gagarin u-s arcounta ché te' vól l'avrià dét la frèṡa &quot;''An j ved nisciòun dio ma ché''&quot;, mo un s'artrova mal trascriziouni.
E' Colonèl Prestov, amigh ad Gagarin, t'un intervésta 'd 2006 ma l'aginzéja Interfax&lt;ref&gt;{{{Zita web |var = SM |aut = 
 |tit = I am proud to be accused of having introduced Yury Gagarin to Orthodoxy
 |sit = interfax-religion.com
 |pub = Interfax
 |dat = 12.4.2006
 |url = http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=interview&amp;div=24
 |acc = 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; al dgétt che fo un'invenziòuna ad Kruščev mentra a discuteva t'una adunànza dal CC dal PCUS. Sèmpri ṡgònd Prestov, Gagarin fo Batized tla féda Ortodòsa e i èra credèint e sensébli mal divin.
=== Morta ===
Gagarin al murè a sno 34 ann t'un incidènt erej tel 1968 durant un vól d'adestramèint prèss la cità ad Kiržač.

{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Biugrafeij]]{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/rgn/Charles Darwin</title>
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[[File:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Aquarèl ad Charles Darwin, George Richmond, 1840]]
'''Charles Robert Darwin''' ([[Wp/rgn/Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury]], 12 fibrer 1809 – [[Wp/rgn/Lóndra|Lóndra]], 19 avril 1882) e fo un biolghi, naturalèsta, geòlghi e esploradùr britannégh famuṡ pri avè mèsa gió la teoréja dl'evoluziòuna ad spècij vigitèl e animèl pri seleziòuna naturàla ch l'agésca sora la variabilitè ad caràteri ereditèri, dla loro diversificaziòuna e multiplicaziònua da la scèṡa da un antinèd cumun.

E aveva arcors dij só informaziòuni durènta un viàgg artorni e' mond sal bastimènt HMS [[Wp/rgn/''Beagle''|''Beagle'']] e la gran parta tla só firmèda magli ìṡli [[Wp/rgn/Galápagos|Galápagos]].
Publicò la só teoréja tel lìbri [[Wp/rgn/''On the Origin of Species''|''On the Origin of Species'']] &lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Lengua rumagnòla|Rumagnùl]]:Riguèrd l'urìggni dla spècia&lt;/ref&gt; (18599 e' só lavur pió famòuṡ. 

== Biograféja ==
[[File:Charles Darwin, 1816, by Sharples.jpg|centre|thumb|Darwin ma sàt ann, t'un diṡègn ad Ellen Sharples, 1816.]]
=== Viàgg sal ''Beagle'' ===
[[File:Voyage of the Beagle-en.svg|centre|thumb|La ròtta dal Beagle (27 dicèmbri 1831 – 2 utòbri 1836]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
=== Publicaziòuna de' só lavur e reaziòuni ===
[[File:Darwin_tree.png|centre|thumb|E' prim diṡègn d un èrbri genealògich]]
[[File:Editorial cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape (1871).jpg|centre|thumb|La famòuṡa chergadòura 'd Darwin sal corp d'una scémmia (''&quot;Un veneràbli rangutan&quot;, The Hornet'', 1871)]]
=== Utmi ann ===

== Vita privèda ==
=== Religiòuna ===
=== Fiul ad Darwin ===

== Eredità ==
=== E' dé 'd Darwin ===
{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}
== Bibliograféja ==
== Vosgi lighèdi ==
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Biugrafeij]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Scienza]]{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/rgn/Dante Alighieri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Dante Alighieri''', badźed '''Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri''' (Firenze 14 magg~13 gióg  1265 - [[Wp/rgn/Ravèna|Ravèna]] 13~14 setembri 1321) l'è stèd un poèd, scritùr e pulétich italièn.

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Biugrafeij]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1067}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Lettradóra italièna]]</text>
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    <title>Wp/rgn/Busg nir</title>
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{{Wp/rgn/S}}
[[File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Imàggna fàta saj dèdd dl'EHT dla regiòun cintrèla 'd ''Messier 87'' sa un busg nir super-masécc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web
 |var = SM
 |aut = 
 |tit = Astronomers capture first image of a black hole
 |sit = nsf.gov/news
 |pub = U.S. National Science Foundation
 |dat = 10.04.2019
 |url = https://www.nsf.gov/news/astronomers-capture-first-image-black-hole#image-caption-credit-block
 |acc = 1.09.2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web
 |var = SM
 |aut = 
 |tit = First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
 |sit = 
 |pub = The Astrophysical Journal Letters '''875''' (1): L4.
 |dat = 
 |url = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85
 |acc = 1.09.2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ]]

In Astronoméja, un '''busg nìr''' l'è un ugét cilést sa 'na densitè sì granda ché gnìnt, gnènca la lósgia, e pò fóggia dla só gravitè.

{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Scienza]]{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Fiṡica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Wp/rgn/S}}
[[File:CollageFisica.jpg|right|upright|thumb|]]

La '''Fìsica''' l'è e' stódi scientéfghi dla materia, i só particéll fundamentìl, i só cumpurtamèint e i só muvimèint tel spazi e te' tèmp e i ént lighèd 'd energeja e forza.

== Etimulugéja ==
La paròla &quot;fìṡica&quot; la vin dal gregh antìgh φυσικός «''phusikos''», &quot;naturèl&quot;, e φύσις «''phusis''», &quot;natùra&quot;.

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Scienza]]
{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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|
'''YAMANIK'''
----
''Categoría Gramatical:'' Adjetivo

''Grammatical Category:'' Adjective
----
* '''Audio:''' 
[[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Nicomeda García de Ramírez (Whosvaleria)-Yamanik.wav|embed|200px]]
|}


[[File:Cotton boll nearly ready for harvest.jpg|Cotton_boll_nearly_ready_for_harvest|thumb|250px|Ne ichkat yamanik]] 

=== Español ===
Suave; blando

Uni yamanik: Eso es suave (blando).

=== English ===
Soft 

Uni yamanik: That is soft.

[[Category:Wt/ppl/Category:Adjetivo]]
[[Category:Wt/ppl]]</text>
      <sha1>fgp12clxcw2glolzoss2n8rqern7211</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ppl/yamani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381972</id>
      <parentid>7305134</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:04:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wiki241981</username>
        <id>2722505</id>
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      <origin>7381972</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="627" sha1="0xyatt53f9x2lahvcxp7246dq35rkzl" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; border: 2px solid #0284c7; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; width: auto;&quot;
|
'''YAMANI'''
----
''Categoría Gramatical:'' Verbo Intransitivo

''Grammatical Category:'' Intransitive Verb
----
* '''Audio:''' 
[[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Nicomeda García de Ramírez (Whosvaleria)-Yamani.wav|embed|200px]]
|}


[[File:Black Bean Soup (140491813).jpeg|Black_Bean_Soup_(140491813)|thumb|250px|Ne et yamanika]] 

=== Español ===
Ablandarse

Yamanika: Ya se ablandó.

=== English ===
To soften up

Yamanika: It's already softened up.


[[Category:Wt/ppl/Category:Verbo Intransitivo]]
[[Category:Wt/ppl]]</text>
      <sha1>0xyatt53f9x2lahvcxp7246dq35rkzl</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ppl/yalua</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381971</id>
      <parentid>7305135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:01:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wiki241981</username>
        <id>2722505</id>
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|
'''YALUA'''
----
''Categoría Gramatical:'' Adverbio

''Grammatical Category:'' Adverb
----
* '''Audio:''' 
[[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Nicomeda García de Ramírez (Whosvaleria)-Yalua.wav|embed|200px]]
|}


[[File:Close-up of calendar in Spanish - Calendario en español.jpg|Close-up_of_calendar_in_Spanish_-_Calendario_en_español|thumb|250px|An, ne tanestuk 05, yalua ne tanestuk 04]] 

=== Español ===
Ayer

Yalua nikiski: Ayer salí.

=== English ===
Yesterday

Yalua nikiski: Yesterday I went out.

[[Category:Wt/ppl/Category:Adverbio]]
[[Category:Wt/ppl]]</text>
      <sha1>tjjh8kfdqxsl12b35jis0tssqe513sx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ppl/yakuk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381969</id>
      <parentid>7305136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:57:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wiki241981</username>
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      <text bytes="859" sha1="616kd663yfhk0k0siy9dcsawn6y0cj4" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; border: 2px solid #0284c7; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; width: auto;&quot;
|
'''YAKUK'''
----
''Categoría Gramatical:'' Verbo Intransitivo

''Grammatical Category:'' Intransitive Verb
----
* '''Audio:'''
[[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Nicomeda García de Ramírez (Whosvaleria)-Yakuk.wav|embed|200px]]
|}


[[File:Sleeping cat on her back.jpg|Sleeping_cat_on_her_back)|thumb|250px|Ne mistun yakuk kuchi]] 

=== Español ===
Va más (el, ella o ellos)

Yakuk kuchi: Ella va a dormir más.

Yakuk mumachtia: Él va a estudiar más.

Yakuk maltiat: Ellos van a bañarse más.

=== English ===

To be going to...more (He, she or they) 

Yakuk kuchi: She's going to sleep more.

Yakuk mumachtia: He is going to study more.

Yakuk maltiat: They are going to shower more

[[Category:Wt/ppl/Category:Verbo Intransitivo]]
[[Category:Wt/ppl]]</text>
      <sha1>616kd663yfhk0k0siy9dcsawn6y0cj4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/ppl/yakin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381966</id>
      <parentid>7305137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wiki241981</username>
        <id>2722505</id>
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|
'''YAKIN'''
----
''Categoría Gramatical:'' Adverbio

''Grammatical Category:'' Adverb
----
* '''Audio:''' 
[[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Nicomeda García de Ramírez (Whosvaleria)-Yakin.wav|embed|200px]]
|}


[[File:Certina Caimano Bicolor.jpg|Certina_Caimano_Bicolor|thumb|250px|Yakin, yaja kita ne horajpiani]]

=== Español ===
Hace un momento

Yakin nalejku: Hace un momento vine.

=== English ===
A moment ago

Yakin nalejku: I came a moment ago.


[[Category:Wt/ppl/Category:Adverbio]]
[[Category:Wt/ppl]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Geologeja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381883</id>
      <parentid>7336795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="542" sha1="e5gruvm0gjo10hp2f6id0o5m15ia3wf" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/SM}}
{{Wp/rgn/S}}
[[File:1875_Dumont's_geological_map_of_Europe.jpg|right|upright|thumb|La chérta geologéca dl'Europa fata da Dumont tel 1875.]]

La '''geologéja''' o '''geulogèja'''&lt;ref&gt;Ravèna&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la scienza ch l'à cóm chémp principèl 'd stódi la [[Wp/rgn/Tera|Tèra]], in particulér la [[Wp/rgn/Litosfera|litosféra]].

== Etimologéja ==
Dal grech antigh γῆ / gḗ &quot;tèra&quot; e λογία / logía, &quot;stódi&quot;.

{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Scienza]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1069}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Mubarak_Mohammed_Muntaka&amp;veaction=edit Mubarak Mohammed Muntaka] {{Wp/wlx/Semi-done}}
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Collins_Dauda&amp;veaction=edit Collins Dauda] {{Not done}}
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Haruna_Iddrisu&amp;veaction=edit Haruna Iddrisu] {{Wp/wlx/Done}}
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Alfred_Oko_Vanderpuije&amp;veaction=edit Alfred Oko Vanderpuije]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Abdul-Rashid_Pelpuo&amp;veaction=edit Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Emmanuel_Armah_Kofi_Buah&amp;veaction=edit Emmanuel Armah Kofi Buah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Joe_Ghartey&amp;veaction=edit Joe Ghartey] [[User:Regina Gbolo|Regina Gbolo]] ([[User talk:Regina Gbolo|talk]]) 12:06, 24 October 2026 (UTC)
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Mahama_Ayariga&amp;veaction=edit Mahama Ayariga]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Elizabeth_Ofosu-Adjare&amp;veaction=edit Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare]
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# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kwabena_Okyere_Darko-Mensah&amp;veaction=edit Kwabena Okyere Darko-Mensah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Samuel_Okudzeto_Ablakwa&amp;veaction=edit Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Helen_Ntoso&amp;veaction=edit Helen Ntoso]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Bede_Ziedeng&amp;veaction=edit Bede Ziedeng]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Joseph_Nii_Laryea_Afotey-Agbo&amp;veaction=edit Joseph Nii Laryea Afotey-Agbo]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Queenstar_Pokuah_Sawyerr&amp;veaction=edit Queenstar Pokuah Sawyerr]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Alhassan_Bashir_Fuseini&amp;veaction=edit Alhassan Bashir Fuseini]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Ebenezer_Okletey_Terlabi&amp;veaction=edit Ebenezer Okletey Terlabi]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Alhassan_Suhuyini&amp;veaction=edit Alhassan Suhuyini]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kobina_Tahir_Hammond&amp;veaction=edit Kobina Tahir Hammond]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kojo_Oppong_Nkrumah&amp;veaction=edit Kojo Oppong Nkrumah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Francisca_Oteng-Mensah&amp;veaction=edit Francisca Oteng-Mensah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Ursula_Owusu&amp;veaction=edit Ursula Owusu]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Zanetor_Agyeman-Rawlings&amp;veaction=edit Zanetor Agyeman-Rawlings]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Sam_Nartey_George&amp;veaction=edit Sam Nartey George]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kwabena_Donkor&amp;veaction=edit Kwabena Donkor]
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# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Alexander_Kwamina_Afenyo-Markin&amp;veaction=edit Alexander Kwamina Afenyo-Markin]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Patricia_Appiagyei&amp;veaction=edit Patricia Appiagyei]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Della_Sowah&amp;veaction=edit Della Sowah] ([[User:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|Muhaideen Faiz Brichini]] ([[User talk:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|talk]]) 12:07, 24 October 2026 (UTC))
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Freda_Akosua_Prempeh&amp;veaction=edit Freda Akosua Prempeh]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Comfort_Doyoe_Cudjoe-Ghansah&amp;veaction=edit Comfort Doyoe Cudjoe-Ghansah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Mavis_Hawa_Koomson&amp;veaction=edit Mavis Hawa Koomson]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Abena_Osei_Asare&amp;veaction=edit Abena Osei Asare]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Ama_Pomaa_Boateng&amp;veaction=edit Ama Pomaa Boateng]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Ignatius_Baffour-Awuah&amp;veaction=edit Ignatius Baffour-Awuah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Joseph_Osei-Owusu&amp;veaction=edit Joseph Osei-Owusu]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kwasi_Ameyaw-Cheremeh&amp;veaction=edit Kwasi Ameyaw-Cheremeh]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Ambrose_Dery&amp;veaction=edit Ambrose Dery]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Matthew_Opoku_Prempeh&amp;veaction=edit Matthew Opoku Prempeh]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kwaku_Agyemang-Manu&amp;veaction=edit Kwaku Agyemang-Manu]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Benito_Owusu_Bio&amp;veaction=edit Benito Owusu Bio]
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# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Dominic_Nitiwul&amp;veaction=edit Dominic Nitiwul]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/John_Peter_Amewu&amp;veaction=edit John Peter Amewu]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Andrew_Egyapa_Mercer&amp;veaction=edit Andrew Egyapa Mercer]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kwaku_Afriyie&amp;veaction=edit Kwaku Afriyie]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Dan_Botwe&amp;veaction=edit Dan Botwe]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Isaac_Kwame_Asiamah&amp;veaction=edit Isaac Kwame Asiamah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Samuel_Atta_Akyea&amp;veaction=edit Samuel Atta Akyea]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kwesi_Amoako_Atta&amp;veaction=edit Kwesi Amoako Atta]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Bryan_Acheampong&amp;veaction=edit Bryan Acheampong]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Carlos_Kingsley_Ahenkorah&amp;veaction=edit Carlos Kingsley Ahenkorah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Osei_Bonsu_Amoah&amp;veaction=edit Osei Bonsu Amoah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Gifty_Twum-Ampofo&amp;veaction=edit Gifty Twum-Ampofo]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Alex_Adomako-Mensah&amp;veaction=edit Alex Adomako-Mensah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Kwaku_Kwarteng&amp;veaction=edit Kwaku Kwarteng]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Samuel_Abu_Jinapor&amp;veaction=edit Samuel Abu Jinapor]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/John_Abdulai_Jinapor&amp;veaction=edit John Abdulai Jinapor]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Francis_Asenso-Boakye&amp;veaction=edit Francis Asenso-Boakye]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Solomon_Namliit_Boar&amp;veaction=edit Solomon Namliit Boar]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Mohammed_Abdul_Aziz&amp;veaction=edit Mohammed Abdul Aziz]([[User:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|Muhaideen Faiz Brichini]] ([[User talk:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|talk]]) 17:14, 27 October 2026 (UTC))
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Joycelyn_Tetteh&amp;veaction=edit Joycelyn Tetteh]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Betty_Krosbi_Mensah&amp;veaction=edit Betty Krosbi Mensah]([[User:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|Muhaideen Faiz Brichini]] ([[User talk:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|talk]]) 21:41, 2 November 2026 (UTC))
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu&amp;veaction=edit Mavis Nkansah Boadu]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Nana_Ama_Dokua_Asiamah-Adjei&amp;veaction=edit Nana Ama Dokua Asiamah-Adjei]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Tina_Gifty_Naa_Ayele_Mensah&amp;veaction=edit Tina Gifty Naa Ayele Mensah]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Cynthia_Mamle_Morrison&amp;veaction=edit Cynthia Mamle Morrison]
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Naana_Eyiah_Quansah&amp;veaction=edit Naana Eyiah Quansah]([[User:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|Muhaideen Faiz Brichini]] ([[User talk:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|talk]]) 22:09, 1 November 2026 (UTC))
# [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wp/wlx/Frank_Annoh_Dompreh&amp;veaction=edit Frank Annoh Dompreh]([[User:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|Muhaideen Faiz Brichini]] ([[User talk:Muhaideen Faiz Brichini|talk]]) 17:01, 28 October 2026 (UTC))</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Vice Ganda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3809138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381913</id>
      <parentid>7313829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:25:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="11868" sha1="ri6gsgp36iyjqobbeytmdrq2sg7clf5" xml:space="preserve">Si '''Jose Marie Borja Viceral''' (natawo sang 31 Marso 1976) nga mas kilala bilang '''Vice Ganda''' ukon sa simple nga '''Vice''', isa ka sikat nga agi nga komedyante, pilantropo kag isa ka permanente nga host sa ''It's Showtime'', isa ka popular nga programa sa [[Wp/hil/ABS-CBN|ABS-CBN]]. Upod sang kadalag-an, nagabaton siya sang mga saway halin sa pila ka mga tumalan-aw bangud sa iya istilo sang pagpakaulaw sa pagpakadlaw.

Ang kamanghuran sa anom ka bata, nagdaku si Viceral sa kalye sang José Abád Santos sa Manuguit, Tondo, [[Wp/hil/Manila|Manila]]. Ang iya amay, nga isa ka kagawad sang barangay, ginpatay sang siya bata pa, nga nagtulod sa iya iloy agud biyaan sila kag magpangabuhi sa iban nga pungsod bilang isa ka caregiver. Nag-eskwela siya sang Political Science sa [[Wp/hil/Far Eastern University|Far Eastern University]], kag sa edad nga 19, nagsugod sa pagpasundayag sa mga comedy bar sa Ermita, Maynila.

==Diskograpiya==
===Mga studio album===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
! Tuig !! Titulo !! Label !! Mga sertipikasyon
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Wp/hil/Lakas Tama|Lakas Tama]]''
| [[Wp/hil/Vicor Music|Vicor Music]]
|[[Wp/hil/Philippine Association of the Record Industry|PARI]]: Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web|title=Vice Ganda gets first gold record award|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/26/13/vice-ganda-gets-first-gold-record-award|website=ABS-CBN News|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054602/http://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/26/13/vice-ganda-gets-first-gold-record-award|archive-date=March 9, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| ''Vice Ganda''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wp/hil/Star Music|Star Music]]
|[[Wp/hil/Philippine Association of the Record Industry|PARI]]: Platinum
|-
| 2014
| ''#Trending''
|[[Wp/hil/Philippine Association of the Record Industry|PARI]]: Gold&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web|title=Vice Ganda's &quot;#Trending&quot; Album Reaches Gold Status in Less Than a Week|url=http://www.lionheartv.net/2015/01/vice-gandas-trending-album-reaches-gold-status-less-week/|website=Lionheart|date=January 2, 2015|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120249/http://www.lionheartv.net/2015/01/vice-gandas-trending-album-reaches-gold-status-less-week/|archive-date=March 9, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Mga kompilasyong album===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tuig !! Titulo !! Label
|-
| 2010
| ''Showtime: The Album''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/Feature/Article/8872/Showtime-the-album-an-early-Christmas-treat.aspx |title=Showtime the album, an early Christmas treat |publisher=Star Records |date=October 19, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114163253/http://www.abs-cbn.com/Feature/Article/8872/Showtime-the-album-an-early-Christmas-treat.aspx |archive-date=November 14, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=http://www.starrecords.ph/album_details.asp?id=361 |title=Show Time The Album |date=October 19, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001021859/http://www.starrecords.ph/album_details.asp?id=361 |archive-date=October 1, 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Wp/hil/Star Music|Star Music]]
|}

===Mga extended play===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tuig !! Titulo !! Label
|-
| 2013
| ''Karakaraka (Dance EP)''
| [[Wp/hil/Star Music|Star Music]]
|}

===Mga singles===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! Tuig !! Tig-ulo !! Album
|-
| 2012
| &quot;This Guys In Love with You Mare&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{Wp/hil/Small|(upod si [[Wp/hil/Toni Gonzaga|Toni Gonzaga]] kag [[Wp/hil/Luis Manzano|Luis Manzano]])}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/This Guy's in Love with U Mare!|This Guy's in Love with U Mare!]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| rowspan=3| 2013
| &quot;KaraKaraka&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{Wp/hil/Small|(tampok ang Smugglaz)}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''Vice Ganda'' kag ''Karakaraka (Dance EP)''
|-
| &quot;Manhid Ka&quot; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''Vice Ganda''
|-
| &quot;Whoops Kirri&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/Girl, Boy, Bakla, Tomboy|Girl, Boy, Bakla, Tomboy]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| rowspan=2| 2014
| &quot;Boompanes&quot;
| rowspan=2  style=&quot;text-align:center| ''#Trending''
|-
| &quot;Push Mo Yan Te&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{Wp/hil/Small|(tampok si [[Wp/hil/Regine Velasquez|Regine Velasquez]])}}
|-
| rowspan=3|2015
| &quot;Eh Di Wow!&quot; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/Inday Bote|Inday Bote]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| &quot;Wag Kang Pabebe&quot;
| {{Wp/hil/Non-album single}}
|-
| &quot;Chuva Choo Choo&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/Beauty and the Bestie|Beauty and the Bestie]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2016
| &quot;Pasa Diyos&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{Wp/hil/Small|([[Wp/hil/Young JV|Young JV]] tampok si Vice Ganda)}}
| {{Wp/hil/Non-album single}}
|-
| &quot;Ang Kulit&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/The Super Parental Guardians|The Super Parental Guardians]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| rowspan=2|2017
| &quot;Hanggang Kailan Aasa&quot;
| {{Wp/hil/Non-album single}}
|-
| &quot;Gigil si Aquo&quot; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/Gandarrapido: The Revenger Squad|Gandarrapido: The Revenger Squad]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| rowspan=3|2018
| &quot;Ganda for All&quot;
| {{Wp/hil/Non-album single}}
|-
| &quot;Fantastic Ka&quot;
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/Fantastica (2018 film)|Fantastica]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| &quot;Dahil Kasama&quot;
|-
| 2019
| &quot;Kay Sayang Pasko Na Naman&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{Wp/hil/Small|(upod si [[Wp/hil/Anne Curtis|Anne Curtis]] kag Kritiko)}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center| ''[[Wp/hil/The Mall, The Merrier|The Mall, The Merrier]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2020
| &quot;Corona Ba-Bye Na!&quot;
| rowspan=2 {{Wp/hil/Non-album singles}}
|-
| &quot;Mahal Ako Ng Mahal Ko&quot;
|-
|  rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2021
| &quot;Higad Girl&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/Kaka (film)|Kaka]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| &quot;Toxic Free&quot;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(upod si DJ M.O.D tampok si [[Wp/hil/Karylle|Karylle]])&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=2 {{Wp/hil/Non-album singles}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022
| &quot;Look at Me Now&quot;
|-
| &quot;Kapit Lang&quot;&lt;br/&gt;{{Wp/hil/Small|(upod si [[Wp/hil/Jugs Jugueta|Jugs Jugueta]] kag [[Wp/hil/Teddy Corpuz|Teddy Corpuz]])}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center|''[[Wp/hil/Partners in Crime (2022 film)|Partners in Crime]]&lt;br /&gt;Official Soundtrack''
|-
| 2023
| &quot;Rampa&quot;
|rowspan=5 {{Wp/hil/Non-album singles}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2024
| &quot;Bwak, Bwak, Bwak!&quot;
|-
| &quot;Paskong Pinakamasaya&quot;
|-
| &quot;Rainbow Christmas&quot;
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Superdiva&quot;&lt;br/&gt;{{Wp/hil/Small|(upod si [[Wp/hil/Regine Velasquez|Regine Velasquez]])}}
|}

==Mga Pasidungog==
&lt;center&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Tuig 
! Kumpetisyon
! Pasidungog
! Palasalida
! Resulta
! Ginikanan
|-
|rowspan=16|2012
| 38th Metro Manila Film Festival
| 3rd Best Picture
| Sisterakas
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
| 38th Metro Manila Film Festival
| Best Actor
| Sisterakas
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Movie Of The Year
| Praybeyt Benjamin
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Kapamilya TV Show
| Gandang Gabi Vice
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Twit
| Twitter (@vicegandako)
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| 26th PMPC Star Awards For Television
| Best Celebrity Showbiz Oriented Talk Show
| Gandang Gabi Vice
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| 26th PMPC Star Awards For Television
| Best Reality Game Show Program
| Showtime
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
|26th PMPC Star Awards For Television
|Best Celebrity Showbiz Talk Show Male Host
|Gandang Gabi Vice
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
|26th PMPC Star Awards For Television
|Best Reality Game Show Hosts (It's Showtime Barkadas)
|It's Showtime
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
|43rd Box Office Entertainment Awards
|Phenomenal Box Office Star
|''[[Wp/hil/The Unkabogable Praybeyt Benjamin|The Unkabogable Praybeyt Benjamin]]''
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
|Yahoo! OMG! Awards
|Comedian of the Year 
|''[[Wp/hil/Gandang Gabi, Vice!|Gandang Gabi, Vice!]] / [[Wp/hil/Showtime (Philippines)|It's Showtime]]''
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|last=Rañoa-Bismark|first=Maridol|title=Vice Ganda won as Comedian of the Year of Yahoo! OMG! Awards 2012|url=http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/winners-of-yahoo--omg--awards-2012-revealed.html|accessdate=29 July 2012|date=6 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
| Yahoo! OMG! Awards
| Movie Of The Year
| Praybeyt Benjamin
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
|Tambayan OPM Awards
|Phenomenal Artist of the Year
|''The Unkabogable Praybeyt Benjamin''
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
|Tambayan OPM Awards
|Novelty Song of the Year
|&quot;Ayoko na Sa'yo&quot; (Vice Ganda Lakas Tama Album)
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
|[[Wp/hil/Globe Telecom|Globe]] T@ttoo Awards
|Trending TV
| rowspan=2|''Gandang Gabi Vice''
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
|8th USTv Students Choice Awards
|Best Talk Variety Program
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=6|2011
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Kapamilya TV Show
| Showtime
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Kapamilya TV Show
| Gandang Gabi Vice
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Male Fashionista
| Magazine Covers
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Twit
| Twitter (@vicegandako)
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Wp/hil/Globe Telecom|Globe]] T@ttoo Awards
|Most Likable Celebrity 
|
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/10219138-vice-ganda-received-an-award-at-2011-ttt-awards |title=Vice Ganda received an award at 2011 T@tto Awards |author=Mary Grace Keiner |date= September 1, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|[[Wp/hil/Yahoo!|Yahoo! Philippines]] OMG! Awards
|Funniest Comedian
|''[[Wp/hil/Gandang Gabi, Vice!|Gandang Gabi, Vice!]]/ [[Wp/hil/Showtime (Philippines)|Showtime]]''
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/omg--awards-winners-thank-voters.html |title=OMG! Awards winners thank voters |author=Jason Domantay |publisher=Yahoo! OMG! Philippines |date=Jun 24, 2011 |access-date=Mayo 4, 2013 |archive-date=Nobiyembre 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125215330/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/omg--awards-winners-thank-voters.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| rowspan=5|2010
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Screen Kiss (with Luis Manzano)
| Petrang Kabayo
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Pop Movie Love Team of the Year (with Luis Manzano)
| Petrang Kabayo
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
| 
|-
| ASAP Pop Viewers Choice Awards
| Movie of The Year
| Petrang Kabayo
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|
|-
| 42nd Box-Office Entertainment Award
| Bert Marcelo Achievement Award for Excellence in Comedy
| ''Showtime/ [[Wp/hil/Petrang Kabayo|Petrang Kabayo]]''
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/weekender/content.php?id=33992 |title=Bisyo na ’to |author=JEFFREY O. VALISNO |publisher=Business World Weekender |date=June 30, 2011 |access-date=4 Mayo 2013 |archive-date=12 Oktubre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035433/http://www.bworldonline.com/weekender/content.php?id=33992 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-	
| [[Wp/hil/ABS-CBN Publishing#Starstudio Magazine|StarStudio]] Celebrity Style Awards
| Most Stylish Comedian
| Dress Style
|{{Wp/hil/Won}}
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbn.com/Feature/Article/8780/Fashion-reigns-at-the-first-ever-StarStudio-Celebrity-Style-Awards.aspx |title=Fashion reigns at the first ever StarStudio Celebrity Style Awards |author=Manila Santos |publisher=ABS-CBN News |date=October 6, 2010 |access-date=4 Mayo 2013 |archive-date=17 Enero 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117042838/http://www2.abs-cbn.com/feature/article/8780/fashion-reigns-at-the-first-ever-starstudio-celebrity-style-awards.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

==Mga pangguwa nga kawad==
* {{Wp/hil/Commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2769248/ Vice Ganda] sa IMDb

== Ginkuhaan ==
{{Wp/hil/Reflist}}
[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q7925032}}</text>
      <sha1>ri6gsgp36iyjqobbeytmdrq2sg7clf5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wy/ta/Quickbar/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3810170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381769</id>
      <parentid>7362779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:40:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>வார்ப்புரு மாற்றியமைக்கப்பட்டு வருகின்றது</comment>
      <origin>7381769</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9045" sha1="f01qgbwwjmal94ztnsi505q1yjyqe8z" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ta/Documentation subpage}}
{{Wy/ta/Lua|Module:Wy/ta/Quickbar}}
{{Wy/ta/Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Wy/ta/Quickbar/styles.css}}

இந்த வார்ப்புரு, நாடுகளைப் பற்றிய பொதுவான தகவல்களின் சுருக்கத்தை வழங்குகிறது. இது ஒவ்வொரு நாட்டுக் கட்டுரையிலும் உள்ள '''புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்''' பகுதிக்கு மேலே இடம்பெற வேண்டும். தற்போதைய ஒருமித்த கருத்தின்படி, '''விரைவுப் பட்டி''' என்பது  இறையாண்மை கொண்ட '''நாடுகள்''' மற்றும் அவற்றின் தனி நிர்வாக அமைப்பைக் கொண்ட '''பிரதேசங்கள்''' (பொதுவாக, சொந்தமாக இரு எழுத்துகளைக் கொண்ட ''ஐஎஸ்ஓ'' நாட்டுக் குறியீடு மற்றும் இணைய உயர்மட்டக் களம் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட இடங்கள்) குறித்த கட்டுரைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தப்பட வேண்டும் என்பதைக் கவனத்தில் கொள்க.  இதை அமெரிக்க மாநிலங்கள், கனடிய மாகாணங்கள் அல்லது வேறு எந்த வகை கட்டுரைகளுக்கும் பயன்படுத்தக்கூடாது.  பிற வகை கட்டுரைகளுக்கும் விரைவுப் பட்டி பயன்படுத்தப்பட வேண்டும் என்று நீங்கள் கருதினால், அது குறித்து [[Template talk:Wy/ta/Quickbar]] பக்கத்தில் உங்கள் ஆலோசனையைப் பதிவிடலாம். ஆனால், இது குறித்து ஏற்கனவே ''பலமுறை'' விவாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்க.

இந்த வார்ப்புரு அதன் தகவல்கள் அனைத்தையும் நேரடியாக விக்கித்தரவிலிருந்து பெறுகிறது. தயவுசெய்து அங்கே தகவல்களைச் சேர்க்கவும். மதிப்புகளின் சுருக்கம் [[d:Wikidata:Wikivoyage/Lists/Quickbar]] இல் உள்ளது.

பக்க ஒருங்கிணைவிற்கு இந்தப் வடிவத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தவும்:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

புலங்களை உள்ளிட அளவில் மேலெழுத விரும்பினால், நீங்கள் இந்தப் பதிப்பைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம்; இருப்பினும், விக்கிதரவைப்  பயன்படுத்துவதே முன்னுரிமைக்குரியதாகும்:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=location.png (படிமக் கோப்பின் பெயர்)
| capital=[[Wy/ta/Capital|Capital]] (தலைநகரம்)
| currency=currency used (பயன்பாட்டிலுள்ள நாணயம்)
| population=recent population estimate (சமீபத்திய மக்கள் தொகை கணிப்பு)
| electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) (மின் அழுத்தம் மற்றும் மின்னோட்டம் (பிளக் வகை))
| callingcode=country code immediately preceded by &quot;+&quot; international access code symbol (நாட்டுக் குறியீட்டிற்கு முன்னால் உடனடியாக &quot;+&quot; எனும் சர்வதேச அணுகல் குறியீடு இடம்பெற வேண்டும்)
| timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC (உலக நேரக் குறியீட்டைப் பொறுத்த கால மண்டலம்/ங்கள்)
| emergencies=emergency phone numbers (அவசரகால தொலைபேசி எண்கள்)
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

குறிப்பிட்ட தகவல்களைப் பெறுவதற்கு, வேறொரு விக்கித்தரவு உருப்படியைக் குறிப்பிடலாம். உதாரணமாக, கீழே உள்ள எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளில் தற்போதைய விக்கித்தரவு உருப்படியிலிருந்து அனைத்து புலங்களும் பெறப்படுகின்றன; ஆனால், நாட்டுக்குறியீடு மட்டும் [[Wy/ta/பிரான்சு|பிரான்சு]] என்பதிலிருந்து பெறப்படுகிறது:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar|callingcode=#Q142}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;location&quot;: {
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-file-name&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P242|P242]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Location Map &quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது. உலக வரைபடத்தில் அந்த நாட்டின் எல்லைக்கோட்டை, உலகின் பிற பகுதிகளுடன் ஒப்பிட்டு இது காட்டுகிறது.&quot;
		},
		&quot;capital&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P36|P36]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Capital city&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Extracted from country's Wikidata page. Identifies capital city of the country including link to that capital city's article&quot;
		},
		&quot;currency&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P38|P38]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Currency&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Extracted from country's Wikidata page.  The currency or currencies officially recognized for use within the country.  If no official currency, then specify the de facto currency in use.&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Euro&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;population&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P1082|P1082]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Population&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Extracted from country's Wikidata page. Specifies the population of the country including year that the population number is based upon.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;electricity&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P2884|P2884]], [[:d:Property:P2853|P2853]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Electricity&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Extracted from country's Wikidata page.  Specifies the voltage and hertz used in the country. Specify the electrical plug styles used in the country.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;callingcode&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P474|P474]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Calling Code&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Extracted from country's Wikidata page. Identifies the country's calling code for making phone calls.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;timezone&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P421|P421]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Time Zone&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Extracted from country's Wikidata page.   Applicable time zone(s) within the country.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;emergencies&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P2852|P2852]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Emergencies phone number&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Extracted from country's Wikidata page. Phone number to call in the event of an emergency to call for first responders.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;driving side&quot;: {
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P1622|P1622]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Driving Side&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Extracted from country's Wikidata page.  Identifies if drivers drive on the left hand side or right hand side of the road.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		}
	},
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Displays a short summary of standard information for countries based on data contained on the country's Wikidata page.  This template is only intended to be added within country articles.&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Category:Wy/ta/Quickbar templates]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Templates using TemplateStyles]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f01qgbwwjmal94ztnsi505q1yjyqe8z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381785</id>
      <parentid>7381769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T14:27:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>வார்ப்புரு மாற்றியமைக்கப்பட்டது.</comment>
      <origin>7381785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="12554" sha1="pmzlsalqkn3zmr54803oh7nst1xf4rc" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ta/Documentation subpage}}
{{Wy/ta/Lua|Module:Wy/ta/Quickbar}}
{{Wy/ta/Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Wy/ta/Quickbar/styles.css}}

இந்த வார்ப்புரு, நாடுகளைப் பற்றிய பொதுவான தகவல்களின் சுருக்கத்தை வழங்குகிறது. இது ஒவ்வொரு நாட்டுக் கட்டுரையிலும் உள்ள '''புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்''' பகுதிக்கு மேலே இடம்பெற வேண்டும். தற்போதைய ஒருமித்த கருத்தின்படி, '''விரைவுப் பட்டி''' என்பது  இறையாண்மை கொண்ட '''நாடுகள்''' மற்றும் அவற்றின் தனி நிர்வாக அமைப்பைக் கொண்ட '''பிரதேசங்கள்''' (பொதுவாக, சொந்தமாக இரு எழுத்துகளைக் கொண்ட ''ஐஎஸ்ஓ'' நாட்டுக் குறியீடு மற்றும் இணைய உயர்மட்டக் களம் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட இடங்கள்) குறித்த கட்டுரைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தப்பட வேண்டும் என்பதைக் கவனத்தில் கொள்க.  இதை அமெரிக்க மாநிலங்கள், கனடிய மாகாணங்கள் அல்லது வேறு எந்த வகை கட்டுரைகளுக்கும் பயன்படுத்தக்கூடாது.  பிற வகை கட்டுரைகளுக்கும் விரைவுப் பட்டி பயன்படுத்தப்பட வேண்டும் என்று நீங்கள் கருதினால், அது குறித்து [[Template talk:Wy/ta/Quickbar]] பக்கத்தில் உங்கள் ஆலோசனையைப் பதிவிடலாம். ஆனால், இது குறித்து ஏற்கனவே ''பலமுறை'' விவாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்க.

இந்த வார்ப்புரு அதன் தகவல்கள் அனைத்தையும் நேரடியாக விக்கித்தரவிலிருந்து பெறுகிறது. தயவுசெய்து அங்கே தகவல்களைச் சேர்க்கவும். மதிப்புகளின் சுருக்கம் [[d:Wikidata:Wikivoyage/Lists/Quickbar]] இல் உள்ளது.

பக்க ஒருங்கிணைவிற்கு இந்தப் வடிவத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தவும்:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

புலங்களை உள்ளிட அளவில் மேலெழுத விரும்பினால், நீங்கள் இந்தப் பதிப்பைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம்; இருப்பினும், விக்கிதரவைப்  பயன்படுத்துவதே முன்னுரிமைக்குரியதாகும்:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar
| location=location.png (படிமக் கோப்பின் பெயர்)
| capital=[[Wy/ta/Capital|Capital]] (தலைநகரம்)
| currency=currency used (பயன்பாட்டிலுள்ள நாணயம்)
| population=recent population estimate (சமீபத்திய மக்கள் தொகை கணிப்பு)
| electricity=electrical voltage and current (plug type) (மின் அழுத்தம் மற்றும் மின்னோட்டம் (பிளக் வகை))
| callingcode=country code immediately preceded by &quot;+&quot; international access code symbol (நாட்டுக் குறியீட்டிற்கு முன்னால் உடனடியாக &quot;+&quot; எனும் சர்வதேச அணுகல் குறியீடு இடம்பெற வேண்டும்)
| timezone=time zone(s) in relation to UTC (உலக நேரக் குறியீட்டைப் பொறுத்த கால மண்டலம்/ங்கள்)
| emergencies=emergency phone numbers (அவசரகால தொலைபேசி எண்கள்)
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

குறிப்பிட்ட தகவல்களைப் பெறுவதற்கு, வேறொரு விக்கித்தரவு உருப்படியைக் குறிப்பிடலாம். உதாரணமாக, கீழே உள்ள எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளில் தற்போதைய விக்கித்தரவு உருப்படியிலிருந்து அனைத்து புலங்களும் பெறப்படுகின்றன; ஆனால், நாட்டுக்குறியீடு மட்டும் [[Wy/ta/பிரான்சு|பிரான்சு]] என்பதிலிருந்து பெறப்படுகிறது:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Wy/ta/Quickbar|callingcode=#Q142}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;location&quot;: {
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-file-name&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P242|P242]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;அமைவிட வரைபடம் &quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது. உலக வரைபடத்தில் அந்த நாட்டின் எல்லைக்கோட்டை, உலகின் பிற பகுதிகளுடன் ஒப்பிட்டு இது காட்டுகிறது.&quot;
		},
		&quot;capital&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P36|P36]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;தலைநகரம்&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது. இது அந்த நாட்டின் தலைநகரத்தைக் குறிப்பிடுவதோடு, அந்தத் தலைநகரம் குறித்த கட்டுரைக்கான இணைப்பையும் வழங்குகிறது.&quot;
		},
		&quot;currency&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P38|P38]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;நாணயம்&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது.  நாட்டிற்குள் பயன்படுத்துவதற்கு அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட நாணயம் அல்லது நாணயங்கள். அதிகாரப்பூர்வ நாணயம் ஏதுமில்லை எனில், நடைமுறையில் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் நாணயத்தைக் குறிப்பிடவும்.&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;யூரோ&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;population&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P1082|P1082]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;மக்கள் தொகை&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது. நாட்டின் மக்கள் தொகையையும், அந்த மக்கள் தொகை எண்ணிக்கை எந்த ஆண்டை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டது என்பதையும் குறிப்பிடுகிறது.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;electricity&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P2884|P2884]], [[:d:Property:P2853|P2853]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;மின்சாரம்&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது.  அந்த நாட்டில் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் மின்னழுத்தம் (வோல்டேஜ்) மற்றும் ஹெர்ட்ஸ் (அதிர்வெண்) அளவைக் குறிப்பிடவும். அந்த நாட்டில் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் மின் பிளக் (electrical plug) வகைகளையும் குறிப்பிடவும்.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;callingcode&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P474|P474]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;அழைப்புக் குறியீடு&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது. தொலைபேசி அழைப்புகளை மேற்கொள்வதற்கான நாட்டின் அழைப்புக் குறியீட்டை அடையாளம் காட்டுகிறது.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;timezone&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P421|P421]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;நேர மண்டலம்&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது.   நாட்டிற்குள் பொருந்தக்கூடிய கால மண்டலம் (அல்லது கால மண்டலங்கள்).&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;emergencies&quot;: {
			&quot;suggested&quot;: false,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P2852|P2852]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;அவசரகால தொலைபேசி எண்&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது.  அவசர காலங்களில் முதலுதவி அளிப்பவர்களை அழைப்பதற்காகத் தொடர்புகொள்ள வேண்டிய தொலைபேசி எண்.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;driving side&quot;: {
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;[[:d:Property:P1622|P1622]]&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;வாகனம் ஓட்டும் பக்கம்&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாட்டின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கத்திலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது.  ஓட்டுநர்கள் சாலையின் இடது பக்கத்தில் வாகனத்தைச் செலுத்துகிறார்களா அல்லது வலது பக்கத்தில் செலுத்துகிறார்களா என்பதைக் கண்டறியும்.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		}
	},
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;நாடுகளின் விக்கித்தரவு பக்கங்களில் உள்ள தரவுகளின் அடிப்படையில், அந்த நாடுகளைப் பற்றிய பொதுவான தகவல்களின் சுருக்கத்தை இது காட்டுகிறது. இந்த வார்ப்புரு, நாடுகளைப் பற்றிய கட்டுரைகளில் மட்டுமே சேர்க்கப்பட வேண்டும்.&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Category:Wy/ta/Quickbar templates]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/Templates using TemplateStyles]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pmzlsalqkn3zmr54803oh7nst1xf4rc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/mayau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3812763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382079</id>
      <parentid>7380694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:35:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" sha1="k5kr2d8vpotip713h89scxwkzfi3tdp" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-adj-|jax}}
# sakit kepalak, [[Wt/jax/Pening|pening]], [[Wt/jax/Sempoyongan|sempoyongan]]
# kurang waras

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
      <sha1>k5kr2d8vpotip713h89scxwkzfi3tdp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/sma/Åarjelsaemien raadijovesaadtegh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3812951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382214</id>
      <parentid>7375923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:15:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thomasbkj</username>
        <id>2577617</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2758" sha1="86t0n40o7xwm9vo2byvyzpmafmm3urj" xml:space="preserve">Åarjelsaemien gïele gellie jaepieh raadijovisnie orreme. Minngemes jaepieh aaj podcastine.

== NRK ==

===== 1973 – 1981 (Anna Joma Granefjell) =====
NRK Trønderradiosne lij voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien raadijovesaadtegh jaepien 1973. Anna Joma Granefjell lij voestes åarjelsaemien reportere jïh saadtegidie darjoeji, mah seedtesovvin ikth asken.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRKSaepmie2026&quot;&gt;NRK Saepmie (2026): ''Anna Joma Granefjell: Åarjelsaemiej gïele''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hætta&quot;&gt;Hætta, Odd Mathis (1984) s.197: ''NRK's samiske sendinger : 1946-84''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 1981 – 1989 (Sig-Britt Persson) =====

===== 1989 – 1993 ([[Wp/sma/Jaahkenelkien Aanna|Jaahkenelkien Aanna]]) =====

Jaahkenelkien Aanna (Anna Jacobsen) ajve njieljie jaepieh barki goh reportere, mohte læjhkan jïjnje gïele-materijaalem darjoeji. Gaajhkh programmh gåarede aaj gærjesne lohkedh: ''Don jih daan bijre I-III''.

===== Åarjel Faaroe (1993 – 2023) =====
Sig-Britt Persson ''Åarjel Faaroe''-provgrammem eelki golken 5. b. 1993. Voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien saernieh åadtjoejin NRK:n rïjhkekanaalesne årrodh, abpe Nöörjesne.&lt;ref name=&quot;ma011093&quot;&gt;Min Aigi (01.10.93) s.15: ''NRK Sámi Radion raadijoprovgramme''.&lt;/ref&gt; Voestes provgrammem gåarede daesnie goltelidh:&lt;ref name=&quot;NB&quot;&gt;Nasjonalbiblioteket: ''https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_dra_2007-11165D''.&lt;/ref&gt; (01:42:43 raejeste 01:57:28 raajan)

===== Hævvi (2023 – 2025) =====
Hævvi lij NRK:n voestes podcaste åarjelsaemien gïelesne. Nelly Engström jïh Jonna Dunfjeld-Mølnvik dam darjoejigan. Ulmie lij åarjelsaemien podcastem darjodh, mij lij noere almetjijstie noere almetjidie.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd22023&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 2, 2023): ''Hævvi – orre podcaste noeri jielemen bïjre''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== SVT ==

===== Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell (2016) =====
Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell lij dïhte voestes åarjelsaemien talkshow. Máret jïh Inga Márjá Steinfjell dam darjoejigan, jïh aaj Noerhtelaanti saemien  ''Gulliegïele''-baalhkam åadtjoejigan jaepien 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd12016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 1, 2016): ''Steinfjell x 2 intar Sápmi''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dd42016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 4, 2016): ''Språkpris til Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Dejpelistie (2026) =====
Dejpelistie lea orre åarjelsaemien podde. Poddesne båeries mojtesh, soptsesth jïh orre åssjalommesh pleentesuvvieh&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2026&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (14.10.2026): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde bæjhkoehtåvva''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== UR – Utbildningsradion ==

===== Åarjelsaemien åssjalommesh (2019) =====
Daennie poddesne golme åarjelsaemien noerh ovmessie gyhtjelassh vaestiedieh jïh raeriestieh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2019&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (07.09.2019): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gaaltijh ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Wp/sma]]</text>
      <sha1>86t0n40o7xwm9vo2byvyzpmafmm3urj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382217</id>
      <parentid>7382214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thomasbkj</username>
        <id>2577617</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382217</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2888" sha1="m375r4nuitlu3cwb1igje7dixbkln9v" xml:space="preserve">Åarjelsaemien gïele gellie jaepieh raadijovisnie orreme. Minngemes jaepieh aaj podcastine.

== NRK ==

===== 1973 – 1981 (Anna Joma Granefjell) =====
NRK Trønderradiosne lij voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien raadijovesaadtegh jaepien 1973. Anna Joma Granefjell lij voestes åarjelsaemien reportere jïh saadtegidie darjoeji, mah seedtesovvin ikth asken.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRKSaepmie2026&quot;&gt;NRK Saepmie (2026): ''Anna Joma Granefjell: Åarjelsaemiej gïele''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hætta&quot;&gt;Hætta, Odd Mathis (1984) s.197: ''NRK's samiske sendinger : 1946-84''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 1981 – 1989 (Sig-Britt Persson) =====

===== 1989 – 1993 ([[Wp/sma/Jaahkenelkien Aanna|Jaahkenelkien Aanna]]) =====

Jaahkenelkien Aanna (Anna Jacobsen) ajve njieljie jaepieh barki goh reportere, mohte læjhkan jïjnje gïele-materijaalem darjoeji. Gaajhkh programmh gåarede aaj gærjesne lohkedh: ''Don jih daan bijre I-III''.

===== Åarjel Faaroe (1993 – 2023) =====
Sig-Britt Persson ''Åarjel Faaroe''-provgrammem eelki golken 5. b. 1993. Voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien saernieh åadtjoejin NRK:n rïjhkekanaalesne årrodh, abpe Nöörjesne.&lt;ref name=&quot;ma011093&quot;&gt;Min Aigi (01.10.93) s.15: ''NRK Sámi Radion raadijoprovgramme''.&lt;/ref&gt; Voestes provgrammem gåarede daesnie goltelidh:&lt;ref name=&quot;NB&quot;&gt;Nasjonalbiblioteket: ''https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_dra_2007-11165D''.&lt;/ref&gt; (01:42:43 raejeste 01:57:28 raajan)

===== Hævvi (2023 – 2025) =====
Hævvi lij NRK:n voestes podcaste åarjelsaemien gïelesne. Nelly Engström jïh Jonna Dunfjeld-Mølnvik dam darjoejigan. Ulmie lij åarjelsaemien podcastem darjodh, mij lij noere almetjijstie noere almetjidie.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd22023&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 2, 2023): ''Hævvi – orre podcaste noeri jielemen bïjre''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== SVT ==

===== Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell (2016) =====
Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell lij dïhte voestes åarjelsaemien talkshow. Máret jïh Inga Márjá Steinfjell dam darjoejigan, jïh aaj Noerhtelaanti saemien  ''Gulliegïele''-baalhkam åadtjoejigan jaepien 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd12016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 1, 2016): ''Steinfjell x 2 intar Sápmi''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dd42016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 4, 2016): ''Språkpris til Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Dejpelistie (2026) =====
Dejpelistie lea orre åarjelsaemien podde. Poddesne båeries mojtesh, soptsesth jïh orre åssjalommesh pleentesuvvieh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2026&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (14.10.2026): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde bæjhkoehtåvva'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/dejpelistie-orre-aarjelsaemiengieleldh-podde''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== UR – Utbildningsradion ==

===== Åarjelsaemien åssjalommesh (2019) =====
Daennie poddesne golme åarjelsaemien noerh ovmessie gyhtjelassh vaestiedieh jïh raeriestieh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2019&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (07.09.2019): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/7294658''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gaaltijh ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Wp/sma]]</text>
      <sha1>m375r4nuitlu3cwb1igje7dixbkln9v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382218</id>
      <parentid>7382217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:21:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thomasbkj</username>
        <id>2577617</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2874" sha1="rwetlv5ujen2qybnp54k5s3lgim7suj" xml:space="preserve">Åarjelsaemien gïele gellie jaepieh raadijovisnie orreme. Minngemes jaepieh aaj podcastine.

== NRK ==

===== 1973 – 1981 (Anna Joma Granefjell) =====
NRK Trønderradiosne lij voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien raadijovesaadtegh jaepien 1973. Anna Joma Granefjell lij voestes åarjelsaemien reportere jïh saadtegidie darjoeji, mah seedtesovvin ikth asken.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRKSaepmie2026&quot;&gt;NRK Saepmie (2026): ''Anna Joma Granefjell: Åarjelsaemiej gïele''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hætta&quot;&gt;Hætta, Odd Mathis (1984) s.197: ''NRK's samiske sendinger : 1946-84''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 1981 – 1989 (Sig-Britt Persson) =====

===== 1989 – 1993 ([[Wp/sma/Jaahkenelkien Aanna|Jaahkenelkien Aanna]]) =====

Jaahkenelkien Aanna (Anna Jacobsen) ajve njieljie jaepieh barki goh reportere, mohte læjhkan jïjnje gïele-materijaalem darjoeji. Gaajhkh programmh gåarede aaj gærjesne lohkedh: ''Don jih daan bijre I-III''.

===== Åarjel Faaroe (1993 – 2023) =====
Sig-Britt Persson ''Åarjel Faaroe''-provgrammem eelki golken 5. b. 1993. Voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien saernieh åadtjoejin NRK:n rïjhkekanaalesne årrodh, abpe Nöörjesne.&lt;ref name=&quot;ma011093&quot;&gt;Min Aigi (01.10.93) s.15: ''NRK Sámi Radion raadijoprovgramme''.&lt;/ref&gt; Voestes provgrammem gåarede daesnie goltelidh:&lt;ref name=&quot;NB&quot;&gt;Nasjonalbiblioteket: ''https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_dra_2007-11165D''.&lt;/ref&gt; (01:42:43 raejeste 01:57:28 raajan)

===== Hævvi (2023 – 2025) =====
Hævvi lij NRK:n voestes podcaste åarjelsaemien gïelesne. Nelly Engström jïh Jonna Dunfjeld-Mølnvik dam darjoejigan. Ulmie lij åarjelsaemien podcastem darjodh, mij lij noere almetjijstie noere almetjidie.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd22023&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 2, 2023): ''Hævvi – orre podcaste noeri jielemen bïjre''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== SVT ==

===== Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell (2016) =====
Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell lij dïhte voestes åarjelsaemien talkshow. Máret jïh Inga Márjá Steinfjell dam darjoejigan, jïh aaj Noerhtelaanti saemien  ''Gulliegïele''-baalhkam åadtjoejigan jaepien 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd12016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 1, 2016): ''Steinfjell x 2 intar Sápmi''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dd42016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 4, 2016): ''Språkpris til Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Dejpelistie (2026) =====
Dejpelistie lea orre åarjelsaemien podde båeries mojhtesi, soptsesi jïh aaj orre åssjalommesi bïjre.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2026&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (14.10.2026): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde bæjhkoehtåvva'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/dejpelistie-orre-aarjelsaemiengieleldh-podde''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== UR – Utbildningsradion ==

===== Åarjelsaemien åssjalommesh (2019) =====
Daennie poddesne golme åarjelsaemien noerh ovmessie gyhtjelassh vaestiedieh jïh raeriestieh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2019&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (07.09.2019): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/7294658''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gaaltijh ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Wp/sma]]</text>
      <sha1>rwetlv5ujen2qybnp54k5s3lgim7suj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382220</id>
      <parentid>7382218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:25:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thomasbkj</username>
        <id>2577617</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* UR – Utbildningsradion */</comment>
      <origin>7382220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2863" sha1="83zjtvliroefp0xcipgzkj6w3716jkb" xml:space="preserve">Åarjelsaemien gïele gellie jaepieh raadijovisnie orreme. Minngemes jaepieh aaj podcastine.

== NRK ==

===== 1973 – 1981 (Anna Joma Granefjell) =====
NRK Trønderradiosne lij voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien raadijovesaadtegh jaepien 1973. Anna Joma Granefjell lij voestes åarjelsaemien reportere jïh saadtegidie darjoeji, mah seedtesovvin ikth asken.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRKSaepmie2026&quot;&gt;NRK Saepmie (2026): ''Anna Joma Granefjell: Åarjelsaemiej gïele''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hætta&quot;&gt;Hætta, Odd Mathis (1984) s.197: ''NRK's samiske sendinger : 1946-84''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 1981 – 1989 (Sig-Britt Persson) =====

===== 1989 – 1993 ([[Wp/sma/Jaahkenelkien Aanna|Jaahkenelkien Aanna]]) =====

Jaahkenelkien Aanna (Anna Jacobsen) ajve njieljie jaepieh barki goh reportere, mohte læjhkan jïjnje gïele-materijaalem darjoeji. Gaajhkh programmh gåarede aaj gærjesne lohkedh: ''Don jih daan bijre I-III''.

===== Åarjel Faaroe (1993 – 2023) =====
Sig-Britt Persson ''Åarjel Faaroe''-provgrammem eelki golken 5. b. 1993. Voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien saernieh åadtjoejin NRK:n rïjhkekanaalesne årrodh, abpe Nöörjesne.&lt;ref name=&quot;ma011093&quot;&gt;Min Aigi (01.10.93) s.15: ''NRK Sámi Radion raadijoprovgramme''.&lt;/ref&gt; Voestes provgrammem gåarede daesnie goltelidh:&lt;ref name=&quot;NB&quot;&gt;Nasjonalbiblioteket: ''https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_dra_2007-11165D''.&lt;/ref&gt; (01:42:43 raejeste 01:57:28 raajan)

===== Hævvi (2023 – 2025) =====
Hævvi lij NRK:n voestes podcaste åarjelsaemien gïelesne. Nelly Engström jïh Jonna Dunfjeld-Mølnvik dam darjoejigan. Ulmie lij åarjelsaemien podcastem darjodh, mij lij noere almetjijstie noere almetjidie.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd22023&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 2, 2023): ''Hævvi – orre podcaste noeri jielemen bïjre''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== SVT ==

===== Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell (2016) =====
Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell lij dïhte voestes åarjelsaemien talkshow. Máret jïh Inga Márjá Steinfjell dam darjoejigan, jïh aaj Noerhtelaanti saemien  ''Gulliegïele''-baalhkam åadtjoejigan jaepien 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd12016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 1, 2016): ''Steinfjell x 2 intar Sápmi''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dd42016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 4, 2016): ''Språkpris til Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Dejpelistie (2026) =====
Dejpelistie lea orre åarjelsaemien podde båeries mojhtesi, soptsesi jïh aaj orre åssjalommesi bïjre.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2026&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (14.10.2026): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde bæjhkoehtåvva'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/dejpelistie-orre-aarjelsaemiengieleldh-podde''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== UR – Utbildningsradion ==

===== Åarjelsaemien åssjalommesh (2019) =====
Daennie poddesne golme åarjelsaemien noerh ovmessie gyhtjelassh vaestiedieh jïh raeriestieh.&lt;ref name=&quot;ur2019&quot;&gt; UR (07.09.2019): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/7294658''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gaaltijh ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Wp/sma]]</text>
      <sha1>83zjtvliroefp0xcipgzkj6w3716jkb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382221</id>
      <parentid>7382220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:26:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thomasbkj</username>
        <id>2577617</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/7382220|7382220]] by [[Special:Contributions/Thomasbkj|Thomasbkj]] ([[User talk:Thomasbkj|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>7382221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2874" sha1="rwetlv5ujen2qybnp54k5s3lgim7suj" xml:space="preserve">Åarjelsaemien gïele gellie jaepieh raadijovisnie orreme. Minngemes jaepieh aaj podcastine.

== NRK ==

===== 1973 – 1981 (Anna Joma Granefjell) =====
NRK Trønderradiosne lij voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien raadijovesaadtegh jaepien 1973. Anna Joma Granefjell lij voestes åarjelsaemien reportere jïh saadtegidie darjoeji, mah seedtesovvin ikth asken.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRKSaepmie2026&quot;&gt;NRK Saepmie (2026): ''Anna Joma Granefjell: Åarjelsaemiej gïele''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hætta&quot;&gt;Hætta, Odd Mathis (1984) s.197: ''NRK's samiske sendinger : 1946-84''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 1981 – 1989 (Sig-Britt Persson) =====

===== 1989 – 1993 ([[Wp/sma/Jaahkenelkien Aanna|Jaahkenelkien Aanna]]) =====

Jaahkenelkien Aanna (Anna Jacobsen) ajve njieljie jaepieh barki goh reportere, mohte læjhkan jïjnje gïele-materijaalem darjoeji. Gaajhkh programmh gåarede aaj gærjesne lohkedh: ''Don jih daan bijre I-III''.

===== Åarjel Faaroe (1993 – 2023) =====
Sig-Britt Persson ''Åarjel Faaroe''-provgrammem eelki golken 5. b. 1993. Voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien saernieh åadtjoejin NRK:n rïjhkekanaalesne årrodh, abpe Nöörjesne.&lt;ref name=&quot;ma011093&quot;&gt;Min Aigi (01.10.93) s.15: ''NRK Sámi Radion raadijoprovgramme''.&lt;/ref&gt; Voestes provgrammem gåarede daesnie goltelidh:&lt;ref name=&quot;NB&quot;&gt;Nasjonalbiblioteket: ''https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_dra_2007-11165D''.&lt;/ref&gt; (01:42:43 raejeste 01:57:28 raajan)

===== Hævvi (2023 – 2025) =====
Hævvi lij NRK:n voestes podcaste åarjelsaemien gïelesne. Nelly Engström jïh Jonna Dunfjeld-Mølnvik dam darjoejigan. Ulmie lij åarjelsaemien podcastem darjodh, mij lij noere almetjijstie noere almetjidie.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd22023&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 2, 2023): ''Hævvi – orre podcaste noeri jielemen bïjre''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== SVT ==

===== Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell (2016) =====
Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell lij dïhte voestes åarjelsaemien talkshow. Máret jïh Inga Márjá Steinfjell dam darjoejigan, jïh aaj Noerhtelaanti saemien  ''Gulliegïele''-baalhkam åadtjoejigan jaepien 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd12016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 1, 2016): ''Steinfjell x 2 intar Sápmi''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dd42016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 4, 2016): ''Språkpris til Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Dejpelistie (2026) =====
Dejpelistie lea orre åarjelsaemien podde båeries mojhtesi, soptsesi jïh aaj orre åssjalommesi bïjre.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2026&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (14.10.2026): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde bæjhkoehtåvva'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/dejpelistie-orre-aarjelsaemiengieleldh-podde''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== UR – Utbildningsradion ==

===== Åarjelsaemien åssjalommesh (2019) =====
Daennie poddesne golme åarjelsaemien noerh ovmessie gyhtjelassh vaestiedieh jïh raeriestieh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2019&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (07.09.2019): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/7294658''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gaaltijh ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Wp/sma]]</text>
      <sha1>rwetlv5ujen2qybnp54k5s3lgim7suj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382223</id>
      <parentid>7382221</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:31:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thomasbkj</username>
        <id>2577617</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2879" sha1="nioja9rg9blqhsrr4q9pdq9uxlg4apy" xml:space="preserve">Åarjelsaemien gïele gellie jaepieh raadijovisnie orreme. Minngemes jaepieh aaj podcastine.

== NRK ==

===== 1973 – 1981 (Anna Joma Granefjell) =====
NRK Trønderradiosne lij voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien raadijovesaadtegh jaepien 1973. Anna Joma Granefjell lij voestes åarjelsaemien reportere jïh saadtegidie darjoeji, mah seedtesovvin ikth asken.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRKSaepmie2026&quot;&gt;NRK Saepmie (2026): ''Anna Joma Granefjell: Åarjelsaemiej gïele''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hætta&quot;&gt;Hætta, Odd Mathis (1984) s.197: ''NRK's samiske sendinger : 1946-84''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 1981 – 1989 (Sig-Britt Persson) =====

===== 1989 – 1993 ([[Wp/sma/Jaahkenelkien Aanna|Jaahkenelkien Aanna]]) =====

Jaahkenelkien Aanna (Anna Jacobsen) ajve njieljie jaepieh barki goh reportere, mohte læjhkan jïjnje gïele-materijaalem darjoeji. Gaajhkh programmh gåarede aaj gærjesne lohkedh: ''Don jih daan bijre I-III''.

===== Åarjel Faaroe (1993 – 2023) =====
Sig-Britt Persson ''Åarjel Faaroe''-provgrammem eelki golken 5. b. 1993. Voestes aejkien åarjelsaemien saernieh åadtjoejin NRK:n rïjhkekanaalesne årrodh, abpe Nöörjesne.&lt;ref name=&quot;ma011093&quot;&gt;Min Aigi (01.10.93) s.15: ''NRK Sámi Radion raadijoprovgramme''.&lt;/ref&gt; Voestes provgrammem gåarede daesnie goltelidh:&lt;ref name=&quot;NB&quot;&gt;Nasjonalbiblioteket: ''https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_dra_2007-11165D''.&lt;/ref&gt; (01:42:43 raejeste 01:57:28 raajan)

===== Hævvi (2023 – 2025) =====
Hævvi lij NRK:n voestes podcaste åarjelsaemien gïelesne. Nelly Engström jïh Jonna Dunfjeld-Mølnvik dam darjoejigan. Ulmie lij åarjelsaemien podcastem darjodh, mij lij noere almetjijstie noere almetjidie.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd22023&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 2, 2023): ''Hævvi – orre podcaste noeri jielemen bïjre''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== SVT / SR ==

===== Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell (2016) =====
Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell lij dïhte voestes åarjelsaemien talkshow. Máret jïh Inga Márjá Steinfjell dam darjoejigan, jïh aaj Noerhtelaanti saemien  ''Gulliegïele''-baalhkam åadtjoejigan jaepien 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd12016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 1, 2016): ''Steinfjell x 2 intar Sápmi''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dd42016&quot;&gt;Daerpies Dierie (nr. 4, 2016): ''Språkpris til Steinfjell &amp; Steinfjell''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Dejpelistie (2026) =====
Dejpelistie lea orre åarjelsaemien podde båeries mojhtesi, soptsesi jïh aaj orre åssjalommesi bïjre.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2026&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (14.10.2026): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde bæjhkoehtåvva'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/dejpelistie-orre-aarjelsaemiengieleldh-podde''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== UR – Utbildningsradion ==

===== Åarjelsaemien åssjalommesh (2019) =====
Daennie poddesne golme åarjelsaemien noerh ovmessie gyhtjelassh vaestiedieh jïh raeriestieh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sr2019&quot;&gt;Sveriges Radio (07.09.2019): ''Orre åarjelsaemien podde'' ''https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/7294658''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gaaltijh ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Wp/sma]]</text>
      <sha1>nioja9rg9blqhsrr4q9pdq9uxlg4apy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wy/ta/கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3823189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382126</id>
      <parentid>7375295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:13:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sathiyapaval</username>
        <id>2712541</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7382126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39438" sha1="l39ixnhc3i4uyfxayggwbvuqn1fkpun" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/pa/Pagebanner|Kilimanjaro banner.jpg|caption=கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை|pgname=கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை}}[[Image:Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை]]
[[Wy/ta/கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை|'''கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை''',]] தான்சானியாவின் வடகிழக்குப் பகுதியில், '''கென்ய''' எல்லைக்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு செயலற்ற அடுக்கு எரிமலை (stratovolcano) ஆகும். கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 5,895 மீட்டர் (19,340 அடி) உயரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள இம்மலை, ஆப்பிரிக்காவின் மிக உயரமான சிகரமாகவும், உலகின் மிக உயரமான தனித்து நிற்கும் மலையாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. மலையேறுவதற்கு ஒப்பீட்டளவில் எளிதாக இருப்பதால், கிளிமஞ்சாரோ உலகம் முழுவதிலுமிருந்து வரும் மலையேற்ற வீரர்களுக்கு ஒரு முக்கிய இடமாக மாறியுள்ளது. இது யுனெஸ்கோவின் உலக பாரம்பரியச் சின்னங்கள் பட்டியலிலும் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளது.

= புரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள் =
[[File:SmallKiliCrop.jpg|thumb|317x317px|கிளிமஞ்சாரோவின் சிறிய மாவென்சி சிகரம்]]
கிலிமஞ்சாரோவின் சிறிய சிகரமான 'மாவென்சி' (Mawenzi)

நிலநடுக்கோட்டிற்குத் தெற்கே 330 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்திருந்தாலும், சவன்னா சமவெளிகளுக்கு மேலே கம்பீரமாக உயர்ந்து நிற்கும் ஆப்பிரிக்காவின் பனிமூடிய மலையாக கிலிமஞ்சாரோ மலை விளங்குகிறது. இங்குள்ள பனிப்பகுதிகள் வேகமாக மறைந்து வருகின்றன. கிலிமஞ்சாரோ தேசிய பூங்காவானது, இம்மலையின் 2,700 மீட்டர் (8,850 அடி) உயரத்திற்கு மேற்பட்ட பகுதியைப் பாதுகாக்கிறது; இப்பகுதியில் மூர்லேண்ட் (moorland) மற்றும் உயர்நில மண்டலங்கள், ஷிரா பீடபூமி (Shira Plateau) மற்றும் கிபோ (Kibo) மற்றும் மாவென்சி (Mawenzi) ஆகிய சிகரங்கள் அடங்கும். கிலிமஞ்சாரோ வனப்பகுதி வழியாகச் செல்லும் ஆறு வழித்தடங்களும் இந்தப் பூங்காவின் ஒரு பகுதியாக உள்ளன. வனவிலங்கு காப்பகமாகவும் செயல்படும் இந்த வனப்பகுதி 1921-இல் உருவாக்கப்பட்டது; தேசிய பூங்கா 1973-இல் நிறுவப்பட்டு 1977-இல் பொதுமக்களின் பயன்பாட்டிற்காகத் திறக்கப்பட்டது.

= வரலாறு =
இங்கிலாந்தின் விக்டோரியா மகாராணி, தனது பேரனும் ஜெர்மனியின் பேரரசருமான இரண்டாம் கைசர் வில்ஹெல்முக்கு கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலையைப் பிறந்தநாள் பரிசாக வழங்கினார் என்று பொதுவாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. ஆனால், உண்மையில் அது அவ்வாறல்ல. உண்மையில், ஆப்பிரிக்காவில் பயணித்தவரும் இன்றைய தான்சானியாவை உருவாக்கியவர்களில் ஒருவருமான கார்ல் பீட்டர்ஸ் என்பவர், ரகசியமாக டாங்கன்யிகா பகுதிக்குள் நுழைந்து, சாகா (Chagga) இனத் தலைவர்களைச் சம்மதிக்க வைத்தார்; அதன்படி, அவர்கள் தங்கள் பகுதிகளை 'ஜெர்மானியக் குடியேற்றத்திற்கான சங்கம்' (Society for German Colonization) எனும் அவரது அமைப்பிடம் ஒப்படைப்பதற்கான ஒப்பந்தங்களில் கையெழுத்திட்டனர்.

முதலாம் உலகப் போரின்போது ஜெர்மானியக் கிழக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்காவில் ஒரு ராணுவ நடவடிக்கை நடைபெற்றது; அப்போது ஜெர்மானியர்கள் கிளிமஞ்சாரோவின் சில பகுதிகளை அரண் அமைத்து பலப்படுத்தினர்.

= நிலப்பரப்பு =
இம்மலை பனிமூடிய சிகரங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இவை மிகவும் புகழ்பெற்றவை என்றாலும், விரைவாக மறைந்து வருகின்றன.

= தாவர மற்றும் விலங்கினங்கள் =
கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலையிலும் அதைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பகுதிகளிலும் ஏராளமான வனவிலங்குகள் காணப்படுகின்றன; அவற்றில் பல இப்பகுதிக்கு மட்டுமே உரித்தான தனித்துவமானவை. இம்மலையில் அடிவாரத்திலிருந்து உச்சிப் பகுதியில் உள்ள ஆர்க்டிக் பனிப்பகுதி வரை ஐந்து முக்கியத் தாவர மண்டலங்கள் உள்ளன: கீழ் சரிவுகள், மலைக்காடுகள், ஹீத் மற்றும் மூர்லேண்ட் (புதர் மற்றும் புல்வெளி நிலங்கள்), ஆல்ப்பைன் பாலைவனம் மற்றும் மலை உச்சி ஆகியவை இவையாகும். மலைக்காட்டுப் பகுதி உட்பட இம்மலை முழுவதும் விலங்கு மற்றும் தாவர இனங்களால் செழித்து விளங்குகிறது; ராட்சத லோபெலியாக்கள் (giant lobelias), 'எவர்லாஸ்டிங்' மலர்கள் மற்றும் பாலூட்டிகள் போன்றவை இங்கு காணப்படுகின்றன; இவற்றில் பல அழிந்துவரும் இனங்களாகும். இத்தகைய சிறப்பம்சங்கள், குறிப்பாக அதன் அபார உயரம், தனித்துவமான வடிவம், பனி மூடிய உச்சி மற்றும் சுற்றியுள்ள சமவெளிகளுக்கு மத்தியில் தனித்து நிற்கும் தன்மை ஆகியவற்றால், கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை ஒரு மிகச்சிறந்த இயற்கை அதிசயமாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. இம்மலையில் ஏறுவது என்பது, வெப்பமண்டல நிலநடுக்கோட்டுப் பகுதியிலிருந்து வட துருவத்திற்குச் சில நாட்களிலேயே நடந்து செல்வது போன்ற உணர்வை அளிக்கிறது. மலையின் உட்பகுதியில் அதிக விலங்குகள் இல்லையென்றாலும், 'லெமோஷோ' (Lemosho) பாதையில் பயணிக்கும்போது காட்டு எருமைகள், சிறுத்தைகள் மற்றும் யானைகளைக் கூட நீங்கள் காண முடியும். லெமோஷோ பாதை வழியாகச் செல்லும் மலையேறுபவர்களுடன், பயணத்தின் முதல் நாளில் ஆயுதம் ஏந்திய வனக் காவலர்கள் உடன் செல்கிறார்கள்.

= காலநிலை =
நிலநடுக்கோட்டிற்கு அருகில் கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை அமைந்துள்ளதால், இப்பகுதியில் கடும் குளிர்காலம் அல்லது கோடைக்காலம் போன்ற தீவிர வானிலை மாற்றங்கள் இருப்பதில்லை; மாறாக, வறண்ட மற்றும் ஈரப்பதமான பருவங்களே நிலவுகின்றன. ஜனவரி மற்றும் பிப்ரவரி மாதங்கள் அதிக வெப்பமானவை; ஏப்ரல் மற்றும் மே மாதங்கள் அதிக மழையுள்ளவை; ஜூன் மற்றும் ஜூலை மாதங்கள் அதிகக் குளிர்ச்சியானவை; ஆகஸ்ட் மற்றும் செப்டம்பர் மாதங்கள் மிகவும் வறண்டவை. வானிலை அடிப்படையில் பார்க்கும்போது, ​​கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலையில் ஏறுவதற்கு ஜனவரி, பிப்ரவரி மற்றும் செப்டம்பர் மாதங்கள் சிறந்தவையாகக் கருதப்படுகின்றன.

மலையின் நுழைவாயிலிலிருந்து உச்சியை அடைவது என்பது, நிலநடுக்கோட்டிலிருந்து அண்டார்டிகாவிற்குச் சில நாட்களிலேயே பயணம் செய்வது போன்ற ஒரு அனுபவத்தைத் தருகிறது. ஏனெனில், 'உஹுரு' (Uhuru) உச்சியை அடையும் பாதைகள் பல்வேறு சூழலியல் மண்டலங்களைக் கடந்து செல்கின்றன. மலையேற்றத்தின்போது, ​​உயரத்திற்கும் பகலின் நேரத்திற்கும் ஏற்ப வெப்பநிலை கணிசமாக மாறுபடுகிறது. கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலையில் ஐந்து முக்கிய சூழலியல் மண்டலங்கள் உள்ளன; ஒவ்வொன்றும் சுமார் 1,000 மீட்டர் (3,280 அடி) உயரத்தைக் கொண்டவை. உயரம் அதிகரிக்க அதிகரிக்க, ஒவ்வொரு மண்டலத்திலும் மழைப்பொழிவு, வெப்பநிலை மற்றும் உயிரினங்களின் பரவல் ஆகியவை அதற்கேற்பக் குறைகின்றன. மலையின் அடிவாரத்தில் பயணத்தைத் தொடங்கும்போது, ​​சராசரி வெப்பநிலை சுமார் 27°C முதல் 32°C (70°F முதல் 80°F) வரை இருக்கும். அங்கிருந்து மலையின் பல்வேறு சூழலியல் மண்டலங்கள் வழியாக மேலே செல்லும்போது வெப்பநிலை குறையத் தொடங்குகிறது. மலையின் உச்சியான 'உஹுரு' சிகரத்தில், இரவு நேர வெப்பநிலை -18°C முதல் -26°C (0°F முதல் -15°F) வரை இருக்கலாம். கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை மிகவும் உயர்ந்ததாக இருப்பதால், அது தனக்கென ஒரு தனித்துவமான வானிலையை உருவாக்குகிறது. இந்த வானிலை மிகவும் மாறுபட்டதாகவும், முன்கூட்டியே கணிக்க முடியாததாகவும் இருக்கும். எனவே, நீங்கள் எந்தக் காலத்தில் மலையேறினாலும், மழை பொழியும் நாட்களையும் குளிரான இரவுகளையும் எதிர்கொள்ள எப்போதும் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
அருகிலுள்ள சர்வதேச விமான நிலையம் கிளிமஞ்சாரோ (JRO IATA) ஆகும்; நீங்கள் ஐரோப்பாவிலிருந்து வருவதானால், ஆம்ஸ்டர்டாமிலிருந்து JRO-விற்கு KLM நிறுவனத்தின் நேரடி விமான சேவை தினமும் உள்ளது.

நீங்கள் கென்யாவின் நைரோபியிலிருந்து வருவதானால், 'கென்யா ஏர்வேஸ்' (Kenya Airways) மூலம் பயணிக்கலாம்; இந்நிறுவனம் 'பிரசிஷன் ஏர்' (Precision Air) நிறுவனத்துடன் இணைந்து செயல்படுகிறது. இதற்கான இருவழிப் பயணச் சீட்டுக்கு ஒரு நபருக்கு சுமார் 400 அமெரிக்க டாலர்கள் செலவாகும்.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==
[[File:SnowsKili.JPG|center|thumb|329x329px|கிலிமஞ்சாரோவின் எரிமலைப் பள்ளத்திற்குள், சூரியன் உதிக்கும் வேளையில், இடதுபுறத்தில் பள்ளத்தின் விளிம்பின் மிக உயர்ந்த பகுதி தெரிகிறது.]]
[[File:KiliGlacier.JPG|center|thumb|375x375px|கிலிமஞ்சாரோவின் பனிப்படலங்கள்]]

== செய்யுங்கள் ==

=== ஒரு நாள் மலையேற்றம் ===
கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலையின் உச்சியை அடைய விரும்பாமல், அதே சமயம் அங்கு ஒரு மலையேற்ற அனுபவத்தைப் பெற விரும்பினால், நீங்கள் 'மரங்கு கேட்' (Marangu Gate) முதல் 'மவுண்டி பள்ளம்' (Maundi Crater) வரை ஒரு நாள் மலையேற்றத்தை மேற்கொள்ளலாம். இது எளிதான ஒரு பயணம்; இதில் நீங்கள் கிளிமஞ்சாரோ காடுகளின் வழியாகச் செல்வீர்கள். வழியில் குரங்குகள் மற்றும் பறவைகளைக் காணலாம்.

நீங்கள் மலையேற்றத்தில் நல்ல அனுபவம் உள்ளவர் என்றால், இந்தப் பயணம் மிகவும் எளிதாக இருக்கும். செல்ல 2 மணி நேரம் 30 நிமிடங்களுக்கும் குறைவாகவும், திரும்ப 2 மணி நேரமும் மட்டுமே ஆகும்.

ஒரு விஷயத்தைக் கவனத்தில் கொள்ள வேண்டும்: நுழைவு வாயிலில் முழு நாளுக்கான கட்டணத்தைச் செலுத்தியிருந்தாலும், 'மவுண்டி பள்ளம்' பகுதிக்கு அப்பால் செல்ல உங்களை அனுமதிக்காத ஒரு விசித்திரமான விதிமுறை அங்கு உள்ளது (சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடமிருந்து அதிக பணம் வசூலிக்க டான்சானியாவில் இது வழக்கமான ஒன்று). இது மிகுந்த ஏமாற்றத்தை அளிக்கலாம். மேலும், இதற்கு ஒரு வழிகாட்டியை (guide) கட்டாயம் அமர்த்த வேண்டும்; ஆனால் நடைபாதை மிகவும் எளிதானது, ஆபத்தான விலங்குகள் இல்லை, மற்றும் நிறைய மக்கள் நடமாடும் பகுதி என்பதால், அந்த வழிகாட்டியின் சேவை உண்மையில் தேவையற்றது. எனவே, கிடைக்கும் அனுபவத்திற்கு ஒப்பிடுகையில் இதற்கான கட்டணம் மிக அதிகம். ஆகவே, நீங்கள் மலையேற்றத்தில் திறமையானவர் மற்றும் தனியாகச் செல்ல விரும்பும் அல்லது பழகியவர் என்றால், ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலோ அல்லது டான்சானியாவிலோ கூட, இதைவிடக் குறைந்த செலவில் சிறந்த இடங்கள் உள்ளன (உதாரணமாக, உட்ஸுங்வா மலைகள் தேசிய பூங்கா).

உச்சிக்குச் செல்லும் மலையேற்றப் பாதைகள்

கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலையில் ஏறுவதற்கு ஆறு பாதைகளும், இறங்குவதற்கு இரண்டு பாதைகளும் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. அவை:

மச்சமே

மராங்கு

ரோங்காய்

லெமோஷோ

உம்ப்வே

ஷிரா

வடக்கு சுற்றுப்பாதை

ம்வேகா (இறங்குவதற்கு மட்டும்)

'''எச்சரிக்கை''': இந்த ~6 நாள் பயணத் திட்டங்கள் பொதுவானவை, ஆனால் மிகவும் வேகமானவை – உயர நோய் ஏற்படுவதற்கான ஆபத்து மிக அதிகம் (75%!), மேலும் இந்தப் பயணத் திட்டங்களில் உங்களால் மலையின் உச்சியை அடைய முடியாமல் போகவும் அதிக வாய்ப்புள்ளது. பாதுகாப்பாக உயரத்திற்குப் பழகிக்கொள்ள, குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளதை விட மெதுவாக நீங்கள் ஏற வேண்டும்.

'''மராங்கு பாதை''': இது மிகவும் எளிதான பாதை என்பதாலும், சில குடிசைகளில் விற்பனையாளர்கள் கோகோ-கோலா விற்பதாலும், இது பொதுவாக கோகோ-கோலா பாதை என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. கிளிமஞ்சாரோ உச்சியை அடைய மராங்கு பாதையே மிகவும் பிரபலமான பாதையாகும். உயரத்திற்குப் பழகிக்கொள்ள நீங்கள் ஒரு கூடுதல் நாளைச் செலவிடத் தேர்வுசெய்கிறீர்களா என்பதைப் பொறுத்து, வழக்கமான பயணக் காலம் 5 அல்லது 6 நாட்கள் ஆகும். கூடாரங்களுக்குப் பதிலாக குடில்களை வழங்கும் ஒரே வழி இதுதான்.

நாள் 1: மரங்கு நுழைவாயில் (1980 மீ) - மந்தாரா குடில் (2700 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 5  மணிநேரம்

நாள் 2: மந்தாரா குடில் (2700 மீ) - ஹொரோம்போ குடில் (3720 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 6 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 3: ஹொரோம்போ குடில் (3720 மீ) - சூழலுக்குப் பழகிக்கொள்ளும் நாள் (தேவைப்பட்டால்)

நாள் 4: ஹொரோம்போ குடில் (3720 மீ) - கிபோ குடில் (4700 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 6 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 5: கிபோ குடில் (4700 மீ) - உஹுரு சிகரம் (5895 மீ) - ஹொரோம்போ குடில் (3720 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: உஹுருவை அடைய 8 மணிநேரம் - ஹொரோம்போவிற்குத் திரும்ப 6 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 6: ஹொரோம்போ குடில் (3720 மீ) - மரங்கு நுழைவாயில் (1980 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 6 மணிநேரம்

'''மச்சாமே பாதை''' (Machame Route): இது கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலையேற்றத்திற்கான மிக அழகான பாதையாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. மராங்கு (Marangu) பாதையில் தங்குவதற்குச் சிறிய குடில்கள் (huts) வசதி உள்ள நிலையில், மச்சாமே பாதையில் கூடாரங்களில் (tents) மட்டுமே தங்க முடியும். இதனால், சற்றே கூடுதல் சாகச உணர்வு கொண்ட மலையேற்றப் பயணிகளுக்கு மச்சாமே பாதை (இது &quot;விஸ்கி பாதை&quot; என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) மிகவும் ஏற்றதாக அமைகிறது; அதே சமயம், மராங்கு பாதையில் காண முடியாத அற்புதமான இயற்கை அழகை இது பயணிகளுக்கு வழங்குகிறது.

நாள் 1: மச்சாமே கேட் (1490 மீ) - மச்சாமே முகாம் (2980 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 7 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 2: மச்சாமே முகாம் (2980 மீ) - ஷிரா முகாம் (3840 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 6 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 3: ஷிரா (3840 மீ) - லாவா டவர் (4630 மீ) - பாரன்கோ முகாம் (3950 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 7 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 4: பாரன்கோ முகாம் (3950 மீ) - பாராஃபு முகாம் (4550 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 7 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 5: பாராஃபு முகாம் (4550 மீ) - உஹுரு சிகரம் (5895 மீ) - ம்வேகா (3100 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: உஹுரு சிகரத்தை அடைய 8 மணிநேரம்; ம்வேகாவுக்குக் கீழே இறங்க 7-8 மணிநேரம்.

'''லெமோஷோ (Lemosho) பாதை''': மற்ற பாதைகளை விட இது குறைவாகவே பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது மற்றும் மிகவும் தனிமையானது. இப்பாதையின் முதல் நாளில், குழுவினருடன் ஆயுதம் ஏந்திய வனக் காவலர் (ranger) ஒருவர் செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படும் சில பாதைகளில் இதுவும் ஒன்றாகும்; ஏனெனில், லெமோஷோ கிளேட்ஸ் (Lemosho Glades) பகுதியைச் சுற்றியுள்ள காடுகளில் காட்டெருமைகள், யானைகள் மற்றும் பிற பெரிய வனவிலங்குகள் அதிகம் காணப்படுகின்றன.

நாள் 1: லொண்டோரோஸ்ஸி வாயில் (2100 மீ) - ம்டி முகுப்வா (Mti Mkubwa) முகாம் (2750 மீ). பயண நேரம்: 3 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 2: ம்டி முகுப்வா முகாம் (2750 மீ) - ஷிரா 2 (Shira 2) முகாம் (3840 மீ). பயண நேரம்: 6-7 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 3: ஷிரா (3840 மீ) - லாவா டவர் (4630 மீ) - பாரன்கோ (Barranco) முகாம் (3950 மீ). பயண நேரம்: 7 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 4: பாரன்கோ முகாம் (3950 மீ) - பாராஃபு (Barafu) முகாம் (4550 மீ). பயண நேரம்: 7 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 5: பாராஃபு முகாம் (4550 மீ) - உஹுரு சிகரம் (5895 மீ) - ம்வேகா (Mweka) (3100 மீ). பயண நேரம்: உஹுரு சிகரத்தை அடைய 8 மணிநேரம்; ம்வேகாவிற்குத் திரும்ப 7-8 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 6: ம்வேகா முகாம் (3100 மீ) - ம்வேகா வாயில் (1980 மீ). பயண நேரம்: 3 மணிநேரம்

லெமோஷோ பாதையின் (Lemosho Route) ஒரு மாற்றுத் திட்டத்தில், உயரத்திற்கு ஏற்ப உடல் தகவமைப்பை (acclimatization) ஏற்படுத்திக்கொள்ளவும், இருட்டில் உச்சியை நோக்கி ஏறுவதைத் தவிர்க்கவும் பயணத் திட்டத்தில் கூடுதலாக இரண்டு முதல் நான்கு நாட்கள் சேர்க்கப்படுகின்றன.

நாள் 4: பாரன்கோ (3950 மீ) முதல் கரங்கா பள்ளத்தாக்கு (4000 மீ) வரை. பயண நேரம்: 4 மணிநேரம். இப்பகுதி உங்களை மிகவும் சவாலான 'பாரன்கோ சுவர்' (Barranco Wall) வழியாக மேலே அழைத்துச் செல்கிறது.

நாள் 5: கரங்கா பள்ளத்தாக்கு (4000 மீ) முதல் பாராஃபு முகாம் (4550 மீ) வரை. பயண நேரம்: 3 மணிநேரம்.

நாள் 6: பாராஃபு முகாம் (4550 மீ) - உஹுரு சிகரம் (5895 மீ) - கிரேட்டர் முகாம் (5640 மீ). பயண நேரம்: சுமார் 8 மணிநேரம்.

நாள் 7: கிரேட்டர் முகாம் (5640 மீ) - ம்வேகா (3100 மீ). பயண நேரம்: கீழே இறங்க 7 முதல் 8 மணிநேரம்.

நீங்கள் ஷிரா 1 முகாமில் (3610 மீ) தங்கலாம்; மறுநாள் ஷிரா பீடபூமியின் (Shira Plateau) அற்புதமான காட்சியை ரசித்தவாறே ஷிரா சிகரத்திலும் (3872 மீ) ஏறலாம்.

நாள் 2: ம்டி முகுப்வா (Mti Mkubwa) முகாம் (2750 மீ) - ஷிரா 1 முகாம் (3610 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 4 மணிநேரம்.

நாள் 3: ஷிரா 1 முகாம் (3610 மீ) - ஷிரா சிகரம் (3872 மீ) - ஷிரா 2 முகாம் (2840 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 5 மணிநேரம்.

ரோங்காய் (Rongai) வழித்தடம்: ரோங்காய் வழித்தடமானது, தான்சானியா மற்றும் கென்யா நாடுகளுக்கு இடையிலான எல்லையை ஒட்டி, மலையின் வடகிழக்குப் பகுதியிலிருந்து கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலையில் ஏறும் பாதையாகும்.

நாள் 1: ரோங்காய் நுழைவாயில் (1950 மீ) - முதல் குகை முகாம் (2600 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 5 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 2: முதல் குகை (2600 மீ) - கிகெலேவா குகை (3600 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 6-7 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 3: கிகெலேவா குகை (3600 மீ) - மவென்சி டார்ன் முகாம் (4330 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 3-4 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 4: மவென்சி டார்ன் முகாம் (4330 மீ) - கிபோ குடில் (4700 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 4-5 மணிநேரம்

நாள் 5: கிபோ குடில் (4700 மீ) - உஹுரு சிகரம் (5895 மீ) - ஹொரோம்போ குடில் (3720 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: உஹுருவை அடைய 8 மணிநேரம் - ஹொரோம்போவை வந்தடைய 6 மணிநேரம் (இறக்கம்)

நாள் 6: ஹொரோம்போ குடில் (3720 மீ) - மரங்கு நுழைவாயில் (1980 மீ). மலையேற்ற நேரம்: 6 மணிநேரம்

= '''உண்ணுங்கள்''' =
மலையேற்றத்தின்போது உங்களுடன் வரும் சமையல்காரர்கள் மற்றும் சுமப்பவர்கள் (porters) பல்வேறு உணவுத் தேவைகளைப் பூர்த்தி செய்கிறார்கள். இருப்பினும், உணவின் தரம் நீங்கள் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கும் சுற்றுலா ஏற்பாட்டாளரின் (tour operator) நற்பெயரைப் பொறுத்தே அமைகிறது. பயணம் நீடிக்கும்போது உணவுப் பொருட்கள் பழுதடைவதாலும், சுமப்பவர்களிடம் உள்ள கையிருப்பு குறைவதாலும், பயணத்தின் இறுதிக்கட்டத்தில் உணவின் தரம் குறைய வாய்ப்புள்ளது. எனவே, பயணத்தைச் வெற்றிகரமாக நிறைவு செய்ய, கொட்டை வகைகள் (nuts) மற்றும் சாக்லேட் போன்ற அதிக ஆற்றல் தரும் உணவுகளை உடன் எடுத்துச் செல்வது பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகிறது. அத்துடன், பயணத்தின் முடிவில் எளிதாகச் சமைத்து உண்ணக்கூடிய உடனடி  உணவு வகைகளை எடுத்துச் செல்வதும் பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும்.

= '''பருகுங்கள்''' =
மலைப்பயணத்தின்போது நீர்ச்சத்து குறைபாட்டைத் தவிர்க்க, அதிக அளவிலான தண்ணீரும், அதேபோல அதிக அளவில் வாய்வழி நீர்ச்சத்தை மீட்டெடுக்கும் உப்புகளும் (ORS) பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகின்றன.

= '''உறங்குங்கள்''' =
மலையில் தங்குவதற்கான வசதிகள், அதற்கென ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட முகாம் இடங்களுக்கு மட்டுமே மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. குகைகளில் உறங்குவது தடைசெய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. அங்கு குடில்கள் இருந்தாலும், பொதுவாக அவை பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுவதில்லை. மலையேற்றத்திற்கு முந்தைய தங்குமிட வசதிகள் பொதுவாக அருஷா (Arusha) மற்றும் மோஷி (Moshi) ஆகிய நகரங்களில் கிடைக்கின்றன.

முகாமிடுதல்

கிலிமஞ்சாரோ தேசியப் பூங்கா அதிகாரிகளிடம் நிர்ணயிக்கப்பட்ட கட்டணத்தைச் செலுத்தி, கிலிமஞ்சாரோ மலையில் நீங்கள் விரும்பும் எத்தனை நாட்களுக்கு வேண்டுமானாலும் முகாமிடலாம். மச்சாமே ஹட் (Machame Hut) மற்றும் ம்வேகா ஹட் (Mweka Hut) உள்ளிட்ட அருகிலுள்ள முகாம்கள் எதிலும் நீங்கள் முகாமிட அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது.

= '''தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள்''' =
மலையின் உச்சியில் GSM அலைபேசி சேவை கிடைக்கிறது. இப்பகுதியில் Vodacom, Tigo மற்றும் Airtel போன்ற பல்வேறு நெட்வொர்க்குகள் செயல்படுகின்றன; மலையின் பல்வேறு உயரமான இடங்களிலிருந்து இவற்றை அணுக முடியும். இவற்றில் Airtel சிறந்த சிக்னலைக் கொண்டிருப்பதாகத் தெரிகிறது. இருப்பினும், மலையில் மின்சார வசதி இல்லாததால், உச்சியில் அலைபேசி சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்திக்கொள்ள ஏதுவாக, எடுத்துச் செல்லக்கூடிய (portable) அலைபேசி சார்ஜர்களை உடன் எடுத்துச் செல்லுமாறு அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறது.</text>
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    <title>Wp/frs/Rôod albäj</title>
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| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Rôod albäj
| image    = Rode bessen (Ribes rubrum).jpg
| caption  = Rôod albäjen (Ribes rubrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Rôod albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes rubrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

[[File:Ribes rubrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Ribes rubrum2 ies.jpg|thumb|Nóóupnóóem fan 'n blössem]]
Däi '''rôod albäj''' (''ribes rubrum'') is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] (ribes) in d' femiilje fan d' [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (grossulariaceae).

Däi görnersk fan däi rôod albäj fóók ferskeelend ''wiet albäj'', ook ''glenbäj'' nöymt, is bloot 'n klöörwariâant fan däi rôod albäj.

==Beskriiven==
===Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen===
Däi rôod albäj is 'n uprecht stóónd, sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]] sünner stiikels, däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Däi [[Wp/frs/Bast|bast]] fan jueng takken is licht behort un mit drüüsen beset't. Däi bast fan ollerder takken is roodsk-bruun bit griis-swaart. Däi aiföörmiğ knoopen hebbent löes knoopskubben un wiisent 'n läengt fan 5 bit 7 cm up. Däi wesselstenniğ un steelt loofblóóden bünt äinfach. Däi fand d' umreet heer runnelk bladspräid is 4 bit 10 cm lang un 3 bit 7 cm bräid. Däi is drei- bit fiiflappiğ un bii d' grund haartföörmiğ, däi bladlappen bünt rundspitsiğ bit stump un up rand groef takt bit kaarvt.  Däi bladunnersiid is in d' jööğd körtplüümiğ behort, lóóter kóól. Däi bladsteel is mit 3 bit 6 cm ruuğweğ soo lang as däi bladspräid un net soo süüver gröyn. Däi grund fan däi bladsteelen is mäist kóól of selden mit lâang, drüüsenlöes hoer un enkeld sittend drüüsen beset't.

===Generóótîif maarkmóólen===
Däi blaajeltiid gaajt fan pril bit mâaj. In 'n köert druuvenachtiğ blössemstand mit 'n kóóel blössestandsâas stóónt bit tau 20 blössems biinanner. Däi blössem is 3 bit 5 mm lang.

Däi lütje, tswitterğ, fiiftóóliğ blössem mit dübbeld blössemhüel wist 'n döörmeeter fan 6 bit 8 mm up un is gröynsk-geel of ook roodsk klöört. In dat binnerst fan däi booven tellerföörmiğ uutbred't, 1 bit 1,5 mm lâang, blössemteller sit't 'n fiifkantiğ, ferhooven diskus. Däi fiif, in 't unnerst däil ferwuesen, kelkblóóden bünt 2 bit 2,5 mm lang, kóól, gröynsk of bruunsk-rood klöört, tau 'n däil rood punktäärt, spóótelk un ruuğweğ soo lang as däi kroonblóóden. Dat kelkrör is kört un däi kelkspitsen bünt t'rüeğrult. Däi häil lütje, smóóel, uprecht stóónd, fiif geelsk bit purpurklöört kroonblóóden, bünt 0,5 bit 1 mm lang. D'r is bloot äin enkeld kring mit fiif köert fertîil stofblóóden f'rhannen. Däi stofbüüdelhalften bünt döör däi ferlangert stofdróóden trent un licht ofspred't. Däi köert griffel fan däi unnerstenniğ früchtknôop is tweitakkiğ.

Däi glâad, mäist kuugelk bäjen hebbent 'n döörmeeter fan 6 bit 11 mm, bünt rood of wit, of un an ook roosó, döörskiinend un undhollent fööl sóódkörrels. Up d' bäj is däi kelk noch gaud t' erkennen. Däi bäjen bünt eetbor, saftiğ un hebbent 'n surelk smóók. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt n=8.&lt;ref name = &quot;floraweb&quot;&gt;[https://www.floraweb.de/php/artenhome.php?suchnr=4851 Rote Johannesbeere]  FloraWeb.de (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ökoloogii==
Däi rôod albäj is 'n [[Wp/frs/Nanofanerofüüt|nanofanerofüüt]]. 

Blössembiolooğsk hannelt 't sük um &quot;nektaarförend skiivenblöymen&quot;. Dat bestuuven geböört besünners döör [[Wp/frs/Huudflöögler|huudflööglers]]. Däi rôod albäj word't fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rustpils|rustpilsen]] puccinia ribis mit teelien un cronartium ribicola mit ureedien un teelien befaalen.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Zwetko: Die Rostpilze Österreichs. Supplement und Wirt-Parasit-Verzeichnis zur 2. Auflage des Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Teil, Heft 1, Uredinales, Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2000. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Föörkoomen==
Däi rôod albäj is in hóóst häil Europó ferbred't. Wild kumt säi bloot in Belgien, Neerland, Frankriik, Düütskland, Öösterriik, Itóóljen un Poolen fööer, in d' restelk Europó is säi uut kultüer ferwillert. Säi is läip selden in aauweller, sluchten, busken un an beekloopen t' finnen. Säi beföörtsuğt nat, klaajachtiğ grund un is 'n kraktertsoord fan 't ribaso-fraetum uut däi ferband alno-ulxinmion.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. uplóóeğ. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5. s. 495. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

Däi ökolooğsk wiisderweerden nóó Landolt et al. 2010 bünt in d' Swiits: fuchttóól F = 3+w (móótiğ fucht man móótiğ wesselnd), lüchttóól L = 2 (skaarelk), reaksjoonstóól R = 3 (swak sur bit neutróól), temperótürtóól T = 3+ (unner-montóón un booven-kulliin), neerstoftóól N = 4 (neerstofriik), kuntinentóólitäittóól K = 2 (suboseóónsk). &lt;ref&gt; [https://www.infoflora.ch/de/flora/ribes-rubrum.html Ribes rubrum L.] In: Info Flora - Das nationale Daten- und Informationszentrum der Schweizer Flora. Ofraupen up d' 15. oktoober 2026. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Süsteemóótik==
D'r wordent twei warietäiten ferskeelen&lt;ref name=&quot;floraweb&quot;/&gt;:

* Wiel rôod albäj (ribes rubrum L. var. rubrum): däi wildsieb fan däi tuunalbäj. Säi bild't kruupspruuten uut, däi blóóden bünt booven fóók wat glinsterğ un netachtiğ-krunkelk un däi bäjen bünt lütjet.

*Rôod tuunalbäj (ribes rubrum var. domesticum WALLR.): Dat is däi kultürföörm. Säi kumt näit selden ook ferwillert fööer.

Däi [[Wp/frs/Ööriğ albäj|ööriğ albäj]] (ribes spicatum ROBINSON IN WITH. 1796) is 'n diecht ferwant tsoord, däi in Noorddeuropó un Sibirien häimsk is, fan menniğ taksonoomen word't säi as unnertsoord fan ribes rubrum bekeeken. Dit tsoord is an wat kultürtsoorden fan däi rôod albäj döör inkrüüsen bedäiliğt. Läip selden is säi ferwillert.

Sünonüümen föör ribes rubrum L. bünt: ribes scandicum HEDLUND, ribes sylvestre SYME.

==Kultüer==
[[File:Redcurrant (Ribes rubrum) fruits.jpg|thumb|Bäjen]]
Däi rôod albäj is siit dat 15. jorhunnert in kultüer. Fandóóğsk tsoorden góónt up krüüsens mit däi [[Wp/frs/Felsen-albäj|felsen-albäj]] (ribes petraeum), däi [[Wp/frs/Ööriğ albäj|ööriğ albäj]] (ribes spicatum) un däi [[Wp/frs/Plüümer-albäj|plüümer-albäj]] (ribes multiflorum) t'rüeğ. Säi wordent of un an up däi [[Wp/frs/Gold-albäj|gold-albäj]] (ribes aureum) ent't um höör tau ferbeetern. Tau 'n däil bünt säi ferwillert un inbörgert.

==Gebruuk==
Däi rôod albäj is weegen höör früchten 'n beläivt tuunplâant. Däi früchten wordent fóók raau ferteert of t.b. as zjelee of saft as ook as wichtiğ taudóód föör [[Wp/frs/Rôod göert|rôod göert]] föölfolliğ in d' kööken bruukt. In d' [[Wp/frs/Imkeräj|imkeräj]] bünt rôod albäjen weegen dat hôoğ tsukkergehalt fan höör nektaar (16-31%) un höör hôoğ tsukkerweerd ( bit tau 0,7 mg tsukker/dağ pro blössem) 'n weerdäärt biidrağt.&lt;ref&gt;Helmut Horn, Cord Lüllmann: ''Das große Honigbuch'', Kosmos, 3. uplóóeğ, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-440-10838-4, s. 30. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Ribes rubrum var. alba - Fruits.jpg|thumb|Bäjen fan d' wiet albäj (''ribes rubrum alba''), 'n klöörwariâant fan d' rôod albäj]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 100 g rôod albäjen undhollent in döörsnee:
|-
| [[Wp/frs/Füüsiolooğsk braanweerd|Energii]] || [[Wp/frs/Wóóter|Wóóter]] || [[Wp/frs/Fetten|Fett]] || [[Wp/frs/Köölenhüüdróóten|Köölenhüüdróóten]] || [[Wp/frs/Proteiin|Aiwit]] || [[Wp/frs/Kóólium|Kóólium]] || [[Wp/frs/Kalsium|Kalsium]] || [[Wp/frs/Mağneesium|Mağneesium]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin C|Witómiin C]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin E|Witómiin E]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| 234 [[Wp/frs/Kilojoule|kJ]] (56 [[Wp/frs/Kkal|kkal]]) || 84 g || 0,2 g || 13,8 g || 1,4 g || 275,0 mg || 33,0 mg || 13,0 mg || 41,0 mg || 0,1 mg 
|}

==Tsoorden==
; Rôod tsoorden
: Jonkheer van Tets
: Druuvenwunner (Traubenwunde)

; Wiet tsoorden
: Werdavia
: Versailles Blanche
: Wiet uut Jüterbog (Weiße aus Jüterbog)

==Wellen==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146661}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/frs/Krüüsbäj</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3825403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381760</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kluntjekniiper</username>
        <id>2659379</id>
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      <comment>/* Inholdsstoffen */</comment>
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      <text bytes="15837" sha1="3xlait5faj0un334zjkwtpp88corw85" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/frs/Inf'rmóósjoonsboks
| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Krüüsbäj
| image    = Ribes grossularia L..jpg
| caption  = Krüüsbäj (''ribes uva-crispa'') illustróósjoon
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Krüüsbäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes uva-crispa''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''krüüsbäj''' (ribes uva-crispa, sünonüüm: ribes grossularia) is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan däi [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] (ribes) binnen däi femiilje fan däi [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (grossulariaceae). Säi besit't 'n wiid ferbräidensgebiit in Euróósien un Noordóófrikó. Däi tsoorden leevernt oobst.

==Beskriiven==
===Ferskiinensbild un blad===
[[File:Ribes uva-crispa4 ies.jpg|thumb|Steelt, behort loofblad]]
Däi krüüsbäj is 'n sömmergröyen strûuk, däi wukshöğten fan 60 bit 100, of of un an bit tau 150&lt;ref name = &quot;floraweb&quot;&gt;[https://www.floraweb.de/php/artenhome.php?suchnr=4853&amp; Stachelbeere]  FloraWeb.de (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; cm berekt. Däi dunker takken stóónt speeriğ of of hangent boogiğ oover, hebbent 'n ofskilvernd körkhuud un bünt an d' knüppen, unner däi körtlóónen mit mäist dreidäiliğ (warióósjoonen fan äindäiliğ bit fiifdäiliğ) &lt;ref&gt;Konrad Keipert: Beerenobst: angebaute Arten u. Wildfrüchte; 93 Tab. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8001-5517-6. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; doorns (näit stiikels) beset't.&lt;ref&gt;Magda-Viola Hanke, Henryk Flachowsky: Johannisbeere und Stachelbeere (Ribes spp.). In: Obstzüchtung und wissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Springer Spektrum, Berlin/Heidelberg 2017, S. 397–411, [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-54085-5_22 doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54085-5_22](düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Däi langlóónen bünt mit enkeld stóónd, fóók bloot horföörmiğ doorns bedekt.

Däi an ollerder takken mäist tuusterğ, an däi up sömmerdağ uut däi boovst körtlóónen undstóónd langlóónen enkeld wesselstenniğ stóónd loofblóóden bünt in bladsteel un -spräid leedert. Däi mäist behort, aiföörmiğ, kaarvt, stuemp bladspräid is bii 'n läengt fan 1 bit 3 cm un 'n bräed't fan 1 bit 5 cm handföörmiğ un drei- bit fiiflappiğ.&lt;ref name = &quot;floraweb&quot;/&gt;

===Blössem un früecht===
[[File:Ribes uva-crispa20090512 042.jpg|thumb|Fiiftóóliğ blössem]]
[[File:Stachelbeere (Ribes uva-crispa).jpg|thumb|left|Rôod früchten fan 'n krüüsbäjen-tsoord]]

Däi blaajeltiid langt in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ fan pril bit mâaj. Däi hangend blössems sittent enkeld bit tau dâard in d' bladaksels.&lt;ref name = &quot;floraweb&quot;/&gt; In d' middent fan däi blössems sittent twei lütje föörblóóden.

Däi steelt, tswitterğ, gööriğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk un fiiftóóliğ mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi wäiek, däils drüüsiğ, behort blössembeeker is gröynsk bit roodsk.&lt;ref name = &quot;floraweb&quot;/&gt; Däi gröynsk bit roodsk klöört, buuten behort, in d' unnerst däil ferwuesen kelkblóóden bünt bii 'n läengt fan 4 bit 7 mm langachtiğ un t'rüeğkrult. Däi lütje un uprecht stóónd kroonblóóden bünt witsk bit roosó. D'r bünt 5 stofblóóden un äin unnerstenniğ, äinkammiğ früchtknôop mit twei t'sóómenstóónd, in d' unnerst däil behort griffels f'rhannen. D'r is 'n düen diskus uutbild't.

Däi hangend, mäist up anfang fiin behort un t'läest kóóel, föölsóódiğ bäj&lt;ref name = &quot;floraweb&quot;/&gt; mit periantresten up d' top, kan bii 'n döörmeeter fan 1 bit 3 cm ellipsoid bit kuugelachtiğ weesen. Däi früchtklööer is ofhangend fan 't tsoord gröyn, geel bit purpurrood. Däi riipenstiid fan däi früchten liğt in Middeldeuropó in d' julii un aaugust.

===Kromosoomensats===
Bii d' krüüsbäj bedrağt däi kroomosoomengrundtóól n = 8,&lt;ref name = &quot;floraweb&quot;/&gt;  säi is diploid alsoo 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen, Raino Lampinen, Arto Kurtto: Atlas florae europaeae. band 12 (Resedaceae to Platanaceae). Helsinki 1999, ISBN 951-9108-12-2, s. 234–235. (engelsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ferskeelen tüsken däi wildföörm un däi tuunföörms===
Däi wildföörm (ribes uva-crispa var. uva-crispa) ferskeelt fan däi kultürföörm (ribes uva-crispa var. sativum) döör düüdelk lütjerder früchten un 'n kört, wäik un drüüsenlös behoren fan d' früchtknôop, wiilst däi tuunkrüüsbäj drüüsenbösselk of kóól is. Dat ferskeelen fan däi äecht wildföörms fan sóódlingen fan däi tuunkrüüsbäj is stur bit unmöögelk.&lt;ref name = &quot;floraweb&quot;/&gt;

==Ökoloogii==
[[File:Modell der Blüte von Ribes grossularia (Ribes uva-crispa, Stachelbeere) -Brendel Nr. 11-.jpg|thumb|Model fan 'n krüüsbäjenblössem, in 't [[Wp/frs/Botóónsk Museum Greifswald|Botóónsk Museum Greifswald]]]]

Däi krüüsbäj is 'n flakwudler. Dat wegetótîif fermeerdern geböört döör ofläegers fan siideltelgen, däi fan loof bedekt bünt. Däi krüüsbäj het man äin körkskicht as periderm, desweegen feelt däi bast. Häi bild't 'n arbuskulêer mükorritsó uut.&lt;ref name =&quot;taaskenleksikon&quot;&gt;Ruprecht Düll, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Taschenlexikon der Pflanzen Deutschlands und angrenzender Länder. Die häufigsten mitteleuropäischen Arten im Portrait. 7. kurrigäärt un ferwiidert uplóóeğ, Quelle &amp; Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

Blössemökolooğsk hannelt 't sük um lütje, föörwiivelk &quot;klokkenblöymen&quot; mit kleeverğ [[Wp/frs/Poel|pollen]]. Däi taugaang tau däi riikelk ofgeeven nektaar is döör griffelhoer meer of minner ferspert. Däi riip noer is kleeverğ. Dat bestuuven geböört döör [[Wp/frs/Müeğ|müegen]] un [[Wp/frs/Iem|immen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;taaskenleksikon&quot;/&gt;

Däi bäjen kooment uut däi früchtknôop un däi blössemboom fandağ. Däi sóód undhollent [[Wp/frs/Kloorofüül|kloorofüül]] un bünt fan 'n sliimiğ sóódmantel umgeeven. Dat uutbräiden fan däi sóód geböört döör däären, hoovdsóókelk [[Wp/frs/Föögel|föögels]], däi däi bäjen freetent.&lt;ref name=&quot;taaskenleksikon&quot;/&gt;

'N skóódling föör ribes-tsoorden is däi rustpils cronartium ribicola, däi ook fiifnóódelk [[Wp/frs/Füüren|füüren-tsoorden]], t.b. däi [[Wp/frs/Weymouth-füüren|weymouth-füüren]] (pinus strobus) befaalt, man däi [[Wp/frs/Matsedoonsk füüren|matsedoonsk füüren]] (pinus peuce) ferskoont.&lt;ref name=&quot;taaskenleksikon&quot;/&gt;

==Föörkoomen==
Däi krüüsbäj is in hóóst häiel Europó ferbred't, noordelk gaajt dat ferbräidensgebiit bit 63° noorder bräed't, in Süüdeuropó is säi in d' baargen t' finnen, boovendeem waast säi in Noordóófrikó, däi Kaaukasus, Lütje Óósien un d' Himalajó, oostelk kumt säi bit nóó Skiinó fööer. Döör dat makkelk ferwillern un dat stuer ferskeelen fan ferwillert föörms fan däi räecht wildplâant is dat detailäärt, oorsprungelk ferspräiden näit meer faststelbor.

Däi krüüsbäj waast wild up móótiğ drööeğ bit frisk neerstof- un bóósenrîik, fóók kalkholliğ standoorden. Säi ferdrağt skâar un kumt in heegen, busken, slucht- un baarğweller, aauen un in loofweller fööer. Fan dat örnen prunetalia is säi 'n kraktertsoord, man kumt ook in plantenselskuppen fan däi ferbâan tilio-acerion un alno-ulmion fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Unter Mitarbeit von Angelika Schwabe und Theo Müller. 8., staark ooveraarbaid't un ferwiidert uplóóeğ, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 494. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Fóók ferwillert däi krüüsbäj uut tuunen. In d' Allgäuer Alpen in Baiern kumt säi bii d' rundfunksenner up d' Grünten bit tau 'n höeğtenlóóeğ fan 1700 meeter fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 664. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

Däi ökolooğsk wiisderweerden nóó Landolt et al. 2010 bünt in d' Swiits: fuchtentóól F = 3w (móótiğ fucht man móótiğ wesselnd), lüchttóól L = 3 (halfskaarelk), reaksjoonstóól R = 3 (swak sur bit neutróól), temperótürtóól T = 3+ (unner-montóón un booven-kulliin), neerstoftóól N = 4 (neerstofriik), kuntinentóólitäitstóól K = 4 (subkuntinentóól).&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.infoflora.ch/de/flora/ribes-uva-crispa.html Ribes uva-crispa L.] In: Info Flora - Das nationale Daten- und Informationszentrum der Schweizer Flora. Ofraupen up d' 27. oktoober 2026. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ferwant tsoorden==
Diecht ferwant is däi [[Wp/frs/Sardiinsk albäj|sardiinsk albäj]] (ribes sardoum U. Martelli), 'n [[Wp/frs/Endeemiit|endeemiit]] up [[Wp/frs/Sardiinien|Sardiinien]].&lt;ref&gt;Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen, Raino Lampinen, Arto Kurtto: Atlas florae europaeae. band 12 (Resedaceae to Platanaceae). Helsinki 1999, ISBN 951-9108-12-2, s. 234–235. (engelsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nóóm==
Däi krüüsbäj is in dat [[Wp/frs/Harlingerland|Harlinger-]] un [[Wp/frs/Jäiverland|Jäiverland]] ook unner däi nóóm ''stikbäj'' bekent&lt;ref&gt;[https://oostfraeisk.org/main?W=stikb%C3%A4j&amp;df=frs%3Ede&amp;fts=J Indrağ 'stikbäj' in dat Oostfräisk Woordenbauk], ofraupen up d' 27. oktoober 2026&lt;/ref&gt; - fergliik hir tau [[Wp/frs/Wangerooger Fräisk|Wangerooger Fräisk]] ''stikbii'' un [[Wp/frs/Noordleeğdüütsk|Noordleeğdüütsk]] ''Stickbeer''.

Dat tsoordepiteton uva-crispa is ofled't fan däi letiinsk woorden uva föör &quot;drûuv&quot; un crispus föör &quot;kruus&quot;. Unklor is, of d'r mit up däi druuvenföörmiğ früchtstâan un däi lapt blóóden fan däi ribes-tsoorden betsuğ noomen un dit up däi drüssenbösselk früchten fan däi krüüsbäj ooverdróógen wur of of däi eenelkkaid fan däi früecht mit 'n behort wiinbäj däi anlóót gaf.

==Gebruuk==
[[File:Prof. Dr. Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, in Wort und Bild, für Schule und Haus; mit ... Tafeln ... von Walter Müller (Pl. 354) (7982388213).jpg|thumb|Illustróósjoon fan Walter Müller&lt;ref&gt;Otto Wilhelm Thomé: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, Gera 1885, taafel 354 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Däi krüüsbäj word't ruuğweğ al siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenfrüecht anbaaut. Tau 't ertsüchten fan däi tuunföörms wurdent däilwîis anner tsoorden inkrüüst. Däi tóólriik, däilwîis döör 't inkrüüsen fan anner tsoorden undstóón tuunföörms wordent wegetóótiif fermeerdert döör ofläegers of enten, t.b. as hooğstamkes, wor as unnerlóóeğ fóók däi [[Wp/frs/Gold-albäj|gold-albäj]] (ribes aureum) föör bruukt word't. 

Däi früchten wordent as kumpot un kaukenbelağ of tau 't heerstellen fan mamlóóden un huuswiinfereedeln bruukt, man fóók ook raau eeten.

===Weerldproduksjoon===
2021 bedrooğ däi weerldâarnt an krüüsbäjen 91.018 tüen. Dat land mit däi grôotst krüüsbäjenproduksjoon fan d' weerld was Rusland, dat 86,9 % fan däi weerldwîid âarnt produsäärde. Europó was föör ruuğweğ 99,9 % fan däi weerldâarnt ferantwoordelk.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAOSTAT&quot;&gt;[https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL ''FAOSTAT-produksjoonsstóótistik'', ofraupeb up d' 27. Oktoober 2026].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die größten Stachelbeeren-Produzenten waren 2021:&lt;ref name=&quot;FAOSTAT&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Produktionsland !! Menge in t
|-
| [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] Rusland||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 79.100
|-
| [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] Ukrâajn||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.900
|-
| [[File:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] Feräint Köönenkriik ||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.293
|-

|-
| Welt ||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| '''91.018'''
|}

===Tsoorden===
Nóófolgend is 'n lütje uutwóól uut bekent tsoorden geeven:&lt;ref name=&quot;bio-gaertner.de&quot;&gt;[https://www.bio-gaertner.de/pflanzen/Stachelbeeren/Sorten bio-gaertner.de Tsoorden up bio-gaertner.de (düütsk)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bundessortenamt 2002&quot;&gt;[[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195315/http://www.bundessortenamt.de/internet30/fileadmin/Files/PDF/bsl_strauchbeerenobst_2002.pdf Bundessortenamt, Strauchbeerenobst (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thueringen.de&quot;&gt;[http://www.thueringen.de/imperia/md/content/lvg/vwobst_bs/jostabeere.pdf Freistaat Thüringen: Sortenempfehlung Johannisbeere, Stachelbeere, Jostabeere und Heidelbeere] (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;
* 'Achilles': fiigeläet-rôod bit rôod früecht, gâaud smóók, middeldiek skiel, makkelk plükbor, hooğ erdrağ, läip staark anfalliğ teegenoover [[Wp/frs/Meeldaau|meeldaau]] un teegen bladfalkrankhaid, middelst bestiikeln
* 'Gröyen Kuugel': bräidowóóel grôot früecht, lechter gröyn mit diek, fâast skiel. Söytsurachtiğ-aromóótsk, hôoğ erdrağ. Läip meeldaauanfalliğ, niğt tau 't basten
* 'Hinnomaeki Gul.': middelgrôot, dunker gêel früecht, wiidgóónd weerstandsfeeiğ teegen meeldaau
* 'Hinnomaeki Rood': grôot, rôod früchten, middelst bit erdrağ, wiidgóónd weerstandsfeeiğ teegen meeldaau
* 'Invicta': gröyen, middelgrôot, owóóel früchten mit diek skiel, hôoğ erdrağ, makkelk plükbor, köert wäiek stiikels, meeldaaufast
* 'Pax': rôod, licht behort früecht, weerstandsfeeiğ teegen meeldaau
* 'Remarka': middelrôod, hooğruen, näit behort früchten, surachtiğ smóók, weerstandsfeeiğ teegen bladfalkrankhaid
* 'Rokula': dunker rôod, middelgrôot früecht, hôoğ erdrağ, föör anbaau an heegen, min meeldaau
* 'Rolonda': dunker rôod, middelgrôot früchten, angeneem surachtiğ smóók, hôoğ erdrağ, weerstandsfeeiğ teegen meeldaau, bastensfast
* 'Xenia': lechter rôod grôot früecht, wat meeldaauanfalliğ, swâak wuks, gâaud smóók

===Inholdsstoffen===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 100 g krüüsbäjen undhollent in döörsnee: &lt;ref name=&quot;UniHohenheim&quot;&gt;[https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/wwwin140/info/interaktives/lebensmittel.htm Interaktîif bereeken fan d' Uniwersitäit Hohenheim.][http://ia-info.dyndns.org/cgi-bin/ffq.exe?T1=F305111%20Stachelbeere%20frisch&amp;T31=100&amp;datei=lebensmittel.htm âal weerden ''Analyse Ihrer eingegebenen Lebensmittel'' Uni Hohenheim?.] (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Wp/frs/Füüsiolooğsk braanweerd|Energii]] || [[Wp/frs/Wóóter|Wóóter]] || [[Wp/frs/Köölenhüüdróóten|Köölenhüüdróóten]] || [[Wp/frs/Proteiin|Aiwit]] || [[Wp/frs/Fetten|Fett]] || [[Wp/frs/Kóólium|Kóólium]] || [[Wp/frs/Kalsium|Kalsium]] || [[Wp/frs/Mağneesium|Mağneesium]] || [[Wp/frs/Fosfoor|Fosfoor]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin C|Witómiin C]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin E|Witómiin E]] || [[Wp/frs/Foolsuer|Foolsuer]] || [[Wp/frs/Karotiin|Karotiin]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| 184 [[Wp/frs/Kilojoule|kJ]] (44 [[Wp/frs/Kkal|kkal]]) || 85,7g || 8,5 g || 0,8 g || 0,2 g || 200 mg || 30 mg || 15,0 mg || 30,0 mg || 35,0 mg || 0,6 mg || 3,0 µg || 0,2 mg
|}

===Anbaau===
Däi krüüsbäj kan wuddelecht of as äent as halfstâam of hooğstâam kultiwäärt worden. Half- un hooğstammen ferlichtern pleeğaarbaiden un âarnt bii staark bedoornt (mäisttiids bestiikelt nöymt) tsoorden. Däi krüüsbäj stelt kiin besünners hôoğ ansprööken an grund un kliimó; däi standoorden söölent waarm un näit t' drööeğ weesen. Däi krüüsbäj bruukt reegelmóótiğ snee in 't fö'joer mit uutdünnen un inkörten fan däi lóónen. Bii däi tsoordenwóól sul däi ferskeelend kelliğkaid teegen däi amerikóónsk krüüsbäjenmeeldaau beuemsichtiğt worden.

==Krüüsen mit anner tsoorden==
'N krüüsen fan krüüsbäj (ribes uva-crispa) mit däi [[Wp/frs/Swâart albäj|swâart albäj]] (ribes nigrum) is däi [[Wp/frs/Jostóbäj|jostóbäj]] (Ribes × nidigrolaria).

==Wellen==

{{INTERWIKI|Q41503}}

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[[File:Dharamsala View.JPG|thumb|350px|McLeod Ganj and the snow-capped peaks of the Dhauladhars]]
'''தர்மசாலா''' அல்லது தர்ம்சாலா (இந்தி: धर्मशाला Dharmshālā; திபெத்தியம்: དྷ་རམ་ས་ལ་), இது ஹிமாச்சல பிரதேசத்தில் உள்ள ஒரு மலைவாசஸ்தலம் ஆகும், இது தலாய் சமூகத்தின் பெரிய திபெத்திய நடவடிக்கைகளுக்குப் புகழ் பெற்றது.

== புரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள் ==
தர்மசாலாவின் திபெத்திய பௌத்த வேர்கள் கி.பி. 8-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு வரை நீள்கின்றன; இருப்பினும், அங்குள்ள மக்களில் பெரும்பாலோர் நீண்ட காலத்திற்கு முன்பே இந்து மதத்திற்கு மாறி, இன்றும் அதையே பின்பற்றி வருகின்றனர். &quot;தர்மசாலா&quot; (Dharamsala) என்ற சொல்லுக்கு, &quot;கோயிலுடன் இணைந்த தங்குமிடம்&quot; என்று பொருள். காங்ராவில் இருந்த மாவட்டத் தலைமையகம் நெரிசல் மிகுந்ததாக மாறியதைத் தொடர்ந்து, 1840-களின் பிற்பகுதியில் பிரிட்டிஷார் தங்கள் படைகளில் இரண்டை, தற்போது தர்மசாலா என்று அழைக்கப்படும் பகுதிக்கு மாற்றினர். காலப்போக்கில், இப்பகுதி காங்ராவின் மாவட்டத் தலைமையகமாக வளர்ந்தது; இந்த இடம் தற்போது 'போலீஸ் லைன்ஸ்' (Police Lines) என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

தர்மசாலா இந்தியாவின் கோடைகாலத் தலைநகராக இருக்கக்கூடும் என்று முன்மொழியப்பட்டது. ஆனால், 1905-ஆம் ஆண்டு ஏப்ரல் 4- அன்று ஏற்பட்ட 7.8 ரிக்டர் அளவுள்ள நிலநடுக்கத்தால் இந்நகரத்தின் பெரும்பகுதி அழிந்து போனதால், அந்தத் திட்டம் நிறைவேறவில்லை. மக்கள் நடமாட்டம் குறைவாக இருந்த இந்தப் பகுதியில் நிகழ்ந்த அந்தப் பேரிடரில் 10,000-க்கும் மேற்பட்டோர் உயிரிழந்தனர்.

இந்திய சுதந்திரத்தின் தொடக்கக் காலங்களில் முக்கியத்துவத்தை இழந்து காணப்பட்ட தர்மசாலா, 1959-இல் தலாய் லாமா மற்றும் திபெத்திய நாடுகடத்தப்பட்ட அரசாங்கம் இங்கு வந்தடைந்ததைத் தொடர்ந்து, மீண்டும் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட சமூக அந்தஸ்தைப் பெற்றது. இது வெளிநாட்டினரும் பௌத்த மத மாணவர்கள் பலரும் விரும்பிச் செல்லும் இடமாக மாறியுள்ளது. சொல்லப்போனால், தற்போது இது அளவுக்கு அதிகமாகவே பிரபலமடைந்துவிட்டது என்றுதான் சொல்ல வேண்டும்; இந்நகரம், குறிப்பாக மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் (McLeod Ganj), ஒருவிதமான 'சுற்றுப்பயணிகளின் குடியிருப்புக் குடியேற்றமாக' (backpacker ghetto) மாறிவிட்டதாகப் பலர் கருதுகின்றனர். எனவே, அமைதியையும் நிசப்தத்தையும் எதிர்பார்த்து இங்கு வராதீர்கள்.

== காலநிலை ==
கீழ் தர்மசாலா 1,400 மீட்டர் உயரத்திலும், மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் சுமார் 1,750 மீட்டர் உயரத்திலும் அமைந்துள்ளன; இதனால் இவை கீழே உள்ள சமவெளிகளை விட கணிசமாகக் குளிர்ச்சியாக இருக்கின்றன. ஜனவரி மாதத்தில் வெப்பநிலை உறைநிலைக்குக் கீழே செல்லக்கூடும், அதே சமயம் ஜூன் மாதத்தில் 38°C வரை உயரலாம். ஜூலை முதல் செப்டம்பர் வரையிலான பருவமழைக் காலத்தில் அதிக மழை பொழியும். தலாய் லாமா தனது போதனைகளை வழங்கும் மார்ச் மாதத்தில் கூட — புது தில்லியில் இதமான வானிலை நிலவும் அதே வேளையில் — இங்கு உங்களுக்குத் தடிமனான குளிர்கால உடை தேவைப்படும். இத்தகைய உடைகளை நீங்கள் இந்த நகரத்திலேயே நியாயமான விலையில் வாங்கிக்கொள்ளலாம்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
காங்ரா விமான நிலையம் (DHM IATA) காங்ரா அருகிலுள்ள கக்கலில் அமைந்துள்ளது; இது மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சிலிருந்து சாலை வழியாக (MDR44 மற்றும் NH 154 வழியே) 15 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ளது.

==== தொடருந்தில் ====
புது தில்லியிலிருந்து இரவு நேரப் பயணத்தின் மூலம் எளிதாகச் சென்றடையக்கூடிய, பதான்கோட் மற்றும் அதற்கு அருகிலுள்ள சக்கி பேங்க் ஆகியவையே மிக அருகிலுள்ள முதன்மை மற்றும் சிறிய தொடருந்து நிலையங்களாகும்.

புது தில்லியிலிருந்து அம்ப் அண்டௌரா (Amb Andaura - AADR) செல்லும் வந்தே பாரத் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் (22447) மற்றொரு விரைவான பயண விருப்பமாகும். இது புது தில்லியிலிருந்து காலை 05:50 மணிக்குக் கிளம்பி, 11:05 மணியளவில் அம்ப் அண்டௌராவை வந்தடைகிறது (பயண நேரம் சுமார் 5 மணி நேரம் 15 நிமிடங்கள்). அம்ப் அண்டௌராவிலிருந்து தரம்சாலா சுமார் 88 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ளது (சாலை வழியாகச் செல்ல சுமார் 2 மணி நேரம் 30 நிமிடங்கள் ஆகும்). தரம்சாலா செல்வதற்கு, தொடருந்து நிலையத்திலேயே HRTC / ஹிமாச்சலப் பிரதேச சுற்றுலாத் துறை பேருந்துகளும், ஏராளமான வாடகையுந்தும் எளிதாகக் கிடைக்கின்றன.

தொடருந்து ரசிகர்கள் பதன்கோட்டில் இருந்து மெதுவாகவும் கடினமானதாகவும் இருக்கும் ஆனால் அழகான குறுகிய பாதையான காங்க்ரா பள்ளத்தாக்கு தொடருந்துவில் காங்க்ராவிற்கு 4 மணிநேர பயணத்தைத் தொடரலாம். காங்க்ராவில் நடந்து அல்லது இழுவண்டிகள் மூலமும் பேருந்து நிறுத்தத்திற்கு செல்லவும், அங்கிருந்து தர்மசாலா செல்லும் பேருந்துகள் செல்லவும். இந்த தொடருந்து உண்மையில் காங்க்ராவிலிருந்து ஜோகிந்தர்நகருக்கு மேலும் தொடர்கிறது.

==== பேருந்தில் ====
1 தர்மசாலா ISBT பேருந்து நிலையம். பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் பேருந்து மூலமாகவே கீழ் தர்மசாலாவை (Lower Dharamsala) வந்தடைகின்றனர். வட இந்தியாவின் பிற பகுதிகளுடன் இது நல்ல போக்குவரத்துத் தொடர்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இருப்பினும், மலைப்பகுதிகளில் உள்ள குறுகிய மற்றும் வளைந்து நெளிந்த சாலைகளால் பயண நேரம் சற்று அதிகமாக இருக்கலாம். இமாச்சல சாலைப் போக்குவரத்து கழகத்தின் (HRTC - மாநில அரசு நிறுவனம்) பேருந்து டிக்கெட்டுகளை இணையவழியில் முன்பதிவு செய்துகொள்ளலாம். (ஆகஸ்ட் 2023-ல் புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டது | திருத்து)

2 தர்மசாலா தனியார் வோல்வோ (Volvo) பேருந்து நிறுத்தம்.புது தில்லி மற்றும் பதான்கோட் செல்லும் சில பொது HRTC பேருந்துகள் மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சின் பிரதான சதுக்கத்திற்குச் செல்கின்றன, அங்கு நீங்கள் திரும்பும் பயணத்திற்கான முன்கூட்டியே டிக்கெட்டுகளையும் முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம், ஆனால் இது இனி அப்படி இருக்காது.

தனியாரால் இயக்கப்படும் பேருந்துகள் மணாலி, டேராடூன் மற்றும் புது தில்லி (சண்டிகர் வழியாகப் பல) இருந்து செல்கின்றன. திபெத்திய காலனியான மஜ்னு கா தில்லாவிலிருந்து பலர் புறப்பட்டுச் செல்லும் இரவு நேர பேருந்துகள் புது தில்லியிலிருந்து பயணிக்கின்றன. இந்த சேவைகள் 13 மணிநேரத்திற்கு மேல் எடுக்கும்.

'''வாடகையுந்து / மகிழ்வுந்து''' 

பதான் கோட்டிலிருந்து மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் வரையிலான 88 கி.மீ தூரத்தைக் கடக்க சுமார் 3 மணி நேரம் ஆகும். பதான் கோட்டிலிருந்து இதற்கான அதிகாரப்பூர்வ கட்டணம் (ஒரு வழிப் பயணம்) ₹2,200 ஆகும். இது மே 2019-ல், ஆல்டோ (Alto) அல்லது இண்டிகா (Indica) போன்ற சிறிய ரக கார்களுக்கான கட்டண விகிதமாகும்.

புது டெல்லியில் இருந்து வாடகையுந்து மஜ்னு கி திலா திபெத்திய குடியேற்றத்திலிருந்து ரிங் ரோட்டில் இருந்து புறப்படும். பலர் புது தில்லிக்கு ஒரு வாடகையுந்து எடுத்துச் செல்கிறார்கள், இது சுமார் 10 மணிநேரம் எடுக்கும் மற்றும் திரும்பும் கட்டணத்தைச் செலுத்துகிறது, ஏனெனில் அவர்கள் பேருந்தில் செல்வதில் உள்ள தொந்தரவு மற்றும் வலியைச் சமாளிக்க விரும்பவில்லை. இந்த வாடகையுந்து தர்மசாலாவுக்குத் திரும்ப வேண்டும், மேலும் பல முறை தங்கள் மகிழ்வுந்து  இருக்கைகளை பேருந்து டிக்கெட்டின் அதே விலைக்கு விற்கும். இந்த வாடகையுந்தை கண்டுபிடிக்க, மஜ்னு கி திலா திபெத்திய குடியேற்ற பேருந்து நிலையத்திற்குச் சென்று ஹிமாச்சலப் பிரதேச உரிமத் தகடுகளைக் கொண்ட வாடகையுந்தை தேடுங்கள். நீங்கள் ஒரு ஓட்டுநருடன் பேச்சுவார்த்தை நடத்தலாம். பெரும்பாலும் வாடகையுந்துகள் மாலையில் புறப்பட்டு மறுநாள் அதிகாலையில் தர்மசாலா வந்து சேரும்.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==
'''அமைவிடம்'''

தரம்சாலா பல தனித்தனி பகுதிகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இந்தப் பகுதிகளுக்கு இடையே பயணம் செய்ய பேருந்து அல்லது ஜீப் மூலம் அதிகபட்சம் 15 நிமிடங்கள் (சுமார் 12 கி.மீ தூரம்) மட்டுமே ஆகும்:

1. '''கீழ் தரம்சாலா''' (Lower Dharamsala) – இங்குதான் பெரும்பாலான அரசு அலுவலகங்கள், பள்ளிகள், உள்ளூர் மருத்துவமனை மற்றும் வணிகப் பகுதிகள் அமைந்துள்ளன. மேலும், இங்கு சில தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்களும் உள்ளன; ஒன்று சில்ஹாரி (Chilgari) பகுதியிலும், மற்றொன்று டாரி (Dari) பகுதிக்கு அப்பாலும் காணப்படுகின்றன. இது ஒரு சாதாரண இந்தியச் சிறு நகரத்தைப் போன்றே இருக்கும். பேருந்து நிலையத்தைத் தவிர, சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்கு இங்கு பெரிதாக ஈர்க்கக்கூடிய இடங்கள் ஏதுமில்லை. இருப்பினும், இப்பகுதி வழியாகப் பயணம் செய்யும்போது சுற்றியுள்ள காட்சிகளை ரசிக்கலாம்.

2.'''மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச்''' (McLeod Ganj) – மேல் தர்மசாலா என்று குறைவாக அறியப்படும் இது, ஒரு காலத்தில் பஞ்சாபின் பிரிட்டிஷ் துணைநிலை ஆளுநராக இருந்த டேவிட் மெக்லியோட் மற்றும் 'அக்கம்' என்று பொருள்படும் ஒரு பொதுவான பாரசீக வார்த்தையான 'கஞ்ச்' ஆகியவற்றின் நினைவாகப் பெயரிடப்பட்டது. கீழ் தர்மசாலாவிலிருந்து 2,082 மீட்டர் உயரத்தில் மற்றும் 5 கி.மீ. நடைப்பயண தூரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள இது, திபெத்திய கலாச்சாரம், இயற்கை அழகு, கலப்பு பாரம்பரியம், பழமையான கோயில்கள், தேவாலயங்கள் மற்றும் மடாலயங்களுக்குப் புகழ்பெற்றது. 2021 ஆம் ஆண்டு நிலவரப்படி, திபெத்திலிருந்து நாடுகடத்தப்பட்ட பிறகு, புகழ்பெற்ற 14வது திபெத்திய தலாய் லாமா டென்சின் கியாட்சோவின் இல்லமாக இது விளங்குகிறது, இதனால் இது திபெத்திய சமூகத்தின் இல்லமாகவும் மையமாகவும் திகழ்கிறது.

3.'''பக்ஸு'''(Bhagsu) – சில சமயங்களில் சின்ன டெல் அவிவ் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும் இது, மெக்லியோடிற்கு வடகிழக்கே 2 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இஸ்ரேலில் இருந்து வரும் பல பயணிகளுக்கு இது மிகவும் வணிகமயமான ஒரு முக்கிய இடமாக மாறியுள்ளது – இங்கு ஹெப்ரு மொழி பேசுவதை சாதாரணமாகக் காணலாம்.

4.'''தரம்கோட்''' (Dharamkot) – பக்சு (Bhagsu) பகுதியிலிருந்து 10 நிமிட நடைப்பயண தூரத்தில், மலைப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஓர் இடம். இங்கு பல தங்கும் விடுதிகள் உள்ளன. பக்சுவை விட அமைதியான சூழலைக் கொண்ட இங்கு, நவீன உணவகங்கள் மற்றும் யோகா, தியான மையங்கள் பல உள்ளன. மலையைச் சுற்றி அரை வட்ட வடிவில் அமைந்துள்ள நடைபாதை, ஷாப்பிங் செய்வதற்கும் உணவருந்துவதற்கும் மிகவும் ஏற்ற இடமாக விளங்குகிறது.

5.'''ஹைனி''' (Haini) - மற்றொரு 10 நிமிடம் நேராக வடக்கே ஏறினால், தர்மசாலாவின் கடைசி சுற்றுலா மையத்தை நீங்கள் அடைவீர்கள், சில சமயங்களில் அப்பர் தரம்கோட் என்று அழைக்கப்படும். தர்மசாலாவில் சில சிறந்த காட்சிகளைக் கொண்ட பல நல்ல தங்கும் விடுதிகள் உள்ளன. காலு நீர்வீழ்ச்சிக்கு செல்லும் வழியில் பல சுற்றுலா பயணிகள் இங்கு சென்றாலும், ரஷ்ய மொழி பேசும் பேக் பேக்கர்களால் இந்த இடம் பிரபலமாக உள்ளது.

மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் (McLeod Ganj) அருகிலுள்ள கிராமங்களில், கீழ் மற்றும் மேல் தர்மசாலாவுக்கு இடையில் அமைந்துள்ள பார்சைத் கஞ்ச் (Forsyth Ganj) குறிப்பிடத்தக்கது. அமைதியான மற்றும் எளிமையான சூழலை விரும்புபவர்கள், நட்டி (Naddi - 3 கி.மீ தொலைவில், சிறந்த காட்சிகளைக் காணக்கூடிய இடம்) அல்லது தல்னு (Talnu - 11 கி.மீ தொலைவில்) ஆகிய இடங்களுக்குச் செல்லலாம்.

இங்குள்ள இடங்கள் அனைத்தும் சிறியவை என்பதால், நடந்தே சென்று சுற்றிப் பார்க்க முடியும். மெக்லியோட், பக்சு, தரம்கோட் மற்றும் ஹைனி ஆகிய இடங்கள் ஒன்றுக்கொன்று மிக அருகில் உள்ளன (நடந்து சென்றால் அதிகபட்சம் 20 நிமிடங்கள் ஆகும்). அதே சமயம், லோயர் தர்மசாலா சற்று தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது.

== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==
[[File:HPCA Stadium Dharamshala.jpg|thumb|386x386px|தர்மசாலாவில் உள்ள எச்பிசிஏ (HPCA) மைதானத்திலிருந்து தௌலாதர் மலைத்தொடரின் காட்சி]]
1.'''தர்மசாலாவில் அமைந்துள்ள கிரிக்கெட் மைதானம்''' (HPCA கிரிக்கெட் அகாடமி), காலை 10 மணி முதல் மாலை 6 மணி வரை திறந்திருக்கும். மிகவும் அழகான இந்த இமாச்சலப் பிரதேச கிரிக்கெட் சங்க மைதானம், இந்தியாவில் தனித்துவமான ஒன்றாகும்; இது கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 1,457 மீட்டர் உயரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளதுடன், இதன் பின்னணியில் பனி மூடிய இமயமலை மலைத்தொடரைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

2.'''குனால் பத்தாரி''' -Kunal Pathari (தரம்சாலாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 3 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ளது). மக்கள் தினமும் இந்த ஆலயத்திற்கு வந்து தேவியை வழிபடுகிறார்கள்.

3.'''தால் ஏரி'''- Dal Lake(மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சிலிருந்து 4 கி.மீ தொலைவில், நட்டிக்குக் கீழே). வழிகாட்டிப் பலகைகள் ஓரளவு நன்றாக வைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. எதிர்பார்ப்பை ஏமாற்றமளிக்கும் வகையில், இந்தப் புனிதக் குளம் அதன் பெயரைக் கொண்ட மஞ்சள் பயறு வகையின் நிறத்திலும் அமைப்பிலும் உள்ளது.

4.'''நட்டி காட்சி முனை-Naddi View Point''' (தர்மசாலாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 10 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ளது). பனி போர்த்திய தௌலாதர் மலைத்தொடரின் முழுமையான அழகைக் காண்பதற்கு இது மிகச்சிறந்த இடமாகும். இங்கே தொலைநோக்கிகள் (கட்டணம் ₹10–20) உள்ளன; அவற்றின் மூலம் நீங்கள் ட்ரியுண்ட் (Triund) முகாம் பகுதியையும், குணா தேவி கோயிலையும் (Guna Devi Mandir) தெளிவாகக் காணலாம். தரம்கோட் (Dharamkot) அல்லது ஹைனியிலிருந்து (Haini) இங்கு நடைப்பயணமாக வருவது மிகவும் எளிது, ஏனெனில் இந்த வழிப்பாதை ஏறக்குறைய ஒரே உயர மட்டத்தில் அமைகிறது. இருப்பினும், வாடகையுந்து அல்லது இழுவண்டிகள் மூலமாகவும் நட்டி பகுதியை எளிதில் சென்றடையலாம். 

5.'''பீக் ஆர்ட் கேலரி (Peak Art Gallery'''), டெம்பிள் ரோடு, மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் (டெம்பிள் ரோட்டின் பாதியளவு தூரத்தில், கஃபே நிர்வாணாவுக்குக் கீழே). காலை 10 மணி முதல் மாலை 7 மணி வரை திறந்திருக்கும்
[[File:Dhauladhar Range from Naddi viewpoint 2.jpg|thumb|நாட்டி பார்வையில் இருந்து தௌலாதர் மலைத்தொடர்]]
6.'''ரக்கர்- (Rakkar)'''. கீழ் தர்மசாலாவின் புறநகரில் உள்ள ஒரு அழகிய குக்கிராமம், இந்திய மாநிலமான ஹிமாச்சலப் பிரதேசத்தில் இமயமலையின் பனி மூடிய தௌலதார் மலைத்தொடரின் அடிவாரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. வரலாற்று ரீதியாக காடி சமூகத்தைச் சேர்ந்த மேய்ப்பர்கள் வசிக்கும் இந்த குக்கிராமம், மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் என்ற பரபரப்பான சுற்றுலா மையத்திலிருந்து விலகிச் செல்ல ஆர்வமுள்ள பார்வையாளர்களை மெதுவாக ஈர்க்கிறது.
[[File:St John Cathedral in the Wilderness.jpg|thumb|வனப்பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள புனித ஜான் கதீட்ரல்]]
7.'''செயின்ட் ஜான் கதீட்ரல் இன் தி வைல்டர்னஸ்'''- (St. John Cathedral in the Wilderness) தர்மசாலாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 5 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இது பசுமையான சூழலுக்கு நடுவே அமைந்துள்ள, கண்ணைக் கவரும் அழகான தேவாலயமாகும். மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சிலிருந்து (McLeod Ganj) இது 1 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ளது. மே 2019 நிலவரப்படி, ஆட்டோவில்  செல்ல ₹70 ​​கட்டணமாக இருந்தது. தேவாலயத்திற்கு அருகில் ஆட்டோ நிறுத்துமிடம் (auto stand) இல்லாததால், அங்கிருந்து திரும்புவதற்கு ஆட்டோ கிடைப்பது சற்று கடினம். எனவே, முடிந்தால், ஆட்டோ ஓட்டுநரை அங்கேயே காத்திருக்கச் சொல்லி, அதே ஆட்டோவில் மற்ற இடங்களுக்குச் செல்லலாம். நுழைவு கட்டணம் இல்லை.

8.'''திபெத்திய கலை நிகழ்ச்சிகள் நிறுவனம்''' Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts(TIPA). பாரம்பரிய திபெத்திய நடனம், இசை மற்றும் நாடக மேடை நிகழ்ச்சிகள் நடைபெறும் இடம். ஆனால் நிகழ்ச்சிகள் அடிக்கடி செய்யப்படுவதில்லை கால அட்டவணையை முன்கூட்டியே சரிபார்க்கவும்.

9.'''திபெத்திய நூலகம்''' - Tibetan Library(திபெத்திய படைப்புகள் மற்றும் ஆவணங்களுக்கான நூலகம்), கங்சென் கியிஷோங் (Gangchen Kyishong), ☏ +91 9218422467, +91 9882255047

10 '''திபெத் அருங்காட்சியகம்''',-Tibet Museum மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் (சுக்லாக்ஹாங் எதிரில்), ☏ +91 18 922 2510. செவ்வாய்-ஞாயிறு, காலை 9 மணி முதல் மாலை 5 மணி வரை. திபெத்தின் வரலாறு மற்றும் அதன் மக்கள் குறித்த சிறிய, ஆனால் சுவாரஸ்யமான அருங்காட்சியகம். 

11.'''சுக்லாக்ஹாங் வளாகம்''' - Tsuglagkhang Complex மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சில் உள்ள டெம்பிள் சாலையில் அமைந்துள்ளது சுக்லாக்ஹாங் வளாகம். திபெத்திற்கு வெளியே உள்ள மிகப்பெரிய திபெத்தியக் கோயிலாகும். இதில் அழகான சிலைகள் மற்றும் 'தாங்கா' (thangka) ஓவியங்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பெரிய தியான மண்டபமும், அற்புதமான சுவரோவியங்களைக் கொண்ட 'காலச்சக்கர' (Kalachakra) கோயிலும் உள்ளன. இது தலாய் லாமாவின் மடாலயமாகும்; இது அவரது இல்லத்திற்கு நேர் எதிரே அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும், இங்கு சுமார் 2 மீட்டர் உயரமுள்ள, திபெத்திய வழிபாட்டுச் சக்கரங்களிலேயே மிகப்பெரிய சக்கரம் உள்ளது—இதைச் சுழற்றிப் பாருங்கள்!

== செய்யுங்கள் ==
சுற்றித் திரிந்து பாருங்கள். மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் (McLeod Ganj) நடைப்பயணமாகச் சுற்றி வருவதற்கு மிகவும் அழகான இடமாகும். தௌலாதர் மலைத்தொடரின் சரிவுகளில் அமைந்துள்ள தங்கும் விடுதிகள், வண்ணமயமான திபெத்தியக் கொடிகளால் அலங்கரிக்கப்பட்ட சந்தைகள், கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் மற்றும் சுவையான உணவுகளை வழங்கும் கடைகள் என அனைத்தும் இந்த இடத்திற்கு மேலும் அழகு சேர்க்கின்றன.

மேலும், தரம் கோட் (Dharamkot) பகுதியில் பல சிறிய உணவகங்கள் உள்ளன; அங்கு நீங்கள் ஓய்வெடுத்துக் கொண்டே, சுற்றியுள்ள உலகத்தை அமைதியாக ரசிக்கலாம். 

1. '''பக்சு கோயில் நீச்சல் குளம்''', பக்சு. பக்சுவில் உள்ள நீச்சல் குளத்தில் நீந்தி மகிழுங்கள். குறிப்பாக வெப்பமான காலநிலையில், இப்பகுதியில் உள்ள மற்ற சுற்றுலா சார்ந்த இடங்களைக் காட்டிலும், இது ஒரு சிறந்த நிம்மதியைத் தரும். இங்குள்ள நீர், நீர்வீழ்ச்சியிலிருந்து வரும் அதே நீர்தான்; இது தொடர்ந்து குளத்திற்குள் புதிய நீராக வந்து கொண்டிருக்கிறது.
[[File:Bhagsunag Waterfall Pan.JPG|thumb|'''பக்சு நீர்வீழ்ச்சி''']]
2. '''பக்சு நீர்வீழ்ச்சி''' (தர்மசாலாவிலிருந்து 3 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ளது). இங்கு பல நீர்வீழ்ச்சிகள், ஒரு பழமையான கோயில், ஏராளமான சிலேட் கல் குவாரிகள் மற்றும் நன்னீர் ஊற்று ஆகியவை உள்ளன. பக்சு சாலை வழியாக, அதே பெயரைக் கொண்ட கிராமத்தின் ஊடாக எளிதாக நடந்து சென்று, அங்கிருந்து 1 கி.மீ தூரம் மேலே சென்றால் நீர்வீழ்ச்சியை அடையலாம். நீர்வீழ்ச்சிக்குச் செல்லும் பாதையின் பெரும்பகுதி கற்களால் ஆனது; செங்குத்தான பகுதிகளில் பாதுகாப்புக்காக வேலிகள் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. நீர்வீழ்ச்சியின் அடிவாரத்தில் சிற்றுண்டிகள் மற்றும் பானங்களை விற்கும் பல விற்பனையாளர்கள் உள்ளனர். நீர்வீழ்ச்சியின் மேல் பகுதியில் உள்ள குளங்களில் குளிக்க முடிவு செய்தால் கவனமாக இருக்கவும்; அங்கு தண்ணீரில் கண்ணாடித் துண்டுகள் இருக்கலாம். மேற்கத்திய சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் இரவில் &quot;முறையற்ற&quot; செயல்களில் ஈடுபடுவதைத் தடுப்பதற்காக, உள்ளூர் மக்கள் இவற்றை அங்கு வீசியிருக்கலாம் என்று கருதப்படுகிறது.

நீங்கள் 'அப்பர் பக்சு' (Upper Bhagsu) பகுதியிலிருந்தும் உங்கள் பயணத்தைத் தொடங்கலாம்; அங்கிருந்து நீர்வீழ்ச்சியை நோக்கிச் செல்லும் மற்றொரு பாதை ஏறக்குறைய ஒரே உயரத்தில் அமைகிறது. நீர்வீழ்ச்சியை அடைந்த பிறகு, இன்னும் சற்று மேலே சென்றால் 'சிவா கஃபே' (Shiva Café) உள்ளது. அங்கு மலை நீருடன் கூடிய ஒரு சிறிய தனியார் குளமும், ஓய்வெடுத்து உணவருந்த வசதியான இடமும் உள்ளன.

3.'''காலு நீர்வீழ்ச்சி (Galu Waterfall)''' - இது ஒரு அழகான நடைப்பயண அனுபவத்தைத் தரும். முதலில், பக்சுவிலிருந்து (Bhagsu) ஹைனிக்கு (Haini) பின்னால் உள்ள மலைப்பகுதி வரை சுமார் 300 மீட்டர் உயரத்திற்கு நீங்கள் ஏற வேண்டியிருக்கும். அங்கிருந்து செல்லும் பாதையில் ஏற்ற இறக்கங்கள் அவ்வளவு கடினமாக இருக்காது; வழியில் 3–4 சிற்றுண்டிச்சாலைகளும் உணவகங்களும் உள்ளன. பயணத்தின் இறுதியில், சிறிய நீர்வீழ்ச்சியும், நீரோடைகளும், நீந்துவதற்கு ஏற்ற இடங்களும் உள்ளன.
[[File:Cjtriund1.jpg|thumb|ட்ரியுண்ட் நடைப்பயணம்]]
4. '''ட்ரியுண்ட்''' '''(Triund)'''நீங்கள் ஒரு விறுவிறுப்பான நடைப்பயணத்தை விரும்பினால், தரம்கோட்டுக்கு அப்பால் உள்ள மலையில் ஏறி ட்ரியுண்ட் முகட்டை அடையுங்கள். சண்டிகர் மற்றும் புது தில்லியிலிருந்து வார இறுதிப் பயணமாகச் செல்ல இது மிகவும் பிரபலமான மலையேற்றங்களில் ஒன்றாகும், மேலும் இது ஒருவேளை மிகவும் எளிதான இமயமலை மலையேற்றமாகவும் இருக்கலாம். 1,800–1,900 மீ உயரத்தில் உள்ள பக்ஸு அல்லது தரம்கோட்டிலிருந்து 6 கி.மீ தூரமும், 3 மணி நேர (ஒரு வழிப் பயணம்) பயணமும் ஆகும். இது அடர்ந்த காடுகளின் வழியாகச் செல்வதால், ஒரு கடினமான ஏற்றத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான மலையேற்ற வீரர்கள் இந்த மலையேற்றத்திற்கு வருகிறார்கள். ட்ரியுண்ட், இமயமலையின் முதல் சிகரங்களின் அழகான காட்சிகளையும், சமவெளிகளின் பரந்த காட்சியையும் வழங்குகிறது. டிசம்பர் மற்றும் ஜனவரி மாதங்களில், பனிப்பொழிவுக்குப் பிறகு இப்பகுதி வெண்மையாக மாறுவது, மலையேற்ற வீரர்களுக்கு இதை மேலும் கவர்ச்சிகரமானதாக ஆக்குகிறது.

இது 2,875 மீ உயரத்தில் இருப்பதால், நல்ல காலணிகளை அணிந்து, தண்ணீர், சிறிதளவு உணவு மற்றும் ஒரு கூடுதல் மேலங்கி அல்லது கோட் ஆகியவற்றை எடுத்துச் செல்வதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். உச்சியில், கோடைக்காலத்தில் கூட, வானிலை வெப்பமாகவும் வெயிலாகவும் இருந்து மிக விரைவாகக் குளிராகவும் மேகமூட்டமாகவும் மாறக்கூடும். ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் சில சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் வெறும் செருப்புகளையும் டி-ஷர்ட்டையும் மட்டும் அணிந்துகொண்டு, இந்த வழியில் தங்களைப் பெரிய சிக்கலில் மாட்டிக்கொள்கிறார்கள். மேற்குப் பாதை சிறப்பாகப் பராமரிக்கப்படுவதாகத் தெரிகிறது, எனவே நீங்கள் தரம்கோட்டில் இருந்தால், அந்தப் பாதையை முயற்சித்துப் பாருங்கள்.

திரியுண்ட் மலையேற்றத்திற்கு முன் நீங்கள் உடலைத் தயார்படுத்திக்கொள்ள விரும்பினால், குணா கோயில் மலையேற்றத்தை முயற்சித்துப் பாருங்கள். நீங்கள் திரியுண்டில் இரவு தங்கத் திட்டமிட்டால், அங்கு ஒரு வன ஓய்வு இல்லம் (ஒரு இரவுக்கு ₹500–1000) உள்ளது. ஒரு இரட்டைப் படுக்கை விரிப்பை எடுத்துச் செல்லுங்கள், ஆனால் அங்கு குழாய் நீரோ அல்லது மின்சாரமோ இல்லை என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்ளுங்கள். ஒரு டார்ச் விளக்கு கட்டாயம் தேவை. வன ஓய்வு இல்லம் நிரம்பியிருந்தால், நீங்கள் கூடாரங்களை வாடகைக்கு எடுக்கலாம். சற்று உயரமான இடத்தில் உள்ள ஸ்னோலைன் கூடார முகாமிலும் நீங்கள் தங்கலாம். விவரங்களுக்கு சன்செட் கஃபேயில் உள்ள ஊழியர்களிடம் கேளுங்கள், அவர்களிடம் அதற்கான தொடர்பு எண்கள் உள்ளன.

லாகா பனிப்பாறை (Laka Glacier) பயணம். ஒரு பனிப்பாறையைச் சென்றடைவது எப்போதும் உற்சாகமான அனுபவம், ஆனால் பெரும்பாலான சமயங்களில் அதை அடைவது கடினமான காரியமாகும். ஆசியாவிலேயே மிகக் குறைந்த உயரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள பனிப்பாறைகளில் ஒன்று லாகா பனிப்பாறை ஆகும். லாகா பனிப்பாறைக்கான நடைபாதை 'ட்ரியண்ட்' (Triund) உச்சி வழியாகச் செல்வதால், இந்தப் பயணம் பெரும்பாலும் 'ட்ரியண்ட் - லாகா பனிப்பாறை பயணம்' (Triund Laka Glacier Trek) என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. தரம் கோட் (Dharamkot) அல்லது பாக்சு நாக் (Bhagsu Nag) பகுதியிலிருந்து தொடங்கும் இந்தப் பயணம், செங்குத்தான சரிவுகள் மற்றும் பனி படர்ந்த பாதைகள் வழியாகச் செல்கிறது. இது ட்ரியண்ட் மலை, ஸ்னோலைன் கஃபே (Snowline Cafe) மற்றும் அழகான தௌலாதர் (Dhauladhar) மலைத்தொடர்களை உள்ளடக்கியது.

5 '''இந்திரஹார் கணவாய்''' (Indrahar Pass). ட்ரியுண்டிலிருந்து (Triund) மேலும் மேலே செல்லும் இந்தப் பாதை, ஆல்ப்ஸ் மலைப்பகுதி போன்ற சூழலைக் கொண்ட மலையேற்றப் பாதையாகும். இதற்குச் செல்ல நீங்கள் ஒரு சுற்றுலாத் திட்டத்தைப் (tour) பதிவு செய்ய வேண்டியிருக்கலாம். இது காங்ரா பள்ளத்தாக்கில் பனி படர்ந்த தௌலாதர் (Dhauladhar) மலைத்தொடரின் ஊடாகச் சென்று, லாமு (Lamu) பகுதியில் முடிவடைகிறது.

6 '''டோரால் கணவாய்''' (Toral Pass - 4,575 மீ). இது தர்மசாலாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 10 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ள டாங் நர்வானாவிலிருந்து (Tang Narwana - 1,150 மீ) தொடங்குகிறது. 

7 கரேரி ஏரி மலையேற்றம் (Kareri Lake Trek). பசுமையான சூழலுக்கு நடுவே அமைந்துள்ள இந்த பனிப்பாறை ஏரி, இயற்கை ஆர்வலர்களுக்கு மிகவும் கவர்ச்சிகரமான இடமாகும்.

'''கற்றுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்'''
[[File:Dharamsala Temple Bazaar.JPG|thumb|பாதி திபெத்திய, பாதி இந்தியத் தன்மை கொண்ட மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சின் சந்தை பரபரப்பு]]
யோகா, தியானம், ரெய்கி, திபெத்திய மற்றும் இந்திய சமையல் வகுப்புகள், திபெத்திய மொழி வகுப்புகள் மற்றும் தாய் மசாஜ் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு பயிற்சிகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. பல பயிற்சிகளில் சைவ உணவுகளும் அடங்கும்; இவை தியான மையங்களில் நடத்தப்படுகின்றன.

== பணி செய்யுங்கள் ==
'''தன்னார்வப் பணி'''

தன்னார்வப் பணியில் ஈடுபடுவதற்குச் சில வாய்ப்புகள் உள்ளன. ஒரு மாதம் அல்லது அதற்கு மேற்பட்ட நீண்ட காலத் திட்டங்களில் சேர விரும்பினால், நகரின் மையப்பகுதியில் உள்ள LHA அலுவலகத்தைத் தொடர்புகொள்ளுங்கள். அங்குள்ள பணியாளர்கள் மிகவும் நட்பானவர்கள்; கற்பித்தல், தனிப்பட்ட முறையில் பாடம் சொல்லிக்கொடுத்தல் அல்லது உரையாடல் வகுப்புகளில் பங்கேற்க விரும்பும் எவரையும் அவர்கள் மகிழ்ச்சியுடன் வரவேற்கிறார்கள்.

'''லா சமூக பணி Lha Social Work'''-  தர்மசாலா மற்றும் மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சில் உள்ள மிகப்பெரிய தொண்டு நிறுவனங்களில் ஒன்றாகும், மேலும் திபெத்திய அகதிகள், உள்ளூர் இந்திய மக்கள் மற்றும் இமயமலைப் பகுதிகளைச் சேர்ந்த மக்களுக்கு முக்கிய ஆதாரங்கள் மற்றும் சேவைகளை வழங்குவதை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்டுள்ளது. ஆங்கிலம், பிரஞ்சு மற்றும் சீன வகுப்புகள், தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப வகுப்புகள், தொழில் பயிற்சி, சுகாதாரம் மற்றும் சுற்றுச்சூழல் விழிப்புணர்வு கல்வி, உடைகள் மற்றும் மருந்து விநியோகம், சமூக சமையலறை மற்றும் பல திட்டங்கள் மற்றும் செயல்பாடுகளுக்கு தன்னார்வலர்கள் தேவை.

'''ரோக்பா கஃபே -Rogpa Cafe''' (ஜோகிவாரா சாலை) - ஓட்டலில் வேலை செய்ய அல்லது டே கேர் சென்டரில் குழந்தைகளைப் பார்த்துக் கொள்ள அவர்கள் எப்போதும் தன்னார்வலர்களைத் தேடுகிறார்கள். இது 2 வார கமிட்மென்ட். அனைத்து வருமானமும் உள்ளூர் குழந்தைகளுக்கு இலவச சேவைகளை வழங்கும் ரோக்பா டே கேர் சென்டருக்குச் செல்கிறது.

'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''டெசி சுற்றுச்சூழல் விழிப்புணர்வு இயக்கம்'''' (Tesi Environmental Awareness Movement) – நீங்கள் சுற்றுச்சூழல் நிபுணராக இருந்தால், திபெத்தியர்களின் இந்த இலாப நோக்கமற்ற அமைப்பைத் தொடர்புகொள்ளலாம்.

திபெத்தியர்களுடன் பழகி, அவர்களின் கலாச்சாரம் மற்றும் தனிப்பட்ட கதைகளை அறிந்துகொள்ளும் அதே வேளையில், அவர்களுக்கு ஆங்கிலம் கற்கவும் நீங்கள் உதவலாம். தெருக்களில் துறவிகள் முன்வைக்கும் தனிப்பட்ட கற்பித்தல் (private tutorage) கோரிக்கைகளை ஏற்கும் போது கவனமாக இருக்கவும்; சில நாட்களுக்குப் பிறகு அவர்கள் உங்களிடம் நிதி உதவி கோரக்கூடும் (இருப்பினும், இத்தகைய நிகழ்வுகள் அரிதானவை). இத்தகைய உதவிகளை வழங்க விரும்பினால், நம்பகமான மற்றும் நன்கு நிறுவப்பட்ட அமைப்பின் வாயிலாகச் செயல்படுவது சிறந்தது.

பொதுவாக, பெரும்பாலான துறவிகளும் சாதாரண மக்களும், அவர்களுக்கு ஆங்கிலம் கற்க உதவும் உங்கள் செயலுக்கு மிகுந்த நன்றியுணர்வுடன் இருப்பார்கள். இது திபெத்திய மக்களை இன்னும் நெருக்கமாக அறிந்துகொள்ள ஒரு சிறந்த வழியாகும். உதவி செய்வதற்கு எளிதான வழி, டெம்பிள் சாலையில் (Temple Rd) உள்ள 'எல்.எச்.ஏ' (LHA) அல்லது ஜோகிவாரா சாலையில் (Jogiwara Rd) உள்ள 'எல்.ஐ.டி' (LIT) ஆகிய அமைப்புகளுக்குச் சென்று, கற்பித்தல் பணிக்காகப் பதிவு செய்துகொள்வதாகும். ஒரு மாத காலத்திற்குத் தொடர்ந்து ஈடுபடுவது விரும்பத்தக்கது.

== வாங்குங்கள் ==
தர்மசாலாவில் ஆபரணங்கள் மற்றும் சிறு அலங்காரப் பொருட்கள், கம்பளி சால்வைகள், பிரார்த்தனை கொடிகள், பிரார்த்தனை சக்கரங்கள், தரைவிரிப்புகள், மற்றும் 'தங்க' (thangka) அல்லது 'மண்டல' (mandala) ஓவியங்கள் போன்ற பல திபெத்திய பொருட்களை வாங்கலாம்.

திபெத்திய 'சிங்கிங் பவுல்' (Tibetan Singing Bowl) - இதை வாசிப்பது எளிது; இது ஒலி சிகிச்சை (sound healing), இசை சிகிச்சை அல்லது வெறும் மன அமைதிக்காகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

== உண்ணுங்கள் ==
திபெத்திய தெருவோர விற்பனையாளர்கள் விற்கும் மோமோக்கள் பொதுவாக 8 துண்டுகள் கொண்ட ஒரு தட்டு ₹80-க்கு விற்பனை செய்யப்படுகின்றன. இவை உண்பதற்குப் பாதுகாப்பானவை மற்றும் மேற்கத்திய சுவைக்கும் ஏற்றவை; இருப்பினும், கீழே குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள மிகச்சிறந்த உணவகங்களில் கிடைக்கும் மோமோக்களில் உள்ள நுணுக்கமான சுவையுடன் இவற்றை ஒப்பிட முடியாது.

திபெத்திய உணவு மற்றும் பானங்களைச் சுவைத்துப் பார்க்க தர்மசாலா ஒரு சிறந்த இடமாகும்:

'''மோமோஸ்''' (Momos)– இறைச்சி அல்லது காய்கறிகள் நிரப்பப்பட்ட, ஆவியில் வேகவைக்கப்பட்ட அல்லது பொரித்த கொழுக்கட்டைகள்.

'''துக்பா''' (Thukpa) – காய்கறிகள் அல்லது இறைச்சியுடன் கூடிய ஒரு சத்தான நூடுல்ஸ் சூப்.

'''தென்துக்''' (Thenthuk) – கையால் செய்யப்பட்ட தட்டையான செவ்வக வடிவ நூடுல்ஸ்களைக் கொண்ட துக்பா.

'''போச்சா''' (Pocha)– வெண்ணெயுடன் கடைந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு உப்புச் சுவை கொண்ட தேநீர், இது திபெத்தியர்களின் ஒரு முக்கிய உணவாகும், மேலும் இது பொதுவாக திபெத்திய வெண்ணெய்த் தேநீர் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் உணவருந்த ஒரு சிறந்த இடமாகும். மேலும், இந்த ஊரில், குறிப்பாக வெளிநாட்டு சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளைக் கவரும் வகையில், நடுத்தர மற்றும் உயர் ரக உணவகங்கள் ஏராளமாக உள்ளன.

மேலும், பக்ஸு மற்றும் தரம்கோட் ஆகிய இடங்களில் சிறந்த உள்ளூர், ஃபியூஷன் மற்றும் வெளிநாட்டு உணவு விடுதிகள் உள்ளன—ஹம்முஸும் ஃபலாஃபெலும் (hummus and falafel)அரிதானவை அல்ல.

தரம்சாலாவில் விலைகள் பொதுவாக இந்தியாவின் மற்ற (சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் அதிகம் வராத) பகுதிகளை விட 50-100% அதிகமாக இருக்கும். அதுமட்டுமின்றி, இந்திய உணவு அல்லாதவற்றுக்கு பெரும்பாலும் அதிகக் கூடுதல் கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படுகிறது.

== பருகுங்கள் ==
டெம்பிள் சாலையில் உள்ள LHA, பாஸ்கூ சாலையில் உள்ள சுற்றுச்சூழல் கல்வி மையம் (Environmental Education Centre) மற்றும் ஜோகிவாரா சாலையில் உள்ள டோகா மையம் (Dogga-Centre) போன்ற பல நீர் சுத்திகரிப்பு நிலையங்களில், உங்கள் தண்ணீர் பாட்டிலை சுத்திகரிக்கப்பட்ட நீரைக் கொண்டு நிரப்பிக்கொள்ளலாம். நிக்ஸ் (Nick's) மற்றும் கிரீன் ஹோட்டல் (Green Hotel) உள்ளிட்ட சில உணவகங்களிலும் கட்டணம் செலுத்தி (₹5; கிரீன் ஹோட்டலில் ₹10) சுத்திகரிக்கப்பட்ட நீரைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ள முடியும்.

'''காபி / தேநீர்'''

குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள உணவகங்கள் மற்றும் பேக்கரிகள் பலவற்றில், காபி அல்லது தேநீர் அருந்துவதற்கும், அதே வேளையில் காட்சியை ரசிப்பதற்கும் மிகச் சிறந்த இடங்களாகும்.

'''மூன்பீக் எஸ்பிரெசோ''' (Moonpeak Espresso), டெம்பிள் ரோடு, மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் (மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சின் முதன்மைச் சதுக்கத்திலிருந்து 10 நிமிட நடைப்பயண தூரம்). காலை 7 மணி முதல் இரவு 8 மணி வரை. காபி விலை ₹40–70. மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சில் இதைவிடச் சிறந்த காபி கிடைக்கும் இடங்கள் இருந்தாலும், இது ஒரு மிகவும் இனிமையான கஃபே ஆகும். இங்கு பணிபுரிபவர்கள் அனைவரும் திபெத்தியர்கள், உரிமையாளர்கள் இந்தியர்கள். சிறிய அளவிலான, ஆனால் சுவையான சாண்ட்விச்கள் மற்றும் பல காலை உணவு வகைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. மூலிகை தேநீர் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு தேநீர் வகைகள் ₹50–60 விலையில் உள்ளன. மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சில் இலவச மற்றும் சீராகச் செயல்படும் வைஃபை (Wi-Fi) வசதி கொண்ட மிகச் சில இடங்களில் இதுவும் ஒன்று. மெனுவில் ஒரு குறிப்பு அச்சிடப்பட்டுள்ளது; அதன்படி, &quot;நீங்கள் இணையத்தைப் பயன்படுத்த நீண்ட நேரம் அமர்ந்திருக்கப் போகிறீர்கள் என்றால், தயவுசெய்து சில உணவுகளை ஆர்டர் செய்யுங்கள்&quot; என்று கேட்டுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டுள்ளது. 

'''மதுபானம்'''

'எக்ஸ் சைட்' (X cite), மெயின் ஸ்கொயர், மெக்லியோட் கஞ்ச் (மெயின் ஸ்கொயர்). ஒரு காலத்தில் இது மிகவும் பிரபலமாக இருந்திருக்கலாம், ஆனால் அந்த நல்ல காலம் முடிந்துவிட்டதாகவே தோன்றுகிறது. இப்பகுதியில் உள்ள ஒரே நடன தளம்/நைட் கிளப் இதுதான். இங்கு இரவு 1 மணி வரை இந்திய மற்றும் மேற்கத்திய இசை ஒலிக்கப்படுகிறது.

== உறங்குங்கள் ==
மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சில் தங்குவதற்குப் பலவிதமான இடங்கள் உள்ளன, ஆனால் அதன் முக்கிய வீதிகளில் (குறிப்பாக பக்ஸு சாலை) 

வழக்கமாக இருக்கும் வாகனங்களின் ஒலி எழுப்பும் தொல்லைக்கு (மகிழ்வுந்து, இருசக்கர வாகனம் மற்றும் இழுவண்டிகள்) ஆளாக நேரிடுகிறது. இரைச்சலான சத்தங்களால் நீங்கள் பாதிக்கப்படலாம்.. பொருத்தமான ஒன்றைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பது எளிது—சற்று சுற்றிப் பார்த்து, ஒரு நல்ல விலையைக் கேளுங்கள். நீங்கள் முடிவு செய்வதற்கு முன், குறைந்தது இரண்டு வெவ்வேறு அறைகளையாவது உங்களுக்குக் காட்டச் சொல்லுங்கள். மெக்லியோட் கஞ்சில் குறிப்பிடத்தகுந்த இரண்டு தங்கும் விடுதிகள் 1 மித்ரா 2 மற்றும் 2 ஹாஸ்டெல்லர் ஆகும்—முன்பதிவு செய்யாமல் நேரடியாகச் செல்வது சாதகமாகத் தெரிகிறது.

வழக்கமான ஹோம்ஸ்டேக்கள், ஹோட்டல்கள் போன்றவற்றைத் தவிர, பக்ஸு மற்றும் ஹைனியில் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான தங்கும் விடுதிகள் (மற்றும் பேக்பேக்கர்கள்) காணப்படுகின்றன. இங்கு குறிப்பிடத்தகுந்த தங்கும் விடுதிகள் 3 மித்ரா மற்றும் 4 யங் மங்க் ஆகும்—முன்பதிவு செய்யாமல் நேரடியாகச் செல்வது சாதகமாகத் தெரிகிறது.

நீண்ட காலத் தங்குதல்களுக்கு, ஜோகிவாரா சாலையில் உள்ள யோங்லிங் படிக்கட்டுகளில் கீழே செல்லுங்கள்; அங்கு அருமையான காட்சிகளுடன், சுமார் பன்னிரண்டு மலிவான நல்ல இடங்கள் உள்ளன.

== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==
இந்த இடம் பாதுகாப்பானதுதான், இருப்பினும் முன்னெச்சரிக்கை நடவடிக்கைகளை மேற்கொள்வது நல்லது. எப்போதும் விழிப்புடன் இருங்கள்; இரவு 9 மணிக்கு மேல் வெளியே தங்கியிருந்தால் மிகுந்த எச்சரிக்கையுடன் செயல்படுங்கள்.

== அடுத்த இலக்கு ==
'''[[Wy/ta/அமிர்தசரசு|அமிர்தசரசு]]''' '''(Amritsar)''' – சீக்கியர்களின் புனித நகரமான இங்குதான் பொற்கோவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இங்கிருந்து பேருந்து மூலம் செல்ல சுமார் 6 மணிநேரம் ஆகும். அதிகாலை 5 மணிக்கு கீழ் பகுதியில் உள்ள பேருந்து நிலையத்திலிருந்து பேருந்துகள் புறப்படுகின்றன. அல்லது, பதான்கோட் வழியாகவும் செல்லலாம்; அங்கிருந்து பல பேருந்து மற்றும் தொடருந்து வசதிகள் உள்ளன.

'''[[பீர் (Bir)]]'''– திபெத்திய மற்றும் இந்திய மக்கள் வசிக்கும் ஒரு கிராமம். இது பௌத்த மடாலயங்களுக்கும், பாராகிளைடிங் (paragliding) மையத்திற்கும் பெயர் பெற்றது. உலகின் இரண்டாவது மிக உயர்ந்த பாராகிளைடிங் தளமான 'பீர்-பில்லிங்' (Bir-Billing) இங்குள்ளதால், இது ஒரு சாகச மையமாக வளர்ந்து வருகிறது.

'''[[டல்ஹௌசி (Dalhousie)]]'''– பதான்கோட்டிற்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு சிறிய மலைவாசஸ்தலம்.

'''[[மணாலி (Manali)]]''' – மலைகளின் உட்பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்வதற்கான அடுத்த முக்கிய மையம்.

'''[[பாலம்பூர் (Palampur)]]'''– தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்கள், வேளாண் பல்கலைக்கழகம் மற்றும் கோயில்களுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்ற ஒரு அழகான பள்ளத்தாக்கு.

'''[[சித்பாரி (Sidhbari)]]'''– கீழ் தர்மசாலாவிற்கு வெளியே அமைந்துள்ள இது, சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளின் கூட்ட நெரிசலில் இருந்து விலகி, பள்ளத்தாக்கில் உள்ள ஒரு வழக்கமான விவசாய கிராமத்தின் வாழ்க்கையை அனுபவிக்க ஏற்ற இடமாகும்.</text>
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    <title>Wp/rgn/Midcina</title>
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[[File:Esclapius_stick.svg|thumb|upright=0.33|right|E' bastòun 'd ''Asclepius'', e' simbòl dla midcina.]]

la '''Midcina''' o  '''Midṡēna'''&lt;ref&gt;Rumagnul ucidentel&lt;/ref&gt; o enca '''Medicina'''&lt;ref&gt;Serravaloiṡ&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la [[Wp/rgn/Scienza|scienza]] ch la stódia la strutura (anatumì), e' funzionaméint nurmèl (fiṡiolugì) de' corp umén pri cirché 'd tnì la saluda (de' corp e dla ménta), fè prevenziòuna e traté al maladì.

== Storia ==

== Prucedimént Mèdghi ==

== Discipléni ==

== Sucitê ==

== Istituziòuni ==

== Vosgi lighedi ==

{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Scienza]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Midṡēna]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q94944}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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{{Wp/rgn/S}}

[[File:Esclapius_stick.svg|thumb|upright=0.33|right|E' bastòun 'd ''Asclepius'', e' simbòl dla midcina.]]

la '''Midcina''' o  '''Midṡēna'''&lt;ref&gt;Rumagnul ucidentel&lt;/ref&gt; o enca '''Medicina'''&lt;ref&gt;Serravaloiṡ&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la [[Wp/rgn/Scienza|scienza]] ch la stódia la strutura (anatumì), e' funzionaméint nurmèl (fiṡiolugì) de' corp umén pri cirché 'd tnì la saluda (de' corp e dla ménta), fè prevenziòuna e traté al maladì.

== Storia ==

== Prucedimént Mèdghi ==

== Discipléni ==

== Sucitê ==

== Istituziòuni ==

== Vosgi lighedi ==

{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Scienza]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Midṡēna]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q11190}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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'''Joe Ghartey''' (dɔgɩbʋ daarɩ ɩyɛ 15th Kpiinichiu 1961, Aŋkara puo) ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] lɔɔyɛ,pɔlɩtiisɩya anɩŋ a New Patriotric Party bie kaŋa. Ʋ da ɩyɛ Atoni-jɛnɩral Gaana puo(2006-2009), Sɩpiika yiilʋŋ daana a ku palɩmɛntɩ(2013-2017) anɩŋ Reelwee Maalɩbʋ Minisa(2017-2021).&lt;ref&gt;http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/11/atta-kyea-joe-ghartey-makes-it-unto-nana-addos-ministerial-list/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mrd.gov.gh/4/16/104/ghana-is-transforming-its-rail-sector-joe-ghartey-at-international-rail-equipment-exhibition-2019-new-delhi-india&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://myjoyonline.com/news/national/rail-transport-will-reduce-road-tragedies-joe-ghartey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/govt-is-committed-to-revamping-railway-system-joe-ghartey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211003030827/https://www.ghanaports.gov.gh/Media/news-details/1125/NRQ1G2CV/RAILWAYS-MINISTRY-TO-ORDER-ABOUT-35-TRAINS-TO-GHANA-IN-JUNE-&lt;/ref&gt; Joe Ghartey yie [[Wp/wlx/Shama|Shama]] aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Wɛsɩŋ Rɩjɩn|Wɛsɩŋ Rɩjɩn]] puo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=116&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyɩvori Nɩŋ Karɩŋbʋ ==
Ba dɔgɩyɛ Joe Ghartey [[Wp/wlx/Aŋkara|Aŋkara]], Gaana, a ku sukuu karɩma, Lauraine Ghartey (née Daniels) anɩŋ Jamaa tʋntʋna, Joseph Ghartey, 15th Kpiinichiu 1961. Ʋ da piiliye ʋ sukuu karɩŋbʋ a Ridge Church sukuu aŋ bi Aŋkara a chɛ la gaa a sɛkɔndɩrɩ bɔɔdɩn sukuu, [[Wp/wlx/Mfantsipim sukuu|Mfantsipim sukuu]] aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Kep Kos|Kep Kos]].&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfantsipim_School&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mfantsipim puoriŋ, Ghartey la gaayɛŋ ka ka ʋ tɩ karɩŋ Lɔɔ, a nyɛ ʋ [[Wp/wlx/LLB|LLB]](Hons) digirii 1986 puo a yi Yunivɛsiti ɔf Gaana anɩŋ [[Wp/wlx/BL|BL]] a yi a Gaana Sukuu ɔf Lɔɔ 1988 puo. Ana yuoni nɩ puo baŋ bʋɔmʋʋ ka ʋ wa baa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2605&lt;/ref&gt;

== Begu-sɔrɩ Tʋma Anɩŋ Gbaŋʋ Bambʋ ==
Ghartey aŋ ɩ ʋ Nasɩnal sɛɛvɩs ʋ tʋŋyɛ ligaal ɔfɩsɩ tʋma a ku Komenda Eguafo Abirem Dɩsɩrɩk Asɛmbɩlɩ aŋ bi sɛntɩraal rɩjɩn a Gaana puo. Ʋ da dɩyɛ tʋma ŋa aŋ vɛŋ ʋŋ ɩ asosiyet a bi a chimbɛs a ku Lɔɔya Gwira aŋ bi Sɛkɔndi. Puoriŋ, ʋ da na paahɩyɛ Akuffo Addo, Prempeh nɩŋ ba taa tʋma jie ŋa, begiri tʋma jie ŋa aŋ gara nimbitɔɔrɩ a Gaana puo chɛ, ka ʋ tʋntʋn tɔ aŋ na bi palɩmɛntɩ nandaarɩ kaŋa aŋ ɩ nɩɛ aŋ paahɩ baŋ piili a tʋma ŋa a chɛ la ɩ kabɩnɛt minisa a bi a [[Wp/wlx/John Kufuor|John Kufuor]] naaŋ diibu wagɩrɩ nɩ, [[Wp/wlx/Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo.]] Ghartey yie a tʋma ŋa jie yuomo ayɔpoi puoriŋ, ka 1994 ʋŋ sʋŋ baŋ yuo a begu tʋma ŋa jie baŋ bʋɔna Ghartey nɩŋ Ghartey nɩŋ ʋ pɔgɔ baŋ bʋɔna [[Wp/wlx/Efua Ghartey|Efua Ghartey]], aŋ mɩŋ da ɩ lɔɔya. Ʋ ɩyɛ siinɩya paatɩna a ku Labone puo begu tʋma jie kaŋa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joe-Ghartey-2464&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ghartey tʋŋyɛ begu sɔrɩ tʋma a ku nɩŋtɩɩha anɩŋ tʋntʋn ji bɛra a Gaana paalʋŋ puo anɩŋ jiihi aŋ ba bi a Gaana puo, a yi lampoo yaʋrɩ a tɩ tɔ [[Wp/wlx/Tʋma begu|tʋma begu]], [[Wp/wlx/Gbangbalɩ yɛlɩtarɩhɩ|Gbangbalɩ yɛlɩtarɩhɩ]] anɩŋ tʋma begiri.

Ʋ sʋŋ ahɩ kuye nɩnsaalɩba raɩs yɛlɩtarɩhɩ a Gaana puo. Ʋŋ a ɩ nɩyɛ aŋ paahɩ baŋ yuo a Gaana Komitii ɔn Himaan ɛn Pɩɩpʋls Raɩs, Ghartey tɩhɛɛ wulibu a ku a Himaan rais, sɩvɩl rais anɩŋ fɩrɩbʋ tʋma a ku suguhɩ. Ba da lɛʋ kuye a komitii nɩyɛ aŋ chɛlɩha ahɩjie a tʋma ŋa jie baŋ bʋɔna Afɩrɩkan Kɔmɩsɩn ɔn Himaan ɛn Pɩɩpʋls Raɩs. Ʋ da ɩyɛ kogo daana a ku [[Wp/wlx/Ɩnta Afɩrɩkan Nɛtwɛk ɔf Himaan Raɩs|Ɩnta Afɩrɩkan Nɛtwɛk ɔf Himaan Raɩs]] tʋma jie aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Zambia|Zambia]].

Ghartey da ɩyɛ Ɩnvɛsɩmɛnt Lɔɔ lɛchɩra sʋgɩna aŋ bi a Univɛsiti ɔf [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Bisinɛs sukuu|Gaana Bisinɛs sukuu]]. Ʋ da ɩyɛ lɛchɩra a [[Wp/wlx/Corporate Governance and Executive MBA|Corporate Governance and Executive MBA]] aŋ bi a [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Institute of Management|Gaana Institute of Management]] anɩŋ Public Administration (GIMPA). Ʋ da ɩyɛ wuli wulo a [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Sɩtɔk ɛschɛnj|Gaana Sɩtɔk ɛschɛnj]]. 2004 puo, ʋ sɛʋyɛ Doing Business and Investing in Ghana – Legal and Institutional Framework. Ʋ mɩŋ da karɩmɛɛ nɩba Company Law a Gaana Sukuu ɔf Lɔɔ anɩŋ Mountcrest Univɛsɩti aŋ bi Aŋkara.

== Pɔlɩtɩɩs Tʋma Nɩŋ Paalʋŋ Kaabʋ ==
Ghartey paahɩyɛ a [[Wp/wlx/New Patriotic Party|New Patriotic Party]] puo(NPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-win-more-seats-for-new-patriotic-party-joe-ghartey-urges-upper-west-youth.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/nppdecides-essikado-ketan-npp-delegates-acclaim-joe-ghartey-for-fifth-term-bid/&lt;/ref&gt; Ʋ da piiliyeŋ a paahɩ a Sɛkɔndi kampeen tiim a wa lɛʋ ɩ a kogo daana a ku a Aŋkara Rɩjɩnal Dɩsɩpɩlɩnaarɩ kɔmitii a ku a paati. Ʋ da paahɩyɛ a sugu nɩ aŋ sɛʋ a 'sɩtoolɩn vɛdɩt' 1993 puo, ka ana da la duoho aŋ ta sʋŋ a tɩ jagɩ nɩŋ vootin yɛlɩbɛɛ aŋ da ɩ a 1992 jamaa jaa vootin Gaana puo. Ʋ da ɩyɛ kogo daana a ku a Nasɩnaal kɔnfɩrɛɛns nɩ aŋ da lɛʋ maalɩ sɛʋ a NPP begiri a Tɩreed Fɛɛ Sɛnta aŋ bi Aŋkara puo 22 Aŋjelinje 2009.  A wagɩrɩ ŋa la ka vootin koleeji a ku paalʋŋ yidɩɛra kandideeti a da sɛgɩhɩ ɩ kpɔŋ a yi gbɛbɔgɩ ahɩba tuhi a tɩ parɩ tuhi kɔɔ gbɛbɔgɩ ahɩba. Ʋ da paahɩyɛ a sugu nɩ aŋ tarɩ begiri bambʋ ka a NPP Nasɩnal Kansɩl a ihi ba ka ba kaa a vootin pɛtɩsɩn yɛlɩtarɩhɩ baŋ da dɩ waanɩŋ a Sɛrɛɛdiibu jikpɔŋ a 2012 jamaa jaa vootin puoriŋ a chɛ wuli nimbitɔɔrɩ gaabʋ sɔɛ. A komitii da tɩhɩyɛ ba tʋma duoho a ku a Nasɩnal kansɩl. A duoho da paahɩyɛ sɔɛ nɩ aŋ na lɛʋhɩ a vootin sɔɛ aŋ bi Gaana. 

A Gaana kostal bɛlɛntɩ sɛŋ nɩ, Ghartey sʋŋyɛ kɔnstɩtuensihɩ aŋ bi a Wɛsɩn, Sɛntɩraal, Gireta Aŋkaraa anɩŋ Vɔlɩta Rɩjɩnhɩ a paahɩ Shama, Sɛkɔndi, Takʋraadɩ, Effie Kwasiminchim, Tarkwa, Pɩrɩstiya, Amenfi, Kɔɔle Kʋlɔte, La-Dade Kotopon anɩŋ Hɔhɔɩ. 2000 puo, ʋ da paahɩyɛ a NPP Wɛsɩn rɩjɩn paalʋŋ yidɩyera kampeen sugu, a yʋɔra a rɩjɩn nɩŋ a na saŋa nɩ nɩyɛ aŋ ahɩ, John Kufuor, aŋ da gaa nimbitɔɔrɩ a di a jamaa jaa vootin a na yuoni nɩ Doŋʋ chiu puo.

Ghartey ɩyɛ Mɛmba of Palɩmɛnt a ku Essikado/Ketan konstituensi aŋ bi a Gaana Wɛsɩn Rɩjɩn.&lt;ref&gt;https://newsghana.com.gh/joe-ghartey-receives-endorsement-from-delegates/&lt;/ref&gt; Ba daŋ vooti ku ʋŋ a Doŋʋ chiu 2004 vootibu puo chɛ baŋ la vooti ku ʋ Doŋu 2008 anɩŋ Doŋu 2012 vootibʋ nɩ puo. A vootin ata nɩ jaa puo, nɩyɛ jaa da ba ahɩ a ŋmaagʋʋ sɔrɩ a NPP pɩraamɩrɩs wagɩrɩ nɩ.

John Agyekum Kufuor naaŋ wagɩrɩ nɩ, ba da ihiye Ghartey ʋŋ ɩ Depiti Atoni Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Depiti Minisa ɔf Jasɩs Dʋmba puo 2005. Ba da duohuuŋ a chɛ ihuu ʋŋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral mɩŋa anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs a Kpiinichiu puo 2006, a tarɩ ana ahɩjie nɩ bɩlaaŋ a tɩ ta Jɩŋbɛntl chiu 2009 a tuuro NPP lee a 2008 jamaa jaa vootin nɩ saŋa. Ghartey da ɩyɛ Atoni-Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs aŋ tʋŋ kaʋhɩ a Kufuor naaŋ puo. Ʋ da la ɩyɛ kɔnsɔltant a ku a [[Wp/wlx/Sierra Leone palɩmɛntɩ|Sierra Leone palɩmɛntɩ]] a sɛʋ begiri aŋ guuro ana palɩmɛntɩ nɩ yɛlɩ-ɩrɩhɩ Dʋmba-fɩlanaa puo 2017.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailyguidenetwork.com/chiefs-give-joe-ghartey-standing-ovation-for-transforming-ghanas-railway-sector/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joe-Ghartey-2464&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atoni-Jɛnɩraal Nɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs ===
June 2006 puo, a paalʋʋ yidɩyɛra Kufuor, da lɛʋ sɛgɩhɩyɛ minisahɩ ahɩjiihi ka Ghartey da nyɛ duihibu a lɛʋ yi depiti Atoni-Jɛnɩral nɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs a lɛʋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral nɩ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs mɩŋa. A yi be panaa ka a yidɩyɛra Kufuor a ɩmʋʋ ɔfɩsɩ puo 16 June 2006 ʋŋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs lɩjarɩ daana a Gaana paalʋʋ puo.

Ʋŋ da ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral, Ghartey da waanɩyɛ yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa ŋa aŋ na waanɩŋ tɛgɩraa a Minisɩrɩ ɔf Jasɩs puo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;A yɛla nimbijɩyɛ da ahɩyɛŋ ka ka tʋma tʋmbʋ tʋɔŋ gara nimbitɔɔrɩ a ɔfɩsɩ puo anɩŋ ka jasɩs bibe a paalʋʋ puo. Ʋ nimbijɩ yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa jaa da la ka ka jasɩs a bi be a ku nɩyɛ jaa, a paahɩ yɛlɩ jamaa puo, ʋ da ahɩyɛŋ ka ka ʋ sʋŋ ka nɩyɛ jaa maŋ baŋ nyɛ a sɛrɛɛ diibu deʋ a kpɛ ka ba naŋ nyɔgɩ a daana ɩŋ pagɩrɩ deʋ chɛ ba di ʋ sɛrɛɛ. A yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa ŋa da sʋmɛɛŋ ka nɩba kɔɔhɩ aŋ da bi pagɩrɩ deʋ ka ba ba di ba sɛrɛɛ a nyɛ yuobu.

Ʋŋ da ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral, ʋ da dɩɛyɛ ʋ begiri sɔrɩ sugu baŋ gaa a sɛrɛɛ diibu deʋ a tɩ ŋmaa sɛrɛɛhɩ aŋ ɩ nimbijɩyɛ. Yɛla ʋŋ da nʋŋ ɩɩbʋ aŋ da ahɩ nɩŋ gbaga leebu begiri da chaaŋyɛŋ  wa gɩrɩ nɩ ʋŋ maalɩ a ligaal fɩreemwɛk anɩŋ ɩnfɩrasɩraacha a ku Ɔɔyɩl anɩŋ Gaas Ɩndasɩrɩ Gaana puo. Ʋŋ da paahɩ a Maɩs anɩŋ Ɛnɛji Komitii a ku Palɩmɛntɩ, ʋ da paahɩyɛŋ a sʋŋ baŋ nyɔgɩ ka ka ba yuo [[Wp/wlx/Pɛtiro Kɔmɩsɩn|Pɛtiro Kɔmɩsɩn]] a ku Gaana. Ʋŋ da ɩ Kabɩnɛt minisa, ʋ da ahɩyɛ a yidɩyɛra gbɛbɔgʋ nansaalɩ teenhi tʋmɩhɩ jamaa aŋ ɩ begiri yɛlɩtarɩhɩ aŋ ɩ  gbaga leebu yɛlɩtarɩhɩ.

=== Depiti Sɩpiikasɩp ===
A 2012 jamaa jaa vootin puoriŋ, a NPP manoriti da ihiye Ghartey a ɩŋ a depiti sɩpiika buyi daana ahɩjie palɩmɛntɩ puo. A depiti sɩpiika buyi daana ahɩjie a yi bɩla aŋ maŋ tu maŋ ɩyɛ a manoriti tʋɔrɩ. Chɛ, a tuuro a NPP basagɩbʋ tɩ jagɩnɩŋ John Dramani Mahama vootibu nɩ aŋ vɛŋ ʋŋ ɩ a yidɩyɛra a ku Gaana nɩ anɩŋ a la tu baŋ jaahɩ ka paahɩ be wagɩrɩ nɩ baŋ dɩ ʋ a ɩnna a ɔfɩɩsɩ ka ʋ na ɩ a yidɩyɛra,some members of the majority NDC were of the view that, &quot;the NPP should not be rewarded with the position since it had decided to boycott the inauguration of John Mahama of the NDC as President in the same election it is challenging.&quot; The NDC, citing precedent by the NPP, who in the past had chosen to vote for Malik Alhassan Yakubu (an NPP candidate) against the NDC's Ken Dzirasah, wanted to sponsor a PNC newcomer to the position instead. However, Ghartey was eventually unanimously elected to the position by Members of Parliament on 7 January 2013

=== Kabɩnɛt Minisa ===

=== Kampeen a ku NPP Jukaara kandɩdeeti ===

== Mɩŋa Nyɩvori ==

== Tarɩjiihi ==
[[Category:Wp/wlx]]

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'''Joe Ghartey''' (dɔgɩbʋ daarɩ ɩyɛ 15th Kpiinichiu 1961, Aŋkara puo) ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] lɔɔyɛ,pɔlɩtiisɩya anɩŋ a New Patriotric Party bie kaŋa. Ʋ da ɩyɛ Atoni-jɛnɩral Gaana puo(2006-2009), Sɩpiika yiilʋŋ daana a ku palɩmɛntɩ(2013-2017) anɩŋ Reelwee Maalɩbʋ Minisa(2017-2021).&lt;ref&gt;http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/11/atta-kyea-joe-ghartey-makes-it-unto-nana-addos-ministerial-list/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mrd.gov.gh/4/16/104/ghana-is-transforming-its-rail-sector-joe-ghartey-at-international-rail-equipment-exhibition-2019-new-delhi-india&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://myjoyonline.com/news/national/rail-transport-will-reduce-road-tragedies-joe-ghartey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/govt-is-committed-to-revamping-railway-system-joe-ghartey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211003030827/https://www.ghanaports.gov.gh/Media/news-details/1125/NRQ1G2CV/RAILWAYS-MINISTRY-TO-ORDER-ABOUT-35-TRAINS-TO-GHANA-IN-JUNE-&lt;/ref&gt; Joe Ghartey yie [[Wp/wlx/Shama|Shama]] aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Wɛsɩŋ Rɩjɩn|Wɛsɩŋ Rɩjɩn]] puo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=116&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyɩvori Nɩŋ Karɩŋbʋ ==
Ba dɔgɩyɛ Joe Ghartey [[Wp/wlx/Aŋkara|Aŋkara]], Gaana, a ku sukuu karɩma, Lauraine Ghartey (née Daniels) anɩŋ Jamaa tʋntʋna, Joseph Ghartey, 15th Kpiinichiu 1961. Ʋ da piiliye ʋ sukuu karɩŋbʋ a Ridge Church sukuu aŋ bi Aŋkara a chɛ la gaa a sɛkɔndɩrɩ bɔɔdɩn sukuu, [[Wp/wlx/Mfantsipim sukuu|Mfantsipim sukuu]] aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Kep Kos|Kep Kos]].&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfantsipim_School&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mfantsipim puoriŋ, Ghartey la gaayɛŋ ka ka ʋ tɩ karɩŋ Lɔɔ, a nyɛ ʋ [[Wp/wlx/LLB|LLB]](Hons) digirii 1986 puo a yi Yunivɛsiti ɔf Gaana anɩŋ [[Wp/wlx/BL|BL]] a yi a Gaana Sukuu ɔf Lɔɔ 1988 puo. Ana yuoni nɩ puo baŋ bʋɔmʋʋ ka ʋ wa baa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2605&lt;/ref&gt;

== Begu-sɔrɩ Tʋma Anɩŋ Gbaŋʋ Bambʋ ==
Ghartey aŋ ɩ ʋ Nasɩnal sɛɛvɩs ʋ tʋŋyɛ ligaal ɔfɩsɩ tʋma a ku Komenda Eguafo Abirem Dɩsɩrɩk Asɛmbɩlɩ aŋ bi sɛntɩraal rɩjɩn a Gaana puo. Ʋ da dɩyɛ tʋma ŋa aŋ vɛŋ ʋŋ ɩ asosiyet a bi a chimbɛs a ku Lɔɔya Gwira aŋ bi Sɛkɔndi. Puoriŋ, ʋ da na paahɩyɛ Akuffo Addo, Prempeh nɩŋ ba taa tʋma jie ŋa, begiri tʋma jie ŋa aŋ gara nimbitɔɔrɩ a Gaana puo chɛ, ka ʋ tʋntʋn tɔ aŋ na bi palɩmɛntɩ nandaarɩ kaŋa aŋ ɩ nɩɛ aŋ paahɩ baŋ piili a tʋma ŋa a chɛ la ɩ kabɩnɛt minisa a bi a [[Wp/wlx/John Kufuor|John Kufuor]] naaŋ diibu wagɩrɩ nɩ, [[Wp/wlx/Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo.]] Ghartey yie a tʋma ŋa jie yuomo ayɔpoi puoriŋ, ka 1994 ʋŋ sʋŋ baŋ yuo a begu tʋma ŋa jie baŋ bʋɔna Ghartey nɩŋ Ghartey nɩŋ ʋ pɔgɔ baŋ bʋɔna [[Wp/wlx/Efua Ghartey|Efua Ghartey]], aŋ mɩŋ da ɩ lɔɔya. Ʋ ɩyɛ siinɩya paatɩna a ku Labone puo begu tʋma jie kaŋa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joe-Ghartey-2464&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ghartey tʋŋyɛ begu sɔrɩ tʋma a ku nɩŋtɩɩha anɩŋ tʋntʋn ji bɛra a Gaana paalʋŋ puo anɩŋ jiihi aŋ ba bi a Gaana puo, a yi lampoo yaʋrɩ a tɩ tɔ [[Wp/wlx/Tʋma begu|tʋma begu]], [[Wp/wlx/Gbangbalɩ yɛlɩtarɩhɩ|Gbangbalɩ yɛlɩtarɩhɩ]] anɩŋ tʋma begiri.

Ʋ sʋŋ ahɩ kuye nɩnsaalɩba raɩs yɛlɩtarɩhɩ a Gaana puo. Ʋŋ a ɩ nɩyɛ aŋ paahɩ baŋ yuo a Gaana Komitii ɔn Himaan ɛn Pɩɩpʋls Raɩs, Ghartey tɩhɛɛ wulibu a ku a Himaan rais, sɩvɩl rais anɩŋ fɩrɩbʋ tʋma a ku suguhɩ. Ba da lɛʋ kuye a komitii nɩyɛ aŋ chɛlɩha ahɩjie a tʋma ŋa jie baŋ bʋɔna Afɩrɩkan Kɔmɩsɩn ɔn Himaan ɛn Pɩɩpʋls Raɩs. Ʋ da ɩyɛ kogo daana a ku [[Wp/wlx/Ɩnta Afɩrɩkan Nɛtwɛk ɔf Himaan Raɩs|Ɩnta Afɩrɩkan Nɛtwɛk ɔf Himaan Raɩs]] tʋma jie aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Zambia|Zambia]].

Ghartey da ɩyɛ Ɩnvɛsɩmɛnt Lɔɔ lɛchɩra sʋgɩna aŋ bi a Univɛsiti ɔf [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Bisinɛs sukuu|Gaana Bisinɛs sukuu]]. Ʋ da ɩyɛ lɛchɩra a [[Wp/wlx/Corporate Governance and Executive MBA|Corporate Governance and Executive MBA]] aŋ bi a [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Institute of Management|Gaana Institute of Management]] anɩŋ Public Administration (GIMPA). Ʋ da ɩyɛ wuli wulo a [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Sɩtɔk ɛschɛnj|Gaana Sɩtɔk ɛschɛnj]]. 2004 puo, ʋ sɛʋyɛ Doing Business and Investing in Ghana – Legal and Institutional Framework. Ʋ mɩŋ da karɩmɛɛ nɩba Company Law a Gaana Sukuu ɔf Lɔɔ anɩŋ Mountcrest Univɛsɩti aŋ bi Aŋkara.

== Pɔlɩtɩɩs Tʋma Nɩŋ Paalʋŋ Kaabʋ ==
Ghartey paahɩyɛ a [[Wp/wlx/New Patriotic Party|New Patriotic Party]] puo(NPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-win-more-seats-for-new-patriotic-party-joe-ghartey-urges-upper-west-youth.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/nppdecides-essikado-ketan-npp-delegates-acclaim-joe-ghartey-for-fifth-term-bid/&lt;/ref&gt; Ʋ da piiliyeŋ a paahɩ a Sɛkɔndi kampeen tiim a wa lɛʋ ɩ a kogo daana a ku a Aŋkara Rɩjɩnal Dɩsɩpɩlɩnaarɩ kɔmitii a ku a paati. Ʋ da paahɩyɛ a sugu nɩ aŋ sɛʋ a 'sɩtoolɩn vɛdɩt' 1993 puo, ka ana da la duoho aŋ ta sʋŋ a tɩ jagɩ nɩŋ vootin yɛlɩbɛɛ aŋ da ɩ a 1992 jamaa jaa vootin Gaana puo. Ʋ da ɩyɛ kogo daana a ku a Nasɩnaal kɔnfɩrɛɛns nɩ aŋ da lɛʋ maalɩ sɛʋ a NPP begiri a Tɩreed Fɛɛ Sɛnta aŋ bi Aŋkara puo 22 Aŋjelinje 2009.  A wagɩrɩ ŋa la ka vootin koleeji a ku paalʋŋ yidɩɛra kandideeti a da sɛgɩhɩ ɩ kpɔŋ a yi gbɛbɔgɩ ahɩba tuhi a tɩ parɩ tuhi kɔɔ gbɛbɔgɩ ahɩba. Ʋ da paahɩyɛ a sugu nɩ aŋ tarɩ begiri bambʋ ka a NPP Nasɩnal Kansɩl a ihi ba ka ba kaa a vootin pɛtɩsɩn yɛlɩtarɩhɩ baŋ da dɩ waanɩŋ a Sɛrɛɛdiibu jikpɔŋ a 2012 jamaa jaa vootin puoriŋ a chɛ wuli nimbitɔɔrɩ gaabʋ sɔɛ. A komitii da tɩhɩyɛ ba tʋma duoho a ku a Nasɩnal kansɩl. A duoho da paahɩyɛ sɔɛ nɩ aŋ na lɛʋhɩ a vootin sɔɛ aŋ bi Gaana. 

A Gaana kostal bɛlɛntɩ sɛŋ nɩ, Ghartey sʋŋyɛ kɔnstɩtuensihɩ aŋ bi a Wɛsɩn, Sɛntɩraal, Gireta Aŋkaraa anɩŋ Vɔlɩta Rɩjɩnhɩ a paahɩ Shama, Sɛkɔndi, Takʋraadɩ, Effie Kwasiminchim, Tarkwa, Pɩrɩstiya, Amenfi, Kɔɔle Kʋlɔte, La-Dade Kotopon anɩŋ Hɔhɔɩ. 2000 puo, ʋ da paahɩyɛ a NPP Wɛsɩn rɩjɩn paalʋŋ yidɩyera kampeen sugu, a yʋɔra a rɩjɩn nɩŋ a na saŋa nɩ nɩyɛ aŋ ahɩ, John Kufuor, aŋ da gaa nimbitɔɔrɩ a di a jamaa jaa vootin a na yuoni nɩ Doŋʋ chiu puo.

Ghartey ɩyɛ Mɛmba of Palɩmɛnt a ku Essikado/Ketan konstituensi aŋ bi a Gaana Wɛsɩn Rɩjɩn.&lt;ref&gt;https://newsghana.com.gh/joe-ghartey-receives-endorsement-from-delegates/&lt;/ref&gt; Ba daŋ vooti ku ʋŋ a Doŋʋ chiu 2004 vootibu puo chɛ baŋ la vooti ku ʋ Doŋu 2008 anɩŋ Doŋu 2012 vootibʋ nɩ puo. A vootin ata nɩ jaa puo, nɩyɛ jaa da ba ahɩ a ŋmaagʋʋ sɔrɩ a NPP pɩraamɩrɩs wagɩrɩ nɩ.

John Agyekum Kufuor naaŋ wagɩrɩ nɩ, ba da ihiye Ghartey ʋŋ ɩ Depiti Atoni Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Depiti Minisa ɔf Jasɩs Dʋmba puo 2005. Ba da duohuuŋ a chɛ ihuu ʋŋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral mɩŋa anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs a Kpiinichiu puo 2006, a tarɩ ana ahɩjie nɩ bɩlaaŋ a tɩ ta Jɩŋbɛntl chiu 2009 a tuuro NPP lee a 2008 jamaa jaa vootin nɩ saŋa. Ghartey da ɩyɛ Atoni-Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs aŋ tʋŋ kaʋhɩ a Kufuor naaŋ puo. Ʋ da la ɩyɛ kɔnsɔltant a ku a [[Wp/wlx/Sierra Leone palɩmɛntɩ|Sierra Leone palɩmɛntɩ]] a sɛʋ begiri aŋ guuro ana palɩmɛntɩ nɩ yɛlɩ-ɩrɩhɩ Dʋmba-fɩlanaa puo 2017.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailyguidenetwork.com/chiefs-give-joe-ghartey-standing-ovation-for-transforming-ghanas-railway-sector/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joe-Ghartey-2464&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atoni-Jɛnɩraal Nɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs ===
June 2006 puo, a paalʋʋ yidɩyɛra Kufuor, da lɛʋ sɛgɩhɩyɛ minisahɩ ahɩjiihi ka Ghartey da nyɛ duihibu a lɛʋ yi depiti Atoni-Jɛnɩral nɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs a lɛʋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral nɩ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs mɩŋa. A yi be panaa ka a yidɩyɛra Kufuor a ɩmʋʋ ɔfɩsɩ puo 16 June 2006 ʋŋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs lɩjarɩ daana a Gaana paalʋʋ puo.

Ʋŋ da ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral, Ghartey da waanɩyɛ yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa ŋa aŋ na waanɩŋ tɛgɩraa a Minisɩrɩ ɔf Jasɩs puo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;A yɛla nimbijɩyɛ da ahɩyɛŋ ka ka tʋma tʋmbʋ tʋɔŋ gara nimbitɔɔrɩ a ɔfɩsɩ puo anɩŋ ka jasɩs bibe a paalʋʋ puo. Ʋ nimbijɩ yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa jaa da la ka ka jasɩs a bi be a ku nɩyɛ jaa, a paahɩ yɛlɩ jamaa puo, ʋ da ahɩyɛŋ ka ka ʋ sʋŋ ka nɩyɛ jaa maŋ baŋ nyɛ a sɛrɛɛ diibu deʋ a kpɛ ka ba naŋ nyɔgɩ a daana ɩŋ pagɩrɩ deʋ chɛ ba di ʋ sɛrɛɛ. A yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa ŋa da sʋmɛɛŋ ka nɩba kɔɔhɩ aŋ da bi pagɩrɩ deʋ ka ba ba di ba sɛrɛɛ a nyɛ yuobu.

Ʋŋ da ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral, ʋ da dɩɛyɛ ʋ begiri sɔrɩ sugu baŋ gaa a sɛrɛɛ diibu deʋ a tɩ ŋmaa sɛrɛɛhɩ aŋ ɩ nimbijɩyɛ. Yɛla ʋŋ da nʋŋ ɩɩbʋ aŋ da ahɩ nɩŋ gbaga leebu begiri da chaaŋyɛŋ  wa gɩrɩ nɩ ʋŋ maalɩ a ligaal fɩreemwɛk anɩŋ ɩnfɩrasɩraacha a ku Ɔɔyɩl anɩŋ Gaas Ɩndasɩrɩ Gaana puo. Ʋŋ da paahɩ a Maɩs anɩŋ Ɛnɛji Komitii a ku Palɩmɛntɩ, ʋ da paahɩyɛŋ a sʋŋ baŋ nyɔgɩ ka ka ba yuo [[Wp/wlx/Pɛtiro Kɔmɩsɩn|Pɛtiro Kɔmɩsɩn]] a ku Gaana. Ʋŋ da ɩ Kabɩnɛt minisa, ʋ da ahɩyɛ a yidɩyɛra gbɛbɔgʋ nansaalɩ teenhi tʋmɩhɩ jamaa aŋ ɩ begiri yɛlɩtarɩhɩ aŋ ɩ  gbaga leebu yɛlɩtarɩhɩ.

=== Depiti Sɩpiikasɩp ===
A 2012 jamaa jaa vootin puoriŋ, a NPP manoriti da ihiye Ghartey a ɩŋ a depiti sɩpiika buyi daana ahɩjie palɩmɛntɩ puo. A depiti sɩpiika buyi daana ahɩjie a yi bɩla aŋ maŋ tu maŋ ɩyɛ a manoriti tʋɔrɩ. Chɛ, a tuuro a NPP basagɩbʋ tɩ jagɩnɩŋ John Dramani Mahama vootibu nɩ aŋ vɛŋ ʋŋ ɩ a yidɩyɛra a ku Gaana nɩ anɩŋ a la tu baŋ jaahɩ ka ba paahɩ be wagɩrɩ nɩ baŋ dɩ ʋ a ɩnna a ɔfɩɩsɩ ka ʋ na ɩ a yidɩyɛra, a majɔɔriti aŋ ɩ NDC nɩba mine da ylɩyɛŋ ka, &quot;NPP ba sɩgɩnɩŋ ka ba ku bo chaʋtaa jaa bojuŋ ba jaahɩyɛŋ ka ba bibe ka ba ɩŋ John Mahama aŋ paahɩ NDC puo ʋ ɔfɩɩsɩŋ ka ʋ ɩ a yidɩyɛra vootin nɩ nɩŋ ʋ ju baŋ ba sagɩ nɩ.&quot; A NDC, baŋ wuno yɛla NPP aŋ ɩ, baŋ daaŋ bʋ nʋɔrɩ a vooti ku Malik Alhassan Yakubu (NPP kandideeti) aŋ ahɩra NDC Ken Dzirasah, da bʋɔraŋ ka ba sʋŋ PNC nɩŋ-paalaa ka ʋ da lɛʋ ahɩ. Chɛ, jamaa jaa da lɛʋ laŋ vooti kuye Ghartey a yi a Palɩmɛntɩ deme puo 7 Jɩmbɛntɩ 2013.

=== Kabɩnɛt Minisa ===

=== Kampeen a ku NPP Jukaara kandɩdeeti ===

== Mɩŋa Nyɩvori ==

== Tarɩjiihi ==
[[Category:Wp/wlx]]

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'''Joe Ghartey''' (dɔgɩbʋ daarɩ ɩyɛ 15th Kpiinichiu 1961, Aŋkara puo) ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] lɔɔyɛ,pɔlɩtiisɩya anɩŋ a New Patriotric Party bie kaŋa. Ʋ da ɩyɛ Atoni-jɛnɩral Gaana puo(2006-2009), Sɩpiika yiilʋŋ daana a ku palɩmɛntɩ(2013-2017) anɩŋ Reelwee Maalɩbʋ Minisa(2017-2021).&lt;ref&gt;http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/11/atta-kyea-joe-ghartey-makes-it-unto-nana-addos-ministerial-list/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mrd.gov.gh/4/16/104/ghana-is-transforming-its-rail-sector-joe-ghartey-at-international-rail-equipment-exhibition-2019-new-delhi-india&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://myjoyonline.com/news/national/rail-transport-will-reduce-road-tragedies-joe-ghartey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/govt-is-committed-to-revamping-railway-system-joe-ghartey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211003030827/https://www.ghanaports.gov.gh/Media/news-details/1125/NRQ1G2CV/RAILWAYS-MINISTRY-TO-ORDER-ABOUT-35-TRAINS-TO-GHANA-IN-JUNE-&lt;/ref&gt; Joe Ghartey yie [[Wp/wlx/Shama|Shama]] aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Wɛsɩŋ Rɩjɩn|Wɛsɩŋ Rɩjɩn]] puo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=116&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyɩvori Nɩŋ Karɩŋbʋ ==
Ba dɔgɩyɛ Joe Ghartey [[Wp/wlx/Aŋkara|Aŋkara]], Gaana, a ku sukuu karɩma, Lauraine Ghartey (née Daniels) anɩŋ Jamaa tʋntʋna, Joseph Ghartey, 15th Kpiinichiu 1961. Ʋ da piiliye ʋ sukuu karɩŋbʋ a Ridge Church sukuu aŋ bi Aŋkara a chɛ la gaa a sɛkɔndɩrɩ bɔɔdɩn sukuu, [[Wp/wlx/Mfantsipim sukuu|Mfantsipim sukuu]] aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Kep Kos|Kep Kos]].&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfantsipim_School&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mfantsipim puoriŋ, Ghartey la gaayɛŋ ka ka ʋ tɩ karɩŋ Lɔɔ, a nyɛ ʋ [[Wp/wlx/LLB|LLB]](Hons) digirii 1986 puo a yi Yunivɛsiti ɔf Gaana anɩŋ [[Wp/wlx/BL|BL]] a yi a Gaana Sukuu ɔf Lɔɔ 1988 puo. Ana yuoni nɩ puo baŋ bʋɔmʋʋ ka ʋ wa baa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2605&lt;/ref&gt;

== Begu-sɔrɩ Tʋma Anɩŋ Gbaŋʋ Bambʋ ==
Ghartey aŋ ɩ ʋ Nasɩnal sɛɛvɩs ʋ tʋŋyɛ ligaal ɔfɩsɩ tʋma a ku Komenda Eguafo Abirem Dɩsɩrɩk Asɛmbɩlɩ aŋ bi sɛntɩraal rɩjɩn a Gaana puo. Ʋ da dɩyɛ tʋma ŋa aŋ vɛŋ ʋŋ ɩ asosiyet a bi a chimbɛs a ku Lɔɔya Gwira aŋ bi Sɛkɔndi. Puoriŋ, ʋ da na paahɩyɛ Akuffo Addo, Prempeh nɩŋ ba taa tʋma jie ŋa, begiri tʋma jie ŋa aŋ gara nimbitɔɔrɩ a Gaana puo chɛ, ka ʋ tʋntʋn tɔ aŋ na bi palɩmɛntɩ nandaarɩ kaŋa aŋ ɩ nɩɛ aŋ paahɩ baŋ piili a tʋma ŋa a chɛ la ɩ kabɩnɛt minisa a bi a [[Wp/wlx/John Kufuor|John Kufuor]] naaŋ diibu wagɩrɩ nɩ, [[Wp/wlx/Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo.]] Ghartey yie a tʋma ŋa jie yuomo ayɔpoi puoriŋ, ka 1994 ʋŋ sʋŋ baŋ yuo a begu tʋma ŋa jie baŋ bʋɔna Ghartey nɩŋ Ghartey nɩŋ ʋ pɔgɔ baŋ bʋɔna [[Wp/wlx/Efua Ghartey|Efua Ghartey]], aŋ mɩŋ da ɩ lɔɔya. Ʋ ɩyɛ siinɩya paatɩna a ku Labone puo begu tʋma jie kaŋa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joe-Ghartey-2464&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ghartey tʋŋyɛ begu sɔrɩ tʋma a ku nɩŋtɩɩha anɩŋ tʋntʋn ji bɛra a Gaana paalʋŋ puo anɩŋ jiihi aŋ ba bi a Gaana puo, a yi lampoo yaʋrɩ a tɩ tɔ [[Wp/wlx/Tʋma begu|tʋma begu]], [[Wp/wlx/Gbangbalɩ yɛlɩtarɩhɩ|Gbangbalɩ yɛlɩtarɩhɩ]] anɩŋ tʋma begiri.

Ʋ sʋŋ ahɩ kuye nɩnsaalɩba raɩs yɛlɩtarɩhɩ a Gaana puo. Ʋŋ a ɩ nɩyɛ aŋ paahɩ baŋ yuo a Gaana Komitii ɔn Himaan ɛn Pɩɩpʋls Raɩs, Ghartey tɩhɛɛ wulibu a ku a Himaan rais, sɩvɩl rais anɩŋ fɩrɩbʋ tʋma a ku suguhɩ. Ba da lɛʋ kuye a komitii nɩyɛ aŋ chɛlɩha ahɩjie a tʋma ŋa jie baŋ bʋɔna Afɩrɩkan Kɔmɩsɩn ɔn Himaan ɛn Pɩɩpʋls Raɩs. Ʋ da ɩyɛ kogo daana a ku [[Wp/wlx/Ɩnta Afɩrɩkan Nɛtwɛk ɔf Himaan Raɩs|Ɩnta Afɩrɩkan Nɛtwɛk ɔf Himaan Raɩs]] tʋma jie aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Zambia|Zambia]].

Ghartey da ɩyɛ Ɩnvɛsɩmɛnt Lɔɔ lɛchɩra sʋgɩna aŋ bi a Univɛsiti ɔf [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Bisinɛs sukuu|Gaana Bisinɛs sukuu]]. Ʋ da ɩyɛ lɛchɩra a [[Wp/wlx/Corporate Governance and Executive MBA|Corporate Governance and Executive MBA]] aŋ bi a [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Institute of Management|Gaana Institute of Management]] anɩŋ Public Administration (GIMPA). Ʋ da ɩyɛ wuli wulo a [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Sɩtɔk ɛschɛnj|Gaana Sɩtɔk ɛschɛnj]]. 2004 puo, ʋ sɛʋyɛ Doing Business and Investing in Ghana – Legal and Institutional Framework. Ʋ mɩŋ da karɩmɛɛ nɩba Company Law a Gaana Sukuu ɔf Lɔɔ anɩŋ Mountcrest Univɛsɩti aŋ bi Aŋkara.

== Pɔlɩtɩɩs Tʋma Nɩŋ Paalʋŋ Kaabʋ ==
Ghartey paahɩyɛ a [[Wp/wlx/New Patriotic Party|New Patriotic Party]] puo(NPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-win-more-seats-for-new-patriotic-party-joe-ghartey-urges-upper-west-youth.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/nppdecides-essikado-ketan-npp-delegates-acclaim-joe-ghartey-for-fifth-term-bid/&lt;/ref&gt; Ʋ da piiliyeŋ a paahɩ a Sɛkɔndi kampeen tiim a wa lɛʋ ɩ a kogo daana a ku a Aŋkara Rɩjɩnal Dɩsɩpɩlɩnaarɩ kɔmitii a ku a paati. Ʋ da paahɩyɛ a sugu nɩ aŋ sɛʋ a 'sɩtoolɩn vɛdɩt' 1993 puo, ka ana da la duoho aŋ ta sʋŋ a tɩ jagɩ nɩŋ vootin yɛlɩbɛɛ aŋ da ɩ a 1992 jamaa jaa vootin Gaana puo. Ʋ da ɩyɛ kogo daana a ku a Nasɩnaal kɔnfɩrɛɛns nɩ aŋ da lɛʋ maalɩ sɛʋ a NPP begiri a Tɩreed Fɛɛ Sɛnta aŋ bi Aŋkara puo 22 Aŋjelinje 2009.  A wagɩrɩ ŋa la ka vootin koleeji a ku paalʋŋ yidɩɛra kandideeti a da sɛgɩhɩ ɩ kpɔŋ a yi gbɛbɔgɩ ahɩba tuhi a tɩ parɩ tuhi kɔɔ gbɛbɔgɩ ahɩba. Ʋ da paahɩyɛ a sugu nɩ aŋ tarɩ begiri bambʋ ka a NPP Nasɩnal Kansɩl a ihi ba ka ba kaa a vootin pɛtɩsɩn yɛlɩtarɩhɩ baŋ da dɩ waanɩŋ a Sɛrɛɛdiibu jikpɔŋ a 2012 jamaa jaa vootin puoriŋ a chɛ wuli nimbitɔɔrɩ gaabʋ sɔɛ. A komitii da tɩhɩyɛ ba tʋma duoho a ku a Nasɩnal kansɩl. A duoho da paahɩyɛ sɔɛ nɩ aŋ na lɛʋhɩ a vootin sɔɛ aŋ bi Gaana. 

A Gaana kostal bɛlɛntɩ sɛŋ nɩ, Ghartey sʋŋyɛ kɔnstɩtuensihɩ aŋ bi a Wɛsɩn, Sɛntɩraal, Gireta Aŋkaraa anɩŋ Vɔlɩta Rɩjɩnhɩ a paahɩ Shama, Sɛkɔndi, Takʋraadɩ, Effie Kwasiminchim, Tarkwa, Pɩrɩstiya, Amenfi, Kɔɔle Kʋlɔte, La-Dade Kotopon anɩŋ Hɔhɔɩ. 2000 puo, ʋ da paahɩyɛ a NPP Wɛsɩn rɩjɩn paalʋŋ yidɩyera kampeen sugu, a yʋɔra a rɩjɩn nɩŋ a na saŋa nɩ nɩyɛ aŋ ahɩ, John Kufuor, aŋ da gaa nimbitɔɔrɩ a di a jamaa jaa vootin a na yuoni nɩ Doŋʋ chiu puo.

Ghartey ɩyɛ Mɛmba of Palɩmɛnt a ku Essikado/Ketan konstituensi aŋ bi a Gaana Wɛsɩn Rɩjɩn.&lt;ref&gt;https://newsghana.com.gh/joe-ghartey-receives-endorsement-from-delegates/&lt;/ref&gt; Ba daŋ vooti ku ʋŋ a Doŋʋ chiu 2004 vootibu puo chɛ baŋ la vooti ku ʋ Doŋu 2008 anɩŋ Doŋu 2012 vootibʋ nɩ puo. A vootin ata nɩ jaa puo, nɩyɛ jaa da ba ahɩ a ŋmaagʋʋ sɔrɩ a NPP pɩraamɩrɩs wagɩrɩ nɩ.

John Agyekum Kufuor naaŋ wagɩrɩ nɩ, ba da ihiye Ghartey ʋŋ ɩ Depiti Atoni Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Depiti Minisa ɔf Jasɩs Dʋmba puo 2005. Ba da duohuuŋ a chɛ ihuu ʋŋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral mɩŋa anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs a Kpiinichiu puo 2006, a tarɩ ana ahɩjie nɩ bɩlaaŋ a tɩ ta Jɩŋbɛntl chiu 2009 a tuuro NPP lee a 2008 jamaa jaa vootin nɩ saŋa. Ghartey da ɩyɛ Atoni-Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs aŋ tʋŋ kaʋhɩ a Kufuor naaŋ puo. Ʋ da la ɩyɛ kɔnsɔltant a ku a [[Wp/wlx/Sierra Leone palɩmɛntɩ|Sierra Leone palɩmɛntɩ]] a sɛʋ begiri aŋ guuro ana palɩmɛntɩ nɩ yɛlɩ-ɩrɩhɩ Dʋmba-fɩlanaa puo 2017.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailyguidenetwork.com/chiefs-give-joe-ghartey-standing-ovation-for-transforming-ghanas-railway-sector/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joe-Ghartey-2464&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atoni-Jɛnɩraal Nɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs ===
June 2006 puo, a paalʋʋ yidɩyɛra Kufuor, da lɛʋ sɛgɩhɩyɛ minisahɩ ahɩjiihi ka Ghartey da nyɛ duihibu a lɛʋ yi depiti Atoni-Jɛnɩral nɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs a lɛʋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral nɩ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs mɩŋa. A yi be panaa ka a yidɩyɛra Kufuor a ɩmʋʋ ɔfɩsɩ puo 16 June 2006 ʋŋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs lɩjarɩ daana a Gaana paalʋʋ puo.

Ʋŋ da ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral, Ghartey da waanɩyɛ yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa ŋa aŋ na waanɩŋ tɛgɩraa a Minisɩrɩ ɔf Jasɩs puo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;A yɛla nimbijɩyɛ da ahɩyɛŋ ka ka tʋma tʋmbʋ tʋɔŋ gara nimbitɔɔrɩ a ɔfɩsɩ puo anɩŋ ka jasɩs bibe a paalʋʋ puo. Ʋ nimbijɩ yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa jaa da la ka ka jasɩs a bi be a ku nɩyɛ jaa, a paahɩ yɛlɩ jamaa puo, ʋ da ahɩyɛŋ ka ka ʋ sʋŋ ka nɩyɛ jaa maŋ baŋ nyɛ a sɛrɛɛ diibu deʋ a kpɛ ka ba naŋ nyɔgɩ a daana ɩŋ pagɩrɩ deʋ chɛ ba di ʋ sɛrɛɛ. A yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa ŋa da sʋmɛɛŋ ka nɩba kɔɔhɩ aŋ da bi pagɩrɩ deʋ ka ba ba di ba sɛrɛɛ a nyɛ yuobu.

Ʋŋ da ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral, ʋ da dɩɛyɛ ʋ begiri sɔrɩ sugu baŋ gaa a sɛrɛɛ diibu deʋ a tɩ ŋmaa sɛrɛɛhɩ aŋ ɩ nimbijɩyɛ. Yɛla ʋŋ da nʋŋ ɩɩbʋ aŋ da ahɩ nɩŋ gbaga leebu begiri da chaaŋyɛŋ  wa gɩrɩ nɩ ʋŋ maalɩ a ligaal fɩreemwɛk anɩŋ ɩnfɩrasɩraacha a ku Ɔɔyɩl anɩŋ Gaas Ɩndasɩrɩ Gaana puo. Ʋŋ da paahɩ a Maɩs anɩŋ Ɛnɛji Komitii a ku Palɩmɛntɩ, ʋ da paahɩyɛŋ a sʋŋ baŋ nyɔgɩ ka ka ba yuo [[Wp/wlx/Pɛtiro Kɔmɩsɩn|Pɛtiro Kɔmɩsɩn]] a ku Gaana. Ʋŋ da ɩ Kabɩnɛt minisa, ʋ da ahɩyɛ a yidɩyɛra gbɛbɔgʋ nansaalɩ teenhi tʋmɩhɩ jamaa aŋ ɩ begiri yɛlɩtarɩhɩ aŋ ɩ  gbaga leebu yɛlɩtarɩhɩ.

=== Depiti Sɩpiikasɩp ===
A 2012 jamaa jaa vootin puoriŋ, a NPP manoriti da ihiye Ghartey a ɩŋ a depiti sɩpiika buyi daana ahɩjie palɩmɛntɩ puo. A depiti sɩpiika buyi daana ahɩjie a yi bɩla aŋ maŋ tu maŋ ɩyɛ a manoriti tʋɔrɩ. Chɛ, a tuuro a NPP basagɩbʋ tɩ jagɩnɩŋ John Dramani Mahama vootibu nɩ aŋ vɛŋ ʋŋ ɩ a yidɩyɛra a ku Gaana nɩ anɩŋ a la tu baŋ jaahɩ ka ba paahɩ be wagɩrɩ nɩ baŋ dɩ ʋ a ɩnna a ɔfɩɩsɩ ka ʋ na ɩ a yidɩyɛra, a majɔɔriti aŋ ɩ NDC nɩba mine da ylɩyɛŋ ka, &quot;NPP ba sɩgɩnɩŋ ka ba ku bo chaʋtaa jaa bojuŋ ba jaahɩyɛŋ ka ba bibe ka ba ɩŋ John Mahama aŋ paahɩ NDC puo ʋ ɔfɩɩsɩŋ ka ʋ ɩ a yidɩyɛra vootin nɩ nɩŋ ʋ ju baŋ ba sagɩ nɩ.&quot; A NDC, baŋ wuno yɛla NPP aŋ ɩ, baŋ daaŋ bʋ nʋɔrɩ a vooti ku Malik Alhassan Yakubu (NPP kandideeti) aŋ ahɩra NDC Ken Dzirasah, da bʋɔraŋ ka ba sʋŋ PNC nɩŋ-paalaa ka ʋ da lɛʋ ahɩ. Chɛ, jamaa jaa da lɛʋ laŋ vooti kuye Ghartey a yi a Palɩmɛntɩ deme puo 7 Jɩmbɛntɩ 2013.

Ʋŋ wa kpɛ ɔfɩɩsɩ, ʋ dɩɛyɛ yie a maalɩ begirihas aŋ na gu nɩba jaʋrɩ saŋa a Gaana begi-maanɩba puoŋ. Bɩlaaŋ a tɩ ta saŋa nɩ ʋŋ do a ɩ a depiti sɩpiika buyi daana a ku Palɩmɛntɩ, ʋ da ɩyɛ a Raŋkɩn mɛmba a ku a Konsisusɩnal anɩŋ Ligaal Afɛɛs komitii deme kaŋa a ku Gɔbɩnɛntɩ Asʋɔraans Komitii a la ɩ mɛmba a ku Maɩns anɩŋ Ɛnɛɛji Komitii. Ʋ ɩyɛ kogo daana aŋ kaara komitii mɛmbahɩ aŋ tarɩ ɔfɩɩsɩhɩ aŋ tarɩ tɔna. Ʋ la paahɩyɛ Konsituusɩnal, Ligaal anɩŋ Palɩmɛntɩrɩ Komitii anɩŋ a Sɩtandɩŋ Ɔɔdɛs Komitii.

=== Kabɩnɛt Minisa ===

=== Kampeen a ku NPP Jukaara kandɩdeeti ===

== Mɩŋa Nyɩvori ==

== Tarɩjiihi ==
[[Category:Wp/wlx]]

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'''Joe Ghartey''' (dɔgɩbʋ daarɩ ɩyɛ 15th Kpiinichiu 1961, Aŋkara puo) ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] lɔɔyɛ,pɔlɩtiisɩya anɩŋ a New Patriotric Party bie kaŋa. Ʋ da ɩyɛ Atoni-jɛnɩral Gaana puo(2006-2009), Sɩpiika yiilʋŋ daana a ku palɩmɛntɩ(2013-2017) anɩŋ Reelwee Maalɩbʋ Minisa(2017-2021).&lt;ref&gt;http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/11/atta-kyea-joe-ghartey-makes-it-unto-nana-addos-ministerial-list/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mrd.gov.gh/4/16/104/ghana-is-transforming-its-rail-sector-joe-ghartey-at-international-rail-equipment-exhibition-2019-new-delhi-india&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://myjoyonline.com/news/national/rail-transport-will-reduce-road-tragedies-joe-ghartey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/govt-is-committed-to-revamping-railway-system-joe-ghartey/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211003030827/https://www.ghanaports.gov.gh/Media/news-details/1125/NRQ1G2CV/RAILWAYS-MINISTRY-TO-ORDER-ABOUT-35-TRAINS-TO-GHANA-IN-JUNE-&lt;/ref&gt; Joe Ghartey yie [[Wp/wlx/Shama|Shama]] aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Wɛsɩŋ Rɩjɩn|Wɛsɩŋ Rɩjɩn]] puo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=116&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyɩvori Nɩŋ Karɩŋbʋ ==
Ba dɔgɩyɛ Joe Ghartey [[Wp/wlx/Aŋkara|Aŋkara]], Gaana, a ku sukuu karɩma, Lauraine Ghartey (née Daniels) anɩŋ Jamaa tʋntʋna, Joseph Ghartey, 15th Kpiinichiu 1961. Ʋ da piiliye ʋ sukuu karɩŋbʋ a Ridge Church sukuu aŋ bi Aŋkara a chɛ la gaa a sɛkɔndɩrɩ bɔɔdɩn sukuu, [[Wp/wlx/Mfantsipim sukuu|Mfantsipim sukuu]] aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Kep Kos|Kep Kos]].&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfantsipim_School&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mfantsipim puoriŋ, Ghartey la gaayɛŋ ka ka ʋ tɩ karɩŋ Lɔɔ, a nyɛ ʋ [[Wp/wlx/LLB|LLB]](Hons) digirii 1986 puo a yi Yunivɛsiti ɔf Gaana anɩŋ [[Wp/wlx/BL|BL]] a yi a Gaana Sukuu ɔf Lɔɔ 1988 puo. Ana yuoni nɩ puo baŋ bʋɔmʋʋ ka ʋ wa baa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2605&lt;/ref&gt;

== Begu-sɔrɩ Tʋma Anɩŋ Gbaŋʋ Bambʋ ==
Ghartey aŋ ɩ ʋ Nasɩnal sɛɛvɩs ʋ tʋŋyɛ ligaal ɔfɩsɩ tʋma a ku Komenda Eguafo Abirem Dɩsɩrɩk Asɛmbɩlɩ aŋ bi sɛntɩraal rɩjɩn a Gaana puo. Ʋ da dɩyɛ tʋma ŋa aŋ vɛŋ ʋŋ ɩ asosiyet a bi a chimbɛs a ku Lɔɔya Gwira aŋ bi Sɛkɔndi. Puoriŋ, ʋ da na paahɩyɛ Akuffo Addo, Prempeh nɩŋ ba taa tʋma jie ŋa, begiri tʋma jie ŋa aŋ gara nimbitɔɔrɩ a Gaana puo chɛ, ka ʋ tʋntʋn tɔ aŋ na bi palɩmɛntɩ nandaarɩ kaŋa aŋ ɩ nɩɛ aŋ paahɩ baŋ piili a tʋma ŋa a chɛ la ɩ kabɩnɛt minisa a bi a [[Wp/wlx/John Kufuor|John Kufuor]] naaŋ diibu wagɩrɩ nɩ, [[Wp/wlx/Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akufo-Addo.]] Ghartey yie a tʋma ŋa jie yuomo ayɔpoi puoriŋ, ka 1994 ʋŋ sʋŋ baŋ yuo a begu tʋma ŋa jie baŋ bʋɔna Ghartey nɩŋ Ghartey nɩŋ ʋ pɔgɔ baŋ bʋɔna [[Wp/wlx/Efua Ghartey|Efua Ghartey]], aŋ mɩŋ da ɩ lɔɔya. Ʋ ɩyɛ siinɩya paatɩna a ku Labone puo begu tʋma jie kaŋa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joe-Ghartey-2464&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ghartey tʋŋyɛ begu sɔrɩ tʋma a ku nɩŋtɩɩha anɩŋ tʋntʋn ji bɛra a Gaana paalʋŋ puo anɩŋ jiihi aŋ ba bi a Gaana puo, a yi lampoo yaʋrɩ a tɩ tɔ [[Wp/wlx/Tʋma begu|tʋma begu]], [[Wp/wlx/Gbangbalɩ yɛlɩtarɩhɩ|Gbangbalɩ yɛlɩtarɩhɩ]] anɩŋ tʋma begiri.

Ʋ sʋŋ ahɩ kuye nɩnsaalɩba raɩs yɛlɩtarɩhɩ a Gaana puo. Ʋŋ a ɩ nɩyɛ aŋ paahɩ baŋ yuo a Gaana Komitii ɔn Himaan ɛn Pɩɩpʋls Raɩs, Ghartey tɩhɛɛ wulibu a ku a Himaan rais, sɩvɩl rais anɩŋ fɩrɩbʋ tʋma a ku suguhɩ. Ba da lɛʋ kuye a komitii nɩyɛ aŋ chɛlɩha ahɩjie a tʋma ŋa jie baŋ bʋɔna Afɩrɩkan Kɔmɩsɩn ɔn Himaan ɛn Pɩɩpʋls Raɩs. Ʋ da ɩyɛ kogo daana a ku [[Wp/wlx/Ɩnta Afɩrɩkan Nɛtwɛk ɔf Himaan Raɩs|Ɩnta Afɩrɩkan Nɛtwɛk ɔf Himaan Raɩs]] tʋma jie aŋ bi [[Wp/wlx/Zambia|Zambia]].

Ghartey da ɩyɛ Ɩnvɛsɩmɛnt Lɔɔ lɛchɩra sʋgɩna aŋ bi a Univɛsiti ɔf [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Bisinɛs sukuu|Gaana Bisinɛs sukuu]]. Ʋ da ɩyɛ lɛchɩra a [[Wp/wlx/Corporate Governance and Executive MBA|Corporate Governance and Executive MBA]] aŋ bi a [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Institute of Management|Gaana Institute of Management]] anɩŋ Public Administration (GIMPA). Ʋ da ɩyɛ wuli wulo a [[Wp/wlx/Gaana Sɩtɔk ɛschɛnj|Gaana Sɩtɔk ɛschɛnj]]. 2004 puo, ʋ sɛʋyɛ Doing Business and Investing in Ghana – Legal and Institutional Framework. Ʋ mɩŋ da karɩmɛɛ nɩba Company Law a Gaana Sukuu ɔf Lɔɔ anɩŋ Mountcrest Univɛsɩti aŋ bi Aŋkara.

== Pɔlɩtɩɩs Tʋma Nɩŋ Paalʋŋ Kaabʋ ==
Ghartey paahɩyɛ a [[Wp/wlx/New Patriotic Party|New Patriotic Party]] puo(NPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-win-more-seats-for-new-patriotic-party-joe-ghartey-urges-upper-west-youth.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/nppdecides-essikado-ketan-npp-delegates-acclaim-joe-ghartey-for-fifth-term-bid/&lt;/ref&gt; Ʋ da piiliyeŋ a paahɩ a Sɛkɔndi kampeen tiim a wa lɛʋ ɩ a kogo daana a ku a Aŋkara Rɩjɩnal Dɩsɩpɩlɩnaarɩ kɔmitii a ku a paati. Ʋ da paahɩyɛ a sugu nɩ aŋ sɛʋ a 'sɩtoolɩn vɛdɩt' 1993 puo, ka ana da la duoho aŋ ta sʋŋ a tɩ jagɩ nɩŋ vootin yɛlɩbɛɛ aŋ da ɩ a 1992 jamaa jaa vootin Gaana puo. Ʋ da ɩyɛ kogo daana a ku a Nasɩnaal kɔnfɩrɛɛns nɩ aŋ da lɛʋ maalɩ sɛʋ a NPP begiri a Tɩreed Fɛɛ Sɛnta aŋ bi Aŋkara puo 22 Aŋjelinje 2009.  A wagɩrɩ ŋa la ka vootin koleeji a ku paalʋŋ yidɩɛra kandideeti a da sɛgɩhɩ ɩ kpɔŋ a yi gbɛbɔgɩ ahɩba tuhi a tɩ parɩ tuhi kɔɔ gbɛbɔgɩ ahɩba. Ʋ da paahɩyɛ a sugu nɩ aŋ tarɩ begiri bambʋ ka a NPP Nasɩnal Kansɩl a ihi ba ka ba kaa a vootin pɛtɩsɩn yɛlɩtarɩhɩ baŋ da dɩ waanɩŋ a Sɛrɛɛdiibu jikpɔŋ a 2012 jamaa jaa vootin puoriŋ a chɛ wuli nimbitɔɔrɩ gaabʋ sɔɛ. A komitii da tɩhɩyɛ ba tʋma duoho a ku a Nasɩnal kansɩl. A duoho da paahɩyɛ sɔɛ nɩ aŋ na lɛʋhɩ a vootin sɔɛ aŋ bi Gaana. 

A Gaana kostal bɛlɛntɩ sɛŋ nɩ, Ghartey sʋŋyɛ kɔnstɩtuensihɩ aŋ bi a Wɛsɩn, Sɛntɩraal, Gireta Aŋkaraa anɩŋ Vɔlɩta Rɩjɩnhɩ a paahɩ Shama, Sɛkɔndi, Takʋraadɩ, Effie Kwasiminchim, Tarkwa, Pɩrɩstiya, Amenfi, Kɔɔle Kʋlɔte, La-Dade Kotopon anɩŋ Hɔhɔɩ. 2000 puo, ʋ da paahɩyɛ a NPP Wɛsɩn rɩjɩn paalʋŋ yidɩyera kampeen sugu, a yʋɔra a rɩjɩn nɩŋ a na saŋa nɩ nɩyɛ aŋ ahɩ, John Kufuor, aŋ da gaa nimbitɔɔrɩ a di a jamaa jaa vootin a na yuoni nɩ Doŋʋ chiu puo.

Ghartey ɩyɛ Mɛmba of Palɩmɛnt a ku Essikado/Ketan konstituensi aŋ bi a Gaana Wɛsɩn Rɩjɩn.&lt;ref&gt;https://newsghana.com.gh/joe-ghartey-receives-endorsement-from-delegates/&lt;/ref&gt; Ba daŋ vooti ku ʋŋ a Doŋʋ chiu 2004 vootibu puo chɛ baŋ la vooti ku ʋ Doŋu 2008 anɩŋ Doŋu 2012 vootibʋ nɩ puo. A vootin ata nɩ jaa puo, nɩyɛ jaa da ba ahɩ a ŋmaagʋʋ sɔrɩ a NPP pɩraamɩrɩs wagɩrɩ nɩ.

John Agyekum Kufuor naaŋ wagɩrɩ nɩ, ba da ihiye Ghartey ʋŋ ɩ Depiti Atoni Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Depiti Minisa ɔf Jasɩs Dʋmba puo 2005. Ba da duohuuŋ a chɛ ihuu ʋŋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral mɩŋa anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs a Kpiinichiu puo 2006, a tarɩ ana ahɩjie nɩ bɩlaaŋ a tɩ ta Jɩŋbɛntl chiu 2009 a tuuro NPP lee a 2008 jamaa jaa vootin nɩ saŋa. Ghartey da ɩyɛ Atoni-Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs aŋ tʋŋ kaʋhɩ a Kufuor naaŋ puo. Ʋ da la ɩyɛ kɔnsɔltant a ku a [[Wp/wlx/Sierra Leone palɩmɛntɩ|Sierra Leone palɩmɛntɩ]] a sɛʋ begiri aŋ guuro ana palɩmɛntɩ nɩ yɛlɩ-ɩrɩhɩ Dʋmba-fɩlanaa puo 2017.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailyguidenetwork.com/chiefs-give-joe-ghartey-standing-ovation-for-transforming-ghanas-railway-sector/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joe-Ghartey-2464&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atoni-Jɛnɩraal Nɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs ===
June 2006 puo, a paalʋʋ yidɩyɛra Kufuor, da lɛʋ sɛgɩhɩyɛ minisahɩ ahɩjiihi ka Ghartey da nyɛ duihibu a lɛʋ yi depiti Atoni-Jɛnɩral nɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs a lɛʋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral nɩ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs mɩŋa. A yi be panaa ka a yidɩyɛra Kufuor a ɩmʋʋ ɔfɩsɩ puo 16 June 2006 ʋŋ ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral anɩŋ Minisa ɔf Jasɩs lɩjarɩ daana a Gaana paalʋʋ puo.

Ʋŋ da ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral, Ghartey da waanɩyɛ yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa ŋa aŋ na waanɩŋ tɛgɩraa a Minisɩrɩ ɔf Jasɩs puo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;A yɛla nimbijɩyɛ da ahɩyɛŋ ka ka tʋma tʋmbʋ tʋɔŋ gara nimbitɔɔrɩ a ɔfɩsɩ puo anɩŋ ka jasɩs bibe a paalʋʋ puo. Ʋ nimbijɩ yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa jaa da la ka ka jasɩs a bi be a ku nɩyɛ jaa, a paahɩ yɛlɩ jamaa puo, ʋ da ahɩyɛŋ ka ka ʋ sʋŋ ka nɩyɛ jaa maŋ baŋ nyɛ a sɛrɛɛ diibu deʋ a kpɛ ka ba naŋ nyɔgɩ a daana ɩŋ pagɩrɩ deʋ chɛ ba di ʋ sɛrɛɛ. A yɛlɩnyɔgɩraa ŋa da sʋmɛɛŋ ka nɩba kɔɔhɩ aŋ da bi pagɩrɩ deʋ ka ba ba di ba sɛrɛɛ a nyɛ yuobu.

Ʋŋ da ɩ a Atoni-Jɛnɩral, ʋ da dɩɛyɛ ʋ begiri sɔrɩ sugu baŋ gaa a sɛrɛɛ diibu deʋ a tɩ ŋmaa sɛrɛɛhɩ aŋ ɩ nimbijɩyɛ. Yɛla ʋŋ da nʋŋ ɩɩbʋ aŋ da ahɩ nɩŋ gbaga leebu begiri da chaaŋyɛŋ  wa gɩrɩ nɩ ʋŋ maalɩ a ligaal fɩreemwɛk anɩŋ ɩnfɩrasɩraacha a ku Ɔɔyɩl anɩŋ Gaas Ɩndasɩrɩ Gaana puo. Ʋŋ da paahɩ a Maɩs anɩŋ Ɛnɛji Komitii a ku Palɩmɛntɩ, ʋ da paahɩyɛŋ a sʋŋ baŋ nyɔgɩ ka ka ba yuo [[Wp/wlx/Pɛtiro Kɔmɩsɩn|Pɛtiro Kɔmɩsɩn]] a ku Gaana. Ʋŋ da ɩ Kabɩnɛt minisa, ʋ da ahɩyɛ a yidɩyɛra gbɛbɔgʋ nansaalɩ teenhi tʋmɩhɩ jamaa aŋ ɩ begiri yɛlɩtarɩhɩ aŋ ɩ  gbaga leebu yɛlɩtarɩhɩ.

=== Depiti Sɩpiikasɩp ===
A 2012 jamaa jaa vootin puoriŋ, a NPP manoriti da ihiye Ghartey a ɩŋ a depiti sɩpiika buyi daana ahɩjie palɩmɛntɩ puo. A depiti sɩpiika buyi daana ahɩjie a yi bɩla aŋ maŋ tu maŋ ɩyɛ a manoriti tʋɔrɩ. Chɛ, a tuuro a NPP basagɩbʋ tɩ jagɩnɩŋ [[Wp/wlx/John Dramani Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] vootibu nɩ aŋ vɛŋ ʋŋ ɩ a yidɩyɛra a ku Gaana nɩ anɩŋ a la tu baŋ jaahɩ ka ba paahɩ be wagɩrɩ nɩ baŋ dɩ ʋ a ɩnna a ɔfɩɩsɩ ka ʋ na ɩ a yidɩyɛra, a majɔɔriti aŋ ɩ NDC nɩba mine da ylɩyɛŋ ka, &quot;NPP ba sɩgɩnɩŋ ka ba ku bo chaʋtaa jaa bojuŋ ba jaahɩyɛŋ ka ba bibe ka ba ɩŋ John Mahama aŋ paahɩ NDC puo ʋ ɔfɩɩsɩŋ ka ʋ ɩ a yidɩyɛra vootin nɩ nɩŋ ʋ ju baŋ ba sagɩ nɩ.&quot; A NDC, baŋ wuno yɛla NPP aŋ ɩ, baŋ daaŋ bʋ nʋɔrɩ a vooti ku Malik Alhassan Yakubu (NPP kandideeti) aŋ ahɩra NDC Ken Dzirasah, da bʋɔraŋ ka ba sʋŋ PNC nɩŋ-paalaa ka ʋ da lɛʋ ahɩ. Chɛ, jamaa jaa da lɛʋ laŋ vooti kuye Ghartey a yi a Palɩmɛntɩ deme puo 7 Jɩmbɛntɩ 2013.

Ʋŋ wa kpɛ ɔfɩɩsɩ, ʋ dɩɛyɛ yie a maalɩ begirihas aŋ na gu nɩba jaʋrɩ saŋa a Gaana begi-maanɩba puoŋ. Bɩlaaŋ a tɩ ta saŋa nɩ ʋŋ do a ɩ a depiti sɩpiika buyi daana a ku Palɩmɛntɩ, ʋ da ɩyɛ a Raŋkɩn mɛmba a ku a Konsisusɩnal anɩŋ Ligaal Afɛɛs komitii deme kaŋa a ku Gɔbɩnɛntɩ Asʋɔraans Komitii a la ɩ mɛmba a ku Maɩns anɩŋ Ɛnɛɛji Komitii. Ʋ ɩyɛ kogo daana aŋ kaara komitii mɛmbahɩ aŋ tarɩ ɔfɩɩsɩhɩ aŋ tarɩ tɔna. Ʋ la paahɩyɛ Konsituusɩnal, Ligaal anɩŋ Palɩmɛntɩrɩ Komitii anɩŋ a Sɩtandɩŋ Ɔɔdɛs Komitii.

=== Kabɩnɛt Minisa ===
Dʋmba-fɩlaana 2017 puo, Yidɩyɛra Akufo-Addo maalɩyɛ Minisɩrɩ ɔf Reelwees Divɛlɔmɛnt a ɩʋ kabɩnɛntɩ ahɩjie a dɩ Ghartey ɩ ana jie ŋa Minisa.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170731025902/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Arts-Minister-Catherine-Afeku-makes-it-to-Cabinet-542839&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kampeen a ku NPP Jukaara kandɩdeeti ===

== Mɩŋa Nyɩvori ==

== Tarɩjiihi ==
[[Category:Wp/wlx]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1691433}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/rgn/Matemàtica</title>
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      <text bytes="7160" sha1="oqz79vy77zhrg8tzxex6llqggxik2pd" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}La '''matemàtica'''&lt;ref name=&quot;berti&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://6ab394357489899f5a53ea2b--stupendous-meringue-467811.netlify.app/|aut = Enrico Berti|tit=Enciclopedia Romagnola|acc=24.10.2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la disiplẽna ch'la stugia al [[Wp/rgn/Cvantitê (filuṣufèja)|cvantitê]], i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar|nòmar]], e' [[Wp/rgn/Spazi (matemàtica)|spazi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=G.T. Kneebone|tit=Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicallogi0000knee_n2z7|ann=1963|isb=0-486-41712-3|edi=Dover Publications Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt; al [[Wp/rgn/Strutura (matemàtica)|strutur]], i [[Wp/rgn/Chêlcul (matemàtica)|chèlcul]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=LaTorre, Donald R., John W. Kenelly, Iris B. Reed, Laurel R. Carpenter, e Cynthia R. Harris|tit=Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change|ann=2011|isb=1-4390-4957-2|edi=Cengage Learning}}&lt;/ref&gt; e, d sölit, i cvel astrët scrupuluṣamẽnt difinī e al relaziõn tra lō.

J argumẽnt piò impurtẽnt dl'indàgin matemàtica j è:
*l'[[Wp/rgn/Aritmètica|aritmètica]];
*l'[[Wp/rgn/Àlgebra|àlgebra]];
*la [[Wp/rgn/Geumetrèja|geumetrèja]];
*l'[[Wp/rgn/Anàliṣi matemàtica|anàliṣi]].

== Setur ==

=== Cvantitê ===
E' stugi dal cvantitê e' cmẽnza cun i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar|nòmar]], prema d tot cun i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar naturel|nòmar naturel]] ([[Wp/rgn/Nòmar seld|nòmar seld briṣa negativ]]) e cun uperaziõn aritmètichi tra d lō. Al pruprietê piò fondi di nòmar seld agl'è stugêdi int la [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]].

I nòmar seld j è arcnusù coma sotinsẽn di nòmar raziunel (&quot;[[Wp/rgn/Fraziõn|fraziõn]]&quot;). Cvist che cvè j è dentr'i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar reel|nòmar reel]], druvè par rapreṣentê cvantitê cuntenvi. I nòmar reel j è generaliẓè int i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar cumples|nòmar cumples]]. Cvist che cvè j è i prem põnt d una gerarcheja di nòmar ch'la va avãnti cun i [[Wp/rgn/Cvatarnõn|cvatarnõn]] e j [[Wp/rgn/Utugnõn|utugnõn]]. In piò, l'anàliṣi di nòmar naturel la pôrta ai nòmar infinit.

{| style=&quot;border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;20&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;0; 1; 2; \ldots &lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;0; 1; -1; \ldots &lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2}; 0{,}7;\ldots &lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\pi; e; \sqrt{2},\ldots &lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;i; e^{i\pi/3};\ldots &lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar naturel|Nòmar naturel]] || [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar seld|Nòmar seld]] || [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar raziunel|Nòmar raziunel]] || [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar reel|Nòmar reel]] || [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar cumples|Nòmar cumples]] 
|}

=== Arẓmẽnt ===
{| style=&quot;border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;20&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| &lt;math&gt;36 \div 9 =4 &lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;x^2+3x+1=0 &lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\int 1_S\,d\mu=\mu(S) &lt;/math&gt;
|-
| [[Wp/rgn/Aritmètica|Aritmètica]]
| [[Wp/rgn/Àlgebra|Àlgebra]]
| [[Wp/rgn/Anàliṣi matemàtica|Anàliṣi]]
|-
| [[File:Vector field.svg|96px]]
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix} A^{\mu \nu} B_{\sigma \tau}= T^{\mu\nu}_{\sigma \tau} \\ A^{\mu}_\nu B^\tau _\sigma = T^{\mu \tau}_{\nu \sigma } \end{matrix} &lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac {\partial p(x,y)} {\partial y} = \frac {\partial q(x,y) } {\partial x} &lt;/math&gt;
|-
| [[Wp/rgn/Chêlcul avturiêl|Chêlcul avturiêl]]
| [[Wp/rgn/Chêlcul tensuriêl|Chêlcul tensuriêl]]
| [[Wp/rgn/Ecvaziõn difaranziêla|Ecvaziõn difaranziêli]]
|-
| [[File:Block diagram.png|96px]]
| [[File:LorenzAttractor.png|96px]]
| [[File:Daubechies20LowPassHighPass2DFilter.png|96px]]
|-
| [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di sistēmi|Teureja di sistēmi]]
| [[Wp/rgn/Teureja de' caṣẽn|Teureja de' caṣẽn]]
| [[Wp/rgn/Lesta d funziõn|Lesta d funziõn]]
|}

==== Arẓmẽnt infurmëtich ====
{{Wp/rgn/...}}

=== Strutur ===
{{Wp/rgn/...}}

=== Spazi ===
{{Wp/rgn/...}}

=== Matemàtica discrēta ===
{{Wp/rgn/...}}

=== Matemàtica aplichêda ===
{{Wp/rgn/...}}

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliugrafeja ==
=== Litur par cminzê ===
* {{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|tit=Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicallogi0000knee_n2z7 |edi=Dover |aut=G.T. Kneebone |ann=1963 |isb=0-486-41712-3 |cid=KN}}
* {{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|tit=Applied Mathematics |edi=Tata McGraw–Hill Education |aut=Ramana |ann=2007 |isb=0-07-066753-5|cid=RA}}
* {{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|tit=Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change |edi=Cengage Learning |aut=LaTorre, Donald R., John W. Kenelly, Iris B. Reed, Laurel R. Carpenter, e Cynthia R. Harris |ann=2011 |isb=1-4390-4957-2 |cid=QWE}}
* {{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut= Carl Benjamin Boyer|tit= Storia della matematica |tra= Adriano Carugo|edi= Mondadori|ann= 1991|isb= 88-04-33431-2}}
* [[Wp/rgn/Richard Courant|Richard Courant]], [[Wp/rgn/Herbert Robbins|Herbert Robbins]], [[Wp/rgn/Ian Stewart|Ian Stewart]] (1996): ''What Is Mathematics?: An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods'', 2nd ed., [[Wp/rgn/Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]], ISBN 0-19-510519-2.
* [[Wp/rgn/Gian-Carlo Rota|Gian-Carlo Rota]] (1997): ''Indiscrete Thoughts'', Birkhäuser, ISBN 0-8176-3866-0.
* [[Wp/rgn/Keith Devlin|Keith Devlin]] (2000): ''The Language of Mathematics: Making the Invisible Visible'', Owl Books, ISBN 0-8050-7254-3.
* [[Wp/rgn/Timothy Gowers|Timothy Gowers]] (2002): ''Mathematics, a very short introduction'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-285361-9.
* [[Wp/rgn/Philip J. Davis|Philip J. Davis]] e [[Wp/rgn/Reuben Hersh|Reuben Hersh]]: ''The Mathematical Experience''. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass., (1980).
* [[Wp/rgn/Riccardo Bersani|Riccardo Bersani]] - [[Wp/rgn/Ennio Peres|Ennio Peres]]: '' Matematica, corso di sopravvivenza '' TEA Pratica 2002 1* Edizione Ponte delle Grazie Milano ISBN 88-502-0104-4.
* [[Wp/rgn/Philip J. Davis|Philip J. Davis]]: ''Il mondo dei grandi numeri'' Zanichelli, Matematica Moderna, 1968.
* [[Wp/rgn/Boris de Rachewiltz|Boris de Rachewiltz]]: ''Egitto Magico Religioso'', edizioni Terra di Mezzo, capitolo: l'universo matematico, il culto di Maat, dea astratta della verità e della Giustizia.
* {{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|tit=An Invitation to Mathematics: From Competitions to Research |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtomath0000unse_n9u8 |edi=Springer |aut=Ziegler, Günter M. |ann=2011 |isb=3-642-19532-6}}

=== Litur par stugê mej ===
* {{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen|ann=1856|tit=Gauss zum Gedächtniss|edi=Sändig Reprint Verlag H. R. Wohlwend|isb=3-253-01702-8}}
* [[Wp/rgn/Morris Kline|Morris Kline]] (1981): ''Mathematics - The loss of Certainty''. Oxford University Press (1980).
* Björn Engquist, Wilfried Schmid eds. (2001): ''Mathematics Unlimited - 2001 and beyond'', Springer.
* {{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Ivars Peterson|tit=The Mathematical Tourist|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicaltour00pete|edi=Freeman|ann=1988|isb=0-7167-1953-3}}
* {{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Patrick Suppes|tit=Axiomatic Set Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/axiomaticsettheo00supp_0|edi=Dover|ann=1972|isb=0-486-61630-4}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q395}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Matematica]]{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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இந்தக் கட்டுரை ஒரு சுதந்திர நாடான அசர்பைசான் குடியரசைப் பற்றியது. ஈரானில் உள்ள பிராந்தியத்தைப் பற்றி அறிய, 'ஈரானிய அசர்பைசான்' என்பதைப் பார்க்கவும்.

அசர்பைசான் (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan) என்பது காகசஸில் உள்ள ஒரு முன்னாள் சோவியத் குடியரசு ஆகும், மேலும் இது ஐரோப்பா அல்லது ஆசியாவின் ஒரு பகுதியாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

பெரும்பாலும் &quot;நெருப்பு நிலம்&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படும் அசர்பைசான், 19-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதியில் பாரசீகப் பேரரசால் ரஷ்யப் பேரரசிடம் ஒப்படைக்கப்பட்டது.

== பிராந்தியங்கள் ==
'''பாகு பிராந்தியம் (Baku Region)'''

அசர்பைசானின் அரசியல், பொருளாதார மற்றும் கலாச்சார மையமான இப்பகுதியின் தலைநகரம் பாகு ஆகும். இங்கு 1871-ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் எண்ணெய் எடுக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது.

'''கஞ்சா பிராந்தியம் (Ganja Region)'''

காக்கேசியாவின் மிகப் பழமையான நகரங்களில் ஒன்றான கஞ்சாவையும், அசர்பைசானின் புகழ்பெற்ற பெட்ரோலிய ஸ்பா ஓய்வுத்தலமும் மருத்துவச் சுற்றுலா மையமுமான நாஃப்தலானையும் உள்ளடக்கிய, அசர்பைசானுக்கான நுழைவாயில் இது.

'''ஷேகி பிராந்தியம் (Sheki Region)'''

ஜார்ஜியாவின் எல்லையில் அமைந்துள்ள, காகசஸ் மலைப்பகுதியைச் சேர்ந்த அழகான பசுமையான பிராந்தியம் இது. அசர்பைசானின் மிக அழகான நகரமான 'ஷேகி' இந்நகரில்தான் அமைந்துள்ளது.

'''வடகிழக்கு அசர்பைசான் (Northeastern Azerbaijan)'''

பெருங்காக்கேசிய மலைத்தொடரில் அமைந்துள்ள, இனரீதியாகப் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட ஒரு பிரதேசம். இது பசுமையான காடுகளாலும், காஸ்பியன் கடலோரம் அமைந்துள்ள அழகான கடற்கரைகள் மற்றும் ஆடம்பர ஓய்விடங்களாலும் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

'''நக்ஷிவான் (Nakhchivan)'''

மேற்கில் துருக்கியுடன் எல்லையைப் பகிர்ந்து கொள்ளும் ஒரு தனித்து அமைந்த பகுதி (எக்ஸ்க்லேவ்).

'''தெற்கு''' '''அசர்பைசான் (Southern Azerbaijan)'''

'''தாலிஷ் பிராந்தியம் (Talysh Region)'''

'''கராபாக் (Karabakh)'''

நாட்டின் தென்மேற்கே அமைந்துள்ள மலைப்பாங்கான இந்தப் பகுதி, 1994 முதல் 2020 வரை ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் சபையால் அங்கீகரிக்கப்படாத 'நாகோர்னோ-கராபாக் குடியரசு' அமைப்பின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் பெருமளவு இருந்தது. 2023-ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல், இப்பகுதி முழுமையாக அசர்பைசானின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளது.

== நகரங்கள் ==
அசர்பைசானில் அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாக 'நகரம்' என்ற அந்தஸ்தைப் பெற்ற 71 நகர்ப்புறக் குடியிருப்புகள் உள்ளன. இருப்பினும், அவற்றில் பாகு, சும்காயித் மற்றும் கஞ்சா ஆகிய 3 நகரங்களில் மட்டுமே மக்கள் தொகை 3,00,000-க்கு மேல் உள்ளது; இதில் சும்காயித், நடைமுறையில் இன்று பாகுவின் புறநகர்ப் பகுதியாகவே உள்ளது. அந்நாட்டில் சுற்றிப் பார்ப்பதற்கு மிக முக்கியமான இடங்கள் இதோ:
[[File:Sheki - Bergdorf Kish.JPG|thumb|Sheki]]
'''1. பாகு /பாகி (Baku / Bakı)''' — காகசஸ் பகுதியின் தலைநகரம் மற்றும் மிகப்பெரிய நகரம்.

'''2. கஞ்சா (Ganja)''' — அசர்பைசானின் இரண்டாவது மிகப்பெரிய நகரமான இது, நீண்ட வரலாற்றையும், சில முக்கியமான இடங்களையும், சுவாரஸ்யமான மற்றும் பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட கட்டிடக்கலையையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.

'''3. லங்கரான் (Lankaran)''' — ஈரானிய எல்லைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள தெற்கு நகரம்.

'''4'''. '''நக்கிச்சவான் (Nakhchivan)''' —அசர்பைசானின்   நக்கிச்சவான் நகரம் வெளிப்பகுதியின் நிர்வாகத் தலைநகரம்.

'''5. கபாலா (Qabala)''' — காகசஸ் மலைத்தொடரின் ஆழமான பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு புதிய சுற்றுலா நகரம்; இது, இங்கிருந்து தென்மேற்கே சுமார் 20 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ள தொல்பொருள் தளத்தின் பெயரைத் தனக்குக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

'''6. ஷேகி (Sheki)''' — காகசஸ் மலைத்தொடரின் காடுகள் நிறைந்த பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு அழகான நகரம்; இங்கு பார்ப்பதற்கும் செய்வதற்கும் பல விஷயங்கள் உள்ளன. அசர்பைசானின் 2,700 ஆண்டுகால வரலாற்றைப் பறைசாற்றும் கலாச்சார வளங்கள் மற்றும் நினைவுச்சின்னங்கள் மிக அதிக அளவில் செறிந்து காணப்படும் இடங்களில் இதுவும் ஒன்றாகும்.

'''7. ஷமாகா (Shemakha)''' — பாகுவுக்கு முன்பு ஷிர்வன்ஷாக்களின் தலைநகராக இருந்த நகரம்.

'''8. சும்காயிட் (Sumqayit)''' — இங்குள்ள தொழிற்சாலைகள் காரணமாக, அமெரிக்க சுற்றுச்சூழல் மாசு குறித்த அமைப்பான 'பிளாக்ஸ்மித் இன்ஸ்டிடியூட்' (Blacksmith Institute), 2006 மற்றும் 2007 ஆகிய இரு ஆண்டுகளிலும், உலகின் மிகவும் மாசுபட்ட நகரங்களின் பட்டியலில் இந்த நகரத்தை முதலிடத்தில் வைத்திருந்தது.

== பிற சேருமிடங்கள் ==
'''குறிப்பிடத்தக்க தேசிய பூங்காக்கள் மற்றும் காப்பகங்கள்'''

'''1. கோபுஸ்தான் தேசிய வரலாற்று-கலை காப்பகம் (Qobustan National Historical-Artistic Reserve)''' — இது அதன் பாறைச் செதுக்கல்களுக்கும் (யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரிய தளம்) மற்றும் சேற்று எரிமலைகளுக்கும் மிகவும் பிரபலமானது. சேற்று எரிமலைகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, இன்னும் சற்று தெற்கே உள்ள சுதந்திரமான தளம் ஒரு சிறந்த தேர்வாக இருக்கலாம்; பாகு பிராந்தியத்தைப் பார்க்கவும்.

'''2. கோய்கோல் (Goygol) தேசியப் பூங்கா''' — கஞ்சாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 25 கிமீ தொலைவில், டோகனாலிக்கு அருகில். 1139 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஒரு வலுவான பூகம்பத்தின் போது உருவாக்கப்பட்டது, ஒரு ஹைகிங் மற்றும் ஓய்வு இடம்.

'''3'''.'''இஸ்மாயிலி ஸ்டேட் ரிசர்வ் (Ismaili State Reserve)''' — இது ஒரு தேசியப் பூங்கா, இங்கு சில ஆடம்பரமான தங்கும் விடுதிகளும் உள்ளன.

'''குறிப்பிடத்தக்க நகரங்களும் கிராமங்களும்'''

'''3. கினாலுக் (Khinalug/Xinaliq)''' — இது ஒரு அழகான, தொலைதூர மற்றும் பழமையான மலைக் கிராமம்; இதன் அருகிலேயே இதே பெயரைக் கொண்ட மலையும் அமைந்துள்ளது. ஒரு காலத்தில் சொராஷ்டிரிய மதத்தின் மையமாகத் திகழ்ந்த இந்த இடத்தில், இன்று வசிக்கும் மிகச் சில மக்கள் ஒரு தனித்துவமான இனக்குழுவைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள். இவர்கள் காகசஸ் அல்பேனியர்களின் (தற்போதைய அல்பேனியா நாட்டு மக்களுடன் எவ்விதத் தொடர்பும் இல்லாதவர்கள்) வழித்தோன்றல்கள் என்று கருதப்படுகிறார்கள்.

'''4. நாப்ரான் /நெப்ரான் (Nabran/ Nebran)'''— நாப்ரான் பல பொழுதுபோக்கு வசதிகளைக் கொண்ட இடமாகும்; இங்கு சொகுசு தங்குமிடங்கள், விளையாட்டு நடவடிக்கைகள், குழந்தைகளுக்கான முகாம்கள் மற்றும் இசை சார்ந்த பொழுதுபோக்கு இடங்கள் எனப் பல்வேறு சேவைகள் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன.

'''5. குபா (Quba)''' — இதன் நகர்ப்புறப் புறநகர்ப் பகுதியில் மலைப்பகுதிகளிலேயே மிகப்பெரிய அசர்பைசானி யூத சமூகம் வசிக்கிறது; இது முன்னாள் சோவியத் ஒன்றியத்தின் மிகப்பெரிய யூத சமூகங்களில் ஒன்றாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

'''6. லாஹிச் (Lahich)''' — காகசஸ் மலைகள் வழியாக குபா (Quba) நோக்கிச் செல்லும் நடைப்பயணங்களுக்கான ஒரு வசதியான, தொலைதூர மலைக்கிராமம்; இது ஒரு &quot;தள முகாம்&quot;மாகவும் (base camp) செயல்படக்கூடியது.

'''7. காக்ஸ் (Qax)''' — ஷேக்கியைத் தவிர காகசியன் மலைகளுக்குள் செல்லும் ஒரு நுழைவாயில், மற்றும் சரிபாஸ் மற்றும் அலசான் பள்ளத்தாக்கை நோக்கிய மலையேற்றப் பயணங்களுக்கான &quot;அடிப்படை முகாம்&quot;.

'''8. நிஜ் / நிக் (Nij /Nic)''' — அழிவின் விளிம்பில் உள்ள கிறிஸ்தவ இனக்குழுவான 'உடின்' (Udins) மக்கள் வாழும் மிகப்பெரிய கிராமம்.

'''9. கோய்கோல் (Goygol)''' — கஞ்சாவின் புறநகர்ப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள, கட்டாயம் பார்க்க வேண்டிய ஒரு ஜெர்மானிய நகரம். இது முன்னர் கான்லார் (சான்லார்) மற்றும் ஹெலனென்டார்ஃப் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. பவேரியாவின் சுவாபியாவைச் சேர்ந்த ஜெர்மானிய விவசாயிகளால் இது நிறுவப்பட்டது. இன்று, இந்த நகரம் ஒரு லூத்தரன் தேவாலயம் உட்பட, சிறந்த நிலையில் உள்ள மற்றும் பகுதியளவு புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு பழைய ஜெர்மானியப் பகுதியாகத் திகழ்கிறது. 1990-ல் அகழ்வாராய்ச்சி செய்யப்பட்ட ஒரு பெரிய கல்லறையிலிருந்து கண்டெடுக்கப்பட்ட பொருட்களை (எ.கா. வெண்கல ஆயுதங்கள், நகைகள், மட்பாண்டங்கள் போன்றவை) ஒரு உள்ளூர் அருங்காட்சியகம் காட்சிப்படுத்துகிறது.

'''10. ஷம்கிர் (Shamkir)''' — இதுவும் ஜெர்மானியர்கள் குடியேறிய ஒரு நகரமாகும். இங்கு கோன்யாக் மற்றும் ஒயின் தயாரிப்பிற்கான திராட்சைத் தோட்டங்கள் உள்ளன.

== புரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள் ==

=== வரலாறு ===
கிழக்கிற்கும் மேற்கிற்கும் இடையிலான சந்திப்பில் எப்போதும் இருந்து வரும் அசர்பைசான், பல பெரும் பேரரசுகளின் வருகையையும் மறைவையும் கண்டுள்ளது.

==== பண்டைய ====
நாட்டின் சிறந்த ஈர்ப்புகளில் சில கோபஸ்தான் பெட்ரோகிளிஃப்ஸ் ஆகும். 40,000 - 5,000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு இப்பகுதியில் வாழ்ந்த மக்களின் அடையாளங்கள் இவை. கிமு 900-700 இல் சித்தியர்களும் ஈரானிய மேதியர்களும் இப்பகுதியை ஆக்கிரமித்தனர். கிமு 550 இல் ஜோராஸ்ட்ரியனிசத்தை அறிமுகப்படுத்தியதன் மூலம் அச்செமனிட்ஸ் விஷயங்களை சுவாரஸ்யமாக்கினர். பின்னர், இப்பகுதி மகா அலெக்சாண்டரின் பேரரசு மற்றும் ரோமானியப் பேரரசின் விளிம்புகளில் இருந்தது.

===== இடைக்கால =====
கிறித்துவம் நான்காம் நூற்றாண்டில் வந்தது ஆனால் 7 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் இப்பகுதி இரண்டாவது இஸ்லாமிய (உமையாத்) கலிபாவின் ஒரு பகுதியாக மாறியதும் காணாமல் போனது. 11 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் மங்கோலியர்கள் அசர்பைசானைக் கைப்பற்றுவதற்கு முன்பு, கிபி 750 இல் உமையாத் கலிபாவின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப் பிறகு பல்வேறு உள்ளூர் ராஜ்யங்கள் தோன்றின.

====== நவீன கால தொடக்கம் ======
பல்வேறு மங்கோலியப் பேரரசுகள் பின்வாங்கிய பிறகு, இப்பகுதி பாரசீகர்களின் வசமானது. பாரசீகக் கட்டுப்பாடு இறுக்கமாக இருக்கவில்லை; 19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் தொடக்கத்தில் ரஷ்யப் பேரரசு தெற்கு நோக்கி விரிவடையும் வரை, மிகவும் சுதந்திரமான கானேட்டுகள் இப்பகுதியைக் கட்டுப்படுத்தின. பாரம்பரிய அஸேரி நிலங்கள் இறுதியில் பாரசீகத்திற்கும் ரஷ்யப் பேரரசிற்கும் இடையில் பிரிக்கப்பட்டன; ரஷ்யப் பேரரசிடம் ஒப்படைக்கப்பட்ட அஸேரி நிலங்களின் பகுதியை இன்றைய அசர்பைசான் குடியரசு உள்ளடக்கியது, அதே நேரத்தில் பாரசீகம் தனது கட்டுப்பாட்டைத் தக்க வைத்துக் கொண்ட பகுதிகள் ஈரானிய அசர்பைசானாக ஈரானின் ஒரு பகுதியாகவே இருக்கின்றன. 19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதியில் இங்கு முதன்முதலில் எண்ணெய் எடுக்கப்பட்டது.

'''சோவியத்'''

ரஷ்யப் பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சியைத் தொடர்ந்து, 1918-ல் அசர்பைசான் ஜனநாயகக் குடியரசு சுருக்கமான காலத்திற்கு உருவானது. இருப்பினும், அந்தப் பிராந்தியத்தில் இருந்த எண்ணெய் வளம் சோவியத் இராணுவத்திற்கு மிக அவசியமானது என்பதை லெனின் உணர்ந்துகொண்டார். இதன் விளைவாக, ஜார்ஜியா மற்றும் ஆர்மீனியாவுடன் சேர்த்து, அசர்பைசானும் 1920-களில் சோவியத் ஒன்றியத்துடன் (USSR) இணைக்கப்பட்டது. இரண்டாம் உலகப் போரின்போதும் அசர்பைசானின் எண்ணெய் வளம் சோவியத்துகளுக்கு மிகவும் முக்கியமானதாக இருந்தது; அந்தப் போரில், அந்நாட்டின் 3.4 மில்லியன் மக்கள் தொகையில் 2,50,000 பேர் போர்க்களத்தில் உயிரிழந்தனர்.

'''சோவியத் பிந்தைய'''

1991-ல் சோவியத் கட்டுப்பாடு பலவீனமடைந்தபோது, ​​பெரும்பாலும் ஆர்மீனிய இன மக்கள் வசிக்கும் நகோர்னோ-கராபாக் பகுதி, ஆர்மீனியாவின் ஆதரவுடன் அசர்பைசானிடமிருந்து சுதந்திரத்திற்காகப் போராடியதுடன், அதன் அஜேரி மக்களை இனப்படுகொலை செய்தது. அசர்பைசான் தனது 14% நிலப்பரப்பை இழந்ததுடன், சுமார் 800,000 அகதிகளையும் உள்நாட்டில் இடம்பெயர்ந்தவர்களையும் பெற்றது; மேலும், அதன் ஆர்மீனிய மக்களையும் இனப்படுகொலை செய்தது. 1994-ல் போர் நிறுத்தம் ஏற்பட்டபோதிலும், 2023 வரை நகோர்னோ-கராபாக்கின் நிலை தீர்க்கப்படாமல் இருந்தது. அப்போது, ​​ஒரு புதிய அசர்பைசான் தாக்குதல் கிளர்ச்சியாளர்களின் சரணடைதலில் முடிந்தது. நகோர்னோ-கராபாக்கின் ஆர்மீனிய இன மக்கள் பெரும்பாலும் ஆர்மீனியாவிற்குத் தப்பிச் சென்றுள்ளனர், மேலும் அப்பகுதியில் அஜேரி இன மக்கள் மீண்டும் குடியேற்றப்படுவார்கள் என்று எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது. சுதந்திரத்திற்குப் பிறகு, துருக்கி அசர்பைசானின் மிக நெருங்கிய கூட்டாளியாக இருந்து வருகிறது. இருப்பினும், அமெரிக்காவுடன் இணைந்த ஜார்ஜியாவைப் போலல்லாமல், அசர்பைசானுக்கும் ரஷ்யாவுக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள் சுமுகமாகவே உள்ளன.

'''பண்பாடு'''

மக்கள் தொகையில் பெரும்பான்மையினர் (92%-க்கும் அதிகமானோர்) அசரிகள் (Azeris) ஆவர்; இவர்களின் கலாச்சாரம் துருக்கியின் கலாச்சாரத்துடன் மிகவும் ஒத்திருக்கிறது. அசரிகள் ஈரானின் மிகப்பெரிய இன சிறுபான்மையினராகவும் உள்ளனர்; சுதந்திர அசர்பைசானைக் காட்டிலும் ஈரானிலேயே அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான அசரிகள் வாழ்கின்றனர். இருப்பினும், காலப்போக்கில் ரஷ்ய மற்றும் பாரசீக கலாச்சாரங்களின் தாக்கத்தால், அசர்பைசானில் உள்ள அசரிகளுக்கும் ஈரானில் உள்ள அசரிகளுக்கும் இடையே சில வேறுபாடுகள் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளன. குறிப்பாக, சுமார் இரண்டு நூற்றாண்டுகால ரஷ்ய மற்றும் சோவியத் ஆட்சியின் விளைவாக, அசர்பைசானில் உள்ள அசரிகளிடையே இஸ்லாம் குறித்த மிகவும் தாராளமான அணுகுமுறை உருவானது; இருப்பினும், அவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோர் இன்றும் ஷியா முஸ்லிம்களாகவே உள்ளனர்.

1991-ல் சுதந்திரம் பெற்ற பிறகு, அசர்பைசான் தனது பரந்த எரிசக்தி வளங்களை மேம்படுத்த மேற்கு ஐரோப்பிய நிறுவனங்களை அனுமதித்தது. இதன் விளைவாக, குறிப்பாக 2000-களின் நடுப்பகுதியிலிருந்து அந்நாட்டின் எண்ணெய் உற்பத்தி பெருமளவு அதிகரித்துள்ளது. இத்தகைய முதலீடுகள் இருந்தபோதிலும், புதிதாகக் கிடைத்த செல்வத்தில் பெரும்பகுதி ஒரு சிலரின் கைகளிலேயே குவிந்துள்ளது. தலைநகர் பாகுவின் மையப்பகுதி புதிய கட்டிடங்களுடனும், வளர்ந்து வரும் நடுத்தர வர்க்கத்துடனும் செழிப்பாகக் காணப்பட்டாலும், நாட்டின் பெரும்பாலான கிராமப்புறங்கள் வறுமையிலும் பின்தங்கிய நிலையிலும் உள்ளன. அந்நாட்டின் அரசாங்கம் தொடர்ந்து கடுமையான சர்வாதிகாரப் போக்கைக் கொண்டிருக்கிறது.

'''கொண்டாட்டங்கள்'''

இவை அசர்பைசானில் வசிக்கும் மக்களுக்கான தேசிய அளவில் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட விடுமுறை நாட்களாகும்.

* புத்தாண்டு (ஜனவரி 1–2)
* மகளிர் தினம் (மார்ச் 8)
* வெற்றி தினம் (மே 9)
* குடியரசு தினம் (மே 28)
* அசர்பைசான் மக்களின் தேசிய மீட்பு தினம் (ஜூன் 15)
* அசர்பைசான் குடியரசின் படைப்பிரிவு தினம் (ஜூன் 26)
* அரசு இறையாண்மை தினம் (அக்டோபர் 18)
* அரசியலமைப்பு தினம் (நவம்பர் 12)
* தேசிய மறுமலர்ச்சி தினம் (நவம்பர் 17)
* உலக அசர்பைசானியர்களின் ஒற்றுமை தினம் (டிசம்பர் 31)
* நவ்ரூஸ் பண்டிகை (Novruz Bayram) – 5 நாட்கள்
* குர்பான் பெருநாள் (தியாகத் திருநாள்) - 2 நாட்கள்
* ஈத் அல்-பித்ர் (ரம்ஜான் பண்டிகை) - 2–3 நாட்கள்

== வானிலை ==
[[File:Lerik Azerbaijan 03.JPG|thumb|லெரிக் அருகிலுள்ள வெப்பமண்டல மற்றும் மிதமான மண்டல மழைக்காடுகள்]]
அசர்பைசான், உலகில் உள்ள 11 சூழலியல் மண்டலங்களில் ஒன்பதைக் கொண்ட நாடாக அறியப்படுகிறது. இந்நாட்டின் பெரும்பகுதிகளில் ஆண்டு முழுவதும் மிதமான காலநிலையே நிலவுகிறது. நாடு தழுவிய அளவில், ஆண்டு சராசரி வெப்பநிலை 14-15°C (57-59°F) ஆக உள்ளது. குளிர்காலத்தில் ரஷ்யாவைப் பாதிக்கும் ஆர்க்டிக் காற்றுத் (காற்று நிறை) தொகுதிகளிலிருந்து காகசஸ் மலைத்தொடர் இந்நாட்டைப் பாதுகாக்கிறது; அதே சமயம் கோடைகாலத்தில் மத்திய ஆசியாவிலிருந்து வீசும் வெப்பமான, வறண்ட காற்றிலிருந்து காஸ்பியன் கடல் இந்நாட்டைப் பாதுகாக்கிறது. குளிர்காலத்தில், தாழ்வான நிலப்பகுதிகளிலும் கடற்கரையோரங்களிலும் வெப்பநிலை குளிர்ச்சியாக (0-10°C/32-59°F) இருக்கும். உட்புறப் பகுதிகளை நோக்கிச் செல்லும்போது வெப்பநிலை படிப்படியாகக் குறைகிறது; மலைப்பகுதிகளில் இது மிகக் கடுமையாகக் குறைந்து, காகசஸ் மலைத்தொடரில் -20°C (-4°F) வரை கூடச் செல்லக்கூடும். கோடைகாலத்தில், நாட்டின் பெரும்பகுதிகளில் வெப்பநிலை மிதமான வெப்பம் முதல் அதிக வெப்பம் (20-40°C/68-104°F) வரை காணப்படுவதுடன், ஈரப்பதமும் அதிகமாக இருக்கும்; இருப்பினும், கடற்கரையோரங்களில் காஸ்பியன் கடலிலிருந்து வீசும் காற்று சற்று இதமான சூழலை வழங்குகிறது. நக்ஜிவான் (Nakhchivan) பகுதி முற்றிலும் மாறுபட்டது; இது உயரமான மற்றும் வறண்ட நிலப்பகுதியாகும். இங்கு கோடைகாலத்தில் வெப்பநிலை எளிதாக 40°C (104°F)-ஐத் தாண்டிவிடும், அதே சமயம் குளிர்கால இரவுகளில் வெப்பநிலை -20°C (-4°F)-க்கும் கீழே சென்றுவிடும். உண்மையில், இந்நாட்டின் மிகக்குறைந்த மற்றும் மிக அதிக வெப்பநிலைகள் (-33°C/-27°F மற்றும் 46°C/115°F) ஆகிய இரண்டுமே தெற்கு நக்ஜிவான் பகுதியில்தான் பதிவாகியுள்ளன.

பாகு மற்றும் கடற்கரையோரங்களில் பொதுவாக பனி அரிதாக இருக்கும், அதே சமயம் பொதுவாக உள்நாட்டு மற்றும் மலைகளில் ஏராளமாக இருக்கும், குளிர்காலத்தில் பல கிராமங்கள் துண்டிக்கப்படலாம். தெற்கு காடுகள் நாட்டின் ஈரமான பகுதியாகும், இலையுதிர்காலத்தின் பிற்பகுதியிலும் வசந்த காலத்தின் துவக்கத்திலும் ஏராளமான மழை பெய்யும். மேற்கு மத்திய கடற்கரை மிகவும் வறண்டது. லங்காரன் அதிக வருடாந்திர மழைப்பொழிவைப் பெறுகிறது (1600–1800 மிமீ/63–71 அங்குலம்) அதே சமயம் பாகுவைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பகுதி சராசரியாக 200 மிமீ (8 அங்குலம்) ஆகும். சிகாகோ அல்லது வெலிங்டனைப் போலவே பாகு மிகவும் தென்றலாக இருக்கும்.

'''நிலப்பரப்பு'''
[[File:Gobustan State Reserve 04.png|thumb|கோபுஸ்தானில் உள்ள சேற்று எரிமலைகள்.]]
குரா-அராக்ஸ் தாழ்நிலத்தின் (Kur-Araz Ovaligi) பெரும்பகுதி கடல் மட்டத்திற்குக் கீழே அமைந்துள்ளது; இதன் வடக்குப் பகுதியில் பிரம்மாண்டமான காகசஸ் மலைத்தொடர் உயர்ந்து நிற்கிறது. மேற்கே கரபாக் உயர்நிலம் (Qarabag Yaylasi) அமைந்துள்ளது; அதே சமயம், காஸ்பியன் கடலுக்குள் நீட்டிக்கொண்டிருக்கும் அப்செரோன் தீபகற்பத்தில் (Abseron Yasaqligi) பாகு நகரம் அமைந்துள்ளது.

மிகத்தாழ்ந்த புள்ளி காஸ்பியன் கடல் (–27 மீ / –89 அடி) ஆகும்; மிக உயர்ந்த புள்ளி பஸார்துசு தாகி (Bazarduzu Dagi) ஆகும், இதன் உயரம் 4,466 மீ (14,652 அடி) ஆகும்.

அப்செரோன் பகுதி (பாகு மற்றும் சும்காயிட் உட்பட) மற்றும் காஸ்பியன் கடல் ஆகியவை, ஒரு நூற்றாண்டுக்கும் மேலாக நீடிக்கும் எண்ணெய் கசிவுகளால் ஏற்படும் மாசுபாட்டின் காரணமாக சுற்றுச்சூழல் கவலைக்குரிய இடங்களாக உள்ளன. தலைநகரில் நிலவும் அதிகப்படியான வாகனப் போக்குவரத்தும் கடுமையான மாசுபாட்டிற்கு ஒரு காரணமாக அமைகிறது.

'''பொருளாதாரம்'''

அசர்பைசானின் முதன்மையான ஏற்றுமதிப் பொருள் கச்சா எண்ணெய் ஆகும். அந்நாட்டின் எண்ணெய் உற்பத்தி 1997-ஆம் ஆண்டு வரை சரிவைச் சந்தித்தாலும், அதன்பிறகு ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் வளர்ச்சியைக் கண்டு வருகிறது. வெளிநாட்டு நிறுவனங்களுடன் மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்ட 'உற்பத்திப் பகிர்வு ஒப்பந்தங்கள்' (PSAs) மூலம், இதுவரை 60 பில்லியன் டாலர் முதலீடு எண்ணெய் வயல் மேம்பாட்டிற்காக ஒதுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இந்த முதலீடுகள், எதிர்கால தொழில் வளர்ச்சியை ஊக்குவிப்பதற்குத் தேவையான நிதியை வழங்கும் என்று எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது.

முன்னாள் சோவியத் குடியரசுகள் திட்டமிட்ட பொருளாதார அமைப்பிலிருந்து சந்தைப் பொருளாதாரத்திற்கு மாறும்போது எதிர்கொள்ளும் அனைத்துக் கடினமான சிக்கல்களும் அசர்பைசானுக்கும் உண்டு; இருப்பினும், அதன் கணிசமான எரிசக்தி வளங்கள் அதன் நீண்டகால எதிர்கால வாய்ப்புகளை மேம்படுத்துகின்றன.

அரசாங்கம் பொருளாதாரச் சீர்திருத்தங்களை நோக்கி முன்னேறத் தொடங்கியுள்ளது; பழைய பொருளாதாரத் தொடர்புகளும் கட்டமைப்புகளும் மெல்ல மெல்ல மாற்றப்பட்டு வருகின்றன. நாகோர்னோ-கராபாக் பிராந்தியம் தொடர்பாக ஆர்மீனியாவுடன் தொடர்ந்து நீடிக்கும் மோதல், பொருளாதார முன்னேற்றத்திற்கு—குறிப்பாக எரிசக்தி அல்லாத துறைகளில் வெளிநாட்டு முதலீடுகளை அதிகரிப்பதற்கு—ஒரு தடையாக உள்ளது. ரஷ்யா மற்றும் முன்னாள் சோவியத் குடியரசுகளுடனான வர்த்தகத்தின் முக்கியத்துவம் குறைந்து வரும் அதே வேளையில், துருக்கி மற்றும் ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளுடனான வர்த்தகம் வளர்ந்து வருகிறது. நீண்டகால எதிர்கால வாய்ப்புகள், உலகளாவிய கச்சா எண்ணெய் விலைகள், இப்பகுதியில் அமைக்கப்படவுள்ள புதிய குழாய்த்தொடர்களின் இருப்பிடம் மற்றும் அசர்பைசான் தனது எண்ணெய் வளத்தை எவ்வாறு கையாள்கிறது என்பதைப் பொறுத்தே அமையும்.

'''மின்சாரம்'''

மின்சாரம் 220 V மற்றும் 50 Hz அளவில் வழங்கப்படுகிறது. மின் இணைப்பகங்கள் (sockets) ஐரோப்பிய தரநிலையான CEE-7/7 (&quot;Schukostecker&quot; அல்லது &quot;Schuko&quot;) வகையைச் சேர்ந்தவை; அல்லது அவற்றுடன் இணக்கமான, ஆனால் தரை இணைப்பு (grounding) வசதி இல்லாத CEE-7/16 (&quot;Europlug&quot;) வகையைச் சேர்ந்தவை. எனவே, அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் கனடாவிலிருந்து வருபவர்கள், அசர்பைசானில் வட அமெரிக்க மின் சாதனங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தத் திட்டமிட்டால், இந்த மின் இணைப்பகங்களுக்கு ஏற்ற துணைப்பொறி (adapter) உடன் எடுத்துச் செல்வது அவசியம்.

மேலும், சில பழைய கட்டிடங்களில் சோவியத் காலத்து மின் இணைப்பகங்கள் (outlets) இன்னும் இருக்கலாம். சோவியத் காலத்து GOST-7396 தரநிலை, தற்போதைய ஐரோப்பிய CEE-7/7 &quot;ஷுகோ&quot; (Schuko) செருகி (பிளக்) தரநிலையை ஒத்திருந்தது. இருப்பினும், சோவியத் தரநிலையின் பின்கள் (pins) 4.0 மிமீ விட்டம் கொண்டவை, அதே சமயம் ஷுகோ செருகி (பிளக்கின்) பின்கள் 4.8 மிமீ விட்டம் கொண்டவை. எனவே, ஷுகோ பிளக்கின் பின்கள் சோவியத் காலத்து மின் இணைப்பகங்களுக்குள் நுழைய முடியாத அளவுக்குப் பெரியதாக இருக்கலாம்; ஆனால், சிறிய அளவிலான 'யூரோபிளக்' (Europlug) இதில் பொருந்தும். சோவியத் காலத்து மின் இணைப்பகங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் பயன்பாட்டிலிருந்து நீக்கப்பட்டுவிட்டாலும், எந்நேரமும் மின் இணைப்பைப் பெறுவதை உறுதி செய்ய விரும்பும் பயணிகள், முன்னெச்சரிக்கை நடவடிக்கையாக சோவியத் காலத்து மின் இணைப்பகங்களுக்கான துணைப்பொறி (adapter) ஒன்றையும் உடன் எடுத்துச் செல்வது நல்லது.

மேலும், உங்களுடைய சொந்த தானியங்கி மின்னழுத்த துணைப்பொறி (அடாப்டரைக்) கொண்டு வருவதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள், ஏனெனில் அசர்பைசானில் மின்சாரம் அடிக்கடி குறுக்குச் சுற்றுக்கு உள்ளாகித் தாவுகிறது, நீங்கள் துணைப்பொறி (அடாப்டரைக்) கொண்டு வராவிட்டால் பல பொருட்கள் சேதமடையக்கூடும்.

== பேச்சுச் மொழி ==
மேலும் காண்க: அசர்பைசானி சொற்றொடர் (Azerbaijani phrasebook ) புத்தகம் மற்றும் ரஷ்ய சொற்றொடர் (Russian phrasebook) புத்தகம்

அசர்பைசானின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழி அஸேரி (Azeri) அல்லது அசர்பைசானி ஆகும்; இது அந்நாட்டு மக்கள் தொகையில் 90-95% பேர்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது. அஸேரி ஒரு துருக்கிய மொழிக் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த மொழியாகும், இது துருக்கிய மொழியுடன் அதிக அளவிலான பரஸ்பர புரிதல் தன்மையைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. எனவே, துருக்கிய மொழி பேசுபவர்களுக்கு அந்நாட்டில் பயணம் செய்வதிலோ அல்லது தொடர்புகொள்வதிலோ எந்தச் சிக்கலும் இருக்காது.

பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் ரஷ்ய மொழியைப் பேசுகிறார்கள்; இது அந்நாட்டின் பொதுத் தொடர்பாடல் மொழியாக (lingua franca) பரவலாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

ஆங்கிலம் அவ்வளவு பரவலாகப் பேசப்படுவதில்லை, ஆனால் அது படிப்படியாக மிகவும் பிரபலமான ஒரு வெளிநாட்டு மொழியாக மாறி வருகிறது. பாகு (Baku) நகரில் ஆங்கிலம் பேசுபவர்களைக் காண்பதற்கான வாய்ப்பு அதிகம்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==
2026-ஆம் ஆண்டு மே மாத நிலவரப்படி, அசர்பைசானின் அண்டை நாடுகளுடனான தரைவழி எல்லைகளில் பெரும்பாலானவை பொதுமக்களின் நடமாட்டத்திற்கு மூடப்பட்டுள்ளன. சர்வதேச விமான நிலையங்கள் வழியாக மட்டுமே அந்நாட்டிற்குள் சட்டப்பூர்வமாக நுழைய முடியும். தரைவழி எல்லைகள் வெளியேறுவதற்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுகின்றன, மேலும் அவை அந்நாட்டின் குடிமக்கள் அல்லாதவர்களுக்கு மட்டுமே அனுமதிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

=== நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசா) தேவைகள் ===
2016-ஆம் ஆண்டில், அசர்பைசான் பின்வரும் நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களுக்காக ஒரு புதிய, ஒருமுறை மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தக்கூடிய மின்னணு நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசாவை -eVisa) அறிமுகப்படுத்தியது

ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியத்தின் அனைத்து உறுப்பு நாடுகளும், அத்துடன் அன்டோரா, அல்பேனியா, போஸ்னியா மற்றும் ஹெர்சகோவினா, ஐஸ்லாந்து, லீக்டன்ஸ்டைன், மொனாக்கோ, மாண்டினீக்ரோ, வடக்கு மாசிடோனியா, நார்வே, சான் மரினோ, செர்பியா, சுவிட்சர்லாந்து, ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் மற்றும் வத்திக்கான் நகரம்

அல்ஜீரியா, அர்ஜென்டினா, ஆஸ்திரேலியா, பஹ்ரைன், பிரேசில், புருனே, கனடா, சிலி, சீனா (ஹாங்காங் மற்றும் மக்காவ் உட்பட), கொலம்பியா, கோஸ்டாரிகா, கியூபா, ஈக்வடார், குவாத்தமாலா, இந்தியா, இந்தோனேசியா, ஈரான், இஸ்ரேல், ஜப்பான், ஜோர்டான், குவைத், மலேசியா, மாலத்தீவுகள், மொரிஷியஸ், மெக்சிகோ, மங்கோலியா, மொராக்கோ, நேபாளம், நியூசிலாந்து, ஓமன், பாகிஸ்தான், பனாமா, பெரு, கத்தார், சவுதி அரேபியா, செஷல்ஸ், சிங்கப்பூர், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, தென் கொரியா, இலங்கை, தாய்லாந்து, துருக்கி, துர்க்மெனிஸ்தான், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் வியட்நாம்

அசர்பைசானின் அனுமதியின்றி நகோர்னோ-கராபாக் பகுதிக்குச் சென்றதற்கான ஏதேனும் ஆதாரம் கண்டறியப்பட்டால், அது நிரந்தரத் தடைக்கும், அங்கு வந்தடையும்போது கைது செய்யப்படுவதற்கும் வழிவகுக்கும்.

நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசாவை -eVisa)  US$20, நிர்வாகக் கட்டணமாக US$9, மற்றும் கிரெடிட் கார்டு கட்டணமாக US$1 கூடுதலாகச் செலுத்த வேண்டும். விண்ணப்பித்த பிறகு அடுத்த மூன்று மாதங்களுக்குள் 30 நாட்களுக்கு இது செல்லுபடியாகும். இதை (evisa.gov.az) என்ற இணையதளத்தில் வாங்கலாம் – உங்கள் கடவுச்சீட்டின் நகல் மற்றும் நீங்கள் தங்கும் இடத்தின் முகவரி ஆகியவற்றை வழங்க வேண்டும். எச்சரிக்கை: (evisa.com.az) என்ற பெயரில் ஒரு போலி அதிகாரப்பூர்வ இணையதளமும் உள்ளது – அதுவும் நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசாக்களை) வழங்குகிறது, ஆனால் அதிக விலை கொண்ட சுற்றுலாவையோ அல்லது விலையுயர்ந்த தங்கும் விடுதி தேர்ந்தெடுகும்படி உங்களைக் கட்டாயப்படுத்துகிறது.

பெலாரஸ், ​​ஜார்ஜியா, கஜகஸ்தான், கிர்கிஸ்தான், மால்டோவா, ரஷ்யா, தஜிகிஸ்தான், உக்ரைன் மற்றும் உஸ்பெகிஸ்தான் ஆகிய நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் 90 நாட்கள் அல்லது அதற்கும் குறைவான கால தங்குதல்களுக்கு நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசா) தேவையில்லை.

மற்ற அனைத்து நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களும், தூதரக சேவைகளை வழங்கும் எந்தவொரு அசர்பைசான் தூதரகத்திலிருந்தும் அஞ்சல் மூலமாகவோ அல்லது நேரில் சென்றோ நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசாக்களைப்) பெறலாம். அசர்பைசானில் உள்ள ஒரு தொடர்பாளரிடமிருந்து அழைப்புக் கடிதம் (LOI) தேவைப்படுகிறது.

அசர்பைசானில் 15 நாட்களுக்கு மேல் தங்கும் வெளிநாட்டினர், வருகை தந்த 15 வேலை நாட்களுக்குள் அரசு குடியேற்ற சேவையகத்தில் (State Migration Service) பதிவு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். இந்த காலக்கெடுவுக்குள் பதிவு செய்யத் தவறினால், 300 மனாட் (2019-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி) அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படும். இந்தப் பதிவு இலவசமானது. கடவுச்சீட்டின் நகல் மற்றும் பூர்த்தி செய்யப்பட்ட விண்ணப்பப் படிவத்தைச் சமர்ப்பிப்பதன் மூலம் இணையவழியாகவோ அல்லது அரசு குடியேற்ற சேவையகத்தின் பிரத்யேக அலுவலகங்களுக்கு நேரில் சென்றோ பதிவு செய்துகொள்ளலாம் (முன்பு தொடருந்து நிலையத்தில் இத்தகைய அலுவலகம் ஒன்று இருந்தது, ஆனால் 2015-ஆம் ஆண்டு நிலவரப்படி அது மூடப்பட்டிருந்தது. தங்கும் விடுதிகள் தங்கள் விருந்தினர்களுக்காக இந்தப் பதிவைச் செய்து தரக்கூடும்; இருப்பினும், பல நேரங்களில் விடுதிகள் இதைச் செய்யத் தவறிவிடக்கூடும் என்பதால், பயணிகள் தாங்கள் முறையாகப் பதிவு செய்துள்ளோமா என்பதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக்கொள்ளுமாறு கடுமையாக அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறார்கள்.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
[[File:2011-06-14 14-01-44 Azerbaijan Baki Biny Selo.jpg|thumb|நாட்டின் தேசிய விமான நிறுவனமான அசர்பைசான் ஏர்லைன்ஸ், ஐரோப்பா, ஆசியா மற்றும் அமெரிக்காவிலிருந்து விமானச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.]]
பாகுவில் உள்ள ஹெய்தர் அலியேவ் சர்வதேச விமான நிலையம் (GYD IATA) முதன்மையான சர்வதேச நுழைவாயிலாகச் செயல்படுகிறது. இது தவிர, நக்கிச்சிவன் (NAJ IATA), கஞ்சா (KVD IATA) மற்றும் லங்காரன் ((LLK IATA) ஆகிய நகரங்களிலும் சர்வதேச விமான நிலையங்கள் உள்ளன; இருப்பினும், இங்கிருந்து இயக்கப்படும் சர்வதேச விமானச் சேவைகள் பெரும்பாலும் மாஸ்கோ மற்றும் இஸ்தான்புல் ஆகிய இடங்களுக்கு மட்டுமே உள்ளன.

தேசிய விமான நிறுவனமான AZAL (அசர்பைசான் ஏர்லைன்ஸ்) கஞ்சா, நக்ஷிவன், திபிலிசி, அக்தாவ், தெஹ்ரான், டெல்-அவிவ், அங்காரா, இஸ்தான்புல் IST, இஸ்தான்புல் சஹிஹா கோக்சென், அன்டால்யா (பருவகால), போட்ரம் (பருவகால), துபாய், மாஸ்கோ, செயின்ட் பீட்டர்ஸ்பர்க், கீவ், ரோஸ்டோவ்-ஆன்-டான், உரும்கி, மினரல்னியே வோடி, மிலன், லண்டன் (தினசரி) மற்றும் பாரிஸ், பிராக், ரோம் ஆகிய இடங்களுக்கு விமானங்களை இயக்கும் முக்கிய விமான நிறுவனமாகும். லுஃப்தான்சா நிறுவனமும் பாகுவிற்கு வாரத்திற்கு ஓரிரு விமான சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது (அவை அங்கிருந்து அஷ்காபாத் வரை தொடர்கின்றன). துருக்கிய ஏர்லைன்ஸ் மற்றொரு விமான நிறுவனமாகும், இது பாகுவை இஸ்தான்புல்லுடன் மற்றும் அதன் வழியாக இணைக்கிறது. மேலும், ரஷ்ய, உக்ரேனிய, உஸ்பெக், ஈரானிய மற்றும் ஆஸ்திரிய விமான நிறுவனங்கள் பலவும் பாகுவை உலகின் பல நகரங்களுடன் இணைக்கின்றன.

கத்தார் ஏர்வேஸ் நாளொன்றுக்கு இரண்டு விமானங்களை இயக்குகிறது; ஒன்று திபிலிசிக்கும், மற்றொன்று தோஹாவுக்கும் செல்கிறது. தோஹாவிலிருந்து அவர்களின் உலகளாவிய வலைப்பின்னலுடன் இணைப்புகளைப் பெறலாம்.

'''பாக்கு''' '''வாடகையுந்து''' Baku Taxi Services, விமான நிலையத்திற்கு அழைத்துச் செல்லுதல் மற்றும் அங்கிருந்து அழைத்து வருதல் (Airport pick up and drop off). பாக்கு (Baku) நகரத்திற்கும் விமான நிலையத்திற்கும் இடையிலான பயணத்திற்கு 33 மனாட் (manat) கட்டணம். அதிகபட்சம் 3 பயணிகள் வரை பயணிக்கலாம். பிற இடங்களுக்குச் செல்ல நம்பகமான, உள்ளூர் கட்டண முறைகள் உள்ளன. ஆங்கிலம் பேசும் ஓட்டுநர்கள் உள்ளனர்.

===== தொடருந்தில் =====
ஜார்ஜியாவிலிருந்து வரும் தொடருந்து சேவைகள் மே 2026-ல் மீண்டும் தொடங்கப்பட்டன; இருப்பினும், அசர்பைசானுக்குள் நுழைவதற்கு நுழைவு இசைவு (விசா) இல்லா அனுமதி (visa-free travel) பெற்ற பயணிகள் மட்டுமே இந்த தொடருந்தைப் பயன்படுத்த முடியும். இதில், வருகையின் போது நுழைவு இசைவு (விசா - visa-on-arrival) அல்லது மின்னணு நுழைவு இசைவு (விசா e-Visa) பெறும் நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த பயணிகள் அனுமதிக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==

=== பேருந்து அல்லது மர்ஷ்ருட்கா மூலம் ===
பெரும்பாலான நகரங்களை இணைக்கும் வகையில் பேருந்துகளும், 'மார்ஷ்ருட்கா' (அதாவது மினி பேருந்து அல்லது சரக்கு வாகனத்திலிருந்து மாற்றியமைக்கப்பட்ட சிறிய வகை பேருந்து) வாகனங்களும் இயக்கப்படுகின்றன. இத்தகைய நகரங்களில், பெரும்பாலும் சந்தைப் பகுதிக்கு அருகிலேயே பேருந்து நிலையம் போன்ற ஒரு மைய இடம் அமைந்திருக்கும்.

அசர்பைசானில் நகரத்திற்குள் இயங்கும் மார்ஷ்ருட்காக்கள் (சிறிய வகை பேருந்து) மிகவும் நெரிசலாக இருக்கும். 10 பேர் மட்டுமே அமரக்கூடிய ஒரு மார்ஷ்ருட்காவில் 15 பேர் வரை நெருக்கடியாக ஏறுவது அங்கு சாதாரணமாக நடக்கும் ஒன்று; இதற்காக அவர்கள் எந்தத் தயக்கமும் காட்டுவதில்லை. நீங்கள் பேருந்தில் நின்றுகொண்டிருக்கும்போது, ​​உங்கள் பையை வேறொருவர் வாங்கி, நீங்களோ அல்லது அவரோ பேருந்திலிருந்து இறங்கும் வரை அதைத் தன் வசம் வைத்துக்கொள்வது அங்கு வழக்கமான ஒன்றுதான். பேருந்துகள் மற்றும் மார்ஷ்ருட்காக்களில் ஆண்கள் பொதுவாகப் பின்பகுதியிலும், பெண்கள் முன்பகுதியிலும் அமர்வார்கள். பேருந்திற்குள் நுழையும் பெண்களுக்கு ஆண்கள் தங்கள் இருக்கையை விட்டுக்கொடுப்பது அங்குள்ள மரபாகும். இறுதியாக, அசர்பைசானில் மக்கள் வரிசையில் நின்று காத்திருக்கும் பழக்கம் இல்லை; இது பேருந்துகள் மற்றும் மார்ஷ்ருட்காக்களின் விஷயத்தில் குறிப்பாக உண்மையாக இருக்கிறது.

அசர்பைசானில் பேருந்துக் கட்டணங்களுக்கான ஒரு பொதுவான விதி என்னவென்றால், ஒரு மணி நேரப் பயணத்திற்கு அல்லது ஒவ்வொரு 40-50 கி.மீ.க்கும் சுமார் 1 மனாட் ஆகும். இதைத் தவிர மற்ற அனைத்தும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளுக்காக விதிக்கப்படும் அதிகப்படியான கட்டணமே. எனவே, உங்கள் இடத்தில் உறுதியாக நின்று, மற்ற பயணிகளின் உதவியைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.

==== தொடருந்தில் ====
சில விதிவிலக்குகளைத் தவிர, அசர்பைசானில் உள்ள தொடருந்து, பாகுவை நாட்டின் தொலைதூரப் பகுதிகளுடன் இணைக்கும் இரவு நேர தொடருந்துகளாகும். மேலும், கஞ்சாவிற்கு ஒரு தினசரி அதிவேக தொடருந்தும், ஷிர்வானுக்கு ஒரு தினசரி மெது தொடருந்தும், சும்காவிட்டிற்கு அடிக்கடி இயக்கப்படும் ஒரு புறநகர் தொடருந்தும் உள்ளன.

===== '''வாடகையுந்து''' =====
வாடகையுந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது சில பேச்சுவார்த்தை திறன்கள் தேவைப்படலாம். ஆனால், விலையைத் தீர்மானிக்க கணிப்பான் (கால்குலேட்டரைப் -திறன்பேசியில் உள்ளதை) பயன்படுத்துவது நல்ல பலனளிக்கும்.
[[File:Khinaliq road.jpg|thumb|கினாலுக்கைச் செல்லும் மலைப்பாதை.]]
பெரும்பாலான வாடகையுந்து ஓட்டுநர்கள் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடம் விலையை இருமடங்காகக் கூறுகிறார்கள். எனவே, பேரம் பேசும்போது விலையை பாதியாகக் குறைத்துக் கூறி, அங்கிருந்து கிளம்பிச் செல்வது போல நடித்தால், உண்மையான விலை என்ன என்பது தெரிந்துவிடும். (விலையை மும்மடங்காக்குவதை விட, இருமடங்காக்குவது அவர்களுக்கு எளிதான காரியமாகத் தோன்றலாம்.) அல்லது, அசர்பைசானின் நகரங்களில் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் 'Bolt' (வாடகையுந்து-டாக்ஸி செயலி) மூலம் கட்டணத்தை அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம், அதன் வாயிலாகவே பேரம் பேசலாம் அல்லது நேரடியாக அந்தச் செயலி மூலமே வாடகையுந்தை முன்பதிவு செய்து கொள்ளலாம்.

Bolt (அல்லது பிற செயலிகள்) மூலம், சேவை வழங்கப்படும் பெரிய நகரங்களிலிருந்து வெகு தொலைவில் உள்ள இடங்களுக்கும் நீங்கள் வாடகையுந்தை முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம். ஆனால், பயணத்தைத் தொடங்கும் இடம் அந்தச் சேவை கிடைக்கும் பகுதியாக இருக்க வேண்டும். உதாரணமாக, கஞ்சாவிலிருந்து திபிலிசிக்கு 70 மனாட் கட்டணத்திலோ அல்லது பாகுவிலிருந்து ஷமாகிக்கு 40 மனாட் கட்டணத்திலோ நீங்கள் பயணம் செய்யலாம்; இது எல்லைகளைக் கடக்கும் பயணமாக இருந்தாலும் சாத்தியமே. இருப்பினும், நீங்கள் மேற்கொள்ளவிருக்கும் பயணத்தைப் பற்றி வாடகையுந்து ஓட்டுநருக்குத் தெளிவாகத் தெரிந்திருக்கிறதா என்பதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். பெரிய நகரங்களிலிருந்து மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் இத்தகைய பயணங்கள் நேரத்தைச் சேமிக்க உதவும்; ஏனெனில், நீண்ட தூரப் பயணத்திற்கான வாகனத்தைப் பிடிக்க நீங்கள் பல பேருந்து நிலையங்களுக்குச் செல்ல வேண்டிய அவசியமில்லை. அதற்குப் பதிலாக, வாடகையுந்தில் ஏறி, நீண்ட தூர வாகனங்கள் அதிகம் செல்லும் சாலைக்குச் சென்று, அங்கிருந்து உங்கள் பயணத்தைத் தொடரலாம்.

===== '''மகிழ்வுந்து''' =====
அசர்பைசான் அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான சாலை விபத்துகளைக் கொண்ட நாடு - போக்குவரத்து விதிகள் பெரும்பாலும் மதிக்கப்படுவதில்லை. சாலைகளின் மோசமான நிலை மற்றும் விளக்குகள் இல்லாததால் இருட்டிய பிறகு வாகனம் ஓட்டுவதைத் தவிர்க்க அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறது. மது அருந்திவிட்டு வாகனம் ஓட்டுவதற்கான வரம்பு பூஜ்ஜியம் ஆகும்.

நெடுஞ்சாலை கிலோமீட்டர்கள் குறித்த மேலோட்டம்:

* மொத்தம்: 36,700 கி.மீ
* தார் அல்லது கான்கிரீட் சாலைகள்: 31,800 கி.மீ (எல்லா காலநிலைகளுக்கும் ஏற்ற, சரளைக் கற்கள் பதிக்கப்பட்ட சில சாலைகளும் இதில் அடங்கும்)
* தார் அல்லது கான்கிரீட் பூசப்படாத சாலைகள்: 1,900 கி.மீ (இவை உறுதிப்படுத்தப்படாத மண்ணால் ஆனவை; மழைக்காலங்களில் இவற்றில் பயணம் செய்வது கடினம்.)  
* பாகு மற்றும் ஒட்டுமொத்த அசர்பைசானிலும் பல தானியங்கி வேகக் கண்காணிப்பு கேமராக்கள் உள்ளன என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்க. அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படுவது இங்கு சாதாரணமாக நடக்கும் ஒன்று; இது குறித்த தகவல் வாகன உரிமையாளருக்கு நேரடியாக குறுஞ்செய்தி (SMS) மூலம் அனுப்பி வைக்கப்படும். எனவே, மகிழ்வுந்தை திரும்ப ஒப்படைக்கும்போது நீங்கள் கூடுதல் கட்டணம் செலுத்த வேண்டியிருந்தால், ஆச்சரியப்படாதீர்கள். வார இறுதிப் பயணத்தின்போது சுமார் 60 மனாட் (manat) வரை அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படுவது அங்கு வழக்கமான ஒன்றுதான் என்று உள்ளூர் மக்கள் கூறுகின்றனர்.

====== பயணஉதவி (லிப்ட்) கொடுப்பது ======
ஆண்களைப் பொறுத்தவரை, வாகனங்களில்  பயண உதவி (லிப்ட்) கேட்டுப் பயணம் செய்வது (hitchhiking) பொதுவாக எளிதான காரியமே. இருப்பினும், ஈரானில் இருப்பது போலவே, சில சமயங்களில் வாகனத்தில் அழைத்துச் செல்பவர்கள் அதற்காகச் சிறு தொகையை எதிர்பார்க்கக்கூடும். மறுபுறம், ஒரு பெண் தனியாக இவ்வாறு பயணம் செய்வது குழப்பத்தை ஏற்படுத்தலாம் அல்லது எதிர்பாராத விளைவுகளுக்கு வழிவகுக்கலாம்; எனவே, பெண்கள் தனியாக இத்தகைய பயணத்தைத் தவிர்ப்பது நல்லது.

====== நடைப்பயணம் மற்றும் வழிசெலுத்தல் ======
அசர்பைசான், நடைப்பயணம் மற்றும் மலையேற்றத்திற்கு ஒரு சிறந்த இடமாகும், இது பல சுவாரஸ்யமான பாதைகளை வழங்குகிறது. காகசஸ், கோய்கோல் தேசியப் பூங்கா, குபா அல்லது கினாலுக் ஆகியவை சில இடங்கள் ஆகும். இருப்பினும், இந்தப் பாதைகள் பெரும்பாலும் தொலைதூரமானவையாக இருப்பதால், நீங்கள் நன்கு தயாராக இருப்பதும், உங்களுடன் சரியான மற்றும் நம்பகமான வரைபடத்தை வைத்திருப்பதும் முக்கியம். மேலும், நகரங்களிலும் கிராமப்புறங்களிலும் புவியிடங்காட்டி (ஜிபிஎஸ்) பயன்படுத்துவது கூடுதல் பாதுகாப்பை அளிக்கிறது. நம்பகமான (ஆஃப்லைன்) வரைபடங்கள் மற்றும் விரிவான பாதைகள் மற்றும் வரைபடத் தகவல்களுக்கு திறன்பேசியில் உள்ள வரைபடங்களை (ஓப்பன் ஸ்ட்ரீட்மேப்பைப் OpenStreetMap) பார்க்கவும். 

== பேச்சுச் மொழி ==
அசர்பைசானின் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழி அஸேரி (Azeri) அல்லது அசர்பைசானி ஆகும்; இது அந்நாட்டு மக்கள் தொகையில் 90-95% பேர்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது. அஸேரி ஒரு துருக்கிய மொழிக் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த மொழியாகும், இது துருக்கிய மொழியுடன் அதிக அளவிலான பரஸ்பர புரிதல் தன்மையைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. எனவே, துருக்கிய மொழி பேசுபவர்களுக்கு அந்நாட்டில் பயணம் செய்வதிலோ அல்லது தொடர்புகொள்வதிலோ எந்தச் சிக்கலும் இருக்காது.

பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் ரஷ்ய மொழியைப் பேசுகிறார்கள்; இது அந்நாட்டின் பொதுத் தொடர்பாடல் மொழியாக (lingua franca) பரவலாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

ஆங்கிலம் அவ்வளவு பரவலாகப் பேசப்படுவதில்லை, ஆனால் அது படிப்படியாக மிகவும் பிரபலமான ஒரு வெளிநாட்டு மொழியாக மாறி வருகிறது. பாகு (Baku) நகரில் ஆங்கிலம் பேசுபவர்களைக் காண்பதற்கான வாய்ப்பு அதிகம்.

== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==

* [[File:Baku - Feuertempel.JPG|thumb|பாகுவில் உள்ள 'அதேஸ்கா' (தீக் கோயில்) என்பது, பாகு நகருக்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள 16-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு சொராஷ்டிரிய வளாகமாகும்.]]இந்த நாட்டில் யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரியத் தளங்கள் இரண்டு உள்ளன; அவை '''ஷிர்வன்ஷா அரண்மனை''' மற்றும் '''மெய்டன்''' கோபுரத்தைக் கொண்ட பாகுவின் (walled city of Baku) மதில் சுவர் சூழப்பட்ட நகரம், மற்றும் '''கோபுஸ்தான்''' பாறை ஓவியக் கலாச்சார நிலப்பரப்பு (Rock Art Cultural Landscape) ஆகியவை ஆகும்.
* '''நெஃப்ட் தாஷ்லாரி (Neft Daşları)''' – கடலுக்கு மேலே அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரம்; இது உலகின் முதல் செயல்பாட்டு கடல்சார் எண்ணெய் தளமாகும், இது காஸ்பியன் கடலில், அருகிலுள்ள கரையிலிருந்து 55 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
* நாடு முழுவதும் 300-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட இடங்களில் காணப்படும் '''சேற்று எரிமலைகள்''' '''(Mud volcanoes)''', உலக அளவில் உள்ள மொத்த சேற்று எரிமலைகளில் பாதியிற்கும் மேலானவை ஆகும்; இவை ஒவ்வொன்றும் தனித்துவமான பண்புகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளன.
* ஈரானிய எல்லைக்கு அருகில் காணப்படும் '''காஸ்பியன் ஹிர்கானியக் காடுகள்''' '''(Caspian Hyrcanian forests )'''
* '''கியாபாஸ் மலை''' மற்றும் நகோர்னோ-கராபாக் பகுதிக்கு அருகில் அமைந்துள்ள, ஏழு அழகான மலை ஏரிகளைக் கொண்ட 'கியாபாஸின் கண்ணீர்' (Tears of Kyapaz) எனும் ஏரித் தொடர்.
* காஸ்பியன் கடற்கரையோரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள அழகான கடற்கரை ஓய்வு விடுதிகள்.

== செய்யுங்கள் ==

* '''கால்பந்து''': ஆண்கள் தேசிய அணி வழக்கமாக பாகு ஒலிம்பிக் மைதானத்தில் விளையாடுகிறது. பிரீமியர் லீகாவில் (Premyer Liqa) 12 கிளப்புகளும், முதல் லீகாவில் (I Liqa) 10 கிளப்புகளும், இரண்டாம் லீகாவில் (II Liqa) 12 கிளப்புகளும் உள்ளன.
* புகை படிந்த தேநீர் விடுதிகளில் சுற்றித் திரியுங்கள், பிவோ அல்லது தேநீர் அருந்தி, டோமினோஸ் விளையாடுங்கள்.
* அசர்பைசானின் திருமண நிகழ்வு ஒன்றில் கலந்துகொள்ள முயற்சி செய்யுங்கள்.
* அஸேரி ஒயின் அருந்துவதற்கு மிகவும் உகந்தது. மேலும், ஜார்ஜிய அல்லது ஆர்மீனிய ஒயின்களைப் போல அவ்வளவு சுவையாக இல்லாவிட்டாலும், இது ஒரு இனிமையான அனுபவமாகும்! உங்கள் பகுதியில் மது அருந்தும் இடம் ஒன்றைக் கண்டுபிடித்து, அங்கு நேரத்தைக் கழித்து மகிழுங்கள்.
* உள்ளூர் நினைவுப் பொருட்களையும் தரைவிரிப்புகளையும் வாங்குங்கள். கடைக்காரர்கள் உங்களைத் தொந்தரவு செய்தாலும் அதைக் கண்டு கொள்ளாதீர்கள்.விடாமுயற்சியுடன் இருங்கள், பேரம் பேசத் தயாராக இருங்கள், மேலும் சில அற்புதமான பேரங்களை நீங்கள் பெறலாம்.

==== '''பாகு (Baku)''' ====

* நகரத்தின் அற்புதமான காட்சிகளைக் காண மெய்டன் டவருக்குச் (Maiden Tower) செல்லுங்கள்.
* தியாகிகள் வீதியிலிருந்து கொடிச் சதுக்கம், பாகு படிக மண்டபம் மற்றும் காஸ்பியன் கடலின் பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் காட்சிகளைக் கண்டு மகிழுங்கள்.
* பழைய நகரப் பகுதியில் எந்தத் திட்டமும் இன்றிச் சுற்றித் திரியுங்கள்; வேண்டுமென்றே வழி தவறிச் சென்று, இந்த அற்புதமான பழைய நகரத்தின் சூழலை முழுமையாக உணர்ந்து அனுபவியுங்கள்.
* அழகான ஷிர்வன்ஷா அரண்மனையைப் பார்வையிடவும்.
* உள்ளூர்வாசிகளைப் போலவே, நடைபாதையில் உலா வாருங்கள்.

==== பயணத் திட்டங்கள் ====

* பாகு மற்றும் அப்செரோன்
* தெற்கு பாதை: பாகு - சல்யன் - பிலாசுவர் - ஜலிலாபாத் - மசல்லி - லெங்கரன் - லெரிக் - அஸ்தாரா
* நக்ஷிவான் பாதை
* மேற்குப் பாதை: பாகு - ஹஜிகாபுல் - குர்தேமிர் - யெவ்லா - தார்-தார் - நஃப்தலான் - கஞ்சா - கோய்-கோல் நகரம் - டாஷ்கெசென் - ஷம்கிர் - கடபே - டோவூஸ் - அக்ஸ்தஃபா - கசாக்

== கற்றுக்கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
அசர்பைசான் குறித்த உங்களுக்குத் தேவையான தகவல்களை, நீங்கள் தங்கும் விடுதிகளில் இருந்தே பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். அங்கு அசர்பைசான் தொடர்பான பல்வேறு வழிகாட்டிகள் உள்ளன. மேலும், பாகுவில் உள்ள சில புதிய பேருந்து நிலையங்களிலும் தலைநகருக்கான வரைபடங்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன.

== பணியாற்றுங்கள் ==
வளர்ந்து வரும் அசர்பைசான் பொருளாதாரத்திற்கு உயர் தகுதி வாய்ந்த பணியாளர்கள் மிகவும் தேவைப்படுகிறார்கள். இருப்பினும், இங்குள்ள குடியேற்றச் சட்டங்கள் மிகவும் கடுமையானவை. மேலும், நீங்கள் ஒரு உள்ளூர் நிறுவனம் அல்லது அமைப்பால் அழைக்கப்பட்ட உயர் தகுதி வாய்ந்த நிபுணராகவோ அல்லது தொழிலதிபராகவோ இல்லாவிட்டால், அது அவ்வளவு எளிதில் சாத்தியமாகாது. தெற்கு ரஷ்யா (உதாரணமாக, தாகெஸ்தான்), கிழக்கு துருக்கி மற்றும் அண்டை நாடான ஈரானைச் சேர்ந்த அசர்பைசான் இனத்தவர் போன்ற அரிதான சிலரைத் தவிர, அசர்பைசானில் நடைமுறையில் சாதாரண தொழிலாளர் புலம்பெயர்ந்தோரோ அல்லது பிற நாடுகளிலிருந்து குடியேறியவர்களோ இல்லை. வளர்ந்த நாடுகளிலிருந்து தகுதிவாய்ந்த நிபுணர்களும் தொழிலதிபர்களும் அசர்பைசானில் உள்ளனர், ஆனால் இத்தகைய பொருளாதாரத்திற்கு அவர்கள் போதுமானவர்கள் அல்ல.

அசர்பைசானிலேயே வேலையின்மை மற்றும் குறைந்த ஊதியச் சிக்கல்கள் உள்ளன; இதனால் அந்நாட்டின் பல குடிமக்கள் ரஷ்யா (15 லட்சத்திற்கும் அதிகமானோர்), துருக்கி (5 லட்சத்திற்கும் அதிகமானோர்) மற்றும் பிற நாடுகளுக்கு வேலை தேடிச் செல்கின்றனர். அந்நாட்டின் பல்வேறு பகுதிகளில் சராசரி ஊதியம் 300 டாலர்களாக உள்ளது.

== வாங்குங்கள் ==
அசர்பைசானின் கம்பளங்களுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றது.

==== பண மதிப்பு ====
இந்த நாட்டின் நாணயம் 'புதிய அசர்பைசானி மனாட்' (yeni manat) ஆகும். இது &quot;&quot; என்ற குறியீட்டாலோ அல்லது சில சமயங்களில் 'm.' அல்லது 'man.' என்ற சுருக்கத்தாலோ குறிக்கப்படுகிறது (ISO நாணயக் குறியீடு: AZN). இது 100 'காபிஸ்' (gapiz) அலகுகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. விக்கிவாயேஜ் (Wikivoyage) தனது கட்டுரைகளில் இந்த நாணயத்தைக் குறிக்க 'மனாட்' (manat) என்ற சொல்லையே பயன்படுத்தும்.

&quot;பழைய&quot; மனாத் (manat) நாணயத்திற்குப் பதிலாக, 2007-ஆம் ஆண்டு ஜனவரி 1-ஆம் தேதியன்று &quot;புதிய அசர்பைசானி மனாத்&quot; அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது; எனவே, பழைய மனாத் தாள்களைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ள வேண்டாம். இதில் 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 மற்றும் 500 மனாத் மதிப்பிலான பணத்தாள்களும், 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 மற்றும் 50 கபிக் (gapik - 0.5 மனாத் மதிப்புடையது) மதிப்பிலான உலோக நாணயங்களும் புழக்கத்தில் உள்ளன. இந்த பணத்தாள்கள் அனைத்தும் ஒரே மாதிரியான வடிவமைப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளன; இவை யூரோ பணத்தாள்களைப் போலவே காட்சியளிக்கின்றன, ஏனெனில் இரண்டையும் வடிவமைத்தவர் ஒருவரே ஆவார்.

எல்லைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள நகரங்களிலும், ஜார்ஜியாவிலும் மனாத் மற்றும் ஜார்ஜிய லாரியை மாற்றிக்கொள்ளலாம்.

== உண்ணுங்கள் ==
[[File:Azerbaijan Light snack.jpg|thumb|முன்னுணவுகள் மற்றும் சிற்றுண்டிகள்.]]
அசர்பைசானின் உணவுமுறை (azərbaycan mətbəxi) மேற்கு ஐரோப்பியர்களுக்கு அவ்வளவு பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்டதாகத் தோன்றாமல் இருக்கலாம், ஆனால் இது நிச்சயமாக முயற்சித்துப் பார்க்க வேண்டிய ஒன்றாகும். பெரும்பாலான உணவுகளில் அதிக அளவில் இறைச்சியும் (கொழுப்பு உட்பட) காய்கறிகளும் இடம்பெறுகின்றன. ரொட்டி இவர்களின் முதன்மையான உணவாக உள்ளது; அசர்பைசான் மக்கள் ரொட்டியை மிகவும் மரியாதையுடன் நடத்துகிறார்கள்.

பிட்டி (Piti) ஒரு தேசிய உணவு. இது ஆட்டிறைச்சி மற்றும் காய்கறிகளான தக்காளி, உருளைக்கிழங்கு, கொண்டைக்கடலை ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்டு, சுவையையும் நிறத்தையும் கூட்டுவதற்காக குங்குமப்பூ நீர் சேர்த்து, அனைத்தையும் ஒரு கொழுப்புக் கட்டியால் மூடி,  காற்று புகாத ஒரு குடுவையில் சமைக்கப்படுகிறது. நீங்கள் அங்கு சென்றால், இந்த உணவின் ஷெக்கி வகையை (உருளைக்கிழங்கிற்குப் பதிலாக வேகவைத்த செஸ்நட் கொட்டைகள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன) முயற்சி செய்து பார்ப்பது மதிப்புக்குரியது.

முட்டைக்கோஸ், திராட்சை இலைகள் மற்றும் கத்தரிக்காய்க்குள் இறைச்சியை வைத்துச் சுற்றப்படும் உணவுகள் (கேலெம், யார்பாக், பாதிம்ஜான் டொல்மாசி), கபாப், பல்வேறு வகையான கூடுதல் உணவுகளுடன் பரிமாறப்படும் சாதம் (ப்லோவ்) - இது அசர்பைசானி சமையற்கலையின் அரசன் என்று கருதப்படுகிறது, குதாப்கள் மற்றும் இறைச்சி உருண்டைகள் (குஃப்தா) ஆகியவை அசர்பைசானின் சில சிறப்பான உணவுகளாகும். இதில் 'யார்பாக் டொல்மாசி' (Yarpaq dolmasi) பெரும்பாலும் அந்நாட்டின் தேசிய உணவாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

ஜார்ஜிய உணவுகள், குறிப்பாக 'கச்சாப்புரி' (பாலாடைக்கட்டி நிரப்பப்பட்ட ரொட்டி), மற்றும் சில ரஷ்ய உணவுகள் (போர்ஷ், கிரெப்ஸ்/ப்ளினி போன்றவை) அசர்பைசான் முழுவதும் பரவலாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன. துருக்கிய, இத்தாலிய, ஆசிய மற்றும் அமெரிக்க துரித உணவுகள் போன்ற பிற உணவு வகைகளையும் பெரிய நகரங்களில் காணலாம்.

நீங்கள் சுவைத்துப் பார்க்க விரும்பக்கூடிய பல வடிசாறு (சூப்கள்) உள்ளன: போஸ்பாஷ், புக்லாமா, காஷ்கர் (செஸ்ட்நட் உடன் ஆட்டுக்கறி). சோபன் கோர்மாவையும் (காய்கறிகளுடன் ஆட்டுக்கறி குழம்பு) சுவைத்துப் பாருங்கள்.

== பருகுங்கள் ==
உள்ளூர் பானங்களில் 'அய்ரான்' (புளித்த பாலிலிருந்து தயாரிக்கப்படும் தயிர் பானம்) மற்றும் 'ஷர்பத்' (ரோஜா இதழ்கள் அல்லது குங்குமப்பூவைக் கொண்டு தயாரிக்கப்படுவது) ஆகியவை அடங்கும். மேலும், உள்ளூர் திராட்சைகளைக் கொண்டு தயாரிக்கப்படும் நல்ல ரக திராட்சரசம் (ஒயின்களும்), இயற்கை ஊற்றுகளிலிருந்து பெறப்படும் பல்வேறு வகையான தாது நீர் (மினரல் வாட்டர்) வகைகளும் இங்கு கிடைக்கின்றன.

அசர்பைசானின் சில பகுதிகளில், பேரிக்காய் அல்லது டாராகன் (tarragon) கொண்டு தயாரிக்கப்பட்ட பானங்கள் சந்தைகளில் கிடைக்கின்றன.

'''குறிப்பு:''' பொதுவாக, அசர்பைசானின் கிராமப்புறங்களில் பெண்கள் தேநீர் விடுதிகளுக்கோ அல்லது மது அருந்தும் இடங்களுக்கோ செல்வது தடைசெய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. மேலும், அங்கு பெண்கள் மது அருந்துவதும் ஒரு விலக்கப்பட்ட செயலாகவே கருதப்படுகிறது. ஆனால், பாகு (Baku) நகரில் இதற்கு எந்தத் தடையும் இல்லை.

== வாங்குங்கள் ==

== உறங்குங்கள் ==
பாகுவில் பல தங்கும் விடுதிகள் உள்ளன; அவற்றில் பல மேற்கு ஐரோப்பியச் சங்கிலித் தொடர் தங்கும் விடுதிகளும் அடங்கும், ஆனால் நாட்டில் மற்ற இடங்களில் உள்ள விருப்பங்கள் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன, இருப்பினும் வளர்ந்து வருகின்றன. தங்கும் விடுதிகளுக்கான விலைகள் US$60 இலிருந்து தொடங்குகின்றன. தங்கும் விடுதிகளை விட மலிவானது மற்றும் சில சமயங்களில் இன்னும் வசதியாக இருப்பதால் வாடகை குடியிருப்புகள் ஒரு நல்ல தேர்வாக இருக்கலாம்.

நாடு முழுவதும் ஷேகி மற்றும் கஞ்சா போன்ற இடங்களில் விடுதிகள் (hostels) மற்றும் விருந்தினர் இல்லங்கள் (guest-houses) மிக வேகமாகவும், எந்தவித ஒழுங்கமைப்பும் இன்றி ஆங்காங்கே முளைத்து வருகின்றன. இவற்றில் பலவற்றிற்கு முறையான அறிவிப்புப் பலகைகள் இருப்பதில்லை; எனவே, ஒரு சிறந்த விடுதி கூட வெளியிலிருந்து பார்க்கும்போது சாதாரண குடியிருப்பு கட்டிடம் போலவே தோன்றலாம். ஆகையால், நீங்கள் தங்கும் இடம் எங்குள்ளது என்பதற்கான விரிவான விவரங்களையும் (GPS இருப்பிடத்துடன்), எந்தக் கதவு மணியை அழுத்த வேண்டும் என்பது குறித்த தகவலையும் முன்கூட்டியே கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள். இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் அந்த இடத்தைக் கண்டறிய முடியாமல் திணறக்கூடும்; ஏன், உள்ளூர் மக்களுக்கே கூட புதிதாகத் தோன்றிய அந்த இடம் எங்குள்ளது என்று தெரியாமல் போகலாம்.

== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==
தலைநகர் பாகுவில், குறிப்பாக ஏழ்மையான மற்றும் மக்கள் தொகை குறைவாக உள்ள பகுதிகளில், கொள்ளை மற்றும் பிக்பாக்கெட் சம்பவங்கள் நிகழ வாய்ப்புள்ளது, ஆனால் அவை அரிதானவை. மேலும், தலைநகர் முழுவதும் இரவு நேரங்களில் இச்சம்பவங்கள் அதிகமாகக் காணப்படுகின்றன. மற்ற எல்லா நாடுகளையும் போலவே இங்கும் பொது அறிவு பயனுள்ளதாக இருக்கும். மேலும், பொதுப் போக்குவரத்தில் உங்கள் உடமைகளைக் கவனமாகப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.

காவல்துறை அதிகாரிகள் போல் வேடமிடும் குற்றவாளிகள் சில சமயங்களில் வெளிநாட்டினரை நிறுத்தி, ஆவணங்களையும் பணத்தையும் திருடிச் சென்றுள்ளனர். தெருவில் காவல்துறை சீருடை அணிந்த ஒருவர் உங்களை நிறுத்தினால், ஒத்துழைப்புடன் இருங்கள், ஆனால் அவரது அடையாள அட்டை அல்லது பேட்ஜ் காட்டும்படி கேளுங்கள்.

==== ஊழல் ====
அசர்பைசான் உலகின் மிகவும் ஊழல் நிறைந்த நாடுகளில் ஒன்றாகும்.ஊழல் பரவலாக உள்ளது. ஆனால், ஒரு வெளிநாட்டவர் என்ற முறையில், 'ஹோர்மெட்' (லஞ்சம்) கொடுக்க மறுப்பதற்கான வலுவான நிலையில் நீங்கள் இருக்கிறீர்கள். ஒருபோதும் லஞ்சம் கொடுக்காதீர்கள். அசர்பைசான் மக்கள் தங்கள் நாட்டில் நிலவும் ஊழல் குறித்து மிகுந்த அவமானம் கொள்வதால், அவர்கள் அதை உங்களிடமிருந்து மறைக்கவே முயற்சிப்பார்கள்.

==== '''புகைப்படக்கலை''' ====
இந்த நாட்டில் அற்புதமான புகைப்படங்களை எடுப்பதற்கான வாய்ப்புகள் ஏராளமாக இருந்தாலும், ராணுவத் தளங்கள் மற்றும் உபகரணங்கள் போன்ற, முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்த அல்லது மூலோபாய ரீதியாக முக்கியமான இடங்களை புகைப்படம் எடுப்பது சட்டவிரோதமானது. உங்களுக்கு ஏதேனும் சந்தேகம் இருந்தால், தாராளமாகக் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள்.

===== ஆபத்தான பகுதிகள் =====
சோவியத் யூனியனின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப் பிறகு, அசர்பைசான் ஆர்மீனியாவுடன் போர்களில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளது. 2022 செப்டம்பர் மாதத்திலும் மீண்டும் மோதல்கள் ஏற்பட்டன. நகோர்னோ-கராபாக் (Nagorno-Karabakh), அதைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பகுதிகள் மற்றும் ஆர்மீனிய எல்லைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள இடங்களுக்குப் பயணம் செய்ய வேண்டாம் என்று பல நாட்டு அரசாங்கங்கள் அறிவுறுத்துகின்றன. சில பகுதிகளில் வெடிக்காத வெடிபொருட்கள் (UXO) மற்றும் கண்ணிவெடிகள் அதிக அளவில் இருக்கலாம். பொதுவாகச் சொன்னால், ஆர்மீனியா-அசர்பைசான் எல்லைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்ல வேண்டிய அவசியம் உங்களுக்கு இருக்காது; ஏனெனில், அங்கு சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளைக் கவரும் வகையில் எதுவும் இல்லை.

==== '''நேபெ. நேஆ. இ. மா.''' '''(எல்ஜிபிடி) சமூகம்''' (LGBT community) ====
2000-ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஓரினச்சேர்க்கை குற்றமற்றதாக ஆக்கப்பட்டபோதிலும், அசர்பைசானில் ஓரினச்சேர்க்கையாளர் வெறுப்பு பரவலாக உள்ளது. எல்ஜிபிடி சமூகத்திற்கு எதிரான கலாச்சார மற்றும் சமூக வெறுப்பு மிகவும் ஆழமானது.

எல்ஜிபிடி (LGBT) நபர்களின் உரிமைகளைப் பாதுகாப்பதற்கான சட்டங்கள் ஏதுமில்லை; மேலும், அந்நாட்டில் ஒரே பாலினத் திருமணங்கள் அதிகாரப்பூர்வமாகத் தடை செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளன.

நீங்கள் எல்ஜிபிடி (LGBT) பிரிவைச் சேர்ந்தவர் என்றால், பொதுவெளியில் உங்கள் பாலியல் அடையாளத்தை வெளிப்படுத்தாமல் இருப்பது மிகவும் நல்லது; அவ்வாறு வெளிப்படையாகக் காட்டிக்கொள்வது கடுமையான விமர்சனங்களுக்கோ அல்லது மிக மோசமான சூழலில் வன்முறைக்கோ வழிவகுக்கக்கூடும்.

===== பாதுகாப்பு குறிப்புகள் =====
நகரத்திற்கு வெளியே செல்லும்போது, ​​இரவு நேர தொடருந்தைப் பயன்படுத்துவதைத் தவிர, பகல் நேரத்தில் பயணம் செய்ய முயற்சி செய்யுங்கள். இரவு நேரங்களில், கண்ணுக்குத் தெரியாத பள்ளங்கள் மற்றும் போதிய வெளிச்சம் இல்லாத வாகனங்களால் சாலைகள் ஆபத்தானவையாக மாறக்கூடும்.

== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==
டிஃப்தீரியா, டெட்டனஸ் (ரத்தநச்சு), மற்றும் ஹெபடைடிஸ் A &amp; B ஆகிய நோய்களுக்கான தடுப்பூசிகளை நீங்கள் முறையாகப் போட்டுக்கொண்டதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். அசர்பைசானின் தாழ்நிலப் பகுதிகளில், குறிப்பாக ஈரான் நாட்டுடனான எல்லைப் பகுதிகளில், மலேரியா பாதிப்பு ஏற்படும் அபாயம் உள்ளது. பாகு (Baku) நகரைப் பொறுத்தவரை மலேரியா தடுப்பு மருந்துகள் கட்டாயமில்லை என்றாலும், அந்நகருக்கு அருகிலுள்ள கிராமப்புறங்களில் இந்த அபாயம் உள்ளது.

அடைக்கப்பட்ட பாட்டில்களில் உள்ள நீரைத் தவிர, வேறு எந்த நீரையும் அருந்தக்கூடாது. பாட்டில்களில் அடைக்கப்பட்ட குளிர்பானங்கள் அல்லது தேநீர், காபி போன்ற கொதிக்கவைக்கப்பட்ட பானங்களை அருந்துவதும் ஆபத்தைக் குறைக்கும்.

== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==
அசர்பைசானியர்கள் மிகவும் அடக்கமானவர்கள், அதே சமயம் மிகுந்த கண்ணியமும் நற்பண்புகளும் கொண்டவர்கள்.

* [[File:Tea in Azerbaijani national Armudu glass.jpg|thumb|பாரம்பரிய அர்முடு கோப்பையில் பரிமாறப்படும் தேநீர்]]அசர்பைசானி இல்லமொன்றிற்கு நீங்கள் அழைக்கப்படும்போது, ​​அவர்களுக்கு ஒரு பரிசை எடுத்துச் செல்ல மறக்காதீர்கள். பூக்கள் (ஒற்றைப்படை எண்ணிக்கையில் இருக்க வேண்டும்; இரட்டைப்படை எண்ணிக்கையிலான பூக்கள் இறுதிச் சடங்குகளுடன் தொடர்புடையவை), சாக்லேட்டுகள் (மதுபானங்களைத் தவிர்க்கவும்) அல்லது உங்கள் நாட்டைப் பிரதிபலிக்கும் ஏதேனும் ஒரு பொருள் என, எது வேண்டுமானாலும் பரிசாக வழங்கலாம். அசர்பைசானி கலாச்சாரத்தில், பரிசின் விலையை விட, அதன் பின்னணியில் உள்ள அன்பான எண்ணமே முக்கியமாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.
* வீட்டிற்குச் செல்லும்போது, ​​காலணிகளை வாசலுக்கு வெளியிலோ அல்லது கதவுக்கு உள்ளே நுழைந்த உடனேயே கழற்றிவிடவும்; வீட்டின் உரிமையாளர் காலணிகளை அணிந்திருக்கலாம் என்று குறிப்பாக அனுமதித்தாலொழிய, இவ்வாறு செய்வது நல்லது. அப்படி அனுமதித்தாலும், காலணிகளைக் கழற்றி வைப்பதே அதிக மரியாதைக்குரிய செயலாக இருக்கலாம். உங்களுக்கு அணிந்துகொள்ளச் செருப்புகள் (ஸ்லிப்பர்கள்) வழங்கப்படலாம்.
* அசர்பைசான் மக்கள் முதியவர்களை மதிக்கிறார்கள். எனவே, பேருந்து, டிராம், சுரங்க தொடருந்தில் அல்லது பிற பொதுப் போக்குவரத்து வாகனங்களில், நீங்கள் முதியவராகவோ, மாற்றுத்திறனாளியாகவோ, கர்ப்பிணியாகவோ அல்லது குழந்தைகளுடன் இருப்பவராகவோ இருந்தால், இளைஞர்கள் உங்களுக்குத் தங்கள் இருக்கையை விட்டுக்கொடுப்பார்கள். பேருந்து, டிராம், சுரங்க தொடருந்து போன்ற பொதுப் போக்குவரத்து வாகனங்களில் ஏறும்போது அல்லது இறங்கும்போது, ​​அதேபோல் ஒரு அறைக்குள் நுழையும்போதும் அல்லது அங்கிருந்து வெளியேறும்போது, ​​பெண்களுக்கு முன்னுரிமை அளித்து அவர்களை முதலில் செல்ல அனுமதிப்பது பண்பான செயலாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.
* உங்களை விட வயதில் மூத்தவர்களையோ அல்லது உயர் பதவியில் இருப்பவர்களையோ சந்திக்கும்போது, ​​அவர்களுக்கு மரியாதை அளிக்கும் விதமாகச் சற்று குனிந்து (முழுமையாகக் குனிய வேண்டிய அவசியமில்லை) வணக்கம் தெரிவிக்க வேண்டும். வயதில் இளையவர்களே, தங்களை விட வயதில் மூத்தவர்களிடமோ அல்லது உயர் பதவியில் இருப்பவர்களிடமோ முதலில் சென்று வணக்கம் தெரிவிக்க வேண்டும். ஒருவரை உங்களுக்கு நன்றாகத் தெரியவில்லை என்றால், அவர்களின் பெயருடன் தகுந்த மரியாதைக்குரிய சொல்லைச் சேர்த்து அழைக்கவும். பெண்களுக்கு 'Xanım' (உச்சரிப்பு: 'ஹான்ம்' - 'திருமதி' என்பதற்கு இணையானது) என்றும், ஆண்களுக்கு 'Cənab' (உச்சரிப்பு: 'ஜெனாப்' - 'திரு' என்பதற்கு இணையானது) என்றும் பயன்படுத்தவும். அவர்கள் ஆங்கிலம் பேசும் நபர்களாக இருந்தால், அவர்களின் குடும்பப் பெயருக்கு (surname) முன்னால் 'Mr.' அல்லது 'Mrs.' போன்ற ஆங்கில மரியாதைச் சொற்களைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம். அசர்பைசானி மொழியில் 'Ms.' என்ற சொல்லுக்கு இணையான சொல் இல்லை.
* அசர்பைசானில் பெண்கள் பாரம்பரியமாக மிகுந்த மரியாதையுடனும் கண்ணியத்துடனும் நடத்தப்படுகிறார்கள். பெண் பயணிகள், தங்களது அசர்பைசானி ஆண் நண்பர்கள் உணவகத்தில் கட்டணத்தைச் செலுத்துவது, கதவுகளைத் திறந்து விடுவது அல்லது பொருட்களைச் சுமக்க உதவுவது போன்ற செயல்களைச் செய்யும்போது ஆச்சரியப்படவோ அல்லது பதற்றமடையவோ தேவையில்லை. ஆண் பயணிகள் ஒரு விஷயத்தைப் புரிந்துகொள்ள வேண்டும்: நீங்கள் ஒரு பெண்ணுடன் காதல் உறவில் இல்லாவிட்டாலும், அவரிடமிருந்து இத்தகைய கண்ணியமான நடத்தைகளை அசர்பைசானி பெண்கள் எதிர்பார்ப்பார்கள்.

==== தவிர்க்க வேண்டியவை ====

===== அரசியல் =====

* அலியேவ் (Aliyev family) குடும்பத்தை அவமதிக்கவோ அல்லது தவறாக பேசவோ வேண்டாம். இதற்கு சிறை தண்டனை விதிக்கப்படுகிறது.
* நாகோர்னோ-கராபாக் மோதல் குறித்துப் பேசுவதையோ அல்லது அது குறித்து விவாதிப்பதையோ தவிர்க்கவும். இந்த மோதலில் கொல்லப்பட்ட அல்லது இடம்பெயர்ந்த ஆயிரக்கணக்கான மக்களில், ஏறக்குறைய ஒவ்வொரு அசர்பைசானி குடும்பத்திலும் குறைந்தது ஒருவராவது பாதிக்கப்பட்டிருப்பார். இது குறித்துப் பேசுவது எளிதில் தீவிர உணர்ச்சிகளைத் தூண்டக்கூடும் என்பதால், இத்தலைப்பைக் கையாளும்போது மிகுந்த மரியாதையுடனும் எச்சரிக்கையுடனும் நடந்துகொள்ளுங்கள்.
* ஆர்மீனியா குறித்து எதையும் குறிப்பிடவோ அல்லது அது குறித்து விவாதிக்கவோ வேண்டாம். அசர்பைசானில் ஆர்மீனியர்களுக்கு எதிரான வெறுப்பு உணர்வுகள் பரவலாக உள்ளன.
* தொடருந்து, சுரங்கப்பாதை நிலையங்கள் மற்றும் அதிகாரிகள் &quot;மூலோபாய&quot; முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்ததாக கருதும் பிற பொருட்களை புகைப்படம் எடுப்பதைத் தவிர்க்கவும். வெளிநாட்டு தொடருந்து பயணிகள் உளவு பார்த்ததாக சந்தேகத்தின் பேரில் அதிகாரிகளால் தடுத்து வைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதாக கூறப்படுகிறது.
* ஈரானைப் பற்றி விவாதிக்கும்போது கவனமாக இருங்கள். பல அசர்பைசானியர்கள், ஈரானிய அசர்பைசானை, ஈரானிய ஆக்கிரமிப்பின் கீழ் உள்ள அசர்பைசானியப் பிரதேசம் என்று கருதுகின்றனர்.

===== மதம் =====
95% மக்கள் பெயரளவில் ஷியைட் முஸ்லீம்களாக இருந்தாலும், அசர்பைசான் ஒரு கண்டிப்பான மதச்சார்பற்ற நாடு மற்றும் பெரிய அளவில் அஞ்ஞான மற்றும் மத சார்பற்ற நாடு. பெரிய நகரங்களிலும் கிராமங்களிலும்  இது உண்மை. தங்களை முஸ்லீம்களாகப் பார்த்தாலும், அஸெரி ஆண்கள் பெரும்பாலும் மதுபானங்களை அருந்துகிறார்கள், இது ரஷ்ய மற்றும் சோவியத் பாரம்பரியத்தின் காரணமாக பரவலாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுகிறது. இருப்பினும், குடிப்பழக்கம் பெண்களிடையே அரிதானது மற்றும் கிராமப்புறங்களில் அல்லது சமூக ரீதியாக பழமைவாத குடும்பங்களில் ஆண்களுக்கும் பெண்களுக்கும் இடையில் ஒருபோதும் ஏற்படாது. 21 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் ஈரான், ஈராக் மற்றும் சிரியாவில் ஏற்பட்ட அமைதியின்மை, மத உடைகள் மற்றும் சின்னங்கள் குறித்து அரசாங்கத்தை மிகவும் கண்டிப்பானதாக்கியது மற்றும் அதிக மதச்சார்பின்மை மற்றும் தெற்கு எல்லைகளில் கடுமையான கட்டுப்பாட்டை தூண்டியது.

பொது இடங்களில் மதச் சின்னங்கள், கொடிகள், கோஷங்கள் மற்றும் எந்தவொரு மதத்திற்காகவும் மதமாற்றம் (மதப் பிரச்சார நடவடிக்கை) செய்வது சட்டப்படி தடைசெய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. எந்தவொரு மீறலுக்கும் அபராதம், சிறைத்தண்டனை விதிக்கப்படும், மேலும் வெளிநாட்டினராக இருந்தால், நாட்டிலிருந்து நாடு கடத்தப்படுவார்கள். உங்களுக்குத் தெரியாத எவரும் கடவுளை நம்புகிறார் என்றோ அல்லது இஸ்லாம் அல்லது பிற மதங்களின் மீது பேரார்வம் கொண்டிருக்கிறார் என்றோ கருத வேண்டாம். மக்களின் நம்பிக்கைகள் குறித்த விசாரணைகள் பெரும்பாலும் வரவேற்கப்படுவதில்லை, மேலும் வழிபாட்டுத் தலங்களுக்கு வெளியே, உங்கள் நம்பிக்கையை வெளிப்படுத்துவது தனிப்பட்டதாகவே வைத்திருக்கப்பட வேண்டும். உதாரணமாக, பிரார்த்தனைக்கு முன் உணவு அருந்தும்போது, ​​அது குழப்பத்தையும் மௌனத்தையும் சந்திக்க நேரிடும். முஸ்லிம் தலைமுக்காடுகள், கிப்பாக்கள் அல்லது மத வாசகங்கள் கொண்ட டி-ஷர்ட்டுகள் போன்ற மத உடைகள் - சகித்துக்கொள்ளப்பட்டாலும் - பல அசர்பைசானியர்களை சங்கடமாக உணர வைக்கும்.மதச் சின்னங்களைக் கொண்ட சிறிய வகை மாலைகளை அணிவது ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளத்தக்கது. நீண்ட தாடி வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் அதிகாரிகளின் சந்தேகத்திற்கு உள்ளாகக்கூடும்.

===== சமூக வழக்கங்கள் மற்றும் நாகரிக நடத்தை விதிகளை மீறுதல் =====

* உணவு உண்ணும் போது, ​​புத்திசாலித்தனமாக கூட மூக்கை ஊதாதீர்கள்.
* உணவு உண்ணும் போது, ​​புத்திசாலித்தனமாக கூட பற்களை எடுக்காதீர்கள்.
* அமர்ந்திருக்கும்போது உங்கள் கால்களை மேலே தூக்கி வைக்காதீர்கள்; மேலும், உங்கள் பாதத்தின் அடிப்பகுதியை மற்றவர்களுக்குக் காட்டாதவாறு பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.
* யாரையும் உங்கள் விரலால் சுட்டிக்காட்டாதீர்கள்.
* உரையாடும்போதும் பொது இடங்களிலும் அசைமிட்டாய் (சூயிங்கம்) மெல்லாதீர்கள்.
* அனுமதியின்றி ஒருவரைத் தொடாமல் இருப்பது நல்லது.
* குறிப்பாக முறையான சூழல்களிலும் நிகழ்வுகளிலும், அல்லது நீங்கள் புதிதாகச் சந்தித்த அல்லது உங்களுக்கு நன்கு தெரியாத நபர்களிடம், அவர்களைக் கட்டியணைப்பதையோ அல்லது முதுகில் தட்டுவதையோ தவிர்க்கவும்.
* பொது இடங்களில், குறிப்பாக பொதுப் போக்குவரத்தில், உங்கள் குரலை உயர்த்தவோ அல்லது கத்தவோ வேண்டாம்.
* பொது இடங்களிலோ, நண்பர்களுக்கிடையிலோ அல்லது தனக்குத்தானே பேசிக்கொள்ளும்போதோ கெட்ட வார்த்தைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தாதீர்கள்.

===== கவனிக்க வேண்டிய பிற விஷயங்கள் =====

* தெருவில் முன்பின் தெரியாத ஒருவரைப் பார்த்து புன்னகைக்காதீர்கள்: அவர்கள் உங்களை விசித்திரமானவர் என்று நினைப்பதோடு மட்டுமல்லாமல், அவமானமாகவும் உணரக்கூடும். புன்னகைப்பது பாரம்பரியமாக குடும்பத்தினருக்கும் நண்பர்களுக்கும் மட்டுமே உரியது; முன்பின் தெரியாத ஒருவரைப் பார்த்து, அவரிடம் பேசாமல் புன்னகைப்பது, நீங்கள் அவர்களைக் கேலி செய்வதாகவோ அல்லது அவர்களின் உடையிலோ முடியிலோ ஏதோ தவறு இருப்பதாகவோ கருதப்படும். இருப்பினும், ஒருவரிடம் பேசும்போது உண்மையான, மரியாதையான புன்னகை செய்வது பொருத்தமானது மற்றும் பாராட்டப்படும் (தானாக வரும் &quot;மேற்கத்திய புன்னகை&quot;, அதாவது இளித்துப் புன்னகைப்பது, பரவலாக நேர்மையற்றதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது). வாடிக்கையாளர் சேவையில் புன்னகைப்பது இன்னும் மிகவும் அரிதானது, ஏனெனில் விற்பனை உதவியாளர்கள், அரசு ஊழியர்கள் மற்றும் அது போன்றவர்கள் தீவிரமாகவும் தொழில்முறையாகவும் தோற்றமளிக்க வேண்டும் என்று எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறார்கள். நிகழ்ச்சித் தொகுப்பாளர்கள் கூட மிக அரிதாகவே புன்னகைக்கிறார்கள். எனவே, அசர்பைசானியர்களைப் பற்றிய மிகவும் பொதுவான தவறான கருத்து என்னவென்றால், அவர்கள் உணர்ச்சியற்றவர்கள் மற்றும் ஒருபோதும் புன்னகைக்க மாட்டார்கள் என்பதுதான் – ஆனால், அவர்கள் உங்களைப் பற்றித் தெரிந்துகொண்டவுடன், புன்னகைப்பார்கள், மேலும் மிகவும் வரவேற்புடனும் அன்பாகவும் நடந்துகொள்வார்கள்.
* பெரிய நகரங்களிலும் சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களிலும் பொதுவெளியில் அன்பை வெளிப்படுத்துவது சகித்துக்கொள்ளப்பட்டாலும், அது மற்றவர்களின் தேவையற்ற பார்வைகளை ஈர்க்கக்கூடும். கிராமப்புறங்களில் இத்தகைய செயல்கள் விரும்பத்தகாதவையாகக் கருதப்படுவதால், அவற்றைத் தவிர்ப்பது நல்லது. ஓரினச்சேர்க்கையாளர்கள் பொதுவெளியில் அன்பை வெளிப்படுத்தும் செயல்களைத் தவிர்ப்பது சிறந்தது.
* அசர்பைசான் மக்கள் பொது இடங்களில் குரலைத் தாழ்த்திப் பேசுவதைக் கவனிக்கலாம். உரையாடும்போது உங்கள் குரலை உயர்த்தாதீர்கள். அமைதியான, கண்ணியமான முறையில் உரையாடுவதே அசர்பைசானியர்களின் வழக்கமாகும்; இது மற்றவர்களால் பெரிதும் மதிக்கப்படும். பொதுப் போக்குவரத்து மற்றும் உணவகங்களில் அலைபேசியில் பேசுவது இயல்பான ஒன்றாகவே கருதப்படுகிறது; இருப்பினும், உரையாடல் மிக உரத்த குரலிலோ அல்லது மிகவும் &quot;தனிப்பட்ட&quot; விஷயங்களைப் பற்றியோ இல்லாமல் இருப்பது அவசியம்.

== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
அங்கு மூன்று அலைபேசி சேவை நிறுவனங்கள் உள்ளன: அஸர்செல் (Azercell), நார் மொபைல் (Nar Mobile), அஸெர்ஃபோன்-வோடாஃபோன் (Azerfon-Vodafone), மற்றும் பாக்செல் (Bakcell).

* அஸர்செல் (Azercell) மிகப்பெரிய நிறுவனமாகும். அஸர்செல் (Azercell) எண்ணை அழைக்க, நீங்கள் (050) அல்லது (051) ஆகிய எண்களை முதலில் டயல் செய்து, அதன் பிறகு குறிப்பிட்ட எண்ணை உள்ளிட வேண்டும். Baku நகரில் உள்ள மெட்ரோ (சுரங்க தொடருந்து) பாதையில், அஸர்செல் (Azercell) சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்தும் போது மட்டுமே உங்களால் தொலைபேசியில் பேச முடியும்.
* நார் மொபைல் (Nar Mobile) மிகவும் மலிவானது, ஆனால் சில பகுதிகளில் இது செயல்படுவதில்லை. நார் மொபைல் (Nar Mobile)  எண்களை அழைக்க, முதலில் (070) என்று டயல் செய்து, அதன் பிறகு அந்த எண்ணை உள்ளிட வேண்டும்.
* அஸெர்ஃபோன்-வோடாஃபோன் (Azerfon-Vodafone) என்பது 3G வசதியைக் கொண்ட ஒரு புதிய தொலைத்தொடர்பு சேவை நிறுவனமாகும். அஸெர்ஃபோன்-வோடாஃபோன் (Azerfon-Vodafone) எண்களை அழைக்க, முதலில் (077) என்ற குறியீட்டைத் தொடர்ந்து அந்த எண்ணை டயல் செய்ய வேண்டும்.
* பாக்செல் (Bakcell) பரவாயில்லை. இது கிட்டத்தட்ட எல்லா இடங்களிலும் செயல்படுகிறது மற்றும் அஸர்செல் (Azercell)-ஐ விட மலிவானது. ஒருபாக்செல் (Bakcell) எண்ணிற்கு அழைக்க, நீங்கள் முதலில் (055) என்று டயல் செய்து, அதன் பிறகு அந்த எண்ணை டயல் செய்ய வேண்டும்.

==== அவசரகாலத் தொடர்பு எண்கள் ====
அவசர ஊர்தி: 103

தீயணைப்பு: 101

எரிவாயு அவசர சேவை: 104

நேரம் அறியும் சேவை (Speaking Clock): 106

காவல்துறை: 102

உங்கள் தேவைகளைத் தெரிவிக்க நீங்கள் அஸேரி, துருக்கியம் அல்லது ரஷ்ய மொழியில் பேச வேண்டும். அசர்பைசானுக்கு வருவதற்கு முன்பாகவே சில முக்கியமான சொற்றொடர்களைக் கற்று வைத்துக்கொள்வது நல்லது - இதற்கான சொற்றொடர் தொகுப்புகளை 'பேச்சு' (Talk) பகுதியில் காணலாம்.

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Yon dimansyon laj. Eta yon moun ki gen anpil popilarite. Près. Anpil. Yon fason mashann vann machandiz yo genyen pou fè pri inite yo vini pi piti.|egzanp=Matant gen yon gwo bout yanm ,li sere l anba kabann li an.|kontrè=Piti}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382037</id>
      <parentid>7382036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:30:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7382037</origin>
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      <text bytes="263" sha1="ntwhmxcbm3pgnuniet77jmsm5f4sj6m" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gwo
Yon dimansyon laj. Eta yon moun ki gen anpil popilarite. Près. Anpil. Yon fason machann vann machandiz yo genyen pou fè pri inite yo vini pi piti.|egzanp=Matant gen yon gwo bout yanm ,li sere l anba kabann li an.|kontrè=Piti}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Granmoun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3827513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381987</id>
      <parentid>7375230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:26:34Z</timestamp>
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Nenpòt moun ki, fè pitit, rive nan laj lè li te dwe deja fè pitit. Yon moun ki gen anpil ane an plis yon lòt.|egzanp=Nou dwe pale ak granmoun yo avèk respè.}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/frs/Swâart albäj</title>
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    <id>3827673</id>
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      <id>7381742</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:12:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Kluntjekniiper</username>
        <id>2659379</id>
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      <text bytes="4997" sha1="aygxtf830ef3gfkzgzr50kb3j009xhu" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/frs/Inf'rmóósjoonsboks
| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat fransk betäiken ''cassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In Noordoosteuropó erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
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        <username>Kluntjekniiper</username>
        <id>2659379</id>
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      <text bytes="5577" sha1="aq732r8d5fwh2uge330ticnckhy8hai" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/frs/Inf'rmóósjoonsboks
| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat fransk betäiken ''cassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In Noordoosteuropó erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

Däi swâart albäj word't feraarbaid't mäist as nektaar un limnóóed drunken of as zjelee of kunfitüer bruukt. Däi bäjen bünt däi grundlóóeğ fan ''sirop de cassis'' (straup) un ''crème de cassis'' (liköör). In Düütskland wordent swâart albäjen geern föör 't heerstellen fan anset't kuer bruukt. Däi in d' früecht undhollen hôoğ kuntsentróósjoon an witómiin C (r.w. 180 mg up 100 g bäjen) word't ook döör erhitsen (anners as bii anner früchten) bii 't heerstellen fan saften, zjelees of kunfitüren näit fernäilt of bloot unweesenliik ferminnert.

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381756</id>
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        <username>Kluntjekniiper</username>
        <id>2659379</id>
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| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat fransk betäiken ''cassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In Noordoosteuropó erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

Däi swâart albäj word't feraarbaid't mäist as nektaar un limnóóed drunken of as zjelee of kunfitüer bruukt. Däi bäjen bünt däi grundlóóeğ fan ''sirop de cassis'' (straup) un ''crème de cassis'' (liköör). In Düütskland wordent swâart albäjen geern föör 't heerstellen fan anset't kuer bruukt. Däi in d' früecht undhollen hôoğ kuntsentróósjoon an witómiin c (r.w. 180 mg up 100 g bäjen) word't ook döör erhitsen (anners as bii anner früchten) bii 't heerstellen fan saften, zjelees of kunfitüren näit fernäilt of bloot unweesenliik ferminnert.

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381762</id>
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      <text bytes="6247" sha1="69dznivuoe2ntfvu69a8jwwhldwwrg8" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/frs/Inf'rmóósjoonsboks
| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat fransk betäiken ''cassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In Noordoosteuropó erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

Däi swâart albäj word't feraarbaid't mäist as nektaar un limnóóed drunken of as zjelee of kunfitüer bruukt. Däi bäjen bünt däi grundlóóeğ fan ''sirop de cassis'' (straup) un ''crème de cassis'' (liköör). In Düütskland wordent swâart albäjen geern föör 't heerstellen fan anset't kuer bruukt. Däi in d' früecht undhollen hôoğ kuntsentróósjoon an witómiin c (r.w. 180 mg up 100 g bäjen) word't ook döör erhitsen (anners as bii anner früchten) bii 't heerstellen fan saften, zjelees of kunfitüren näit fernäilt of bloot unweesenliik ferminnert.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 100 g swâart albäjen undhollent in döörsnee:
|-
| [[Wp/frs/Füüsiolooğsk braanweerd|Energii]] || [[Wp/frs/Wóóter|Wóóter]] || [[Wp/frs/Fetten|Fet]] || [[Wp/frs/Köölenhüüdróóten|Köölenhüüdróóten]] || [[Wp/frs/Proteiin|Aiwit]] || [[Wp/frs/Kóólium|Kóólium]] || [[Wp/frs/Kalsium|Kalsium]] || [[Wp/frs/Mağneesium|Mağneesium]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin C|Witómiin C]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin E|Witómiin E]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| 264 [[Wp/frs/Kilojoule|kJ]] (63 [[Wp/frs/Kkal|kkal]]) || 82 g || 0,41 g || 15,4 g || 1,4 g || 322,0 mg || 55,0 mg || 24,0 mg || 181,0 mg || 1,0 mg
|}

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
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| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat fransk betäiken ''cassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In Noordoosteuropó erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

Däi swâart albäj word't feraarbaid't mäist as nektaar un limnóóed drunken of as zjelee of kunfitüer bruukt. Däi bäjen bünt däi grundlóóeğ fan ''sirop de cassis'' (straup) un ''crème de cassis'' (liköör). In Düütskland wordent swâart albäjen geern föör 't heerstellen fan anset't kuer, alsoo albäjenbranwiin, bruukt. Däi in d' früecht undhollen hôoğ kuntsentróósjoon an witómiin c (r.w. 180 mg up 100 g bäjen) word't ook döör erhitsen (anners as bii anner früchten) bii 't heerstellen fan saften, zjelees of kunfitüren näit fernäilt of bloot unweesenliik ferminnert.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 100 g swâart albäjen undhollent in döörsnee:
|-
| [[Wp/frs/Füüsiolooğsk braanweerd|Energii]] || [[Wp/frs/Wóóter|Wóóter]] || [[Wp/frs/Fetten|Fet]] || [[Wp/frs/Köölenhüüdróóten|Köölenhüüdróóten]] || [[Wp/frs/Proteiin|Aiwit]] || [[Wp/frs/Kóólium|Kóólium]] || [[Wp/frs/Kalsium|Kalsium]] || [[Wp/frs/Mağneesium|Mağneesium]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin C|Witómiin C]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin E|Witómiin E]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| 264 [[Wp/frs/Kilojoule|kJ]] (63 [[Wp/frs/Kkal|kkal]]) || 82 g || 0,41 g || 15,4 g || 1,4 g || 322,0 mg || 55,0 mg || 24,0 mg || 181,0 mg || 1,0 mg
|}

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
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        <id>2609576</id>
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| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat betäiken ''kassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In Noordoosteuropó erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

Däi swâart albäj word't feraarbaid't mäist as nektaar un limnóóed drunken of as zjelee of kunfitüer bruukt. Däi bäjen bünt däi grundlóóeğ fan kassisstraup (''sirop de cassis'') un kassisliköör (''crème de cassis''). In Düütskland wordent swâart albäjen geern föör 't heerstellen fan anset't kuer, alsoo albäjenbranwiin, bruukt. Däi in d' früecht undhollen hôoğ kuntsentróósjoon an witómiin c (r.w. 180 mg up 100 g bäjen) word't ook döör erhitsen (anners as bii anner früchten) bii 't heerstellen fan saften, zjelees of kunfitüren näit fernäilt of bloot unweesenliik ferminnert.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 100 g swâart albäjen undhollent in döörsnee:
|-
| [[Wp/frs/Füüsiolooğsk braanweerd|Energii]] || [[Wp/frs/Wóóter|Wóóter]] || [[Wp/frs/Fetten|Fet]] || [[Wp/frs/Köölenhüüdróóten|Köölenhüüdróóten]] || [[Wp/frs/Proteiin|Aiwit]] || [[Wp/frs/Kóólium|Kóólium]] || [[Wp/frs/Kalsium|Kalsium]] || [[Wp/frs/Mağneesium|Mağneesium]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin C|Witómiin C]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin E|Witómiin E]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| 264 [[Wp/frs/Kilojoule|kJ]] (63 [[Wp/frs/Kkal|kkal]]) || 82 g || 0,41 g || 15,4 g || 1,4 g || 322,0 mg || 55,0 mg || 24,0 mg || 181,0 mg || 1,0 mg
|}

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382086</id>
      <parentid>7382078</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:52:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
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      <text bytes="6669" sha1="6uly6aunvabggbp207zwhl4wqal1mon" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/frs/Inf'rmóósjoonsboks
| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat betäiken ''kassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In Noordoosteuropó erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

Däi swâart albäj word't feraarbaid't mäist as nektaar un limnóóed drunken of as zjelee of kunfitüer bruukt. Däi bäjen bünt däi grundlóóeğ fan kassisstraup (''sirop de cassis'') un kassisliköör (''crème de cassis''). In Düütskland wordent swâart albäjen geern föör 't heerstellen fan anset't kuer, alsoo albäjenbranwiin, bruukt. Däi in d' früecht undhollen hôoğ kuntsentróósjoon an witómiin c (r.w. 180 mg up 100 g bäjen) word't ook döör erhitsen (anners as bii anner früchten) bii 't heerstellen fan saften, zjelees of kunfitüren näit fernäilt of bloot unweesenliik ferminnert.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 100 g swâart albäjen undhollent in döörsnee:
|-
| [[Wp/frs/Füüsiolooğsk braanweerd|Energii]] || [[Wp/frs/Wóóter|Wóóter]] || [[Wp/frs/Fetten|Fet]] || [[Wp/frs/Köölenhüüdróóten|Köölenhüüdróóten]] || [[Wp/frs/Proteiin|Aiwit]] || [[Wp/frs/Kóólium|Kóólium]] || [[Wp/frs/Kalsium|Kalsium]] || [[Wp/frs/Mağneesium|Mağneesium]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin C|Witómiin C]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin E|Witómiin E]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| 264 [[Wp/frs/Kilojoule|kJ]] (63 [[Wp/frs/Kkal|kkal]]) || 82 g || 0,41 g || 15,4 g || 1,4 g || 322,0 mg || 55,0 mg || 24,0 mg || 181,0 mg || 1,0 mg
|}

'N blössemknoopenekstrakt fan d' swâart albäj word't in d' perfüümerii-industrii bruukt. Lütje mengen fan disser ekstrakt ferläinent perfüüms 'n früchtiğ nôot. Däi frisk blóóden köönent fan pril bit mâaj as biigóóev tau krüüden- un gemüüstsoep bruukt worden. Fan pril bit julii plükt blóóden bruukt man in drööğt föörm ook tau 't heerstellen fan teedrinkens.

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382094</id>
      <parentid>7382086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:01:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
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| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat betäiken ''kassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In [[Wp/frs/Noordoosteuropó|Noordoosteuropó]] erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

Däi swâart albäj word't feraarbaid't mäist as nektaar un limnóóed drunken of as zjelee of kunfitüer bruukt. Däi bäjen bünt däi grundlóóeğ fan kassisstraup (''sirop de cassis'') un kassisliköör (''crème de cassis''). In Düütskland wordent swâart albäjen geern föör 't heerstellen fan anset't kuer, alsoo albäjenbranwiin, bruukt. Däi in d' früecht undhollen hôoğ kuntsentróósjoon an witómiin c (r.w. 180 mg up 100 g bäjen) word't ook döör erhitsen (anners as bii anner früchten) bii 't heerstellen fan saften, zjelees of kunfitüren näit fernäilt of bloot unweesenliik ferminnert.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 100 g swâart albäjen undhollent in döörsnee:
|-
| [[Wp/frs/Füüsiolooğsk braanweerd|Energii]] || [[Wp/frs/Wóóter|Wóóter]] || [[Wp/frs/Fetten|Fet]] || [[Wp/frs/Köölenhüüdróóten|Köölenhüüdróóten]] || [[Wp/frs/Proteiin|Aiwit]] || [[Wp/frs/Kóólium|Kóólium]] || [[Wp/frs/Kalsium|Kalsium]] || [[Wp/frs/Mağneesium|Mağneesium]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin C|Witómiin C]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin E|Witómiin E]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| 264 [[Wp/frs/Kilojoule|kJ]] (63 [[Wp/frs/Kkal|kkal]]) || 82 g || 0,41 g || 15,4 g || 1,4 g || 322,0 mg || 55,0 mg || 24,0 mg || 181,0 mg || 1,0 mg
|}

'N blössemknoopenekstrakt fan d' swâart albäj word't in d' perfüümerii-industrii bruukt. Lütje mengen fan disser ekstrakt ferläinent perfüüms 'n früchtiğ nôot. Däi frisk blóóden köönent fan pril bit mâaj as biigóóev tau krüüden- un gemüüstsoep bruukt worden. Fan pril bit julii plükt blóóden bruukt man in drööğt föörm ook tau 't heerstellen fan teedrinkens.

== Skóódlingen un krankhaiden ==

Däi swâart albäjen wordent fan meeldaau, däi [[Wp/frs/Albäjenwispellapper|albäjenwispellapper]], däi [[Wp/frs/Albäjengalmîit|albäjengalmîit]] un däi [[Wp/frs/Mauerbäjenskildluus|mauerbäjenskildluus]] befaalen. Boovendeem daajt bii däi swâart albäj däi brannettelblóóderğkaid ( 'n [[Wp/frs/Wiirusinfeksjoon|wiirôos]]) düüdelk fóóker uptreeden as bii däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]].

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
      <sha1>9etm0ktrxoqe3wukugxskvogtjl6t7x</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382097</id>
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        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
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      <comment>/* Skóódlingen un krankhaiden */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7624" sha1="d1k2ug4syv2tl6ujn08p9ysfvv2sgl9" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/frs/Inf'rmóósjoonsboks
| bgcolor  = #B0C4DE
| header = Swâart albäj
| image    = Schwarzejohannisbeere.jpg
| caption  = Swâart albäjen (Ribes nigrum)
| imagewidth = 250px

| header1     = Süsteemóótik

| head1_1 = Örnen
| item1_1 = [[Wp/frs/Stäinbreekachtigen|Stäinbreekachtigen]] (Saxifragales)

| head1_2 = Femiilje
| item1_2 = [[Wp/frs/Krüüsbäjengewaasen|Krüüsbäjengewaasen]] (Grossulariaceae)

| head1_3 = Góódern
| item1_3 = [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|Albäjen]] (Ribes)

| head1_4 = Tsoord
| item1_4 = Swâart albäj

| otherheader = Wäitenskuppelk Nóóm

| other0  = ''Ribes nigrum''
| other1  = ([[Wp/frs/Carl von Linné|L.]])
}}

Däi '''swâart albäj''' (ribes nigrum), ook '''kóókelbäj''' nöymt, is 'n plantentsoord uut dat góódern fan d' [[Wp/frs/Albäjen|albäjen]] in d' femiilje fan d' krüüsbäjengewaasen (grossulariaceae). Mitunner word't wen dat um dat bäjenoobst gaajt bii 't fermaarkten ook dat betäiken ''kassis'' bruukt.

== Beskriiven ==

[[File:Ribes nigrum 2019-02-15 5723.jpg|thumb|left|Täelğ mit bast]]
[[File:Ribes nigrum flos.JPG|thumb|Blössemstand]]
[[File:Schwarze Johannisbeeren Makro.jpg|thumb|Früchten]]

=== Wegetóótîif maarkmóólen ===

Däi swâart albäj waast as sömmergröyen [[Wp/frs/Strûuk|strûuk]], däi wukshöğten fan 1 bit 2 m berekt. Disser strûuk is stiikellös un besit't 'n stâark, däils as unangeneem undfunnen gööer, däi däi swâart albäj ook fan däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]] ferskeelt. Däi loofblóóden bünt bii 'n bräed't fan bit tau 10 tsentimeeter drei- bit fiiflappiğ mit haartföörmiğ spräidbóósis. Däi bladboovensiid is kóól un däi unnersiid behort un mit sittend geelsk drüüsen beset't.

=== Generóótîif maarkmóólen ===

In [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] liğt däi blaajeltiid fan däi swâart albäj in pril un mâaj. Däi blössems bünt in 'n hangend, druuvenachtiğ blössemstand anörnt un bünt eerder unskiinbor. 

Däi tswitterğ blössem is radieersümmeetrisk mit dübbeld blössemhüel. Däi blössem is in 't gehäil gröyngeelsk klöört. Däi kelkblóóden bünt lang, behort un t'rüeğslóón. Däi kroonblóóden bünt lütjerder as däi kelkblóóden, uprecht stóónd un witsk. Däi früecht is bii d' rîipt 'n swâart bäj mit 'n döörmeeter fan 8 bit 12 mm. 

Däi kromosoomenantóól bedrağt 2n = 16.&lt;ref&gt;Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, 8. uplóóeğ, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, s. 496. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ökoloogii ==

Dat uutbräiden fan däi dióóspooren, dat is dat sóód, erfolğt döör däären.

[[File:Black currant in the mountains of Zakamensky district of Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Swâart albäj in däi baargen fan d' Zakamensky betsirk [[Wp/frs/Burjóósjen|Burjóósjen]], [[Wp/frs/Rusland|Rusland]]]]

== Föörkoomen ==
Däi swâart albäj kumt in däi móótiğ un boreóóel tsoonen fan [[Wp/frs/Euróósien|Euróósien]] fan [[Wp/frs/Engelland|Engelland]] un [[Wp/frs/Frankriik|Frankriik]] in 't west bit tau d' [[Wp/frs/Manzjurai|Manzjurai]] in 't oost fööer. Noordelk is däi tsoord bit [[Wp/frs/Lapland|Lapland]], süüdelk bit [[Wp/frs/Armeenien|Armeenien]] un nóó d' [[Wp/frs/Himalajó|Himalajó]] tau ferbred't. In däi [[Wp/frs/Allgäuer Alpen|Allgäuer Alpen]] kumt säi in [[Wp/frs/Baiern|Baiern]] bii d' toppünt fan 't Rubihorn bit 1930 m oover n.n. fööer.&lt;ref&gt;Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung, band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, s. 662. (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Um dat natürelk un ferwillert föörkoomens fóók näit t' ferskeelen bünt, is dat natürelk ferbräiden in [[Wp/frs/Middeldeuropó|Middeldeuropó]] näit meer t' rekunstruäären.

== Gebruuk ==
Däi bäj word't ook as ''jichtbäj'', dat holt ook as ''jichtholt'', betäikent, um dat bäjen un holt fan d' swâart albäj in 't middeloller tau 't behanneln fan däi jicht bruukt wur.&lt;ref&gt;Gundolf Keil: Die „Cirurgia“ Peters von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes (= Forschungen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ulm. Band 2). Stadtarchiv, Ulm 1961 (zugleich Philosophische Dissertation Heidelberg 1960: Peter von Ulm. Untersuchungen zu einem Denkmal altdeutscher Fachprosa mit kritischer Ausgabe des Textes), s. 386 (düütsk)&lt;/ref&gt; Swâart albäj word't in Middeldeuropó ruuğweğ siit dat 16. jorhunnert as bäjenoobst in tuunen anbaaut. In [[Wp/frs/Noordoosteuropó|Noordoosteuropó]] erfolğde worskiinelk al fööl frauer 'n görnersk gebruuk. Däi âarnt fan däi rîip bäjen geböört in d' reegel fan julii bit aaugust.

Däi bäjen undhollent behalven wóóter, köölenhüüdróóten, fetsuren, proteiinen un mineróólstoffen unner anner:

*Terpeenen as β-pineen un karüfülleen
*Antotsüóónen un flawonoiiden as (+)-katechiin
*Witómiin C, tsitroonensuer, pektiin

Däi swâart albäj word't feraarbaid't mäist as nektaar un limnóóed drunken of as zjelee of kunfitüer bruukt. Däi bäjen bünt däi grundlóóeğ fan kassisstraup (''sirop de cassis'') un kassisliköör (''crème de cassis''). In Düütskland wordent swâart albäjen geern föör 't heerstellen fan anset't kuer, alsoo albäjenbranwiin, bruukt. Däi in d' früecht undhollen hôoğ kuntsentróósjoon an witómiin c (r.w. 180 mg up 100 g bäjen) word't ook döör erhitsen (anners as bii anner früchten) bii 't heerstellen fan saften, zjelees of kunfitüren näit fernäilt of bloot unweesenliik ferminnert.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 100 g swâart albäjen undhollent in döörsnee:
|-
| [[Wp/frs/Füüsiolooğsk braanweerd|Energii]] || [[Wp/frs/Wóóter|Wóóter]] || [[Wp/frs/Fetten|Fet]] || [[Wp/frs/Köölenhüüdróóten|Köölenhüüdróóten]] || [[Wp/frs/Proteiin|Aiwit]] || [[Wp/frs/Kóólium|Kóólium]] || [[Wp/frs/Kalsium|Kalsium]] || [[Wp/frs/Mağneesium|Mağneesium]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin C|Witómiin C]] || [[Wp/frs/Witómiin E|Witómiin E]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| 264 [[Wp/frs/Kilojoule|kJ]] (63 [[Wp/frs/Kkal|kkal]]) || 82 g || 0,41 g || 15,4 g || 1,4 g || 322,0 mg || 55,0 mg || 24,0 mg || 181,0 mg || 1,0 mg
|}

'N blössemknoopenekstrakt fan d' swâart albäj word't in d' perfüümerii-industrii bruukt. Lütje mengen fan disser ekstrakt ferläinent perfüüms 'n früchtiğ nôot. Däi frisk blóóden köönent fan pril bit mâaj as biigóóev tau krüüden- un gemüüstsoep bruukt worden. Fan pril bit julii plükt blóóden bruukt man in drööğt föörm ook tau 't heerstellen fan teedrinkens.

== Skóódlingen un krankhaiden ==

Däi swâart albäjen wordent fan meeldaau, däi [[Wp/frs/Albäjenwispellapper|albäjenwispellapper]], däi [[Wp/frs/Albäjengalmîit|albäjengalmîit]] un däi [[Wp/frs/Mauerbäjenskildluus|mauerbäjenskildluus]] befaalen. Boovendeem daajt bii däi swâart albäj däi brannettelblóóderğkaid ( 'n [[Wp/frs/Wiirusinfeksjoon|wiirôos]]) düüdelk fóóker uptreeden as bii däi [[Wp/frs/Rôod albäj|rôod albäj]].

== Wichtiğ tsoorden ==

*ECM: läip grôot bäjen, köert tröesen, meeldaaufast
*Ben Hope: erdrağriik
*Tisel: erdrağrîik, suen hoovdtsoord
*Titania: hoovdtsoord, stâark wuks, meeldaaufast köert steel, middellóóet âarnt
*Tsema: lâang tröesen, meeldaauanfalliğ
*Ometa: middellâang tröesen, gâaud smóók
*Bona: häil grôot bäjen, gâaud smóók, frâau âarnt
*Silvergieters Zwarte: stâark wuks, grôot un söyet bäjen, frâau âarnt, meeldaauanfalliğ

== Wellen ==

[[Category:Wp/frs]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q146604}}</text>
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  <page>
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      <text bytes="1216" sha1="qmkn4yf544rrfpmjp60z1ou33b92i73" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/Div col|2}}
# [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|Matemàtica]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Aritmètica|Aritmètica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Logaretmi|Logaretmi]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nómbri|Nómbri]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Teoréja 'd nómbri|Teoréja 'd nómbri]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Algebra|Algebra]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Nómbri cumpless|Nómbri cumpless]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Equazioun|Equazioun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Algebra linêra|Algebra linêra]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Geometréja|Geometréja]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Cantoun|Cantoun]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Area|Area]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Coordinate system|Coordinate system]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pi Gréch|Pi Gréch]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Pythagorean theorem|Pythagorean theorem]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Simetrì|Simetrì]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Trigonometréja|Trigonometréja]]
# [[Wp/rgn/Analiṣi Matematica|Analiṣi Matematica]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Equaziouna diferenziela|Equaziouna diferenziela]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Numerical analysis|Numerical analysis]]
# Probability and statistics
## [[Wp/rgn/Prubabilité|Prubabilité]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Statestica|Statestica]]
# Loggca e fundazioun
## [[Wp/rgn/Funziouna (matematega)|Funziouna (matematega)]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Infnidé|Infnidé]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Mathematical proof|Mathematical proof]]
## [[Wp/rgn/Set theory|Set theory]]
{{Wp/rgn/Div col end}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q4619}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Copernich</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Wp/rgn/S}}
[[File:Nikolaus Kopernikus MOT.jpg|thumb|upright|right]]

'''Nicòla Copèrnich''' ([[Wp/rgn/Lengua latena|Latén]]: ''Nicolaus Copernicus'', [[Wp/rgn/Lengua pulaca|Pulach]]: ''Mikołaj Kopernik'', [[Wp/rgn/Lengua tidesca|Tidésch]]: ''Nikolaus Kopernikus'';[[Wp/rgn/Toruń|Toruń]] 1473 - [[Wp/rgn/Frombork|Frombork]] 1543) l'è sted un astronomi famóṡ pri l'avé mes in pia e difeṡ in cosmolougéja e' sistem elio-centrigh contr quel geo-centrigh ch l'andeva pió fort tl'Europa, cminzènd la Rivoluziouna astronoméga.

Persouna polièdrica, e fo enca dutur, prit, astrològh, matematich, giurésta.

== Biugraféja ==
E nasciò ma Toruń, tla [[Wp/rgn/Próssia Reala|Próssia Reala]] (sota la [[Wp/rgn/Lega Anseatga|Lega Anseatga]]), te' 19 fibrèr 1473; su mà l'era una nobildona tidésca ch la cnossceva enca e' pulach e e' laten, su bà l'era un mercant tidésch. Enca s'ogg u-s legia ch l'era Pulach, un è pusébli dé ma ló una naziunalité coma la pinsem ma i nost dé, la geinta de' post la dgiva d'esa &quot;Prussiena&quot; e parta 'd [[Wp/rgn/Reign 'd Pulonia|Reign 'd Pulonia]].

Te' 1491 l'andò a studié astronomèja ma l'université 'd [[Wp/rgn/Cracòvia|Cracòvia]] sal profesur Albert Brudzewski. E pasò enca in Italia, studiend Dirét ma [[Wp/rgn/Bulàgna|Bulàgna]] e ma [[Wp/rgn/Fràra|Fràra]] andò e cminzò al sò uservaziòuni pri e' ''De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium''. E Imparò e' [[Wp/rgn/Lengua greca antiga|Grech antigh]] e acsé e putett legia agli opri classghi, ma sti ché Tolomé e' bà 'd model geo-centrigh.

== Vosgi lighèdi ==
* [[Wp/rgn/Astronomeja|Astronoméja]]

{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Biugrafeij]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Matematica]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Scienza]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q619}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/pih/Portal:Laenghwij/Did yew know/2</title>
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        <id>2644823</id>
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      <text bytes="770" sha1="0tz57e9ayxnfc3ysulg6s5acsf4ttrf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:FAQ icon.svg|right|frameless|100x100px]]

* ... daa t' '''[[Wp/pih/Colección de Lenguas Indígenas|Colección de Lenguas Indígenas]]''' includes t' only written records o' thrii laenghwijz daa hauf since died out?
* ... daa wan scholar regards [[Wp/pih/Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath|'''wun Ole Irish oath''']] as a scholarly Christian invention, but another sees et as t' descendant o' a [[Wp/pih/Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] oath?
* ... daa '''Dorothy Stanley''' es wan a' dem laas spika fer daa [[Wp/pih/Miwok laenghwijz|Miwok laenghwij]] ddem bin yaa?
* ... daa t' '''[[Wp/pih/Himariote Griik|Himariote Griik dialect]]''' retains mani ole features noe longer find round en standard [[Wp/pih/Modern Griik|modern]] [[Wp/pih/Modern Griik|Griik]]?</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wy/ta/அந்தோரா</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* பண மத்திப்பு */</comment>
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'''அந்தோரா''' என்பது மேற்கு ஐரோப்பாவில், பிரான்ஸ் மற்றும் ஸ்பெயினுக்கு இடையில் பைரனீஸ் மலைத்தொடரில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு சிறிய, மலைப்பாங்கான நாடு. அழகான மலைகள் மற்றும் வசீகரமான பழைய கிராமங்கள் நிறைந்த இந்நாடு சுற்றுலாவை நம்பி செழித்து வளர்கிறது; முக்கியமாக, அருகிலுள்ள நாடுகளிலிருந்து வரும் பார்வையாளர்கள் பொருட்கள் வாங்குதல், பனிச்சறுக்கு, மலையேற்றம் மற்றும் வங்கிச் சேவைகளுக்காக வருகிறார்கள்.

== நகரங்கள் ==
'''1.''' '''அந்தோரா''' '''லா வெல்லா''' '''(Andorra la Vella)''' — தலைநகரின் பழைய நகரமானது, பழமையான கற்கள் பதிக்கப்பட்ட தெருக்களையும் வீடுகளையும் கொண்டுள்ளது. அதன் அருகிலுள்ள எஸ்கால்டெஸ்-எங்கோர்தானியில் ('''Escaldes-Engordany)''', ஒரு வெந்நீர் ஊற்று, ஒரு வாசனைத் திரவிய அருங்காட்சியகம் மற்றும் ஒரு கலைக்கூடம் ஆகியவை அமைந்துள்ளன.

'''2.''' '''சாண்டா கொலோமா டி அண்தோரா (Santa Coloma d'Andorra)''' — இது ரோமானெஸ்க் காலத்திற்கு முந்தைய அதன் திருச்சபைக் தேவாலயத்திற்காக நன்கு அறியப்பட்டது.

'''3. சாண்ட் ஜூலியா டி லோரியா (Sant Julia de Loria)''' — சாண்டா கொலோமாவிற்குத் தெற்கே, ஸ்பெயின் எல்லை நோக்கிய திசையில் உள்ளது.

'''4. என்காம்ப் (Encamp)''' — இங்கு ரோமானெஸ்க் பாணி தேவாலயத்தின் சிதைவுகளும், பல சிறிய அருங்காட்சியகங்களும் உள்ளன.

'''5. லா மசானா (La Massana)''' — அன்தோரா லா வெல்லாவிற்கு வடக்கே சுமார் 5 மைல் தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு சிறிய நகரம் மற்றும் புகழ்பெற்ற திருச்சபை உள்ளது. இங்கிருந்து அரிண்சால்-பால் பனிச்சறுக்குப் பகுதியை நேரடியாக அடையலாம்.

'''6. ஆர்டினோ ( Ordino)''' — 10 கி.மீக்கு மேல் கிராஸ்-கன்ட்ரி பனிச்சறுக்கு பாதைகள், மற்றும் சில அருங்காட்சியகங்கள் மற்றும் தேவாலயங்கள் பார்வையிட உள்ளன.

'''7. கனில்லோ (Canillo)''' — இதில் ஒலிம்பிக் தரத்திலான பனிச்சறுக்கு மைதானம் மற்றும் பொழுதுபோக்கு வளாகம் உள்ளன.

'''8. அரின்சல் (Arinsal)''' — வடமேற்கில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு சிறிய கிராமம் மற்றும் பனிச்சறுக்கு தளம்.

'''9. பால் (Pal)''' — பாரம்பரிய பைரினியன் கிராமத்தின் சிறப்பியல்பு தோற்றத்தைப் பாதுகாத்து வைத்திருக்கும் ஒரு ஊர்.

'''10. பாஸ் டி லா காசா (Pas de la Casa)''' - அன்தோராவில் சிறந்த பனி நம்பகத்தன்மையைக் கொண்ட ஒரு பனிச்சறுக்கு தளம் மற்றும் மாலை நேரத்தில் பார்க்க பல்வேறு வகையான மதுபானம் அருந்தகம் உள்ளன.

'''11. சோல்டியூ (Soldeu)''' — கலகலப்பானது, பணத்திற்கு ஏற்ற மதிப்புடையது, நவீனமானது மற்றும் நட்பானது, சிறந்த பனிச்சறுக்கு மற்றும் பனிப்பலகை சறுக்கு வசதிகளைக் கொண்டது, மேலும் கோடைக்காலத்தில் நடைப்பயணம் மேற்கொள்பவர்கள் மற்றும் கோல்ஃப் வீரர்களிடையே பிரபலமானது.

== புரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள் ==
[[File:Andorra on the globe (Europe centered).svg|thumb|அந்தோரா புவியியல் அமைப்பு]]

=== வரலாறு ===
1278 முதல் 1993 வரை, 715 ஆண்டுகளாக, அந்தோரா மக்கள் பிரெஞ்சு நாட்டுத் தலைவர் மற்றும் உர்கெல்லின் ஸ்பானிய ஆயர் ஆகியோரால் ஆளப்பட்ட ஒரு தனித்துவமான இணை ஆட்சியின் கீழ் வாழ்ந்தனர். 1993-ல், இந்த நிலப்பிரபுத்துவ அமைப்பு பெயரளவிலான நாட்டுத் தலைவர்களைத் தக்கவைத்துக்கொண்டு மாற்றியமைக்கப்பட்டது, ஆனால் அந்தோரா அரசாங்கம் ஒரு பாராளுமன்ற ஜனநாயகமாக உருமாறியது. பிரெஞ்சு உரிமை கோரல் ஃபோயிக்ஸின் பிரபுக்களிடமிருந்து தொடங்குகிறது, அவர்களின் உரிமை கோரல் 16-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் பிரெஞ்சு மன்னர்களான நவாரின் மன்னர்களுக்கு கைமாறியது. பிரான்ஸ் முதல் குடியரசின் போது இந்த உரிமை கோரலைக் கைவிட்டது, ஆனால் நெப்போலியனின் காலத்திலிருந்து, குடியரசுக் அரசாங்கங்களின் கீழும் கூட, இந்த நிலையைத் தொடர்ந்து செயல்படுத்தி வருகிறது. நீண்ட காலமாகத் தனிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்டு வறுமையில் வாடிய, மலைப்பாங்கான அந்தோரா, இரண்டாம் உலகப் போருக்குப் பிறகு அதன் சுற்றுலாத் துறையின் மூலம் கணிசமான செழிப்பை அடைந்தது. வருமான வரி இல்லாத அதன் செழிப்பான பொருளாதாரத்தால் பல புலம்பெயர் தொழிலாளர்கள் (சட்டப்பூர்வமான மற்றும் சட்டவிரோதமான) ஈர்க்கப்படுகிறார்கள்.

==== பொருளாதாரம் ====
அந்தோராவின் சிறிய, வளமான பொருளாதாரத்தின் முதுகெலும்பான சுற்றுலா, மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தியில் ஏறக்குறைய 80% பங்களிக்கிறது. அந்தோராவின் வரி விலக்கு அந்தஸ்து மற்றும் அதன் கோடை, குளிர்கால ஓய்விடங்களால் ஈர்க்கப்பட்டு, ஆண்டுதோறும் சுமார் 9 மில்லியன் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் வருகை தருகின்றனர். அண்டை நாடுகளான பிரான்ஸ் மற்றும் ஸ்பெயினின் பொருளாதாரங்கள் தாராளமயமாக்கப்பட்டு, பரந்த அளவிலான பொருட்கள் கிடைப்பதற்கும் குறைந்த வரிகளுக்கும் வழிவகுத்ததால், அந்தோராவின் ஒப்பீட்டு சாதகம் குறைந்துவிட்டது. &quot;வரி புகலிடம்&quot; என்ற அந்தஸ்து கொண்ட வங்கித் துறையும் பொருளாதாரத்திற்கு கணிசமாகப் பங்களிக்கிறது. விவசாய உற்பத்தி குறைவாகவே உள்ளது—நிலப்பரப்பில் 2% மட்டுமே சாகுபடிக்கு உகந்தது—மேலும் பெரும்பாலான உணவுப் பொருட்கள் இறக்குமதி செய்யப்பட வேண்டும். செம்மறி ஆடு வளர்ப்பே இங்குள்ள முக்கிய கால்நடை வளர்ப்புத் தொழிலாகும். உற்பத்திப் பொருட்களில் முக்கியமாக சிகரெட்டுகள், சுருட்டுகள் மற்றும் மரச்சாமான்கள் உள்ளன. அந்தோரா ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றிய சுங்க ஒன்றியத்தில் உறுப்பினராக உள்ளது. மேலும், உற்பத்தி செய்யப்பட்ட பொருட்களின் வர்த்தகத்திற்கு (வரிகள் இல்லை) ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றிய உறுப்பினராகவும், விவசாயப் பொருட்களுக்கு ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியம் சாராத உறுப்பினராகவும் கருதப்படுகிறது.

==== மின் ஆற்றல் ====
மின்சாரம் 220 முதல் 230 வோல்ட் (V) மற்றும் 50 ஹெர்ட்ஸ் (Hz) அளவில் வழங்கப்படுகிறது. மின் இணைப்பகங்கள் (sockets) ஐரோப்பிய தரநிலையான CEE-7/7 &quot;ஷுகோ&quot; (Schuko) வகையைச் சேர்ந்தவை அல்லது அவற்றுடன் இணக்கமான CEE-7/16 &quot;யூரோபிளக்&quot; (Europlug) வகையைச் சேர்ந்தவை.

'''வருகையாளர் தகவல்''' '''-''' visitandorra.com அதிகாரப்பூர்வ சுற்றுலா இணையதளம்

== வானிலை ==
== பேச்சுச் மொழி ==
'''காட்டலான் (Catalan)''' மொழியைத் தனது ஒரே அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழியாகக் கொண்ட உலகின் ஒரே நாடு அந்தோரா ஆகும். தெரு அடையாளங்கள் காட்டலான் மொழியில் உள்ளன, மேலும் சில வார்த்தைகளைக் கற்றுக்கொள்வது நல்லது. ஆனால், ஏறக்குறைய அனைவரும் ஸ்பானிஷ் மொழியையும் பேசுகிறார்கள், மேலும் பிரெஞ்சு மற்றும் போர்த்துகீசிய மொழிகளும் பரவலாகப் பேசப்படுகின்றன. நீங்கள் அங்கு செல்லத் திட்டமிட்டால், ஸ்பானிஷ் மொழியில் குறைந்தபட்சம் சில அடிப்படைத் திறன்களையாவது பெற்றிருப்பது அறிவுறுத்தப்படுகிறது, ஏனெனில் ஆங்கிலம் மிகக் குறைவாகவே பேசப்படுகிறது, அதுவும் பெரும்பாலான நேரங்களில் தங்கும் விடுதிகளில் மட்டுமே. நீங்கள் ஆங்கிலத்தில் பேசினால், பேருந்து/வாடகையுந்து ஓட்டுநர்கள், கடை ஊழியர்கள் அல்லது பிற சேவைப் பணியாளர்களுக்குப் புரிந்துகொள்வது கடினம்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==
[[File:Entre Coll d'Ordino e Canillo. Andorra 30.jpg|thumb|இயற்கைக் காட்சிகள் நாட்டின் மிகப்பெரிய பொக்கிஷமாகும்.]]
முக்கியமாக அந்தோராவின் மலைப்பாங்கான இயற்கையின் காரணமாக, பிரான்சில் இருந்து அந்தோராவிற்குள் நுழையும் ஒரே ஒரு சாலை மட்டுமே உள்ளது, மேலும் ஸ்பெயினில் இருந்து அந்தோராவிற்குள் நுழையும் ஒரே ஒரு சாலை மட்டுமே பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. ஏறக்குறைய நாட்டிற்குள் நுழையும் வழிகள் அனைத்தும் ஏறக்குறைய இந்த இரண்டு சாலைகளில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றின் வழியாகவே அமைகின்றன.

அனைத்து ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றிய உறுப்பு நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களும் தங்கள் அடையாள அட்டைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி மட்டுமே அந்தோராவிற்குள் நுழையலாம், ஆனால் ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியத்தில் உறுப்பினராக  அல்லாத (ஷெங்கன் பகுதி Schengen Area) நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் உட்பட மற்ற வெளிநாட்டினர் அனைவரும் கடவுச்சீட்டு வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும்.
[[File:Iglesia de San Miguel de Engolasters, Engolasters, Andorra, 2013-12-30, DD 01.JPG|thumb|329x329px|எஸ்க்லேசியா டி சான்ட் மிக்குல் டி'எங்கோலாஸ்டர்ஸ், 12 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு தேவாலயம்]]
அந்தோராவுக்கு வரும் பார்வையாளர்கள் எவருக்கும் விசா தேவையில்லை. இருப்பினும், ஸ்பெயின் அல்லது பிரான்ஸ் வழியாக மட்டுமே அந்நாட்டிற்குள் நுழைய முடியும் என்பதால், அந்தோராவைச் சென்றடைய நீங்கள் முதலில் ஷெங்கன் பகுதிக்குள் (Schengen Area) நுழைய வேண்டியிருக்கும். ஷெங்கன் பகுதிக்குள் நுழைவதற்கான நிபந்தனைகளைப் பார்க்கவும். நீங்கள் அந்தோராவில் 90 நாட்களுக்கு மேல் தங்க விரும்பினால், அதற்கு நீங்கள் குடியிருப்பு  அனுமதி (residence permit) பெற வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

அந்தோரா ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியத்தில் உறுப்பினராக இல்லாததால், அந்தோராவிற்குள் நுழையும் அனைவரும் சுங்கக் கட்டுப்பாடுகளுக்கு உட்படுத்தப்பட வேண்டும். உங்கள் வரிவிலக்கு வரம்புகள் குறித்த கூடுதல் தகவல்களுக்கு, விசிட் அன்டோரா ( Visit Andorra web-site) வலைத்தளத்தைப் பார்க்கவும்.

ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியத்திற்கு வெளியே இருந்து வரும் பார்வையாளர்கள், அந்தோரா ஒரு ஷெங்கன் உறுப்பு நாடு அல்ல என்பதையும், பிரான்ஸ் அல்லது ஸ்பெயினிலிருந்து அந்தோராவிற்குள் நுழைவது கோட்பாட்டளவில் ஒற்றை   நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசாவை) ரத்து செய்துவிடும் என்பதையும் கவனத்தில் கொள்ள வேண்டும். இருப்பினும் நடைமுறையில் குடிவரவுத் துறை இதை அமல்படுத்துவதில்லை. உங்களிடம் பல  ஷெங்கன் நுழைவுச்சான்று இருந்தாலோ, அல்லது நுழைவுச்சான்று இல்லாமல் ஷெங்கன் பகுதிக்குச் செல்ல முடிந்தாலோ, அந்தோராவில் நீங்கள் செலவழித்த நேரம் ஷெங்கன் பகுதிக்கான உங்கள் கால வரம்பில் கணக்கிடப்படாமல் இருக்க, பிரெஞ்சு அல்லது ஸ்பானிய எல்லை அதிகாரிகளிடம் உங்கள் வெளியேற்ற முத்திரையைக் கோரலாம். இந்த விருப்பத்தைப் பயன்படுத்த நீங்கள் முடிவு செய்தால், அந்தோராவிலிருந்து வெளியேறும்போது ஷெங்கன் பகுதிக்குள் மீண்டும் நுழைவதற்கான முத்திரையைப் பெறுவதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள் – இல்லையெனில் நீங்கள் சட்டவிரோதமாக நுழைந்ததாகக் கருதப்படுவீர்கள்.

எல்லையில் பொதுவாக கடவுச்சீட்டுகளில் முத்திரை இடப்படுவதில்லை; ஆனால், உங்களுக்கு முத்திரை தேவைப்பட்டால், நீங்கள் உள்ளே நுழையும்போது சுங்க அதிகாரியிடம் அதைக் கேட்டுப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம்.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
அந்தோராவில் விமான நிலையங்கள் இல்லை. அருகிலுள்ள விமான நிலையம் 

'''லா செவு துர்ஜெல்  (La Seu d'Urgell )விமான நிலையம் (LEU IATA)''' 12 கிமீ /7.5 மைல் தெற்கே, ஸ்பெயினில் உள்ளது. கேட்டலோனியா அரசாங்கத்திற்குச் சொந்தமான இந்த விமான நிலையம், வெள்ளி மற்றும் ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழமைகளில் மாட்ரிட்டில் இருந்து வாரத்திற்கு இருமுறை திட்டமிடப்பட்ட பயணிகள் விமானங்களையும் அவ்வப்போது சார்ட்டர் விமானங்களையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.

அருகிலுள்ள பெரிய விமான நிலையங்கள்:

'''பெர்பிக்னான் (Perpignan - PGF IATA)''' கிழக்கே 128 கி.மீ (80 மைல்) தொலைவில்  (பிரான்ஸ்) உள்ளது. அங்கிருந்து பேருந்து வசதிகள் இல்லை, ஆனால் நீங்கள் 'மஞ்சள் தொடருந்து' (Yellow train) மூலம் லா டூர் டி கரோல் (La Tour de Carol) சென்று, அங்கிருந்து தொடர்ந்து செல்லலாம்.

'''துலூஸ்-பிளாக்னாக் (Toulouse–Blagnac - TLS IATA)''' விமான நிலையம் (பிரான்ஸ்) வடக்கே 196 கி.மீ (122 மைல்) தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. துலூஸ் விமான நிலையத்திலிருந்து அன்டோராவில் உள்ள அனைத்து ஓய்வு விடுதிகளுக்கும் செல்ல, 'சீ-லிஃப்ட்ஸ்' (Sea-Lifts) மூலம் நீங்கள் பேருந்து அல்லது வாடகையுந்தை முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்து கொள்ளலாம்.

'''பார்சிலோனா எல் பிராட் (Barcelona El Prat) (BCN IATA) (ஸ்பெயின்)''' தெற்கே 202 கி.மீ (126 மைல்) தொலைவில் இந்த விமான நிலையம் உள்ளது.

=== உலங்கு வானூர்தி (ஹெலிகாப்டர்) மூலம் ===
துலூஸ் அல்லது பார்சிலோனா விமான நிலையங்களிலிருந்து, அதிகபட்சம் 5 பயணிகளுடன் அண்டோரா லா வெல்லா, லா மசானா அல்லது அரின்சல் ஹெலிபோர்ட்களுக்குச் செல்ல ஒரு மணி நேரத்திற்கும் குறைவான நேரமே ஆகும், மேலும் இதற்கான கட்டணம் €2500 ஆகும்.

மேலும் தகவலுக்கு ( Heliand ) இணையதளத்தைப் பார்க்கவும் (அங்கு &quot;serveis particulars&quot; என்று தோன்றும்போது அதைச் சொடுக்கவும்).

=== தொடருந்தில் ===
ஐரோப்பாவில், தொடருந்து வசதி இல்லாத ஒரே இறையாண்மை கொண்ட நிலப்பகுதியிலான (தீவு அல்லாத) நாடு அந்தோரா ஆகும்.

அந்தோராவில் தொடருந்து பாதைகளோ அல்லது தொடருந்து நிலையங்களோ இல்லை என்றாலும், அதன் எல்லைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள தொடருந்து நிலையங்களை பார்சிலோனா, பெர்பிக்னான் மற்றும் டூலூஸ் ஆகிய இடங்களிலிருந்து எளிதில் சென்றடையலாம். மேலும், பாரிஸிலிருந்து நேரடியாகச் செல்லும் இரவு நேர தொடருந்து வசதியும் உள்ளது.

'''2. கார் டி அண்டோர்-ல்'ஓஸ்பிடாலே (Gare d'Andorre-L'Hospitalet)''' (2008-க்கு முன்பு: L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre). இதன் பெயரில் அந்தோரா ('Andorre') என்று இருந்தாலும், இந்த தொடருந்து நிலையம் அந்தோரா நாட்டு எல்லைக்குள் இல்லை; இது பிரான்சில், எல்லையிலிருந்து சுமார் 3 கி.மீ (1.9 மைல்) தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. துலூஸ்-மடாபியோ (Toulouse-Matabiau) நிலையத்திலிருந்து நாளொன்றுக்கு ஆறு ரயில்கள் இயக்கப்படுகின்றன (பயண நேரம்: 2½ மணிநேரம், கட்டணம்: €23.40). இந்த தொடருந்து நிலையத்திற்கும் அந்தோராவிற்கும் இடையே பேருந்து வசதி இல்லை (பிப்ரவரி 2026 நிலவரப்படி). அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா (Andorra La Vella) நகரத்திற்கும் எல்லைப் பகுதியான 'பாஸ் டி லா காசா' (Pas de la Casa)-விற்கும் இடையே மட்டுமே பேருந்து வசதிகள் உள்ளன. பயணத்தின் எஞ்சிய பகுதிக்கு நீங்கள் வாடகையுந்தை பயன்படுத்தலாம், ஆனால் முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்துகொள்வது சிறந்தது.

'''புய்செர்தா Puigcerdà,''' பார்சிலோனா மற்றும் லாடூர்-து-கரோல்-என்வெய்ட்ஜ்  (கேட்டலான் மொழியில்: La Tor de Querol-Enveig) ஆகிய இடங்களுக்கு இடையிலான R3 பிராந்திய தொடருந்து பாதையில் அமைந்துள்ளது. 'Rodalies' ரயில் கால அட்டவணையைப் பார்க்கவும். புய்செர்தா '''('''Puigcerdà)-விலிருந்து லா சேயு டி'உர்ஜெல் (La Seu d'Urgell) -க்குச் செல்ல பேருந்து வசதி உள்ளது. இதை அல்சா (Alsa) நிறுவனம் இயக்குகிறது. இந்தப் பேருந்து புய்செர்தா (Puigcerdà) தொடருந்து நிலையக் கட்டிடத்திற்கு நேர் முன்னால் நின்று பயணிகளை ஏற்றிக்கொள்கிறது. லா சேயு டி'உர்ஜெல் (La Seu d'Urgell)-லிருந்து அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா (Andorra la Vella)-க்குச் செல்ல ஹைஃப் (Hife) அல்லது கமினோ பேருந்து (Camino Bus) போன்ற பல பேருந்து நிறுவனங்கள் சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. புய்செர்தா (Puigcerdà)விலிருந்து அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா (Andorra la Vella) வரையிலான முழுப் பயணத்திற்கும் சுமார் €10 கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படுகிறது (ஜூன் 2024 நிலவரப்படி).

'''3. லாடூர்-டி-கரோல்-என்வெய்ட்ஜ் (Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg)''' தொடருந்து நிலையம் (கேட்டலான் மொழியில்: La Tor de Querol-Enveig) (எல் ஹாஸ்பிடலெட் (L'Hospitalet)-லிருந்து சுமார் 20 கி.மீ தொலைவில் உள்ளது). இந்த நிலையம் பிரான்சில் அமைந்திருந்தாலும், ஸ்பெயின் எல்லைக்கு மிக அருகில் உள்ளது. இது மூன்று தொடருந்து பாதைகளின் முனையமாகும்: பார்சிலோனா-சான்ட்ஸ் (Barcelona-Sants) நகரிலிருந்து வரும் R3 புறநகர் தொடருந்து பாதை (தினமும் 4 சேவைகள், பயண நேரம் 3 மணிநேரம், கட்டணம் €11.20); டூலூஸ் (Toulouse) நகரிலிருந்து வரும் பாதை (தினமும் 6 சேவைகள், பயண நேரம் 3 மணிநேரம், கட்டணம் €26.10) - இது எல் ஹாஸ்பிடலெட் வழியாகச் செல்கிறது (பயண நேரம் 30 நிமிடங்கள்); மற்றும் பெர்பிக்னான் (Perpignan) நகரிலிருந்து வரும் குறுகிய பாதை (வார நாட்களில் 2 சேவைகள், வார இறுதி நாட்களில் 3 சேவைகள், பயண நேரம் 4–5 மணிநேரம், கட்டணம் €27.20) - இதற்கு வில்பிரான்ச் வெர்னெட் லெஸ் பெயின்ஸ் (Villefranche Vernet les Bains) நிலையத்தில் தொடருந்து மாற வேண்டும். லாடூர்-டி-கரோல் மற்றும் எல் ஹாஸ்பிடலெட் இடையே பேருந்து வசதிகளும் உள்ளன. லாடூர்-டி-கரோலில் இருந்து, அந்தோராவுக்குச் செல்ல நீங்கள் புய்செர்தா (Puigcerdà) பகுதிக்குச் செல்ல வேண்டும்.

2024-ஆம் நிலவரப்படி, பிரான்சின் 'இன்டர்டிட்ஸ் டி ந்யூய்' (Intercités de Nuit) சேவை இந்த இரு நிலையங்களுக்கும் தொடர்ந்து இயக்கப்படுகிறது. இருப்பினும், இந்த தொடருந்து வலையமைப்பு பெருமளவு சுருக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது; எதிர்காலத்தில் இந்தச் சேவையும் முற்றிலுமாக நிறுத்தப்படக்கூடும். பெரும்பாலான நீண்ட தூர தொடருந்துகளைப் போலவே, முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்வதன் மூலம் நீங்கள் மிகச் சிறந்த கட்டணச் சலுகைகளைப் பெற முடியும்.

பிரான்ஸிலிருந்து தொடருந்து மற்றும் பேருந்து மூலம் அந்தோராவுக்குச் செல்வதற்கான செலவு, நேரடியாகப் பேருந்தில் செல்வதற்கான செலவுக்கு ஏறக்குறைய சமமாகவே இருக்கும். 'Carte 12-25' போன்ற SNCF தள்ளுபடி அட்டைகளை வைத்திருப்பவர்களுக்கும், பாரிஸிலிருந்து இரவு நேர தொடருந்தில் (sleeper train) வருபவர்களுக்கும் இந்த முறை மிகவும் சிக்கனமானது. 26 வயதுக்குட்பட்ட எவரும், நெரிசல் குறைந்த நேரங்களில் (off-peak hours) SNCF தொடருந்துகளில் பயணம் செய்யும்போது 25% தள்ளுபடியைப் பெறலாம் (இது &quot;Découvert 12-25&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது).

பார்சிலோனாவிலிருந்து, நேரடி பேருந்து பயணத்தை விட, தொடருந்து மற்றும் பேருந்து இணைந்த பயணம் பொதுவாக மலிவானது; இருப்பினும், இதில் புய்செர்தா (Puigcerdà) மற்றும் லா செவு துர்ஜெல் (La Seu d'Urgell) ஆகிய இடங்களில் என இருமுறை வாகனங்களை மாற்ற வேண்டியிருக்கும். சில பேருந்து நிறுவனங்கள் அவ்வப்போது குழுக்களுக்கான கட்டணச் சலுகைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. உதாரணமாக, 2024-ஆம் ஆண்டு மே மாதம், பார்சிலோனாவிலிருந்து அந்தோராவுக்கு 3 பெரியவர்கள் பயணம் செய்தபோது, ​​'அல்சா' (Alsa) நிறுவனத்தின் கட்டணம் மொத்தம் €38 (ஒரு நபருக்கு €12.6) ஆக இருந்தது; அதே சமயம், ஒரு நபருக்கான தனி டிக்கெட்டின் விலை சுமார் €28-ஆக இருந்தது.

'''எச்சரிக்கை''': எல்'ஓஸ்பிடாலெட் (L'Hospitalet) தொடருந்து நிலையம் ஆள் அரவமற்ற பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இங்கு பெரும்பாலும் பணியாளர்கள் இருப்பதில்லை, மேலும் நிலையத்தின் அறைகள் குறிப்பிட்ட நேரங்களில் மட்டுமே திறந்திருக்கும். எனவே, குளிர்காலத்தின் போது தொடருந்துகளை மாற்ற வேண்டியிருந்தால், நேர அட்டவணையைச் சரியாகக் கவனித்துத் திட்டமிடுவது அவசியம். உங்களுக்கு ஏதேனும் உதவி தேவைப்பட்டால், Toulouse தொடருந்து நிலையத்தைத் தொலைபேசி எண் ☏ +33 8 91 67 76 77 வாயிலாகத் தொடர்புகொள்ளலாம்.

=== பேருந்தில் ===
குறிப்பாக ஸ்பெயின், முக்கியமாக பார்சிலோனா, ஆனால் ஜிரோனா, மாட்ரிட், மலகா, லீடா மற்றும் வலென்சியாவிலிருந்து பல சொகுசுப் பேருந்து வழித்தடங்கள்  அந்தோராவிற்கு பேருந்து சேவை செய்கின்றன.

சர்வதேச வழித்தடங்கள் பட்டியலிடப்பட்டுள்ளன. உள்ளூர் பேருந்துகள் குறித்த மேலோட்டமான தகவல்களை இங்கே காணலாம்.
[[File:Andorra Bus.jpg|thumb|துலூஸ்-பிளாக்னாக் விமான நிலையத்தில் இருந்து அந்தோரா நோக்கிச் செல்லும் பேருந்து]]
ஃப்ளிக்ஸ்பஸ் (Flixbus) அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா மற்றும் சான்ட் ஜூலியா டி லோரியாவில் நிற்கிறது.

==== பிரான்ஸிலிருந்து ====
அந்தோராவைச் சென்றடைவதற்கான முதன்மை மையமாக துலூஸ் (Toulouse) விளங்குகிறது.

ஆண்ட்பஸ் (Andbus), துலூஸின் மட்டாபியாவ் பேருந்து நிலையம் மற்றும் துலூஸ்-பிளாக்னாக் விமான நிலையம் ஆகிய இரண்டிலிருந்தும் இயக்கப்படுகிறது (இரண்டுக்கும் 3 மணி நேரப் பயணம், €35). துலூஸ் விமான நிலைய நிறுத்தம், வருகைப் பகுதிக்கு வெளியே, ஹால் B-இல், கதவு B-க்கு எதிரே அமைந்துள்ளது.

==== ஸ்பெயினிலிருந்து ====
பார்சிலோனாவிலிருந்து மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் பயணத்திற்கு, நிறுத்தங்களின் எண்ணிக்கையைப் பொறுத்து, 3 மணி நேரம் 15 நிமிடங்கள் முதல் 4 மணி நேரம் வரை ஆகிறது.

ஆண்ட்பஸ் (Andbus), அந்தோராவை பார்சிலோனா விமான நிலையத்துடனும் (€30); ஜிரோனாவின் பேருந்து நிலையம் மற்றும் விமான நிலையத்துடனும் (€32, பயண நேரம் சுமார் 3 மணி நேரம் 30 நிமிடங்கள்) இணைக்கிறது.

ஆட்டோகார்ஸ் நடால் (Autocars Nadal) நிறுவனம் அன்டோரா மற்றும் பார்சிலோனா (மற்றும் அதன் விமான நிலையம்) இடையே பயணச் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.

அல்சினா கிரேல்ஸ் (Alsina Graells) நிறுவனம் பார்சிலோனாவிலிருந்து நாளொன்றுக்கு எட்டு பயணங்களை இயக்குகிறது (ஒரு வழிப் பயணத்திற்கு €23, இரு வழிப் பயணத்திற்கு €40).

அல்சா (ALSA ) நிறுவனம் பார்சிலோனாவிற்கும் அந்தோராவிற்கும் இடையே தினசரி பேருந்து சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது. பேருந்துகள் பார்சிலோனா நார்ட் (Barcelona Nord) நிலையத்திலிருந்து புறப்படுகின்றன. பயணக் கட்டணம் ஒரு வழிப் பயணத்திற்கு €29 மற்றும் இரு வழிப் பயணத்திற்கு (திரும்பி வருவதையும் சேர்த்து) €55 ஆகும். இருப்பினும், அல்சா (ALSA) செயலி மூலம் குழுக்களுக்கான சலுகையைப் பெற வாய்ப்புள்ளது (உதாரணமாக, மூன்று நபர்களுக்கு மொத்தம் €38, அதாவது ஒரு நபருக்கு €12.6 என்ற விகிதத்தில் - மே 2024 நிலவரப்படி).
[[File:ColEtangAppy.jpg|thumb|அடையாளப் பலகை, பின்னணியில் அந்தோரா மலைகள்]]
ஜூலை 2024 நிலவரப்படி, டைரக்ட்பஸ் (Directbus) நிறுவனம் பார்சிலோனா சாண்ட்ஸ் தொடருந்து நிலையத்திலிருந்து அன்டோராவிற்கு தினமும் 8 பேருந்துகளை இயக்குகிறது. முதல் பேருந்து காலை 6:15 மணிக்கும், கடைசிப் பேருந்து இரவு 23:45 மணிக்கும் புறப்படுகிறது. பயண நேரம் 3 மணிநேரம் ஆகும். ஒருவழிப் பயணக் கட்டணம் €31.50, இருவழிப் பயணக் கட்டணம் €52 (ஒரு பை இலவசம், கூடுதல் பைகளுக்குக் கட்டணம் உண்டு). பெரும்பாலான பேருந்துகள் பார்சிலோனா விமான நிலையத்தின் T1 அல்லது T2-லிருந்து புறப்படுகின்றன. T1-லிருந்து ஒருவழிப் பயணக் கட்டணம் €35 ஆகும், மொத்தப் பயண நேரம் 3 மணிநேரம் ஆகும்.

2026-08 நிலவரப்படி, அந்தோரா மற்றும் லெயிடா இடையே 'ஹைஃப்' (hife) நிறுவனம் நாளொன்றுக்கு பல போக்குவரத்து சேவைகளை இணைப்புகளை இயக்குகிறது.

==== '''மகிழ்வுந்து மூலம்''' ====
அந்தோராவில் சாலைகள் பொதுவாக நல்ல தரத்தில் உள்ளன. ஸ்பெயின் பக்கத்திலிருந்து நுழைவது ஒப்பீட்டளவில் எளிதான பயணமாகும்; இருப்பினும், பிரான்சிலிருந்து நுழைவது பல கொண்டை ஊசி வளைவுகளைக் கொண்டிருப்பதால், அதிக மன அழுத்தத்தைத் தரும் ஒரு செயலாகும். இருபுறமும் உள்ள எல்லைக் கட்டுப்பாட்டு அதிகாரிகள் பொதுவாக நல்ல முறையில் நடந்துகொள்கிறார்கள். அந்தோராவிற்குள் நுழையும்போது, ​​நீங்கள் பொதுவாக நிறுத்த வேண்டிய அவசியமில்லை, ஆனால் நீங்கள் வேகத்தைக் குறைத்து, நிறுத்தும்படி கோரப்பட்டால் நிறுத்தத் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும். அந்தோராவிலிருந்து வெளியேறும்போது, ​​நீங்கள் நிறுத்த வேண்டும் மற்றும் பரபரப்பான நேரங்களில் ஏற்படும் தாமதங்களுக்குத் தயாராக இருக்க வேண்டும். அந்தோராவில் எரிபொருள் விலைகள் பொதுவாக பிரான்ஸ் மற்றும் ஸ்பெயினை விடக் குறைவாக இருக்கும், எனவே நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேறும் முன் உங்கள் எரிபொருள் தொட்டியை நிரப்பிக் கொள்வது நல்லது.

மேலும், அஅந்தோராவில் வெப்பநிலை கடல் மட்டத்தை விட மிகக் குறைவாக இருக்கக்கூடும் என்பதால், 'பிளாக் ஐஸ்' (உறைந்த பனிப்படலம்) மற்றும் பனிக்குவியல்கள் குறித்து எச்சரிக்கையாக இருங்கள். உங்கள் மகிழ்வுந்து நல்ல நிலையில் இருப்பதை உறுதி செய்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.

பிரெஞ்சுப் பகுதியிலிருந்து வரும் வழி, 2.9 கி.மீ நீளமுள்ள 'டுனெல் டி என்வாலிரா' (Tunel d'Envalira) சுரங்கப்பாதை வழியாகச் செல்கிறது; இதில் கட்டணம் செலுத்த கிரெடிட் அல்லது டெபிட் கார்டு தேவைப்படும். கட்டண விவரங்கள்: டிசம்பர்–மார்ச் (ஏப்ரல்–நவம்பர்)

* கார்கள் €5.60 (€4.80)
* பிற வாகனங்கள் €16.70 (€10.70)

குளிர்காலத்தில், பலத்த பனிப்பொழிவு மற்றும் பனிச்சரிவு அபாயம் காரணமாக, பிரான்ஸ் செல்லும் சாலை அவ்வப்போது மூடப்படலாம். 'பாஸ் டி லா காசா' (Pas de la Casa) பகுதியின் வடக்குச் சரிவிலும் தெற்குச் சரிவிலும் வானிலையும் சாலை நிலைகளும் முற்றிலும் மாறுபட்டிருக்கக்கூடும்.

நவம்பர் முதல் ஏப்ரல் வரை, வாகனத்தில் குளிர்கால டயர்கள் (winter tyres) அல்லது பனிச் சங்கிலிகளை (snow chains) வைத்திருப்பது அவசியமாகும். பனி படர்ந்த சாலைகளில், குளிர்கால டயர்கள் அல்லது பனிச் சங்கிலிகள் பொருத்தப்படாத வாகனங்கள் செல்ல அனுமதிக்கப்படாது. ஸ்கீ ரிசார்ட்டுகளுக்குச் செல்லும் பாதைகளிலும், CS-311 மற்றும் 'பாஸ் டி லா காசா' (Pas de la Casa) பகுதிக்கு மேலுள்ள சாலை போன்ற மலைப்பாதைகளிலும், காவல்துறை சோதனைச் சாவடிகள் மூலம் இது பெரும்பாலும் கண்காணிக்கப்பட்டு அமல்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

'''வாடகை வாகனம்'''

பொதுவாக மகிழ்வுந்து வாடகை நிறுவனங்கள் நகர மையப் பகுதிகளில் இயங்குகின்றன; அங்குள்ள அலுவலக மேசைகள் சில நேரங்களில் ஆள் நடமாட்டமின்றி அமைதியாக இருக்கலாம், எனவே ஆன்லைன் மூலம் முன்கூட்டியே முன்பதிவு செய்வது நல்லது; அவ்வாறு செய்யும்போது உங்களுக்குச் சாதகமான விலையில் மகிழ்வுந்து கிடைக்க வாய்ப்புள்ளது.

'''வாடகையுந்து'''

டாக்சி ஜோசெப் ('Taxi Josep') நிறுவனம் மெர்சிடிஸ் பென்ஸ் (Mercedes Benz) ரக வாகனத்தை வழங்குகிறது; மேலும், இவர்கள் பல மொழிகளைப் பேசும் திறன் கொண்டவர்கள் ☏ +376 323 111. 'Taxi Domènec Segura' சிற்றுந்து (வேன் van) வசதியை வழங்குகிறது, ஆனால் இவர்களுக்கு ஆங்கிலம் அல்லது பிரெஞ்சு மொழி தெரியாது ☏ +34 636 490 685 (ஸ்பானிஷ் எண்) (தேவைப்பட்டால், டாக்சி ஜோசெப் 'Taxi Josep' மூலம் நீங்கள் இந்த வாகனத்தை ஏற்பாடு செய்துகொள்ளலாம்). கட்டணத்தை ரொக்கமாக மட்டுமே செலுத்த வேண்டும்.

ஆண்டி (Andy) பார்சிலோனா நகர மையம் மற்றும் எல் பிராட் விமான நிலையத்திலிருந்து தனியார் வாகனப் போக்குவரத்து சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது. நான்கு பயணிகள் அமரக்கூடிய செடான் காருக்கான கட்டணம், அந்தோரா லா வெல்லாவிற்கு €230-இல் இருந்து தொடங்குகிறது.

=== மிதிவண்டி மூலம் ===

==== ஸ்பெயினிலிருந்து ====
ஸ்பெயினிலுள்ள லா செவ் துர்ஜெல் (La Seu d'Urgell) நகரிலிருந்து, சுமார் 150 மீட்டர் (490 அடி) உயர ஏற்றம் கொண்ட 10 கிலோமீட்டர் (6.2 மைல்) தூரப் பயணம், அந்தோரா (Andorra) நாட்டின் எல்லையைச் சென்றடைகிறது. எல்லை வரை செல்வதற்குத் பிரத்யேக மிதிவண்டிப் பாதை ஏதுமில்லை. வாகன நடமாட்டம் சற்று அதிகமாக இருக்கும் ஒரு நெடுஞ்சாலையின் அகலமான ஓரப்பகுதியில் நீங்கள் பயணிக்க வேண்டியிருக்கும்; அங்கு செல்லும் வாகனங்கள் போதுமான இடைவெளி விட்டே உங்களைக் கடந்து செல்லும். எல்லையிலிருந்து அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா (Andorra La Vella) தலைநகரை அடைய மேலும் 10 கிலோமீட்டர் (6.2 மைல்) தூரமும், கூடுதலாக 150 மீட்டர் (490 அடி) உயர ஏற்றமும் கடக்க வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

==== பிரான்ஸிலிருந்து ====
ஸ்பெயினுக்குள் நுழைவதும் அங்கிருந்து வெளியேறுவதும் பெரும்பாலானோருக்குச் சாத்தியமான ஒன்றுதான்; ஆனால், பிரான்ஸிலிருந்து வரும் ஒரே வழி ஒரு மலைப்பாதையின் வழியாகவே அமைகிறது. பிரான்ஸின் கடைசி கிராமமான 'எல்'ஹாஸ்பிடலெட் ப்ரே-லான்டோரே' (L'Hospitalet près-l'Andorre) - இங்கு துலூஸிலிருந்து (Toulouse) தொடருந்தில் மிதிவண்டிகளைக் கொண்டு வர முடியும் - கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 1,446 மீட்டர் (4,744 அடி) உயரத்தில் உள்ளது. அங்கிருந்து நீங்கள் 'போர்ட் டி'என்வாலிரா' (Port d'Envalira) கணவாய் வழியாக 2,408 மீட்டர் (7,900 அடி) உயரத்திற்கு ஏறி, பின்னர் அங்கிருந்து கீழே இறங்கி 1,023 மீட்டர் (3,356 அடி) உயரத்தில் உள்ள 'அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா' (Andorra la Vella) நகரை அடையலாம். இந்தக் கணவாய் ஆண்டு முழுவதும் திறந்தே இருப்பதாகத் தோன்றினாலும், அங்கு கடும் குளிர் நிலவக்கூடும். மலைக்கு அடியில், சுமார் 2,000 மீட்டர் (6,600 அடி) உயரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள 'டுனெல் டி'என்வாலிரா' (Túnel d'Envalira) சுரங்கப்பாதையில் மிதிவண்டிகளுக்கு அனுமதி இல்லை என்று தெரிகிறது.

மலைப்பாதையில் ஏற விரும்பாதவர்களுக்கு, தலைநகர் அந்தோரா லா வெல்லாவையும் (Andorra la Vella), எல்லை நகரமான எல் பாஸ் டி லா காசாவையும் (El Pas de la Casa - கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 2,080 மீட்டர் உயரத்தில் உள்ளது) இணைக்கும் உள்ளூர் L4 பேருந்து சேவை உள்ளது. இந்த நகரம் லா வெல்லா லோஸ்பிடாலெட் அந்தோரா (L'Hospitalet près-l'Andorre)-லிருந்து 15 கி.மீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. பொதுவாக, மிதிவண்டிகளைப் பேருந்தின் சரக்கு வைக்கும் பகுதியில் (luggage compartment) எவ்வித கூடுதல் உறைகளும் இன்றி வைத்துக்கொள்ள முடியும். இருப்பினும், இது மிதிவண்டிகளுக்கென பிரத்யேகமாக அமைக்கப்பட்ட இடம் அல்ல என்பதையும், ஏதேனும் சேதம் ஏற்பட்டால் அதற்கு ஓட்டுநர்கள் பொறுப்பேற்க மாட்டார்கள் என்பதையும் கவனத்தில் கொள்ளவும்.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==

=== '''பேருந்தில்''' ===
[[File:Port d'Envalira.jpg|thumb|287x287px|என்வாலிரா மலைக் கணவாய்]]
அந்தோராவில் உங்களுக்குச் சில நாட்கள் தங்குவதற்கு நேரம் இருந்தால், கூட்டுறவு இன்டர்அர்பன் அந்தோரா, எஸ்.ஏ.( 'Cooperativa Interurbana Andorrana, S.A' ) நிறுவனத்தால் இயக்கப்படும் உள்ளூர் பேருந்து சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்தி, அங்குள்ள பெரும்பாலான முக்கிய கிராமங்களுக்கு நீங்கள் எளிதாகச் சென்று வரலாம்.

அந்தோராவில் ('Mou-te' iOS, Android) எனும் பயணத் திட்டமிடல் செயலி உள்ளது. இதில் பயணச் சீட்டுகளை நேரடியாக வாங்கிக்கொள்ளலாம். இருப்பினும், திரும்புவதற்கான பயணச் சீட்டுகளை (return tickets) ஓட்டுநரிடம் ரொக்கமாக வாங்கும்போது சுமார் 30% தள்ளுபடி கிடைக்கும். இந்தச் செயலியில் ஒருமுறை பயணத்திற்கான சீட்டுகள் மற்றும் பயண அட்டைகளை (passes) மட்டுமே வாங்க முடியும்.

மொத்தம் 7 முதன்மை பேருந்து வழித்தடங்கள் உள்ளன, இவை அனைத்தும் அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா (Andorra La Vella) வழியாகச் செல்கின்றன. பயண தூரத்தைப் பொறுத்து, ஒரு வழிப் பயணத்திற்கான கட்டணம் €1.85 முதல் €6.10 வரை இருக்கும். பேருந்து ஓட்டுநர்களிடம் சில்லறைகளை  பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். அந்தோரா லா வெல்லாவிற்கு அருகிலுள்ள நகரங்களுக்கு பேருந்து சேவை மிகவும் சீராகவும், பகல் நேரங்களில் 10 நிமிடங்களுக்கு ஒருமுறை என்ற அளவிலும் அடிக்கடி கிடைக்கிறது. கனோலிக் (Canolic) போன்ற தொலைதூர கிராமப்புற இடங்களுக்குச் செல்ல வேண்டுமென்றால், அங்கு ஒரு நாளைக்கு 2 அல்லது 3 பேருந்துகள் மட்டுமே இயக்கப்படுகின்றன.

==== '''மகிழ்வுந்து மூலம்''' ====
அந்தோராவில் உள்ள சாலைகள் வளைந்து நெளிந்தும், நெரிசல் மிகுந்தும், குறுகலாகவும் உள்ளன. வரைபடத்தில் தூரம் குறைவாகத் தெரிந்தாலும், அவசரப்படாமல் நிதானமாகச் செல்வதே நல்லது. போக்குவரத்து மெதுவாகவே நகர்கிறது. பல இடங்களில் தெருக்கள் மிகவும் குறுகலானவை. குறிப்பாக, நகரத்திற்குள்ளும் அதைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பகுதிகளிலும் மிகுந்த நெரிசல் காணப்படுகிறது. சில சமயங்களில் வாகனங்களை நிறுத்துவதற்கு இடத்தைக் கண்டறிவது சவாலான காரியமாக இருக்கலாம்.

43 கி.மீ நீளமுள்ள முதன்மைப் பாதை அந்தோரா வழியாகச் செல்கிறது. சாலை பொதுவாக நல்ல நிலையில் இருந்தாலும், குறிப்பாக எல்லைப் பகுதிகளில் மிகுந்த நெரிசல் ஏற்படக்கூடும். சில இடங்களில் நெடுஞ்சாலை அகலமாக இருந்தாலும், அது பல நகரங்கள் மற்றும் கிராமங்கள் வழியாகச் செல்வதால், அந்தோராவைக் கடந்து செல்வதற்கு அதிக நேரம் எடுக்கலாம்.

அந்தோராவில், அதிகபட்ச வேகக் கட்டுப்பாடு மணிக்கு 90 கிமீ ஆகும். இந்த நீட்சிகள் மிகக் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன, மேலும் அவை மிக நீண்டவை அல்ல. பல ரவுண்டானாக்கள் உள்ளன. உங்கள் கண்ணாடியைப் பாருங்கள், ஏனெனில் ரவுண்டானாவின் உட்புறத்தில், உள்ளூர்வாசிகள் பெரும்பாலும் மந்தமான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளைக் கடந்து செல்கிறார்கள்.

அந்தோரா பயணிகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, ஓய்வெடுப்பதற்கோ அல்லது சிற்றுண்டி உண்பதற்கோ (பிக்னிக்) ஏற்ற இடங்கள் மிகக் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன. அத்தகைய இடங்களை உருவாக்குவதற்குப் போதிய இடவசதி இருந்தும் கூட, அவை அங்கு இல்லை. இந்த வழிகாட்டியின் பிற்பகுதியில், சில குறிப்பிட்ட இடங்கள் பரிந்துரைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

'''வாடகையுந்து'''

டாக்ஸி பாராஸ் (Taxi Barras ☏ +376 323743) உள்ளூர் வாடகையுந்து சேவையை வழங்குகிறது.

== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==
[[File:Grandvalira ski resort, Andorra4.jpg|thumb|மென்மையான சரிவுகளைக் கொண்ட அந்தோரா, தொடக்க நிலையில் உள்ளவர்களுக்கு குளிர்கால விளையாட்டுகளுக்கான ஒரு விருப்பமான இடமாக விளங்குகிறது.]]
அந்தோரா கட்டுப்பாடற்ற வளர்ச்சி அச்சுறுத்தலுக்கு உள்ளாகியிருந்தாலும், இந்த நாட்டின் முதன்மையான ஈர்ப்பாக இன்றும் அதன் பிரம்மாண்டமான மலைப்பகுதிகளே திகழ்கின்றன; இவை ஒவ்வொரு பருவத்திலும் கண்கவர் காட்சிகளை வழங்குகின்றன. இத்தகைய உயரமான இடங்களில், கோடைகாலத்திலும் குளிர்ச்சியான சூழலே நிலவுகிறது; இது பசுமையான பள்ளத்தாக்குகளின் வழியே நடைப்பயணம் மேற்கொள்வதற்கு மிகவும் ஏற்றதாக அமைகிறது. இன்னும் உயரமான பகுதிகளில் சவாலான ஒரு நாள் நடைப்பயணங்களை மேற்கொள்ளலாம்; இவை உங்கள் நினைவில் நீங்காத அற்புதமான காட்சிகளை உங்களுக்குக் காட்டும். அந்தோராவின் யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரியத் தளமான 'மாட்ரியு-பெராஃபிட்டா-கிளாரோர்' (Madriu-Perafita-Claror) பள்ளத்தாக்கைப் பார்க்கத் தவறாதீர்கள்.நடந்து மட்டுமே சென்றடையக்கூடிய இந்த மேம்படுத்தப்படாத பகுதி, ஒரு முக்கியமான வனவிலங்கு சரணாலயமாகும். காடுகளையும் வயல்வெளிகளையும் கொண்ட இப்பகுதியில், ஆங்காங்கே இடையர்களின் குடிசைகளைக் காணலாம். குளிர்காலத்தில், நிலப்பரப்பின் பெரும்பகுதி பனியால் மூடப்படுகிறது; இது ஆல்ப்ஸ் மலைப்பகுதிக்குரிய சூழலை, பல்வேறு குளிர்கால விளையாட்டுகளுக்கு ஏற்ற மிக அழகான இடமாக மாற்றுகிறது. பூங்காக்கள் குறித்த கூடுதல் தகவல்களுக்கு, அந்தோராவின் தேசிய பூங்காக்கள் தொடர்பான பக்கத்தைப் பார்க்கவும்.

இருப்பினும், இந்தச் சிறிய நாட்டில் இன்னும் பல சிறப்புகள் உள்ளன. இங்கு பல அழகான '''வரலாற்று கிராமங்கள்''' உள்ளன; கூழாங்கற்கள் பதிக்கப்பட்ட தெருக்களில் நூற்றாண்டுகள் பழமையான வீடுகளும், இடைக்கால ரோமனேஸ்க் தேவாலயங்களும், புனிதத் தலங்களும் அமைந்துள்ளன. '''ஓர்டினோ, சாண்டா கொலோமா டி'''' '''( Ordino, Santa Coloma d'Andorra )''' அந்தோரா நாட்டின் மிகப் பழமையான கட்டிடமான 9 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு தேவாலயம் இங்கு உள்ளது மற்றும் சான்ட் ஜூலியா டி லோரியா (Sant Julia de Loria) ஆகியவை கலாச்சாரத்தை அனுபவிக்க சிறந்த இடங்களாகும். கனிலோ (Canillo) மற்றும் என்காம்ப் (Encamp ) கிராமங்களுக்கு இடையில், நாட்டின் பாதுகாவலியான மெரிட்செல் அன்னையின் புனிதத் தலம் ('''Our Lady of Meritxell''') அமைந்துள்ளது. 1972 ஆம் ஆண்டு ஏற்பட்ட தீ விபத்தில் அசல் சிலை சேதமடைந்தது, ஆனால் அதன் சிறந்த பிரதி ஒரு சிறந்த மாற்றாக விளங்குகிறது. சில பாரம்பரிய நடனங்களைக் காண லெஸ் எஸ்கால்டெஸ் ஒரு நல்ல இடமாகும்.

நாட்டின் தலைநகரான அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா, முதலில் போக்குவரத்து மற்றும் கடை அதிக இடமாகத் தோன்றலாம் உண்மை அதுதான். எவ்வாறாயினும், கொஞ்சம் ஆழமாகப் பாருங்கள், 11 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் எஸ்க்லேசியா டி சாண்ட் எஸ்டீவ்('''Església de Sant Esteve)''', செயின்ட் ஸ்டீபனுக்கு அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட ரோமானஸ் தேவாலயத்தைக் காணலாம். ஒரு அழகான பியாஸ்ஸா மற்றும் வரலாற்று பாராளுமன்ற கட்டிடம் உங்கள் நகர ஆய்வுகளில் மற்ற சிறப்பம்சங்களை உருவாக்குகின்றன.

== செய்யுங்கள் ==

=== பனிச்சறுக்கு ஓய்விடங்கள் ===
இந்த ஓய்விடங்களில் பெரும்பாலானவை ஒரு காலத்தில் சிறிய மலைக் கிராமங்களாக இருந்தன, அவை பனிச்சறுக்கு விளையாட்டின் காரணமாக வளர்ந்துள்ளன. இந்த ஓய்விடங்கள் ஒன்றிணைந்துள்ளதால், உங்கள் பனிச்சறுக்கு அனுமதிச்சீட்டு அருகிலுள்ள பகுதிகளையும் உள்ளடக்கியுள்ளது.இதன் விளைவாக, தற்போது வல்நார்ட் ('''Vallnord)''' மற்றும் கிராண்ட்வாலிரா ('''Grandvalira''') என அழைக்கப்படும் இரண்டு பெரிய ஆல்பைன் பனிச்சறுக்குப் பகுதிகள் உள்ளன.

'''வால்நார்ட் (Vallnord)''' என்பது ஆர்காலிஸ் (Arcalis) மற்றும் அரின்சால்-பால் (Arinsal-Pal) ஆகிய பனிச்சறுக்கு பகுதிகளை உள்ளடக்கியது. ஆர்காலிஸ், அரின்சால்-பாலிலிருந்து வெகு தொலைவில் அமைந்திருந்தாலும், இவ்விரு பகுதிகளையும் இணைக்கும் வகையில் தொங்குந்து (கேபிள் கார்) வசதி செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. அரின்சால்-பால் பனிச்சறுக்கு பகுதியை, லா மசானா (La Massana) நகரத்தின் மையப்பகுதியிலிருந்தே நேரடியாகச் சென்றடைய முடியும். இங்கு மொத்தம் 93 கி.மீ (58 மைல்) நீளமுள்ள பனிச்சறுக்கு பாதைகள் உள்ளன.

'''கிராண்ட்வாலிரா(Grandvalira covers),''' சோல்டியூ (Soldeu) மற்றும் பாஸ் டி லா காசா (Pas de la Casa) ஆகிய பகுதிகளை உள்ளடக்கியுள்ளது. சோல்டியூ பனிச்சறுக்குப் பகுதியை என்காம்ப் மற்றும் கனிலோவிலிருந்தும் அணுகலாம். இது, சோல்டியூவின் மீது முழு அழுத்தத்தையும் சுமத்தாமல், பார்வையாளர்களின் தாக்கத்தைச் சமாளிக்கும் வகையில் இந்தப் பகுதிகளை மிகவும் புத்திசாலித்தனமாகத் திறந்துவிட்டுள்ளது. இதில் 1710–2640 மீ உயரத்திற்கு இடையில் 193 கி.மீ நீளமுள்ள பனிச்சறுக்குச் சரிவுகள் உள்ளன. கிராண்ட்வாலிராவின் பரப்பளவு சுமார் 1,926 ஹெக்டேர் ஆகும், மேலும் இது 6 வெவ்வேறு பகுதிகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது:

* பாஸ் டி லா காசா (Pas de la Casa) — பிரெஞ்சு எல்லையிலேயே அமைந்துள்ள பனிச்சறுக்கு தளம்.
* சோல்டியூ (Soldeu) — பனிச்சறுக்கு தளம்.
* ஆர்கலிஸ் (Arcalis) — El Serrat-லிருந்து பள்ளத்தாக்கின் மேல் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள பனிச்சறுக்கு பகுதி.
* அரிஞ்சால் (Arinsal) — அரிஞ்சால்-பால் (Arinsal-Pal) பனிச்சறுக்கு பகுதியின் ஒரு பகுதி. இது 'Vallnord' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது; இதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில் வடக்கு பள்ளத்தாக்கு ('Valley North') என்று பொருள்.
* பால் (Pal) — அரிஞ்சால்-பால் (Arinsal-Pal) பனிச்சறுக்கு பகுதியின் ஒரு பகுதி.
* அரிஞ்சால்-பால் (Arinsal-Pal) — தொங்குந்து (கேபிள் கார்) மூலம் இணைக்கப்பட்ட இரண்டு பனிச்சறுக்கு பகுதிகள். Arinsal மற்றும் Pal ஆகியவற்றைப் பார்க்கவும்.

==== '''மலையேற்றம் மற்றும் நடைப்பயணம்''' ====
[[File:Andorra Mountains Summer.jpg|thumb|கோடைகாலத்தில் மலை ஓடை, அந்தோரா]]
அந்தோராவில் உள்ள மலைக் குடிசைகள் குறித்த கூடுதல் தகவல்களைப் பெற இணையதளத்தைப் பார்க்கவும். உங்கள் கால்களுக்கு அணிய, செருப்புகளைத் தவிர வேறு ஏதேனும் காலணிகளைக் கொண்டு வரவும்; மேலும், உங்கள் அலைபேசியை எடுத்துச் செல்ல ஒரு பையையும் மறக்காமல் எடுத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.

அந்தோரா நடைப்பயணத்திற்கு (hiking) மிகவும் ஏற்ற இடமாகும். கோமா பெட்ரோசா (Coma Pedrosa) 2,942 மீ / 9,652 அடி மற்றும் பிக் டி மெடெகூர்ப் (Pic de Médécourbe) 2,914 மீ / 9,560 அடி ஆகியவற்றின் அடிவாரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள அரோசல் (Arousal) எனும் நகரத்திலிருந்து இந்தப் பயணத்தைத் தொடங்கலாம்.

* 5 நாள் கொண்ட கொரோனல்லாக்ஸ் (Coronallacs) நடைப்பயணப் பாதை ஹைக்கிங் பாதை எஸ்கால்டெஸ்-ல் (Escaldes) தொடங்கி-எங்கோர்டனியில்   (Engordany) முடிவடைகிறது.
* [[File:Puente de la Margineda, Santa Coloma, Andorra, 2013-12-30, DD 08-10 HDR.jpg|thumb|சாண்டா கொலோமா டி அந்தோராவில் உள்ள 'பொண்ட் டி லா மார்கினேடா' (Pont de la Margineda) 14-15-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டுகளில் கட்டப்பட்டது; இதற்கு அடியில் வேகமாக ஓடும் நீரோட்டம் கிரான் வாலிரா (Gran Valira) ஆற்றினுடையது.]]'''1 மாட்ரியு-பெராஃபிட்டா-கிளாரோர் பள்ளத்தாக்கு (Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley)''' அருகில் செல்ல நீங்கள் லீனியா வெர்சி ('Línea Verse') பேருந்து சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம், பேருந்து போக்குவரத்து குறித்த பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும். இது அந்தோராவில் உள்ள யுனெஸ்கோ (UNESCO) தளமாகும்.
* '''அரின்சால் (Arinsal)''' (1,500 மீ) பகுதியிலிருந்து மேற்கொள்ளப்படும் நடைப்பயணங்கள் பிக் டி சான்ஃபோன்ஸ் - (Pic de Sanfons) 2,888 மீ / 9,475 அடி; பயண நேரம்: 4 மணி 45 நிமிடங்கள்; ஏற்றம்: 1,310 மீ / 4,298 அடி; மலைக்குடிசை வரை மிதமான பாதை, மலை முகட்டில் கடினமான பாதை. இங்கிருந்து கோமா பெட்ரோசா (Coma Pedrosa), டோர் (Tor) பள்ளத்தாக்கு, ஸ்பெயினில் உள்ள பையாவ் (Baiau) ஏரிகள் மற்றும் பல்லார்ஸ் (Pallars) மலைத்தொடர்களைக் கண்டு ரசிக்கலாம். வழியில் ஒரு மலைக்குடிசையும் ஏரியும் உள்ளன. டோரன்ட் ரிபால் (Torrent Ribal, 1,580 மீ / 5,184 அடி) பகுதியில் வாகன நிறுத்துமிடம் உள்ளது.
* '''2 பிக் டி மெடெகூர்ப் (Pic de Médécourbe)''' (2,914 m) 4 மணிநேரம் 30 நிமிடம், ஏறுதல் 1,335 மீ/4,380 அடி;பாதைகள் குடிசை வரை நடுத்தரமான நிலை, மலை முகட்டில் கடினமான நிலையை நோக்கி மாறுகிறது. ஒரு உன்னதமான மலைக் குடிசை பாதி வழியில் உள்ளது, ஏரிகள் மற்றும் அரிஞ்சால், போட் மற்றும் விக்டெசோஸ் பிரான்ஸ் பள்ளத்தாக்கின் மீது ஒரு மூச்சடைக்கக்கூடிய காட்சி. 1,580 மீ (5,184 அடி) டோரண்ட் ரிபலி பகுதியில் வாகன நிறுத்துமிடம் உள்ளது.. இந்த சிகரம் அந்தோரா, பிரான்ஸ் மற்றும் ஸ்பெயினின் மேற்கு முக்கோண சர்வதேச எல்லையாகும்.
* '''3 பிக் டி கோமா பெட்ரோசா (Pic de Coma Pedrosa)''' (2,942 மீ) 4 மணி நேரம் 30 நிமிடங்கள், 1,370 மீ ஏற்றம்; ஏரி வரை மிதமான பாதை, மலை முகட்டில் கடினமான பாதை. இது அந்தோராவின் மிக உயர்ந்த மலை. மலையேறும் பாதையின் பாதியில் ஒரு தங்குமிடம் (mountain hut) மற்றும் ஏரிகள் உள்ளன. சுற்றியுள்ள மலைச் சிகரங்கள், அரின்சால் (Arinsal) பள்ளத்தாக்கு மற்றும் மேற்கே மலாடெட்டா (Maladeta) மற்றும் என்காண்டாட்ஸ் (Encantats) மலைத்தொடர்களின் அழகான காட்சிகளைக் காணலாம். டோரன்ட் ரிபால் (Torrent Ribal - 1,580 மீ) பகுதியில் வாகனங்களை நிறுத்துமிடம் உள்ளது.
* '''4 மான்ட்மான்டெல் (Montmantell)''' ஏரிகள் மற்றும் பிக் டெல் பிளா டி எஸ்டானி (Pic del Pla de l'Estany - 2,859 மீ) 4 மணி நேரம் 20 நிமிடங்கள், 1,280 மீ ஏற்றம், நடுத்தர சிரம நிலை. பாதையின் பாதியில் ஒரு மலைக் குடில் உள்ளது; ஏரிகளும், பிரான்சில் உள்ள ஆரியேஜ் (Ariège) மலைகள் மற்றும் அந்தோராவின் அற்புதமான காட்சிகளும் இங்கு காணப்படுகின்றன. டோரன்ட் ரிபால் (Torrent Ribal - 1,580 மீ) பகுதியில் வாகனங்களை நிறுத்தலாம்.
* '''அரினாசல்''' '''(Arinsal)''' - பெர்கனெலா (Percanela) - லெஸ் ஃபோன்ட்ஸ் (les Fonts)- ப்ளா டி எஸ்டானி (Pla de l'Estany) - அரினாசல் சுற்றுப்பாதை (2,055 மீ) 4 மணி 30 நிமிடங்கள், 670 மீ ஏற்றம், நடுத்தரமானது; 2 மலைக் குடில்கள் உள்ளது. இரு வழிகளிலும் செல்லக்கூடிய மிகவும் இனிமையான சுற்றுப்பாதை. லெஸ் ஃபோன்ட்ஸின் கம்பீரமான இயற்கை திறந்தவெளி அரங்கம் வழியாக கோமா பெட்ரோசாவின் அழகான காட்சிகளைக் காணலாம். வழியில் சில  பண்ணை வீடுகள் (போர்டாக்கள்) உள்ளன; அவற்றில் சில புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டவை, சில பாழடைந்த நிலையில் உள்ளன. அரினாசல் 1,466 மீ-ல் வாகன நிறுத்துமிடம் உள்ளது.
* '''காமி டெல் கோல் டெ லெஸ் காசெஸ் (Camí del coll de les Cases)''' (1,950 மீ) 1 மணி நேரம் 40 நிமிடங்கள், 490 மீ ஏற்றம், நடுத்தர நிலை. இங்கிருந்து ஆர்டினோ (Ordino) மலைகள் மற்றும் லா மசானா (la Massana) பகுதியின் பரந்த காட்சிகளைக் காணலாம். இது சுற்றுலா (பிக்னிக்) செல்வதற்கும், தியானம் செய்வதற்கும் ஏற்ற இடமாகும். நீங்கள் GR11 பாதையில் தொடர்ந்து பயணித்து அரான்ஸ் (Arans) வரை செல்லலாம் மாஸ் டி ரிபாஃபெட்டா (Mas de Ribafeta), 1466 மீ உயரத்தில் வாகன நிறுத்துமிடம் உள்ளது. ஆனால், அங்கிருந்து அரின்சால் (Arinsal) பகுதிக்குத் திரும்புவதற்குத் தனி போக்குவரத்து ஏற்பாடு செய்துகொள்ள வேண்டும்.

===== மருத்து நீருற்று (ஸ்பா-Spa) =====
அந்தோரா லா வெல்லாவில் (Andorra La Vella) புகழ்பெற்ற 'கால்டியா' (Caldea) என்ற மருத்து நீருற்று (ஸ்பா) மற்றும் நீச்சல் குள வளாகம் உள்ளது. இது மிகவும் பிரபலம். அந்தோரா லா வெல்லாவின் மேல் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள இந்த இடத்தைத் தவறவிட முடியாது; ஏனெனில், இது ஒரு பிரம்மாண்டமான கண்ணாடி கோபுர அமைப்பைக் கொண்டு, நகரத்தின் வானலை காட்சியில் தனித்துத் தெரியும் அந்தப் பெரிய கண்ணாடி கோபுர அமைப்பைக் கண்டுகொள்ளாமல் இருக்க முடியாது.. கால்டியாவைப் பொறுத்தவரை, இது பூமியின் உட்பகுதியிலிருந்து 70° C வெப்பநிலையில் வெளிப்படும் வெப்ப நீரூற்றுகளைக் கொண்ட இடமாகும்.

===== கால்பந்து =====
அந்தோரா சிறியது, ஆனால் தேசிய அணியில் களமிறங்குகிறது, என்காம்பில் உள்ள எஸ்டாடி டி லா எஃப்ஏஎஃப் இல் விளையாடுகிறது. 10 கிளப்புகள் ப்ரைமரா டிவிசியோவிலும், 10 கிளப்கள் செகோனா டிவிசியோவிலும் விளையாடுகின்றன, ஆனால் முன்னணி கிளப் எஃப்சி அந்தோரா ஸ்பானிஷ் லீக் ஆட்டங்களில் விளையாடுகிறது.

== வாங்குங்கள் ==

=== பண மதிப்பு ===
ஐரோப்பாவிலுள்ள பல நாடுகளைப் போலவே, அந்தோராவும் யூரோவைப் பயன்படுத்துகிறது. ஒரு யூரோ 100 சென்ட்டுகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்படுகிறது. யூரோவிற்கான அதிகாரப்பூர்வ குறியீடு € ஆகும், மேலும் அதன் ISO குறியீடு EUR ஆகும். சென்ட்டிற்கு என்று அதிகாரப்பூர்வ குறியீடு எதுவும் இல்லை.

இந்த பொது நாணயத்தின் அனைத்து வங்கித்தாள்களும் நாணயங்களும் அனைத்து நாடுகளிலும் சட்டப்பூர்வ பணமாகச் செல்லுபடியாகும்; இருப்பினும், சில நாடுகளில் மிகக் குறைந்த மதிப்புள்ள நாணயங்கள் (ஒரு சென்ட் மற்றும் இரண்டு சென்ட் நாணயங்கள்) புழக்கத்திலிருந்து நீக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. வங்கித்தாள்கள் அனைத்து நாடுகளிலும் ஒரே மாதிரியாகவே இருக்கும்; அதே சமயம், நாணயங்களின் ஒரு பக்கத்தில் பொதுவான வடிவமைப்பும் (மதிப்பைக் குறிக்கும் வகையில்), மறுபக்கத்தில் அந்தந்த நாட்டிற்கே உரிய தனித்துவமான வடிவமைப்பும் இடம்பெற்றிருக்கும். 2 யூரோ நாணயத்தின் முன்பக்கத்தில், நினைவு நாணயங்களுக்காகப் பல்வேறு சிறப்பு வடிவமைப்புகளும் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. நாணயத்தின் முன்பக்கத்தில் உள்ள இந்த வடிவமைப்பு, அந்த நாணயம் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுவதைப் பாதிப்பதில்லை.

===== வாங்குதல் (ஷாப்பிங்) =====
அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா (Andorra la Vella) ஒரு வரி புகலிடமாக (tax haven) இருப்பதால், வாசனை திரவியங்கள், சிகரெட்டுகள் மற்றும் மதுபானங்கள் போன்ற வரி விலக்கு அளிக்கப்பட்ட பொருட்கள் அங்கு பெருமளவில் வாங்கப்படுகின்றன. எந்தவொரு சாதாரண நாளிலும், ஸ்பெயின் மற்றும் பிரான்சிலிருந்து பொருட்களை வாங்க (ஷாப்பிங் செய்வதற்காக) வாகனங்களில் வந்திறங்கும் ஏராளமான மக்களை இந்தத் தலைநகரில் காண முடியும்.

== உண்ணுங்கள் ==
[[File:Ordino. Andorra 195.jpg|thumb|நாட்டின் நகரங்கள் சிற்றுண்டிச்சாலைகளாலும் உணவகங்களாலும் நிறைந்துள்ளன.]]
எஸ்குடெல்லா டி பேஜஸ் (Escudella De Pages) (காட்டலான் கிராமிய சூப்) அல்லது எஸ்குடெல்லா இ கார்ன் டி'ஒல்லைஸ் (Escudella i Carn d'Ollais) பெரும்பாலும் தேசிய உணவாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. இது சில சமயங்களில்  மசாலா தடவிய பெரிய இறைச்சி உருண்டைகள் (பிலோட்டாஸ்) கொண்டும் செய்யப்படுகிறது.

முட்டைக்கோஸ், உருளைக்கிழங்கு மற்றும்  பன்றி இறைச்சி (பேக்கன்) அல்லது உப்பு சேர்க்கப்பட்ட பன்றி இறைச்சி ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்டு தயாரிக்கப்படும் 'ட்ரிங்க்ஸாட்' (Trinxat) என்பது அந்நாட்டின் மற்றொரு சிறப்பியல்பு உணவாகும். அந்தோராவின் பெரும்பாலான பாரம்பரிய உணவகங்களில் இதைச் சுவைக்கலாம்; இத்தகைய உணவகங்களில் பல, பழங்கால கிராமப்புறக் குடிசைகளில் அமைந்துள்ளன.

== பருகுங்கள் ==
பார்சிலோனாவைச் சேர்ந்த பீர் வகையான 'எஸ்ட்ரெல்லா டாம்' (Estrella Damm)-ஐ, நாட்டின் எல்லா இடங்களிலும் நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

1 டெஸ்டில்(Destil)·லரீஸ் அந்தோரா (leries Andorra), டெஸ்டில்·லெரீஸ் எல் செராட்(leries El Serrat), ஊர்ப் (Urb). எல்ஸ் கேம்ப்ஸ் (Els Camps), கி.பி. 400, லா மசானா (La Massana) - அரிண்சால்(Arinsal) ☏ +376 333 189. இந்த நாட்டின் &quot;தேசிய மதுபானமான&quot; (national spirit) 'அனிஸ் அந்தோரானா' (Anis Andorrana) மற்றும் பிற மதுபானங்களைத் தயாரிக்கும் இந்த ஆலை, அரின்சாலில் (Arinsal) அமைந்துள்ளது. இங்கு வரும் பார்வையாளர்களுக்கு இலவசச் சுற்றுப்பயணங்கள் மற்றும் மதுபானங்களைச் சுவைக்கும் வாய்ப்புகள் வழங்கப்படுகின்றன; மேலும், இங்கு ஒரு விற்பனையகமும் உள்ளது. இவர்களது தயாரிப்புகளை நாட்டின் பிற பல்பொருள்அங்காடிகள் மற்றும் மதுபானக் கடைகளிலும் வாங்கலாம். (டிசம்பர் 2022-ல் திருத்தப்பட்டது )

ஒயின் – அந்தோராவின் பிரதான திராட்சை வகை பினோட் நொயர் ஆகும். இதன் உற்பத்தி சிறியது: ஆண்டுக்கு சுமார் 12,000 புட்டிகள் மட்டுமே உற்பத்தி செய்யப்படுகின்றன, மேலும் இவற்றை நீங்கள் பெரும்பாலும் ஒயின் ஆலைகளிலேயே காணலாம். அந்தோரா லா வெல்லாவில் உள்ள 'தி செல்லர் டோர்', சில அந்தோரா ஒயின்களைச் சுவைத்துப் பார்க்கும் நிகழ்வுகளை நடத்துகிறது.

ஆல்ஃபா ப்ரூவரி (Alpha Brewery) – பல்வேறு வகையான பியர்களைத் தயாரிக்கும் நாட்டின் ஒரே மதுபானத் தயாரிப்பு நிறுவனம் இது; இதன் தயாரிப்புகள் பெரும்பாலான கடைகளில் கிடைப்பதில்லை. சிறிய பரிசுப் பொருட்கள் விற்கும் கடைகளிலும், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளை மையமாகக் கொண்ட வணிக இடங்களிலும் இவை சிலவற்றைக் காணலாம்.

== உறங்குங்கள் ==
அந்தோராவில், உள்ளூர் சுற்றுலா வாரியத்தின் வகைப்பாட்டின்படி நான்கு நட்சத்திர அந்தஸ்து கொண்ட சில சங்கிலிதொடர் சொகுசு விடுதிகளும் , தனிப்பட்ட முறையில் நடத்தப்படும் தங்கும் விடுதிகளும் உள்ளன; ஆனால், இவை பிற இடங்களிலுள்ள நான்கு நட்சத்திர தங்கும் விடுதிகளிடமிருந்து நீங்கள் எதிர்பார்க்கக்கூடிய தரத்தில் இல்லை.

பிரபலமான சர்வதேச தங்கும் விடுதிகள் சங்கிலிதொடர்களில் உள்ள ஒரே தங்கும் விடுதிகள் மலிவான ரகத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவைதான்: அவை முறையே அந்தோரா லா வெல்லா மற்றும் எஸ்கால்டெஸ்-எங்கோர்தானி (அதன் அருகாமையில்) ஆகிய இடங்களில் அமைந்துள்ள ஹாலிடே இன் மற்றும் ஐபிஸ் ஆகும்.

== பணியாற்றுங்கள் ==
அந்தோராவில் பணிபுரிவதற்கு, அரசாங்கத்தால் வழங்கப்படும் பணி அனுமதி (work permit) தேவைப்படுகிறது. அந்தோரா ஐரோப்பிய பொருளாதார மண்டலத்தின் (EEA) ஒரு பகுதியாக இல்லாததால், ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றிய உறுப்பு நாடுகளின் குடிமக்களும் அங்கு பணிபுரிய பணி அனுமதி பெற வேண்டியது அவசியம்; இதற்கான விண்ணப்பங்களின் போது, ​​பிரான்ஸ், ஸ்பெயின் மற்றும் போர்ச்சுகல் நாட்டு குடிமக்களுக்கு மற்ற வெளிநாட்டினரை விட முன்னுரிமை அளிக்கப்படுகிறது.

== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==
அந்தோராவில் மற்ற மனிதர்களால் பெரிய அச்சுறுத்தல் ஏதுமில்லை, ஆனால் மலைப்பகுதிகளில் கவனமாக இருக்கவும். என்ன செய்கிறீர்கள் என்று தெரியாமல் அதிக உயரத்திற்குச் செல்ல வேண்டாம். இது குறித்த கூடுதல் தகவல்களுக்கு 'உயர நோய்' (Altitude sickness) தொடர்பான பகுதியைப் பார்க்கவும்.

பைரனீஸின் ஸ்பானியப் பகுதியில் நாள் முழுவதும் இதமான வெயில் இருந்து, மாலை வேளையில் சாலை வெப்பநிலை கணிசமாகக் குறைந்தால், பிரான்சுக்குள் மீண்டும் நுழைவதைத் தவிர்க்குமாறு ஓட்டுநர்கள் எச்சரிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள் – பனி உருகுவதால் கருப்புப் பனி உருவாகும் அபாயம் உள்ளது. பிரெஞ்சு பைரனீஸின் வானிலை, அன்டோரா மற்றும் ஸ்பானிய பைரனீஸின் வானிலையிலிருந்து அடிக்கடி மிகவும் மாறுபட்டதாக இருக்கும். தேவைப்பட்டால் இரவு தங்குங்கள், ஏனெனில் திடீரென மாலையில் பனி உறைவதை விட, காலையில் நிலவும் குளிர் வெப்பநிலை மிகவும் தெளிவாகத் தெரியும் மற்றும் குறைவான அபாயகரமானது. குறிப்பாக குளிர்காலத்தில், அதன் குறுகிய சாலைகள், கூர்மையான திருப்பங்கள் மற்றும் மலைப்பாங்கான நிலப்பரப்புகள் காரணமாக, வேக வரம்புகள் அல்லது போக்குவரத்துச் சின்னங்களைக் கடைப்பிடிக்காவிட்டால் வாகனம் ஓட்டுவது ஆபத்தானதாக மாறக்கூடும். நவம்பர் 1 முதல் மே 15 வரை, ஓட்டுநர்கள் குளிர்கால டயர்கள் அல்லது பனிச் சங்கிலிகளைப் பொருத்துவது சட்டப்படி கட்டாயமாகும். இல்லையெனில், காவல்துறையினரால் உங்களுக்கு €180 அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படும்.

== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==
அந்தோராவில் உள்ள முதன்மையான மருத்துவமனை மெரிட்செல் (Meritxell - உச்சரிப்பு: மெரிச்சை) மருத்துவமனை (+376 871 000) ஆகும்.

குழாய் நீரைப் பருகலாம்; இருப்பினும், நீங்கள் வெகு தொலைவிலிருந்து வருகிறீர்கள் என்றால், அங்குள்ள நுண்ணுயிரிகள் மற்றும் தாதுக்கள் உங்கள் வயிற்றுக்குச் சற்று அசௌகரியத்தை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடும். பல இடங்களைப் போலவே, பாட்டிலில் அடைக்கப்பட்ட நீரைப் பருகுவதே மிகவும் பாதுகாப்பானது.

== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==
அந்தோரா ஸ்பெயினின் அல்லது பிரான்சின் ஒரு பகுதியல்ல; அவ்வாறு என்று கூறினால் மக்கள் அதிருப்தியடையக்கூடும்.

== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==

=== கைப்பேசி சேவை ===
அந்தோராவின் தொலைத்தொடர்பு நிறுவனங்கள் ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியத்தின் (EU) ரோமிங் மண்டலத்திற்குள் வராது. எனவே, உங்கள் தொலைபேசித் திட்டத்தில் அந்தோராவில் ரோமிங் செய்வதற்கான அனுமதி இல்லையெனில், அதிகப்படியான கட்டணங்களைத் தவிர்க்க உங்கள் அலைபேசியை அணைத்து வைக்கவும். அந்தோராவில் தங்கியிருக்கும் காலத்தில் உள்ளூர் சிம் கார்டு (SIM card) ஒன்றைப் பயன்படுத்த விரும்பினால், 'அந்தோரா டெலிகாம்' (Andorra Telecom) நிறுவனத்திடமிருந்து €15 விலையில் சிம் கார்டைப் பெறலாம்; இதில் €15 மதிப்பிலான கிரெடிட் முன்பே ஏற்றப்பட்டிருக்கும். இதைக் கொண்டு 1.5 ஜிபி (GB) டேட்டாவைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ள முடியும்.

==== இணையம் ====
அந்தோரா நன்கு இணைக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு நாடாகும்; இது இணையத்தை மிகுந்த ஆர்வத்துடன் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டுள்ளது. அங்கு இணையச் சந்தாதாரர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை, தரைவழித் தொலைபேசி சந்தாதாரர்களின் எண்ணிக்கைக்கு ஏறக்குறைய சமமாக உள்ளது. முக்கிய நகரங்களின் சில பகுதிகளில் பொதுமக்களுக்கான இலவச வைஃபை (WiFi) வசதி கிடைக்கிறது; மேலும் பல உணவகங்களிலும் வைஃபை வசதி உள்ளது.

===== அஞ்சல் சேவைகள் =====
[[File:Andorra post boxes.jpg|thumb|லா மசானா பாரிஷில் இரண்டு அஞ்சல் பெட்டிகளைக் கொண்ட ஒரு கட்டிடம்]]
அந்தோரா ஒரு தனித்துவமான அமைப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; அங்கு சொந்தமாக அஞ்சல் சேவை கிடையாது, அதற்குப் பதிலாக ஸ்பெயின் மற்றும் பிரான்ஸ் ஆகிய நாடுகளின் அஞ்சல் சேவைகளையே அது நம்பியுள்ளது. அங்குள்ள கட்டிடங்களில் பெரும்பாலும் இரண்டு அஞ்சல் பெட்டிகளைக் காணலாம்; உற்று நோக்கினால், அவற்றில் ஒன்று ஸ்பெயினின் 'கொரியோஸ்' (Correos) சேவைக்கும், மற்றொன்று பிரான்ஸின் 'லா போஸ்ட்' (La Poste) சேவைக்கும் உரியவை என்பதை அறியலாம். இவ்விரு சேவைகளின் முதன்மை அலுவலகங்களும் அந்தோரா லா வெல்லாவில் (Andorra La Vella) அமைந்துள்ளன.

இருப்பினும், வழக்கமான பிரெஞ்சு மற்றும் ஸ்பானிய தபால்தலைகள் அந்தோராவில் பயன்படுத்த செல்லுபடியாகாது, மேலும் இரு தபால் சேவைகளும் அந்தோராவில் மட்டும் பயன்படுத்துவதற்காக சிறப்பு முத்திரைகளை வழங்குகின்றன. அவற்றின் முத்திரைகளை ஒன்றோடொன்று மாற்றிக்கொள்ளவும் முடியாது, எனவே ஒரு தபால் சேவையால் வழங்கப்படும் முத்திரை, மற்றொன்றைப் பயன்படுத்தி அஞ்சல் அனுப்ப செல்லுபடியாகாது. நீங்கள் ஸ்பானிய தபால் சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்தினால் ஸ்பெயினுக்கு எழுதும் கடிதங்கள் மலிவானவை, அதே சமயம் பிரெஞ்சு தபால் சேவையைப் பயன்படுத்தினால் பிரான்சுக்கு எழுதும் கடிதங்கள் மலிவானவை. மற்ற நாடுகளுக்கு எழுதும் கடிதங்களுக்கு, நீங்கள் முடிவு செய்வதற்கு முன் இரு தபால் சேவைகளுக்கும் இடையிலான விலைகளை ஒப்பிட்டுப் பார்க்கவும்.

== அடுத்த இலக்கு ==

* '''ல'ஓஸ்பிடாலே-அந்தோரா (L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre-)'''க்குச் சேவை வழங்கும் அதே TER 22-வது ரயில் பாதையைப் பயன்படுத்தி, 'மஞ்சள் ரயில்' (பிரெஞ்சு மொழியில்: Le train jaune) மூலம் '''பெர்பிக்னானை (Perpignan)''' நோக்கிச் செல்லும் அழகான பயணப் பாதையின் திறந்த மேற்கூரையுடைய மஞ்சள் இரயிலில் ரம்மியமான இறக்கப் பாதையின்  '''லத்தோர்-டி-கரோல் (Latour-de-Carol)''' முதல் நிறுத்தை அடையலாம்.
* '''வால் டி'அரான் (Val d'Aran)''' என்பது பிரனீஸ் மலைத்தொடரில், காட்டலோனியாவின் லெயிடா மாகாணத்தின் வடமேற்குப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள, சுமார் 10,000 மக்கள் (2024-ஆம் ஆண்டின் கணக்கீட்டின்படி) வசிக்கும் ஒரு சமூகமாகும். ஸ்பெயினில் பிரனீஸ் மலைத்தொடரின் வடக்குப் பக்கத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள இரண்டு பகுதிகளில் இதுவும் ஒன்றாகும். 2024-ஆம் ஆண்டில், யுனெஸ்கோ (UNESCO) இந்த பள்ளத்தாக்கை ஒரு உயிர்க்கோளக் காப்பகமாக (Biosphere reserve) அறிவித்தது.
* '''ஐகுஸ்டோர்டெஸ் இ எஸ்டானி டி சான்ட் மௌரிசி தேசியப் பூங்கா (Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park)''': பைரனீஸ் மலைத்தொடரில் அமைந்துள்ள இந்த கரடுமுரடான மலைப் பிரதேசத்தில், 3017 மீட்டர் (பெசிபெர்ரி சுட்) உயரம் வரை உயரும் சிகரங்களும், பனிப்பாறைகளால் உருவான பல ஏரிகள் உட்பட ஏறத்தாழ 200 ஏரிகளும் உள்ளன. இப்பூங்கா 141 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவுள்ள மையப் பகுதியையும், பூங்காவைச் சுற்றியுள்ள 267 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பரப்பளவுள்ள இடைநிலை மண்டலத்தையும் உள்ளடக்கியுள்ளது. 2024-ஆம் ஆண்டில் இப்பூங்காவிற்கு 580,000-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட பார்வையாளர்கள் வருகை தந்தனர்.
* '''ஆல்ட் பிரினியூ (Alt Pirineu)''' இயற்கை பூங்கா: பூங்காவில் செர்டாஸ்கேன் (Certascan) ஏரி தனித்து நிற்கிறது, இது கேட்டலோனியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய பனிப்பாறை ஏரி (Cigalera de l'Obaga de Valeran,) 320 மீ ஆழம் மற்றும் 365 மீ நீளமுள்ள பள்ளம். பழங்கால '''பழுப்பு கரடி''' பெரும்பாலும் வடக்கு பள்ளத்தாக்குகள் வழியாக அலைந்து திரிகிறது.</text>
      <sha1>8d5tk8b5fbt544e15zp4vq4m27iacy7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Buszmail/sandbox3</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3827939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381751</id>
      <parentid>7381059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Buszmail</username>
        <id>560402</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Votes */</comment>
      <origin>7381751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="740" sha1="fw1ixvlya4dtdzqw9dsb41addraqcg3" xml:space="preserve">https://affcom.wikimedia.org


== Resolutions/2026/Affiliations Committee Charter 2026 ==

&lt;br&gt;

'''Whereas''', the proposed final text of a revised Charter adopted by the Affiliations Committee, dated October 2026 is pending approval by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees.

'''Whereas''', upon approval by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, the revised Charter replaces the Charter approved by the Board of Trustees on December 7, 2022.

'''Whereas''', that the Affiliations Committee shall adopt a voting threshold of 50%+1 for the Charter’s ratification.

&lt;br&gt;

===Votes===

Each member may vote yes, no, or abstain, and must sign with four &quot;~&quot; in order to date their vote. Voting lasts through November 8, 2026.

&lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fw1ixvlya4dtdzqw9dsb41addraqcg3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wt/mui/bahasa</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>3828126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382230</id>
      <parentid>7379758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Swarabakti</username>
        <id>2526161</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382230</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="200261" sha1="c659b3mqu5zqthg8s4ogmrg1dnw8n1t" xml:space="preserve">local Families = require(&quot;Module:Wt/mui/families&quot;)
local p = {}

local langNames = {
	[&quot;mul&quot;] = &quot;Peliwat baso&quot;,
	-- Kode bahasa
	[&quot;aa&quot;] = &quot;Afar&quot;,
	[&quot;aaa&quot;] = &quot;Ghotuo&quot;,
	[&quot;aab&quot;] = &quot;Alumu-Tesu&quot;,
	[&quot;aac&quot;] = &quot;Ari&quot;,
	[&quot;aad&quot;] = &quot;Amal&quot;,
	[&quot;aaf&quot;] = &quot;Aranadan&quot;,
	[&quot;aag&quot;] = &quot;Ambrak&quot;,
	[&quot;aah&quot;] = &quot;Arapesh Abu'&quot;,
	[&quot;aai&quot;] = &quot;Arifama-Miniafia&quot;,
	[&quot;aak&quot;] = &quot;Ankave&quot;,
	[&quot;aal&quot;] = &quot;Afade&quot;,
	[&quot;aan&quot;] = &quot;Anambé&quot;,
	[&quot;aap&quot;] = &quot;Arára Pará&quot;,
	[&quot;aaq&quot;] = &quot;Penobscot&quot;,
	[&quot;aas&quot;] = &quot;Aasax&quot;,
	[&quot;aau&quot;] = &quot;Abau&quot;,
	[&quot;aav-khs-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Khasi&quot;,
	[&quot;aav-nic-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nikobar&quot;,
	[&quot;aav-pkl-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam&quot;,
	[&quot;aav-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Austroasiatik&quot;,
	[&quot;aaw&quot;] = &quot;Solong&quot;,
	[&quot;aax&quot;] = &quot;Mandobo Atas&quot;,
	[&quot;aaz&quot;] = &quot;Amarasi&quot;,
	[&quot;ab&quot;] = &quot;Abkhaz&quot;,
	[&quot;aba&quot;] = &quot;Abé&quot;,
	[&quot;abb&quot;] = &quot;Bankon&quot;,
	[&quot;abc&quot;] = &quot;Ayta Ambala&quot;,
	[&quot;abd&quot;] = &quot;Agta Camarines Norte&quot;,
	[&quot;abe&quot;] = &quot;Abenaki&quot;,
	[&quot;abf&quot;] = &quot;Abai Sungai&quot;,
	[&quot;abg&quot;] = &quot;Abaga&quot;,
	[&quot;abh&quot;] = &quot;Arab Tajik&quot;,
	[&quot;abi&quot;] = &quot;Abidji&quot;,
	[&quot;abj&quot;] = &quot;Aka-Bea&quot;,
	[&quot;abl&quot;] = &quot;Lampung Nyo&quot;,
	[&quot;abm&quot;] = &quot;Abanyom&quot;,
	[&quot;abn&quot;] = &quot;Abua&quot;,
	[&quot;abo&quot;] = &quot;Abon&quot;,
	[&quot;abp&quot;] = &quot;Ayta Abenlen&quot;,
	[&quot;abq&quot;] = &quot;Abaza&quot;,
	[&quot;abr&quot;] = &quot;Abron&quot;,
	[&quot;abs&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Ambon&quot;,
	[&quot;abt&quot;] = &quot;Ambulas&quot;,
	[&quot;abu&quot;] = &quot;Abure&quot;,
	[&quot;abv&quot;] = &quot;Arab Baharna&quot;,
	[&quot;abw&quot;] = &quot;Pal&quot;,
	[&quot;abx&quot;] = &quot;Inabaknon&quot;,
	[&quot;aby&quot;] = &quot;Aneme Wake&quot;,
	[&quot;abz&quot;] = &quot;Abui&quot;,
	[&quot;aca&quot;] = &quot;Achagua&quot;,
	[&quot;acb&quot;] = &quot;Áncá&quot;,
	[&quot;acd&quot;] = &quot;Gikyode&quot;,
	[&quot;ace&quot;] = &quot;Aceh&quot;,
	[&quot;ach&quot;] = &quot;Acholi&quot;,
	[&quot;aci&quot;] = &quot;Aka-Cari&quot;,
	[&quot;ack&quot;] = &quot;Aka-Kora&quot;,
	[&quot;acl&quot;] = &quot;Akar-Bale&quot;,
	[&quot;acm&quot;] = &quot;Arab Irak&quot;,
	[&quot;acn&quot;] = &quot;Achang&quot;,
	[&quot;acp&quot;] = &quot;Acipa Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;acr&quot;] = &quot;Achi&quot;,
	[&quot;acs&quot;] = &quot;Acroá&quot;,
	[&quot;acu&quot;] = &quot;Achuar&quot;,
	[&quot;acv&quot;] = &quot;Achumawi&quot;,
	[&quot;acw&quot;] = &quot;Arab Hijaz&quot;,
	[&quot;acx&quot;] = &quot;Arab Oman&quot;,
	[&quot;acy&quot;] = &quot;Arab Siprus&quot;,
	[&quot;acz&quot;] = &quot;Acheron&quot;,
	[&quot;ada&quot;] = &quot;Adangme&quot;,
	[&quot;adb&quot;] = &quot;Adabe&quot;,
	[&quot;add&quot;] = &quot;Dzodinka&quot;,
	[&quot;ade&quot;] = &quot;Adele&quot;,
	[&quot;adf&quot;] = &quot;Arab Dhofar&quot;,
	[&quot;adg&quot;] = &quot;Andegerebinha&quot;,
	[&quot;adh&quot;] = &quot;Adhola&quot;,
	[&quot;adi&quot;] = &quot;Adi&quot;,
	[&quot;adj&quot;] = &quot;Adioukrou&quot;,
	[&quot;adl&quot;] = &quot;Galo&quot;,
	[&quot;adn&quot;] = &quot;Adang&quot;,
	[&quot;ado&quot;] = &quot;Abu&quot;,
	[&quot;adp&quot;] = &quot;Adap&quot;,
	[&quot;adq&quot;] = &quot;Adangbe&quot;,
	[&quot;adr&quot;] = &quot;Adonara&quot;,
	[&quot;ads&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Adamorobe&quot;,
	[&quot;adt&quot;] = &quot;Adnyamathanha&quot;,
	[&quot;adu&quot;] = &quot;Aduge&quot;,
	[&quot;adw&quot;] = &quot;Amondawa&quot;,
	[&quot;ady&quot;] = &quot;Adyghe&quot;,
	[&quot;adz&quot;] = &quot;Adzera&quot;,
	[&quot;ae&quot;] = &quot;Avestan&quot;,
	[&quot;aea&quot;] = &quot;Areba&quot;,
	[&quot;aeb&quot;] = &quot;Arab Tunisia&quot;,
	[&quot;aed&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Argentina&quot;,
	[&quot;aee&quot;] = &quot;Pashayi Timur Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;aek&quot;] = &quot;Haeke&quot;,
	[&quot;ael&quot;] = &quot;Ambele&quot;,
	[&quot;aem&quot;] = &quot;Arem&quot;,
	[&quot;aen&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Armenia&quot;,
	[&quot;aeq&quot;] = &quot;Aer&quot;,
	[&quot;aer&quot;] = &quot;Arrernte Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;aes&quot;] = &quot;Alsea&quot;,
	[&quot;aeu&quot;] = &quot;Akeu&quot;,
	[&quot;aew&quot;] = &quot;Ambakich&quot;,
	[&quot;aey&quot;] = &quot;Amele&quot;,
	[&quot;aez&quot;] = &quot;Aeka&quot;,
	[&quot;af&quot;] = &quot;Afrikaans&quot;,
	[&quot;afa-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Afroasiatik&quot;,
	[&quot;afb&quot;] = &quot;Arab Teluk&quot;,
	[&quot;afd&quot;] = &quot;Andai&quot;,
	[&quot;afe&quot;] = &quot;Putukwam&quot;,
	[&quot;afg&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Afghan&quot;,
	[&quot;afh&quot;] = &quot;Afrihili&quot;,
	[&quot;afi&quot;] = &quot;Akrukay&quot;,
	[&quot;afk&quot;] = &quot;Nanubae&quot;,
	[&quot;afn&quot;] = &quot;Defaka&quot;,
	[&quot;afo&quot;] = &quot;Eloyi&quot;,
	[&quot;afp&quot;] = &quot;Tapei&quot;,
	[&quot;afs&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Afro-Seminole&quot;,
	[&quot;aft&quot;] = &quot;Afitti&quot;,
	[&quot;afu&quot;] = &quot;Awutu&quot;,
	[&quot;afz&quot;] = &quot;Obokuitai&quot;,
	[&quot;aga&quot;] = &quot;Aguano&quot;,
	[&quot;agb&quot;] = &quot;Legbo&quot;,
	[&quot;agc&quot;] = &quot;Agatu&quot;,
	[&quot;agd&quot;] = &quot;Agarabi&quot;,
	[&quot;age&quot;] = &quot;Angal&quot;,
	[&quot;agf&quot;] = &quot;Arguni&quot;,
	[&quot;agg&quot;] = &quot;Angor&quot;,
	[&quot;agh&quot;] = &quot;Ngelima&quot;,
	[&quot;agi&quot;] = &quot;Agariya&quot;,
	[&quot;agj&quot;] = &quot;Argobba&quot;,
	[&quot;agk&quot;] = &quot;Agta Isarog&quot;,
	[&quot;agl&quot;] = &quot;Fembe&quot;,
	[&quot;agm&quot;] = &quot;Angaataha&quot;,
	[&quot;agn&quot;] = &quot;Agutaynen&quot;,
	[&quot;ago&quot;] = &quot;Tainae&quot;,
	[&quot;agq&quot;] = &quot;Aghem&quot;,
	[&quot;agr&quot;] = &quot;Aguaruna&quot;,
	[&quot;ags&quot;] = &quot;Esimbi&quot;,
	[&quot;agt&quot;] = &quot;Agta Cagayan Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;agu&quot;] = &quot;Aguacateca&quot;,
	[&quot;agv&quot;] = &quot;Agta Remontado&quot;,
	[&quot;agw&quot;] = &quot;Kahua&quot;,
	[&quot;agx&quot;] = &quot;Aghul&quot;,
	[&quot;agy&quot;] = &quot;Alta Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;agz&quot;] = &quot;Agta Mount Iriga&quot;,
	[&quot;aha&quot;] = &quot;Ahanta&quot;,
	[&quot;ahb&quot;] = &quot;Axamb&quot;,
	[&quot;ahg&quot;] = &quot;Qimant&quot;,
	[&quot;ahh&quot;] = &quot;Aghu&quot;,
	[&quot;ahi&quot;] = &quot;Aizi Tiagbamrin&quot;,
	[&quot;ahk&quot;] = &quot;Akha&quot;,
	[&quot;ahl&quot;] = &quot;Igo&quot;,
	[&quot;ahm&quot;] = &quot;Aizi Mobumrin&quot;,
	[&quot;ahn&quot;] = &quot;Àhàn&quot;,
	[&quot;aho&quot;] = &quot;Ahom&quot;,
	[&quot;ahp&quot;] = &quot;Aizi Aproumu&quot;,
	[&quot;ahr&quot;] = &quot;Ahirani&quot;,
	[&quot;ahs&quot;] = &quot;Ashe&quot;,
	[&quot;aht&quot;] = &quot;Ahtna&quot;,
	[&quot;aia&quot;] = &quot;Arosi&quot;,
	[&quot;aib&quot;] = &quot;Aynu&quot;,
	[&quot;aic&quot;] = &quot;Ainbai&quot;,
	[&quot;aid&quot;] = &quot;Alngith&quot;,
	[&quot;aie&quot;] = &quot;Amara&quot;,
	[&quot;aif&quot;] = &quot;Agi&quot;,
	[&quot;aig&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Inggeris Antigua dan Barbuda&quot;,
	[&quot;aih&quot;] = &quot;Ai-Cham&quot;,
	[&quot;aii&quot;] = &quot;Neo-Aramaik Asyur&quot;,
	[&quot;aij&quot;] = &quot;Lishanid Noshan&quot;,
	[&quot;aik&quot;] = &quot;Ake&quot;,
	[&quot;ail&quot;] = &quot;Aimele&quot;,
	[&quot;aim&quot;] = &quot;Aimol&quot;,
	[&quot;ain&quot;] = &quot;Ainu&quot;,
	[&quot;aio&quot;] = &quot;Aiton&quot;,
	[&quot;aip&quot;] = &quot;Burumakok&quot;,
	[&quot;air&quot;] = &quot;Airoran&quot;,
	[&quot;ait&quot;] = &quot;Arikem&quot;,
	[&quot;aiw&quot;] = &quot;Aari&quot;,
	[&quot;aix&quot;] = &quot;Aighon&quot;,
	[&quot;aiy&quot;] = &quot;Ali&quot;,
	[&quot;aja&quot;] = &quot;Aja&quot;,
	[&quot;ajg&quot;] = &quot;Adja&quot;,
	[&quot;aji&quot;] = &quot;Ajië&quot;,
	[&quot;ajn&quot;] = &quot;Andajin&quot;,
	[&quot;ajp&quot;] = &quot;Arab Syam Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ajw&quot;] = &quot;Ajawa&quot;,
	[&quot;ajz&quot;] = &quot;Karbi Amri&quot;,
	[&quot;ak&quot;] = &quot;Akan&quot;,
	[&quot;akb&quot;] = &quot;Angkola&quot;,
	[&quot;akc&quot;] = &quot;Mpur&quot;,
	[&quot;akd&quot;] = &quot;Ukpet-Ehom&quot;,
	[&quot;ake&quot;] = &quot;Akawaio&quot;,
	[&quot;akf&quot;] = &quot;Akpa&quot;,
	[&quot;akg&quot;] = &quot;Anakalangu&quot;,
	[&quot;akh&quot;] = &quot;Angal Heneng&quot;,
	[&quot;aki&quot;] = &quot;Aiome&quot;,
	[&quot;akj&quot;] = &quot;Jeru&quot;,
	[&quot;akk&quot;] = &quot;Akkad&quot;,
	[&quot;akl&quot;] = &quot;Aklanon&quot;,
	[&quot;akm&quot;] = &quot;Aka-Bo&quot;,
	[&quot;ako&quot;] = &quot;Akurio&quot;,
	[&quot;akp&quot;] = &quot;Siwu&quot;,
	[&quot;akq&quot;] = &quot;Ak&quot;,
	[&quot;akr&quot;] = &quot;Araki&quot;,
	[&quot;aks&quot;] = &quot;Akaselem&quot;,
	[&quot;akt&quot;] = &quot;Akolet&quot;,
	[&quot;aku&quot;] = &quot;Akum&quot;,
	[&quot;akv&quot;] = &quot;Akhvakh&quot;,
	[&quot;akw&quot;] = &quot;Akwa&quot;,
	[&quot;akx&quot;] = &quot;Aka-Kede&quot;,
	[&quot;aky&quot;] = &quot;Aka-Kol&quot;,
	[&quot;akz&quot;] = &quot;Alabama&quot;,
	[&quot;ala&quot;] = &quot;Alago&quot;,
	[&quot;alc&quot;] = &quot;Kawésqar&quot;,
	[&quot;ald&quot;] = &quot;Allad&quot;,
	[&quot;ale&quot;] = &quot;Aleut&quot;,
	[&quot;alf&quot;] = &quot;Alege&quot;,
	[&quot;alg-aga&quot;] = &quot;Agawam&quot;,
	[&quot;alg-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Algonquia&quot;,
	[&quot;alh&quot;] = &quot;Alawa&quot;,
	[&quot;ali&quot;] = &quot;Amaimon&quot;,
	[&quot;alj&quot;] = &quot;Alangan&quot;,
	[&quot;alk&quot;] = &quot;Alak&quot;,
	[&quot;all&quot;] = &quot;Allar&quot;,
	[&quot;alm&quot;] = &quot;Amblong&quot;,
	[&quot;alo&quot;] = &quot;Larike-Wakasihu&quot;,
	[&quot;alp&quot;] = &quot;Alune&quot;,
	[&quot;alq&quot;] = &quot;Algonquin&quot;,
	[&quot;alr&quot;] = &quot;Alutor&quot;,
	[&quot;alt&quot;] = &quot;Altai Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;alu&quot;] = &quot;'Are'are&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-ama&quot;] = &quot;Amasi&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-bgu&quot;] = &quot;Baïnounk Gubëeher&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-bua-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Bua&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-cng-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Cangin&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-edk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Edekiri&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-edo-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Edoid&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-fli-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Fali&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-gbe-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Gbe&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-gng-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Guang&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-gtm-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Togo Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-gwa&quot;] = &quot;Gwara&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-hei-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Heiban&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-ido-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Idomoid&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-igb-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Igboid&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-kwa-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kwa&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-mum-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mumuye&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-nup-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nupoid&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Atlantik-Kongo&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-von-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Volta-Niger&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-yor-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Yoruba&quot;,
	[&quot;alv-yrd-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Yoruboid&quot;,
	[&quot;alw&quot;] = &quot;Alaba&quot;,
	[&quot;alx&quot;] = &quot;Amol&quot;,
	[&quot;aly&quot;] = &quot;Alyawarr&quot;,
	[&quot;alz&quot;] = &quot;Alur&quot;,
	[&quot;am&quot;] = &quot;Amharik&quot;,
	[&quot;ama&quot;] = &quot;Amanayé&quot;,
	[&quot;amb&quot;] = &quot;Ambo&quot;,
	[&quot;amc&quot;] = &quot;Amahuaca&quot;,
	[&quot;ame&quot;] = &quot;Yanesha'&quot;,
	[&quot;amf&quot;] = &quot;Hamer-Banna&quot;,
	[&quot;amg&quot;] = &quot;Amurdag&quot;,
	[&quot;ami&quot;] = &quot;Amis&quot;,
	[&quot;amj&quot;] = &quot;Amdang&quot;,
	[&quot;amk&quot;] = &quot;Ambai&quot;,
	[&quot;aml&quot;] = &quot;War-Jaintia&quot;,
	[&quot;amm&quot;] = &quot;Ama&quot;,
	[&quot;amn&quot;] = &quot;Amanab&quot;,
	[&quot;amo&quot;] = &quot;Amo&quot;,
	[&quot;amp&quot;] = &quot;Alamblak&quot;,
	[&quot;amq&quot;] = &quot;Amahai&quot;,
	[&quot;amr&quot;] = &quot;Amarakaeri&quot;,
	[&quot;ams&quot;] = &quot;Amami-Oshima Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;amt&quot;] = &quot;Amto&quot;,
	[&quot;amu&quot;] = &quot;Amuzgo Guerrero&quot;,
	[&quot;amv&quot;] = &quot;Ambelau&quot;,
	[&quot;amw&quot;] = &quot;Neo-Aramaik Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;amx&quot;] = &quot;Anmatyerre&quot;,
	[&quot;amy&quot;] = &quot;Ami&quot;,
	[&quot;amz&quot;] = &quot;Atampaya&quot;,
	[&quot;an&quot;] = &quot;Aragon&quot;,
	[&quot;ana&quot;] = &quot;Andaqui&quot;,
	[&quot;anb&quot;] = &quot;Andoa&quot;,
	[&quot;anc&quot;] = &quot;Ngas&quot;,
	[&quot;and&quot;] = &quot;Ansus&quot;,
	[&quot;ane&quot;] = &quot;Xârâcùù&quot;,
	[&quot;anf&quot;] = &quot;Animere&quot;,
	[&quot;ang&quot;] = &quot;Inggeris Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;anh&quot;] = &quot;Nend&quot;,
	[&quot;ani&quot;] = &quot;Andi&quot;,
	[&quot;anj&quot;] = &quot;Anor&quot;,
	[&quot;ank&quot;] = &quot;Goemai&quot;,
	[&quot;anl&quot;] = &quot;Anu&quot;,
	[&quot;anm&quot;] = &quot;Anal&quot;,
	[&quot;ann&quot;] = &quot;Obolo&quot;,
	[&quot;ano&quot;] = &quot;Andoque&quot;,
	[&quot;anp&quot;] = &quot;Angika&quot;,
	[&quot;anq&quot;] = &quot;Jarawa&quot;,
	[&quot;anr&quot;] = &quot;Andh&quot;,
	[&quot;ans&quot;] = &quot;Anserma&quot;,
	[&quot;ant&quot;] = &quot;Antakarinya&quot;,
	[&quot;anu&quot;] = &quot;Anuak&quot;,
	[&quot;anv&quot;] = &quot;Denya&quot;,
	[&quot;anw&quot;] = &quot;Anaang&quot;,
	[&quot;anx&quot;] = &quot;Andra-Hus&quot;,
	[&quot;any&quot;] = &quot;Anyi&quot;,
	[&quot;anz&quot;] = &quot;Anem&quot;,
	[&quot;aoa&quot;] = &quot;Angolar&quot;,
	[&quot;aob&quot;] = &quot;Abom&quot;,
	[&quot;aoc&quot;] = &quot;Pemon&quot;,
	[&quot;aod&quot;] = &quot;Andarum&quot;,
	[&quot;aoe&quot;] = &quot;Angal Enen&quot;,
	[&quot;aof&quot;] = &quot;Bragat&quot;,
	[&quot;aog&quot;] = &quot;Angoram&quot;,
	[&quot;aoi&quot;] = &quot;Anindilyakwa&quot;,
	[&quot;aoj&quot;] = &quot;Mufian&quot;,
	[&quot;aok&quot;] = &quot;Arhö&quot;,
	[&quot;aol&quot;] = &quot;Alor&quot;,
	[&quot;aom&quot;] = &quot;Ömie&quot;,
	[&quot;aon&quot;] = &quot;Arapesh Bumbita&quot;,
	[&quot;aor&quot;] = &quot;Aore&quot;,
	[&quot;aos&quot;] = &quot;Taikat&quot;,
	[&quot;aot&quot;] = &quot;Atong (India)&quot;,
	[&quot;aou&quot;] = &quot;A'ou&quot;,
	[&quot;aox&quot;] = &quot;Atorada&quot;,
	[&quot;aoz&quot;] = &quot;Uab Meto&quot;,
	[&quot;apa-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Apache&quot;,
	[&quot;apb&quot;] = &quot;Sa'a&quot;,
	[&quot;apc&quot;] = &quot;Arab Syam Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;apd&quot;] = &quot;Arab Sudan&quot;,
	[&quot;ape&quot;] = &quot;Bukiyip&quot;,
	[&quot;apf&quot;] = &quot;Agta Pahanan&quot;,
	[&quot;apg&quot;] = &quot;Ampanang&quot;,
	[&quot;aph&quot;] = &quot;Athpare&quot;,
	[&quot;api&quot;] = &quot;Apiaká&quot;,
	[&quot;apj&quot;] = &quot;Jicarilla&quot;,
	[&quot;apk&quot;] = &quot;Apache Plains&quot;,
	[&quot;apl&quot;] = &quot;Lipan&quot;,
	[&quot;apm&quot;] = &quot;Chiricahua&quot;,
	[&quot;apn&quot;] = &quot;Apinayé&quot;,
	[&quot;apo&quot;] = &quot;Ambul&quot;,
	[&quot;app&quot;] = &quot;Apma&quot;,
	[&quot;apq&quot;] = &quot;A-Pucikwar&quot;,
	[&quot;apr&quot;] = &quot;Arop-Lokep&quot;,
	[&quot;aps&quot;] = &quot;Arop-Sissano&quot;,
	[&quot;apt&quot;] = &quot;Apatani&quot;,
	[&quot;apu&quot;] = &quot;Apurinã&quot;,
	[&quot;apv&quot;] = &quot;Alapmunte&quot;,
	[&quot;apw&quot;] = &quot;Apache Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;apx&quot;] = &quot;Aputai&quot;,
	[&quot;apy&quot;] = &quot;Apalaí&quot;,
	[&quot;apz&quot;] = &quot;Safeyoka&quot;,
	[&quot;aqc&quot;] = &quot;Archi&quot;,
	[&quot;aqd&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Ampari&quot;,
	[&quot;aqg&quot;] = &quot;Arigidi&quot;,
	[&quot;aql-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Algic&quot;,
	[&quot;aqm&quot;] = &quot;Atohwaim&quot;,
	[&quot;aqn&quot;] = &quot;Alta Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;aqp&quot;] = &quot;Atakapa&quot;,
	[&quot;aqr&quot;] = &quot;Arhâ&quot;,
	[&quot;aqt&quot;] = &quot;Angaité&quot;,
	[&quot;aqz&quot;] = &quot;Akuntsu&quot;,
	[&quot;ar&quot;] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
	[&quot;arc&quot;] = &quot;Aramaik&quot;,
	[&quot;ard&quot;] = &quot;Arabana&quot;,
	[&quot;are&quot;] = &quot;Arrernte Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;arh&quot;] = &quot;Arhuaco&quot;,
	[&quot;ari&quot;] = &quot;Arikara&quot;,
	[&quot;arj&quot;] = &quot;Arapaso&quot;,
	[&quot;ark&quot;] = &quot;Arikapú&quot;,
	[&quot;arl&quot;] = &quot;Arabela&quot;,
	[&quot;arn&quot;] = &quot;Mapudungun&quot;,
	[&quot;aro&quot;] = &quot;Araona&quot;,
	[&quot;arp&quot;] = &quot;Arapaho&quot;,
	[&quot;arq&quot;] = &quot;Arab Aljazair&quot;,
	[&quot;arr&quot;] = &quot;Arara-Karo&quot;,
	[&quot;ars&quot;] = &quot;Arab Najdi&quot;,
	[&quot;art-blk&quot;] = &quot;Bolak&quot;,
	[&quot;art-bsp&quot;] = &quot;Black Speech&quot;,
	[&quot;art-com&quot;] = &quot;Communicationssprache&quot;,
	[&quot;art-dtk&quot;] = &quot;Dothraki&quot;,
	[&quot;art-elo&quot;] = &quot;Eloi&quot;,
	[&quot;art-gld&quot;] = &quot;Goa'uld&quot;,
	[&quot;art-lap&quot;] = &quot;Lapine&quot;,
	[&quot;art-man&quot;] = &quot;Mandalorian&quot;,
	[&quot;art-mun&quot;] = &quot;Mundolinco&quot;,
	[&quot;art-nav&quot;] = &quot;Na'vi&quot;,
	[&quot;art-nox&quot;] = &quot;Noxilo&quot;,
	[&quot;art-una&quot;] = &quot;Unas&quot;,
	[&quot;art-vlh&quot;] = &quot;High Valyrian&quot;,
	[&quot;aru&quot;] = &quot;Arua&quot;,
	[&quot;arv&quot;] = &quot;Arbore&quot;,
	[&quot;arw&quot;] = &quot;Arawak&quot;,
	[&quot;arx&quot;] = &quot;Aruá&quot;,
	[&quot;ary&quot;] = &quot;Arab Moroko&quot;,
	[&quot;arz&quot;] = &quot;Arab Mesir&quot;,
	[&quot;as&quot;] = &quot;Assam&quot;,
	[&quot;asa&quot;] = &quot;Pare&quot;,
	[&quot;asb&quot;] = &quot;Assiniboine&quot;,
	[&quot;asc&quot;] = &quot;Asmat Pesisir Casuarina&quot;,
	[&quot;ase&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Amerika Serikat&quot;,
	[&quot;asf&quot;] = &quot;Auslan&quot;,
	[&quot;asg&quot;] = &quot;Cishingini&quot;,
	[&quot;ash&quot;] = &quot;Abishira&quot;,
	[&quot;asi&quot;] = &quot;Buruwai&quot;,
	[&quot;asj&quot;] = &quot;Nsari&quot;,
	[&quot;ask&quot;] = &quot;Ashkun&quot;,
	[&quot;asl&quot;] = &quot;Asilulu&quot;,
	[&quot;asn&quot;] = &quot;Xingú Asuriní&quot;,
	[&quot;aso&quot;] = &quot;Dano&quot;,
	[&quot;asp&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Aljazair&quot;,
	[&quot;asq&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Austria&quot;,
	[&quot;asr&quot;] = &quot;Asuri&quot;,
	[&quot;ass&quot;] = &quot;Ipulo&quot;,
	[&quot;ast&quot;] = &quot;Asturia&quot;,
	[&quot;asu&quot;] = &quot;Tocantins Asurini&quot;,
	[&quot;asv&quot;] = &quot;Asoa&quot;,
	[&quot;asw&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Aborigin Australia&quot;,
	[&quot;asx&quot;] = &quot;Muratayak&quot;,
	[&quot;asy&quot;] = &quot;Asmat Yaosakor&quot;,
	[&quot;asz&quot;] = &quot;As&quot;,
	[&quot;ata&quot;] = &quot;Pele-Ata&quot;,
	[&quot;atb&quot;] = &quot;Zaiwa&quot;,
	[&quot;atc&quot;] = &quot;Atsahuaca&quot;,
	[&quot;atd&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Ata&quot;,
	[&quot;ate&quot;] = &quot;Atemble&quot;,
	[&quot;atg&quot;] = &quot;Okpela&quot;,
	[&quot;ath-nic&quot;] = &quot;Nicola&quot;,
	[&quot;ath-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Athabaskan&quot;,
	[&quot;ati&quot;] = &quot;Attié&quot;,
	[&quot;atj&quot;] = &quot;Atikamekw&quot;,
	[&quot;atk&quot;] = &quot;Ati&quot;,
	[&quot;atl&quot;] = &quot;Agta Mount Iraya&quot;,
	[&quot;atm&quot;] = &quot;Ata&quot;,
	[&quot;ato&quot;] = &quot;Atong (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;atp&quot;] = &quot;Atta Pudtol&quot;,
	[&quot;atq&quot;] = &quot;Aralle-Tabulahan&quot;,
	[&quot;atr&quot;] = &quot;Waimiri-Atroari&quot;,
	[&quot;ats&quot;] = &quot;Gros Ventre&quot;,
	[&quot;att&quot;] = &quot;Atta Pamplona&quot;,
	[&quot;atu&quot;] = &quot;Reel&quot;,
	[&quot;atv&quot;] = &quot;Altai Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;atw&quot;] = &quot;Atsugewi&quot;,
	[&quot;atx&quot;] = &quot;Arutani&quot;,
	[&quot;aty&quot;] = &quot;Aneityum&quot;,
	[&quot;atz&quot;] = &quot;Arta&quot;,
	[&quot;aua&quot;] = &quot;Asumboa&quot;,
	[&quot;aub&quot;] = &quot;Alugu&quot;,
	[&quot;auc&quot;] = &quot;Huaorani&quot;,
	[&quot;aud&quot;] = &quot;Anuta&quot;,
	[&quot;auf-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Arawa&quot;,
	[&quot;aug&quot;] = &quot;Aguna&quot;,
	[&quot;auh&quot;] = &quot;Aushi&quot;,
	[&quot;aui&quot;] = &quot;Anuki&quot;,
	[&quot;auj&quot;] = &quot;Awjila&quot;,
	[&quot;auk&quot;] = &quot;Heyo&quot;,
	[&quot;aul&quot;] = &quot;Aulua&quot;,
	[&quot;aum&quot;] = &quot;Asu&quot;,
	[&quot;aun&quot;] = &quot;One Molmo&quot;,
	[&quot;auo&quot;] = &quot;Auyokawa&quot;,
	[&quot;aup&quot;] = &quot;Makayam&quot;,
	[&quot;auq&quot;] = &quot;Anus&quot;,
	[&quot;aur&quot;] = &quot;Aruek&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-alu&quot;] = &quot;Alungul&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-and&quot;] = &quot;Andjingith&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-ang&quot;] = &quot;Angkula&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-arn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Arnhem&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-bra&quot;] = &quot;Barranbinya&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-brm&quot;] = &quot;Barunggam&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-cww-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-New South Wales Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-dal-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Daly&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-guw&quot;] = &quot;Guwar&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-lsw&quot;] = &quot;Little Swanport&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-mbi&quot;] = &quot;Mbiywom&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-ngk&quot;] = &quot;Ngkoth&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-nyu-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nyulnyulan&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-pam-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Pama-Nyungan&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-tul&quot;] = &quot;Tulua&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-uwi&quot;] = &quot;Uwinymil&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-wdj-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Iwaidjan&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-won&quot;] = &quot;Wong-gie&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-wul&quot;] = &quot;Wulguru&quot;,
	[&quot;aus-ynk&quot;] = &quot;Yangkaal&quot;,
	[&quot;aut&quot;] = &quot;Austral&quot;,
	[&quot;auu&quot;] = &quot;Auye&quot;,
	[&quot;auw&quot;] = &quot;Awyi&quot;,
	[&quot;aux&quot;] = &quot;Aurá&quot;,
	[&quot;auy&quot;] = &quot;Auyana&quot;,
	[&quot;auz&quot;] = &quot;Arab Uzbek&quot;,
	[&quot;av&quot;] = &quot;Avar&quot;,
	[&quot;avb&quot;] = &quot;Avau&quot;,
	[&quot;avd&quot;] = &quot;Alviri-Vidari&quot;,
	[&quot;avi&quot;] = &quot;Avikam&quot;,
	[&quot;avk&quot;] = &quot;Kotava&quot;,
	[&quot;avm&quot;] = &quot;Angkamuthi&quot;,
	[&quot;avn&quot;] = &quot;Avatime&quot;,
	[&quot;avo&quot;] = &quot;Agavotaguerra&quot;,
	[&quot;avs&quot;] = &quot;Aushiri&quot;,
	[&quot;avt&quot;] = &quot;Au&quot;,
	[&quot;avu&quot;] = &quot;Avokaya&quot;,
	[&quot;avv&quot;] = &quot;Avá-Canoeiro&quot;,
	[&quot;awa&quot;] = &quot;Awadhi&quot;,
	[&quot;awb&quot;] = &quot;Awa (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;awc&quot;] = &quot;Cicipu&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-ama&quot;] = &quot;Amarizana&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-amc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Amuesha-Chamicuro&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-ana&quot;] = &quot;Anauyá&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-apo&quot;] = &quot;Apolista&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-cav&quot;] = &quot;Cavere&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-gnu&quot;] = &quot;Guinau&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-kar&quot;] = &quot;Cariay&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-kaw&quot;] = &quot;Kawishana&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-kmp-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kampa&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-kus&quot;] = &quot;Kustenau&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-man&quot;] = &quot;Manao&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-mar&quot;] = &quot;Marawan&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-mpr&quot;] = &quot;Maypure&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-mrt&quot;] = &quot;Mariaté&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-nwk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nawiki&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-pai&quot;] = &quot;Paikoneka&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-pas&quot;] = &quot;Passé&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Arawak&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-prw-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Paresi-Waura&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-she&quot;] = &quot;Shebayo&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-taa-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Ta-Arawak&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-wai&quot;] = &quot;Wainumá&quot;,
	[&quot;awd-yum&quot;] = &quot;Yumana&quot;,
	[&quot;awe&quot;] = &quot;Awetí&quot;,
	[&quot;awg&quot;] = &quot;Anguthimri&quot;,
	[&quot;awh&quot;] = &quot;Awbono&quot;,
	[&quot;awi&quot;] = &quot;Aekyom&quot;,
	[&quot;awk&quot;] = &quot;Awabakal&quot;,
	[&quot;awm&quot;] = &quot;Arawum&quot;,
	[&quot;awn&quot;] = &quot;Awngi&quot;,
	[&quot;awo&quot;] = &quot;Awak&quot;,
	[&quot;awr&quot;] = &quot;Awera&quot;,
	[&quot;aws&quot;] = &quot;Awyu Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;awt&quot;] = &quot;Araweté&quot;,
	[&quot;awu&quot;] = &quot;Awyu Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;awv&quot;] = &quot;Awyu Jair&quot;,
	[&quot;aww&quot;] = &quot;Awun&quot;,
	[&quot;awx&quot;] = &quot;Awara&quot;,
	[&quot;awy&quot;] = &quot;Awyu Edera&quot;,
	[&quot;axb&quot;] = &quot;Abipon&quot;,
	[&quot;axe&quot;] = &quot;Ayerrerenge&quot;,
	[&quot;axg&quot;] = &quot;Arára Mato Grosso&quot;,
	[&quot;axk&quot;] = &quot;Aka (Afrika Tengah)&quot;,
	[&quot;axl&quot;] = &quot;Aranda Selatan Bawah&quot;,
	[&quot;axm&quot;] = &quot;Armenia Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;axx&quot;] = &quot;Xaragure&quot;,
	[&quot;ay&quot;] = &quot;Aymara&quot;,
	[&quot;aya&quot;] = &quot;Awar&quot;,
	[&quot;ayb&quot;] = &quot;Ayizo&quot;,
	[&quot;ayd&quot;] = &quot;Ayabadhu&quot;,
	[&quot;aye&quot;] = &quot;Ayere&quot;,
	[&quot;ayg&quot;] = &quot;Nyanga (Togo)&quot;,
	[&quot;ayi&quot;] = &quot;Leyigha&quot;,
	[&quot;ayk&quot;] = &quot;Akuku&quot;,
	[&quot;ayl&quot;] = &quot;Arab Libya&quot;,
	[&quot;ayn&quot;] = &quot;Arab Yemen&quot;,
	[&quot;ayo&quot;] = &quot;Ayoreo&quot;,
	[&quot;ayp&quot;] = &quot;Arab Mesopotamia Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ayq&quot;] = &quot;Ayi&quot;,
	[&quot;ays&quot;] = &quot;Sorsogon Ayta&quot;,
	[&quot;ayt&quot;] = &quot;Ayta Bataan&quot;,
	[&quot;ayu&quot;] = &quot;Ayu&quot;,
	[&quot;ayy&quot;] = &quot;Ayta Tayabas&quot;,
	[&quot;ayz&quot;] = &quot;Maybrat&quot;,
	[&quot;az&quot;] = &quot;Azerbaijan&quot;,
	[&quot;aza&quot;] = &quot;Azha&quot;,
	[&quot;azc-caz&quot;] = &quot;Cazcan&quot;,
	[&quot;azc-cup-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Cupan&quot;,
	[&quot;azc-ktn&quot;] = &quot;Kitanemuk&quot;,
	[&quot;azc-nah-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nahuan&quot;,
	[&quot;azc-num-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Numic&quot;,
	[&quot;azc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Uto-Aztecan&quot;,
	[&quot;azc-tak-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Takic&quot;,
	[&quot;azc-tat&quot;] = &quot;Tataviam&quot;,
	[&quot;azd&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Durango Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;azg&quot;] = &quot;Amuzgo San Pedro Amuzgos&quot;,
	[&quot;azm&quot;] = &quot;Amuzgo Ipalapa&quot;,
	[&quot;azn&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Durango Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;azo&quot;] = &quot;Awing&quot;,
	[&quot;azt&quot;] = &quot;Atta Faire&quot;,
	[&quot;azz&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Pegunungan Puebla&quot;,
	[&quot;ba&quot;] = &quot;Bashkir&quot;,
	[&quot;baa&quot;] = &quot;Babatana&quot;,
	[&quot;bab&quot;] = &quot;Bainouk-Gunyuño&quot;,
	[&quot;bac&quot;] = &quot;Baduy&quot;,
	[&quot;bae&quot;] = &quot;Baré&quot;,
	[&quot;baf&quot;] = &quot;Nubaca&quot;,
	[&quot;bag&quot;] = &quot;Tuki&quot;,
	[&quot;bah&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Bahama&quot;,
	[&quot;baj&quot;] = &quot;Barakai&quot;,
	[&quot;bal&quot;] = &quot;Baluchi&quot;,
	[&quot;ban&quot;] = &quot;Bali&quot;,
	[&quot;bao&quot;] = &quot;Waimaha&quot;,
	[&quot;bap&quot;] = &quot;Bantawa&quot;,
	[&quot;bar&quot;] = &quot;Bavaria&quot;,
	[&quot;bas&quot;] = &quot;Basaa&quot;,
	[&quot;bau&quot;] = &quot;Badanchi&quot;,
	[&quot;bav&quot;] = &quot;Babungo&quot;,
	[&quot;baw&quot;] = &quot;Bambili-Bambui&quot;,
	[&quot;bax&quot;] = &quot;Bamum&quot;,
	[&quot;bay&quot;] = &quot;Batuley&quot;,
	[&quot;bba&quot;] = &quot;Baatonum&quot;,
	[&quot;bbb&quot;] = &quot;Barai&quot;,
	[&quot;bbc&quot;] = &quot;Batak Toba&quot;,
	[&quot;bbd&quot;] = &quot;Bau&quot;,
	[&quot;bbe&quot;] = &quot;Bangba&quot;,
	[&quot;bbf&quot;] = &quot;Baibai&quot;,
	[&quot;bbg&quot;] = &quot;Barama&quot;,
	[&quot;bbh&quot;] = &quot;Bugan&quot;,
	[&quot;bbi&quot;] = &quot;Barombi&quot;,
	[&quot;bbj&quot;] = &quot;Ghomala'&quot;,
	[&quot;bbk&quot;] = &quot;Babanki&quot;,
	[&quot;bbl&quot;] = &quot;Bats&quot;,
	[&quot;bbm&quot;] = &quot;Babango&quot;,
	[&quot;bbn&quot;] = &quot;Uneapa&quot;,
	[&quot;bbo&quot;] = &quot;Konabéré&quot;,
	[&quot;bbp&quot;] = &quot;Banda Tengah Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;bbq&quot;] = &quot;Bamali&quot;,
	[&quot;bbr&quot;] = &quot;Girawa&quot;,
	[&quot;bbs&quot;] = &quot;Bakpinka&quot;,
	[&quot;bbt&quot;] = &quot;Mburku&quot;,
	[&quot;bbu&quot;] = &quot;Bakulung&quot;,
	[&quot;bbv&quot;] = &quot;Karnai&quot;,
	[&quot;bbw&quot;] = &quot;Baba&quot;,
	[&quot;bbx&quot;] = &quot;Bubia&quot;,
	[&quot;bby&quot;] = &quot;Befang&quot;,
	[&quot;bca&quot;] = &quot;Bai Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;bcb&quot;] = &quot;Bainouk-Samik&quot;,
	[&quot;bcd&quot;] = &quot;Babar Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;bce&quot;] = &quot;Bamenyam&quot;,
	[&quot;bcf&quot;] = &quot;Bamu&quot;,
	[&quot;bcg&quot;] = &quot;Baga Pokur&quot;,
	[&quot;bch&quot;] = &quot;Bariai&quot;,
	[&quot;bci&quot;] = &quot;Baoule&quot;,
	[&quot;bcj&quot;] = &quot;Bardi&quot;,
	[&quot;bck&quot;] = &quot;Bunaba&quot;,
	[&quot;bcl&quot;] = &quot;Bikol Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;bcm&quot;] = &quot;Banoni&quot;,
	[&quot;bcn&quot;] = &quot;Bibaali&quot;,
	[&quot;bco&quot;] = &quot;Kaluli&quot;,
	[&quot;bcp&quot;] = &quot;Bali (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;bcq&quot;] = &quot;Bench&quot;,
	[&quot;bcr&quot;] = &quot;Babine-Witsuwit'en&quot;,
	[&quot;bcs&quot;] = &quot;Kohumono&quot;,
	[&quot;bct&quot;] = &quot;Bendi&quot;,
	[&quot;bcu&quot;] = &quot;Biliau&quot;,
	[&quot;bcv&quot;] = &quot;Shoo-Minda-Nye&quot;,
	[&quot;bcw&quot;] = &quot;Bana&quot;,
	[&quot;bcy&quot;] = &quot;Bacama&quot;,
	[&quot;bcz&quot;] = &quot;Bainouk-Gunyaamolo&quot;,
	[&quot;bda&quot;] = &quot;Bayot&quot;,
	[&quot;bdb&quot;] = &quot;Basap&quot;,
	[&quot;bdc&quot;] = &quot;Emberá-Baudó&quot;,
	[&quot;bdd&quot;] = &quot;Bunama&quot;,
	[&quot;bde&quot;] = &quot;Bade&quot;,
	[&quot;bdf&quot;] = &quot;Biage&quot;,
	[&quot;bdg&quot;] = &quot;Bonggi&quot;,
	[&quot;bdh&quot;] = &quot;Tara Baka&quot;,
	[&quot;bdi&quot;] = &quot;Burun&quot;,
	[&quot;bdj&quot;] = &quot;Bai&quot;,
	[&quot;bdk&quot;] = &quot;Budukh&quot;,
	[&quot;bdl&quot;] = &quot;Bajau Indónésia&quot;,
	[&quot;bdm&quot;] = &quot;Buduma&quot;,
	[&quot;bdn&quot;] = &quot;Baldemu&quot;,
	[&quot;bdo&quot;] = &quot;Morom&quot;,
	[&quot;bdp&quot;] = &quot;Bende&quot;,
	[&quot;bdq&quot;] = &quot;Bahnar&quot;,
	[&quot;bdr&quot;] = &quot;Bajau Pesisir Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;bds&quot;] = &quot;Burunge&quot;,
	[&quot;bdt&quot;] = &quot;Bokoto&quot;,
	[&quot;bdu&quot;] = &quot;Oroko&quot;,
	[&quot;bdv&quot;] = &quot;Bodo Parja&quot;,
	[&quot;bdw&quot;] = &quot;Baham&quot;,
	[&quot;bdx&quot;] = &quot;Budong-Budong&quot;,
	[&quot;bdy&quot;] = &quot;Bandjalang&quot;,
	[&quot;bdz&quot;] = &quot;Badeshi&quot;,
	[&quot;be&quot;] = &quot;Belarus&quot;,
	[&quot;bea&quot;] = &quot;Beaver&quot;,
	[&quot;beb&quot;] = &quot;Bebele&quot;,
	[&quot;bec&quot;] = &quot;Iceve-Maci&quot;,
	[&quot;bed&quot;] = &quot;Bedoanas&quot;,
	[&quot;bee&quot;] = &quot;Byangsi&quot;,
	[&quot;bef&quot;] = &quot;Benabena&quot;,
	[&quot;beg&quot;] = &quot;Belait&quot;,
	[&quot;beh&quot;] = &quot;Biali&quot;,
	[&quot;bei&quot;] = &quot;Bekati'&quot;,
	[&quot;bej&quot;] = &quot;Beja&quot;,
	[&quot;bek&quot;] = &quot;Bebeli&quot;,
	[&quot;bem&quot;] = &quot;Bemba&quot;,
	[&quot;beo&quot;] = &quot;Beami&quot;,
	[&quot;bep&quot;] = &quot;Besoa&quot;,
	[&quot;beq&quot;] = &quot;Beembe&quot;,
	[&quot;ber-fog&quot;] = &quot;Fogaha&quot;,
	[&quot;ber-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Berber&quot;,
	[&quot;ber-zuw&quot;] = &quot;Zuwara&quot;,
	[&quot;bes&quot;] = &quot;Besme&quot;,
	[&quot;bet&quot;] = &quot;Bété Guiberoua&quot;,
	[&quot;beu&quot;] = &quot;Blagar&quot;,
	[&quot;bev&quot;] = &quot;Bété Daloa&quot;,
	[&quot;bew&quot;] = &quot;Betawi&quot;,
	[&quot;bex&quot;] = &quot;Jur Modo&quot;,
	[&quot;bey&quot;] = &quot;Akuwagel&quot;,
	[&quot;bez&quot;] = &quot;Kibena&quot;,
	[&quot;bfa&quot;] = &quot;Bari&quot;,
	[&quot;bfb&quot;] = &quot;Bareli Pauri&quot;,
	[&quot;bfc&quot;] = &quot;Bai Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;bfd&quot;] = &quot;Bafut&quot;,
	[&quot;bfe&quot;] = &quot;Betaf&quot;,
	[&quot;bff&quot;] = &quot;Bofi&quot;,
	[&quot;bfg&quot;] = &quot;Kayan Busang&quot;,
	[&quot;bfh&quot;] = &quot;Blafe&quot;,
	[&quot;bfi&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Britania&quot;,
	[&quot;bfj&quot;] = &quot;Bafanji&quot;,
	[&quot;bfk&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Ban Khor&quot;,
	[&quot;bfl&quot;] = &quot;Banda-Ndélé&quot;,
	[&quot;bfm&quot;] = &quot;Mmen&quot;,
	[&quot;bfn&quot;] = &quot;Bunak&quot;,
	[&quot;bfo&quot;] = &quot;Birifor Malba&quot;,
	[&quot;bfp&quot;] = &quot;Beba&quot;,
	[&quot;bfq&quot;] = &quot;Badaga&quot;,
	[&quot;bfr&quot;] = &quot;Bazigar&quot;,
	[&quot;bfs&quot;] = &quot;Bai Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;bft&quot;] = &quot;Balti&quot;,
	[&quot;bfu&quot;] = &quot;Gahri&quot;,
	[&quot;bfw&quot;] = &quot;Bondo&quot;,
	[&quot;bfx&quot;] = &quot;Bantayanon&quot;,
	[&quot;bfy&quot;] = &quot;Bagheli&quot;,
	[&quot;bfz&quot;] = &quot;Pahari Mahasu&quot;,
	[&quot;bg&quot;] = &quot;Bulgaria&quot;,
	[&quot;bga&quot;] = &quot;Gwamhi-Wuri&quot;,
	[&quot;bgb&quot;] = &quot;Bobongko&quot;,
	[&quot;bgc&quot;] = &quot;Haryanvi&quot;,
	[&quot;bgd&quot;] = &quot;Bareli Rathwi&quot;,
	[&quot;bge&quot;] = &quot;Bauria&quot;,
	[&quot;bgf&quot;] = &quot;Bangandu&quot;,
	[&quot;bgg&quot;] = &quot;Bugun&quot;,
	[&quot;bgi&quot;] = &quot;Giangan&quot;,
	[&quot;bgj&quot;] = &quot;Bangolan&quot;,
	[&quot;bgk&quot;] = &quot;Bit&quot;,
	[&quot;bgl&quot;] = &quot;Bo&quot;,
	[&quot;bgo&quot;] = &quot;Baga Koga&quot;,
	[&quot;bgq&quot;] = &quot;Bagri&quot;,
	[&quot;bgr&quot;] = &quot;Chin Bawm&quot;,
	[&quot;bgs&quot;] = &quot;Tagabawa&quot;,
	[&quot;bgt&quot;] = &quot;Bughotu&quot;,
	[&quot;bgu&quot;] = &quot;Mbongno&quot;,
	[&quot;bgv&quot;] = &quot;Warkay-Bipim&quot;,
	[&quot;bgw&quot;] = &quot;Bhatri&quot;,
	[&quot;bgx&quot;] = &quot;Turki Balkan Gagauz&quot;,
	[&quot;bgy&quot;] = &quot;Benggoi&quot;,
	[&quot;bgz&quot;] = &quot;Banggai&quot;,
	[&quot;bh&quot;] = &quot;Bihar&quot;,
	[&quot;bha&quot;] = &quot;Bharia&quot;,
	[&quot;bhb&quot;] = &quot;Bhili&quot;,
	[&quot;bhc&quot;] = &quot;Biga&quot;,
	[&quot;bhd&quot;] = &quot;Bhadrawahi&quot;,
	[&quot;bhe&quot;] = &quot;Bhaya&quot;,
	[&quot;bhf&quot;] = &quot;Odiai&quot;,
	[&quot;bhg&quot;] = &quot;Binandere&quot;,
	[&quot;bhh&quot;] = &quot;Bukhari&quot;,
	[&quot;bhi&quot;] = &quot;Bhilali&quot;,
	[&quot;bhj&quot;] = &quot;Bahing&quot;,
	[&quot;bhl&quot;] = &quot;Bimin&quot;,
	[&quot;bhm&quot;] = &quot;Bathari&quot;,
	[&quot;bhn&quot;] = &quot;Neo-Aramaik Bohtan&quot;,
	[&quot;bho&quot;] = &quot;Bhojpuri&quot;,
	[&quot;bhp&quot;] = &quot;Bima&quot;,
	[&quot;bhq&quot;] = &quot;Tukang Besi Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;bhs&quot;] = &quot;Buwal&quot;,
	[&quot;bht&quot;] = &quot;Bhattiyali&quot;,
	[&quot;bhu&quot;] = &quot;Bhunjia&quot;,
	[&quot;bhv&quot;] = &quot;Bahau&quot;,
	[&quot;bhw&quot;] = &quot;Biak&quot;,
	[&quot;bhx&quot;] = &quot;Bhalay&quot;,
	[&quot;bhy&quot;] = &quot;Bhele&quot;,
	[&quot;bhz&quot;] = &quot;Bada&quot;,
	[&quot;bi&quot;] = &quot;Bislama&quot;,
	[&quot;bia&quot;] = &quot;Badimaya&quot;,
	[&quot;bib&quot;] = &quot;Bissa&quot;,
	[&quot;bic&quot;] = &quot;Bikaru&quot;,
	[&quot;bid&quot;] = &quot;Bidiyo&quot;,
	[&quot;bie&quot;] = &quot;Bepour&quot;,
	[&quot;bif&quot;] = &quot;Biafada&quot;,
	[&quot;big&quot;] = &quot;Biangai&quot;,
	[&quot;bij&quot;] = &quot;Kwanka&quot;,
	[&quot;bil&quot;] = &quot;Bile&quot;,
	[&quot;bim&quot;] = &quot;Bimoba&quot;,
	[&quot;bin&quot;] = &quot;Edo&quot;,
	[&quot;bio&quot;] = &quot;Nai&quot;,
	[&quot;bip&quot;] = &quot;Bila&quot;,
	[&quot;biq&quot;] = &quot;Bipi&quot;,
	[&quot;bir&quot;] = &quot;Bisorio&quot;,
	[&quot;bit&quot;] = &quot;Berinomo&quot;,
	[&quot;biu&quot;] = &quot;Biete&quot;,
	[&quot;biv&quot;] = &quot;Birifor Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;biw&quot;] = &quot;Kol (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;bix&quot;] = &quot;Bijori&quot;,
	[&quot;biy&quot;] = &quot;Birhor&quot;,
	[&quot;biz&quot;] = &quot;Baloi&quot;,
	[&quot;bja&quot;] = &quot;Budza&quot;,
	[&quot;bjb&quot;] = &quot;Barngarla&quot;,
	[&quot;bjc&quot;] = &quot;Bariji&quot;,
	[&quot;bje&quot;] = &quot;Mien Biao-Jiao&quot;,
	[&quot;bjf&quot;] = &quot;Neo-Aramaik Barzani Jewish&quot;,
	[&quot;bjg&quot;] = &quot;Bidyogo&quot;,
	[&quot;bjh&quot;] = &quot;Bahinemo&quot;,
	[&quot;bji&quot;] = &quot;Burji&quot;,
	[&quot;bjj&quot;] = &quot;Kannauji&quot;,
	[&quot;bjk&quot;] = &quot;Barok&quot;,
	[&quot;bjl&quot;] = &quot;Bulu (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;bjm&quot;] = &quot;Bajelani&quot;,
	[&quot;bjn&quot;] = &quot;Banjar&quot;,
	[&quot;bjo&quot;] = &quot;Banda Selatan-Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;bjp&quot;] = &quot;Fanamaket&quot;,
	[&quot;bjr&quot;] = &quot;Binumarien&quot;,
	[&quot;bjs&quot;] = &quot;Bajan&quot;,
	[&quot;bjt&quot;] = &quot;Balanta-Ganja&quot;,
	[&quot;bju&quot;] = &quot;Busuu&quot;,
	[&quot;bjv&quot;] = &quot;Bedjond&quot;,
	[&quot;bjw&quot;] = &quot;Bakwé&quot;,
	[&quot;bjx&quot;] = &quot;Itneg Banao&quot;,
	[&quot;bjy&quot;] = &quot;Bayali&quot;,
	[&quot;bjz&quot;] = &quot;Baruga&quot;,
	[&quot;bka&quot;] = &quot;Kyak&quot;,
	[&quot;bkc&quot;] = &quot;Baka&quot;,
	[&quot;bkd&quot;] = &quot;Binukid&quot;,
	[&quot;bkf&quot;] = &quot;Beeke&quot;,
	[&quot;bkg&quot;] = &quot;Buraka&quot;,
	[&quot;bkh&quot;] = &quot;Bakoko&quot;,
	[&quot;bki&quot;] = &quot;Baki&quot;,
	[&quot;bkj&quot;] = &quot;Pande&quot;,
	[&quot;bkk&quot;] = &quot;Brokskat&quot;,
	[&quot;bkl&quot;] = &quot;Berik&quot;,
	[&quot;bkm&quot;] = &quot;Kom (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;bkn&quot;] = &quot;Bukitan&quot;,
	[&quot;bko&quot;] = &quot;Kwa'&quot;,
	[&quot;bkp&quot;] = &quot;Iboko&quot;,
	[&quot;bkq&quot;] = &quot;Bakairí&quot;,
	[&quot;bkr&quot;] = &quot;Bakumpai&quot;,
	[&quot;bks&quot;] = &quot;Sorsogon Masbate&quot;,
	[&quot;bkt&quot;] = &quot;Boloki&quot;,
	[&quot;bku&quot;] = &quot;Buhid&quot;,
	[&quot;bkv&quot;] = &quot;Bekwarra&quot;,
	[&quot;bkw&quot;] = &quot;Bekwel&quot;,
	[&quot;bkx&quot;] = &quot;Baikeno&quot;,
	[&quot;bky&quot;] = &quot;Bokyi&quot;,
	[&quot;bkz&quot;] = &quot;Bungku&quot;,
	[&quot;bla&quot;] = &quot;Blackfoot&quot;,
	[&quot;blb&quot;] = &quot;Bilua&quot;,
	[&quot;blc&quot;] = &quot;Bella Coola&quot;,
	[&quot;bld&quot;] = &quot;Bolango&quot;,
	[&quot;ble&quot;] = &quot;Balanta-Kentohe&quot;,
	[&quot;blf&quot;] = &quot;Buol&quot;,
	[&quot;blg&quot;] = &quot;Balau&quot;,
	[&quot;blh&quot;] = &quot;Kuwaa&quot;,
	[&quot;bli&quot;] = &quot;Bolia&quot;,
	[&quot;blj&quot;] = &quot;Bolongan&quot;,
	[&quot;blk&quot;] = &quot;Karen Pa'o&quot;,
	[&quot;bll&quot;] = &quot;Biloxi&quot;,
	[&quot;blm&quot;] = &quot;Beli&quot;,
	[&quot;bln&quot;] = &quot;Bicolano Catanduanes Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;blo&quot;] = &quot;Anii&quot;,
	[&quot;blp&quot;] = &quot;Blablanga&quot;,
	[&quot;blq&quot;] = &quot;Baluan-Pam&quot;,
	[&quot;blr&quot;] = &quot;Blang&quot;,
	[&quot;bls&quot;] = &quot;Balaesang&quot;,
	[&quot;blt&quot;] = &quot;Tai Dam&quot;,
	[&quot;blv&quot;] = &quot;Kibala&quot;,
	[&quot;blw&quot;] = &quot;Balangao&quot;,
	[&quot;blx&quot;] = &quot;Ayta Mag-Indi&quot;,
	[&quot;bly&quot;] = &quot;Notre&quot;,
	[&quot;blz&quot;] = &quot;Balantak&quot;,
	[&quot;bm&quot;] = &quot;Bambara&quot;,
	[&quot;bma&quot;] = &quot;Lame&quot;,
	[&quot;bmb&quot;] = &quot;Bembe&quot;,
	[&quot;bmc&quot;] = &quot;Biem&quot;,
	[&quot;bmd&quot;] = &quot;Baga Manduri&quot;,
	[&quot;bme&quot;] = &quot;Limassa&quot;,
	[&quot;bmf&quot;] = &quot;Bom&quot;,
	[&quot;bmg&quot;] = &quot;Bamwe&quot;,
	[&quot;bmh&quot;] = &quot;Kein&quot;,
	[&quot;bmi&quot;] = &quot;Bagirmi&quot;,
	[&quot;bmj&quot;] = &quot;Bote-Majhi&quot;,
	[&quot;bmk&quot;] = &quot;Ghayavi&quot;,
	[&quot;bml&quot;] = &quot;Bomboli&quot;,
	[&quot;bmn&quot;] = &quot;Bina&quot;,
	[&quot;bmo&quot;] = &quot;Bambalang&quot;,
	[&quot;bmp&quot;] = &quot;Bulgebi&quot;,
	[&quot;bmq&quot;] = &quot;Bomu&quot;,
	[&quot;bmr&quot;] = &quot;Muinane&quot;,
	[&quot;bmt&quot;] = &quot;Mon Biao&quot;,
	[&quot;bmu&quot;] = &quot;Somba-Siawari&quot;,
	[&quot;bmv&quot;] = &quot;Bum&quot;,
	[&quot;bmw&quot;] = &quot;Bomwali&quot;,
	[&quot;bmx&quot;] = &quot;Baimak&quot;,
	[&quot;bmz&quot;] = &quot;Baramu&quot;,
	[&quot;bn&quot;] = &quot;Bengali&quot;,
	[&quot;bna&quot;] = &quot;Bonerate&quot;,
	[&quot;bnb&quot;] = &quot;Bookan&quot;,
	[&quot;bnd&quot;] = &quot;Banda&quot;,
	[&quot;bne&quot;] = &quot;Bintauna&quot;,
	[&quot;bnf&quot;] = &quot;Masiwang&quot;,
	[&quot;bng&quot;] = &quot;Benga&quot;,
	[&quot;bni&quot;] = &quot;Bangi&quot;,
	[&quot;bnj&quot;] = &quot;Tawbuid Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;bnk&quot;] = &quot;Bierebo&quot;,
	[&quot;bnl&quot;] = &quot;Boon&quot;,
	[&quot;bnm&quot;] = &quot;Batanga&quot;,
	[&quot;bnn&quot;] = &quot;Bunun&quot;,
	[&quot;bno&quot;] = &quot;Asi&quot;,
	[&quot;bnp&quot;] = &quot;Bola&quot;,
	[&quot;bnq&quot;] = &quot;Bantik&quot;,
	[&quot;bnr&quot;] = &quot;Butmas-Tur&quot;,
	[&quot;bns&quot;] = &quot;Bundeli&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-bal&quot;] = &quot;Balong&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-bon&quot;] = &quot;Boma Nkuu&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-boy&quot;] = &quot;Boma Yumu&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-bwa&quot;] = &quot;Bwala&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-cmw&quot;] = &quot;Chimwiini&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-ind&quot;] = &quot;Indanga&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-lal&quot;] = &quot;Lala (Afrika Selatan)&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-lwl&quot;] = &quot;Lwel&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-mpi&quot;] = &quot;Mpiin&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-mpu&quot;] = &quot;Mpuono&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-ngu-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nguni&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-phu&quot;] = &quot;Phuthi&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Bantu&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-sbo&quot;] = &quot;Boma Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;bnt-sts-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sotho-Tswana&quot;,
	[&quot;bnu&quot;] = &quot;Bentong&quot;,
	[&quot;bnv&quot;] = &quot;Beneraf&quot;,
	[&quot;bnw&quot;] = &quot;Bisis&quot;,
	[&quot;bnx&quot;] = &quot;Bangubangu&quot;,
	[&quot;bny&quot;] = &quot;Bintulu&quot;,
	[&quot;bnz&quot;] = &quot;Beezen&quot;,
	[&quot;bo&quot;] = &quot;Tibet&quot;,
	[&quot;boa&quot;] = &quot;Bora&quot;,
	[&quot;bob&quot;] = &quot;Aweer&quot;,
	[&quot;boe&quot;] = &quot;Mundabli&quot;,
	[&quot;bof&quot;] = &quot;Bolon&quot;,
	[&quot;bog&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Bamako&quot;,
	[&quot;boh&quot;] = &quot;Boma Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;boi&quot;] = &quot;Barbareño&quot;,
	[&quot;boj&quot;] = &quot;Anjam&quot;,
	[&quot;bok&quot;] = &quot;Bonjo&quot;,
	[&quot;bol&quot;] = &quot;Bole&quot;,
	[&quot;bom&quot;] = &quot;Berom&quot;,
	[&quot;bon&quot;] = &quot;Bine&quot;,
	[&quot;boo&quot;] = &quot;Bozo Tiemacèwè&quot;,
	[&quot;bop&quot;] = &quot;Bonkiman&quot;,
	[&quot;boq&quot;] = &quot;Bogaya&quot;,
	[&quot;bor&quot;] = &quot;Borôro&quot;,
	[&quot;bot&quot;] = &quot;Bongo&quot;,
	[&quot;bou&quot;] = &quot;Bondei&quot;,
	[&quot;bov&quot;] = &quot;Tuwuli&quot;,
	[&quot;bow&quot;] = &quot;Rema&quot;,
	[&quot;box&quot;] = &quot;Buamu&quot;,
	[&quot;boy&quot;] = &quot;Bodo (Afrika Tengah)&quot;,
	[&quot;boz&quot;] = &quot;Bozo Tiéyaxo&quot;,
	[&quot;bpa&quot;] = &quot;Dakaka&quot;,
	[&quot;bpd&quot;] = &quot;Banda-Banda&quot;,
	[&quot;bpg&quot;] = &quot;Bonggo&quot;,
	[&quot;bph&quot;] = &quot;Botlikh&quot;,
	[&quot;bpi&quot;] = &quot;Bagupi&quot;,
	[&quot;bpj&quot;] = &quot;Binji&quot;,
	[&quot;bpk&quot;] = &quot;Orowe&quot;,
	[&quot;bpl&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Broome Pearling Lugger&quot;,
	[&quot;bpm&quot;] = &quot;Biyom&quot;,
	[&quot;bpn&quot;] = &quot;Dzao Min&quot;,
	[&quot;bpo&quot;] = &quot;Anasi&quot;,
	[&quot;bpp&quot;] = &quot;Kaure&quot;,
	[&quot;bpq&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Banda&quot;,
	[&quot;bpr&quot;] = &quot;Blaan Koronadal&quot;,
	[&quot;bps&quot;] = &quot;Blaan Sarangani&quot;,
	[&quot;bpt&quot;] = &quot;Barrow Point&quot;,
	[&quot;bpu&quot;] = &quot;Bongu&quot;,
	[&quot;bpv&quot;] = &quot;Marind Bian&quot;,
	[&quot;bpx&quot;] = &quot;Bareli Palya&quot;,
	[&quot;bpy&quot;] = &quot;Manipuri Bishnupriya&quot;,
	[&quot;bpz&quot;] = &quot;Bilba&quot;,
	[&quot;bqa&quot;] = &quot;Tchumbuli&quot;,
	[&quot;bqb&quot;] = &quot;Bagusa&quot;,
	[&quot;bqc&quot;] = &quot;Boko&quot;,
	[&quot;bqd&quot;] = &quot;Bung&quot;,
	[&quot;bqf&quot;] = &quot;Baga Kaloum&quot;,
	[&quot;bqg&quot;] = &quot;Bago-Kusuntu&quot;,
	[&quot;bqh&quot;] = &quot;Baima&quot;,
	[&quot;bqi&quot;] = &quot;Bakhtiari&quot;,
	[&quot;bqj&quot;] = &quot;Bandial&quot;,
	[&quot;bqk&quot;] = &quot;Banda-Mbrès&quot;,
	[&quot;bql&quot;] = &quot;Bilakura&quot;,
	[&quot;bqm&quot;] = &quot;Wumboko&quot;,
	[&quot;bqn&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Bulgaria&quot;,
	[&quot;bqo&quot;] = &quot;Balo&quot;,
	[&quot;bqp&quot;] = &quot;Busa&quot;,
	[&quot;bqq&quot;] = &quot;Biritai&quot;,
	[&quot;bqr&quot;] = &quot;Burusu&quot;,
	[&quot;bqs&quot;] = &quot;Bosngun&quot;,
	[&quot;bqt&quot;] = &quot;Bamukumbit&quot;,
	[&quot;bqu&quot;] = &quot;Boguru&quot;,
	[&quot;bqv&quot;] = &quot;Begbere-Ejar&quot;,
	[&quot;bqw&quot;] = &quot;Buru (Nigeria)&quot;,
	[&quot;bqx&quot;] = &quot;Baangi&quot;,
	[&quot;bqy&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Bengkala&quot;,
	[&quot;bqz&quot;] = &quot;Bakaka&quot;,
	[&quot;br&quot;] = &quot;Breton&quot;,
	[&quot;bra&quot;] = &quot;Braj&quot;,
	[&quot;brb&quot;] = &quot;Lave&quot;,
	[&quot;brc&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Belando Berbice&quot;,
	[&quot;brd&quot;] = &quot;Baraamu&quot;,
	[&quot;brf&quot;] = &quot;Bera&quot;,
	[&quot;brg&quot;] = &quot;Baure&quot;,
	[&quot;brh&quot;] = &quot;Brahui&quot;,
	[&quot;bri&quot;] = &quot;Mokpwe&quot;,
	[&quot;brj&quot;] = &quot;Bieria&quot;,
	[&quot;brk&quot;] = &quot;Birgid&quot;,
	[&quot;brl&quot;] = &quot;Birwa&quot;,
	[&quot;brm&quot;] = &quot;Barambu&quot;,
	[&quot;brn&quot;] = &quot;Boruca&quot;,
	[&quot;bro&quot;] = &quot;Brokkat&quot;,
	[&quot;brp&quot;] = &quot;Barapasi&quot;,
	[&quot;brq&quot;] = &quot;Breri&quot;,
	[&quot;brr&quot;] = &quot;Birao&quot;,
	[&quot;brs&quot;] = &quot;Baras&quot;,
	[&quot;brt&quot;] = &quot;Bitare&quot;,
	[&quot;bru&quot;] = &quot;Bru Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;brv&quot;] = &quot;Bru Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;brw&quot;] = &quot;Bellari&quot;,
	[&quot;brx&quot;] = &quot;Bodo (India)&quot;,
	[&quot;bry&quot;] = &quot;Burui&quot;,
	[&quot;brz&quot;] = &quot;Bilbil&quot;,
	[&quot;bsa&quot;] = &quot;Abinomn&quot;,
	[&quot;bsb&quot;] = &quot;Bisaya Brunei&quot;,
	[&quot;bsc&quot;] = &quot;Bassari&quot;,
	[&quot;bse&quot;] = &quot;Wushi&quot;,
	[&quot;bsf&quot;] = &quot;Bauchi&quot;,
	[&quot;bsg&quot;] = &quot;Bashkardi&quot;,
	[&quot;bsh&quot;] = &quot;Kamkata-viri&quot;,
	[&quot;bsi&quot;] = &quot;Bassossi&quot;,
	[&quot;bsj&quot;] = &quot;Bangwinji&quot;,
	[&quot;bsk&quot;] = &quot;Burushaski&quot;,
	[&quot;bsl&quot;] = &quot;Basa-Gumna&quot;,
	[&quot;bsm&quot;] = &quot;Busami&quot;,
	[&quot;bsn&quot;] = &quot;Barasana&quot;,
	[&quot;bso&quot;] = &quot;Buso&quot;,
	[&quot;bsp&quot;] = &quot;Baga Sitemu&quot;,
	[&quot;bsq&quot;] = &quot;Bassa&quot;,
	[&quot;bsr&quot;] = &quot;Bassa-Kontagora&quot;,
	[&quot;bss&quot;] = &quot;Akoose&quot;,
	[&quot;bst&quot;] = &quot;Basketo&quot;,
	[&quot;bsu&quot;] = &quot;Bahonsuai&quot;,
	[&quot;bsv&quot;] = &quot;Baga Sobané&quot;,
	[&quot;bsw&quot;] = &quot;Baiso&quot;,
	[&quot;bsx&quot;] = &quot;Yangkam&quot;,
	[&quot;bsy&quot;] = &quot;Bisaya Sabah&quot;,
	[&quot;bta&quot;] = &quot;Bata&quot;,
	[&quot;btc&quot;] = &quot;Bati (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;btd&quot;] = &quot;Pakpak&quot;,
	[&quot;bte&quot;] = &quot;Gamo-Ningi&quot;,
	[&quot;btf&quot;] = &quot;Birgit&quot;,
	[&quot;btg&quot;] = &quot;Bété Gagnoa&quot;,
	[&quot;bth&quot;] = &quot;Bidayuh Biatah&quot;,
	[&quot;bti&quot;] = &quot;Burate&quot;,
	[&quot;btj&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Bacan&quot;,
	[&quot;btk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Batak&quot;,
	[&quot;btm&quot;] = &quot;Mandailing&quot;,
	[&quot;btn&quot;] = &quot;Ratagnon&quot;,
	[&quot;bto&quot;] = &quot;Bicolano Iriga&quot;,
	[&quot;btp&quot;] = &quot;Budibud&quot;,
	[&quot;btq&quot;] = &quot;Batek&quot;,
	[&quot;btr&quot;] = &quot;Baetora&quot;,
	[&quot;bts&quot;] = &quot;Simalungun&quot;,
	[&quot;btt&quot;] = &quot;Bete-Bendi&quot;,
	[&quot;btu&quot;] = &quot;Batu&quot;,
	[&quot;btv&quot;] = &quot;Bateri&quot;,
	[&quot;btw&quot;] = &quot;Butuanon&quot;,
	[&quot;btx&quot;] = &quot;Karo&quot;,
	[&quot;bty&quot;] = &quot;Bobot&quot;,
	[&quot;btz&quot;] = &quot;Alas-Kluet&quot;,
	[&quot;bua&quot;] = &quot;Buryat&quot;,
	[&quot;bub&quot;] = &quot;Bua&quot;,
	[&quot;bud&quot;] = &quot;Ntcham&quot;,
	[&quot;bue&quot;] = &quot;Beothuk&quot;,
	[&quot;buf&quot;] = &quot;Bushoong&quot;,
	[&quot;bug&quot;] = &quot;Bugis&quot;,
	[&quot;buh&quot;] = &quot;Bunu Younuo&quot;,
	[&quot;bui&quot;] = &quot;Bongili&quot;,
	[&quot;buj&quot;] = &quot;Basa-Gurmana&quot;,
	[&quot;buk&quot;] = &quot;Bukawa&quot;,
	[&quot;bum&quot;] = &quot;Bulu (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;bun&quot;] = &quot;Sherbro&quot;,
	[&quot;buo&quot;] = &quot;Terei&quot;,
	[&quot;bup&quot;] = &quot;Busoa&quot;,
	[&quot;buq&quot;] = &quot;Brem&quot;,
	[&quot;bus&quot;] = &quot;Bokobaru&quot;,
	[&quot;but&quot;] = &quot;Bungain&quot;,
	[&quot;buu&quot;] = &quot;Budu&quot;,
	[&quot;buv&quot;] = &quot;Bun&quot;,
	[&quot;buw&quot;] = &quot;Bubi&quot;,
	[&quot;bux&quot;] = &quot;Boghom&quot;,
	[&quot;buy&quot;] = &quot;Mmani&quot;,
	[&quot;bva&quot;] = &quot;Barein&quot;,
	[&quot;bvb&quot;] = &quot;Bube&quot;,
	[&quot;bvc&quot;] = &quot;Baelelea&quot;,
	[&quot;bvd&quot;] = &quot;Baeggu&quot;,
	[&quot;bve&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Berau&quot;,
	[&quot;bvf&quot;] = &quot;Boor&quot;,
	[&quot;bvg&quot;] = &quot;Bonkeng&quot;,
	[&quot;bvh&quot;] = &quot;Bure&quot;,
	[&quot;bvi&quot;] = &quot;Belando Viri&quot;,
	[&quot;bvj&quot;] = &quot;Baan&quot;,
	[&quot;bvk&quot;] = &quot;Bukat&quot;,
	[&quot;bvl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Bolivia&quot;,
	[&quot;bvm&quot;] = &quot;Bamunka&quot;,
	[&quot;bvn&quot;] = &quot;Buna&quot;,
	[&quot;bvo&quot;] = &quot;Bolgo&quot;,
	[&quot;bvp&quot;] = &quot;Bumang&quot;,
	[&quot;bvq&quot;] = &quot;Birri&quot;,
	[&quot;bvr&quot;] = &quot;Burarra&quot;,
	[&quot;bvt&quot;] = &quot;Bati&quot;,
	[&quot;bvu&quot;] = &quot;Meratus&quot;,
	[&quot;bvv&quot;] = &quot;Baniva&quot;,
	[&quot;bvw&quot;] = &quot;Boga&quot;,
	[&quot;bvx&quot;] = &quot;Babole&quot;,
	[&quot;bvy&quot;] = &quot;Baybayanon&quot;,
	[&quot;bvz&quot;] = &quot;Bauzi&quot;,
	[&quot;bwa&quot;] = &quot;Bwatoo&quot;,
	[&quot;bwb&quot;] = &quot;Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua&quot;,
	[&quot;bwc&quot;] = &quot;Bwile&quot;,
	[&quot;bwd&quot;] = &quot;Bwaidoka&quot;,
	[&quot;bwe&quot;] = &quot;Karen Bwe&quot;,
	[&quot;bwf&quot;] = &quot;Boselewa&quot;,
	[&quot;bwg&quot;] = &quot;Barwe&quot;,
	[&quot;bwh&quot;] = &quot;Bishuo&quot;,
	[&quot;bwi&quot;] = &quot;Baniwa&quot;,
	[&quot;bwj&quot;] = &quot;Bwamu Láá Láá&quot;,
	[&quot;bwk&quot;] = &quot;Bauwaki&quot;,
	[&quot;bwl&quot;] = &quot;Bwela&quot;,
	[&quot;bwm&quot;] = &quot;Biwat&quot;,
	[&quot;bwn&quot;] = &quot;Bunu Wunai&quot;,
	[&quot;bwo&quot;] = &quot;Shinasha&quot;,
	[&quot;bwp&quot;] = &quot;Mandobo Bawah&quot;,
	[&quot;bwq&quot;] = &quot;Bobo Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;bwr&quot;] = &quot;Bura&quot;,
	[&quot;bws&quot;] = &quot;Bomboma&quot;,
	[&quot;bwt&quot;] = &quot;Bafaw&quot;,
	[&quot;bwu&quot;] = &quot;Buli (Ghana)&quot;,
	[&quot;bww&quot;] = &quot;Bwa&quot;,
	[&quot;bwx&quot;] = &quot;Bunu Bu-Nao&quot;,
	[&quot;bwy&quot;] = &quot;Bwamu Cwi&quot;,
	[&quot;bwz&quot;] = &quot;Bwisi&quot;,
	[&quot;bxa&quot;] = &quot;Bauro&quot;,
	[&quot;bxb&quot;] = &quot;Belando Bor&quot;,
	[&quot;bxc&quot;] = &quot;Molengue&quot;,
	[&quot;bxd&quot;] = &quot;Pela&quot;,
	[&quot;bxe&quot;] = &quot;Ongota&quot;,
	[&quot;bxf&quot;] = &quot;Bilur&quot;,
	[&quot;bxg&quot;] = &quot;Bangala&quot;,
	[&quot;bxh&quot;] = &quot;Buhutu&quot;,
	[&quot;bxi&quot;] = &quot;Pirlatapa&quot;,
	[&quot;bxj&quot;] = &quot;Bayungu&quot;,
	[&quot;bxk&quot;] = &quot;Bukusu&quot;,
	[&quot;bxl&quot;] = &quot;Jalkunan&quot;,
	[&quot;bxn&quot;] = &quot;Burduna&quot;,
	[&quot;bxo&quot;] = &quot;Barikanchi&quot;,
	[&quot;bxp&quot;] = &quot;Bebil&quot;,
	[&quot;bxq&quot;] = &quot;Beele&quot;,
	[&quot;bxs&quot;] = &quot;Busam&quot;,
	[&quot;bxv&quot;] = &quot;Berakou&quot;,
	[&quot;bxw&quot;] = &quot;Banka&quot;,
	[&quot;bxz&quot;] = &quot;Binahari&quot;,
	[&quot;bya&quot;] = &quot;Batak Palawan&quot;,
	[&quot;byb&quot;] = &quot;Bikya&quot;,
	[&quot;byc&quot;] = &quot;Ubaghara&quot;,
	[&quot;byd&quot;] = &quot;Benyadu'&quot;,
	[&quot;bye&quot;] = &quot;Pouye&quot;,
	[&quot;byf&quot;] = &quot;Bete&quot;,
	[&quot;byg&quot;] = &quot;Baygo&quot;,
	[&quot;byh&quot;] = &quot;Bujhyal&quot;,
	[&quot;byi&quot;] = &quot;Buyu&quot;,
	[&quot;byj&quot;] = &quot;Binawa&quot;,
	[&quot;byk&quot;] = &quot;Biao&quot;,
	[&quot;byl&quot;] = &quot;Bayono&quot;,
	[&quot;bym&quot;] = &quot;Bidyara&quot;,
	[&quot;byn&quot;] = &quot;Blin&quot;,
	[&quot;byo&quot;] = &quot;Biyo&quot;,
	[&quot;byp&quot;] = &quot;Bumaji&quot;,
	[&quot;byq&quot;] = &quot;Basay&quot;,
	[&quot;byr&quot;] = &quot;Baruya&quot;,
	[&quot;bys&quot;] = &quot;Burak&quot;,
	[&quot;byt&quot;] = &quot;Berti&quot;,
	[&quot;byv&quot;] = &quot;Medumba&quot;,
	[&quot;byw&quot;] = &quot;Belhariya&quot;,
	[&quot;byx&quot;] = &quot;Qaqet&quot;,
	[&quot;byz&quot;] = &quot;Banaro&quot;,
	[&quot;bza&quot;] = &quot;Bandi&quot;,
	[&quot;bzb&quot;] = &quot;Andio&quot;,
	[&quot;bzd&quot;] = &quot;Bribri&quot;,
	[&quot;bze&quot;] = &quot;Bozo Jenaama&quot;,
	[&quot;bzf&quot;] = &quot;Boikin&quot;,
	[&quot;bzg&quot;] = &quot;Babuza&quot;,
	[&quot;bzh&quot;] = &quot;Buang Mapos&quot;,
	[&quot;bzi&quot;] = &quot;Bisu&quot;,
	[&quot;bzj&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Belize&quot;,
	[&quot;bzk&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Nikaragua&quot;,
	[&quot;bzl&quot;] = &quot;Boano (Sulawesi)&quot;,
	[&quot;bzm&quot;] = &quot;Bolondo&quot;,
	[&quot;bzn&quot;] = &quot;Boano (Maluku)&quot;,
	[&quot;bzo&quot;] = &quot;Bozaba&quot;,
	[&quot;bzp&quot;] = &quot;Kemberano&quot;,
	[&quot;bzq&quot;] = &quot;Buli&quot;,
	[&quot;bzr&quot;] = &quot;Biri&quot;,
	[&quot;bzs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Brasil&quot;,
	[&quot;bzu&quot;] = &quot;Burmeso&quot;,
	[&quot;bzv&quot;] = &quot;Bebe&quot;,
	[&quot;bzw&quot;] = &quot;Basa&quot;,
	[&quot;bzx&quot;] = &quot;Bozo Hainyaxo&quot;,
	[&quot;bzy&quot;] = &quot;Obanliku&quot;,
	[&quot;bzz&quot;] = &quot;Evant&quot;,
	[&quot;ca&quot;] = &quot;Katala&quot;,
	[&quot;caa&quot;] = &quot;Ch'orti'&quot;,
	[&quot;cab&quot;] = &quot;Garifuna&quot;,
	[&quot;cac&quot;] = &quot;Chuj&quot;,
	[&quot;cad&quot;] = &quot;Caddo&quot;,
	[&quot;cae&quot;] = &quot;Laalaa&quot;,
	[&quot;caf&quot;] = &quot;Carrier Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;cag&quot;] = &quot;Nivaclé&quot;,
	[&quot;cah&quot;] = &quot;Cahuarano&quot;,
	[&quot;caj&quot;] = &quot;Chané&quot;,
	[&quot;cak&quot;] = &quot;Kaqchikel&quot;,
	[&quot;cal&quot;] = &quot;Carolinia&quot;,
	[&quot;cam&quot;] = &quot;Cemuhî&quot;,
	[&quot;can&quot;] = &quot;Chambri&quot;,
	[&quot;cao&quot;] = &quot;Chácobo&quot;,
	[&quot;cap&quot;] = &quot;Chipaya&quot;,
	[&quot;caq&quot;] = &quot;Nikobar Car&quot;,
	[&quot;car&quot;] = &quot;Carib Galibi&quot;,
	[&quot;cas&quot;] = &quot;Tsimané&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-abz-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-ava-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Avaro-Andia&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-cir-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Circassia&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-drg-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Dargwa&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-lzg-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Lezghia&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-nec-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kaukasia Timur Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-nkh-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nakh&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-nwc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kaukasia Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;cau-tsz-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tsezia&quot;,
	[&quot;cav&quot;] = &quot;Cavineña&quot;,
	[&quot;caw&quot;] = &quot;Callawalla&quot;,
	[&quot;cax&quot;] = &quot;Chiquitano&quot;,
	[&quot;cay&quot;] = &quot;Cayuga&quot;,
	[&quot;caz&quot;] = &quot;Canichana&quot;,
	[&quot;cba-ata&quot;] = &quot;Atanques&quot;,
	[&quot;cba-cat&quot;] = &quot;Chibcha Catío&quot;,
	[&quot;cba-dor&quot;] = &quot;Dorasque&quot;,
	[&quot;cba-dui&quot;] = &quot;Duit&quot;,
	[&quot;cba-hue&quot;] = &quot;Huetar&quot;,
	[&quot;cba-nut&quot;] = &quot;Nutabe&quot;,
	[&quot;cba-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chibcha&quot;,
	[&quot;cbb&quot;] = &quot;Cabiyarí&quot;,
	[&quot;cbc&quot;] = &quot;Carapana&quot;,
	[&quot;cbd&quot;] = &quot;Carijona&quot;,
	[&quot;cbg&quot;] = &quot;Chimila&quot;,
	[&quot;cbi&quot;] = &quot;Chachi&quot;,
	[&quot;cbj&quot;] = &quot;Ede Cabe&quot;,
	[&quot;cbk&quot;] = &quot;Chavacano&quot;,
	[&quot;cbl&quot;] = &quot;Chin Bualkhaw&quot;,
	[&quot;cbn&quot;] = &quot;Kur Nyah&quot;,
	[&quot;cbo&quot;] = &quot;Izora&quot;,
	[&quot;cbq&quot;] = &quot;Shuba&quot;,
	[&quot;cbr&quot;] = &quot;Cashibo-Cacataibo&quot;,
	[&quot;cbs&quot;] = &quot;Cashinahua&quot;,
	[&quot;cbt&quot;] = &quot;Chayahuita&quot;,
	[&quot;cbu&quot;] = &quot;Candoshi-Shapra&quot;,
	[&quot;cbv&quot;] = &quot;Cacua&quot;,
	[&quot;cbw&quot;] = &quot;Kinabalian&quot;,
	[&quot;cby&quot;] = &quot;Carabayo&quot;,
	[&quot;cca&quot;] = &quot;Cauca&quot;,
	[&quot;ccc&quot;] = &quot;Chamicuro&quot;,
	[&quot;ccd&quot;] = &quot;Cafundó&quot;,
	[&quot;cce&quot;] = &quot;Chopi&quot;,
	[&quot;ccg&quot;] = &quot;Chamba Daka&quot;,
	[&quot;cch&quot;] = &quot;Atsam&quot;,
	[&quot;ccj&quot;] = &quot;Kasanga&quot;,
	[&quot;ccl&quot;] = &quot;Cutchi-Swahili&quot;,
	[&quot;ccm&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Melayu Malaka&quot;,
	[&quot;ccn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kaukasia Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;cco&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Comaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;ccp&quot;] = &quot;Chakma&quot;,
	[&quot;ccr&quot;] = &quot;Cacaopera&quot;,
	[&quot;ccs-gzn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Georgia-Zan&quot;,
	[&quot;ccs-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kartvelia&quot;,
	[&quot;cda&quot;] = &quot;Choni&quot;,
	[&quot;cdc-cbm-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chad Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;cdc-mas-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Masa&quot;,
	[&quot;cdc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chadic&quot;,
	[&quot;cdd-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Caddo&quot;,
	[&quot;cde&quot;] = &quot;Chenchu&quot;,
	[&quot;cdf&quot;] = &quot;Chiru&quot;,
	[&quot;cdh&quot;] = &quot;Chambeali&quot;,
	[&quot;cdi&quot;] = &quot;Chodri&quot;,
	[&quot;cdj&quot;] = &quot;Churahi&quot;,
	[&quot;cdm&quot;] = &quot;Chepang&quot;,
	[&quot;cdn&quot;] = &quot;Chaudangsi&quot;,
	[&quot;cdo&quot;] = &quot;Min Dong&quot;,
	[&quot;cdr&quot;] = &quot;Cinda-Regi-Tiyal&quot;,
	[&quot;cds&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Chad&quot;,
	[&quot;cdy&quot;] = &quot;Chadong&quot;,
	[&quot;cdz&quot;] = &quot;Koda&quot;,
	[&quot;ce&quot;] = &quot;Chechen&quot;,
	[&quot;cea&quot;] = &quot;Chehalis Hilir&quot;,
	[&quot;ceb&quot;] = &quot;Cebuano&quot;,
	[&quot;ceg&quot;] = &quot;Chamacoco&quot;,
	[&quot;cel-bry-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Brythonic&quot;,
	[&quot;cel-gal&quot;] = &quot;Gallaecia&quot;,
	[&quot;cel-gau&quot;] = &quot;Gaulish&quot;,
	[&quot;cel-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Keltik&quot;,
	[&quot;cen&quot;] = &quot;Cen&quot;,
	[&quot;cet&quot;] = &quot;Centúúm&quot;,
	[&quot;cfa&quot;] = &quot;Dijim-Bwilim&quot;,
	[&quot;cfd&quot;] = &quot;Cara&quot;,
	[&quot;cfg&quot;] = &quot;Como Karim&quot;,
	[&quot;cfm&quot;] = &quot;Chin Falam&quot;,
	[&quot;cga&quot;] = &quot;Changriwa&quot;,
	[&quot;cgc&quot;] = &quot;Kagayanen&quot;,
	[&quot;cgg&quot;] = &quot;Rukiga&quot;,
	[&quot;cgk&quot;] = &quot;Chocangaca&quot;,
	[&quot;ch&quot;] = &quot;Chamorro&quot;,
	[&quot;chb&quot;] = &quot;Chibcha&quot;,
	[&quot;chc&quot;] = &quot;Catawba&quot;,
	[&quot;chd&quot;] = &quot;Chontal Oaxaca Pegunungan&quot;,
	[&quot;chf&quot;] = &quot;Chontal Tabasco&quot;,
	[&quot;chg&quot;] = &quot;Chagatai&quot;,
	[&quot;chh&quot;] = &quot;Chinook&quot;,
	[&quot;chi-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chimakuan&quot;,
	[&quot;chj&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Ojitlán&quot;,
	[&quot;chk&quot;] = &quot;Chuuk&quot;,
	[&quot;chl&quot;] = &quot;Cahuilla&quot;,
	[&quot;chm-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mari&quot;,
	[&quot;chn&quot;] = &quot;Chinook Jargon&quot;,
	[&quot;cho&quot;] = &quot;Choctaw&quot;,
	[&quot;chp&quot;] = &quot;Chipewyan&quot;,
	[&quot;chq&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Quiotepec&quot;,
	[&quot;chr&quot;] = &quot;Cherokee&quot;,
	[&quot;cht&quot;] = &quot;Cholón&quot;,
	[&quot;chw&quot;] = &quot;Chuabo&quot;,
	[&quot;chx&quot;] = &quot;Chantyal&quot;,
	[&quot;chy&quot;] = &quot;Cheyenne&quot;,
	[&quot;chz&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Ozumacín&quot;,
	[&quot;cia&quot;] = &quot;Cia-Cia&quot;,
	[&quot;cib&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Ci&quot;,
	[&quot;cic&quot;] = &quot;Chickasaw&quot;,
	[&quot;cid&quot;] = &quot;Chimariko&quot;,
	[&quot;cie&quot;] = &quot;Cineni&quot;,
	[&quot;cih&quot;] = &quot;Chinali&quot;,
	[&quot;cik&quot;] = &quot;Kinnauri Chitkuli&quot;,
	[&quot;cim&quot;] = &quot;Cimbria&quot;,
	[&quot;cin&quot;] = &quot;Cinta Larga&quot;,
	[&quot;cip&quot;] = &quot;Chiapanec&quot;,
	[&quot;cir&quot;] = &quot;Tiri&quot;,
	[&quot;ciy&quot;] = &quot;Chaima&quot;,
	[&quot;cja&quot;] = &quot;Cham Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;cje&quot;] = &quot;Chru&quot;,
	[&quot;cjh&quot;] = &quot;Chehalis Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;cji&quot;] = &quot;Chamalal&quot;,
	[&quot;cjk&quot;] = &quot;Chokwe&quot;,
	[&quot;cjm&quot;] = &quot;Cham Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;cjn&quot;] = &quot;Chenapia&quot;,
	[&quot;cjo&quot;] = &quot;Ashéninka Pajonal&quot;,
	[&quot;cjp&quot;] = &quot;Cabécar&quot;,
	[&quot;cjs&quot;] = &quot;Shor&quot;,
	[&quot;cjv&quot;] = &quot;Chuave&quot;,
	[&quot;cjy&quot;] = &quot;Jin&quot;,
	[&quot;ckb&quot;] = &quot;Kurdi Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;ckh&quot;] = &quot;Chak&quot;,
	[&quot;ckl&quot;] = &quot;Cibak&quot;,
	[&quot;ckn&quot;] = &quot;Chin Kaang&quot;,
	[&quot;cko&quot;] = &quot;Anufo&quot;,
	[&quot;ckq&quot;] = &quot;Kajakse&quot;,
	[&quot;ckr&quot;] = &quot;Kairak&quot;,
	[&quot;cks&quot;] = &quot;Tayo&quot;,
	[&quot;ckt&quot;] = &quot;Chukchi&quot;,
	[&quot;cku&quot;] = &quot;Koasati&quot;,
	[&quot;ckv&quot;] = &quot;Kavalan&quot;,
	[&quot;ckx&quot;] = &quot;Caka&quot;,
	[&quot;cky&quot;] = &quot;Cakfem-Mushere&quot;,
	[&quot;ckz&quot;] = &quot;campuran Cakchiquel-Quiché&quot;,
	[&quot;cla&quot;] = &quot;Ron&quot;,
	[&quot;clc&quot;] = &quot;Chilcotin&quot;,
	[&quot;cld&quot;] = &quot;Neo-Aramaik Khaldea&quot;,
	[&quot;cle&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Lealao&quot;,
	[&quot;clh&quot;] = &quot;Chilisso&quot;,
	[&quot;cli&quot;] = &quot;Chakali&quot;,
	[&quot;clj&quot;] = &quot;Chin Laitu&quot;,
	[&quot;clk&quot;] = &quot;Idu&quot;,
	[&quot;cll&quot;] = &quot;Chala&quot;,
	[&quot;clm&quot;] = &quot;Klallam&quot;,
	[&quot;clo&quot;] = &quot;Chontal Oaxaca Dataran&quot;,
	[&quot;clt&quot;] = &quot;Chin Lautu&quot;,
	[&quot;clu&quot;] = &quot;Caluyanun&quot;,
	[&quot;clw&quot;] = &quot;Chulym&quot;,
	[&quot;cly&quot;] = &quot;Chatino Pegunungan Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;cma&quot;] = &quot;Maa&quot;,
	[&quot;cmc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chamic&quot;,
	[&quot;cme&quot;] = &quot;Cerma&quot;,
	[&quot;cmg&quot;] = &quot;Mongolia Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;cmi&quot;] = &quot;Emberá-Chamí&quot;,
	[&quot;cml&quot;] = &quot;Campalagian&quot;,
	[&quot;cmm&quot;] = &quot;Michigamea&quot;,
	[&quot;cmn&quot;] = &quot;Tionghoa Mandarin&quot;,
	[&quot;cmo&quot;] = &quot;Mnong Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;cmr&quot;] = &quot;Chin Mro&quot;,
	[&quot;cms&quot;] = &quot;Messapic&quot;,
	[&quot;cmt&quot;] = &quot;Camtho&quot;,
	[&quot;cna&quot;] = &quot;Changthang&quot;,
	[&quot;cnb&quot;] = &quot;Chin Chinbon&quot;,
	[&quot;cnc&quot;] = &quot;Côông&quot;,
	[&quot;cng&quot;] = &quot;Qiang Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;cnh&quot;] = &quot;Lai&quot;,
	[&quot;cni&quot;] = &quot;Asháninka&quot;,
	[&quot;cnk&quot;] = &quot;Chin Khumi&quot;,
	[&quot;cnl&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Lalana&quot;,
	[&quot;cno&quot;] = &quot;Con&quot;,
	[&quot;cns&quot;] = &quot;Asmat Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;cnt&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Tepetotutla&quot;,
	[&quot;cnu&quot;] = &quot;Chenoua&quot;,
	[&quot;cnw&quot;] = &quot;Chin Ngawn&quot;,
	[&quot;cnx&quot;] = &quot;Kernowek Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;co&quot;] = &quot;Korsika&quot;,
	[&quot;coa&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Kepulauan Cocos&quot;,
	[&quot;cob&quot;] = &quot;Chicomuceltec&quot;,
	[&quot;coc&quot;] = &quot;Cocopa&quot;,
	[&quot;cod&quot;] = &quot;Cocama&quot;,
	[&quot;coe&quot;] = &quot;Koreguaje&quot;,
	[&quot;cof&quot;] = &quot;Tsafiki&quot;,
	[&quot;cog&quot;] = &quot;Chong&quot;,
	[&quot;coh&quot;] = &quot;Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma&quot;,
	[&quot;coj&quot;] = &quot;Cochimi&quot;,
	[&quot;cok&quot;] = &quot;Santa Teresa Cora&quot;,
	[&quot;col&quot;] = &quot;Columbia-Wenatchi&quot;,
	[&quot;com&quot;] = &quot;Comanche&quot;,
	[&quot;con&quot;] = &quot;Cofán&quot;,
	[&quot;coo&quot;] = &quot;Comox&quot;,
	[&quot;cop&quot;] = &quot;Coptic&quot;,
	[&quot;coq&quot;] = &quot;Coquille&quot;,
	[&quot;cot&quot;] = &quot;Caquinte&quot;,
	[&quot;cou&quot;] = &quot;Wamey&quot;,
	[&quot;cov&quot;] = &quot;Miao Cao&quot;,
	[&quot;cow&quot;] = &quot;Cowlitz&quot;,
	[&quot;cox&quot;] = &quot;Nanti&quot;,
	[&quot;coy&quot;] = &quot;Coyaima&quot;,
	[&quot;coz&quot;] = &quot;Chochotec&quot;,
	[&quot;cpa&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Palantla&quot;,
	[&quot;cpb&quot;] = &quot;Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka&quot;,
	[&quot;cpc&quot;] = &quot;Ajyíninka Apurucayali&quot;,
	[&quot;cpe-mar&quot;] = &quot;Spirit Maroon&quot;,
	[&quot;cpe-spp&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Perkebunan Samoa&quot;,
	[&quot;cpg&quot;] = &quot;Yunani Kapadokia&quot;,
	[&quot;cpi&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Inggeris Tiongkok&quot;,
	[&quot;cpn&quot;] = &quot;Cherepon&quot;,
	[&quot;cpo&quot;] = &quot;Kpee&quot;,
	[&quot;cps&quot;] = &quot;Capiznon&quot;,
	[&quot;cpu&quot;] = &quot;Pichis Ashéninka&quot;,
	[&quot;cpx&quot;] = &quot;Puxian&quot;,
	[&quot;cpy&quot;] = &quot;Ucayali Ashéninka Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;cqd&quot;] = &quot;Miao Kluster Chuanqiandian&quot;,
	[&quot;cr&quot;] = &quot;Cree&quot;,
	[&quot;cra&quot;] = &quot;Chara&quot;,
	[&quot;crb&quot;] = &quot;Carib Island&quot;,
	[&quot;crc&quot;] = &quot;Lonwolwol&quot;,
	[&quot;crd&quot;] = &quot;Coeur d'Alene&quot;,
	[&quot;crf&quot;] = &quot;Caramanta&quot;,
	[&quot;crg&quot;] = &quot;Michif&quot;,
	[&quot;crh&quot;] = &quot;Tatar Krimea&quot;,
	[&quot;cri&quot;] = &quot;Sãotomense&quot;,
	[&quot;crj&quot;] = &quot;Cree Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;crk&quot;] = &quot;Cree Plains&quot;,
	[&quot;crl&quot;] = &quot;Cree Timur Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;crm&quot;] = &quot;Cree Moose&quot;,
	[&quot;crn&quot;] = &quot;Cora&quot;,
	[&quot;cro&quot;] = &quot;Crow&quot;,
	[&quot;crp-gep&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Grinlandia Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;crp-mpp&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Portugis Makau&quot;,
	[&quot;crp-rsn&quot;] = &quot;Russenorsk&quot;,
	[&quot;crp-tnw&quot;] = &quot;Tangwang&quot;,
	[&quot;crp-tpr&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Rusia Taimyr&quot;,
	[&quot;crq&quot;] = &quot;Chorote Iyo'wujwa&quot;,
	[&quot;crr&quot;] = &quot;Algonquian Carolina&quot;,
	[&quot;crs&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Seychelle&quot;,
	[&quot;crt&quot;] = &quot;Chorote Iyojwa'ja&quot;,
	[&quot;crv&quot;] = &quot;Chaura&quot;,
	[&quot;crw&quot;] = &quot;Chrau&quot;,
	[&quot;crx&quot;] = &quot;Carrier&quot;,
	[&quot;cry&quot;] = &quot;Cori&quot;,
	[&quot;crz&quot;] = &quot;Cruzeño&quot;,
	[&quot;cs&quot;] = &quot;Ceko&quot;,
	[&quot;csa&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Chiltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;csb&quot;] = &quot;Kashubia&quot;,
	[&quot;csc&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Katala&quot;,
	[&quot;csd&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Chiangmai&quot;,
	[&quot;cse&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Ceko&quot;,
	[&quot;csf&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Kuba&quot;,
	[&quot;csg&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Cile&quot;,
	[&quot;csh&quot;] = &quot;Chin Asho&quot;,
	[&quot;csi&quot;] = &quot;Miwok Coast&quot;,
	[&quot;csj&quot;] = &quot;Chin Songlai&quot;,
	[&quot;csk&quot;] = &quot;Jola-Kasa&quot;,
	[&quot;csl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Tionghoa&quot;,
	[&quot;csm&quot;] = &quot;Miwok Sierra Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;csn&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Kolombia&quot;,
	[&quot;cso&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Sochiapam&quot;,
	[&quot;csq&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Kroasia&quot;,
	[&quot;csr&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Kosta Rika&quot;,
	[&quot;css&quot;] = &quot;Ohlone Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;cst&quot;] = &quot;Ohlone Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;csu-bba-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Bongo-Bagirmi&quot;,
	[&quot;csu-maa-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mangbetu&quot;,
	[&quot;csu-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sudan Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;csu-sar-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sara&quot;,
	[&quot;csv&quot;] = &quot;Chin Sumtu&quot;,
	[&quot;csw&quot;] = &quot;Cree Swampy&quot;,
	[&quot;csy&quot;] = &quot;Chin Siyin&quot;,
	[&quot;csz&quot;] = &quot;Coos&quot;,
	[&quot;cta&quot;] = &quot;Chatino Tataltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;ctc&quot;] = &quot;Chetco-Tolowa&quot;,
	[&quot;ctd&quot;] = &quot;Chin Tedim&quot;,
	[&quot;cte&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Tepinapa&quot;,
	[&quot;ctg&quot;] = &quot;Chittagong&quot;,
	[&quot;cth&quot;] = &quot;Chin Thaiphum&quot;,
	[&quot;ctl&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Tlacoatzintepec&quot;,
	[&quot;ctm&quot;] = &quot;Chitimacha&quot;,
	[&quot;ctn&quot;] = &quot;Chhintange&quot;,
	[&quot;cto&quot;] = &quot;Emberá-Catío&quot;,
	[&quot;ctp&quot;] = &quot;Chatino Pegunungan Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;ctp-san&quot;] = &quot;Chatino San Juan Quiahije&quot;,
	[&quot;cts&quot;] = &quot;Bicolano Catanduanes Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ctt&quot;] = &quot;Wayanad Chetti&quot;,
	[&quot;ctu&quot;] = &quot;Chol&quot;,
	[&quot;ctz&quot;] = &quot;Chatino Zacatepec&quot;,
	[&quot;cu&quot;] = &quot;Slavonia Gerejawi Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;cua&quot;] = &quot;Cua&quot;,
	[&quot;cub&quot;] = &quot;Cubeo&quot;,
	[&quot;cuc&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Usila&quot;,
	[&quot;cug&quot;] = &quot;Cung&quot;,
	[&quot;cuh&quot;] = &quot;Chuka&quot;,
	[&quot;cui&quot;] = &quot;Cuiba&quot;,
	[&quot;cuj&quot;] = &quot;Piro Mashco&quot;,
	[&quot;cuk&quot;] = &quot;Kuna&quot;,
	[&quot;cul&quot;] = &quot;Culina&quot;,
	[&quot;cuo&quot;] = &quot;Cumanagoto&quot;,
	[&quot;cup&quot;] = &quot;Cupeño&quot;,
	[&quot;cuq&quot;] = &quot;Cun&quot;,
	[&quot;cur&quot;] = &quot;Chhulung&quot;,
	[&quot;cus-ash&quot;] = &quot;Ashraaf&quot;,
	[&quot;cus-hec-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Cushitic Pegunungan Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;cus-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Cushitic&quot;,
	[&quot;cus-som-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Somaloid&quot;,
	[&quot;cus-sou-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Cushitic Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;cut&quot;] = &quot;Cuicatec Teutila&quot;,
	[&quot;cuu&quot;] = &quot;Tai Ya&quot;,
	[&quot;cuv&quot;] = &quot;Cuvok&quot;,
	[&quot;cuw&quot;] = &quot;Chukwa&quot;,
	[&quot;cux&quot;] = &quot;Cuicatec Tepeuxila&quot;,
	[&quot;cuy&quot;] = &quot;Cuitlatec&quot;,
	[&quot;cv&quot;] = &quot;Chuvash&quot;,
	[&quot;cvg&quot;] = &quot;Chug&quot;,
	[&quot;cvn&quot;] = &quot;Chinantec Valle Nacional&quot;,
	[&quot;cwa&quot;] = &quot;Kabwa&quot;,
	[&quot;cwb&quot;] = &quot;Maindo&quot;,
	[&quot;cwd&quot;] = &quot;Cree Woods&quot;,
	[&quot;cwe&quot;] = &quot;Kwere&quot;,
	[&quot;cwg&quot;] = &quot;Chewong&quot;,
	[&quot;cwt&quot;] = &quot;Kuwaataay&quot;,
	[&quot;cy&quot;] = &quot;Welsh&quot;,
	[&quot;cya&quot;] = &quot;Chatino Nopala&quot;,
	[&quot;cyb&quot;] = &quot;Cayubaba&quot;,
	[&quot;cyo&quot;] = &quot;Cuyunon&quot;,
	[&quot;czh&quot;] = &quot;Huizhou&quot;,
	[&quot;czk&quot;] = &quot;Knaanic&quot;,
	[&quot;czn&quot;] = &quot;Chatino Zenzontepec&quot;,
	[&quot;czo&quot;] = &quot;Min Zhong&quot;,
	[&quot;czt&quot;] = &quot;Chin Zotung&quot;,
	[&quot;da&quot;] = &quot;Denmark&quot;,
	[&quot;daa&quot;] = &quot;Dangaléat&quot;,
	[&quot;dac&quot;] = &quot;Dambi&quot;,
	[&quot;dad&quot;] = &quot;Marik&quot;,
	[&quot;dae&quot;] = &quot;Duupa&quot;,
	[&quot;dag&quot;] = &quot;Dagbani&quot;,
	[&quot;dah&quot;] = &quot;Gwahatike&quot;,
	[&quot;dai&quot;] = &quot;Day&quot;,
	[&quot;daj&quot;] = &quot;Daju Dar Fur&quot;,
	[&quot;dak&quot;] = &quot;Dakota&quot;,
	[&quot;dal&quot;] = &quot;Dahalo&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&quot;] = &quot;Damakawa&quot;,
	[&quot;dao&quot;] = &quot;Chin Daai&quot;,
	[&quot;daq&quot;] = &quot;Maria Dandami&quot;,
	[&quot;dar&quot;] = &quot;Dargwa&quot;,
	[&quot;das&quot;] = &quot;Daho-Doo&quot;,
	[&quot;dau&quot;] = &quot;Daju Dar Sila&quot;,
	[&quot;dav&quot;] = &quot;Taita&quot;,
	[&quot;daw&quot;] = &quot;Davawenyo&quot;,
	[&quot;dax&quot;] = &quot;Dayi&quot;,
	[&quot;daz&quot;] = &quot;Dao&quot;,
	[&quot;dba&quot;] = &quot;Bangime&quot;,
	[&quot;dbb&quot;] = &quot;Deno&quot;,
	[&quot;dbd&quot;] = &quot;Dadiya&quot;,
	[&quot;dbe&quot;] = &quot;Dabe&quot;,
	[&quot;dbf&quot;] = &quot;Edopi&quot;,
	[&quot;dbg&quot;] = &quot;Dom Dogul&quot;,
	[&quot;dbi&quot;] = &quot;Doka&quot;,
	[&quot;dbj&quot;] = &quot;Ida'an&quot;,
	[&quot;dbl&quot;] = &quot;Dyirbal&quot;,
	[&quot;dbm&quot;] = &quot;Duguri&quot;,
	[&quot;dbn&quot;] = &quot;Duriankere&quot;,
	[&quot;dbo&quot;] = &quot;Dulbu&quot;,
	[&quot;dbp&quot;] = &quot;Duwai&quot;,
	[&quot;dbq&quot;] = &quot;Daba&quot;,
	[&quot;dbr&quot;] = &quot;Dabarre&quot;,
	[&quot;dbt&quot;] = &quot;Ben Tey&quot;,
	[&quot;dbu&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Bondum Dom&quot;,
	[&quot;dbv&quot;] = &quot;Dungu&quot;,
	[&quot;dbw&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Bankan Tey&quot;,
	[&quot;dby&quot;] = &quot;Dibiyaso&quot;,
	[&quot;dcc&quot;] = &quot;Deccani&quot;,
	[&quot;dcr&quot;] = &quot;Negerhollands&quot;,
	[&quot;dda&quot;] = &quot;Dadi Dadi&quot;,
	[&quot;ddd&quot;] = &quot;Dongotono&quot;,
	[&quot;dde&quot;] = &quot;Doondo&quot;,
	[&quot;ddg&quot;] = &quot;Fataluku&quot;,
	[&quot;ddi&quot;] = &quot;Diodio&quot;,
	[&quot;ddj&quot;] = &quot;Jaru&quot;,
	[&quot;ddn&quot;] = &quot;Dendi&quot;,
	[&quot;ddo&quot;] = &quot;Tsez&quot;,
	[&quot;ddr&quot;] = &quot;Dhudhuroa&quot;,
	[&quot;dds&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Donno So&quot;,
	[&quot;ddw&quot;] = &quot;Dawera-Daweloor&quot;,
	[&quot;de&quot;] = &quot;Jerman&quot;,
	[&quot;dec&quot;] = &quot;Dagik&quot;,
	[&quot;ded&quot;] = &quot;Dedua&quot;,
	[&quot;dee&quot;] = &quot;Dewoin&quot;,
	[&quot;def&quot;] = &quot;Dezfuli&quot;,
	[&quot;deg&quot;] = &quot;Degema&quot;,
	[&quot;deh&quot;] = &quot;Dehwari&quot;,
	[&quot;dei&quot;] = &quot;Demisa&quot;,
	[&quot;dek&quot;] = &quot;Dek&quot;,
	[&quot;dem&quot;] = &quot;Dem&quot;,
	[&quot;den&quot;] = &quot;Slavey&quot;,
	[&quot;dep&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Delaware&quot;,
	[&quot;der&quot;] = &quot;Deori&quot;,
	[&quot;des&quot;] = &quot;Desano&quot;,
	[&quot;dev&quot;] = &quot;Domung&quot;,
	[&quot;dez&quot;] = &quot;Dengese&quot;,
	[&quot;dga&quot;] = &quot;Dagaare Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;dgb&quot;] = &quot;Bunoge&quot;,
	[&quot;dgc&quot;] = &quot;Agta Casiguran Dumagat&quot;,
	[&quot;dgd&quot;] = &quot;Dagaari Dioula&quot;,
	[&quot;dge&quot;] = &quot;Degenan&quot;,
	[&quot;dgg&quot;] = &quot;Doga&quot;,
	[&quot;dgh&quot;] = &quot;Dghwede&quot;,
	[&quot;dgi&quot;] = &quot;Dagara Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;dgk&quot;] = &quot;Dagba&quot;,
	[&quot;dgn&quot;] = &quot;Dagoman&quot;,
	[&quot;dgo&quot;] = &quot;Dogri Hindi&quot;,
	[&quot;dgr&quot;] = &quot;Dogrib&quot;,
	[&quot;dgs&quot;] = &quot;Dogoso&quot;,
	[&quot;dgt&quot;] = &quot;Ntra'ngith&quot;,
	[&quot;dgw&quot;] = &quot;Daungwurrung&quot;,
	[&quot;dgx&quot;] = &quot;Doghoro&quot;,
	[&quot;dgz&quot;] = &quot;Daga&quot;,
	[&quot;dhg&quot;] = &quot;Dhangu&quot;,
	[&quot;dhi&quot;] = &quot;Dhimal&quot;,
	[&quot;dhl&quot;] = &quot;Dhalandji&quot;,
	[&quot;dhm&quot;] = &quot;Zemba&quot;,
	[&quot;dhn&quot;] = &quot;Dhanki&quot;,
	[&quot;dho&quot;] = &quot;Dhodia&quot;,
	[&quot;dhr&quot;] = &quot;Tharrgari&quot;,
	[&quot;dhs&quot;] = &quot;Dhaiso&quot;,
	[&quot;dhu&quot;] = &quot;Dhurga&quot;,
	[&quot;dhv&quot;] = &quot;Drehu&quot;,
	[&quot;dhw&quot;] = &quot;Danuwar&quot;,
	[&quot;dhx&quot;] = &quot;Dhungaloo&quot;,
	[&quot;dia&quot;] = &quot;Dia&quot;,
	[&quot;dib&quot;] = &quot;Dinka Tengah Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;dic&quot;] = &quot;Lakota Dida&quot;,
	[&quot;did&quot;] = &quot;Didinga&quot;,
	[&quot;dif&quot;] = &quot;Dieri&quot;,
	[&quot;dig&quot;] = &quot;Digo&quot;,
	[&quot;dii&quot;] = &quot;Dimbong&quot;,
	[&quot;dij&quot;] = &quot;Dai&quot;,
	[&quot;dik&quot;] = &quot;Dinka Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;dil&quot;] = &quot;Dilling&quot;,
	[&quot;dim&quot;] = &quot;Dime&quot;,
	[&quot;din&quot;] = &quot;Dinka&quot;,
	[&quot;dio&quot;] = &quot;Dibo&quot;,
	[&quot;dip&quot;] = &quot;Dinka Timur Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;diq&quot;] = &quot;Zaza Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;dir&quot;] = &quot;Dirim&quot;,
	[&quot;dis&quot;] = &quot;Dimasa&quot;,
	[&quot;diu&quot;] = &quot;Gciriku&quot;,
	[&quot;diw&quot;] = &quot;Dinka Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;dix&quot;] = &quot;Dixon Reef&quot;,
	[&quot;diy&quot;] = &quot;Diuwe&quot;,
	[&quot;diz&quot;] = &quot;Ding&quot;,
	[&quot;dja&quot;] = &quot;Djadjawurrung&quot;,
	[&quot;djb&quot;] = &quot;Djinba&quot;,
	[&quot;djc&quot;] = &quot;Daju Dar Daju&quot;,
	[&quot;djd&quot;] = &quot;Jaminjung&quot;,
	[&quot;dje&quot;] = &quot;Zarma&quot;,
	[&quot;djf&quot;] = &quot;Djangun&quot;,
	[&quot;dji&quot;] = &quot;Djinang&quot;,
	[&quot;djj&quot;] = &quot;Ndjébbana&quot;,
	[&quot;djk&quot;] = &quot;Aukan&quot;,
	[&quot;djl&quot;] = &quot;Djiwarli&quot;,
	[&quot;djm&quot;] = &quot;Jamsay&quot;,
	[&quot;djn&quot;] = &quot;Djauan&quot;,
	[&quot;djo&quot;] = &quot;Jangkang&quot;,
	[&quot;djr&quot;] = &quot;Djambarrpuyngu&quot;,
	[&quot;dju&quot;] = &quot;Kapriman&quot;,
	[&quot;djw&quot;] = &quot;Djawi&quot;,
	[&quot;dka&quot;] = &quot;Dakpa&quot;,
	[&quot;dkk&quot;] = &quot;Dakka&quot;,
	[&quot;dkr&quot;] = &quot;Kuijau&quot;,
	[&quot;dks&quot;] = &quot;Dinka Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;dkx&quot;] = &quot;Mazagway&quot;,
	[&quot;dlg&quot;] = &quot;Dolgan&quot;,
	[&quot;dlk&quot;] = &quot;Dahalik&quot;,
	[&quot;dlm&quot;] = &quot;Dalmatia&quot;,
	[&quot;dln&quot;] = &quot;Darlong&quot;,
	[&quot;dma&quot;] = &quot;Duma&quot;,
	[&quot;dmb&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Mombo&quot;,
	[&quot;dmc&quot;] = &quot;Gavak&quot;,
	[&quot;dmd&quot;] = &quot;Madhi Madhi&quot;,
	[&quot;dme&quot;] = &quot;Dugwor&quot;,
	[&quot;dmf&quot;] = &quot;Medefaidrin&quot;,
	[&quot;dmg&quot;] = &quot;Kinabatangan Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;dmk&quot;] = &quot;Domaaki&quot;,
	[&quot;dml&quot;] = &quot;Dameli&quot;,
	[&quot;dmm&quot;] = &quot;Dama (Nigeria)&quot;,
	[&quot;dmn-dam&quot;] = &quot;Dama (Sierra Leone)&quot;,
	[&quot;dmn-mdw-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mande Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;dmn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mande&quot;,
	[&quot;dmo&quot;] = &quot;Kemezung&quot;,
	[&quot;dmr&quot;] = &quot;Damar Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;dms&quot;] = &quot;Dampelas&quot;,
	[&quot;dmu&quot;] = &quot;Dubu&quot;,
	[&quot;dmv&quot;] = &quot;Dumpas&quot;,
	[&quot;dmw&quot;] = &quot;Mudburra&quot;,
	[&quot;dmx&quot;] = &quot;Dema&quot;,
	[&quot;dmy&quot;] = &quot;Demta&quot;,
	[&quot;dna&quot;] = &quot;Dani Upper Grand Valley&quot;,
	[&quot;dnd&quot;] = &quot;Daonda&quot;,
	[&quot;dne&quot;] = &quot;Ndendeule&quot;,
	[&quot;dng&quot;] = &quot;Dungan&quot;,
	[&quot;dni&quot;] = &quot;Dani Lower Grand Valley&quot;,
	[&quot;dnj&quot;] = &quot;Dan&quot;,
	[&quot;dnk&quot;] = &quot;Dengka&quot;,
	[&quot;dnn&quot;] = &quot;Dzuun&quot;,
	[&quot;dno&quot;] = &quot;Ndrulo&quot;,
	[&quot;dnr&quot;] = &quot;Danaru&quot;,
	[&quot;dnt&quot;] = &quot;Dani Mid Grand Valley&quot;,
	[&quot;dnu&quot;] = &quot;Danau&quot;,
	[&quot;dnv&quot;] = &quot;Danu&quot;,
	[&quot;dnw&quot;] = &quot;Dani Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;dny&quot;] = &quot;Dení&quot;,
	[&quot;doa&quot;] = &quot;Dom&quot;,
	[&quot;dob&quot;] = &quot;Dobu&quot;,
	[&quot;doc&quot;] = &quot;Kam Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;doe&quot;] = &quot;Doe&quot;,
	[&quot;dof&quot;] = &quot;Domu&quot;,
	[&quot;doh&quot;] = &quot;Dong&quot;,
	[&quot;doi&quot;] = &quot;Dogri&quot;,
	[&quot;dok&quot;] = &quot;Dondo&quot;,
	[&quot;dol&quot;] = &quot;Doso&quot;,
	[&quot;don&quot;] = &quot;Doura&quot;,
	[&quot;doo&quot;] = &quot;Dongo&quot;,
	[&quot;dop&quot;] = &quot;Lukpa&quot;,
	[&quot;doq&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Dominika&quot;,
	[&quot;dor&quot;] = &quot;Dori'o&quot;,
	[&quot;dos&quot;] = &quot;Dogosé&quot;,
	[&quot;dot&quot;] = &quot;Dass&quot;,
	[&quot;dov&quot;] = &quot;Toka-Leya&quot;,
	[&quot;dow&quot;] = &quot;Doyayo&quot;,
	[&quot;dox&quot;] = &quot;Bussa&quot;,
	[&quot;doy&quot;] = &quot;Dompo&quot;,
	[&quot;doz&quot;] = &quot;Dorze&quot;,
	[&quot;dpp&quot;] = &quot;Papar&quot;,
	[&quot;dra-mkn&quot;] = &quot;Kannada Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;dra-okn&quot;] = &quot;Kannada Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;dra-ote&quot;] = &quot;Telugu Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;dra-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Dravidia&quot;,
	[&quot;drb&quot;] = &quot;Dair&quot;,
	[&quot;drc&quot;] = &quot;Minderico&quot;,
	[&quot;drd&quot;] = &quot;Darmiya&quot;,
	[&quot;drg&quot;] = &quot;Rungus&quot;,
	[&quot;dri&quot;] = &quot;Lela&quot;,
	[&quot;drl&quot;] = &quot;Baagandji&quot;,
	[&quot;drn&quot;] = &quot;Damar Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;dro&quot;] = &quot;Melanau Daro-Matu&quot;,
	[&quot;drq&quot;] = &quot;Dura&quot;,
	[&quot;drs&quot;] = &quot;Gedeo&quot;,
	[&quot;dru&quot;] = &quot;Rukai&quot;,
	[&quot;dru-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Rukai&quot;,
	[&quot;dry&quot;] = &quot;Darai&quot;,
	[&quot;dsb&quot;] = &quot;Sorbian Hilir&quot;,
	[&quot;dse&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Belando&quot;,
	[&quot;dsh&quot;] = &quot;Daasanach&quot;,
	[&quot;dsi&quot;] = &quot;Disa&quot;,
	[&quot;dsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Denmark&quot;,
	[&quot;dsn&quot;] = &quot;Dusner&quot;,
	[&quot;dso&quot;] = &quot;Desiya&quot;,
	[&quot;dsq&quot;] = &quot;Tadaksahak&quot;,
	[&quot;dta&quot;] = &quot;Daur&quot;,
	[&quot;dtb&quot;] = &quot;Kadazan Labuk-Kinabatangan&quot;,
	[&quot;dtd&quot;] = &quot;Ditidaht&quot;,
	[&quot;dth&quot;] = &quot;Adithinngithigh&quot;,
	[&quot;dti&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Ana Tinga&quot;,
	[&quot;dtk&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Tene Kan&quot;,
	[&quot;dtm&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Tomo Kan&quot;,
	[&quot;dto&quot;] = &quot;Tommo So&quot;,
	[&quot;dtp&quot;] = &quot;Dusun Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;dtr&quot;] = &quot;Lotud&quot;,
	[&quot;dts&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Toro So&quot;,
	[&quot;dtt&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Toro Tegu&quot;,
	[&quot;dtu&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Tebul Ure&quot;,
	[&quot;dty&quot;] = &quot;Doteli&quot;,
	[&quot;dua&quot;] = &quot;Duala&quot;,
	[&quot;dub&quot;] = &quot;Dubli&quot;,
	[&quot;duc&quot;] = &quot;Duna&quot;,
	[&quot;due&quot;] = &quot;Agta Umiray Dumaget&quot;,
	[&quot;duf&quot;] = &quot;Dumbea&quot;,
	[&quot;dug&quot;] = &quot;Chiduruma&quot;,
	[&quot;duh&quot;] = &quot;Dungra Bhil&quot;,
	[&quot;dui&quot;] = &quot;Dumun&quot;,
	[&quot;duk&quot;] = &quot;Uyajitaya&quot;,
	[&quot;dul&quot;] = &quot;Agta Alabat Island&quot;,
	[&quot;dum&quot;] = &quot;Belando Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;dun&quot;] = &quot;Dusun Deyah&quot;,
	[&quot;duo&quot;] = &quot;Agta Dupaningan&quot;,
	[&quot;dup&quot;] = &quot;Duano&quot;,
	[&quot;duq&quot;] = &quot;Dusun Malang&quot;,
	[&quot;dur&quot;] = &quot;Dii&quot;,
	[&quot;dus&quot;] = &quot;Dumi&quot;,
	[&quot;duu&quot;] = &quot;Drung&quot;,
	[&quot;duv&quot;] = &quot;Duvle&quot;,
	[&quot;duw&quot;] = &quot;Dusun Witu&quot;,
	[&quot;dux&quot;] = &quot;Duun&quot;,
	[&quot;duy&quot;] = &quot;Agta Dicamay&quot;,
	[&quot;duz&quot;] = &quot;Duli&quot;,
	[&quot;dv&quot;] = &quot;Dhivehi&quot;,
	[&quot;dva&quot;] = &quot;Duau&quot;,
	[&quot;dwa&quot;] = &quot;Diri&quot;,
	[&quot;dwr&quot;] = &quot;Dawro&quot;,
	[&quot;dwu&quot;] = &quot;Dhuwal&quot;,
	[&quot;dww&quot;] = &quot;Dawawa&quot;,
	[&quot;dwy&quot;] = &quot;Dhuwaya&quot;,
	[&quot;dwz&quot;] = &quot;Dewas Rai&quot;,
	[&quot;dya&quot;] = &quot;Dyan&quot;,
	[&quot;dyb&quot;] = &quot;Dyaberdyaber&quot;,
	[&quot;dyd&quot;] = &quot;Dyugun&quot;,
	[&quot;dyg&quot;] = &quot;Agta Villa Viciosa&quot;,
	[&quot;dyi&quot;] = &quot;Djimini&quot;,
	[&quot;dym&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Yanda&quot;,
	[&quot;dyn&quot;] = &quot;Dyangadi&quot;,
	[&quot;dyo&quot;] = &quot;Jola-Fonyi&quot;,
	[&quot;dyu&quot;] = &quot;Dyula&quot;,
	[&quot;dyy&quot;] = &quot;Dyaabugay&quot;,
	[&quot;dz&quot;] = &quot;Dzongkha&quot;,
	[&quot;dza&quot;] = &quot;Tunzu&quot;,
	[&quot;dzg&quot;] = &quot;Dazaga&quot;,
	[&quot;dzl&quot;] = &quot;Dzala&quot;,
	[&quot;dzn&quot;] = &quot;Dzando&quot;,
	[&quot;ebg&quot;] = &quot;Ebughu&quot;,
	[&quot;ebk&quot;] = &quot;Bontoc Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;ebr&quot;] = &quot;Ebrié&quot;,
	[&quot;ebu&quot;] = &quot;Embu&quot;,
	[&quot;ecr&quot;] = &quot;Eteocretan&quot;,
	[&quot;ecs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Ekuador&quot;,
	[&quot;ecy&quot;] = &quot;Eteocypriot&quot;,
	[&quot;ee&quot;] = &quot;Ewe&quot;,
	[&quot;eee&quot;] = &quot;E&quot;,
	[&quot;efa&quot;] = &quot;Efai&quot;,
	[&quot;efe&quot;] = &quot;Efe&quot;,
	[&quot;efi&quot;] = &quot;Efik&quot;,
	[&quot;ega&quot;] = &quot;Ega&quot;,
	[&quot;egl&quot;] = &quot;Emilia&quot;,
	[&quot;ego&quot;] = &quot;Eggon&quot;,
	[&quot;egx-dem&quot;] = &quot;Demotic&quot;,
	[&quot;egy&quot;] = &quot;Mesir&quot;,
	[&quot;ehu&quot;] = &quot;Ehueun&quot;,
	[&quot;eip&quot;] = &quot;Eipomek&quot;,
	[&quot;eit&quot;] = &quot;Eitiep&quot;,
	[&quot;eiv&quot;] = &quot;Askopan&quot;,
	[&quot;eja&quot;] = &quot;Ejamat&quot;,
	[&quot;eka&quot;] = &quot;Ekajuk&quot;,
	[&quot;eke&quot;] = &quot;Ekit&quot;,
	[&quot;ekg&quot;] = &quot;Ekari&quot;,
	[&quot;eki&quot;] = &quot;Eki&quot;,
	[&quot;ekl&quot;] = &quot;Kolhe&quot;,
	[&quot;ekm&quot;] = &quot;Elip&quot;,
	[&quot;eko&quot;] = &quot;Koti&quot;,
	[&quot;ekp&quot;] = &quot;Ekpeye&quot;,
	[&quot;ekr&quot;] = &quot;Yace&quot;,
	[&quot;eky&quot;] = &quot;Kayah Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;el&quot;] = &quot;Yunani&quot;,
	[&quot;ele&quot;] = &quot;Elepi&quot;,
	[&quot;elh&quot;] = &quot;El Hugeirat&quot;,
	[&quot;eli&quot;] = &quot;Nding&quot;,
	[&quot;elk&quot;] = &quot;Elkei&quot;,
	[&quot;elm&quot;] = &quot;Eleme&quot;,
	[&quot;elo&quot;] = &quot;El Molo&quot;,
	[&quot;elu&quot;] = &quot;Elu&quot;,
	[&quot;elu-prk&quot;] = &quot;Helu&quot;,
	[&quot;elx&quot;] = &quot;Elamite&quot;,
	[&quot;ema&quot;] = &quot;Emai&quot;,
	[&quot;emb&quot;] = &quot;Embaloh&quot;,
	[&quot;eme&quot;] = &quot;Emerillon&quot;,
	[&quot;emg&quot;] = &quot;Meohang Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;emi&quot;] = &quot;Mussau-Emira&quot;,
	[&quot;emk&quot;] = &quot;Maninkakan Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;emm&quot;] = &quot;Mamulique&quot;,
	[&quot;emn&quot;] = &quot;Eman&quot;,
	[&quot;emp&quot;] = &quot;Emberá Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ems&quot;] = &quot;Alutiiq&quot;,
	[&quot;emu&quot;] = &quot;Muria Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;emw&quot;] = &quot;Emplawas&quot;,
	[&quot;emx&quot;] = &quot;Erromintxela&quot;,
	[&quot;emy&quot;] = &quot;Maya Epigrafik&quot;,
	[&quot;en&quot;] = &quot;Inggeris&quot;,
	[&quot;ena&quot;] = &quot;Apali&quot;,
	[&quot;enb&quot;] = &quot;Markweeta&quot;,
	[&quot;enc&quot;] = &quot;En&quot;,
	[&quot;end&quot;] = &quot;Ende&quot;,
	[&quot;enf&quot;] = &quot;Enets Hutan&quot;,
	[&quot;enh&quot;] = &quot;Enets Tundra&quot;,
	[&quot;enl&quot;] = &quot;Enlhet&quot;,
	[&quot;enm&quot;] = &quot;Inggeris Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;enn&quot;] = &quot;Engenni&quot;,
	[&quot;eno&quot;] = &quot;Enggano&quot;,
	[&quot;enq&quot;] = &quot;Enga&quot;,
	[&quot;enr&quot;] = &quot;Emem&quot;,
	[&quot;enu&quot;] = &quot;Enu&quot;,
	[&quot;env&quot;] = &quot;Enwan&quot;,
	[&quot;enw&quot;] = &quot;Enwang&quot;,
	[&quot;enx&quot;] = &quot;Enxet&quot;,
	[&quot;eo&quot;] = &quot;Esperanto&quot;,
	[&quot;eot&quot;] = &quot;Eotile&quot;,
	[&quot;epi&quot;] = &quot;Epie&quot;,
	[&quot;era&quot;] = &quot;Eravallan&quot;,
	[&quot;erg&quot;] = &quot;Sie&quot;,
	[&quot;erh&quot;] = &quot;Eruwa&quot;,
	[&quot;eri&quot;] = &quot;Ogea&quot;,
	[&quot;erk&quot;] = &quot;Efate Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ero&quot;] = &quot;Horpa&quot;,
	[&quot;err&quot;] = &quot;Erre&quot;,
	[&quot;ers&quot;] = &quot;Ersu&quot;,
	[&quot;ert&quot;] = &quot;Eritai&quot;,
	[&quot;erw&quot;] = &quot;Erokwanas&quot;,
	[&quot;es&quot;] = &quot;Spanyol&quot;,
	[&quot;ese&quot;] = &quot;Ese Ejja&quot;,
	[&quot;esh&quot;] = &quot;Eshtehardi&quot;,
	[&quot;esi&quot;] = &quot;Inupiaq Alaska Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;esk&quot;] = &quot;Inupiaq Alaska Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;esl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Mesir&quot;,
	[&quot;esm&quot;] = &quot;Esuma&quot;,
	[&quot;esn&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat El Salvador&quot;,
	[&quot;eso&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Estonia&quot;,
	[&quot;esq&quot;] = &quot;Esselen&quot;,
	[&quot;ess&quot;] = &quot;Siberia Yupik Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;esu&quot;] = &quot;Yup'ik&quot;,
	[&quot;esx-esk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Eskimo&quot;,
	[&quot;esx-ink&quot;] = &quot;Inuktun&quot;,
	[&quot;esx-inq&quot;] = &quot;Inuinnaqtun&quot;,
	[&quot;esx-inu-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Inuit&quot;,
	[&quot;esx-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Eskimo-Aleut&quot;,
	[&quot;esx-tut&quot;] = &quot;Tunumiisut&quot;,
	[&quot;esy&quot;] = &quot;Eskayan&quot;,
	[&quot;et&quot;] = &quot;Estonia&quot;,
	[&quot;etb&quot;] = &quot;Etebi&quot;,
	[&quot;etc&quot;] = &quot;Etchemin&quot;,
	[&quot;eth&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Etiopia&quot;,
	[&quot;etn&quot;] = &quot;Eton (Vanuatu)&quot;,
	[&quot;eto&quot;] = &quot;Eton (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;etr&quot;] = &quot;Edolo&quot;,
	[&quot;ets&quot;] = &quot;Yekhee&quot;,
	[&quot;ett&quot;] = &quot;Etruscan&quot;,
	[&quot;etu&quot;] = &quot;Ejagham&quot;,
	[&quot;etx&quot;] = &quot;Eten&quot;,
	[&quot;etz&quot;] = &quot;Semimi&quot;,
	[&quot;eu&quot;] = &quot;Basque&quot;,
	[&quot;euq-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Basque&quot;,
	[&quot;eve&quot;] = &quot;Even&quot;,
	[&quot;evh&quot;] = &quot;Uvbie&quot;,
	[&quot;evn&quot;] = &quot;Evenki&quot;,
	[&quot;ewo&quot;] = &quot;Ewondo&quot;,
	[&quot;ext&quot;] = &quot;Extremadura&quot;,
	[&quot;eya&quot;] = &quot;Eyak&quot;,
	[&quot;eyo&quot;] = &quot;Keiyo&quot;,
	[&quot;eza&quot;] = &quot;Ezaa&quot;,
	[&quot;eze&quot;] = &quot;Uzekwe&quot;,
	[&quot;fa&quot;] = &quot;Persia&quot;,
	[&quot;faa&quot;] = &quot;Fasu&quot;,
	[&quot;fab&quot;] = &quot;Annobonese&quot;,
	[&quot;fad&quot;] = &quot;Wagi&quot;,
	[&quot;faf&quot;] = &quot;Fagani&quot;,
	[&quot;fag&quot;] = &quot;Finongan&quot;,
	[&quot;fah&quot;] = &quot;Fali Baissa&quot;,
	[&quot;fai&quot;] = &quot;Faiwol&quot;,
	[&quot;faj&quot;] = &quot;Faita&quot;,
	[&quot;fak&quot;] = &quot;Fang (Beboid)&quot;,
	[&quot;fal&quot;] = &quot;Fali Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;fam&quot;] = &quot;Fam&quot;,
	[&quot;fan&quot;] = &quot;Fang (Bantu)&quot;,
	[&quot;fap&quot;] = &quot;Palor&quot;,
	[&quot;far&quot;] = &quot;Fataleka&quot;,
	[&quot;fau&quot;] = &quot;Fayu&quot;,
	[&quot;fax&quot;] = &quot;Fala&quot;,
	[&quot;fay&quot;] = &quot;Fars Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;faz&quot;] = &quot;Fars Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;fbl&quot;] = &quot;Bikol Albay Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;fcs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Quebec&quot;,
	[&quot;fer&quot;] = &quot;Feroge&quot;,
	[&quot;ff&quot;] = &quot;Fula&quot;,
	[&quot;ffi&quot;] = &quot;Foia Foia&quot;,
	[&quot;fgr&quot;] = &quot;Fongoro&quot;,
	[&quot;fi&quot;] = &quot;Finlandia&quot;,
	[&quot;fia&quot;] = &quot;Nobiin&quot;,
	[&quot;fie&quot;] = &quot;Fyer&quot;,
	[&quot;fip&quot;] = &quot;Fipa&quot;,
	[&quot;fir&quot;] = &quot;Firan&quot;,
	[&quot;fit&quot;] = &quot;Meänkieli&quot;,
	[&quot;fiw&quot;] = &quot;Fiwaga&quot;,
	[&quot;fj&quot;] = &quot;Fiji&quot;,
	[&quot;fkk&quot;] = &quot;Kirya-Konzel&quot;,
	[&quot;fkv&quot;] = &quot;Kven&quot;,
	[&quot;fla&quot;] = &quot;Salish Montana&quot;,
	[&quot;flh&quot;] = &quot;Foau&quot;,
	[&quot;fli&quot;] = &quot;Fali&quot;,
	[&quot;fll&quot;] = &quot;Fali Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;fln&quot;] = &quot;Flinders Island&quot;,
	[&quot;flr&quot;] = &quot;Fuliiru&quot;,
	[&quot;fly&quot;] = &quot;Tsotsitaal&quot;,
	[&quot;fmp&quot;] = &quot;Fe'fe'&quot;,
	[&quot;fmu&quot;] = &quot;Muria Barat Jauh&quot;,
	[&quot;fng&quot;] = &quot;Fanagalo&quot;,
	[&quot;fni&quot;] = &quot;Fania&quot;,
	[&quot;fo&quot;] = &quot;Faroe&quot;,
	[&quot;fod&quot;] = &quot;Foodo&quot;,
	[&quot;foi&quot;] = &quot;Foi&quot;,
	[&quot;fom&quot;] = &quot;Foma&quot;,
	[&quot;fon&quot;] = &quot;Fon&quot;,
	[&quot;for&quot;] = &quot;Fore&quot;,
	[&quot;fos&quot;] = &quot;Siraya&quot;,
	[&quot;fpe&quot;] = &quot;Pichinglis&quot;,
	[&quot;fqs&quot;] = &quot;Fas&quot;,
	[&quot;fr&quot;] = &quot;Prancis&quot;,
	[&quot;frd&quot;] = &quot;Fordata&quot;,
	[&quot;frm&quot;] = &quot;Prancis Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;fro&quot;] = &quot;Prancis Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;frp&quot;] = &quot;Franco-Provençal&quot;,
	[&quot;frq&quot;] = &quot;Forak&quot;,
	[&quot;frr&quot;] = &quot;Frisia Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;frt&quot;] = &quot;Fortsenal&quot;,
	[&quot;fse&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Finlandia&quot;,
	[&quot;fsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Prancis&quot;,
	[&quot;fss&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Finlandia-Swedia&quot;,
	[&quot;fud&quot;] = &quot;Futuna Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;fuj&quot;] = &quot;Ko&quot;,
	[&quot;fum&quot;] = &quot;Fum&quot;,
	[&quot;fun&quot;] = &quot;Fulniô&quot;,
	[&quot;fur&quot;] = &quot;Friuli&quot;,
	[&quot;fut&quot;] = &quot;Futuna-Aniwa&quot;,
	[&quot;fuu&quot;] = &quot;Furu&quot;,
	[&quot;fuy&quot;] = &quot;Fuyug&quot;,
	[&quot;fvr&quot;] = &quot;Fur&quot;,
	[&quot;fwa&quot;] = &quot;Fwâi&quot;,
	[&quot;fwe&quot;] = &quot;Fwe&quot;,
	[&quot;fy&quot;] = &quot;Frisia Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;ga&quot;] = &quot;Irlandia&quot;,
	[&quot;gaa&quot;] = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	[&quot;gab&quot;] = &quot;Gabri&quot;,
	[&quot;gac&quot;] = &quot;campuran Great Andaman&quot;,
	[&quot;gad&quot;] = &quot;Gaddang&quot;,
	[&quot;gae&quot;] = &quot;Warekena&quot;,
	[&quot;gaf&quot;] = &quot;Gende&quot;,
	[&quot;gag&quot;] = &quot;Gagauz&quot;,
	[&quot;gah&quot;] = &quot;Alekano&quot;,
	[&quot;gai&quot;] = &quot;Borei&quot;,
	[&quot;gaj&quot;] = &quot;Gadsup&quot;,
	[&quot;gak&quot;] = &quot;Gamkonora&quot;,
	[&quot;gal&quot;] = &quot;Galoli&quot;,
	[&quot;gam&quot;] = &quot;Kandawo&quot;,
	[&quot;gan&quot;] = &quot;Gan&quot;,
	[&quot;gao&quot;] = &quot;Gants&quot;,
	[&quot;gap&quot;] = &quot;Gal&quot;,
	[&quot;gaq&quot;] = &quot;Gata'&quot;,
	[&quot;gar&quot;] = &quot;Galeya&quot;,
	[&quot;gas&quot;] = &quot;Adiwasi Garasia&quot;,
	[&quot;gat&quot;] = &quot;Kenati&quot;,
	[&quot;gau&quot;] = &quot;Kondekor&quot;,
	[&quot;gaw&quot;] = &quot;Nobonob&quot;,
	[&quot;gay&quot;] = &quot;Gayo&quot;,
	[&quot;gba&quot;] = &quot;Gbaya&quot;,
	[&quot;gbb&quot;] = &quot;Kaytetye&quot;,
	[&quot;gbd&quot;] = &quot;Karadjeri&quot;,
	[&quot;gbe&quot;] = &quot;Niksek&quot;,
	[&quot;gbf&quot;] = &quot;Gaikundi&quot;,
	[&quot;gbg&quot;] = &quot;Gbanziri&quot;,
	[&quot;gbh&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Defi&quot;,
	[&quot;gbi&quot;] = &quot;Galela&quot;,
	[&quot;gbj&quot;] = &quot;Bodo Gadaba&quot;,
	[&quot;gbk&quot;] = &quot;Gaddi&quot;,
	[&quot;gbl&quot;] = &quot;Gamit&quot;,
	[&quot;gbm&quot;] = &quot;Garhwali&quot;,
	[&quot;gbn&quot;] = &quot;Mo'da&quot;,
	[&quot;gbo&quot;] = &quot;Grebo Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;gbp&quot;] = &quot;Gbaya-Bossangoa&quot;,
	[&quot;gbq&quot;] = &quot;Gbaya-Bozoum&quot;,
	[&quot;gbr&quot;] = &quot;Gbagyi&quot;,
	[&quot;gbs&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Gbesi&quot;,
	[&quot;gbu&quot;] = &quot;Gagadu&quot;,
	[&quot;gbv&quot;] = &quot;Gbanu&quot;,
	[&quot;gbw&quot;] = &quot;Gabi&quot;,
	[&quot;gbx&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Xwla Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;gby&quot;] = &quot;Gbari&quot;,
	[&quot;gcc&quot;] = &quot;Mali&quot;,
	[&quot;gcd&quot;] = &quot;Ganggalida&quot;,
	[&quot;gce&quot;] = &quot;Galice&quot;,
	[&quot;gcf&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Antilla&quot;,
	[&quot;gcl&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Inggeris Grenada&quot;,
	[&quot;gcn&quot;] = &quot;Gaina&quot;,
	[&quot;gcr&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Guiana&quot;,
	[&quot;gct&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Colonia Tovar&quot;,
	[&quot;gd&quot;] = &quot;Gaelik Skotlandia&quot;,
	[&quot;gdb&quot;] = &quot;Ollari&quot;,
	[&quot;gdc&quot;] = &quot;Gugu Badhun&quot;,
	[&quot;gdd&quot;] = &quot;Gedaged&quot;,
	[&quot;gde&quot;] = &quot;Gude&quot;,
	[&quot;gdf&quot;] = &quot;Guduf-Gava&quot;,
	[&quot;gdg&quot;] = &quot;Ga'dang&quot;,
	[&quot;gdh&quot;] = &quot;Gadjerawang&quot;,
	[&quot;gdi&quot;] = &quot;Gundi&quot;,
	[&quot;gdj&quot;] = &quot;Kurtjar&quot;,
	[&quot;gdk&quot;] = &quot;Gadang&quot;,
	[&quot;gdl&quot;] = &quot;Dirasha&quot;,
	[&quot;gdm&quot;] = &quot;Laal&quot;,
	[&quot;gdn&quot;] = &quot;Umanakaina&quot;,
	[&quot;gdo&quot;] = &quot;Godoberi&quot;,
	[&quot;gdq&quot;] = &quot;Mehri&quot;,
	[&quot;gdr&quot;] = &quot;Wipi&quot;,
	[&quot;gds&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Ghandruk&quot;,
	[&quot;gdt&quot;] = &quot;Kungardutyi&quot;,
	[&quot;gdu&quot;] = &quot;Gudu&quot;,
	[&quot;gdx&quot;] = &quot;Godwari&quot;,
	[&quot;gea&quot;] = &quot;Geruma&quot;,
	[&quot;geb&quot;] = &quot;Kire&quot;,
	[&quot;gec&quot;] = &quot;Grebo Gboloo&quot;,
	[&quot;ged&quot;] = &quot;Gade&quot;,
	[&quot;geg&quot;] = &quot;Gengle&quot;,
	[&quot;geh&quot;] = &quot;Hutterisch&quot;,
	[&quot;gei&quot;] = &quot;Gebe&quot;,
	[&quot;gej&quot;] = &quot;Gen&quot;,
	[&quot;gek&quot;] = &quot;Gerka&quot;,
	[&quot;gel&quot;] = &quot;Fakkanci&quot;,
	[&quot;gem-bur&quot;] = &quot;Burgundi&quot;,
	[&quot;gem-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jermanik&quot;,
	[&quot;geq&quot;] = &quot;Geme&quot;,
	[&quot;ges&quot;] = &quot;Geser-Gorom&quot;,
	[&quot;gev&quot;] = &quot;Viya&quot;,
	[&quot;gew&quot;] = &quot;Gera&quot;,
	[&quot;gex&quot;] = &quot;Garre&quot;,
	[&quot;gey&quot;] = &quot;Enya&quot;,
	[&quot;gez&quot;] = &quot;Ge'ez&quot;,
	[&quot;gfk&quot;] = &quot;Patpatar&quot;,
	[&quot;gft&quot;] = &quot;Gafat&quot;,
	[&quot;gga&quot;] = &quot;Gao&quot;,
	[&quot;ggb&quot;] = &quot;Gbii&quot;,
	[&quot;ggd&quot;] = &quot;Gugadj&quot;,
	[&quot;gge&quot;] = &quot;Guragone&quot;,
	[&quot;ggg&quot;] = &quot;Gurgula&quot;,
	[&quot;ggk&quot;] = &quot;Kungarakany&quot;,
	[&quot;ggl&quot;] = &quot;Ganglau&quot;,
	[&quot;ggn&quot;] = &quot;Gurung Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;ggt&quot;] = &quot;Gitua&quot;,
	[&quot;ggu&quot;] = &quot;Gban&quot;,
	[&quot;ggw&quot;] = &quot;Gogodala&quot;,
	[&quot;gha&quot;] = &quot;Ghadames&quot;,
	[&quot;ghe&quot;] = &quot;Ghale Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ghh&quot;] = &quot;Ghale Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ghk&quot;] = &quot;Karen Geko&quot;,
	[&quot;ghl&quot;] = &quot;Ghulfan&quot;,
	[&quot;ghn&quot;] = &quot;Ghanongga&quot;,
	[&quot;gho&quot;] = &quot;Ghomara&quot;,
	[&quot;ghr&quot;] = &quot;Ghera&quot;,
	[&quot;ghs&quot;] = &quot;Guhu-Samane&quot;,
	[&quot;ght&quot;] = &quot;Ghale Kutang&quot;,
	[&quot;gia&quot;] = &quot;Kitja&quot;,
	[&quot;gib&quot;] = &quot;Gibanawa&quot;,
	[&quot;gid&quot;] = &quot;Gidar&quot;,
	[&quot;gie&quot;] = &quot;Guébie&quot;,
	[&quot;gig&quot;] = &quot;Goaria&quot;,
	[&quot;gih&quot;] = &quot;Githabul&quot;,
	[&quot;gii&quot;] = &quot;Girirra&quot;,
	[&quot;gil&quot;] = &quot;Gilbert&quot;,
	[&quot;gim&quot;] = &quot;Gimi (Goroka)&quot;,
	[&quot;gin&quot;] = &quot;Hinukh&quot;,
	[&quot;gio&quot;] = &quot;Gelao&quot;,
	[&quot;gip&quot;] = &quot;Gimi (Austronesia)&quot;,
	[&quot;giq&quot;] = &quot;Gelao Hijau&quot;,
	[&quot;gir&quot;] = &quot;Gelao Merah&quot;,
	[&quot;gis&quot;] = &quot;Giziga Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;git&quot;] = &quot;Gitxsan&quot;,
	[&quot;giu&quot;] = &quot;Mulao&quot;,
	[&quot;giw&quot;] = &quot;Gelao Putih&quot;,
	[&quot;gix&quot;] = &quot;Gilima&quot;,
	[&quot;giy&quot;] = &quot;Giyug&quot;,
	[&quot;giz&quot;] = &quot;Giziga Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;gji&quot;] = &quot;Geji&quot;,
	[&quot;gjk&quot;] = &quot;Koli Kachi&quot;,
	[&quot;gjm&quot;] = &quot;Gunditjmara&quot;,
	[&quot;gjn&quot;] = &quot;Gonja&quot;,
	[&quot;gju&quot;] = &quot;Gojri&quot;,
	[&quot;gka&quot;] = &quot;Guya&quot;,
	[&quot;gkd&quot;] = &quot;Magɨ&quot;,
	[&quot;gke&quot;] = &quot;Ndai&quot;,
	[&quot;gkn&quot;] = &quot;Gokana&quot;,
	[&quot;gko&quot;] = &quot;Kok-Nar&quot;,
	[&quot;gkp&quot;] = &quot;Kpelle Guinea&quot;,
	[&quot;gl&quot;] = &quot;Galisia&quot;,
	[&quot;glc&quot;] = &quot;Gula Bon&quot;,
	[&quot;gld&quot;] = &quot;Nanai&quot;,
	[&quot;glh&quot;] = &quot;Pashayi Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;glj&quot;] = &quot;Kulaal&quot;,
	[&quot;glk&quot;] = &quot;Gilaki&quot;,
	[&quot;glo&quot;] = &quot;Galambu&quot;,
	[&quot;glr&quot;] = &quot;Glaro-Twabo&quot;,
	[&quot;glu&quot;] = &quot;Gula&quot;,
	[&quot;glw&quot;] = &quot;Glavda&quot;,
	[&quot;gly&quot;] = &quot;Gule&quot;,
	[&quot;gma&quot;] = &quot;Gambera&quot;,
	[&quot;gmb&quot;] = &quot;Gula'alaa&quot;,
	[&quot;gmd&quot;] = &quot;Mághdì&quot;,
	[&quot;gme-cgo&quot;] = &quot;Gothik Krimea&quot;,
	[&quot;gmg&quot;] = &quot;Magiyi&quot;,
	[&quot;gmh&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Tinggi Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;gml&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Rendah Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;gmm&quot;] = &quot;Gbaya-Mbodomo&quot;,
	[&quot;gmn&quot;] = &quot;Gimnime&quot;,
	[&quot;gmq-gut&quot;] = &quot;Gutnish&quot;,
	[&quot;gmq-jmk&quot;] = &quot;Jamtish&quot;,
	[&quot;gmq-mno&quot;] = &quot;Norwegia Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;gmq-oda&quot;] = &quot;Denmark Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;gmq-osw&quot;] = &quot;Swedia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;gmq-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Norse&quot;,
	[&quot;gmq-scy&quot;] = &quot;Skania&quot;,
	[&quot;gmu&quot;] = &quot;Gumalu&quot;,
	[&quot;gmv&quot;] = &quot;Gamo&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-bgh&quot;] = &quot;Bergish&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-cfr&quot;] = &quot;Franconia Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-ecg&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Tengah Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-gts&quot;] = &quot;Gottscheerish&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-jdt&quot;] = &quot;Belando Jersey&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jermanik Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-rfr&quot;] = &quot;Franconia Rhine&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-stm&quot;] = &quot;Swabia Sathmar&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-tsx&quot;] = &quot;Sakson Transylvania&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-vog&quot;] = &quot;Volga&quot;,
	[&quot;gmw-zps&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Zipser&quot;,
	[&quot;gmx&quot;] = &quot;Magoma&quot;,
	[&quot;gmy&quot;] = &quot;Yunani Mycenaean&quot;,
	[&quot;gmz&quot;] = &quot;Mgbo&quot;,
	[&quot;gn&quot;] = &quot;Guaraní&quot;,
	[&quot;gn-cls&quot;] = &quot;Guaraní Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;gna&quot;] = &quot;Kaansa&quot;,
	[&quot;gnb&quot;] = &quot;Gangte&quot;,
	[&quot;gnc&quot;] = &quot;Guanche&quot;,
	[&quot;gnd&quot;] = &quot;Zulgo-Gemzek&quot;,
	[&quot;gne&quot;] = &quot;Ganang&quot;,
	[&quot;gng&quot;] = &quot;Ngangam&quot;,
	[&quot;gnh&quot;] = &quot;Lere&quot;,
	[&quot;gni&quot;] = &quot;Gooniyandi&quot;,
	[&quot;gnj&quot;] = &quot;Ngen&quot;,
	[&quot;gnk&quot;] = &quot;ǁGana&quot;,
	[&quot;gnl&quot;] = &quot;Gangulu&quot;,
	[&quot;gnm&quot;] = &quot;Ginuman&quot;,
	[&quot;gnn&quot;] = &quot;Gumatj&quot;,
	[&quot;gnq&quot;] = &quot;Gana&quot;,
	[&quot;gnr&quot;] = &quot;Gureng Gureng&quot;,
	[&quot;gnt&quot;] = &quot;Guntai&quot;,
	[&quot;gnu&quot;] = &quot;Gnau&quot;,
	[&quot;gnw&quot;] = &quot;Guaraní Bolivia Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;gnz&quot;] = &quot;Ganzi&quot;,
	[&quot;goa&quot;] = &quot;Guro&quot;,
	[&quot;gob&quot;] = &quot;Playero&quot;,
	[&quot;goc&quot;] = &quot;Gorakor&quot;,
	[&quot;god&quot;] = &quot;Godié&quot;,
	[&quot;goe&quot;] = &quot;Gongduk&quot;,
	[&quot;gof&quot;] = &quot;Gofa&quot;,
	[&quot;gog&quot;] = &quot;Gogo&quot;,
	[&quot;goh&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Tinggi Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;goi&quot;] = &quot;Gobasi&quot;,
	[&quot;goj&quot;] = &quot;Gowlan&quot;,
	[&quot;gol&quot;] = &quot;Gola&quot;,
	[&quot;gon&quot;] = &quot;Gondi&quot;,
	[&quot;goo&quot;] = &quot;Gone Dau&quot;,
	[&quot;gop&quot;] = &quot;Yeretuar&quot;,
	[&quot;goq&quot;] = &quot;Gorap&quot;,
	[&quot;gor&quot;] = &quot;Gorontalo&quot;,
	[&quot;got&quot;] = &quot;Gothik&quot;,
	[&quot;gou&quot;] = &quot;Gavar&quot;,
	[&quot;gov&quot;] = &quot;Goo&quot;,
	[&quot;gow&quot;] = &quot;Gorowa&quot;,
	[&quot;gox&quot;] = &quot;Gobu&quot;,
	[&quot;goy&quot;] = &quot;Goundo&quot;,
	[&quot;goz&quot;] = &quot;Gozarkhani&quot;,
	[&quot;gpa&quot;] = &quot;Gupa-Abawa&quot;,
	[&quot;gpn&quot;] = &quot;Taiap&quot;,
	[&quot;gqa&quot;] = &quot;Ga'anda&quot;,
	[&quot;gqi&quot;] = &quot;Guiqiong&quot;,
	[&quot;gqn&quot;] = &quot;Kinikinao&quot;,
	[&quot;gqr&quot;] = &quot;Gor&quot;,
	[&quot;gqu&quot;] = &quot;Qau&quot;,
	[&quot;gra&quot;] = &quot;Rajput Garasia&quot;,
	[&quot;grb&quot;] = &quot;Grebo&quot;,
	[&quot;grc&quot;] = &quot;Yunani Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;grd&quot;] = &quot;Guruntum&quot;,
	[&quot;grg&quot;] = &quot;Madi&quot;,
	[&quot;grh&quot;] = &quot;Gbiri-Niragu&quot;,
	[&quot;gri&quot;] = &quot;Ghari&quot;,
	[&quot;grj&quot;] = &quot;Grebo Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;grk-cal&quot;] = &quot;Yunani Calabria&quot;,
	[&quot;grk-ita&quot;] = &quot;Yunani Italiot&quot;,
	[&quot;grk-mar&quot;] = &quot;Yunani Mariupol&quot;,
	[&quot;grk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hellenik&quot;,
	[&quot;grm&quot;] = &quot;Kota Marudu Talantang&quot;,
	[&quot;gro&quot;] = &quot;Groma&quot;,
	[&quot;grq&quot;] = &quot;Gorovu&quot;,
	[&quot;grs&quot;] = &quot;Gresi&quot;,
	[&quot;grt&quot;] = &quot;Garo&quot;,
	[&quot;gru&quot;] = &quot;Kistane&quot;,
	[&quot;grv&quot;] = &quot;Grebo Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;grw&quot;] = &quot;Gweda&quot;,
	[&quot;grx&quot;] = &quot;Guriaso&quot;,
	[&quot;gry&quot;] = &quot;Grebo Barclayville&quot;,
	[&quot;grz&quot;] = &quot;Guramalum&quot;,
	[&quot;gse&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Ghana&quot;,
	[&quot;gsg&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Jerman&quot;,
	[&quot;gsl&quot;] = &quot;Gusilay&quot;,
	[&quot;gsm&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Guatemala&quot;,
	[&quot;gsn&quot;] = &quot;Gusan&quot;,
	[&quot;gso&quot;] = &quot;Gbaya Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;gsp&quot;] = &quot;Wasembo&quot;,
	[&quot;gss&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Yunani&quot;,
	[&quot;gsw&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Alemannik&quot;,
	[&quot;gta&quot;] = &quot;Guató&quot;,
	[&quot;gtu&quot;] = &quot;Aghu Tharrnggala&quot;,
	[&quot;gu&quot;] = &quot;Gujarat&quot;,
	[&quot;gua&quot;] = &quot;Shiki&quot;,
	[&quot;gub&quot;] = &quot;Guajajára&quot;,
	[&quot;guc&quot;] = &quot;Wayuu&quot;,
	[&quot;gud&quot;] = &quot;Yocoboué Dida&quot;,
	[&quot;gue&quot;] = &quot;Gurindji&quot;,
	[&quot;guf&quot;] = &quot;Gupapuyngu&quot;,
	[&quot;gug&quot;] = &quot;Guaraní Paraguay&quot;,
	[&quot;guh&quot;] = &quot;Guahibo&quot;,
	[&quot;gui&quot;] = &quot;Guaraní Bolivia Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;guk&quot;] = &quot;Gumuz&quot;,
	[&quot;gul&quot;] = &quot;Gullah&quot;,
	[&quot;gum&quot;] = &quot;Guambiano&quot;,
	[&quot;gun&quot;] = &quot;Guaraní Mbyá&quot;,
	[&quot;guo&quot;] = &quot;Guayabero&quot;,
	[&quot;gup&quot;] = &quot;Gunwinggu&quot;,
	[&quot;guq&quot;] = &quot;Aché&quot;,
	[&quot;gur&quot;] = &quot;Farefare&quot;,
	[&quot;gus&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Guinea&quot;,
	[&quot;gut&quot;] = &quot;Maléku Jaíka&quot;,
	[&quot;guu&quot;] = &quot;Yanomamö&quot;,
	[&quot;guv&quot;] = &quot;Gey&quot;,
	[&quot;guw&quot;] = &quot;Gun&quot;,
	[&quot;gux&quot;] = &quot;Gourmanchéma&quot;,
	[&quot;guz&quot;] = &quot;Gusii&quot;,
	[&quot;gv&quot;] = &quot;Manx&quot;,
	[&quot;gva&quot;] = &quot;Kaskihá&quot;,
	[&quot;gvc&quot;] = &quot;Guanano&quot;,
	[&quot;gve&quot;] = &quot;Duwet&quot;,
	[&quot;gvf&quot;] = &quot;Golin&quot;,
	[&quot;gvj&quot;] = &quot;Guajá&quot;,
	[&quot;gvl&quot;] = &quot;Gulay&quot;,
	[&quot;gvm&quot;] = &quot;Gurmana&quot;,
	[&quot;gvn&quot;] = &quot;Kuku-Yalanji&quot;,
	[&quot;gvo&quot;] = &quot;Gavião do Jiparaná&quot;,
	[&quot;gvp&quot;] = &quot;Gavião Pará&quot;,
	[&quot;gvr&quot;] = &quot;Gurung Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;gvs&quot;] = &quot;Gumawana&quot;,
	[&quot;gvy&quot;] = &quot;Guyani&quot;,
	[&quot;gwa&quot;] = &quot;Mbato&quot;,
	[&quot;gwb&quot;] = &quot;Gwa&quot;,
	[&quot;gwc&quot;] = &quot;Kalami&quot;,
	[&quot;gwd&quot;] = &quot;Gawwada&quot;,
	[&quot;gwe&quot;] = &quot;Gweno&quot;,
	[&quot;gwf&quot;] = &quot;Gowro&quot;,
	[&quot;gwg&quot;] = &quot;Moo&quot;,
	[&quot;gwi&quot;] = &quot;Gwich'in&quot;,
	[&quot;gwj&quot;] = &quot;Gcwi&quot;,
	[&quot;gwm&quot;] = &quot;Awngthim&quot;,
	[&quot;gwn&quot;] = &quot;Gwandara&quot;,
	[&quot;gwr&quot;] = &quot;Gwere&quot;,
	[&quot;gwt&quot;] = &quot;Gawar-Bati&quot;,
	[&quot;gwu&quot;] = &quot;Guwamu&quot;,
	[&quot;gww&quot;] = &quot;Kwini&quot;,
	[&quot;gwx&quot;] = &quot;Gua&quot;,
	[&quot;gxx&quot;] = &quot;Wè Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;gya&quot;] = &quot;Gbaya Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;gyb&quot;] = &quot;Garus&quot;,
	[&quot;gyd&quot;] = &quot;Kayardild&quot;,
	[&quot;gye&quot;] = &quot;Gyem&quot;,
	[&quot;gyf&quot;] = &quot;Gungabula&quot;,
	[&quot;gyg&quot;] = &quot;Gbayi&quot;,
	[&quot;gyi&quot;] = &quot;Gyele&quot;,
	[&quot;gyl&quot;] = &quot;Gayil&quot;,
	[&quot;gym&quot;] = &quot;Ngäbere&quot;,
	[&quot;gyn&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Inggeris Guyana&quot;,
	[&quot;gyo&quot;] = &quot;Gyalsumdo&quot;,
	[&quot;gyr&quot;] = &quot;Guarayu&quot;,
	[&quot;gyy&quot;] = &quot;Gunya&quot;,
	[&quot;gza&quot;] = &quot;Ganza&quot;,
	[&quot;gzn&quot;] = &quot;Gane&quot;,
	[&quot;ha&quot;] = &quot;Hausa&quot;,
	[&quot;haa&quot;] = &quot;Hän&quot;,
	[&quot;hab&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Hanoi&quot;,
	[&quot;hac&quot;] = &quot;Gurani&quot;,
	[&quot;had&quot;] = &quot;Hatam&quot;,
	[&quot;haf&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Haiphong&quot;,
	[&quot;hag&quot;] = &quot;Hanga&quot;,
	[&quot;hah&quot;] = &quot;Hahon&quot;,
	[&quot;hai&quot;] = &quot;Haida&quot;,
	[&quot;haj&quot;] = &quot;Hajong&quot;,
	[&quot;hak&quot;] = &quot;Hakka&quot;,
	[&quot;hal&quot;] = &quot;Halang&quot;,
	[&quot;ham&quot;] = &quot;Hewa&quot;,
	[&quot;hao&quot;] = &quot;Hakö&quot;,
	[&quot;hap&quot;] = &quot;Hupla&quot;,
	[&quot;har&quot;] = &quot;Harari&quot;,
	[&quot;has&quot;] = &quot;Haisla&quot;,
	[&quot;hav&quot;] = &quot;Havu&quot;,
	[&quot;haw&quot;] = &quot;Hawaii&quot;,
	[&quot;hax&quot;] = &quot;Haida Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;hay&quot;] = &quot;Haya&quot;,
	[&quot;haz&quot;] = &quot;Hazaragi&quot;,
	[&quot;hba&quot;] = &quot;Hamba&quot;,
	[&quot;hbb&quot;] = &quot;Huba&quot;,
	[&quot;hbn&quot;] = &quot;Heiban&quot;,
	[&quot;hbu&quot;] = &quot;Habu&quot;,
	[&quot;hca&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Hindi Andaman&quot;,
	[&quot;hch&quot;] = &quot;Huichol&quot;,
	[&quot;hdn&quot;] = &quot;Haida Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;hds&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Honduras&quot;,
	[&quot;hdy&quot;] = &quot;Hadiyya&quot;,
	[&quot;he&quot;] = &quot;Ibrani&quot;,
	[&quot;hea&quot;] = &quot;Miao Qiandong Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;hed&quot;] = &quot;Herdé&quot;,
	[&quot;heg&quot;] = &quot;Helong&quot;,
	[&quot;heh&quot;] = &quot;Hehe&quot;,
	[&quot;hei&quot;] = &quot;Heiltsuk&quot;,
	[&quot;hem&quot;] = &quot;Hemba&quot;,
	[&quot;hgm&quot;] = &quot;Haiǁom&quot;,
	[&quot;hgw&quot;] = &quot;Haigwai&quot;,
	[&quot;hhi&quot;] = &quot;Hoia Hoia&quot;,
	[&quot;hhr&quot;] = &quot;Kerak&quot;,
	[&quot;hhy&quot;] = &quot;Hoyahoya&quot;,
	[&quot;hi&quot;] = &quot;Hindi&quot;,
	[&quot;hia&quot;] = &quot;Lamang&quot;,
	[&quot;hib&quot;] = &quot;Hibito&quot;,
	[&quot;hid&quot;] = &quot;Hidatsa&quot;,
	[&quot;hif&quot;] = &quot;Hindi Fiji&quot;,
	[&quot;hig&quot;] = &quot;Kamwe&quot;,
	[&quot;hih&quot;] = &quot;Pamosu&quot;,
	[&quot;hii&quot;] = &quot;Hinduri&quot;,
	[&quot;hij&quot;] = &quot;Hijuk&quot;,
	[&quot;hik&quot;] = &quot;Seit-Kaitetu&quot;,
	[&quot;hil&quot;] = &quot;Hiligaynon&quot;,
	[&quot;hio&quot;] = &quot;Tshwa&quot;,
	[&quot;hir&quot;] = &quot;Himarimã&quot;,
	[&quot;hit&quot;] = &quot;Hitit&quot;,
	[&quot;hiw&quot;] = &quot;Hiw&quot;,
	[&quot;hix&quot;] = &quot;Hixkaryana&quot;,
	[&quot;hji&quot;] = &quot;Haji&quot;,
	[&quot;hka&quot;] = &quot;Kahe&quot;,
	[&quot;hke&quot;] = &quot;Hunde&quot;,
	[&quot;hkk&quot;] = &quot;Ke Hunjara-Kaina&quot;,
	[&quot;hkn&quot;] = &quot;Mel-Khaonh&quot;,
	[&quot;hks&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Hong Kong&quot;,
	[&quot;hla&quot;] = &quot;Halia&quot;,
	[&quot;hlb&quot;] = &quot;Halbi&quot;,
	[&quot;hld&quot;] = &quot;Halang Doan&quot;,
	[&quot;hle&quot;] = &quot;Hlersu&quot;,
	[&quot;hlt&quot;] = &quot;Nga La&quot;,
	[&quot;hma&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Mashan Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;hmb&quot;] = &quot;Senni Humburi&quot;,
	[&quot;hmc&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Huishui Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;hmd&quot;] = &quot;A-Hmao&quot;,
	[&quot;hme&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Huishui Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;hmf&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Don&quot;,
	[&quot;hmg&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Guiyang Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;hmh&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Huishui Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;hmi&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Huishui Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;hmj&quot;] = &quot;Ge&quot;,
	[&quot;hmk&quot;] = &quot;Maek&quot;,
	[&quot;hml&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Luopohe&quot;,
	[&quot;hmm&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Mashan Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;hmn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hmong&quot;,
	[&quot;hmp&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Mashan Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;hmq&quot;] = &quot;Miao Qiandong Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;hmr&quot;] = &quot;Hmar&quot;,
	[&quot;hms&quot;] = &quot;Miao Qiandong Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;hmt&quot;] = &quot;Hamtai&quot;,
	[&quot;hmu&quot;] = &quot;Hamap&quot;,
	[&quot;hmv&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Dô&quot;,
	[&quot;hmw&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Mashan Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;hmx-mie-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mien&quot;,
	[&quot;hmx-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hmong-Mien&quot;,
	[&quot;hmy&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Guiyang Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;hmz&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Shua&quot;,
	[&quot;hna&quot;] = &quot;Mina&quot;,
	[&quot;hnd&quot;] = &quot;Hindko Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;hne&quot;] = &quot;Chhattisgarhi&quot;,
	[&quot;hnh&quot;] = &quot;ǁAni&quot;,
	[&quot;hni&quot;] = &quot;Hani&quot;,
	[&quot;hnj&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Green&quot;,
	[&quot;hnn&quot;] = &quot;Hanunoo&quot;,
	[&quot;hno&quot;] = &quot;Hindko Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;hns&quot;] = &quot;Hindustani Karibia&quot;,
	[&quot;hnu&quot;] = &quot;Hung&quot;,
	[&quot;ho&quot;] = &quot;Motu Hiri&quot;,
	[&quot;hoa&quot;] = &quot;Hoava&quot;,
	[&quot;hob&quot;] = &quot;Mari Austronesia&quot;,
	[&quot;hoc&quot;] = &quot;Ho&quot;,
	[&quot;hod&quot;] = &quot;Holma&quot;,
	[&quot;hoe&quot;] = &quot;Horom&quot;,
	[&quot;hoh&quot;] = &quot;Hobyót&quot;,
	[&quot;hoi&quot;] = &quot;Holikachuk&quot;,
	[&quot;hoj&quot;] = &quot;Hadothi&quot;,
	[&quot;hol&quot;] = &quot;Holu&quot;,
	[&quot;hom&quot;] = &quot;Homa&quot;,
	[&quot;hoo&quot;] = &quot;Holoholo&quot;,
	[&quot;hop&quot;] = &quot;Hopi&quot;,
	[&quot;hor&quot;] = &quot;Horo&quot;,
	[&quot;hos&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Kota Ho Chi Minh&quot;,
	[&quot;hot&quot;] = &quot;Hote&quot;,
	[&quot;hov&quot;] = &quot;Hovongan&quot;,
	[&quot;how&quot;] = &quot;Honi&quot;,
	[&quot;hoy&quot;] = &quot;Holiya&quot;,
	[&quot;hoz&quot;] = &quot;Hozo&quot;,
	[&quot;hpo&quot;] = &quot;Hpon&quot;,
	[&quot;hps&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Pijin Hawai'i&quot;,
	[&quot;hra&quot;] = &quot;Hrangkhol&quot;,
	[&quot;hrc&quot;] = &quot;Niwer Mil&quot;,
	[&quot;hre&quot;] = &quot;Hre&quot;,
	[&quot;hrk&quot;] = &quot;Haruku&quot;,
	[&quot;hrm&quot;] = &quot;Miao Horned&quot;,
	[&quot;hro&quot;] = &quot;Haroi&quot;,
	[&quot;hrp&quot;] = &quot;Nhirrpi&quot;,
	[&quot;hrt&quot;] = &quot;Hértevin&quot;,
	[&quot;hru&quot;] = &quot;Hruso&quot;,
	[&quot;hrw&quot;] = &quot;Warwar Feni&quot;,
	[&quot;hrx&quot;] = &quot;Hunsrik&quot;,
	[&quot;hrz&quot;] = &quot;Harzani&quot;,
	[&quot;hsb&quot;] = &quot;Sorbian Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;hsh&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Hungaria&quot;,
	[&quot;hsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Hausa&quot;,
	[&quot;hsn&quot;] = &quot;Xiang&quot;,
	[&quot;hss&quot;] = &quot;Harsusi&quot;,
	[&quot;ht&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Haiti&quot;,
	[&quot;hti&quot;] = &quot;Hoti&quot;,
	[&quot;hto&quot;] = &quot;Huitoto Minica&quot;,
	[&quot;hts&quot;] = &quot;Hadza&quot;,
	[&quot;htu&quot;] = &quot;Hitu&quot;,
	[&quot;hu&quot;] = &quot;Hungaria&quot;,
	[&quot;hub&quot;] = &quot;Huambisa&quot;,
	[&quot;huc&quot;] = &quot;ǂHoan&quot;,
	[&quot;hud&quot;] = &quot;Huaulu&quot;,
	[&quot;huf&quot;] = &quot;Humene&quot;,
	[&quot;hug&quot;] = &quot;Huachipaeri&quot;,
	[&quot;huh&quot;] = &quot;Huilliche&quot;,
	[&quot;hui&quot;] = &quot;Huli&quot;,
	[&quot;huj&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Guiyang Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;huk&quot;] = &quot;Hulung&quot;,
	[&quot;hul&quot;] = &quot;Hula&quot;,
	[&quot;hum&quot;] = &quot;Hungana&quot;,
	[&quot;huo&quot;] = &quot;Hu&quot;,
	[&quot;hup&quot;] = &quot;Hupa&quot;,
	[&quot;huq&quot;] = &quot;Tsat&quot;,
	[&quot;hur&quot;] = &quot;Halkomelem&quot;,
	[&quot;hus&quot;] = &quot;Wastek&quot;,
	[&quot;huu&quot;] = &quot;Huitoto Murui&quot;,
	[&quot;huv&quot;] = &quot;Huave&quot;,
	[&quot;huw&quot;] = &quot;Hukumina&quot;,
	[&quot;hux&quot;] = &quot;Huitoto Nüpode&quot;,
	[&quot;huy&quot;] = &quot;Hulaulá&quot;,
	[&quot;huz&quot;] = &quot;Hunzib&quot;,
	[&quot;hvc&quot;] = &quot;budaya Vodoun Haiti&quot;,
	[&quot;hvk&quot;] = &quot;Haveke&quot;,
	[&quot;hvn&quot;] = &quot;Hawu&quot;,
	[&quot;hwa&quot;] = &quot;Wané&quot;,
	[&quot;hwc&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Hawaii&quot;,
	[&quot;hwo&quot;] = &quot;Hwana&quot;,
	[&quot;hy&quot;] = &quot;Armenia&quot;,
	[&quot;hya&quot;] = &quot;Hya&quot;,
	[&quot;hyx-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Armenia&quot;,
	[&quot;hz&quot;] = &quot;Herero&quot;,
	[&quot;ia&quot;] = &quot;Interlingua&quot;,
	[&quot;iai&quot;] = &quot;Iaai&quot;,
	[&quot;ian&quot;] = &quot;Iatmul&quot;,
	[&quot;iar&quot;] = &quot;Purari&quot;,
	[&quot;iba&quot;] = &quot;Iban&quot;,
	[&quot;ibb&quot;] = &quot;Ibibio&quot;,
	[&quot;ibd&quot;] = &quot;Iwaidja&quot;,
	[&quot;ibe&quot;] = &quot;Akpes&quot;,
	[&quot;ibg&quot;] = &quot;Ibanag&quot;,
	[&quot;ibh&quot;] = &quot;Bih&quot;,
	[&quot;ibl&quot;] = &quot;Ibaloi&quot;,
	[&quot;ibm&quot;] = &quot;Agoi&quot;,
	[&quot;ibn&quot;] = &quot;Ibino&quot;,
	[&quot;ibr&quot;] = &quot;Ibuoro&quot;,
	[&quot;ibu&quot;] = &quot;Ibu&quot;,
	[&quot;iby&quot;] = &quot;Ibani&quot;,
	[&quot;ica&quot;] = &quot;Ede Ica&quot;,
	[&quot;ich&quot;] = &quot;Etkywan&quot;,
	[&quot;icl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Islandia&quot;,
	[&quot;icr&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Inggeris Islander&quot;,
	[&quot;id&quot;] = &quot;Indónésia&quot;,
	[&quot;ida&quot;] = &quot;Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki&quot;,
	[&quot;idb&quot;] = &quot;Indo-Portugis&quot;,
	[&quot;idc&quot;] = &quot;Idon&quot;,
	[&quot;idd&quot;] = &quot;Ede Idaca&quot;,
	[&quot;ide&quot;] = &quot;Idere&quot;,
	[&quot;idi&quot;] = &quot;Idi&quot;,
	[&quot;idr&quot;] = &quot;Indri&quot;,
	[&quot;ids&quot;] = &quot;Idesa&quot;,
	[&quot;idt&quot;] = &quot;Idaté&quot;,
	[&quot;idu&quot;] = &quot;Idoma&quot;,
	[&quot;ie&quot;] = &quot;Interlingue&quot;,
	[&quot;ifa&quot;] = &quot;Ifugao Amganad&quot;,
	[&quot;ifb&quot;] = &quot;Ifugao Batad&quot;,
	[&quot;ife&quot;] = &quot;Ifè&quot;,
	[&quot;iff&quot;] = &quot;Ifo&quot;,
	[&quot;ifk&quot;] = &quot;Ifugao Tuwali&quot;,
	[&quot;ifm&quot;] = &quot;Teke-Fuumu&quot;,
	[&quot;ifu&quot;] = &quot;Ifugao Mayoyao&quot;,
	[&quot;ify&quot;] = &quot;Kallahan Keley-I&quot;,
	[&quot;ig&quot;] = &quot;Igbo&quot;,
	[&quot;igb&quot;] = &quot;Ebira&quot;,
	[&quot;ige&quot;] = &quot;Igede&quot;,
	[&quot;igg&quot;] = &quot;Igana&quot;,
	[&quot;igl&quot;] = &quot;Igala&quot;,
	[&quot;igm&quot;] = &quot;Kanggape&quot;,
	[&quot;ign&quot;] = &quot;Ignaciano&quot;,
	[&quot;igo&quot;] = &quot;Isebe&quot;,
	[&quot;igs&quot;] = &quot;Glosa&quot;,
	[&quot;igw&quot;] = &quot;Igwe&quot;,
	[&quot;ihb&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Iha&quot;,
	[&quot;ihi&quot;] = &quot;Ihievbe&quot;,
	[&quot;ihp&quot;] = &quot;Iha&quot;,
	[&quot;ii&quot;] = &quot;Yi Sichuan&quot;,
	[&quot;iir-nur-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nuristani&quot;,
	[&quot;iir-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Indo-Iran&quot;,
	[&quot;ijc&quot;] = &quot;Izon&quot;,
	[&quot;ije&quot;] = &quot;Biseni&quot;,
	[&quot;ijj&quot;] = &quot;Ede Ije&quot;,
	[&quot;ijn&quot;] = &quot;Kalabari&quot;,
	[&quot;ijo-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Ijoid&quot;,
	[&quot;ijs&quot;] = &quot;Ijo Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;ik&quot;] = &quot;Inupiaq&quot;,
	[&quot;ike&quot;] = &quot;Inuktitut Kanada Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;iki&quot;] = &quot;Iko&quot;,
	[&quot;ikk&quot;] = &quot;Ika&quot;,
	[&quot;ikl&quot;] = &quot;Ikulu&quot;,
	[&quot;iko&quot;] = &quot;Olulumo-Ikom&quot;,
	[&quot;ikp&quot;] = &quot;Ikpeshi&quot;,
	[&quot;ikr&quot;] = &quot;Ikaranggal&quot;,
	[&quot;iks&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Inuit&quot;,
	[&quot;ikt&quot;] = &quot;Inuvialuktun&quot;,
	[&quot;ikv&quot;] = &quot;Iku-Gora-Ankwa&quot;,
	[&quot;ikw&quot;] = &quot;Ikwere&quot;,
	[&quot;ikx&quot;] = &quot;Ik&quot;,
	[&quot;ikz&quot;] = &quot;Ikizu&quot;,
	[&quot;ila&quot;] = &quot;Ile Ape&quot;,
	[&quot;ilb&quot;] = &quot;Ila&quot;,
	[&quot;ilg&quot;] = &quot;Ilgar&quot;,
	[&quot;ili&quot;] = &quot;Turki Ili&quot;,
	[&quot;ilk&quot;] = &quot;Ilongot&quot;,
	[&quot;ill&quot;] = &quot;Iranun&quot;,
	[&quot;ilo&quot;] = &quot;Ilokano&quot;,
	[&quot;ils&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Internasional&quot;,
	[&quot;ilu&quot;] = &quot;Ili'uun&quot;,
	[&quot;ilv&quot;] = &quot;Ilue&quot;,
	[&quot;ima&quot;] = &quot;Mala Malasar&quot;,
	[&quot;imi&quot;] = &quot;Anamgura&quot;,
	[&quot;iml&quot;] = &quot;Miluk&quot;,
	[&quot;imn&quot;] = &quot;Imonda&quot;,
	[&quot;imo&quot;] = &quot;Imbongu&quot;,
	[&quot;imr&quot;] = &quot;Imroing&quot;,
	[&quot;ims&quot;] = &quot;Marsian&quot;,
	[&quot;imy&quot;] = &quot;Milyan&quot;,
	[&quot;inb&quot;] = &quot;Inga&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-ash&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Ashokan&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-cen-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Indo-Aryan Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-gup&quot;] = &quot;Apabhramsa Gurjar&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-kam&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Kamarupi&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-kha&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Khasa&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-kho&quot;] = &quot;Kholosi&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-mas&quot;] = &quot;Assam Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-mbn&quot;] = &quot;Bengal Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-mgd&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Magadhi&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-mgu&quot;] = &quot;Gujarat Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-mor&quot;] = &quot;Oriya Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-oas&quot;] = &quot;Assam Awal&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-obn&quot;] = &quot;Bengal Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-ogu&quot;] = &quot;Gujarat Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-ohi&quot;] = &quot;Hindi Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-oor&quot;] = &quot;Oriya Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-opa&quot;] = &quot;Punjab Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-ork&quot;] = &quot;Kamta Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-pra&quot;] = &quot;Prakerta&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Indo-Aryan&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-psc&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Paisaci&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-sap&quot;] = &quot;Apabhramsa Sauraseni&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-tak&quot;] = &quot;Apabhramsa Takka&quot;,
	[&quot;inc-vra&quot;] = &quot;Apabhramsa Vracada&quot;,
	[&quot;ine-ana-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Anatolia&quot;,
	[&quot;ine-bsl-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Balto-Slavik&quot;,
	[&quot;ine-pae&quot;] = &quot;Paeonia&quot;,
	[&quot;ine-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Indo-Eropa&quot;,
	[&quot;ine-toc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tocharia&quot;,
	[&quot;ing&quot;] = &quot;Deg Xinag&quot;,
	[&quot;inh&quot;] = &quot;Ingush&quot;,
	[&quot;inj&quot;] = &quot;Inga Hutan&quot;,
	[&quot;inl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Indónésia&quot;,
	[&quot;inm&quot;] = &quot;Minaean&quot;,
	[&quot;inn&quot;] = &quot;Isinai&quot;,
	[&quot;ino&quot;] = &quot;Inoke-Yate&quot;,
	[&quot;inp&quot;] = &quot;Iñapari&quot;,
	[&quot;ins&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat India&quot;,
	[&quot;int&quot;] = &quot;Intha&quot;,
	[&quot;inz&quot;] = &quot;Ineseño&quot;,
	[&quot;io&quot;] = &quot;Ido&quot;,
	[&quot;ior&quot;] = &quot;Inor&quot;,
	[&quot;iou&quot;] = &quot;Tuma-Irumu&quot;,
	[&quot;iow&quot;] = &quot;Chiwere&quot;,
	[&quot;ipi&quot;] = &quot;Ipili&quot;,
	[&quot;ipo&quot;] = &quot;Ipiko&quot;,
	[&quot;iqu&quot;] = &quot;Iquito&quot;,
	[&quot;iqw&quot;] = &quot;Ikwo&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-kms-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Komisenia&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-mny-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Munji-Yidgha&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-mpr-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Medo-Parthia&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-pat-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Pathan&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Iran&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-sgc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sogdic&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-sgi-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-shr-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Shughni-Roshani&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-shy-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-sym-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-wnj&quot;] = &quot;Vanji&quot;,
	[&quot;ira-zgr-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Zaza-Gorani&quot;,
	[&quot;ire&quot;] = &quot;Iresim&quot;,
	[&quot;irh&quot;] = &quot;Irarutu&quot;,
	[&quot;iri&quot;] = &quot;Rigwe&quot;,
	[&quot;irk&quot;] = &quot;Iraqw&quot;,
	[&quot;irn&quot;] = &quot;Irantxe&quot;,
	[&quot;iro-ere&quot;] = &quot;Erie&quot;,
	[&quot;iro-min&quot;] = &quot;Mingo&quot;,
	[&quot;iro-nor-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Iroquois Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;iro-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Iroquois&quot;,
	[&quot;irr&quot;] = &quot;Ir&quot;,
	[&quot;iru&quot;] = &quot;Irula&quot;,
	[&quot;irx&quot;] = &quot;Kamberau&quot;,
	[&quot;iry&quot;] = &quot;Iraya&quot;,
	[&quot;is&quot;] = &quot;Islandia&quot;,
	[&quot;isa&quot;] = &quot;Isabi&quot;,
	[&quot;isc&quot;] = &quot;Isconahua&quot;,
	[&quot;isd&quot;] = &quot;Isnag&quot;,
	[&quot;ise&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Italia&quot;,
	[&quot;isg&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Irlandia&quot;,
	[&quot;ish&quot;] = &quot;Esan&quot;,
	[&quot;isi&quot;] = &quot;Nkem-Nkum&quot;,
	[&quot;isk&quot;] = &quot;Ishkashimi&quot;,
	[&quot;ism&quot;] = &quot;Masimasi&quot;,
	[&quot;isn&quot;] = &quot;Isanzu&quot;,
	[&quot;iso&quot;] = &quot;Isoko&quot;,
	[&quot;isr&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Israel&quot;,
	[&quot;ist&quot;] = &quot;Istriot&quot;,
	[&quot;isu&quot;] = &quot;Isu&quot;,
	[&quot;it&quot;] = &quot;Italia&quot;,
	[&quot;itb&quot;] = &quot;Itneg Binongan&quot;,
	[&quot;itc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Italik&quot;,
	[&quot;itd&quot;] = &quot;Tidung Nunukan&quot;,
	[&quot;ite&quot;] = &quot;Itene&quot;,
	[&quot;iti&quot;] = &quot;Itneg Inlaod&quot;,
	[&quot;itk&quot;] = &quot;Judeo-Italia&quot;,
	[&quot;itl&quot;] = &quot;Itelmen&quot;,
	[&quot;itm&quot;] = &quot;Itu Mbon Uzo&quot;,
	[&quot;ito&quot;] = &quot;Itonama&quot;,
	[&quot;itr&quot;] = &quot;Iteri&quot;,
	[&quot;its&quot;] = &quot;Itsekiri&quot;,
	[&quot;itt&quot;] = &quot;Itneg Maeng&quot;,
	[&quot;itv&quot;] = &quot;Itawit&quot;,
	[&quot;itw&quot;] = &quot;Ito&quot;,
	[&quot;itx&quot;] = &quot;Itik&quot;,
	[&quot;ity&quot;] = &quot;Itneg Moyadan&quot;,
	[&quot;itz&quot;] = &quot;Itzá&quot;,
	[&quot;iu&quot;] = &quot;Inuktitut&quot;,
	[&quot;ium&quot;] = &quot;Mien Iu&quot;,
	[&quot;ivb&quot;] = &quot;Ibatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ivv&quot;] = &quot;Ivatan&quot;,
	[&quot;iwk&quot;] = &quot;I-Wak&quot;,
	[&quot;iwm&quot;] = &quot;Iwam&quot;,
	[&quot;iwo&quot;] = &quot;Iwur&quot;,
	[&quot;iws&quot;] = &quot;Iwam Sepik&quot;,
	[&quot;ixc&quot;] = &quot;Ixcatec&quot;,
	[&quot;ixl&quot;] = &quot;Ixil&quot;,
	[&quot;iya&quot;] = &quot;Iyayu&quot;,
	[&quot;iyo&quot;] = &quot;Mesaka&quot;,
	[&quot;iyx&quot;] = &quot;Yaa&quot;,
	[&quot;izh&quot;] = &quot;Ingria&quot;,
	[&quot;izi&quot;] = &quot;Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo&quot;,
	[&quot;izr&quot;] = &quot;Izere&quot;,
	[&quot;izz&quot;] = &quot;Izi&quot;,
	[&quot;ja&quot;] = &quot;Jepang&quot;,
	[&quot;jaa&quot;] = &quot;Jamamadí&quot;,
	[&quot;jab&quot;] = &quot;Hyam&quot;,
	[&quot;jac&quot;] = &quot;Jakaltek&quot;,
	[&quot;jad&quot;] = &quot;Jahanka&quot;,
	[&quot;jae&quot;] = &quot;Jabem&quot;,
	[&quot;jaf&quot;] = &quot;Jara&quot;,
	[&quot;jah&quot;] = &quot;Jah Hut&quot;,
	[&quot;jaj&quot;] = &quot;Zazao&quot;,
	[&quot;jal&quot;] = &quot;Yalahatan&quot;,
	[&quot;jam&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Jamaika&quot;,
	[&quot;jan&quot;] = &quot;Janday&quot;,
	[&quot;jao&quot;] = &quot;Yanyuwa&quot;,
	[&quot;jaq&quot;] = &quot;Yaqay&quot;,
	[&quot;jas&quot;] = &quot;Jawo Kaledonia Baru&quot;,
	[&quot;jat&quot;] = &quot;Jakati&quot;,
	[&quot;jau&quot;] = &quot;Yaur&quot;,
	[&quot;jax&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Jambi&quot;,
	[&quot;jay&quot;] = &quot;Yan-nhangu&quot;,
	[&quot;jaz&quot;] = &quot;Jawe&quot;,
	[&quot;jbj&quot;] = &quot;Arandai&quot;,
	[&quot;jbk&quot;] = &quot;Barikewa&quot;,
	[&quot;jbn&quot;] = &quot;Nefusa&quot;,
	[&quot;jbo&quot;] = &quot;Lojban&quot;,
	[&quot;jbr&quot;] = &quot;Jofotek-Bromnya&quot;,
	[&quot;jbt&quot;] = &quot;Jabutí&quot;,
	[&quot;jbu&quot;] = &quot;Jukun Takum&quot;,
	[&quot;jbw&quot;] = &quot;Yawijibaya&quot;,
	[&quot;jcs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Jamaika (negara)&quot;,
	[&quot;jct&quot;] = &quot;Krymchak&quot;,
	[&quot;jda&quot;] = &quot;Jad&quot;,
	[&quot;jdg&quot;] = &quot;Jadgali&quot;,
	[&quot;jdt&quot;] = &quot;Judeo-Tat&quot;,
	[&quot;jeb&quot;] = &quot;Jebero&quot;,
	[&quot;jee&quot;] = &quot;Jerung&quot;,
	[&quot;jeg&quot;] = &quot;Jeng&quot;,
	[&quot;jeh&quot;] = &quot;Jeh&quot;,
	[&quot;jei&quot;] = &quot;Yei&quot;,
	[&quot;jek&quot;] = &quot;Kuo Jeri&quot;,
	[&quot;jel&quot;] = &quot;Yelmek&quot;,
	[&quot;jen&quot;] = &quot;Dza&quot;,
	[&quot;jer&quot;] = &quot;Jere&quot;,
	[&quot;jet&quot;] = &quot;Manem&quot;,
	[&quot;jeu&quot;] = &quot;Jonkor Bourmataguil&quot;,
	[&quot;jgb&quot;] = &quot;Ngbee&quot;,
	[&quot;jgk&quot;] = &quot;Gwak&quot;,
	[&quot;jgo&quot;] = &quot;Ngomba&quot;,
	[&quot;jhi&quot;] = &quot;Jehai&quot;,
	[&quot;jhs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Jhankot&quot;,
	[&quot;jia&quot;] = &quot;Jina&quot;,
	[&quot;jib&quot;] = &quot;Jibu&quot;,
	[&quot;jic&quot;] = &quot;Tol&quot;,
	[&quot;jid&quot;] = &quot;Bu&quot;,
	[&quot;jie&quot;] = &quot;Jilbe&quot;,
	[&quot;jig&quot;] = &quot;Jingulu&quot;,
	[&quot;jih&quot;] = &quot;Shangzhai&quot;,
	[&quot;jii&quot;] = &quot;Jiiddu&quot;,
	[&quot;jil&quot;] = &quot;Jilim&quot;,
	[&quot;jim&quot;] = &quot;Jimjimen&quot;,
	[&quot;jio&quot;] = &quot;Jiamao&quot;,
	[&quot;jiq&quot;] = &quot;Khroskyabs&quot;,
	[&quot;jit&quot;] = &quot;Jita&quot;,
	[&quot;jiu&quot;] = &quot;Jinuo Youle&quot;,
	[&quot;jiv&quot;] = &quot;Shuar&quot;,
	[&quot;jiy&quot;] = &quot;Jinuo Buyuan&quot;,
	[&quot;jje&quot;] = &quot;Jeju&quot;,
	[&quot;jjr&quot;] = &quot;Zhár&quot;,
	[&quot;jka&quot;] = &quot;Kaera&quot;,
	[&quot;jko&quot;] = &quot;Kubo&quot;,
	[&quot;jkr&quot;] = &quot;Koro (India)&quot;,
	[&quot;jku&quot;] = &quot;Labir&quot;,
	[&quot;jle&quot;] = &quot;Ngile&quot;,
	[&quot;jls&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Jamaika&quot;,
	[&quot;jma&quot;] = &quot;Dima&quot;,
	[&quot;jmb&quot;] = &quot;Zumbun&quot;,
	[&quot;jmc&quot;] = &quot;Machame&quot;,
	[&quot;jmd&quot;] = &quot;Yamdena&quot;,
	[&quot;jmi&quot;] = &quot;Jimi&quot;,
	[&quot;jml&quot;] = &quot;Jumli&quot;,
	[&quot;jmn&quot;] = &quot;Naga Makuri&quot;,
	[&quot;jmr&quot;] = &quot;Kamara&quot;,
	[&quot;jmw&quot;] = &quot;Mouwase&quot;,
	[&quot;jmx&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Juxtlahuaca Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;jna&quot;] = &quot;Jangshung&quot;,
	[&quot;jnd&quot;] = &quot;Jandavra&quot;,
	[&quot;jng&quot;] = &quot;Yangman&quot;,
	[&quot;jni&quot;] = &quot;Janji&quot;,
	[&quot;jnj&quot;] = &quot;Yemsa&quot;,
	[&quot;jnl&quot;] = &quot;Rawat&quot;,
	[&quot;jns&quot;] = &quot;Jaunsari&quot;,
	[&quot;job&quot;] = &quot;Joba&quot;,
	[&quot;jod&quot;] = &quot;Wojenaka&quot;,
	[&quot;jor&quot;] = &quot;Jorá&quot;,
	[&quot;jos&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Yordania&quot;,
	[&quot;jow&quot;] = &quot;Jowulu&quot;,
	[&quot;jpr&quot;] = &quot;Judeo-Persia&quot;,
	[&quot;jpx-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jepang&quot;,
	[&quot;jpx-ryu-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Ryukyu&quot;,
	[&quot;jqr&quot;] = &quot;Jaqaru&quot;,
	[&quot;jra&quot;] = &quot;Jarai&quot;,
	[&quot;jrr&quot;] = &quot;Jiru&quot;,
	[&quot;jru&quot;] = &quot;Japrería&quot;,
	[&quot;jsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Jepang&quot;,
	[&quot;jua&quot;] = &quot;Júma&quot;,
	[&quot;jub&quot;] = &quot;Wannu&quot;,
	[&quot;juc&quot;] = &quot;Jurchen&quot;,
	[&quot;jud&quot;] = &quot;Worodougou&quot;,
	[&quot;juh&quot;] = &quot;Hone&quot;,
	[&quot;jui&quot;] = &quot;Ngadjuri&quot;,
	[&quot;juk&quot;] = &quot;Wapan&quot;,
	[&quot;jul&quot;] = &quot;Jirel&quot;,
	[&quot;jum&quot;] = &quot;Jumjum&quot;,
	[&quot;jun&quot;] = &quot;Juang&quot;,
	[&quot;juo&quot;] = &quot;Jiba&quot;,
	[&quot;jup&quot;] = &quot;Hupdë&quot;,
	[&quot;jur&quot;] = &quot;Jurúna&quot;,
	[&quot;jus&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Jumla&quot;,
	[&quot;jut&quot;] = &quot;Jutish&quot;,
	[&quot;juu&quot;] = &quot;Ju&quot;,
	[&quot;juw&quot;] = &quot;Wãpha&quot;,
	[&quot;juy&quot;] = &quot;Juray&quot;,
	[&quot;jv&quot;] = &quot;Jawo&quot;,
	[&quot;jvd&quot;] = &quot;Javindo&quot;,
	[&quot;jvn&quot;] = &quot;Jawo Karibia&quot;,
	[&quot;jwi&quot;] = &quot;Jwira-Pepesa&quot;,
	[&quot;jyy&quot;] = &quot;Jaya&quot;,
	[&quot;ka&quot;] = &quot;Georgia&quot;,
	[&quot;kaa&quot;] = &quot;Karakalpak&quot;,
	[&quot;kab&quot;] = &quot;Kabyle&quot;,
	[&quot;kac&quot;] = &quot;Jingpho&quot;,
	[&quot;kad&quot;] = &quot;Kadara&quot;,
	[&quot;kae&quot;] = &quot;Ketangalan&quot;,
	[&quot;kaf&quot;] = &quot;Katso&quot;,
	[&quot;kag&quot;] = &quot;Kajaman&quot;,
	[&quot;kah&quot;] = &quot;Fer&quot;,
	[&quot;kai&quot;] = &quot;Karekare&quot;,
	[&quot;kaj&quot;] = &quot;Jju&quot;,
	[&quot;kak&quot;] = &quot;Kallahan Kayapa&quot;,
	[&quot;kam&quot;] = &quot;Kamba&quot;,
	[&quot;kao&quot;] = &quot;Kassonke&quot;,
	[&quot;kap&quot;] = &quot;Bezhta&quot;,
	[&quot;kaq&quot;] = &quot;Capanahua&quot;,
	[&quot;kar-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Karen&quot;,
	[&quot;kaw&quot;] = &quot;Jawo Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;kax&quot;] = &quot;Kao&quot;,
	[&quot;kay&quot;] = &quot;Kamayurá&quot;,
	[&quot;kba&quot;] = &quot;Kalarko&quot;,
	[&quot;kbb&quot;] = &quot;Kaxuyana&quot;,
	[&quot;kbc&quot;] = &quot;Kadiwéu&quot;,
	[&quot;kbd&quot;] = &quot;Kabardia&quot;,
	[&quot;kbe&quot;] = &quot;Kanju&quot;,
	[&quot;kbh&quot;] = &quot;Camsá&quot;,
	[&quot;kbi&quot;] = &quot;Kaptiau&quot;,
	[&quot;kbj&quot;] = &quot;Kari&quot;,
	[&quot;kbk&quot;] = &quot;Koiari Rumput&quot;,
	[&quot;kbm&quot;] = &quot;Iwal&quot;,
	[&quot;kbn&quot;] = &quot;Kare (Africa)&quot;,
	[&quot;kbo&quot;] = &quot;Keliko&quot;,
	[&quot;kbp&quot;] = &quot;Kabiyé&quot;,
	[&quot;kbq&quot;] = &quot;Kamano&quot;,
	[&quot;kbr&quot;] = &quot;Kafa&quot;,
	[&quot;kbs&quot;] = &quot;Kande&quot;,
	[&quot;kbt&quot;] = &quot;Gabadi&quot;,
	[&quot;kbu&quot;] = &quot;Kabutra&quot;,
	[&quot;kbv&quot;] = &quot;Kamberataro&quot;,
	[&quot;kbw&quot;] = &quot;Kaiep&quot;,
	[&quot;kbx&quot;] = &quot;Ap Ma&quot;,
	[&quot;kbz&quot;] = &quot;Duhwa&quot;,
	[&quot;kca&quot;] = &quot;Khanty&quot;,
	[&quot;kcb&quot;] = &quot;Kawacha&quot;,
	[&quot;kcc&quot;] = &quot;Lubila&quot;,
	[&quot;kcd&quot;] = &quot;Kanum Ngkâlmpw&quot;,
	[&quot;kce&quot;] = &quot;Kaivi&quot;,
	[&quot;kcf&quot;] = &quot;Ukaan&quot;,
	[&quot;kcg&quot;] = &quot;Tyap&quot;,
	[&quot;kch&quot;] = &quot;Vono&quot;,
	[&quot;kci&quot;] = &quot;Kamantan&quot;,
	[&quot;kcj&quot;] = &quot;Kobiana&quot;,
	[&quot;kck&quot;] = &quot;Kalanga&quot;,
	[&quot;kcl&quot;] = &quot;Kala&quot;,
	[&quot;kcm&quot;] = &quot;Gula Tar&quot;,
	[&quot;kcn&quot;] = &quot;Nubi&quot;,
	[&quot;kco&quot;] = &quot;Kinalakna&quot;,
	[&quot;kcp&quot;] = &quot;Kanga&quot;,
	[&quot;kcq&quot;] = &quot;Kamo&quot;,
	[&quot;kcr&quot;] = &quot;Katla&quot;,
	[&quot;kcs&quot;] = &quot;Koenoem&quot;,
	[&quot;kct&quot;] = &quot;Kaian&quot;,
	[&quot;kcu&quot;] = &quot;Kikami&quot;,
	[&quot;kcv&quot;] = &quot;Kete&quot;,
	[&quot;kcw&quot;] = &quot;Kabwari&quot;,
	[&quot;kcx&quot;] = &quot;Kachama-Ganjule&quot;,
	[&quot;kcy&quot;] = &quot;Korandje&quot;,
	[&quot;kcz&quot;] = &quot;Konongo&quot;,
	[&quot;kda&quot;] = &quot;Worimi&quot;,
	[&quot;kdc&quot;] = &quot;Kutu&quot;,
	[&quot;kdd&quot;] = &quot;Yankunytjatjara&quot;,
	[&quot;kde&quot;] = &quot;Makonde&quot;,
	[&quot;kdf&quot;] = &quot;Mamusi&quot;,
	[&quot;kdg&quot;] = &quot;Seba&quot;,
	[&quot;kdh&quot;] = &quot;Tem&quot;,
	[&quot;kdi&quot;] = &quot;Kumam&quot;,
	[&quot;kdj&quot;] = &quot;Karamojong&quot;,
	[&quot;kdk&quot;] = &quot;Numee&quot;,
	[&quot;kdl&quot;] = &quot;Tsikimba&quot;,
	[&quot;kdm&quot;] = &quot;Kagoma&quot;,
	[&quot;kdn&quot;] = &quot;Kunda&quot;,
	[&quot;kdp&quot;] = &quot;Kaningdon-Nindem&quot;,
	[&quot;kdq&quot;] = &quot;Koch&quot;,
	[&quot;kdr&quot;] = &quot;Karaim&quot;,
	[&quot;kdt&quot;] = &quot;Kuy&quot;,
	[&quot;kdu&quot;] = &quot;Kadaru&quot;,
	[&quot;kdv&quot;] = &quot;Kado&quot;,
	[&quot;kdw&quot;] = &quot;Koneraw&quot;,
	[&quot;kdx&quot;] = &quot;Kam&quot;,
	[&quot;kdy&quot;] = &quot;Keder&quot;,
	[&quot;kdz&quot;] = &quot;Kwaja&quot;,
	[&quot;kea&quot;] = &quot;Kabuverdianu&quot;,
	[&quot;keb&quot;] = &quot;Kélé&quot;,
	[&quot;kec&quot;] = &quot;Keiga&quot;,
	[&quot;ked&quot;] = &quot;Kerewe&quot;,
	[&quot;kee&quot;] = &quot;Keres Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;kef&quot;] = &quot;Kpessi&quot;,
	[&quot;keg&quot;] = &quot;Tese&quot;,
	[&quot;keh&quot;] = &quot;Keak&quot;,
	[&quot;kei&quot;] = &quot;Kei&quot;,
	[&quot;kej&quot;] = &quot;Kadar&quot;,
	[&quot;kek&quot;] = &quot;Q'eqchi&quot;,
	[&quot;kel&quot;] = &quot;Kela-Yela&quot;,
	[&quot;kem&quot;] = &quot;Kemak&quot;,
	[&quot;ken&quot;] = &quot;Kenyang&quot;,
	[&quot;keo&quot;] = &quot;Kakwa&quot;,
	[&quot;kep&quot;] = &quot;Kaikadi&quot;,
	[&quot;keq&quot;] = &quot;Kamar&quot;,
	[&quot;ker&quot;] = &quot;Kera&quot;,
	[&quot;kes&quot;] = &quot;Kugbo&quot;,
	[&quot;ket&quot;] = &quot;Ket&quot;,
	[&quot;keu&quot;] = &quot;Akebu&quot;,
	[&quot;kev&quot;] = &quot;Kanikkaran&quot;,
	[&quot;kew&quot;] = &quot;Kewa&quot;,
	[&quot;kex&quot;] = &quot;Kukna&quot;,
	[&quot;key&quot;] = &quot;Kupia&quot;,
	[&quot;kez&quot;] = &quot;Kukele&quot;,
	[&quot;kfa&quot;] = &quot;Kodava&quot;,
	[&quot;kfb&quot;] = &quot;Kolami&quot;,
	[&quot;kfc&quot;] = &quot;Konda-Dora&quot;,
	[&quot;kfd&quot;] = &quot;Koraga Korra&quot;,
	[&quot;kfe&quot;] = &quot;Kota (India)&quot;,
	[&quot;kff&quot;] = &quot;Koya&quot;,
	[&quot;kfg&quot;] = &quot;Kudiya&quot;,
	[&quot;kfh&quot;] = &quot;Kurichiya&quot;,
	[&quot;kfi&quot;] = &quot;Kurumba Kannada&quot;,
	[&quot;kfj&quot;] = &quot;Kemiehua&quot;,
	[&quot;kfk&quot;] = &quot;Kinnauri&quot;,
	[&quot;kfl&quot;] = &quot;Kung&quot;,
	[&quot;kfn&quot;] = &quot;Kuk&quot;,
	[&quot;kfo&quot;] = &quot;Koro (Afrika Barat)&quot;,
	[&quot;kfp&quot;] = &quot;Korwa&quot;,
	[&quot;kfq&quot;] = &quot;Korku&quot;,
	[&quot;kfr&quot;] = &quot;Kachchi&quot;,
	[&quot;kfs&quot;] = &quot;Bilaspuri&quot;,
	[&quot;kft&quot;] = &quot;Kanjari&quot;,
	[&quot;kfu&quot;] = &quot;Katkari&quot;,
	[&quot;kfv&quot;] = &quot;Kurmukar&quot;,
	[&quot;kfw&quot;] = &quot;Naga Kharam&quot;,
	[&quot;kfx&quot;] = &quot;Pahari Kullu&quot;,
	[&quot;kfy&quot;] = &quot;Kumaoni&quot;,
	[&quot;kfz&quot;] = &quot;Koromfé&quot;,
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = &quot;Kongo&quot;,
	[&quot;kga&quot;] = &quot;Koyaga&quot;,
	[&quot;kgb&quot;] = &quot;Kawe&quot;,
	[&quot;kgd&quot;] = &quot;Kataang&quot;,
	[&quot;kge&quot;] = &quot;Komering&quot;,
	[&quot;kgf&quot;] = &quot;Kube&quot;,
	[&quot;kgg&quot;] = &quot;Kusunda&quot;,
	[&quot;kgi&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Selangor&quot;,
	[&quot;kgj&quot;] = &quot;Kham Gamale&quot;,
	[&quot;kgk&quot;] = &quot;Kaiwá&quot;,
	[&quot;kgl&quot;] = &quot;Kunggari&quot;,
	[&quot;kgm&quot;] = &quot;Karipúna&quot;,
	[&quot;kgn&quot;] = &quot;Karingani&quot;,
	[&quot;kgo&quot;] = &quot;Krongo&quot;,
	[&quot;kgp&quot;] = &quot;Kaingang&quot;,
	[&quot;kgq&quot;] = &quot;Kamoro&quot;,
	[&quot;kgr&quot;] = &quot;Abun&quot;,
	[&quot;kgs&quot;] = &quot;Kumbainggar&quot;,
	[&quot;kgt&quot;] = &quot;Somyev&quot;,
	[&quot;kgu&quot;] = &quot;Kobol&quot;,
	[&quot;kgv&quot;] = &quot;Karas&quot;,
	[&quot;kgw&quot;] = &quot;Karon Dori&quot;,
	[&quot;kgx&quot;] = &quot;Kamaru&quot;,
	[&quot;kgy&quot;] = &quot;Kyerung&quot;,
	[&quot;kha&quot;] = &quot;Khasi&quot;,
	[&quot;khb&quot;] = &quot;Lü&quot;,
	[&quot;khc&quot;] = &quot;Tukang Besi Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;khd&quot;] = &quot;Kanum Bädi&quot;,
	[&quot;khe&quot;] = &quot;Korowai&quot;,
	[&quot;khf&quot;] = &quot;Khuen&quot;,
	[&quot;khh&quot;] = &quot;Kehu&quot;,
	[&quot;khi-kho-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Khoe&quot;,
	[&quot;khi-kun&quot;] = &quot;ǃKung&quot;,
	[&quot;khj&quot;] = &quot;Kuturmi&quot;,
	[&quot;khl&quot;] = &quot;Lusi&quot;,
	[&quot;khn&quot;] = &quot;Khandeshi&quot;,
	[&quot;kho&quot;] = &quot;Khotan&quot;,
	[&quot;khp&quot;] = &quot;Kapauri&quot;,
	[&quot;khq&quot;] = &quot;Koyra Chiini&quot;,
	[&quot;khr&quot;] = &quot;Kharia&quot;,
	[&quot;khs&quot;] = &quot;Kasua&quot;,
	[&quot;kht&quot;] = &quot;Khamti&quot;,
	[&quot;khu&quot;] = &quot;Nkhumbi&quot;,
	[&quot;khv&quot;] = &quot;Khvarshi&quot;,
	[&quot;khw&quot;] = &quot;Khowar&quot;,
	[&quot;khx&quot;] = &quot;Kanu&quot;,
	[&quot;khy&quot;] = &quot;Ekele&quot;,
	[&quot;khz&quot;] = &quot;Keapara&quot;,
	[&quot;ki&quot;] = &quot;Kikuyu&quot;,
	[&quot;kia&quot;] = &quot;Kim&quot;,
	[&quot;kib&quot;] = &quot;Koalib&quot;,
	[&quot;kic&quot;] = &quot;Kickapoo&quot;,
	[&quot;kid&quot;] = &quot;Koshin&quot;,
	[&quot;kie&quot;] = &quot;Kibet&quot;,
	[&quot;kif&quot;] = &quot;Kham Parbate Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;kig&quot;] = &quot;Kimaama&quot;,
	[&quot;kih&quot;] = &quot;Kilmeri&quot;,
	[&quot;kii&quot;] = &quot;Kitsai&quot;,
	[&quot;kij&quot;] = &quot;Kilivila&quot;,
	[&quot;kil&quot;] = &quot;Kariya&quot;,
	[&quot;kim&quot;] = &quot;Tofa&quot;,
	[&quot;kio&quot;] = &quot;Kiowa&quot;,
	[&quot;kip&quot;] = &quot;Kham Sheshi&quot;,
	[&quot;kiq&quot;] = &quot;Kosadle&quot;,
	[&quot;kis&quot;] = &quot;Kis&quot;,
	[&quot;kit&quot;] = &quot;Agob&quot;,
	[&quot;kiv&quot;] = &quot;Kimbu&quot;,
	[&quot;kiw&quot;] = &quot;Kiwai Timur Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;kix&quot;] = &quot;Naga Khiamniungan&quot;,
	[&quot;kiy&quot;] = &quot;Kirikiri&quot;,
	[&quot;kiz&quot;] = &quot;Kisi&quot;,
	[&quot;kj&quot;] = &quot;Kwanyama&quot;,
	[&quot;kja&quot;] = &quot;Mlap&quot;,
	[&quot;kjb&quot;] = &quot;Q'anjob'al&quot;,
	[&quot;kjc&quot;] = &quot;Konjo Pesisir&quot;,
	[&quot;kjd&quot;] = &quot;Kiwai Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;kje&quot;] = &quot;Kisar&quot;,
	[&quot;kjg&quot;] = &quot;Khmu&quot;,
	[&quot;kjh&quot;] = &quot;Khakas&quot;,
	[&quot;kji&quot;] = &quot;Zabana&quot;,
	[&quot;kjj&quot;] = &quot;Khinalug&quot;,
	[&quot;kjk&quot;] = &quot;Konjo Pegunungan&quot;,
	[&quot;kjl&quot;] = &quot;Kham&quot;,
	[&quot;kjm&quot;] = &quot;Kháng&quot;,
	[&quot;kjn&quot;] = &quot;Kunjen&quot;,
	[&quot;kjo&quot;] = &quot;Kinnauri Harijan&quot;,
	[&quot;kjp&quot;] = &quot;Pwo Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;kjq&quot;] = &quot;Keres Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;kjr&quot;] = &quot;Kurudu&quot;,
	[&quot;kjs&quot;] = &quot;Kewa Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;kjt&quot;] = &quot;Pwo Phrae&quot;,
	[&quot;kju&quot;] = &quot;Kashaya&quot;,
	[&quot;kjx&quot;] = &quot;Ramopa&quot;,
	[&quot;kjy&quot;] = &quot;Erave&quot;,
	[&quot;kjz&quot;] = &quot;Bumthangkha&quot;,
	[&quot;kk&quot;] = &quot;Kazakh&quot;,
	[&quot;kka&quot;] = &quot;Kakanda&quot;,
	[&quot;kkb&quot;] = &quot;Kwerisa&quot;,
	[&quot;kkc&quot;] = &quot;Odoodee&quot;,
	[&quot;kkd&quot;] = &quot;Kinuku&quot;,
	[&quot;kke&quot;] = &quot;Kakabe&quot;,
	[&quot;kkf&quot;] = &quot;Monpa Kalaktang&quot;,
	[&quot;kkg&quot;] = &quot;Kalinga Mabaka Valley&quot;,
	[&quot;kkh&quot;] = &quot;Khün&quot;,
	[&quot;kki&quot;] = &quot;Kagulu&quot;,
	[&quot;kkj&quot;] = &quot;Kako&quot;,
	[&quot;kkk&quot;] = &quot;Kokota&quot;,
	[&quot;kkl&quot;] = &quot;Yale Kosarek&quot;,
	[&quot;kkm&quot;] = &quot;Kiong&quot;,
	[&quot;kkn&quot;] = &quot;Kon Keu&quot;,
	[&quot;kko&quot;] = &quot;Karko&quot;,
	[&quot;kkp&quot;] = &quot;Koko-Bera&quot;,
	[&quot;kkq&quot;] = &quot;Kaiku&quot;,
	[&quot;kkr&quot;] = &quot;Kir-Balar&quot;,
	[&quot;kks&quot;] = &quot;Kirfi&quot;,
	[&quot;kkt&quot;] = &quot;Koi&quot;,
	[&quot;kku&quot;] = &quot;Tumi&quot;,
	[&quot;kkv&quot;] = &quot;Kangean&quot;,
	[&quot;kkw&quot;] = &quot;Teke-Kukuya&quot;,
	[&quot;kkx&quot;] = &quot;Kohin&quot;,
	[&quot;kky&quot;] = &quot;Guugu Yimidhirr&quot;,
	[&quot;kkz&quot;] = &quot;Kaska&quot;,
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = &quot;Grinlandia&quot;,
	[&quot;kla&quot;] = &quot;Klamath-Modoc&quot;,
	[&quot;klb&quot;] = &quot;Kiliwa&quot;,
	[&quot;klc&quot;] = &quot;Kolbila&quot;,
	[&quot;kld&quot;] = &quot;Gamilaraay&quot;,
	[&quot;kle&quot;] = &quot;Kulung&quot;,
	[&quot;klf&quot;] = &quot;Kendeje&quot;,
	[&quot;klg&quot;] = &quot;Kalagan Tagakaulu&quot;,
	[&quot;klh&quot;] = &quot;Weliki&quot;,
	[&quot;kli&quot;] = &quot;Kalumpang&quot;,
	[&quot;klj&quot;] = &quot;Khalaj&quot;,
	[&quot;klk&quot;] = &quot;Kono (Nigeria)&quot;,
	[&quot;kll&quot;] = &quot;Kalagan Kagan&quot;,
	[&quot;klm&quot;] = &quot;Kolom&quot;,
	[&quot;kln&quot;] = &quot;Kalenjin&quot;,
	[&quot;klo&quot;] = &quot;Kapya&quot;,
	[&quot;klp&quot;] = &quot;Kamasa&quot;,
	[&quot;klq&quot;] = &quot;Rumu&quot;,
	[&quot;klr&quot;] = &quot;Khaling&quot;,
	[&quot;kls&quot;] = &quot;Kalasha&quot;,
	[&quot;klt&quot;] = &quot;Nukna&quot;,
	[&quot;klu&quot;] = &quot;Klao&quot;,
	[&quot;klv&quot;] = &quot;Maskelynes&quot;,
	[&quot;klw&quot;] = &quot;Lindu&quot;,
	[&quot;klx&quot;] = &quot;Koluwawa&quot;,
	[&quot;kly&quot;] = &quot;Kalao&quot;,
	[&quot;klz&quot;] = &quot;Kabola&quot;,
	[&quot;km&quot;] = &quot;Khmer&quot;,
	[&quot;kma&quot;] = &quot;Konni&quot;,
	[&quot;kmb&quot;] = &quot;Kimbundu&quot;,
	[&quot;kmc&quot;] = &quot;Kam Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;kmd&quot;] = &quot;Kalinga Madukayang&quot;,
	[&quot;kme&quot;] = &quot;Bakole&quot;,
	[&quot;kmf&quot;] = &quot;Kare (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;kmg&quot;] = &quot;Kâte&quot;,
	[&quot;kmh&quot;] = &quot;Kalam&quot;,
	[&quot;kmi&quot;] = &quot;Kami&quot;,
	[&quot;kmj&quot;] = &quot;Paharia Kumarbhag&quot;,
	[&quot;kmk&quot;] = &quot;Kalinga Limos&quot;,
	[&quot;kml&quot;] = &quot;Kalinga Tanudan&quot;,
	[&quot;kmm&quot;] = &quot;Kom (India)&quot;,
	[&quot;kmn&quot;] = &quot;Awtuw&quot;,
	[&quot;kmo&quot;] = &quot;Kwoma&quot;,
	[&quot;kmp&quot;] = &quot;Gimme&quot;,
	[&quot;kmq&quot;] = &quot;Kwama&quot;,
	[&quot;kmr&quot;] = &quot;Kurdi Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;kms&quot;] = &quot;Kamasau&quot;,
	[&quot;kmt&quot;] = &quot;Kemtuik&quot;,
	[&quot;kmu&quot;] = &quot;Kanite&quot;,
	[&quot;kmv&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Prancis Karipúna&quot;,
	[&quot;kmw&quot;] = &quot;Kumu&quot;,
	[&quot;kmx&quot;] = &quot;Waboda&quot;,
	[&quot;kmy&quot;] = &quot;Koma&quot;,
	[&quot;kmz&quot;] = &quot;Turki Khorasani&quot;,
	[&quot;kn&quot;] = &quot;Kannada&quot;,
	[&quot;kna&quot;] = &quot;Kanakuru&quot;,
	[&quot;knb&quot;] = &quot;Kalinga Lubuagan&quot;,
	[&quot;knd&quot;] = &quot;Konda&quot;,
	[&quot;kne&quot;] = &quot;Kankanaey&quot;,
	[&quot;knf&quot;] = &quot;Mankanya&quot;,
	[&quot;kni&quot;] = &quot;Kanufi&quot;,
	[&quot;knj&quot;] = &quot;Akatek&quot;,
	[&quot;knk&quot;] = &quot;Kuranko&quot;,
	[&quot;knl&quot;] = &quot;Keninjal&quot;,
	[&quot;knm&quot;] = &quot;Kanamari&quot;,
	[&quot;kno&quot;] = &quot;Kono (Sierra Leone)&quot;,
	[&quot;knp&quot;] = &quot;Kwanja&quot;,
	[&quot;knq&quot;] = &quot;Kintaq&quot;,
	[&quot;knr&quot;] = &quot;Kaningra&quot;,
	[&quot;kns&quot;] = &quot;Kensiu&quot;,
	[&quot;knt&quot;] = &quot;Katukina&quot;,
	[&quot;knu&quot;] = &quot;Kono (Guinea)&quot;,
	[&quot;knv&quot;] = &quot;Tabo&quot;,
	[&quot;knx&quot;] = &quot;Kanayatn&quot;,
	[&quot;kny&quot;] = &quot;Kanyok&quot;,
	[&quot;knz&quot;] = &quot;Kalamsé&quot;,
	[&quot;ko&quot;] = &quot;Korea&quot;,
	[&quot;ko-ear&quot;] = &quot;Korea Modern Awal&quot;,
	[&quot;koa&quot;] = &quot;Konomala&quot;,
	[&quot;koc&quot;] = &quot;Kpati&quot;,
	[&quot;kod&quot;] = &quot;Kodi&quot;,
	[&quot;koe&quot;] = &quot;Kacipo-Balesi&quot;,
	[&quot;kof&quot;] = &quot;Kubi&quot;,
	[&quot;kog&quot;] = &quot;Cogui&quot;,
	[&quot;koh&quot;] = &quot;Koyo&quot;,
	[&quot;koi&quot;] = &quot;Komi-Permyak&quot;,
	[&quot;kok&quot;] = &quot;Konkani&quot;,
	[&quot;kol&quot;] = &quot;Kol (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;koo&quot;] = &quot;Konzo&quot;,
	[&quot;kop&quot;] = &quot;Waube&quot;,
	[&quot;koq&quot;] = &quot;Kota (Gabon)&quot;,
	[&quot;kos&quot;] = &quot;Kosraean&quot;,
	[&quot;kot&quot;] = &quot;Lagwan&quot;,
	[&quot;kou&quot;] = &quot;Koke&quot;,
	[&quot;kov&quot;] = &quot;Kudu-Camo&quot;,
	[&quot;kow&quot;] = &quot;Kugama&quot;,
	[&quot;koy&quot;] = &quot;Koyukon&quot;,
	[&quot;koz&quot;] = &quot;Korak&quot;,
	[&quot;kpa&quot;] = &quot;Kutto&quot;,
	[&quot;kpb&quot;] = &quot;Kurumba Mullu&quot;,
	[&quot;kpc&quot;] = &quot;Curripaco&quot;,
	[&quot;kpd&quot;] = &quot;Koba&quot;,
	[&quot;kpe&quot;] = &quot;Kpelle&quot;,
	[&quot;kpf&quot;] = &quot;Komba&quot;,
	[&quot;kpg&quot;] = &quot;Kapingamarangi&quot;,
	[&quot;kph&quot;] = &quot;Kplang&quot;,
	[&quot;kpi&quot;] = &quot;Kofei&quot;,
	[&quot;kpj&quot;] = &quot;Karajá&quot;,
	[&quot;kpk&quot;] = &quot;Kpan&quot;,
	[&quot;kpl&quot;] = &quot;Kpala&quot;,
	[&quot;kpm&quot;] = &quot;Koho&quot;,
	[&quot;kpn&quot;] = &quot;Kepkiriwát&quot;,
	[&quot;kpo&quot;] = &quot;Ikposo&quot;,
	[&quot;kpp&quot;] = &quot;Karen Paku&quot;,
	[&quot;kpq&quot;] = &quot;Korupun-Sela&quot;,
	[&quot;kpr&quot;] = &quot;Korafe-Yegha&quot;,
	[&quot;kps&quot;] = &quot;Tehit&quot;,
	[&quot;kpt&quot;] = &quot;Karata&quot;,
	[&quot;kpu&quot;] = &quot;Kafoa&quot;,
	[&quot;kpv&quot;] = &quot;Komi-Zyrian&quot;,
	[&quot;kpw&quot;] = &quot;Kobon&quot;,
	[&quot;kpx&quot;] = &quot;Koiari Gunung&quot;,
	[&quot;kpy&quot;] = &quot;Koryak&quot;,
	[&quot;kpz&quot;] = &quot;Kupsabiny&quot;,
	[&quot;kqa&quot;] = &quot;Mum&quot;,
	[&quot;kqb&quot;] = &quot;Kovai&quot;,
	[&quot;kqc&quot;] = &quot;Doromu-Koki&quot;,
	[&quot;kqd&quot;] = &quot;Koy Sanjaq Surat&quot;,
	[&quot;kqe&quot;] = &quot;Kalagan&quot;,
	[&quot;kqf&quot;] = &quot;Kakabai&quot;,
	[&quot;kqg&quot;] = &quot;Khe&quot;,
	[&quot;kqh&quot;] = &quot;Kisankasa&quot;,
	[&quot;kqi&quot;] = &quot;Koitabu&quot;,
	[&quot;kqj&quot;] = &quot;Koromira&quot;,
	[&quot;kqk&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Kotafon&quot;,
	[&quot;kql&quot;] = &quot;Kyenele&quot;,
	[&quot;kqm&quot;] = &quot;Khisa&quot;,
	[&quot;kqn&quot;] = &quot;Kaonde&quot;,
	[&quot;kqo&quot;] = &quot;Krahn Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;kqp&quot;] = &quot;Kimré&quot;,
	[&quot;kqq&quot;] = &quot;Krenak&quot;,
	[&quot;kqr&quot;] = &quot;Kimaragang&quot;,
	[&quot;kqs&quot;] = &quot;Kissi Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;kqt&quot;] = &quot;Kadazan Sungai Klias&quot;,
	[&quot;kqu&quot;] = &quot;Seroa&quot;,
	[&quot;kqv&quot;] = &quot;Okolod&quot;,
	[&quot;kqw&quot;] = &quot;Kandas&quot;,
	[&quot;kqx&quot;] = &quot;Mser&quot;,
	[&quot;kqy&quot;] = &quot;Koorete&quot;,
	[&quot;kqz&quot;] = &quot;Korana&quot;,
	[&quot;kr&quot;] = &quot;Kanuri&quot;,
	[&quot;kra&quot;] = &quot;Kumhali&quot;,
	[&quot;krb&quot;] = &quot;Karkin&quot;,
	[&quot;krc&quot;] = &quot;Karachay-Balkar&quot;,
	[&quot;krd&quot;] = &quot;Kairui-Midiki&quot;,
	[&quot;kre&quot;] = &quot;Panará&quot;,
	[&quot;krf&quot;] = &quot;Koro (Vanuatu)&quot;,
	[&quot;krh&quot;] = &quot;Kurama&quot;,
	[&quot;kri&quot;] = &quot;Krio&quot;,
	[&quot;krj&quot;] = &quot;Kinaray-a&quot;,
	[&quot;krk&quot;] = &quot;Kerek&quot;,
	[&quot;krl&quot;] = &quot;Karelia&quot;,
	[&quot;krm&quot;] = &quot;Krim&quot;,
	[&quot;krn&quot;] = &quot;Sapo&quot;,
	[&quot;kro-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kru&quot;,
	[&quot;krp&quot;] = &quot;Korop&quot;,
	[&quot;krr&quot;] = &quot;Kru'ng&quot;,
	[&quot;krs&quot;] = &quot;Kresh&quot;,
	[&quot;kru&quot;] = &quot;Kurukh&quot;,
	[&quot;krv&quot;] = &quot;Kavet&quot;,
	[&quot;krw&quot;] = &quot;Krahn Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;krx&quot;] = &quot;Karon&quot;,
	[&quot;kry&quot;] = &quot;Kryts&quot;,
	[&quot;krz&quot;] = &quot;Kanum Sota&quot;,
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = &quot;Kashmir&quot;,
	[&quot;ksa&quot;] = &quot;Shuwa-Zamani&quot;,
	[&quot;ksb&quot;] = &quot;Shambala&quot;,
	[&quot;ksc&quot;] = &quot;Kalinga Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ksd&quot;] = &quot;Tolai&quot;,
	[&quot;kse&quot;] = &quot;Kuni&quot;,
	[&quot;ksf&quot;] = &quot;Bafia&quot;,
	[&quot;ksg&quot;] = &quot;Kusaghe&quot;,
	[&quot;ksi&quot;] = &quot;Krisa&quot;,
	[&quot;ksj&quot;] = &quot;Uare&quot;,
	[&quot;ksk&quot;] = &quot;Kansa&quot;,
	[&quot;ksl&quot;] = &quot;Kumalu&quot;,
	[&quot;ksm&quot;] = &quot;Kumba&quot;,
	[&quot;ksn&quot;] = &quot;Kasiguranin&quot;,
	[&quot;kso&quot;] = &quot;Kofa&quot;,
	[&quot;ksp&quot;] = &quot;Kaba&quot;,
	[&quot;ksq&quot;] = &quot;Kwaami&quot;,
	[&quot;ksr&quot;] = &quot;Borong&quot;,
	[&quot;kss&quot;] = &quot;Kissi Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;kst&quot;] = &quot;Winyé&quot;,
	[&quot;ksu&quot;] = &quot;Khamyang&quot;,
	[&quot;ksv&quot;] = &quot;Kusu&quot;,
	[&quot;ksw&quot;] = &quot;Karen S'gaw&quot;,
	[&quot;ksx&quot;] = &quot;Kedang&quot;,
	[&quot;ksy&quot;] = &quot;Kharia Thar&quot;,
	[&quot;ksz&quot;] = &quot;Kodaku&quot;,
	[&quot;kta&quot;] = &quot;Katua&quot;,
	[&quot;ktb&quot;] = &quot;Kambaata&quot;,
	[&quot;ktc&quot;] = &quot;Kholok&quot;,
	[&quot;ktd&quot;] = &quot;Kokata&quot;,
	[&quot;ktf&quot;] = &quot;Kwami&quot;,
	[&quot;ktg&quot;] = &quot;Kalkatungu&quot;,
	[&quot;kth&quot;] = &quot;Karanga&quot;,
	[&quot;kti&quot;] = &quot;Muyu Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ktj&quot;] = &quot;Plapo Krumen&quot;,
	[&quot;ktk&quot;] = &quot;Kaniet&quot;,
	[&quot;ktl&quot;] = &quot;Koroshi&quot;,
	[&quot;ktm&quot;] = &quot;Kurti&quot;,
	[&quot;ktn&quot;] = &quot;Karitiâna&quot;,
	[&quot;kto&quot;] = &quot;Kuot&quot;,
	[&quot;ktp&quot;] = &quot;Kaduo&quot;,
	[&quot;ktq&quot;] = &quot;Katabaga&quot;,
	[&quot;ktr&quot;] = &quot;Kota Marudu Tinagas&quot;,
	[&quot;kts&quot;] = &quot;Muyu Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ktt&quot;] = &quot;Ketum&quot;,
	[&quot;ktu&quot;] = &quot;Kituba&quot;,
	[&quot;ktv&quot;] = &quot;Katu Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;ktw&quot;] = &quot;Kato&quot;,
	[&quot;ktx&quot;] = &quot;Kaxararí&quot;,
	[&quot;kty&quot;] = &quot;Kango&quot;,
	[&quot;ktz&quot;] = &quot;Juǀ'hoan&quot;,
	[&quot;ku-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kurdi&quot;,
	[&quot;kub&quot;] = &quot;Kutep&quot;,
	[&quot;kuc&quot;] = &quot;Kwinsu&quot;,
	[&quot;kud&quot;] = &quot;Auhelawa&quot;,
	[&quot;kue&quot;] = &quot;Kuman&quot;,
	[&quot;kuf&quot;] = &quot;Katu Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;kug&quot;] = &quot;Kupa&quot;,
	[&quot;kuh&quot;] = &quot;Kushi&quot;,
	[&quot;kui&quot;] = &quot;Kuikúro&quot;,
	[&quot;kuj&quot;] = &quot;Kuria&quot;,
	[&quot;kuk&quot;] = &quot;Kepo'&quot;,
	[&quot;kul&quot;] = &quot;Kulere&quot;,
	[&quot;kum&quot;] = &quot;Kumyk&quot;,
	[&quot;kun&quot;] = &quot;Kunama&quot;,
	[&quot;kuo&quot;] = &quot;Kumukio&quot;,
	[&quot;kup&quot;] = &quot;Kunimaipa&quot;,
	[&quot;kuq&quot;] = &quot;Karipuna&quot;,
	[&quot;kus&quot;] = &quot;Kusaal&quot;,
	[&quot;kut&quot;] = &quot;Kutenai&quot;,
	[&quot;kuu&quot;] = &quot;Kuskokwim Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;kuv&quot;] = &quot;Kur&quot;,
	[&quot;kuw&quot;] = &quot;Kpagua&quot;,
	[&quot;kux&quot;] = &quot;Kukatja&quot;,
	[&quot;kuy&quot;] = &quot;Kuuku-Ya'u&quot;,
	[&quot;kuz&quot;] = &quot;Kunza&quot;,
	[&quot;kva&quot;] = &quot;Bagvalal&quot;,
	[&quot;kvb&quot;] = &quot;Orang Rimba&quot;,
	[&quot;kvc&quot;] = &quot;Kove&quot;,
	[&quot;kvd&quot;] = &quot;Kui&quot;,
	[&quot;kve&quot;] = &quot;Kalabakan&quot;,
	[&quot;kvf&quot;] = &quot;Kabalai&quot;,
	[&quot;kvg&quot;] = &quot;Kuni-Boazi&quot;,
	[&quot;kvh&quot;] = &quot;Komodo&quot;,
	[&quot;kvi&quot;] = &quot;Kwang&quot;,
	[&quot;kvj&quot;] = &quot;Psikye&quot;,
	[&quot;kvk&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Korea&quot;,
	[&quot;kvl&quot;] = &quot;Karen Brek&quot;,
	[&quot;kvm&quot;] = &quot;Kendem&quot;,
	[&quot;kvn&quot;] = &quot;Border Kuna&quot;,
	[&quot;kvo&quot;] = &quot;Dobel&quot;,
	[&quot;kvp&quot;] = &quot;Kompane&quot;,
	[&quot;kvq&quot;] = &quot;Karen Geba&quot;,
	[&quot;kvr&quot;] = &quot;Kerinci&quot;,
	[&quot;kvt&quot;] = &quot;Karen Lahta&quot;,
	[&quot;kvu&quot;] = &quot;Karen Yinbaw&quot;,
	[&quot;kvv&quot;] = &quot;Kola&quot;,
	[&quot;kvw&quot;] = &quot;Wersing&quot;,
	[&quot;kvx&quot;] = &quot;Koli Parkari&quot;,
	[&quot;kvy&quot;] = &quot;Karen Yintale&quot;,
	[&quot;kvz&quot;] = &quot;Tsakwambo&quot;,
	[&quot;kw&quot;] = &quot;Kernowek&quot;,
	[&quot;kwa&quot;] = &quot;Dâw&quot;,
	[&quot;kwb&quot;] = &quot;Baa&quot;,
	[&quot;kwc&quot;] = &quot;Likwala&quot;,
	[&quot;kwd&quot;] = &quot;Kwaio&quot;,
	[&quot;kwe&quot;] = &quot;Kwerba&quot;,
	[&quot;kwf&quot;] = &quot;Kwara'ae&quot;,
	[&quot;kwg&quot;] = &quot;Sara Kaba Deme&quot;,
	[&quot;kwh&quot;] = &quot;Kowiai&quot;,
	[&quot;kwi&quot;] = &quot;Awa-Cuaiquer&quot;,
	[&quot;kwj&quot;] = &quot;Kwanga&quot;,
	[&quot;kwk&quot;] = &quot;Kwak'wala&quot;,
	[&quot;kwl&quot;] = &quot;Kofyar&quot;,
	[&quot;kwm&quot;] = &quot;Kwambi&quot;,
	[&quot;kwn&quot;] = &quot;Kwangali&quot;,
	[&quot;kwo&quot;] = &quot;Kwomtari&quot;,
	[&quot;kwp&quot;] = &quot;Kodia&quot;,
	[&quot;kwq&quot;] = &quot;Kwak&quot;,
	[&quot;kwr&quot;] = &quot;Kwer&quot;,
	[&quot;kws&quot;] = &quot;Kwese&quot;,
	[&quot;kwt&quot;] = &quot;Kwesten&quot;,
	[&quot;kwu&quot;] = &quot;Kwakum&quot;,
	[&quot;kwv&quot;] = &quot;Sara Kaba Náà&quot;,
	[&quot;kww&quot;] = &quot;Kwinti&quot;,
	[&quot;kwx&quot;] = &quot;Khirwar&quot;,
	[&quot;kwz&quot;] = &quot;Kwadi&quot;,
	[&quot;kxa&quot;] = &quot;Kairiru&quot;,
	[&quot;kxb&quot;] = &quot;Krobu&quot;,
	[&quot;kxc&quot;] = &quot;Khonso&quot;,
	[&quot;kxd&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Brunei&quot;,
	[&quot;kxe&quot;] = &quot;Kakihum&quot;,
	[&quot;kxf&quot;] = &quot;Karen Manumanaw&quot;,
	[&quot;kxh&quot;] = &quot;Karo&quot;,
	[&quot;kxi&quot;] = &quot;Murut Keningau&quot;,
	[&quot;kxj&quot;] = &quot;Kulfa&quot;,
	[&quot;kxk&quot;] = &quot;Karen Zayein&quot;,
	[&quot;kxl&quot;] = &quot;Nepai Kurux&quot;,
	[&quot;kxm&quot;] = &quot;Khmer Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;kxn&quot;] = &quot;Kanowit&quot;,
	[&quot;kxo&quot;] = &quot;Kanoé&quot;,
	[&quot;kxp&quot;] = &quot;Koli Wadiyara&quot;,
	[&quot;kxq&quot;] = &quot;Kanum Smärky&quot;,
	[&quot;kxr&quot;] = &quot;Koro (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;kxs&quot;] = &quot;Kangjia&quot;,
	[&quot;kxt&quot;] = &quot;Koiwat&quot;,
	[&quot;kxu&quot;] = &quot;Kui (India)&quot;,
	[&quot;kxv&quot;] = &quot;Kuvi&quot;,
	[&quot;kxw&quot;] = &quot;Konai&quot;,
	[&quot;kxx&quot;] = &quot;Likuba&quot;,
	[&quot;kxy&quot;] = &quot;Kayong&quot;,
	[&quot;kxz&quot;] = &quot;Kerewo&quot;,
	[&quot;ky&quot;] = &quot;Kirgiz&quot;,
	[&quot;kya&quot;] = &quot;Kwaya&quot;,
	[&quot;kyb&quot;] = &quot;Kalinga Butbut&quot;,
	[&quot;kyc&quot;] = &quot;Kyaka&quot;,
	[&quot;kyd&quot;] = &quot;Karey&quot;,
	[&quot;kye&quot;] = &quot;Krache&quot;,
	[&quot;kyf&quot;] = &quot;Kouya&quot;,
	[&quot;kyg&quot;] = &quot;Keyagana&quot;,
	[&quot;kyh&quot;] = &quot;Karok&quot;,
	[&quot;kyi&quot;] = &quot;Kiput&quot;,
	[&quot;kyj&quot;] = &quot;Karao&quot;,
	[&quot;kyk&quot;] = &quot;Kamayo&quot;,
	[&quot;kyl&quot;] = &quot;Kalapuya&quot;,
	[&quot;kym&quot;] = &quot;Kpatili&quot;,
	[&quot;kyn&quot;] = &quot;Karolanos&quot;,
	[&quot;kyo&quot;] = &quot;Kelon&quot;,
	[&quot;kyp&quot;] = &quot;Kang&quot;,
	[&quot;kyq&quot;] = &quot;Kenga&quot;,
	[&quot;kyr&quot;] = &quot;Kuruáya&quot;,
	[&quot;kys&quot;] = &quot;Kayan Baram&quot;,
	[&quot;kyt&quot;] = &quot;Kayagar&quot;,
	[&quot;kyu&quot;] = &quot;Kayah Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;kyv&quot;] = &quot;Kayort&quot;,
	[&quot;kyw&quot;] = &quot;Kudmali&quot;,
	[&quot;kyx&quot;] = &quot;Rapoisi&quot;,
	[&quot;kyy&quot;] = &quot;Kambaira&quot;,
	[&quot;kyz&quot;] = &quot;Kayabí&quot;,
	[&quot;kza&quot;] = &quot;Karaboro Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;kzb&quot;] = &quot;Kaibobo&quot;,
	[&quot;kzc&quot;] = &quot;Kulango Bondoukou&quot;,
	[&quot;kzd&quot;] = &quot;Kadai&quot;,
	[&quot;kze&quot;] = &quot;Kosena&quot;,
	[&quot;kzf&quot;] = &quot;Kaili Da'a&quot;,
	[&quot;kzg&quot;] = &quot;Kikai&quot;,
	[&quot;kzh&quot;] = &quot;Dongolawi&quot;,
	[&quot;kzi&quot;] = &quot;Kelabit&quot;,
	[&quot;kzj&quot;] = &quot;Kadazan Pesisir&quot;,
	[&quot;kzk&quot;] = &quot;Kazukuru&quot;,
	[&quot;kzl&quot;] = &quot;Kayeli&quot;,
	[&quot;kzm&quot;] = &quot;Kais&quot;,
	[&quot;kzn&quot;] = &quot;Kokola&quot;,
	[&quot;kzo&quot;] = &quot;Kaningi&quot;,
	[&quot;kzp&quot;] = &quot;Kaidipang&quot;,
	[&quot;kzq&quot;] = &quot;Kaike&quot;,
	[&quot;kzr&quot;] = &quot;Karang&quot;,
	[&quot;kzs&quot;] = &quot;Dusun Sugut&quot;,
	[&quot;kzt&quot;] = &quot;Dusun Tambunan&quot;,
	[&quot;kzu&quot;] = &quot;Kayupulau&quot;,
	[&quot;kzv&quot;] = &quot;Komyandaret&quot;,
	[&quot;kzw&quot;] = &quot;Kariri&quot;,
	[&quot;kzx&quot;] = &quot;Kamarian&quot;,
	[&quot;kzy&quot;] = &quot;Kango-Sua&quot;,
	[&quot;kzz&quot;] = &quot;Kalabra&quot;,
	[&quot;la&quot;] = &quot;Latin&quot;,
	[&quot;laa&quot;] = &quot;Lapuyan Subanun&quot;,
	[&quot;lab&quot;] = &quot;Linear A&quot;,
	[&quot;lac&quot;] = &quot;Lacandon&quot;,
	[&quot;lad&quot;] = &quot;Ladino&quot;,
	[&quot;lae&quot;] = &quot;Pattani&quot;,
	[&quot;laf&quot;] = &quot;Lafofa&quot;,
	[&quot;lag&quot;] = &quot;Langi&quot;,
	[&quot;lah&quot;] = &quot;Lahnda&quot;,
	[&quot;lai&quot;] = &quot;Lambya&quot;,
	[&quot;laj&quot;] = &quot;Lango (Uganda)&quot;,
	[&quot;lak&quot;] = &quot;Laka&quot;,
	[&quot;lam&quot;] = &quot;Lamba&quot;,
	[&quot;lan&quot;] = &quot;Laru&quot;,
	[&quot;lap&quot;] = &quot;Kabba-Laka&quot;,
	[&quot;laq&quot;] = &quot;Qabiao&quot;,
	[&quot;lar&quot;] = &quot;Larteh&quot;,
	[&quot;las&quot;] = &quot;Gur Lama&quot;,
	[&quot;lau&quot;] = &quot;Laba&quot;,
	[&quot;law&quot;] = &quot;Lauje&quot;,
	[&quot;lax&quot;] = &quot;Tiwa&quot;,
	[&quot;lay&quot;] = &quot;Bai Lama&quot;,
	[&quot;laz&quot;] = &quot;Aribwatsa&quot;,
	[&quot;lb&quot;] = &quot;Luksemburg&quot;,
	[&quot;lbb&quot;] = &quot;Label&quot;,
	[&quot;lbc&quot;] = &quot;Lakkia&quot;,
	[&quot;lbe&quot;] = &quot;Lak&quot;,
	[&quot;lbf&quot;] = &quot;Tinani&quot;,
	[&quot;lbg&quot;] = &quot;Laopang&quot;,
	[&quot;lbi&quot;] = &quot;La'bi&quot;,
	[&quot;lbj&quot;] = &quot;Ladakhi&quot;,
	[&quot;lbk&quot;] = &quot;Bontoc Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;lbl&quot;] = &quot;Bikol Libon&quot;,
	[&quot;lbm&quot;] = &quot;Lodhi&quot;,
	[&quot;lbn&quot;] = &quot;Lamet&quot;,
	[&quot;lbo&quot;] = &quot;Laven&quot;,
	[&quot;lbq&quot;] = &quot;Wampar&quot;,
	[&quot;lbr&quot;] = &quot;Lorung Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;lbs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Libya&quot;,
	[&quot;lbt&quot;] = &quot;Lachi&quot;,
	[&quot;lbu&quot;] = &quot;Labu&quot;,
	[&quot;lbv&quot;] = &quot;Lavatbura-Lamusong&quot;,
	[&quot;lbw&quot;] = &quot;Tolaki&quot;,
	[&quot;lbx&quot;] = &quot;Lawangan-Pasir&quot;,
	[&quot;lby&quot;] = &quot;Lamu-Lamu&quot;,
	[&quot;lbz&quot;] = &quot;Lardil&quot;,
	[&quot;lcc&quot;] = &quot;Legenyem&quot;,
	[&quot;lcd&quot;] = &quot;Lola&quot;,
	[&quot;lce&quot;] = &quot;Loncong&quot;,
	[&quot;lcf&quot;] = &quot;Lubu&quot;,
	[&quot;lch&quot;] = &quot;Luchazi&quot;,
	[&quot;lcl&quot;] = &quot;Lisela&quot;,
	[&quot;lcm&quot;] = &quot;Tungag&quot;,
	[&quot;lcp&quot;] = &quot;Lawa Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;lcq&quot;] = &quot;Luhu&quot;,
	[&quot;lcs&quot;] = &quot;Lisabata-Nuniali&quot;,
	[&quot;lda&quot;] = &quot;Kla&quot;,
	[&quot;ldb&quot;] = &quot;Idun&quot;,
	[&quot;ldd&quot;] = &quot;Luri (Nigeria)&quot;,
	[&quot;ldg&quot;] = &quot;Lenyima&quot;,
	[&quot;ldh&quot;] = &quot;Lamja-Dengsa-Tola&quot;,
	[&quot;ldj&quot;] = &quot;Lemoro&quot;,
	[&quot;ldk&quot;] = &quot;Leelau&quot;,
	[&quot;ldl&quot;] = &quot;Kaan&quot;,
	[&quot;ldm&quot;] = &quot;Landoma&quot;,
	[&quot;ldn&quot;] = &quot;Láadan&quot;,
	[&quot;ldo&quot;] = &quot;Loo&quot;,
	[&quot;ldp&quot;] = &quot;Tso&quot;,
	[&quot;ldq&quot;] = &quot;Lufu&quot;,
	[&quot;lea&quot;] = &quot;Lega-Shabunda&quot;,
	[&quot;leb&quot;] = &quot;Lala-Bisa&quot;,
	[&quot;lec&quot;] = &quot;Leco&quot;,
	[&quot;led&quot;] = &quot;Lendu&quot;,
	[&quot;lee&quot;] = &quot;Lyélé&quot;,
	[&quot;lef&quot;] = &quot;Lelemi&quot;,
	[&quot;leh&quot;] = &quot;Lenje&quot;,
	[&quot;lei&quot;] = &quot;Lemio&quot;,
	[&quot;lej&quot;] = &quot;Lengola&quot;,
	[&quot;lek&quot;] = &quot;Leipon&quot;,
	[&quot;lel&quot;] = &quot;Lele (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;lem&quot;] = &quot;Nomaande&quot;,
	[&quot;len&quot;] = &quot;Lenca Honduras&quot;,
	[&quot;leo&quot;] = &quot;Leti (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;lep&quot;] = &quot;Lepcha&quot;,
	[&quot;leq&quot;] = &quot;Lembena&quot;,
	[&quot;ler&quot;] = &quot;Lenkau&quot;,
	[&quot;les&quot;] = &quot;Lese&quot;,
	[&quot;let&quot;] = &quot;Lesing-Gelimi&quot;,
	[&quot;leu&quot;] = &quot;Kara (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;lev&quot;] = &quot;Lamma&quot;,
	[&quot;lew&quot;] = &quot;Kaili&quot;,
	[&quot;lex&quot;] = &quot;Luang&quot;,
	[&quot;ley&quot;] = &quot;Lemolang&quot;,
	[&quot;lez&quot;] = &quot;Lezgi&quot;,
	[&quot;lfa&quot;] = &quot;Lefa&quot;,
	[&quot;lfn&quot;] = &quot;Lingua Franca Nova&quot;,
	[&quot;lg&quot;] = &quot;Luganda&quot;,
	[&quot;lga&quot;] = &quot;Lungga&quot;,
	[&quot;lgb&quot;] = &quot;Laghu&quot;,
	[&quot;lgg&quot;] = &quot;Lugbara&quot;,
	[&quot;lgh&quot;] = &quot;Laghuu&quot;,
	[&quot;lgi&quot;] = &quot;Lengilu&quot;,
	[&quot;lgk&quot;] = &quot;Neverver&quot;,
	[&quot;lgl&quot;] = &quot;Wala&quot;,
	[&quot;lgm&quot;] = &quot;Lega-Mwenga&quot;,
	[&quot;lgn&quot;] = &quot;Opuuo&quot;,
	[&quot;lgq&quot;] = &quot;Logba&quot;,
	[&quot;lgr&quot;] = &quot;Lengo&quot;,
	[&quot;lgs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Guinea-Bissau&quot;,
	[&quot;lgt&quot;] = &quot;Pahi&quot;,
	[&quot;lgu&quot;] = &quot;Longgu&quot;,
	[&quot;lgz&quot;] = &quot;Ligenza&quot;,
	[&quot;lha&quot;] = &quot;Laha (Vietnam)&quot;,
	[&quot;lhh&quot;] = &quot;Laha&quot;,
	[&quot;lhi&quot;] = &quot;Lahu Shi&quot;,
	[&quot;lhl&quot;] = &quot;Lahul Lohar&quot;,
	[&quot;lhn&quot;] = &quot;Lahanan&quot;,
	[&quot;lhp&quot;] = &quot;Lhokpu&quot;,
	[&quot;lhs&quot;] = &quot;Mlahsö&quot;,
	[&quot;lht&quot;] = &quot;Lo-Toga&quot;,
	[&quot;lhu&quot;] = &quot;Lahu&quot;,
	[&quot;li&quot;] = &quot;Limburg&quot;,
	[&quot;lia&quot;] = &quot;Limba Tengah Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;lib&quot;] = &quot;Likum&quot;,
	[&quot;lic&quot;] = &quot;Hlai&quot;,
	[&quot;lid&quot;] = &quot;Nyindrou&quot;,
	[&quot;lie&quot;] = &quot;Likila&quot;,
	[&quot;lif&quot;] = &quot;Limbu&quot;,
	[&quot;lig&quot;] = &quot;Ligbi&quot;,
	[&quot;lih&quot;] = &quot;Lihir&quot;,
	[&quot;lii&quot;] = &quot;Lingkhim&quot;,
	[&quot;lij&quot;] = &quot;Liguria&quot;,
	[&quot;lik&quot;] = &quot;Lika&quot;,
	[&quot;lil&quot;] = &quot;Lillooet&quot;,
	[&quot;lio&quot;] = &quot;Liki&quot;,
	[&quot;lip&quot;] = &quot;Sekpele&quot;,
	[&quot;liq&quot;] = &quot;Libido&quot;,
	[&quot;lir&quot;] = &quot;Inggeris Liberia&quot;,
	[&quot;lis&quot;] = &quot;Lisu&quot;,
	[&quot;liu&quot;] = &quot;Logorik&quot;,
	[&quot;liv&quot;] = &quot;Livonia&quot;,
	[&quot;liw&quot;] = &quot;Col&quot;,
	[&quot;lix&quot;] = &quot;Liabuku&quot;,
	[&quot;liy&quot;] = &quot;Banda-Bambari&quot;,
	[&quot;liz&quot;] = &quot;Libinza&quot;,
	[&quot;lja&quot;] = &quot;Golpa&quot;,
	[&quot;lje&quot;] = &quot;Rampi&quot;,
	[&quot;lji&quot;] = &quot;Laiyolo&quot;,
	[&quot;ljl&quot;] = &quot;Lio&quot;,
	[&quot;ljp&quot;] = &quot;Lampung Api&quot;,
	[&quot;ljw&quot;] = &quot;Yirandali&quot;,
	[&quot;ljx&quot;] = &quot;Yuru&quot;,
	[&quot;lka&quot;] = &quot;Lakalei&quot;,
	[&quot;lkb&quot;] = &quot;Kabras&quot;,
	[&quot;lkc&quot;] = &quot;Kucong&quot;,
	[&quot;lkd&quot;] = &quot;Lakondê&quot;,
	[&quot;lke&quot;] = &quot;Kenyi&quot;,
	[&quot;lkh&quot;] = &quot;Lakha&quot;,
	[&quot;lki&quot;] = &quot;Laki&quot;,
	[&quot;lkj&quot;] = &quot;Remun&quot;,
	[&quot;lkl&quot;] = &quot;Laeko-Libuat&quot;,
	[&quot;lkm&quot;] = &quot;Kalaamaya&quot;,
	[&quot;lkn&quot;] = &quot;Lakon&quot;,
	[&quot;lko&quot;] = &quot;Khayo&quot;,
	[&quot;lkr&quot;] = &quot;Päri&quot;,
	[&quot;lks&quot;] = &quot;Kisa&quot;,
	[&quot;lkt&quot;] = &quot;Lakota&quot;,
	[&quot;lku&quot;] = &quot;Kungkari&quot;,
	[&quot;lky&quot;] = &quot;Lokoya&quot;,
	[&quot;lla&quot;] = &quot;Lala-Roba&quot;,
	[&quot;llb&quot;] = &quot;Lolo&quot;,
	[&quot;llc&quot;] = &quot;Lele (Guinea)&quot;,
	[&quot;lld&quot;] = &quot;Ladin&quot;,
	[&quot;lle&quot;] = &quot;Lele (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;llf&quot;] = &quot;Hermit&quot;,
	[&quot;llg&quot;] = &quot;Lole&quot;,
	[&quot;llh&quot;] = &quot;Lamu&quot;,
	[&quot;lli&quot;] = &quot;Teke-Laali&quot;,
	[&quot;llj&quot;] = &quot;Ladji-Ladji&quot;,
	[&quot;llk&quot;] = &quot;Lelak&quot;,
	[&quot;lll&quot;] = &quot;Lilau&quot;,
	[&quot;llm&quot;] = &quot;Lasalimu&quot;,
	[&quot;lln&quot;] = &quot;Lele (Chad)&quot;,
	[&quot;llo&quot;] = &quot;Khlor&quot;,
	[&quot;llp&quot;] = &quot;Efate Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;llq&quot;] = &quot;Lolak&quot;,
	[&quot;lls&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Lituania&quot;,
	[&quot;llu&quot;] = &quot;Lau&quot;,
	[&quot;llx&quot;] = &quot;Lauan&quot;,
	[&quot;lma&quot;] = &quot;Limba Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;lmb&quot;] = &quot;Merei&quot;,
	[&quot;lmc&quot;] = &quot;Limilngan&quot;,
	[&quot;lmd&quot;] = &quot;Lumun&quot;,
	[&quot;lme&quot;] = &quot;Pévé&quot;,
	[&quot;lmf&quot;] = &quot;Lembata Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;lmg&quot;] = &quot;Lamogai&quot;,
	[&quot;lmh&quot;] = &quot;Lambichhong&quot;,
	[&quot;lmi&quot;] = &quot;Lombi&quot;,
	[&quot;lmj&quot;] = &quot;Lembata Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;lmk&quot;] = &quot;Lamkang&quot;,
	[&quot;lml&quot;] = &quot;Raga&quot;,
	[&quot;lmn&quot;] = &quot;Lambadi&quot;,
	[&quot;lmo&quot;] = &quot;Lombard&quot;,
	[&quot;lmp&quot;] = &quot;Limbum&quot;,
	[&quot;lmq&quot;] = &quot;Lamatuka&quot;,
	[&quot;lmr&quot;] = &quot;Lamalera&quot;,
	[&quot;lmu&quot;] = &quot;Lamenu&quot;,
	[&quot;lmv&quot;] = &quot;Lomaiviti&quot;,
	[&quot;lmw&quot;] = &quot;Miwok Lake&quot;,
	[&quot;lmx&quot;] = &quot;Laimbue&quot;,
	[&quot;lmy&quot;] = &quot;Laboya&quot;,
	[&quot;lmz&quot;] = &quot;Lumbee&quot;,
	[&quot;ln&quot;] = &quot;Lingala&quot;,
	[&quot;lna&quot;] = &quot;Langbashe&quot;,
	[&quot;lnb&quot;] = &quot;Mbalanhu&quot;,
	[&quot;lnd&quot;] = &quot;Lun Bawang&quot;,
	[&quot;lnh&quot;] = &quot;Lanoh&quot;,
	[&quot;lni&quot;] = &quot;Daantanai'&quot;,
	[&quot;lnj&quot;] = &quot;Linngithigh&quot;,
	[&quot;lnl&quot;] = &quot;Banda Tengah Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;lnm&quot;] = &quot;Langam&quot;,
	[&quot;lnn&quot;] = &quot;Lorediakarkar&quot;,
	[&quot;lno&quot;] = &quot;Lango (Sudan)&quot;,
	[&quot;lns&quot;] = &quot;Lamnso'&quot;,
	[&quot;lnu&quot;] = &quot;Longuda&quot;,
	[&quot;lnw&quot;] = &quot;Lanima&quot;,
	[&quot;lo&quot;] = &quot;Lao&quot;,
	[&quot;loa&quot;] = &quot;Loloda&quot;,
	[&quot;lob&quot;] = &quot;Lobi&quot;,
	[&quot;loc&quot;] = &quot;Inonhan&quot;,
	[&quot;lod&quot;] = &quot;Berawan&quot;,
	[&quot;loe&quot;] = &quot;Saluan&quot;,
	[&quot;lof&quot;] = &quot;Logol&quot;,
	[&quot;log&quot;] = &quot;Logo&quot;,
	[&quot;loh&quot;] = &quot;Narim&quot;,
	[&quot;loi&quot;] = &quot;Lomakka&quot;,
	[&quot;loj&quot;] = &quot;Lou&quot;,
	[&quot;lok&quot;] = &quot;Loko&quot;,
	[&quot;lol&quot;] = &quot;Mongo&quot;,
	[&quot;lom&quot;] = &quot;Looma&quot;,
	[&quot;lon&quot;] = &quot;Malawi Lomwe&quot;,
	[&quot;loo&quot;] = &quot;Lombo&quot;,
	[&quot;lop&quot;] = &quot;Lopa&quot;,
	[&quot;loq&quot;] = &quot;Lobala&quot;,
	[&quot;lor&quot;] = &quot;Téén&quot;,
	[&quot;los&quot;] = &quot;Loniu&quot;,
	[&quot;lot&quot;] = &quot;Lotuko&quot;,
	[&quot;lou&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Louisiana&quot;,
	[&quot;lov&quot;] = &quot;Lopi&quot;,
	[&quot;low&quot;] = &quot;Lobu Tampias&quot;,
	[&quot;lox&quot;] = &quot;Loun&quot;,
	[&quot;loz&quot;] = &quot;Lozi&quot;,
	[&quot;lpa&quot;] = &quot;Lelepa&quot;,
	[&quot;lpe&quot;] = &quot;Lepki&quot;,
	[&quot;lpn&quot;] = &quot;Naga Long Phuri&quot;,
	[&quot;lpo&quot;] = &quot;Lipo&quot;,
	[&quot;lpx&quot;] = &quot;Lopit&quot;,
	[&quot;lra&quot;] = &quot;Rara Bakati'&quot;,
	[&quot;lrc&quot;] = &quot;Luri Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;lre&quot;] = &quot;Laurentian&quot;,
	[&quot;lrg&quot;] = &quot;Laragia&quot;,
	[&quot;lri&quot;] = &quot;Marachi&quot;,
	[&quot;lrk&quot;] = &quot;Loarki&quot;,
	[&quot;lrl&quot;] = &quot;Larestani&quot;,
	[&quot;lrm&quot;] = &quot;Marama&quot;,
	[&quot;lrn&quot;] = &quot;Lorang&quot;,
	[&quot;lro&quot;] = &quot;Laro&quot;,
	[&quot;lrr&quot;] = &quot;Lorung Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;lrt&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Larantuka&quot;,
	[&quot;lrv&quot;] = &quot;Larevat&quot;,
	[&quot;lrz&quot;] = &quot;Lemerig&quot;,
	[&quot;lsa&quot;] = &quot;Lasgerdi&quot;,
	[&quot;lsd&quot;] = &quot;Lishana Deni&quot;,
	[&quot;lse&quot;] = &quot;Lusengo&quot;,
	[&quot;lsh&quot;] = &quot;Lish&quot;,
	[&quot;lsi&quot;] = &quot;Lashi&quot;,
	[&quot;lsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Latvia&quot;,
	[&quot;lsm&quot;] = &quot;Saamia&quot;,
	[&quot;lso&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Laos&quot;,
	[&quot;lsp&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Panama&quot;,
	[&quot;lsr&quot;] = &quot;Aruop&quot;,
	[&quot;lss&quot;] = &quot;Lasi&quot;,
	[&quot;lst&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Trinidad dan Tobago&quot;,
	[&quot;lsy&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Mauritius&quot;,
	[&quot;lt&quot;] = &quot;Lithuania&quot;,
	[&quot;ltc&quot;] = &quot;Tionghoa Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;ltg&quot;] = &quot;Latgalian&quot;,
	[&quot;lti&quot;] = &quot;Leti&quot;,
	[&quot;ltn&quot;] = &quot;Latundê&quot;,
	[&quot;lto&quot;] = &quot;Olutsotso&quot;,
	[&quot;lts&quot;] = &quot;Lutachoni&quot;,
	[&quot;ltu&quot;] = &quot;Latu&quot;,
	[&quot;lu&quot;] = &quot;Luba-Katanga&quot;,
	[&quot;lua&quot;] = &quot;Luba-Kasai&quot;,
	[&quot;luc&quot;] = &quot;Aringa&quot;,
	[&quot;lud&quot;] = &quot;Ludian&quot;,
	[&quot;lue&quot;] = &quot;Luvale&quot;,
	[&quot;luf&quot;] = &quot;Laua&quot;,
	[&quot;lui&quot;] = &quot;Luiseño&quot;,
	[&quot;luj&quot;] = &quot;Luna&quot;,
	[&quot;luk&quot;] = &quot;Lunanakha&quot;,
	[&quot;lul&quot;] = &quot;Olu'bo&quot;,
	[&quot;lum&quot;] = &quot;Luimbi&quot;,
	[&quot;lun&quot;] = &quot;Lunda&quot;,
	[&quot;luo&quot;] = &quot;Luo&quot;,
	[&quot;lup&quot;] = &quot;Lumbu&quot;,
	[&quot;luq&quot;] = &quot;Lucumí&quot;,
	[&quot;lur&quot;] = &quot;Laura&quot;,
	[&quot;lus&quot;] = &quot;Mizo&quot;,
	[&quot;lut&quot;] = &quot;Lushootseed&quot;,
	[&quot;luu&quot;] = &quot;Lumba-Yakkha&quot;,
	[&quot;luv&quot;] = &quot;Luwati&quot;,
	[&quot;luy&quot;] = &quot;Luhya&quot;,
	[&quot;luz&quot;] = &quot;Luri Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;lv&quot;] = &quot;Latvia&quot;,
	[&quot;lva&quot;] = &quot;Maku'a&quot;,
	[&quot;lvi&quot;] = &quot;Lawi&quot;,
	[&quot;lvk&quot;] = &quot;Lavukaleve&quot;,
	[&quot;lvu&quot;] = &quot;Levuka&quot;,
	[&quot;lwa&quot;] = &quot;Lwalu&quot;,
	[&quot;lwe&quot;] = &quot;Lewo Eleng&quot;,
	[&quot;lwg&quot;] = &quot;Wanga&quot;,
	[&quot;lwh&quot;] = &quot;Lachi Putih&quot;,
	[&quot;lwl&quot;] = &quot;Lawa Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;lwm&quot;] = &quot;Laomian&quot;,
	[&quot;lwo&quot;] = &quot;Luwo&quot;,
	[&quot;lws&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Malawi&quot;,
	[&quot;lwt&quot;] = &quot;Lewotobi&quot;,
	[&quot;lwu&quot;] = &quot;Lawu&quot;,
	[&quot;lww&quot;] = &quot;Lewo&quot;,
	[&quot;lya&quot;] = &quot;Layakha&quot;,
	[&quot;lyg&quot;] = &quot;Lyngngam&quot;,
	[&quot;lyn&quot;] = &quot;Luyana&quot;,
	[&quot;lzh&quot;] = &quot;Tionghoa Literatur&quot;,
	[&quot;lzl&quot;] = &quot;Litzlitz&quot;,
	[&quot;lzn&quot;] = &quot;Naga Leinong&quot;,
	[&quot;lzz&quot;] = &quot;Laz&quot;,
	[&quot;maa&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec San Jerónimo Tecóatl&quot;,
	[&quot;mab&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Yutanduchi&quot;,
	[&quot;mad&quot;] = &quot;Madura&quot;,
	[&quot;mae&quot;] = &quot;Bo-Rukul&quot;,
	[&quot;maf&quot;] = &quot;Mafa&quot;,
	[&quot;mag&quot;] = &quot;Magahi&quot;,
	[&quot;mai&quot;] = &quot;Maithili&quot;,
	[&quot;maj&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec Jalapa de Díaz&quot;,
	[&quot;mak&quot;] = &quot;Mengkasar&quot;,
	[&quot;mam&quot;] = &quot;Mam&quot;,
	[&quot;man&quot;] = &quot;Mandingo&quot;,
	[&quot;map-ata-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Atayalic&quot;,
	[&quot;map-bms&quot;] = &quot;Jawo Banyumasan&quot;,
	[&quot;map-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Austronesia&quot;,
	[&quot;maq&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec Chiquihuitlán&quot;,
	[&quot;mas&quot;] = &quot;Maasai&quot;,
	[&quot;mat&quot;] = &quot;Matlatzinca&quot;,
	[&quot;mau&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec Huautla&quot;,
	[&quot;mav&quot;] = &quot;Sateré-Mawé&quot;,
	[&quot;maw&quot;] = &quot;Mampruli&quot;,
	[&quot;max&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Maluku Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;maz&quot;] = &quot;Mazahua Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;mba&quot;] = &quot;Higaonon&quot;,
	[&quot;mbb&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Bukidnon Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;mbc&quot;] = &quot;Macushi&quot;,
	[&quot;mbd&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Dibabawon&quot;,
	[&quot;mbe&quot;] = &quot;Molale&quot;,
	[&quot;mbf&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Baba&quot;,
	[&quot;mbh&quot;] = &quot;Mangseng&quot;,
	[&quot;mbi&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Ilianen&quot;,
	[&quot;mbj&quot;] = &quot;Nadëb&quot;,
	[&quot;mbk&quot;] = &quot;Malol&quot;,
	[&quot;mbl&quot;] = &quot;Maxakalí&quot;,
	[&quot;mbm&quot;] = &quot;Ombamba&quot;,
	[&quot;mbn&quot;] = &quot;Macaguán&quot;,
	[&quot;mbo&quot;] = &quot;Mbo (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;mbp&quot;] = &quot;Wiwa&quot;,
	[&quot;mbq&quot;] = &quot;Maisin&quot;,
	[&quot;mbr&quot;] = &quot;Nukak Makú&quot;,
	[&quot;mbs&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Sarangani&quot;,
	[&quot;mbt&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Matigsalug&quot;,
	[&quot;mbu&quot;] = &quot;Mbula-Bwazza&quot;,
	[&quot;mbv&quot;] = &quot;Mbulungish&quot;,
	[&quot;mbw&quot;] = &quot;Maring&quot;,
	[&quot;mbx&quot;] = &quot;Mari Sepik&quot;,
	[&quot;mby&quot;] = &quot;Memoni&quot;,
	[&quot;mbz&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Amoltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mca&quot;] = &quot;Maca&quot;,
	[&quot;mcb&quot;] = &quot;Machiguenga&quot;,
	[&quot;mcc&quot;] = &quot;Bitur&quot;,
	[&quot;mcd&quot;] = &quot;Sharanahua&quot;,
	[&quot;mce&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Itundujia&quot;,
	[&quot;mcf&quot;] = &quot;Matsés&quot;,
	[&quot;mcg&quot;] = &quot;Mapoyo&quot;,
	[&quot;mch&quot;] = &quot;Maquiritari&quot;,
	[&quot;mci&quot;] = &quot;Mese&quot;,
	[&quot;mcj&quot;] = &quot;Mvanip&quot;,
	[&quot;mck&quot;] = &quot;Mbunda&quot;,
	[&quot;mcl&quot;] = &quot;Macaguaje&quot;,
	[&quot;mcm&quot;] = &quot;Kristang&quot;,
	[&quot;mcn&quot;] = &quot;Masana&quot;,
	[&quot;mco&quot;] = &quot;Mixe Coatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;mcp&quot;] = &quot;Makaa&quot;,
	[&quot;mcq&quot;] = &quot;Ese&quot;,
	[&quot;mcr&quot;] = &quot;Menya&quot;,
	[&quot;mcs&quot;] = &quot;Mambai&quot;,
	[&quot;mcu&quot;] = &quot;Mambila Kamerun&quot;,
	[&quot;mcv&quot;] = &quot;Minanibai&quot;,
	[&quot;mcw&quot;] = &quot;Mawa&quot;,
	[&quot;mcx&quot;] = &quot;Mpiemo&quot;,
	[&quot;mcy&quot;] = &quot;Watut Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;mcz&quot;] = &quot;Mawan&quot;,
	[&quot;mda&quot;] = &quot;Mada (Nigeria)&quot;,
	[&quot;mdb&quot;] = &quot;Morigi&quot;,
	[&quot;mdc&quot;] = &quot;Male&quot;,
	[&quot;mdd&quot;] = &quot;Mbum&quot;,
	[&quot;mde&quot;] = &quot;Bura Mabang&quot;,
	[&quot;mdf&quot;] = &quot;Moksha&quot;,
	[&quot;mdg&quot;] = &quot;Massalat&quot;,
	[&quot;mdh&quot;] = &quot;Maguindanao&quot;,
	[&quot;mdi&quot;] = &quot;Mamvu&quot;,
	[&quot;mdj&quot;] = &quot;Mangbetu&quot;,
	[&quot;mdk&quot;] = &quot;Mangbutu&quot;,
	[&quot;mdl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Malta&quot;,
	[&quot;mdm&quot;] = &quot;Mayogo&quot;,
	[&quot;mdn&quot;] = &quot;Mbati&quot;,
	[&quot;mdp&quot;] = &quot;Mbala&quot;,
	[&quot;mdq&quot;] = &quot;Mbole&quot;,
	[&quot;mdr&quot;] = &quot;Mandar&quot;,
	[&quot;mds&quot;] = &quot;Maria&quot;,
	[&quot;mdt&quot;] = &quot;Mbere&quot;,
	[&quot;mdu&quot;] = &quot;Mboko&quot;,
	[&quot;mdv&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Santa Lucía Monteverde&quot;,
	[&quot;mdw&quot;] = &quot;Mbosi&quot;,
	[&quot;mdx&quot;] = &quot;Dizin&quot;,
	[&quot;mdy&quot;] = &quot;Maale&quot;,
	[&quot;mdz&quot;] = &quot;Suruí Do Pará&quot;,
	[&quot;mea&quot;] = &quot;Menka&quot;,
	[&quot;meb&quot;] = &quot;Ikobi-Mena&quot;,
	[&quot;mec&quot;] = &quot;Mara&quot;,
	[&quot;med&quot;] = &quot;Melpa&quot;,
	[&quot;mee&quot;] = &quot;Mengen&quot;,
	[&quot;mef&quot;] = &quot;Megam&quot;,
	[&quot;meg&quot;] = &quot;Mea&quot;,
	[&quot;meh&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tlaxiaco Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;mei&quot;] = &quot;Midob&quot;,
	[&quot;mej&quot;] = &quot;Meyah&quot;,
	[&quot;mek&quot;] = &quot;Mekeo&quot;,
	[&quot;mel&quot;] = &quot;Melanau Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;mem&quot;] = &quot;Mangala&quot;,
	[&quot;men&quot;] = &quot;Mende&quot;,
	[&quot;meo&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Kedah&quot;,
	[&quot;mep&quot;] = &quot;Miriwung&quot;,
	[&quot;meq&quot;] = &quot;Merey&quot;,
	[&quot;mer&quot;] = &quot;Meru&quot;,
	[&quot;mes&quot;] = &quot;Masmaje&quot;,
	[&quot;met&quot;] = &quot;Mato&quot;,
	[&quot;meu&quot;] = &quot;Motu&quot;,
	[&quot;mev&quot;] = &quot;Mano&quot;,
	[&quot;mew&quot;] = &quot;Maaka&quot;,
	[&quot;mey&quot;] = &quot;Hassaniya&quot;,
	[&quot;mez&quot;] = &quot;Menominee&quot;,
	[&quot;mfa&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Kelantan-Patani&quot;,
	[&quot;mfb&quot;] = &quot;Bangka&quot;,
	[&quot;mfc&quot;] = &quot;Mba&quot;,
	[&quot;mfd&quot;] = &quot;Mendankwe-Nkwen&quot;,
	[&quot;mfe&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Mauritia&quot;,
	[&quot;mff&quot;] = &quot;Naki&quot;,
	[&quot;mfg&quot;] = &quot;Mixifore&quot;,
	[&quot;mfh&quot;] = &quot;Matal&quot;,
	[&quot;mfi&quot;] = &quot;Wandala&quot;,
	[&quot;mfj&quot;] = &quot;Mefele&quot;,
	[&quot;mfk&quot;] = &quot;Mofu Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;mfl&quot;] = &quot;Putai&quot;,
	[&quot;mfm&quot;] = &quot;Marghi Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;mfn&quot;] = &quot;Mbembe Sungai Cross&quot;,
	[&quot;mfo&quot;] = &quot;Mbe&quot;,
	[&quot;mfp&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Mengkasar&quot;,
	[&quot;mfq&quot;] = &quot;Moba&quot;,
	[&quot;mfr&quot;] = &quot;Marrithiyel&quot;,
	[&quot;mfs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Meksiko&quot;,
	[&quot;mft&quot;] = &quot;Mokerang&quot;,
	[&quot;mfu&quot;] = &quot;Mbwela&quot;,
	[&quot;mfv&quot;] = &quot;Mandjak&quot;,
	[&quot;mfw&quot;] = &quot;Mulaha&quot;,
	[&quot;mfx&quot;] = &quot;Melo&quot;,
	[&quot;mfy&quot;] = &quot;Mayo&quot;,
	[&quot;mfz&quot;] = &quot;Mabaan&quot;,
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = &quot;Malagasi&quot;,
	[&quot;mga&quot;] = &quot;Irlandia Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;mgb&quot;] = &quot;Mararit&quot;,
	[&quot;mgc&quot;] = &quot;Morokodo&quot;,
	[&quot;mgd&quot;] = &quot;Moru&quot;,
	[&quot;mge&quot;] = &quot;Mango&quot;,
	[&quot;mgf&quot;] = &quot;Maklew&quot;,
	[&quot;mgg&quot;] = &quot;Mpongmpong&quot;,
	[&quot;mgh&quot;] = &quot;Makhuwa-Meetto&quot;,
	[&quot;mgi&quot;] = &quot;Jili&quot;,
	[&quot;mgj&quot;] = &quot;Abureni&quot;,
	[&quot;mgk&quot;] = &quot;Mawes&quot;,
	[&quot;mgl&quot;] = &quot;Maleu-Kilenge&quot;,
	[&quot;mgm&quot;] = &quot;Mambae&quot;,
	[&quot;mgn&quot;] = &quot;Mbangi&quot;,
	[&quot;mgo&quot;] = &quot;Meta'&quot;,
	[&quot;mgp&quot;] = &quot;Magar Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;mgq&quot;] = &quot;Malila&quot;,
	[&quot;mgr&quot;] = &quot;Mambwe-Lungu&quot;,
	[&quot;mgs&quot;] = &quot;Manda (Tanzania)&quot;,
	[&quot;mgt&quot;] = &quot;Mongol&quot;,
	[&quot;mgu&quot;] = &quot;Mailu&quot;,
	[&quot;mgv&quot;] = &quot;Matengo&quot;,
	[&quot;mgw&quot;] = &quot;Matumbi&quot;,
	[&quot;mgy&quot;] = &quot;Mbunga&quot;,
	[&quot;mgz&quot;] = &quot;Mbugwe&quot;,
	[&quot;mh&quot;] = &quot;Marshall&quot;,
	[&quot;mha&quot;] = &quot;Manda (India)&quot;,
	[&quot;mhb&quot;] = &quot;Mahongwe&quot;,
	[&quot;mhc&quot;] = &quot;Mocho&quot;,
	[&quot;mhd&quot;] = &quot;Mbugu&quot;,
	[&quot;mhe&quot;] = &quot;Besisi&quot;,
	[&quot;mhf&quot;] = &quot;Mamaa&quot;,
	[&quot;mhg&quot;] = &quot;Margu&quot;,
	[&quot;mhi&quot;] = &quot;Ma'di&quot;,
	[&quot;mhj&quot;] = &quot;Mogholi&quot;,
	[&quot;mhk&quot;] = &quot;Mungaka&quot;,
	[&quot;mhl&quot;] = &quot;Mauwake&quot;,
	[&quot;mhm&quot;] = &quot;Makhuwa-Moniga&quot;,
	[&quot;mhn&quot;] = &quot;Mòcheno&quot;,
	[&quot;mho&quot;] = &quot;Mashi&quot;,
	[&quot;mhp&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Bali&quot;,
	[&quot;mhq&quot;] = &quot;Mandan&quot;,
	[&quot;mhr&quot;] = &quot;Mari Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;mhs&quot;] = &quot;Buru&quot;,
	[&quot;mht&quot;] = &quot;Mandahuaca&quot;,
	[&quot;mhu&quot;] = &quot;Taraon&quot;,
	[&quot;mhw&quot;] = &quot;Mbukushu&quot;,
	[&quot;mhx&quot;] = &quot;Lhao Vo&quot;,
	[&quot;mhy&quot;] = &quot;Ma'anyan&quot;,
	[&quot;mhz&quot;] = &quot;Mor (Austronesia)&quot;,
	[&quot;mi&quot;] = &quot;Maori&quot;,
	[&quot;mia&quot;] = &quot;Miami&quot;,
	[&quot;mib&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Atatláhuca&quot;,
	[&quot;mic&quot;] = &quot;Mi'kmaq&quot;,
	[&quot;mid&quot;] = &quot;Mandaic&quot;,
	[&quot;mie&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Ocotepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mif&quot;] = &quot;Mofu-Gudur&quot;,
	[&quot;mig&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec San Miguel el Grande&quot;,
	[&quot;mih&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Chayuco&quot;,
	[&quot;mii&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Chigmecatitlán&quot;,
	[&quot;mij&quot;] = &quot;Mungbam&quot;,
	[&quot;mik&quot;] = &quot;Mikasuki&quot;,
	[&quot;mil&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Peñoles&quot;,
	[&quot;mim&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Alacatlatzala&quot;,
	[&quot;min&quot;] = &quot;Minangkabau&quot;,
	[&quot;min-ski&quot;] = &quot;Sakai&quot;,
	[&quot;mio&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Pinotepa Nacional&quot;,
	[&quot;mip&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Apasco-Apoala&quot;,
	[&quot;miq&quot;] = &quot;Miskito&quot;,
	[&quot;mir&quot;] = &quot;Mixe Isthmus&quot;,
	[&quot;mit&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Puebla Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;miu&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Cacaloxtepec&quot;,
	[&quot;miw&quot;] = &quot;Akoye&quot;,
	[&quot;mix&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Mixtepec&quot;,
	[&quot;miy&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Ayutla&quot;,
	[&quot;miz&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Coatzospan&quot;,
	[&quot;mjb&quot;] = &quot;Makalero&quot;,
	[&quot;mjc&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec San Juan Colorado&quot;,
	[&quot;mjd&quot;] = &quot;Maidu Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;mje&quot;] = &quot;Muskum&quot;,
	[&quot;mji&quot;] = &quot;Kim Mun&quot;,
	[&quot;mjj&quot;] = &quot;Mawak&quot;,
	[&quot;mjk&quot;] = &quot;Matukar&quot;,
	[&quot;mjl&quot;] = &quot;Mandeali&quot;,
	[&quot;mjm&quot;] = &quot;Medebur&quot;,
	[&quot;mjn&quot;] = &quot;Mebu&quot;,
	[&quot;mjo&quot;] = &quot;Malankuravan&quot;,
	[&quot;mjp&quot;] = &quot;Malapandaram&quot;,
	[&quot;mjq&quot;] = &quot;Malaryan&quot;,
	[&quot;mjr&quot;] = &quot;Malavedan&quot;,
	[&quot;mjs&quot;] = &quot;Miship&quot;,
	[&quot;mjt&quot;] = &quot;Paharia Sawriya&quot;,
	[&quot;mju&quot;] = &quot;Manna-Dora&quot;,
	[&quot;mjv&quot;] = &quot;Mannan&quot;,
	[&quot;mjw&quot;] = &quot;Karbi&quot;,
	[&quot;mjx&quot;] = &quot;Mahali&quot;,
	[&quot;mjy&quot;] = &quot;Mahican&quot;,
	[&quot;mjz&quot;] = &quot;Majhi&quot;,
	[&quot;mk&quot;] = &quot;Makedonia&quot;,
	[&quot;mka&quot;] = &quot;Mbre&quot;,
	[&quot;mkb&quot;] = &quot;Paharia Mal&quot;,
	[&quot;mkc&quot;] = &quot;Siliput&quot;,
	[&quot;mke&quot;] = &quot;Mawchi&quot;,
	[&quot;mkf&quot;] = &quot;Miya&quot;,
	[&quot;mkg&quot;] = &quot;Mak (Tiongkok)&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-asl-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Aslian&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-ban-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Bahnaric&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-kat-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Katuic&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-khm-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Khmuic&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-kmr-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Khmeric&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-mmn&quot;] = &quot;Mon Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-mnc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Monic&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-mvi&quot;] = &quot;Vietnam Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-pal-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Palaungic&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-pea-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Pearic&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-pkn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Pakanic&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mon-Khmer&quot;,
	[&quot;mkh-vie-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Vietic&quot;,
	[&quot;mki&quot;] = &quot;Dhatki&quot;,
	[&quot;mkj&quot;] = &quot;Mokilese&quot;,
	[&quot;mkk&quot;] = &quot;Byep&quot;,
	[&quot;mkl&quot;] = &quot;Mokole&quot;,
	[&quot;mkm&quot;] = &quot;Moklen&quot;,
	[&quot;mkn&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Kupang&quot;,
	[&quot;mko&quot;] = &quot;Mingang Doso&quot;,
	[&quot;mkp&quot;] = &quot;Moikodi&quot;,
	[&quot;mkq&quot;] = &quot;Miwok Bay&quot;,
	[&quot;mkr&quot;] = &quot;Malas&quot;,
	[&quot;mks&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Silacayoapan&quot;,
	[&quot;mkt&quot;] = &quot;Vamale&quot;,
	[&quot;mku&quot;] = &quot;Maninka Konyanka&quot;,
	[&quot;mkv&quot;] = &quot;Mafea&quot;,
	[&quot;mkx&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Cinamiguin&quot;,
	[&quot;mky&quot;] = &quot;Makian Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;mkz&quot;] = &quot;Makasae&quot;,
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = &quot;Malayalam&quot;,
	[&quot;mla&quot;] = &quot;Tamambo&quot;,
	[&quot;mlb&quot;] = &quot;Mbule&quot;,
	[&quot;mlc&quot;] = &quot;Caolan&quot;,
	[&quot;mle&quot;] = &quot;Manambu&quot;,
	[&quot;mlf&quot;] = &quot;Mal&quot;,
	[&quot;mlh&quot;] = &quot;Mape&quot;,
	[&quot;mli&quot;] = &quot;Malimpung&quot;,
	[&quot;mlj&quot;] = &quot;Miltu&quot;,
	[&quot;mlk&quot;] = &quot;Ilwana&quot;,
	[&quot;mll&quot;] = &quot;Malua Bay&quot;,
	[&quot;mlm&quot;] = &quot;Mulam&quot;,
	[&quot;mln&quot;] = &quot;Malango&quot;,
	[&quot;mlo&quot;] = &quot;Mlomp&quot;,
	[&quot;mlp&quot;] = &quot;Bargam&quot;,
	[&quot;mlq&quot;] = &quot;Maninkakan Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;mlr&quot;] = &quot;Vame&quot;,
	[&quot;mls&quot;] = &quot;Masalit&quot;,
	[&quot;mlu&quot;] = &quot;To'abaita&quot;,
	[&quot;mlv&quot;] = &quot;Mwotlap&quot;,
	[&quot;mlw&quot;] = &quot;Moloko&quot;,
	[&quot;mlx&quot;] = &quot;Malfaxal&quot;,
	[&quot;mlz&quot;] = &quot;Malaynon&quot;,
	[&quot;mma&quot;] = &quot;Mama&quot;,
	[&quot;mmb&quot;] = &quot;Momina&quot;,
	[&quot;mmc&quot;] = &quot;Mazahua Michoacán&quot;,
	[&quot;mmd&quot;] = &quot;Maonan&quot;,
	[&quot;mme&quot;] = &quot;Mae&quot;,
	[&quot;mmf&quot;] = &quot;Mundat&quot;,
	[&quot;mmg&quot;] = &quot;Ambrym Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;mmh&quot;] = &quot;Mehináku&quot;,
	[&quot;mmi&quot;] = &quot;Musar&quot;,
	[&quot;mmj&quot;] = &quot;Majhwar&quot;,
	[&quot;mmk&quot;] = &quot;Mukha-Dora&quot;,
	[&quot;mml&quot;] = &quot;Man Met&quot;,
	[&quot;mmm&quot;] = &quot;Maii&quot;,
	[&quot;mmn&quot;] = &quot;Mamanwa&quot;,
	[&quot;mmo&quot;] = &quot;Buang Mangga&quot;,
	[&quot;mmp&quot;] = &quot;Musan&quot;,
	[&quot;mmq&quot;] = &quot;Aisi&quot;,
	[&quot;mmr&quot;] = &quot;Miao Xiangxi Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;mmt&quot;] = &quot;Malalamai&quot;,
	[&quot;mmu&quot;] = &quot;Mmaala&quot;,
	[&quot;mmv&quot;] = &quot;Miriti&quot;,
	[&quot;mmw&quot;] = &quot;Emae&quot;,
	[&quot;mmx&quot;] = &quot;Madak&quot;,
	[&quot;mmy&quot;] = &quot;Migaama&quot;,
	[&quot;mmz&quot;] = &quot;Mabaale&quot;,
	[&quot;mn&quot;] = &quot;Mongolia&quot;,
	[&quot;mna&quot;] = &quot;Mbula&quot;,
	[&quot;mnb&quot;] = &quot;Muna&quot;,
	[&quot;mnc&quot;] = &quot;Manchu&quot;,
	[&quot;mnd&quot;] = &quot;Mondé&quot;,
	[&quot;mne&quot;] = &quot;Naba&quot;,
	[&quot;mnf&quot;] = &quot;Mundani&quot;,
	[&quot;mng&quot;] = &quot;Mnong Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;mnh&quot;] = &quot;Mono (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;mni&quot;] = &quot;Manipuri&quot;,
	[&quot;mnj&quot;] = &quot;Munji&quot;,
	[&quot;mnk&quot;] = &quot;Mandinka&quot;,
	[&quot;mnl&quot;] = &quot;Tiale&quot;,
	[&quot;mnm&quot;] = &quot;Mapena&quot;,
	[&quot;mnn&quot;] = &quot;Mnong Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;mnp&quot;] = &quot;Min Bei&quot;,
	[&quot;mnq&quot;] = &quot;Minriq&quot;,
	[&quot;mnr&quot;] = &quot;Mono (California)&quot;,
	[&quot;mns&quot;] = &quot;Mansi&quot;,
	[&quot;mnt&quot;] = &quot;Maykulan&quot;,
	[&quot;mnu&quot;] = &quot;Mer&quot;,
	[&quot;mnv&quot;] = &quot;Rennellese&quot;,
	[&quot;mnw&quot;] = &quot;Mon&quot;,
	[&quot;mnw-tha&quot;] = &quot;Mon Thai&quot;,
	[&quot;mnx&quot;] = &quot;Manikion&quot;,
	[&quot;mny&quot;] = &quot;Manyawa&quot;,
	[&quot;mnz&quot;] = &quot;Migani&quot;,
	[&quot;moa&quot;] = &quot;Mwan&quot;,
	[&quot;moc&quot;] = &quot;Mocoví&quot;,
	[&quot;mod&quot;] = &quot;Mobilian&quot;,
	[&quot;moe&quot;] = &quot;Montagnais&quot;,
	[&quot;mog&quot;] = &quot;Mongondow&quot;,
	[&quot;moh&quot;] = &quot;Mohawk&quot;,
	[&quot;moi&quot;] = &quot;Mboi&quot;,
	[&quot;moj&quot;] = &quot;Monzombo&quot;,
	[&quot;mok&quot;] = &quot;Morori&quot;,
	[&quot;mom&quot;] = &quot;Monimbo&quot;,
	[&quot;moo&quot;] = &quot;Monom&quot;,
	[&quot;mop&quot;] = &quot;Maya Mopan&quot;,
	[&quot;moq&quot;] = &quot;Mor (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;mor&quot;] = &quot;Moro&quot;,
	[&quot;mos&quot;] = &quot;Moore&quot;,
	[&quot;mot&quot;] = &quot;Barí&quot;,
	[&quot;mou&quot;] = &quot;Mogum&quot;,
	[&quot;mov&quot;] = &quot;Mojave&quot;,
	[&quot;mow&quot;] = &quot;Moi (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;mox&quot;] = &quot;Molima&quot;,
	[&quot;moy&quot;] = &quot;Shekkacho&quot;,
	[&quot;moz&quot;] = &quot;Mukulu&quot;,
	[&quot;mpa&quot;] = &quot;Mpoto&quot;,
	[&quot;mpb&quot;] = &quot;Mullukmulluk&quot;,
	[&quot;mpc&quot;] = &quot;Mangarayi&quot;,
	[&quot;mpd&quot;] = &quot;Machinere&quot;,
	[&quot;mpe&quot;] = &quot;Majang&quot;,
	[&quot;mpg&quot;] = &quot;Marba&quot;,
	[&quot;mph&quot;] = &quot;Maung&quot;,
	[&quot;mpi&quot;] = &quot;Mpade&quot;,
	[&quot;mpj&quot;] = &quot;Martu Wangka&quot;,
	[&quot;mpk&quot;] = &quot;Mbara (Chad)&quot;,
	[&quot;mpl&quot;] = &quot;Watut Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;mpm&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Yosondúa&quot;,
	[&quot;mpn&quot;] = &quot;Mindiri&quot;,
	[&quot;mpo&quot;] = &quot;Miu&quot;,
	[&quot;mpp&quot;] = &quot;Migabac&quot;,
	[&quot;mpq&quot;] = &quot;Matís&quot;,
	[&quot;mpr&quot;] = &quot;Vangunu&quot;,
	[&quot;mps&quot;] = &quot;Dadibi&quot;,
	[&quot;mpt&quot;] = &quot;Mian&quot;,
	[&quot;mpu&quot;] = &quot;Makuráp&quot;,
	[&quot;mpv&quot;] = &quot;Mungkip&quot;,
	[&quot;mpw&quot;] = &quot;Mapidian&quot;,
	[&quot;mpx&quot;] = &quot;Misima-Paneati&quot;,
	[&quot;mpy&quot;] = &quot;Mapia&quot;,
	[&quot;mpz&quot;] = &quot;Mpi&quot;,
	[&quot;mqa&quot;] = &quot;Maba&quot;,
	[&quot;mqb&quot;] = &quot;Mbuko&quot;,
	[&quot;mqc&quot;] = &quot;Mangole&quot;,
	[&quot;mqe&quot;] = &quot;Matepi&quot;,
	[&quot;mqf&quot;] = &quot;Momuna&quot;,
	[&quot;mqg&quot;] = &quot;Kutai Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;mqh&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tlazoyaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mqi&quot;] = &quot;Mariri&quot;,
	[&quot;mqj&quot;] = &quot;Mamasa&quot;,
	[&quot;mqk&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Rajah Kabunsuwan&quot;,
	[&quot;mql&quot;] = &quot;Mbelime&quot;,
	[&quot;mqm&quot;] = &quot;Marquesan Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;mqn&quot;] = &quot;Moronene&quot;,
	[&quot;mqo&quot;] = &quot;Modole&quot;,
	[&quot;mqp&quot;] = &quot;Manipa&quot;,
	[&quot;mqq&quot;] = &quot;Minokok&quot;,
	[&quot;mqr&quot;] = &quot;Mander&quot;,
	[&quot;mqs&quot;] = &quot;Makian Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;mqt&quot;] = &quot;Mok&quot;,
	[&quot;mqu&quot;] = &quot;Mandari&quot;,
	[&quot;mqv&quot;] = &quot;Mosimo&quot;,
	[&quot;mqw&quot;] = &quot;Murupi&quot;,
	[&quot;mqx&quot;] = &quot;Mamuju&quot;,
	[&quot;mqy&quot;] = &quot;Manggarai&quot;,
	[&quot;mqz&quot;] = &quot;Malasanga&quot;,
	[&quot;mr&quot;] = &quot;Marathi&quot;,
	[&quot;mra&quot;] = &quot;Mlabri&quot;,
	[&quot;mrb&quot;] = &quot;Marino&quot;,
	[&quot;mrc&quot;] = &quot;Maricopa&quot;,
	[&quot;mrd&quot;] = &quot;Magar Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;mre&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Martha's Vineyard&quot;,
	[&quot;mrf&quot;] = &quot;Elseng&quot;,
	[&quot;mrg&quot;] = &quot;Mising&quot;,
	[&quot;mrh&quot;] = &quot;Chin Mara&quot;,
	[&quot;mrj&quot;] = &quot;Mari Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;mrk&quot;] = &quot;Hmwaveke&quot;,
	[&quot;mrl&quot;] = &quot;Mortlockese&quot;,
	[&quot;mrm&quot;] = &quot;Merlav&quot;,
	[&quot;mrn&quot;] = &quot;Cheke Holo&quot;,
	[&quot;mro&quot;] = &quot;Mru&quot;,
	[&quot;mrp&quot;] = &quot;Morouas&quot;,
	[&quot;mrq&quot;] = &quot;Marquesan Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;mrr&quot;] = &quot;Maria Hill&quot;,
	[&quot;mrs&quot;] = &quot;Maragus&quot;,
	[&quot;mrt&quot;] = &quot;Margi&quot;,
	[&quot;mru&quot;] = &quot;Mono (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;mrv&quot;] = &quot;Mangarevan&quot;,
	[&quot;mrw&quot;] = &quot;Maranao&quot;,
	[&quot;mrx&quot;] = &quot;Dineor&quot;,
	[&quot;mry&quot;] = &quot;Karaga Mandaya&quot;,
	[&quot;mrz&quot;] = &quot;Marind&quot;,
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = &quot;Melayu&quot;,
	[&quot;ms-baz&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Pasar&quot;,
	[&quot;ms-cla&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;ms-tma&quot;] = &quot;Talang Mamak&quot;,
	[&quot;msb&quot;] = &quot;Masbatenyo&quot;,
	[&quot;msc&quot;] = &quot;Maninka Sankaran&quot;,
	[&quot;msd&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Maya Yucatec&quot;,
	[&quot;mse&quot;] = &quot;Musey&quot;,
	[&quot;msf&quot;] = &quot;Mekwei&quot;,
	[&quot;msg&quot;] = &quot;Moraid&quot;,
	[&quot;msi&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Sabah&quot;,
	[&quot;msj&quot;] = &quot;Ma&quot;,
	[&quot;msk&quot;] = &quot;Mansaka&quot;,
	[&quot;msl&quot;] = &quot;Molof&quot;,
	[&quot;msm&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Agusan&quot;,
	[&quot;msn&quot;] = &quot;Vurës&quot;,
	[&quot;mso&quot;] = &quot;Mombum&quot;,
	[&quot;msp&quot;] = &quot;Maritsauá&quot;,
	[&quot;msq&quot;] = &quot;Caac&quot;,
	[&quot;msr&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Mongolia&quot;,
	[&quot;mss&quot;] = &quot;Masela Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;msu&quot;] = &quot;Musom&quot;,
	[&quot;msv&quot;] = &quot;Maslam&quot;,
	[&quot;msw&quot;] = &quot;Mansoanka&quot;,
	[&quot;msx&quot;] = &quot;Moresada&quot;,
	[&quot;msy&quot;] = &quot;Aruamu&quot;,
	[&quot;msz&quot;] = &quot;Momare&quot;,
	[&quot;mt&quot;] = &quot;Malta&quot;,
	[&quot;mta&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Cotabato&quot;,
	[&quot;mtb&quot;] = &quot;Anyin Morofo&quot;,
	[&quot;mtc&quot;] = &quot;Munit&quot;,
	[&quot;mtd&quot;] = &quot;Mualang&quot;,
	[&quot;mte&quot;] = &quot;Alu&quot;,
	[&quot;mtf&quot;] = &quot;Murik (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;mtg&quot;] = &quot;Una&quot;,
	[&quot;mth&quot;] = &quot;Munggui&quot;,
	[&quot;mti&quot;] = &quot;Maiwa (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;mtj&quot;] = &quot;Moskona&quot;,
	[&quot;mtk&quot;] = &quot;Mbe'&quot;,
	[&quot;mtl&quot;] = &quot;Montol&quot;,
	[&quot;mtm&quot;] = &quot;Mator&quot;,
	[&quot;mtn&quot;] = &quot;Matagalpa&quot;,
	[&quot;mto&quot;] = &quot;Mixe Totontepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mtp&quot;] = &quot;Wichí Lhamtés Nocten&quot;,
	[&quot;mtq&quot;] = &quot;Muong&quot;,
	[&quot;mtr&quot;] = &quot;Mewari&quot;,
	[&quot;mts&quot;] = &quot;Yora&quot;,
	[&quot;mtt&quot;] = &quot;Mota&quot;,
	[&quot;mtu&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tututepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mtv&quot;] = &quot;Asaro'o&quot;,
	[&quot;mtw&quot;] = &quot;Magahat&quot;,
	[&quot;mtx&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tidaá&quot;,
	[&quot;mty&quot;] = &quot;Nabi&quot;,
	[&quot;mua&quot;] = &quot;Mundang&quot;,
	[&quot;mub&quot;] = &quot;Mubi&quot;,
	[&quot;muc&quot;] = &quot;Mbu'&quot;,
	[&quot;mud&quot;] = &quot;Aleut Mednyj&quot;,
	[&quot;mue&quot;] = &quot;Media Lengua&quot;,
	[&quot;mug&quot;] = &quot;Musgu&quot;,
	[&quot;muh&quot;] = &quot;Mündü&quot;,
	[&quot;mui&quot;] = &quot;Musi&quot;,
		[&quot;mui-plm&quot;] = &quot;Pelèmbang&quot;, -- hanya dipakai di Wikikamus
	[&quot;muj&quot;] = &quot;Mabire&quot;,
	[&quot;mum&quot;] = &quot;Maiwala&quot;,
	[&quot;mun-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Munda&quot;,
	[&quot;muo&quot;] = &quot;Nyong&quot;,
	[&quot;mup&quot;] = &quot;Malvi&quot;,
	[&quot;muq&quot;] = &quot;Miao Xiangxi Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;mur&quot;] = &quot;Murle&quot;,
	[&quot;mus&quot;] = &quot;Creek&quot;,
	[&quot;mut&quot;] = &quot;Muria Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;muu&quot;] = &quot;Yaaku&quot;,
	[&quot;muv&quot;] = &quot;Muthuvan&quot;,
	[&quot;mux&quot;] = &quot;Bo-Ung&quot;,
	[&quot;muy&quot;] = &quot;Muyang&quot;,
	[&quot;muz&quot;] = &quot;Mursi&quot;,
	[&quot;mva&quot;] = &quot;Manam&quot;,
	[&quot;mvb&quot;] = &quot;Mattole&quot;,
	[&quot;mvd&quot;] = &quot;Mamboru&quot;,
	[&quot;mvg&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Yucuañe&quot;,
	[&quot;mvh&quot;] = &quot;Mire&quot;,
	[&quot;mvi&quot;] = &quot;Miyako&quot;,
	[&quot;mvk&quot;] = &quot;Mekmek&quot;,
	[&quot;mvl&quot;] = &quot;Mbara (Australia)&quot;,
	[&quot;mvm&quot;] = &quot;Muya&quot;,
	[&quot;mvn&quot;] = &quot;Minaveha&quot;,
	[&quot;mvo&quot;] = &quot;Marovo&quot;,
	[&quot;mvp&quot;] = &quot;Duri&quot;,
	[&quot;mvq&quot;] = &quot;Moere&quot;,
	[&quot;mvr&quot;] = &quot;Marau&quot;,
	[&quot;mvs&quot;] = &quot;Massep&quot;,
	[&quot;mvt&quot;] = &quot;Mpotovoro&quot;,
	[&quot;mvu&quot;] = &quot;Marfa&quot;,
	[&quot;mvv&quot;] = &quot;Murut Tagal&quot;,
	[&quot;mvw&quot;] = &quot;Machinga&quot;,
	[&quot;mvx&quot;] = &quot;Meoswar&quot;,
	[&quot;mvy&quot;] = &quot;Indus Kohistani&quot;,
	[&quot;mvz&quot;] = &quot;Mesqan&quot;,
	[&quot;mwa&quot;] = &quot;Mwatebu&quot;,
	[&quot;mwb&quot;] = &quot;Juwal&quot;,
	[&quot;mwc&quot;] = &quot;Are&quot;,
	[&quot;mwe&quot;] = &quot;Mwera&quot;,
	[&quot;mwf&quot;] = &quot;Murrinh-Patha&quot;,
	[&quot;mwg&quot;] = &quot;Aiklep&quot;,
	[&quot;mwh&quot;] = &quot;Mouk-Aria&quot;,
	[&quot;mwi&quot;] = &quot;Labo&quot;,
	[&quot;mwk&quot;] = &quot;Maninkakan Kita&quot;,
	[&quot;mwl&quot;] = &quot;Mirandese&quot;,
	[&quot;mwm&quot;] = &quot;Sar&quot;,
	[&quot;mwn&quot;] = &quot;Nyamwanga&quot;,
	[&quot;mwo&quot;] = &quot;Maewo Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;mwp&quot;] = &quot;Kala Lagaw Ya&quot;,
	[&quot;mwq&quot;] = &quot;Chin Mün&quot;,
	[&quot;mwr&quot;] = &quot;Marwari&quot;,
	[&quot;mws&quot;] = &quot;Mwimbi-Muthambi&quot;,
	[&quot;mwt&quot;] = &quot;Moken&quot;,
	[&quot;mwu&quot;] = &quot;Mittu&quot;,
	[&quot;mwv&quot;] = &quot;Mentawai&quot;,
	[&quot;mww&quot;] = &quot;Hmong Putih&quot;,
	[&quot;mwz&quot;] = &quot;Moingi&quot;,
	[&quot;mxa&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Oaxaca Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;mxb&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tezoatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;mxd&quot;] = &quot;Modang&quot;,
	[&quot;mxe&quot;] = &quot;Mele-Fila&quot;,
	[&quot;mxf&quot;] = &quot;Malgbe&quot;,
	[&quot;mxg&quot;] = &quot;Mbangala&quot;,
	[&quot;mxh&quot;] = &quot;Mvuba&quot;,
	[&quot;mxi&quot;] = &quot;Mozarabic&quot;,
	[&quot;mxj&quot;] = &quot;Miju&quot;,
	[&quot;mxk&quot;] = &quot;Monumbo&quot;,
	[&quot;mxl&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Maxi&quot;,
	[&quot;mxm&quot;] = &quot;Meramera&quot;,
	[&quot;mxn&quot;] = &quot;Moi&quot;,
	[&quot;mxo&quot;] = &quot;Mbowe&quot;,
	[&quot;mxp&quot;] = &quot;Mixe Tlahuitoltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mxq&quot;] = &quot;Mixe Juquila&quot;,
	[&quot;mxr&quot;] = &quot;Murik (Malaysia)&quot;,
	[&quot;mxs&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Huitepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mxt&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Jamiltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mxu&quot;] = &quot;Mada (Kamerun)&quot;,
	[&quot;mxv&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Metlatónoc&quot;,
	[&quot;mxw&quot;] = &quot;Namo&quot;,
	[&quot;mxx&quot;] = &quot;Mahou&quot;,
	[&quot;mxy&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Nochixtlán Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;mxz&quot;] = &quot;Masela Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;my&quot;] = &quot;Burma&quot;,
	[&quot;myb&quot;] = &quot;Mbay&quot;,
	[&quot;myc&quot;] = &quot;Mayeka&quot;,
	[&quot;mye&quot;] = &quot;Myene&quot;,
	[&quot;myf&quot;] = &quot;Bambassi&quot;,
	[&quot;myg&quot;] = &quot;Manta&quot;,
	[&quot;myh&quot;] = &quot;Makah&quot;,
	[&quot;myj&quot;] = &quot;Mangayat&quot;,
	[&quot;myk&quot;] = &quot;Senoufo Mamara&quot;,
	[&quot;myl&quot;] = &quot;Moma&quot;,
	[&quot;mym&quot;] = &quot;Me'en&quot;,
	[&quot;myn-chl&quot;] = &quot;Ch'olti'&quot;,
	[&quot;myn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Maya&quot;,
	[&quot;myo&quot;] = &quot;Anfillo&quot;,
	[&quot;myp&quot;] = &quot;Pirahã&quot;,
	[&quot;myr&quot;] = &quot;Muniche&quot;,
	[&quot;mys&quot;] = &quot;Mesmes&quot;,
	[&quot;myu&quot;] = &quot;Mundurukú&quot;,
	[&quot;myv&quot;] = &quot;Erzya&quot;,
	[&quot;myw&quot;] = &quot;Muyuw&quot;,
	[&quot;myx&quot;] = &quot;Masaba&quot;,
	[&quot;myy&quot;] = &quot;Macuna&quot;,
	[&quot;myz&quot;] = &quot;Mandaic Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;mza&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Santa María Zacatepec&quot;,
	[&quot;mzb&quot;] = &quot;Berber Sahara Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;mzc&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Madagaskar&quot;,
	[&quot;mzd&quot;] = &quot;Malimba&quot;,
	[&quot;mze&quot;] = &quot;Morawa&quot;,
	[&quot;mzg&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Monastic&quot;,
	[&quot;mzh&quot;] = &quot;Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay&quot;,
	[&quot;mzi&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec Ixcatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;mzj&quot;] = &quot;Manya&quot;,
	[&quot;mzk&quot;] = &quot;Mambila Nigeria&quot;,
	[&quot;mzl&quot;] = &quot;Mixe Mazatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;mzm&quot;] = &quot;Mumuye&quot;,
	[&quot;mzn&quot;] = &quot;Mazanderani&quot;,
	[&quot;mzo&quot;] = &quot;Matipuhy&quot;,
	[&quot;mzp&quot;] = &quot;Movima&quot;,
	[&quot;mzq&quot;] = &quot;Mori Atas&quot;,
	[&quot;mzr&quot;] = &quot;Marúbo&quot;,
	[&quot;mzs&quot;] = &quot;Makau&quot;,
	[&quot;mzt&quot;] = &quot;Mintil&quot;,
	[&quot;mzu&quot;] = &quot;Inapang&quot;,
	[&quot;mzv&quot;] = &quot;Manza&quot;,
	[&quot;mzw&quot;] = &quot;Deg&quot;,
	[&quot;mzx&quot;] = &quot;Mawayana&quot;,
	[&quot;mzy&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Mozambik&quot;,
	[&quot;mzz&quot;] = &quot;Maiadomu&quot;,
	[&quot;na&quot;] = &quot;Nauru&quot;,
	[&quot;naa&quot;] = &quot;Namla&quot;,
	[&quot;nab&quot;] = &quot;Nambikwara&quot;,
	[&quot;nac&quot;] = &quot;Narak&quot;,
	[&quot;nae&quot;] = &quot;Naka'ela&quot;,
	[&quot;naf&quot;] = &quot;Nabak&quot;,
	[&quot;nag&quot;] = &quot;Naga Pijin&quot;,
	[&quot;nah&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-ala&quot;] = &quot;Alazapa&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-bay&quot;] = &quot;Bayogoula&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-bvy&quot;] = &quot;Yokuts Buena Vista&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-cal&quot;] = &quot;Calusa&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-chi&quot;] = &quot;Chiquimulilla&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-chu-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chumash&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-cig&quot;] = &quot;Ciguayo&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-ckn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chinookan&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-dly&quot;] = &quot;Yokuts Delta&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-gsy&quot;] = &quot;Gashowu&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-guz&quot;] = &quot;Guazacapán&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-hit&quot;] = &quot;Hitchiti&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-ipa&quot;] = &quot;Ipai&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-jtp&quot;] = &quot;Jutiapa&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-jum&quot;] = &quot;Jumaytepeque&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-kat&quot;] = &quot;Kathlamet&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-klp-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kalapuyan&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-knm&quot;] = &quot;Konomihu&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-kry&quot;] = &quot;Yokuts Sungai Kings&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-kum&quot;] = &quot;Kumeyaay&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-mac&quot;] = &quot;Macoris&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-mdu-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Maidun&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-miz-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mixe-Zoque&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-mus-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Muskogean&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-nao&quot;] = &quot;Naolan&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-nrs&quot;] = &quot;Shasta New River&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-nvy&quot;] = &quot;Yokuts Lembah Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-okw&quot;] = &quot;Okwanuchu&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-per&quot;] = &quot;Pericú&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-pic&quot;] = &quot;Picuris&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-plp-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Plateau Penutian&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-ply&quot;] = &quot;Palewyami&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-pom-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Pomo&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-qng&quot;] = &quot;Quinigua&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-sca-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Siouan-Catawban&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-sin&quot;] = &quot;Sinacantán&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-sln&quot;] = &quot;Lenca El Salvador&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-spt&quot;] = &quot;Sahaptin&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-svy&quot;] = &quot;Yokuts Lembah Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-tap&quot;] = &quot;Tapachultec&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-taw&quot;] = &quot;Tawasa&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-teq&quot;] = &quot;Tequistlatec&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-tip&quot;] = &quot;Tipai&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-tky&quot;] = &quot;Yokuts Tule-Kaweah&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-tot-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Totozoquean&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-tsi-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tsimshianic&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-utn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Utian&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-wai&quot;] = &quot;Waikuri&quot;,
	[&quot;nai-yup&quot;] = &quot;Yupiltepeque&quot;,
	[&quot;naj&quot;] = &quot;Nalu&quot;,
	[&quot;nak&quot;] = &quot;Nakanai&quot;,
	[&quot;nal&quot;] = &quot;Nalik&quot;,
	[&quot;nam&quot;] = &quot;Ngan'gityemerri&quot;,
	[&quot;nan&quot;] = &quot;Min Nan&quot;,
		[&quot;nan-hbl&quot;] = &quot;Hokkien&quot;, -- hanya dipakai di Wikikamus
		[&quot;nan-tws&quot;] = &quot;Tiociu&quot;, -- hanya dipakai di Wikikamus
	[&quot;nao&quot;] = &quot;Naaba&quot;,
	[&quot;nap&quot;] = &quot;Neapolitan&quot;,
	[&quot;naq&quot;] = &quot;Khoekhoe&quot;,
	[&quot;nar&quot;] = &quot;Iguta&quot;,
	[&quot;nas&quot;] = &quot;Nasioi&quot;,
	[&quot;nat&quot;] = &quot;Hungworo&quot;,
	[&quot;naw&quot;] = &quot;Nawuri&quot;,
	[&quot;nax&quot;] = &quot;Nakwi&quot;,
	[&quot;nay&quot;] = &quot;Ngarrindjeri&quot;,
	[&quot;naz&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Coatepec&quot;,
	[&quot;nb&quot;] = &quot;Norwegia Bokmål&quot;,
	[&quot;nba&quot;] = &quot;Nyemba&quot;,
	[&quot;nbb&quot;] = &quot;Ndoe&quot;,
	[&quot;nbc&quot;] = &quot;Chang&quot;,
	[&quot;nbd&quot;] = &quot;Ngbinda&quot;,
	[&quot;nbe&quot;] = &quot;Naga Konyak&quot;,
	[&quot;nbg&quot;] = &quot;Nagarchal&quot;,
	[&quot;nbh&quot;] = &quot;Ngamo&quot;,
	[&quot;nbi&quot;] = &quot;Naga Mao&quot;,
	[&quot;nbj&quot;] = &quot;Ngarinman&quot;,
	[&quot;nbk&quot;] = &quot;Nake&quot;,
	[&quot;nbm&quot;] = &quot;Ngbaka Ma'bo&quot;,
	[&quot;nbn&quot;] = &quot;Kuri&quot;,
	[&quot;nbo&quot;] = &quot;Nkukoli&quot;,
	[&quot;nbp&quot;] = &quot;Nnam&quot;,
	[&quot;nbq&quot;] = &quot;Nggem&quot;,
	[&quot;nbr&quot;] = &quot;Numana&quot;,
	[&quot;nbs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Namibia&quot;,
	[&quot;nbt&quot;] = &quot;Na&quot;,
	[&quot;nbu&quot;] = &quot;Naga Rongmei&quot;,
	[&quot;nbv&quot;] = &quot;Ngamambo&quot;,
	[&quot;nbw&quot;] = &quot;Ngbandi Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;nby&quot;] = &quot;Ningera&quot;,
	[&quot;nca&quot;] = &quot;Iyo&quot;,
	[&quot;ncb&quot;] = &quot;Nikobar Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;ncc&quot;] = &quot;Ponam&quot;,
	[&quot;ncd&quot;] = &quot;Nachering&quot;,
	[&quot;nce&quot;] = &quot;Yale&quot;,
	[&quot;ncf&quot;] = &quot;Notsi&quot;,
	[&quot;ncg&quot;] = &quot;Nisga'a&quot;,
	[&quot;nch&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Huasteca Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;nci&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;ncj&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Puebla Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nck&quot;] = &quot;Nakara&quot;,
	[&quot;ncl&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Michoacán&quot;,
	[&quot;ncm&quot;] = &quot;Nambo&quot;,
	[&quot;ncn&quot;] = &quot;Nauna&quot;,
	[&quot;nco&quot;] = &quot;Sibe&quot;,
	[&quot;ncr&quot;] = &quot;Ncane&quot;,
	[&quot;ncs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Nikaragua&quot;,
	[&quot;nct&quot;] = &quot;Naga Chothe&quot;,
	[&quot;ncu&quot;] = &quot;Chumburung&quot;,
	[&quot;ncx&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Puebla Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;ncz&quot;] = &quot;Natchez&quot;,
	[&quot;nd&quot;] = &quot;Ndebele Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nda&quot;] = &quot;Ndasa&quot;,
	[&quot;ndb&quot;] = &quot;Kenswei Nsei&quot;,
	[&quot;ndc&quot;] = &quot;Ndau&quot;,
	[&quot;ndd&quot;] = &quot;Nde-Nsele-Nta&quot;,
	[&quot;ndf&quot;] = &quot;Nadruvian&quot;,
	[&quot;ndg&quot;] = &quot;Ndengereko&quot;,
	[&quot;ndh&quot;] = &quot;Ndali&quot;,
	[&quot;ndi&quot;] = &quot;Chamba Leko&quot;,
	[&quot;ndj&quot;] = &quot;Ndamba&quot;,
	[&quot;ndk&quot;] = &quot;Ndaka&quot;,
	[&quot;ndl&quot;] = &quot;Ndolo&quot;,
	[&quot;ndm&quot;] = &quot;Ndam&quot;,
	[&quot;ndn&quot;] = &quot;Ngundi&quot;,
	[&quot;ndp&quot;] = &quot;Ndo&quot;,
	[&quot;ndq&quot;] = &quot;Ndombe&quot;,
	[&quot;ndr&quot;] = &quot;Ndoola&quot;,
	[&quot;nds&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Hilir&quot;,
	[&quot;ndt&quot;] = &quot;Ndunga&quot;,
	[&quot;ndu&quot;] = &quot;Dugun&quot;,
	[&quot;ndv&quot;] = &quot;Ndut&quot;,
	[&quot;ndw&quot;] = &quot;Ndobo&quot;,
	[&quot;ndx&quot;] = &quot;Nduga&quot;,
	[&quot;ndy&quot;] = &quot;Lutos&quot;,
	[&quot;ndz&quot;] = &quot;Ndogo&quot;,
	[&quot;ne&quot;] = &quot;Nepal&quot;,
	[&quot;nea&quot;] = &quot;Ngad'a Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;neb&quot;] = &quot;Toura&quot;,
	[&quot;nec&quot;] = &quot;Nedebang&quot;,
	[&quot;ned&quot;] = &quot;Nde-Gbite&quot;,
	[&quot;nee&quot;] = &quot;Kumak&quot;,
	[&quot;nef&quot;] = &quot;Nefamese&quot;,
	[&quot;neg&quot;] = &quot;Negidal&quot;,
	[&quot;neh&quot;] = &quot;Nyenkha&quot;,
	[&quot;nej&quot;] = &quot;Neko&quot;,
	[&quot;nek&quot;] = &quot;Neku&quot;,
	[&quot;nem&quot;] = &quot;Nemi&quot;,
	[&quot;nen&quot;] = &quot;Nengone&quot;,
	[&quot;neo&quot;] = &quot;Ná-Meo&quot;,
	[&quot;neq&quot;] = &quot;Mixe Tengah Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ner&quot;] = &quot;Yahadian&quot;,
	[&quot;nes&quot;] = &quot;Kinnauri Bhoti&quot;,
	[&quot;net&quot;] = &quot;Nete&quot;,
	[&quot;neu&quot;] = &quot;Neo&quot;,
	[&quot;nev&quot;] = &quot;Nyaheun&quot;,
	[&quot;new&quot;] = &quot;Newar&quot;,
	[&quot;nex&quot;] = &quot;Neme&quot;,
	[&quot;ney&quot;] = &quot;Neyo&quot;,
	[&quot;nez&quot;] = &quot;Nez Perce&quot;,
	[&quot;nfa&quot;] = &quot;Dhao&quot;,
	[&quot;nfd&quot;] = &quot;Ahwai&quot;,
	[&quot;nfl&quot;] = &quot;Aiwoo&quot;,
	[&quot;nfr&quot;] = &quot;Nafaanra&quot;,
	[&quot;nfu&quot;] = &quot;Mfumte&quot;,
	[&quot;ng&quot;] = &quot;Ndonga&quot;,
	[&quot;nga&quot;] = &quot;Ngbaka&quot;,
	[&quot;ngb&quot;] = &quot;Ngbandi Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ngc&quot;] = &quot;Ngombe (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;ngd&quot;] = &quot;Ngando (Republik Afrika Tengah)&quot;,
	[&quot;nge&quot;] = &quot;Ngemba&quot;,
	[&quot;ngf-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Trans-Papua&quot;,
	[&quot;ngg&quot;] = &quot;Ngbaka Manza&quot;,
	[&quot;ngh&quot;] = &quot;Nǀuu&quot;,
	[&quot;ngi&quot;] = &quot;Ngizim&quot;,
	[&quot;ngj&quot;] = &quot;Ngie&quot;,
	[&quot;ngk&quot;] = &quot;Ngalkbun&quot;,
	[&quot;ngl&quot;] = &quot;Lomwe&quot;,
	[&quot;ngm&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Ngatik Men's&quot;,
	[&quot;ngn&quot;] = &quot;Ngwo&quot;,
	[&quot;ngo&quot;] = &quot;Ngoni&quot;,
	[&quot;ngp&quot;] = &quot;Ngulu&quot;,
	[&quot;ngq&quot;] = &quot;Ngoreme&quot;,
	[&quot;ngr&quot;] = &quot;Nagu&quot;,
	[&quot;ngs&quot;] = &quot;Gvoko&quot;,
	[&quot;ngt&quot;] = &quot;Ngeq&quot;,
	[&quot;ngu&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Guerrero&quot;,
	[&quot;ngv&quot;] = &quot;Nagumi&quot;,
	[&quot;ngw&quot;] = &quot;Ngwaba&quot;,
	[&quot;ngx&quot;] = &quot;Nggwahyi&quot;,
	[&quot;ngy&quot;] = &quot;Tibea&quot;,
	[&quot;ngz&quot;] = &quot;Ngungwel&quot;,
	[&quot;nha&quot;] = &quot;Nhanda&quot;,
	[&quot;nhb&quot;] = &quot;Beng&quot;,
	[&quot;nhc&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Tabasco&quot;,
	[&quot;nhd&quot;] = &quot;Chiripá&quot;,
	[&quot;nhe&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Huasteca Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;nhf&quot;] = &quot;Nhuwala&quot;,
	[&quot;nhg&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Tetelcingo&quot;,
	[&quot;nhh&quot;] = &quot;Nahari&quot;,
	[&quot;nhi&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla&quot;,
	[&quot;nhk&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Cosoleacaque&quot;,
	[&quot;nhm&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Morelos&quot;,
	[&quot;nhn&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;nho&quot;] = &quot;Takuu&quot;,
	[&quot;nhp&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Pajapan&quot;,
	[&quot;nhq&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Huaxcaleca&quot;,
	[&quot;nhr&quot;] = &quot;Naro&quot;,
	[&quot;nht&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Ometepec&quot;,
	[&quot;nhu&quot;] = &quot;Noone&quot;,
	[&quot;nhv&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Temascaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;nhw&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Huasteca Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;nhx&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Mecayapan&quot;,
	[&quot;nhy&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Oaxaca Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nhz&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Santa María La Alta&quot;,
	[&quot;nia&quot;] = &quot;Nias&quot;,
	[&quot;nib&quot;] = &quot;Nakame&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-bco-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Benue-Kongo&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-bod-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Bantoid&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-eov-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Oti-Volta Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-gns-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Gurunsi&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-grf-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Grassfields&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-gur-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Gur&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-jkn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jukunoid&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-lcr-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hilir Sungai Cross&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-ogo-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Ogoni&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-ovo-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Oti-Volta&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-plt-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Plateau&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Niger-Kongo&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-ubg-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Ubangian&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-ucr-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hulu Sungai Cross&quot;,
	[&quot;nic-vco-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Volta-Kongo&quot;,
	[&quot;nid&quot;] = &quot;Ngandi&quot;,
	[&quot;nie&quot;] = &quot;Niellim&quot;,
	[&quot;nif&quot;] = &quot;Nek&quot;,
	[&quot;nig&quot;] = &quot;Ngalakan&quot;,
	[&quot;nih&quot;] = &quot;Nyiha&quot;,
	[&quot;nii&quot;] = &quot;Nii&quot;,
	[&quot;nij&quot;] = &quot;Ngaju&quot;,
	[&quot;nik&quot;] = &quot;Nikobar Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;nil&quot;] = &quot;Nila&quot;,
	[&quot;nim&quot;] = &quot;Nilamba&quot;,
	[&quot;nin&quot;] = &quot;Ninzo&quot;,
	[&quot;nio&quot;] = &quot;Nganasan&quot;,
	[&quot;niq&quot;] = &quot;Nandi&quot;,
	[&quot;nir&quot;] = &quot;Nimboran&quot;,
	[&quot;nis&quot;] = &quot;Nimi&quot;,
	[&quot;nit&quot;] = &quot;Kolami Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;niu&quot;] = &quot;Niuean&quot;,
	[&quot;niv&quot;] = &quot;Nivkh&quot;,
	[&quot;niw&quot;] = &quot;Nimo&quot;,
	[&quot;nix&quot;] = &quot;Hema&quot;,
	[&quot;niy&quot;] = &quot;Ngiti&quot;,
	[&quot;niz&quot;] = &quot;Ningil&quot;,
	[&quot;nja&quot;] = &quot;Nzanyi&quot;,
	[&quot;njb&quot;] = &quot;Naga Nocte&quot;,
	[&quot;njh&quot;] = &quot;Naga Lotha&quot;,
	[&quot;nji&quot;] = &quot;Gudanji&quot;,
	[&quot;njj&quot;] = &quot;Njen&quot;,
	[&quot;njl&quot;] = &quot;Njalgulgule&quot;,
	[&quot;njm&quot;] = &quot;Angami&quot;,
	[&quot;njn&quot;] = &quot;Naga Liangmai&quot;,
	[&quot;njo&quot;] = &quot;Ao&quot;,
	[&quot;njr&quot;] = &quot;Njerep&quot;,
	[&quot;njs&quot;] = &quot;Nisa&quot;,
	[&quot;njt&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Ndyuka-Trio&quot;,
	[&quot;nju&quot;] = &quot;Ngadjunmaya&quot;,
	[&quot;njx&quot;] = &quot;Kunyi&quot;,
	[&quot;njy&quot;] = &quot;Njyem&quot;,
	[&quot;njz&quot;] = &quot;Nyishi&quot;,
	[&quot;nka&quot;] = &quot;Nkoya&quot;,
	[&quot;nkb&quot;] = &quot;Naga Khoibu&quot;,
	[&quot;nkc&quot;] = &quot;Nkongho&quot;,
	[&quot;nkd&quot;] = &quot;Koireng&quot;,
	[&quot;nke&quot;] = &quot;Duke&quot;,
	[&quot;nkf&quot;] = &quot;Naga Inpui&quot;,
	[&quot;nkg&quot;] = &quot;Nekgini&quot;,
	[&quot;nkh&quot;] = &quot;Naga Khezha&quot;,
	[&quot;nki&quot;] = &quot;Naga Thangal&quot;,
	[&quot;nkj&quot;] = &quot;Nakai&quot;,
	[&quot;nkk&quot;] = &quot;Nokuku&quot;,
	[&quot;nkm&quot;] = &quot;Namat&quot;,
	[&quot;nkn&quot;] = &quot;Nkangala&quot;,
	[&quot;nko&quot;] = &quot;Nkonya&quot;,
	[&quot;nkp&quot;] = &quot;Niuatoputapu&quot;,
	[&quot;nkq&quot;] = &quot;Nkami&quot;,
	[&quot;nkr&quot;] = &quot;Nukuoro&quot;,
	[&quot;nks&quot;] = &quot;Asmat Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nkt&quot;] = &quot;Nyika&quot;,
	[&quot;nku&quot;] = &quot;Kulango Bouna&quot;,
	[&quot;nkw&quot;] = &quot;Nkutu&quot;,
	[&quot;nkx&quot;] = &quot;Nkoroo&quot;,
	[&quot;nkz&quot;] = &quot;Nkari&quot;,
	[&quot;nl&quot;] = &quot;Belando&quot;,
	[&quot;nla&quot;] = &quot;Ngombale&quot;,
	[&quot;nlc&quot;] = &quot;Nalca&quot;,
	[&quot;nle&quot;] = &quot;Nyala Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;nlg&quot;] = &quot;Gela&quot;,
	[&quot;nli&quot;] = &quot;Grangali&quot;,
	[&quot;nlj&quot;] = &quot;Nyali&quot;,
	[&quot;nlk&quot;] = &quot;Yali Ninia&quot;,
	[&quot;nll&quot;] = &quot;Nihali&quot;,
	[&quot;nlm&quot;] = &quot;Mankiyali&quot;,
	[&quot;nlo&quot;] = &quot;Ngul&quot;,
	[&quot;nlq&quot;] = &quot;Naga Lao&quot;,
	[&quot;nlu&quot;] = &quot;Nchumbulu&quot;,
	[&quot;nlv&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Orizaba&quot;,
	[&quot;nlw&quot;] = &quot;Walangama&quot;,
	[&quot;nlx&quot;] = &quot;Nahali&quot;,
	[&quot;nly&quot;] = &quot;Nyamal&quot;,
	[&quot;nlz&quot;] = &quot;Nalögo&quot;,
	[&quot;nma&quot;] = &quot;Naga Maram&quot;,
	[&quot;nmb&quot;] = &quot;Big Nambas&quot;,
	[&quot;nmc&quot;] = &quot;Ngam&quot;,
	[&quot;nmd&quot;] = &quot;Ndumu&quot;,
	[&quot;nme&quot;] = &quot;Naga Mzieme&quot;,
	[&quot;nmf&quot;] = &quot;Naga Tangkhul&quot;,
	[&quot;nmg&quot;] = &quot;Kwasio&quot;,
	[&quot;nmh&quot;] = &quot;Naga Monsang&quot;,
	[&quot;nmi&quot;] = &quot;Nyam&quot;,
	[&quot;nmj&quot;] = &quot;Ngombe (Republik Afrika Tengah)&quot;,
	[&quot;nmk&quot;] = &quot;Namakura&quot;,
	[&quot;nml&quot;] = &quot;Ndemli&quot;,
	[&quot;nmm&quot;] = &quot;Manangba&quot;,
	[&quot;nmn&quot;] = &quot;ǃXóõ&quot;,
	[&quot;nmo&quot;] = &quot;Naga Moyon&quot;,
	[&quot;nmp&quot;] = &quot;Nimanbur&quot;,
	[&quot;nmq&quot;] = &quot;Nambya&quot;,
	[&quot;nmr&quot;] = &quot;Nimbari&quot;,
	[&quot;nms&quot;] = &quot;Letemboi&quot;,
	[&quot;nmt&quot;] = &quot;Namonuito&quot;,
	[&quot;nmu&quot;] = &quot;Maidu Timur Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;nmv&quot;] = &quot;Ngamini&quot;,
	[&quot;nmw&quot;] = &quot;Nimoa&quot;,
	[&quot;nmy&quot;] = &quot;Namuyi&quot;,
	[&quot;nmz&quot;] = &quot;Nawdm&quot;,
	[&quot;nn&quot;] = &quot;Norwegia Nynorsk&quot;,
	[&quot;nna&quot;] = &quot;Nyangumarta&quot;,
	[&quot;nnb&quot;] = &quot;Nande&quot;,
	[&quot;nnc&quot;] = &quot;Nancere&quot;,
	[&quot;nnd&quot;] = &quot;Ambae Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;nne&quot;] = &quot;Ngandyera&quot;,
	[&quot;nnf&quot;] = &quot;Ngaing&quot;,
	[&quot;nng&quot;] = &quot;Naga Maring&quot;,
	[&quot;nnh&quot;] = &quot;Ngiemboon&quot;,
	[&quot;nni&quot;] = &quot;Nuaulu Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nnj&quot;] = &quot;Nyangatom&quot;,
	[&quot;nnk&quot;] = &quot;Nankina&quot;,
	[&quot;nnl&quot;] = &quot;Naga Rengma Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nnm&quot;] = &quot;Namia&quot;,
	[&quot;nnn&quot;] = &quot;Ngete&quot;,
	[&quot;nnp&quot;] = &quot;Wancho&quot;,
	[&quot;nnq&quot;] = &quot;Ngindo&quot;,
	[&quot;nnr&quot;] = &quot;Narungga&quot;,
	[&quot;nnt&quot;] = &quot;Nanticoke&quot;,
	[&quot;nnu&quot;] = &quot;Dwang&quot;,
	[&quot;nnv&quot;] = &quot;Nukunu&quot;,
	[&quot;nnw&quot;] = &quot;Nuni Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;nnx&quot;] = &quot;Ngong&quot;,
	[&quot;nny&quot;] = &quot;Nyangga&quot;,
	[&quot;nnz&quot;] = &quot;Nda'nda'&quot;,
	[&quot;no&quot;] = &quot;Norwegia&quot;,
	[&quot;noa&quot;] = &quot;Woun Meu&quot;,
	[&quot;noc&quot;] = &quot;Nuk&quot;,
	[&quot;nod&quot;] = &quot;Thai Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;noe&quot;] = &quot;Nimadi&quot;,
	[&quot;nof&quot;] = &quot;Nomane&quot;,
	[&quot;nog&quot;] = &quot;Nogai&quot;,
	[&quot;noh&quot;] = &quot;Nomu&quot;,
	[&quot;noi&quot;] = &quot;Noiri&quot;,
	[&quot;noj&quot;] = &quot;Nonuya&quot;,
	[&quot;nok&quot;] = &quot;Nooksack&quot;,
	[&quot;nol&quot;] = &quot;Nomlaki&quot;,
	[&quot;nom&quot;] = &quot;Nocamán&quot;,
	[&quot;non&quot;] = &quot;Norse Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;nop&quot;] = &quot;Numanggang&quot;,
	[&quot;noq&quot;] = &quot;Ngongo&quot;,
	[&quot;nos&quot;] = &quot;Nisu Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;not&quot;] = &quot;Nomatsiguenga&quot;,
	[&quot;nou&quot;] = &quot;Ewage-Notu&quot;,
	[&quot;nov&quot;] = &quot;Novial&quot;,
	[&quot;now&quot;] = &quot;Nyambo&quot;,
	[&quot;noy&quot;] = &quot;Noy&quot;,
	[&quot;noz&quot;] = &quot;Nayi&quot;,
	[&quot;npa&quot;] = &quot;Phu Nar&quot;,
	[&quot;npb&quot;] = &quot;Nupbikha&quot;,
	[&quot;npg&quot;] = &quot;Ponyo&quot;,
	[&quot;nph&quot;] = &quot;Phom&quot;,
	[&quot;npl&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Puebla Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;npn&quot;] = &quot;Mondropolon&quot;,
	[&quot;npo&quot;] = &quot;Naga Pochuri&quot;,
	[&quot;nps&quot;] = &quot;Nipsan&quot;,
	[&quot;npu&quot;] = &quot;Naga Puimei&quot;,
	[&quot;npy&quot;] = &quot;Napu&quot;,
	[&quot;nqg&quot;] = &quot;Ede Nago&quot;,
	[&quot;nqk&quot;] = &quot;Kura Ede Nago&quot;,
	[&quot;nql&quot;] = &quot;Ngendelengo&quot;,
	[&quot;nqm&quot;] = &quot;Ndom&quot;,
	[&quot;nqn&quot;] = &quot;Nen&quot;,
	[&quot;nqo&quot;] = &quot;N'Ko&quot;,
	[&quot;nqq&quot;] = &quot;Naga Kyan-Karyaw&quot;,
	[&quot;nqy&quot;] = &quot;Akyaung Ari&quot;,
	[&quot;nr&quot;] = &quot;Ndebele Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;nra&quot;] = &quot;Ngom&quot;,
	[&quot;nrb&quot;] = &quot;Nara&quot;,
	[&quot;nrc&quot;] = &quot;Noric&quot;,
	[&quot;nre&quot;] = &quot;Naga Rengma Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;nrf&quot;] = &quot;Norman&quot;,
	[&quot;nrg&quot;] = &quot;Narango&quot;,
	[&quot;nri&quot;] = &quot;Naga Chokri&quot;,
	[&quot;nrk&quot;] = &quot;Ngarla&quot;,
	[&quot;nrl&quot;] = &quot;Ngarluma&quot;,
	[&quot;nrm&quot;] = &quot;Narom&quot;,
	[&quot;nrn&quot;] = &quot;Norn&quot;,
	[&quot;nrp&quot;] = &quot;Picene Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nrr&quot;] = &quot;Norra&quot;,
	[&quot;nrt&quot;] = &quot;Kalapuya Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nru&quot;] = &quot;Narua&quot;,
	[&quot;nrx&quot;] = &quot;Ngurmbur&quot;,
	[&quot;nrz&quot;] = &quot;Lala (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;nsa&quot;] = &quot;Naga Sangtam&quot;,
	[&quot;nsb&quot;] = &quot;Nossob Hilir&quot;,
	[&quot;nsc&quot;] = &quot;Nshi&quot;,
	[&quot;nsd&quot;] = &quot;Nisu Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;nse&quot;] = &quot;Nsenga&quot;,
	[&quot;nsg&quot;] = &quot;Ngasa&quot;,
	[&quot;nsh&quot;] = &quot;Ngoshie&quot;,
	[&quot;nsi&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Nigeria&quot;,
	[&quot;nsk&quot;] = &quot;Naskapi&quot;,
	[&quot;nsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Norwegia&quot;,
	[&quot;nsm&quot;] = &quot;Sema&quot;,
	[&quot;nsn&quot;] = &quot;Nehan&quot;,
	[&quot;nso&quot;] = &quot;Sotho Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nsp&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Nepal&quot;,
	[&quot;nsq&quot;] = &quot;Miwok Sierra Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nsr&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Maritim&quot;,
	[&quot;nss&quot;] = &quot;Nali&quot;,
	[&quot;nst&quot;] = &quot;Tangsa&quot;,
	[&quot;nsu&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Sierra Negra&quot;,
	[&quot;nsv&quot;] = &quot;Nisu Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;nsw&quot;] = &quot;Navut&quot;,
	[&quot;nsx&quot;] = &quot;Nsongo&quot;,
	[&quot;nsy&quot;] = &quot;Nasal&quot;,
	[&quot;nsz&quot;] = &quot;Nisenan&quot;,
	[&quot;ntd&quot;] = &quot;Tidung Sesayap&quot;,
	[&quot;nte&quot;] = &quot;Nathembo&quot;,
	[&quot;ntg&quot;] = &quot;Ngantangarra&quot;,
	[&quot;nti&quot;] = &quot;Natioro&quot;,
	[&quot;ntj&quot;] = &quot;Ngaanyatjarra&quot;,
	[&quot;ntk&quot;] = &quot;Ikoma&quot;,
	[&quot;ntm&quot;] = &quot;Nateni&quot;,
	[&quot;nto&quot;] = &quot;Ntomba&quot;,
	[&quot;ntp&quot;] = &quot;Tepehuan Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ntr&quot;] = &quot;Delo&quot;,
	[&quot;nts&quot;] = &quot;Natagaimas&quot;,
	[&quot;ntu&quot;] = &quot;Natügu&quot;,
	[&quot;ntw&quot;] = &quot;Nottoway&quot;,
	[&quot;ntx&quot;] = &quot;Somra&quot;,
	[&quot;nty&quot;] = &quot;Mantsi&quot;,
	[&quot;nua&quot;] = &quot;Yuaga&quot;,
	[&quot;nub-har&quot;] = &quot;Haraza&quot;,
	[&quot;nub-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nubia&quot;,
	[&quot;nuc&quot;] = &quot;Nukuini&quot;,
	[&quot;nud&quot;] = &quot;Ngala&quot;,
	[&quot;nue&quot;] = &quot;Ngundu&quot;,
	[&quot;nuf&quot;] = &quot;Nusu&quot;,
	[&quot;nug&quot;] = &quot;Nungali&quot;,
	[&quot;nuh&quot;] = &quot;Ndunda&quot;,
	[&quot;nui&quot;] = &quot;Ngumbi&quot;,
	[&quot;nuj&quot;] = &quot;Nyole (Uganda)&quot;,
	[&quot;nuk&quot;] = &quot;Nootka&quot;,
	[&quot;nul&quot;] = &quot;Nusa Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;num&quot;] = &quot;Niuafo'ou&quot;,
	[&quot;nun&quot;] = &quot;Anong&quot;,
	[&quot;nuo&quot;] = &quot;Nguôn&quot;,
	[&quot;nup&quot;] = &quot;Nupe&quot;,
	[&quot;nuq&quot;] = &quot;Nukumanu&quot;,
	[&quot;nur&quot;] = &quot;Nuguria&quot;,
	[&quot;nus&quot;] = &quot;Nuer&quot;,
	[&quot;nut&quot;] = &quot;Nung&quot;,
	[&quot;nuu&quot;] = &quot;Ngbundu&quot;,
	[&quot;nuv&quot;] = &quot;Nuni Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;nuw&quot;] = &quot;Nguluwan&quot;,
	[&quot;nux&quot;] = &quot;Mehek&quot;,
	[&quot;nuy&quot;] = &quot;Nunggubuyu&quot;,
	[&quot;nuz&quot;] = &quot;Nahuatl Tlamacazapa&quot;,
	[&quot;nv&quot;] = &quot;Navajo&quot;,
	[&quot;nvh&quot;] = &quot;Nasarian&quot;,
	[&quot;nvm&quot;] = &quot;Namiae&quot;,
	[&quot;nvo&quot;] = &quot;Nyokon&quot;,
	[&quot;nwa&quot;] = &quot;Nawathinehena&quot;,
	[&quot;nwb&quot;] = &quot;Nyabwa&quot;,
	[&quot;nwc&quot;] = &quot;Newar Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;nwe&quot;] = &quot;Ngwe&quot;,
	[&quot;nwi&quot;] = &quot;Tanna Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;nwm&quot;] = &quot;Nyamusa-Molo&quot;,
	[&quot;nwo&quot;] = &quot;Nauo&quot;,
	[&quot;nwr&quot;] = &quot;Nawaru&quot;,
	[&quot;nwx&quot;] = &quot;Newar Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;nwy&quot;] = &quot;Nottoway-Meherrin&quot;,
	[&quot;nxa&quot;] = &quot;Nauete&quot;,
	[&quot;nxd&quot;] = &quot;Ngando (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;nxe&quot;] = &quot;Nage&quot;,
	[&quot;nxg&quot;] = &quot;Ngadha&quot;,
	[&quot;nxi&quot;] = &quot;Nindi&quot;,
	[&quot;nxl&quot;] = &quot;Nuaulu Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;nxm&quot;] = &quot;Numidia&quot;,
	[&quot;nxn&quot;] = &quot;Ngawun&quot;,
	[&quot;nxo&quot;] = &quot;Ndambomo&quot;,
	[&quot;nxq&quot;] = &quot;Naxi&quot;,
	[&quot;nxr&quot;] = &quot;Ninggerum&quot;,
	[&quot;nxu&quot;] = &quot;Narau&quot;,
	[&quot;nxx&quot;] = &quot;Nafri&quot;,
	[&quot;ny&quot;] = &quot;Chichewa&quot;,
	[&quot;nyb&quot;] = &quot;Nyangbo&quot;,
	[&quot;nyc&quot;] = &quot;Nyanga-li&quot;,
	[&quot;nyd&quot;] = &quot;Nyole (Kenya)&quot;,
	[&quot;nye&quot;] = &quot;Nyengo&quot;,
	[&quot;nyf&quot;] = &quot;Giryama&quot;,
	[&quot;nyg&quot;] = &quot;Nyindu&quot;,
	[&quot;nyh&quot;] = &quot;Nyigina&quot;,
	[&quot;nyi&quot;] = &quot;Nyimang&quot;,
	[&quot;nyj&quot;] = &quot;Nyanga (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;nyk&quot;] = &quot;Nyaneka&quot;,
	[&quot;nyl&quot;] = &quot;Nyeu&quot;,
	[&quot;nym&quot;] = &quot;Nyamwezi&quot;,
	[&quot;nyn&quot;] = &quot;Nyankole&quot;,
	[&quot;nyo&quot;] = &quot;Nyoro&quot;,
	[&quot;nyp&quot;] = &quot;Nyang'i&quot;,
	[&quot;nys&quot;] = &quot;Nyunga&quot;,
	[&quot;nyt&quot;] = &quot;Nyawaygi&quot;,
	[&quot;nyu&quot;] = &quot;Nyungwe&quot;,
	[&quot;nyv&quot;] = &quot;Nyulnyul&quot;,
	[&quot;nyw&quot;] = &quot;Nyaw&quot;,
	[&quot;nyx&quot;] = &quot;Nganyaywana&quot;,
	[&quot;nyy&quot;] = &quot;Nyakyusa&quot;,
	[&quot;nza&quot;] = &quot;Mbembe Tigon&quot;,
	[&quot;nzb&quot;] = &quot;Njebi&quot;,
	[&quot;nzd&quot;] = &quot;Nzadi&quot;,
	[&quot;nzi&quot;] = &quot;Nzima&quot;,
	[&quot;nzk&quot;] = &quot;Nzakara&quot;,
	[&quot;nzm&quot;] = &quot;Naga Zeme&quot;,
	[&quot;nzs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Selandia Baru&quot;,
	[&quot;nzu&quot;] = &quot;Teke Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;nzy&quot;] = &quot;Nzakambay&quot;,
	[&quot;nzz&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Nanga Dama&quot;,
	[&quot;oaa&quot;] = &quot;Orok&quot;,
	[&quot;oac&quot;] = &quot;Oroch&quot;,
	[&quot;oav&quot;] = &quot;Avar Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;obi&quot;] = &quot;Obispeño&quot;,
	[&quot;obk&quot;] = &quot;Bontoc Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;obl&quot;] = &quot;Oblo&quot;,
	[&quot;obm&quot;] = &quot;Moabite&quot;,
	[&quot;obo&quot;] = &quot;Manobo Obo&quot;,
	[&quot;obr&quot;] = &quot;Burma Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;obt&quot;] = &quot;Breton Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;obu&quot;] = &quot;Obulom&quot;,
	[&quot;oc&quot;] = &quot;Occitan&quot;,
	[&quot;oca&quot;] = &quot;Ocaina&quot;,
	[&quot;och&quot;] = &quot;Tionghoa Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;oco&quot;] = &quot;Kernowek Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;ocu&quot;] = &quot;Tlahuica&quot;,
	[&quot;oda&quot;] = &quot;Odut&quot;,
	[&quot;odk&quot;] = &quot;Od&quot;,
	[&quot;odt&quot;] = &quot;Belando Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;odu&quot;] = &quot;Odual&quot;,
	[&quot;ofo&quot;] = &quot;Ofo&quot;,
	[&quot;ofs&quot;] = &quot;Frisia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;ofu&quot;] = &quot;Efutop&quot;,
	[&quot;ogb&quot;] = &quot;Ogbia&quot;,
	[&quot;ogc&quot;] = &quot;Ogbah&quot;,
	[&quot;oge&quot;] = &quot;Georgia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;ogg&quot;] = &quot;Ogbogolo&quot;,
	[&quot;ogo&quot;] = &quot;Khana&quot;,
	[&quot;ogu&quot;] = &quot;Ogbronuagum&quot;,
	[&quot;ohu&quot;] = &quot;Hungaria Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;oia&quot;] = &quot;Oirata&quot;,
	[&quot;oin&quot;] = &quot;One Inebu&quot;,
	[&quot;oj&quot;] = &quot;Ojibwe&quot;,
	[&quot;ojb&quot;] = &quot;Ojibwa Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;ojc&quot;] = &quot;Ojibwa Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;ojg&quot;] = &quot;Ojibwa Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;ojp&quot;] = &quot;Jepang Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;ojs&quot;] = &quot;Ojibwa Severn&quot;,
	[&quot;ojv&quot;] = &quot;Ontong Jawa&quot;,
	[&quot;ojw&quot;] = &quot;Ojibwa Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;oka&quot;] = &quot;Okanagan&quot;,
	[&quot;okb&quot;] = &quot;Okobo&quot;,
	[&quot;okd&quot;] = &quot;Okodia&quot;,
	[&quot;oke&quot;] = &quot;Okpe (Edo Barat Daya)&quot;,
	[&quot;okg&quot;] = &quot;Kok-Paponk&quot;,
	[&quot;okh&quot;] = &quot;Koresh-e Rostam&quot;,
	[&quot;oki&quot;] = &quot;Okiek&quot;,
	[&quot;okj&quot;] = &quot;Oko-Juwoi&quot;,
	[&quot;okk&quot;] = &quot;One Kwamtim&quot;,
	[&quot;okl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Kent Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;okm&quot;] = &quot;Korea Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;okn&quot;] = &quot;Oki-No-Erabu&quot;,
	[&quot;oko&quot;] = &quot;Korea Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;okr&quot;] = &quot;Kirike&quot;,
	[&quot;oks&quot;] = &quot;Oko-Eni-Osayen&quot;,
	[&quot;oku&quot;] = &quot;Oku&quot;,
	[&quot;okv&quot;] = &quot;Orokaiva&quot;,
	[&quot;okx&quot;] = &quot;Okpe (Edo Barat Laut)&quot;,
	[&quot;okz&quot;] = &quot;Khmer Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;old&quot;] = &quot;Mochi&quot;,
	[&quot;ole&quot;] = &quot;Olekha&quot;,
	[&quot;olm&quot;] = &quot;Oloma&quot;,
	[&quot;olo&quot;] = &quot;Livvi&quot;,
	[&quot;olr&quot;] = &quot;Olrat&quot;,
	[&quot;olt&quot;] = &quot;Lithuania Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;olu&quot;] = &quot;Kuvale&quot;,
	[&quot;om&quot;] = &quot;Oromo&quot;,
	[&quot;oma&quot;] = &quot;Omaha-Ponca&quot;,
	[&quot;omb&quot;] = &quot;Omba&quot;,
	[&quot;omc&quot;] = &quot;Mochica&quot;,
	[&quot;omg&quot;] = &quot;Omagua&quot;,
	[&quot;omi&quot;] = &quot;Omi&quot;,
	[&quot;omk&quot;] = &quot;Omok&quot;,
	[&quot;oml&quot;] = &quot;Ombo&quot;,
	[&quot;omn&quot;] = &quot;Minoan&quot;,
	[&quot;omo&quot;] = &quot;Utarmbung&quot;,
	[&quot;omp&quot;] = &quot;Manipuri Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-cha-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chatino&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-maz-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mazatec&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-mix-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mixtecan&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-mxt-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mixtec&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-otp-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Oto-Pamean&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Oto-Manguean&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-tel&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Teposcolula&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-teo&quot;] = &quot;Chatino Teojomulco&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-tri-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Trique&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-zap-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Zapotecan&quot;,
	[&quot;omq-zpc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Zapotec&quot;,
	[&quot;omr&quot;] = &quot;Marathi Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;omt&quot;] = &quot;Omotik&quot;,
	[&quot;omu&quot;] = &quot;Omurano&quot;,
	[&quot;omv-aro-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Aroid&quot;,
	[&quot;omv-diz-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Dizoid&quot;,
	[&quot;omv-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Omotic&quot;,
	[&quot;omw&quot;] = &quot;Tairora Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;omx&quot;] = &quot;Mon Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;ona&quot;] = &quot;Selk'nam&quot;,
	[&quot;onb&quot;] = &quot;Lingao&quot;,
	[&quot;one&quot;] = &quot;Oneida&quot;,
	[&quot;ong&quot;] = &quot;Olo&quot;,
	[&quot;oni&quot;] = &quot;Onin&quot;,
	[&quot;onj&quot;] = &quot;Onjob&quot;,
	[&quot;onk&quot;] = &quot;One Kabore&quot;,
	[&quot;onn&quot;] = &quot;Onobasulu&quot;,
	[&quot;ono&quot;] = &quot;Onondaga&quot;,
	[&quot;onp&quot;] = &quot;Sartang&quot;,
	[&quot;onr&quot;] = &quot;One Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ons&quot;] = &quot;Ono&quot;,
	[&quot;ont&quot;] = &quot;Ontenu&quot;,
	[&quot;onu&quot;] = &quot;Unua&quot;,
	[&quot;onw&quot;] = &quot;Nubia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;onx&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Onin&quot;,
	[&quot;ood&quot;] = &quot;O'odham&quot;,
	[&quot;oog&quot;] = &quot;Ong&quot;,
	[&quot;oon&quot;] = &quot;Önge&quot;,
	[&quot;oor&quot;] = &quot;Oorlams&quot;,
	[&quot;oos&quot;] = &quot;Ossetik Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;opa&quot;] = &quot;Okpamheri&quot;,
	[&quot;opk&quot;] = &quot;Kopkaka&quot;,
	[&quot;opm&quot;] = &quot;Oksapmin&quot;,
	[&quot;opo&quot;] = &quot;Opao&quot;,
	[&quot;opt&quot;] = &quot;Opata&quot;,
	[&quot;opy&quot;] = &quot;Ofayé&quot;,
	[&quot;or&quot;] = &quot;Oriya&quot;,
	[&quot;ora&quot;] = &quot;Oroha&quot;,
	[&quot;ore&quot;] = &quot;Orejón&quot;,
	[&quot;org&quot;] = &quot;Oring&quot;,
	[&quot;orh&quot;] = &quot;Oroqen&quot;,
	[&quot;oro&quot;] = &quot;Orokolo&quot;,
	[&quot;orr&quot;] = &quot;Oruma&quot;,
	[&quot;ort&quot;] = &quot;Adiwasi Oriya&quot;,
	[&quot;oru&quot;] = &quot;Ormuri&quot;,
	[&quot;orv&quot;] = &quot;Slavik Timur Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;orw&quot;] = &quot;Oro Win&quot;,
	[&quot;orx&quot;] = &quot;Oro&quot;,
	[&quot;orz&quot;] = &quot;Ormu&quot;,
	[&quot;os&quot;] = &quot;Ossetia&quot;,
	[&quot;os-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Ossetic&quot;,
	[&quot;osa&quot;] = &quot;Osage&quot;,
	[&quot;osc&quot;] = &quot;Oscan&quot;,
	[&quot;osi&quot;] = &quot;Using&quot;,
	[&quot;osn&quot;] = &quot;Sunda Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;oso&quot;] = &quot;Ososo&quot;,
	[&quot;osp&quot;] = &quot;Spanyol Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;ost&quot;] = &quot;Osatu&quot;,
	[&quot;osu&quot;] = &quot;One Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;osx&quot;] = &quot;Saxon Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;ota&quot;] = &quot;Turki Ottoman&quot;,
	[&quot;otb&quot;] = &quot;Tibet Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;otd&quot;] = &quot;Ot Danum&quot;,
	[&quot;ote&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Mezquital&quot;,
	[&quot;oti&quot;] = &quot;Oti&quot;,
	[&quot;otk&quot;] = &quot;Turkik Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;otl&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Tilapa&quot;,
	[&quot;otm&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Pegunungan Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;otn&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Tenango&quot;,
	[&quot;oto-otm-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Otomi&quot;,
	[&quot;oto-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Otomian&quot;,
	[&quot;otq&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Querétaro&quot;,
	[&quot;otr&quot;] = &quot;Otoro&quot;,
	[&quot;ots&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Estado de México&quot;,
	[&quot;ott&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Temoaya&quot;,
	[&quot;otu&quot;] = &quot;Otuke&quot;,
	[&quot;otw&quot;] = &quot;Ottawa&quot;,
	[&quot;otx&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Texcatepec&quot;,
	[&quot;oty&quot;] = &quot;Tamil Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;otz&quot;] = &quot;Otomi Ixtenco&quot;,
	[&quot;oub&quot;] = &quot;Glio-Oubi&quot;,
	[&quot;oue&quot;] = &quot;Oune&quot;,
	[&quot;oui&quot;] = &quot;Uighur Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;oum&quot;] = &quot;Ouma&quot;,
	[&quot;ovd&quot;] = &quot;Elfdalia&quot;,
	[&quot;owi&quot;] = &quot;Owiniga&quot;,
	[&quot;owl&quot;] = &quot;Welsh Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;oyb&quot;] = &quot;Oy&quot;,
	[&quot;oyd&quot;] = &quot;Oyda&quot;,
	[&quot;oym&quot;] = &quot;Wayampi&quot;,
	[&quot;oyy&quot;] = &quot;Oya'oya&quot;,
	[&quot;ozm&quot;] = &quot;Koonzime&quot;,
	[&quot;pa&quot;] = &quot;Punjab&quot;,
	[&quot;paa-kom&quot;] = &quot;Kómnzo&quot;,
	[&quot;paa-kwn&quot;] = &quot;Kuwani&quot;,
	[&quot;paa-nha-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Halmahera Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;paa-nun&quot;] = &quot;Nungon&quot;,
	[&quot;pab&quot;] = &quot;Pareci&quot;,
	[&quot;pac&quot;] = &quot;Pacoh&quot;,
	[&quot;pad&quot;] = &quot;Paumarí&quot;,
	[&quot;pae&quot;] = &quot;Pagibete&quot;,
	[&quot;paf&quot;] = &quot;Paranawát&quot;,
	[&quot;pag&quot;] = &quot;Pangasinan&quot;,
	[&quot;pah&quot;] = &quot;Tenharim&quot;,
	[&quot;pai&quot;] = &quot;Pe&quot;,
	[&quot;pak&quot;] = &quot;Parakanã&quot;,
	[&quot;pal&quot;] = &quot;Persia Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;pam&quot;] = &quot;Kapampangan&quot;,
    [&quot;PAN&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Austronesia&quot;,
	[&quot;pao&quot;] = &quot;Paiute Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;pap&quot;] = &quot;Papiamentu&quot;,
	[&quot;paq&quot;] = &quot;Parya&quot;,
	[&quot;par&quot;] = &quot;Panamint&quot;,
	[&quot;pas&quot;] = &quot;Papasena&quot;,
	[&quot;pat&quot;] = &quot;Papitalai&quot;,
	[&quot;pau&quot;] = &quot;Palauan&quot;,
	[&quot;pav&quot;] = &quot;Wari'&quot;,
	[&quot;paw&quot;] = &quot;Pawnee&quot;,
	[&quot;pax&quot;] = &quot;Pankararé&quot;,
	[&quot;pay&quot;] = &quot;Pech&quot;,
	[&quot;paz&quot;] = &quot;Pankararú&quot;,
	[&quot;pbb&quot;] = &quot;Páez&quot;,
	[&quot;pbc&quot;] = &quot;Patamona&quot;,
	[&quot;pbe&quot;] = &quot;Popoloca Mezontla&quot;,
	[&quot;pbf&quot;] = &quot;Popoloca Coyotepec&quot;,
	[&quot;pbg&quot;] = &quot;Paraujano&quot;,
	[&quot;pbh&quot;] = &quot;Panare&quot;,
	[&quot;pbi&quot;] = &quot;Podoko&quot;,
	[&quot;pbl&quot;] = &quot;Mak (Nigeria)&quot;,
	[&quot;pbm&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec Puebla&quot;,
	[&quot;pbn&quot;] = &quot;Kpasam&quot;,
	[&quot;pbo&quot;] = &quot;Papel&quot;,
	[&quot;pbp&quot;] = &quot;Badyara&quot;,
	[&quot;pbr&quot;] = &quot;Pangwa&quot;,
	[&quot;pbs&quot;] = &quot;Pame Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;pbv&quot;] = &quot;Pnar&quot;,
	[&quot;pby&quot;] = &quot;Pyu&quot;,
	[&quot;pca&quot;] = &quot;Popoloca Santa Inés Ahuatempan&quot;,
	[&quot;pcb&quot;] = &quot;Pear&quot;,
	[&quot;pcc&quot;] = &quot;Bouyei&quot;,
	[&quot;pcd&quot;] = &quot;Picard&quot;,
	[&quot;pce&quot;] = &quot;Palaung Ruching&quot;,
	[&quot;pcf&quot;] = &quot;Paliyan&quot;,
	[&quot;pcg&quot;] = &quot;Paniya&quot;,
	[&quot;pch&quot;] = &quot;Pardhan&quot;,
	[&quot;pci&quot;] = &quot;Duruwa&quot;,
	[&quot;pcj&quot;] = &quot;Parenga&quot;,
	[&quot;pck&quot;] = &quot;Paite&quot;,
	[&quot;pcl&quot;] = &quot;Pardhi&quot;,
	[&quot;pcm&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Nigeria&quot;,
	[&quot;pcn&quot;] = &quot;Piti&quot;,
	[&quot;pcp&quot;] = &quot;Pacahuara&quot;,
	[&quot;pcw&quot;] = &quot;Pyapun&quot;,
	[&quot;pda&quot;] = &quot;Anam&quot;,
	[&quot;pdc&quot;] = &quot;Jerman Pennsylvania&quot;,
	[&quot;pdi&quot;] = &quot;Pa Di&quot;,
	[&quot;pdn&quot;] = &quot;Fedan&quot;,
	[&quot;pdo&quot;] = &quot;Padoe&quot;,
	[&quot;pdt&quot;] = &quot;Plautdietsch&quot;,
	[&quot;pdu&quot;] = &quot;Kayan&quot;,
	[&quot;pea&quot;] = &quot;Indónésia Peranakan&quot;,
	[&quot;peb&quot;] = &quot;Pomo Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;ped&quot;] = &quot;Mala (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;pee&quot;] = &quot;Taje&quot;,
	[&quot;pef&quot;] = &quot;Pomo Timur Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;peg&quot;] = &quot;Pengo&quot;,
	[&quot;peh&quot;] = &quot;Bonan&quot;,
	[&quot;pei&quot;] = &quot;Chichimeca-Jonaz&quot;,
	[&quot;pej&quot;] = &quot;Pomo Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;pek&quot;] = &quot;Penchal&quot;,
	[&quot;pel&quot;] = &quot;Pekal&quot;,
	[&quot;pem&quot;] = &quot;Phende&quot;,
	[&quot;peo&quot;] = &quot;Persia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;pep&quot;] = &quot;Kunja&quot;,
	[&quot;peq&quot;] = &quot;Pomo Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;pev&quot;] = &quot;Pémono&quot;,
	[&quot;pex&quot;] = &quot;Petats&quot;,
	[&quot;pey&quot;] = &quot;Peco&quot;,
	[&quot;pez&quot;] = &quot;Penan Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;pfa&quot;] = &quot;Pááfang&quot;,
	[&quot;pfe&quot;] = &quot;Peere&quot;,
	[&quot;pga&quot;] = &quot;Arab Juba&quot;,
	[&quot;pgd&quot;] = &quot;Gandhari&quot;,
	[&quot;pgg&quot;] = &quot;Pangwali&quot;,
	[&quot;pgi&quot;] = &quot;Pagi&quot;,
	[&quot;pgk&quot;] = &quot;Rerep&quot;,
	[&quot;pgl&quot;] = &quot;Irlandia Primitif&quot;,
	[&quot;pgn&quot;] = &quot;Paelignian&quot;,
	[&quot;pgs&quot;] = &quot;Pangseng&quot;,
	[&quot;pgu&quot;] = &quot;Isam&quot;,
	[&quot;pgz&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Papua Nugini&quot;,
	[&quot;pha&quot;] = &quot;Pa-Hng&quot;,
	[&quot;phd&quot;] = &quot;Phudagi&quot;,
	[&quot;phg&quot;] = &quot;Phuong&quot;,
	[&quot;phh&quot;] = &quot;Phukha&quot;,
	[&quot;phi-din&quot;] = &quot;Agta Dinapigue&quot;,
	[&quot;phi-kal-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kalamian&quot;,
	[&quot;phi-nag&quot;] = &quot;Agta Nagtipunan&quot;,
	[&quot;phi-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Filipina&quot;,
	[&quot;phk&quot;] = &quot;Phake&quot;,
	[&quot;phl&quot;] = &quot;Phalura&quot;,
	[&quot;phm&quot;] = &quot;Phimbi&quot;,
	[&quot;phn&quot;] = &quot;Fenisia&quot;,
	[&quot;pho&quot;] = &quot;Phunoi&quot;,
	[&quot;phq&quot;] = &quot;Phana'&quot;,
	[&quot;phr&quot;] = &quot;Pahari-Potwari&quot;,
	[&quot;pht&quot;] = &quot;Phu Thai&quot;,
	[&quot;phu&quot;] = &quot;Phuan&quot;,
	[&quot;phv&quot;] = &quot;Pahlavani&quot;,
	[&quot;phw&quot;] = &quot;Phangduwali&quot;,
	[&quot;pi&quot;] = &quot;Pali&quot;,
	[&quot;pia&quot;] = &quot;Pima Bajo&quot;,
	[&quot;pib&quot;] = &quot;Yine&quot;,
	[&quot;pic&quot;] = &quot;Pinji&quot;,
	[&quot;pid&quot;] = &quot;Piaroa&quot;,
	[&quot;pie&quot;] = &quot;Piro&quot;,
	[&quot;pif&quot;] = &quot;Pingelapese&quot;,
	[&quot;pig&quot;] = &quot;Pisabo&quot;,
	[&quot;pih&quot;] = &quot;Pitcairn-Norfolk&quot;,
	[&quot;pii&quot;] = &quot;Pini&quot;,
	[&quot;pij&quot;] = &quot;Pijao&quot;,
	[&quot;pil&quot;] = &quot;Yom&quot;,
	[&quot;pim&quot;] = &quot;Powhatan&quot;,
	[&quot;pin&quot;] = &quot;Piame&quot;,
	[&quot;pio&quot;] = &quot;Piapoco&quot;,
	[&quot;pip&quot;] = &quot;Pero&quot;,
	[&quot;pir&quot;] = &quot;Piratapuyo&quot;,
	[&quot;pis&quot;] = &quot;Pijin&quot;,
	[&quot;pit&quot;] = &quot;Pitta-Pitta&quot;,
	[&quot;piu&quot;] = &quot;Pintupi-Luritja&quot;,
	[&quot;piv&quot;] = &quot;Pileni&quot;,
	[&quot;piw&quot;] = &quot;Pimbwe&quot;,
	[&quot;pix&quot;] = &quot;Piu&quot;,
	[&quot;piy&quot;] = &quot;Piya-Kwonci&quot;,
	[&quot;piz&quot;] = &quot;Pije&quot;,
	[&quot;pjt&quot;] = &quot;Pitjantjatjara&quot;,
	[&quot;pka&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Ardhamagadhi&quot;,
	[&quot;pkb&quot;] = &quot;Kipfokomo&quot;,
	[&quot;pkc&quot;] = &quot;Baekje&quot;,
	[&quot;pkg&quot;] = &quot;Pak-Tong&quot;,
	[&quot;pkh&quot;] = &quot;Pankhu&quot;,
	[&quot;pkn&quot;] = &quot;Pakanha&quot;,
	[&quot;pko&quot;] = &quot;Pökoot&quot;,
	[&quot;pkp&quot;] = &quot;Pukapukan&quot;,
	[&quot;pkr&quot;] = &quot;Kurumba Attapady&quot;,
	[&quot;pks&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Pakistan&quot;,
	[&quot;pkt&quot;] = &quot;Maleng&quot;,
	[&quot;pku&quot;] = &quot;Paku&quot;,
	[&quot;pl&quot;] = &quot;Polandia&quot;,
	[&quot;pla&quot;] = &quot;Miani&quot;,
	[&quot;plb&quot;] = &quot;Polonombauk&quot;,
	[&quot;plc&quot;] = &quot;Palawano Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;ple&quot;] = &quot;Palu'e&quot;,
	[&quot;plg&quot;] = &quot;Pilagá&quot;,
	[&quot;plh&quot;] = &quot;Paulohi&quot;,
	[&quot;plj&quot;] = &quot;Polci&quot;,
	[&quot;plk&quot;] = &quot;Shina Kohistani&quot;,
	[&quot;pll&quot;] = &quot;Palaung Shwe&quot;,
	[&quot;pln&quot;] = &quot;Palenquero&quot;,
	[&quot;plo&quot;] = &quot;Popoluca Oluta&quot;,
	[&quot;plq&quot;] = &quot;Palaic&quot;,
	[&quot;plr&quot;] = &quot;Senoufo Palaka&quot;,
	[&quot;pls&quot;] = &quot;Popoloca San Marcos Tlalcoyalco&quot;,
	[&quot;plu&quot;] = &quot;Palikur&quot;,
	[&quot;plv&quot;] = &quot;Palawano Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;plw&quot;] = &quot;Palawano Brooke's Point&quot;,
	[&quot;ply&quot;] = &quot;Bolyu&quot;,
	[&quot;plz&quot;] = &quot;Paluan&quot;,
	[&quot;pma&quot;] = &quot;Paama&quot;,
	[&quot;pmb&quot;] = &quot;Pambia&quot;,
	[&quot;pmd&quot;] = &quot;Pallanganmiddang&quot;,
	[&quot;pme&quot;] = &quot;Pwaamei&quot;,
	[&quot;pmf&quot;] = &quot;Pamona&quot;,
	[&quot;pmh&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Maharastri&quot;,
	[&quot;pmi&quot;] = &quot;Pumi Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;pmj&quot;] = &quot;Pumi Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;pmk&quot;] = &quot;Pamlico&quot;,
	[&quot;pml&quot;] = &quot;Sabir&quot;,
	[&quot;pmm&quot;] = &quot;Pol&quot;,
	[&quot;pmn&quot;] = &quot;Pam&quot;,
	[&quot;pmo&quot;] = &quot;Pom&quot;,
    [&quot;PMP&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Melayu-Polinesia&quot;,
	[&quot;pmq&quot;] = &quot;Pame Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;pmr&quot;] = &quot;Paynamar&quot;,
	[&quot;pms&quot;] = &quot;Piedmont&quot;,
	[&quot;pmt&quot;] = &quot;Tuamotuan&quot;,
	[&quot;pmu&quot;] = &quot;Panjabi Mirpur&quot;,
	[&quot;pmw&quot;] = &quot;Miwok Plains&quot;,
	[&quot;pmx&quot;] = &quot;Naga Poumei&quot;,
	[&quot;pmy&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Papua&quot;,
	[&quot;pmz&quot;] = &quot;Pame Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;pna&quot;] = &quot;Punan Bah-Biau&quot;,
	[&quot;pnb&quot;] = &quot;Panjabi Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;pnc&quot;] = &quot;Pannei&quot;,
	[&quot;pnd&quot;] = &quot;Mpinda&quot;,
	[&quot;pne&quot;] = &quot;Penan Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;png&quot;] = &quot;Pongu&quot;,
	[&quot;pnh&quot;] = &quot;Penrhyn&quot;,
	[&quot;pni&quot;] = &quot;Aoheng&quot;,
	[&quot;pnj&quot;] = &quot;Pinjarup&quot;,
	[&quot;pnk&quot;] = &quot;Paunaca&quot;,
	[&quot;pnl&quot;] = &quot;Paleni&quot;,
	[&quot;pnm&quot;] = &quot;Punan Batu&quot;,
	[&quot;pnn&quot;] = &quot;Pinai-Hagahai&quot;,
	[&quot;pno&quot;] = &quot;Panobo&quot;,
	[&quot;pnp&quot;] = &quot;Pancana&quot;,
	[&quot;pnq&quot;] = &quot;Pana (Afrika Barat)&quot;,
	[&quot;pnr&quot;] = &quot;Panim&quot;,
	[&quot;pns&quot;] = &quot;Ponosakan&quot;,
	[&quot;pnt&quot;] = &quot;Yunani Pontic&quot;,
	[&quot;pnu&quot;] = &quot;Bunu Jiongnai&quot;,
	[&quot;pnv&quot;] = &quot;Pinigura&quot;,
	[&quot;pnw&quot;] = &quot;Panyjima&quot;,
	[&quot;pnx&quot;] = &quot;Phong-Kniang&quot;,
	[&quot;pny&quot;] = &quot;Pinyin&quot;,
	[&quot;pnz&quot;] = &quot;Pana (Afrika Tengah)&quot;,
	[&quot;poc&quot;] = &quot;Poqomam&quot;,
	[&quot;poe&quot;] = &quot;Popoloca San Juan Atzingo&quot;,
	[&quot;pof&quot;] = &quot;Poke&quot;,
	[&quot;pog&quot;] = &quot;Potiguára&quot;,
	[&quot;poh&quot;] = &quot;Poqomchi'&quot;,
	[&quot;poi&quot;] = &quot;Popoluca Pegunungan&quot;,
	[&quot;pok&quot;] = &quot;Pokangá&quot;,
	[&quot;pom&quot;] = &quot;Pomo Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;pon&quot;] = &quot;Pohnpei&quot;,
	[&quot;poo&quot;] = &quot;Pomo Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;pop&quot;] = &quot;Pwapwa&quot;,
	[&quot;poq&quot;] = &quot;Popoluca Texistepec&quot;,
	[&quot;pos&quot;] = &quot;Popoluca Sayula&quot;,
	[&quot;pot&quot;] = &quot;Potawatomi&quot;,
	[&quot;pov&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Guinea-Bissau&quot;,
	[&quot;pow&quot;] = &quot;Popoloca San Felipe Otlaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;pox&quot;] = &quot;Polabia&quot;,
	[&quot;poy&quot;] = &quot;Pogolo&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-abi&quot;] = &quot;Abai&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-bal&quot;] = &quot;Baliledo&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-btk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Bungku-Tolaki&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-cet-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Melayu-Polinesia Tengah Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-hce-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-lgx-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Lampung&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-mcm-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Melayu-Chamik&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-mly-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Melayik&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-msa-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Melayu-Sumbawa&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-oce-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Oseanik&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-pep-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Polinesia Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-pnp-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Polinesia Inti&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-pol-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Polinesia&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Melayu-Polinesia&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-sml&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Sarawak&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-ssw-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sulawesi Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-sus-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-swa-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sarawak Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;poz-ter&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Terengganu&quot;,
	[&quot;ppa&quot;] = &quot;Pao&quot;,
	[&quot;ppe&quot;] = &quot;Papi&quot;,
	[&quot;ppi&quot;] = &quot;Paipai&quot;,
	[&quot;ppk&quot;] = &quot;Uma&quot;,
	[&quot;ppl&quot;] = &quot;Pipil&quot;,
	[&quot;ppm&quot;] = &quot;Papuma&quot;,
	[&quot;ppn&quot;] = &quot;Papapana&quot;,
	[&quot;ppo&quot;] = &quot;Folopa&quot;,
	[&quot;ppq&quot;] = &quot;Pei&quot;,
	[&quot;pps&quot;] = &quot;Popoloca San Luís Temalacayuca&quot;,
	[&quot;ppt&quot;] = &quot;Pa&quot;,
	[&quot;ppu&quot;] = &quot;Papora&quot;,
	[&quot;pqa&quot;] = &quot;Pa'a&quot;,
	[&quot;pqe-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Melayu-Polinesia Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;pqm&quot;] = &quot;Malecite-Passamaquoddy&quot;,
	[&quot;pra&quot;] = &quot;Prakerta&quot;,
	[&quot;pra-niy&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Niya&quot;,
	[&quot;prc&quot;] = &quot;Parachi&quot;,
	[&quot;pre&quot;] = &quot;Principense&quot;,
	[&quot;prf&quot;] = &quot;Paranan&quot;,
	[&quot;prg&quot;] = &quot;Prusia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;prh&quot;] = &quot;Porohanon&quot;,
	[&quot;pri&quot;] = &quot;Paicî&quot;,
	[&quot;prk&quot;] = &quot;Parauk&quot;,
	[&quot;prl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Peru&quot;,
	[&quot;prm&quot;] = &quot;Kibiri&quot;,
	[&quot;prn&quot;] = &quot;Prasuni&quot;,
	[&quot;pro&quot;] = &quot;Occitan Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;prq&quot;] = &quot;Ashéninka Perené&quot;,
	[&quot;prr&quot;] = &quot;Puri&quot;,
	[&quot;prt&quot;] = &quot;Phai&quot;,
	[&quot;pru&quot;] = &quot;Puragi&quot;,
	[&quot;prw&quot;] = &quot;Parawen&quot;,
	[&quot;prx&quot;] = &quot;Purik&quot;,
	[&quot;prz&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Providencia&quot;,
	[&quot;ps&quot;] = &quot;Pashto&quot;,
	[&quot;psa&quot;] = &quot;Awyu Asue&quot;,
	[&quot;psc&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Persia&quot;,
	[&quot;psd&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Plains Indian&quot;,
	[&quot;pse&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Barisan Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;psg&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Penang&quot;,
	[&quot;psh&quot;] = &quot;Pashayi Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;psi&quot;] = &quot;Pashayi Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;psl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Puerto Riko&quot;,
	[&quot;psm&quot;] = &quot;Pauserna&quot;,
	[&quot;psn&quot;] = &quot;Panasuan&quot;,
	[&quot;pso&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Polandia&quot;,
	[&quot;psp&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Filipina&quot;,
	[&quot;psq&quot;] = &quot;Pasi&quot;,
	[&quot;psr&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Portugis&quot;,
	[&quot;pss&quot;] = &quot;Kaulong&quot;,
	[&quot;psu&quot;] = &quot;Prakrit Sauraseni&quot;,
	[&quot;psw&quot;] = &quot;Port Sandwich&quot;,
	[&quot;psy&quot;] = &quot;Piscataway&quot;,
	[&quot;pt&quot;] = &quot;Portugis&quot;,
	[&quot;pta&quot;] = &quot;Pai Tavytera&quot;,
	[&quot;pth&quot;] = &quot;Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe&quot;,
	[&quot;pti&quot;] = &quot;Pintiini&quot;,
	[&quot;ptn&quot;] = &quot;Patani&quot;,
	[&quot;pto&quot;] = &quot;Zo'é&quot;,
	[&quot;ptp&quot;] = &quot;Patep&quot;,
	[&quot;ptq&quot;] = &quot;Pattapu&quot;,
	[&quot;ptr&quot;] = &quot;Piamatsina&quot;,
	[&quot;ptt&quot;] = &quot;Enrekang&quot;,
	[&quot;ptu&quot;] = &quot;Bambam&quot;,
	[&quot;ptv&quot;] = &quot;Port Vato&quot;,
	[&quot;ptw&quot;] = &quot;Pentlatch&quot;,
	[&quot;pty&quot;] = &quot;Pathiya&quot;,
	[&quot;pua&quot;] = &quot;Purepecha&quot;,
	[&quot;pub&quot;] = &quot;Purum&quot;,
	[&quot;puc&quot;] = &quot;Punan Merap&quot;,
	[&quot;pud&quot;] = &quot;Punan Aput&quot;,
	[&quot;pue&quot;] = &quot;Puelche&quot;,
	[&quot;puf&quot;] = &quot;Punan Merah&quot;,
	[&quot;pug&quot;] = &quot;Phuie&quot;,
	[&quot;pui&quot;] = &quot;Puinave&quot;,
	[&quot;puj&quot;] = &quot;Punan Tubu&quot;,
	[&quot;pum&quot;] = &quot;Puma&quot;,
	[&quot;puo&quot;] = &quot;Puoc&quot;,
	[&quot;pup&quot;] = &quot;Pulabu&quot;,
	[&quot;puq&quot;] = &quot;Puquina&quot;,
	[&quot;pur&quot;] = &quot;Puruborá&quot;,
	[&quot;put&quot;] = &quot;Putoh&quot;,
	[&quot;puu&quot;] = &quot;Punu&quot;,
	[&quot;puw&quot;] = &quot;Puluwat&quot;,
	[&quot;pux&quot;] = &quot;Puare&quot;,
	[&quot;puy&quot;] = &quot;Purisimeño&quot;,
	[&quot;pwa&quot;] = &quot;Pawaia&quot;,
	[&quot;pwb&quot;] = &quot;Panawa&quot;,
	[&quot;pwg&quot;] = &quot;Gapapaiwa&quot;,
	[&quot;pwi&quot;] = &quot;Patwin&quot;,
	[&quot;pwm&quot;] = &quot;Molbog&quot;,
	[&quot;pwn&quot;] = &quot;Paiwan&quot;,
	[&quot;pwo&quot;] = &quot;Pwo Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;pwr&quot;] = &quot;Powari&quot;,
	[&quot;pww&quot;] = &quot;Pwo Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;pxm&quot;] = &quot;Mixe Quetzaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;pye&quot;] = &quot;Pye Krumen&quot;,
	[&quot;pym&quot;] = &quot;Fyam&quot;,
	[&quot;pyn&quot;] = &quot;Poyanáwa&quot;,
	[&quot;pys&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Paraguay&quot;,
	[&quot;pyu&quot;] = &quot;Puyuma&quot;,
	[&quot;pyx&quot;] = &quot;Tircul&quot;,
	[&quot;pyy&quot;] = &quot;Pyen&quot;,
	[&quot;pzh&quot;] = &quot;Pazeh&quot;,
	[&quot;pzn&quot;] = &quot;Naga Para&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-adm-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Great Andaman&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-bet-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Be-Tai&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-cka-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatka&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-hur-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hurro-Urartia&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-kad-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kadu&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-kms-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kam-Sui&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-kor-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Korea&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-kra-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kra&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-lic-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hlai&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-onb-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Be&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-ong-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Ongan&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-tak-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kra-Dai&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-xgx-tuh&quot;] = &quot;Tuyuhun&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-xgx-tuo&quot;] = &quot;Tuoba&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-xgx-wuh&quot;] = &quot;Wuhuan&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-xgx-xbi&quot;] = &quot;Xianbei&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-yen-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Yenisei&quot;,
	[&quot;qfa-yuk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Yukaghir&quot;,
	[&quot;qu&quot;] = &quot;Quechua&quot;,
	[&quot;qua&quot;] = &quot;Quapaw&quot;,
	[&quot;quc&quot;] = &quot;K'iche'&quot;,
	[&quot;qui&quot;] = &quot;Quileute&quot;,
	[&quot;qum&quot;] = &quot;Sipakapense&quot;,
	[&quot;qun&quot;] = &quot;Quinault&quot;,
	[&quot;quq&quot;] = &quot;Quinqui&quot;,
	[&quot;quv&quot;] = &quot;Sacapulteco&quot;,
	[&quot;qvy&quot;] = &quot;Queyu&quot;,
	[&quot;qwc&quot;] = &quot;Quechua Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;qwe-kch&quot;] = &quot;Kichwa&quot;,
	[&quot;qwm&quot;] = &quot;Kipchak&quot;,
	[&quot;qwt&quot;] = &quot;Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai&quot;,
	[&quot;qxs&quot;] = &quot;Qiang Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;qya&quot;] = &quot;Quenya&quot;,
	[&quot;qyp&quot;] = &quot;Quiripi&quot;,
	[&quot;raa&quot;] = &quot;Dungmali&quot;,
	[&quot;rab&quot;] = &quot;Chamling&quot;,
	[&quot;rac&quot;] = &quot;Rasawa&quot;,
	[&quot;rad&quot;] = &quot;Rade&quot;,
	[&quot;raf&quot;] = &quot;Meohang Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;rag&quot;] = &quot;Logooli&quot;,
	[&quot;rah&quot;] = &quot;Rabha&quot;,
	[&quot;rai&quot;] = &quot;Ramoaaina&quot;,
	[&quot;raj&quot;] = &quot;Rajasthani&quot;,
	[&quot;rak&quot;] = &quot;Tulu-Bohuai&quot;,
	[&quot;ral&quot;] = &quot;Ralte&quot;,
	[&quot;ram&quot;] = &quot;Canela&quot;,
	[&quot;ran&quot;] = &quot;Riantana&quot;,
	[&quot;rao&quot;] = &quot;Rao&quot;,
	[&quot;rap&quot;] = &quot;Rapa Nui&quot;,
	[&quot;raq&quot;] = &quot;Saam&quot;,
	[&quot;rar&quot;] = &quot;Rarotongan&quot;,
	[&quot;ras&quot;] = &quot;Tegali&quot;,
	[&quot;rat&quot;] = &quot;Razajerdi&quot;,
	[&quot;rau&quot;] = &quot;Raute&quot;,
	[&quot;rav&quot;] = &quot;Sampang&quot;,
	[&quot;raw&quot;] = &quot;Rawang&quot;,
	[&quot;rax&quot;] = &quot;Rang&quot;,
	[&quot;ray&quot;] = &quot;Rapa&quot;,
	[&quot;raz&quot;] = &quot;Rahambuu&quot;,
	[&quot;rbb&quot;] = &quot;Palaung Rumai&quot;,
	[&quot;rbk&quot;] = &quot;Bontoc Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;rbl&quot;] = &quot;Bikol Miraya&quot;,
	[&quot;rcf&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Prancis Réunion&quot;,
	[&quot;rdb&quot;] = &quot;Rudbari&quot;,
	[&quot;rea&quot;] = &quot;Rerau&quot;,
	[&quot;reb&quot;] = &quot;Rembong&quot;,
	[&quot;ree&quot;] = &quot;Kayan Rejang&quot;,
	[&quot;reg&quot;] = &quot;Kara (Tanzania)&quot;,
	[&quot;rei&quot;] = &quot;Reli&quot;,
	[&quot;rej&quot;] = &quot;Rejang&quot;,
	[&quot;rel&quot;] = &quot;Rendille&quot;,
	[&quot;rem&quot;] = &quot;Remo&quot;,
	[&quot;ren&quot;] = &quot;Rengao&quot;,
	[&quot;rer&quot;] = &quot;Rer Bare&quot;,
	[&quot;res&quot;] = &quot;Reshe&quot;,
	[&quot;ret&quot;] = &quot;Retta&quot;,
	[&quot;rey&quot;] = &quot;Reyesano&quot;,
	[&quot;rga&quot;] = &quot;Roria&quot;,
	[&quot;rge&quot;] = &quot;Yunani Romani&quot;,
	[&quot;rgk&quot;] = &quot;Rangkas&quot;,
	[&quot;rgn&quot;] = &quot;Romagnol&quot;,
	[&quot;rgr&quot;] = &quot;Resígaro&quot;,
	[&quot;rgs&quot;] = &quot;Roglai Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;rgu&quot;] = &quot;Ringgou&quot;,
	[&quot;rhg&quot;] = &quot;Rohingya&quot;,
	[&quot;rhp&quot;] = &quot;Yahang&quot;,
	[&quot;ria&quot;] = &quot;Reang&quot;,
	[&quot;rif&quot;] = &quot;Tarifit&quot;,
	[&quot;ril&quot;] = &quot;Riang&quot;,
	[&quot;rim&quot;] = &quot;Nyaturu&quot;,
	[&quot;rin&quot;] = &quot;Nungu&quot;,
	[&quot;rir&quot;] = &quot;Ribun&quot;,
	[&quot;rit&quot;] = &quot;Ritarungo&quot;,
	[&quot;riu&quot;] = &quot;Riung&quot;,
	[&quot;rjg&quot;] = &quot;Rajong&quot;,
	[&quot;rji&quot;] = &quot;Raji&quot;,
	[&quot;rjs&quot;] = &quot;Rajbanshi&quot;,
	[&quot;rka&quot;] = &quot;Kraol&quot;,
	[&quot;rkb&quot;] = &quot;Rikbaktsa&quot;,
	[&quot;rkh&quot;] = &quot;Rakahanga-Manihiki&quot;,
	[&quot;rki&quot;] = &quot;Rakhine&quot;,
	[&quot;rkm&quot;] = &quot;Marka&quot;,
	[&quot;rkt&quot;] = &quot;Kamta&quot;,
	[&quot;rkw&quot;] = &quot;Arakwal&quot;,
	[&quot;rm&quot;] = &quot;Romansch&quot;,
	[&quot;rma&quot;] = &quot;Rama&quot;,
	[&quot;rmb&quot;] = &quot;Rembarunga&quot;,
	[&quot;rmc&quot;] = &quot;Romani Karpathia&quot;,
	[&quot;rmd&quot;] = &quot;Denmark Traveller&quot;,
	[&quot;rme&quot;] = &quot;Angloromani&quot;,
	[&quot;rmf&quot;] = &quot;Romani Kalo Finlandia&quot;,
	[&quot;rmg&quot;] = &quot;Norwegia Traveller&quot;,
	[&quot;rmh&quot;] = &quot;Murkim&quot;,
	[&quot;rmi&quot;] = &quot;Lomavren&quot;,
	[&quot;rmk&quot;] = &quot;Romkun&quot;,
	[&quot;rml&quot;] = &quot;Romani Baltik&quot;,
	[&quot;rmm&quot;] = &quot;Roma&quot;,
	[&quot;rmn&quot;] = &quot;Romani Balkan&quot;,
	[&quot;rmo&quot;] = &quot;Romani Sinte&quot;,
	[&quot;rmp&quot;] = &quot;Rempi&quot;,
	[&quot;rmq&quot;] = &quot;Caló&quot;,
	[&quot;rms&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Romania&quot;,
	[&quot;rmt&quot;] = &quot;Domari&quot;,
	[&quot;rmu&quot;] = &quot;Romani Tavringer&quot;,
	[&quot;rmv&quot;] = &quot;Romanova&quot;,
	[&quot;rmw&quot;] = &quot;Romani Welsh&quot;,
	[&quot;rmx&quot;] = &quot;Romam&quot;,
	[&quot;rmy&quot;] = &quot;Romani Vlax&quot;,
	[&quot;rmz&quot;] = &quot;Marma&quot;,
	[&quot;rnd&quot;] = &quot;Ruwund&quot;,
	[&quot;rng&quot;] = &quot;Ronga&quot;,
	[&quot;rnl&quot;] = &quot;Ranglong&quot;,
	[&quot;rnn&quot;] = &quot;Roon&quot;,
	[&quot;rnp&quot;] = &quot;Rongpo&quot;,
	[&quot;rnw&quot;] = &quot;Rungwa&quot;,
	[&quot;ro&quot;] = &quot;Romania&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-ang&quot;] = &quot;Angevin&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-bbn&quot;] = &quot;Bourbonnais-Berrichon&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-brg&quot;] = &quot;Bourguignon&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-cha&quot;] = &quot;Champenois&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-fcm&quot;] = &quot;Franc-Comtois&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-gal&quot;] = &quot;Gallo&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-leo&quot;] = &quot;Leon&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-lor&quot;] = &quot;Lorrain&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-oan&quot;] = &quot;Navarro-Aragon&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-oca&quot;] = &quot;Katala Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-ole&quot;] = &quot;Leon Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-opt&quot;] = &quot;Galisia-Portugis Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-orl&quot;] = &quot;Orléan&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-poi&quot;] = &quot;Poitevin-Saintongeais&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-tar&quot;] = &quot;Tarantino&quot;,
	[&quot;roa-tou&quot;] = &quot;Tourangeau&quot;,
	[&quot;rob&quot;] = &quot;Tae'&quot;,
	[&quot;roc&quot;] = &quot;Roglai Cacgia&quot;,
	[&quot;rod&quot;] = &quot;Rogo&quot;,
	[&quot;roe&quot;] = &quot;Ronji&quot;,
	[&quot;rof&quot;] = &quot;Rombo&quot;,
	[&quot;rog&quot;] = &quot;Roglai Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;rol&quot;] = &quot;Romblomanon&quot;,
	[&quot;rom&quot;] = &quot;Romani&quot;,
	[&quot;roo&quot;] = &quot;Rotokas&quot;,
	[&quot;rop&quot;] = &quot;Kriol&quot;,
	[&quot;ror&quot;] = &quot;Rongga&quot;,
	[&quot;rou&quot;] = &quot;Runga&quot;,
	[&quot;row&quot;] = &quot;Dela-Oenale&quot;,
	[&quot;rpn&quot;] = &quot;Repanbitip&quot;,
	[&quot;rpt&quot;] = &quot;Rapting&quot;,
	[&quot;rri&quot;] = &quot;Ririo&quot;,
	[&quot;rro&quot;] = &quot;Roro&quot;,
	[&quot;rrt&quot;] = &quot;Arritinngithigh&quot;,
	[&quot;rsb&quot;] = &quot;Romano-Serbia&quot;,
	[&quot;rsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Rusia&quot;,
	[&quot;rsm&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Miriwoong&quot;,
	[&quot;rtc&quot;] = &quot;Rungtu&quot;,
	[&quot;rth&quot;] = &quot;Ratahan&quot;,
	[&quot;rtm&quot;] = &quot;Rotuman&quot;,
	[&quot;rtw&quot;] = &quot;Rathawi&quot;,
	[&quot;ru&quot;] = &quot;Rusia&quot;,
	[&quot;rub&quot;] = &quot;Gungu&quot;,
	[&quot;ruc&quot;] = &quot;Ruuli&quot;,
	[&quot;rue&quot;] = &quot;Rusyn&quot;,
	[&quot;ruf&quot;] = &quot;Luguru&quot;,
	[&quot;rug&quot;] = &quot;Roviana&quot;,
	[&quot;ruh&quot;] = &quot;Ruga&quot;,
	[&quot;rui&quot;] = &quot;Rufiji&quot;,
	[&quot;ruk&quot;] = &quot;Che&quot;,
	[&quot;ruo&quot;] = &quot;Istro-Romania&quot;,
	[&quot;rup&quot;] = &quot;Aromania&quot;,
	[&quot;ruq&quot;] = &quot;Megleno-Romania&quot;,
	[&quot;rut&quot;] = &quot;Rutul&quot;,
	[&quot;ruu&quot;] = &quot;Lobu Lanas&quot;,
	[&quot;ruy&quot;] = &quot;Mala (Nigeria)&quot;,
	[&quot;ruz&quot;] = &quot;Ruma&quot;,
	[&quot;rw&quot;] = &quot;Rwanda-Rundi&quot;,
	[&quot;rwa&quot;] = &quot;Rawo&quot;,
	[&quot;rwk&quot;] = &quot;Rwa&quot;,
	[&quot;rwm&quot;] = &quot;Amba&quot;,
	[&quot;rwo&quot;] = &quot;Rawa&quot;,
	[&quot;rxd&quot;] = &quot;Ngardi&quot;,
	[&quot;rxw&quot;] = &quot;Karuwali&quot;,
	[&quot;ryn&quot;] = &quot;Amami-Oshima Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;rys&quot;] = &quot;Yaeyama&quot;,
	[&quot;ryu&quot;] = &quot;Okinawa&quot;,
	[&quot;rzh&quot;] = &quot;Razihi&quot;,
	[&quot;sa&quot;] = &quot;Sanskerta&quot;,
	[&quot;saa&quot;] = &quot;Saba&quot;,
	[&quot;sab&quot;] = &quot;Buglere&quot;,
	[&quot;sac&quot;] = &quot;Fox&quot;,
	[&quot;sad&quot;] = &quot;Sandawe&quot;,
	[&quot;sae&quot;] = &quot;Sabanê&quot;,
	[&quot;saf&quot;] = &quot;Safaliba&quot;,
	[&quot;sah&quot;] = &quot;Yakut&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-ajg&quot;] = &quot;Ajagua&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-all&quot;] = &quot;Allentiac&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-and&quot;] = &quot;Andoquero&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-ayo&quot;] = &quot;Ayomán&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-bae&quot;] = &quot;Baenan&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-bag&quot;] = &quot;Bagua&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-bet&quot;] = &quot;Betoi&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-bor-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Boran&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cac&quot;] = &quot;Cacán&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-caq&quot;] = &quot;Caranqui&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-car-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Cariban&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cat&quot;] = &quot;Catacao&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cer-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Cerrado&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-chi&quot;] = &quot;Chirino&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-chn&quot;] = &quot;Chaná&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-chp&quot;] = &quot;Chapacura&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-chr&quot;] = &quot;Charrua&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-chu&quot;] = &quot;Churuya&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cje-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jê Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cmg&quot;] = &quot;Comechingon&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cno&quot;] = &quot;Chono&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cnr&quot;] = &quot;Cañari&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-coe&quot;] = &quot;Coeruna&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-col&quot;] = &quot;Colán&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cop&quot;] = &quot;Copallén&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-crd&quot;] = &quot;Puri Coroado&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-ctq&quot;] = &quot;Catuquinaru&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cul&quot;] = &quot;Culli&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-cva&quot;] = &quot;Cueva&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-esm&quot;] = &quot;Esmeralda&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-ewa&quot;] = &quot;Ewarhuyana&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-gam&quot;] = &quot;Gamela&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-gay&quot;] = &quot;Gayón&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-gmo&quot;] = &quot;Guamo&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-gue&quot;] = &quot;Güenoa&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-hau&quot;] = &quot;Haush&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-hoc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-jee-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jê&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-jko&quot;] = &quot;Jeikó&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-jrj&quot;] = &quot;Jirajara&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-kat&quot;] = &quot;Katembri&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-mal&quot;] = &quot;Malalí&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-mar&quot;] = &quot;Maratino&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-mat&quot;] = &quot;Matanawi&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-mcn&quot;] = &quot;Mocana&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-men&quot;] = &quot;Menien&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-mil&quot;] = &quot;Millcayac&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-mlb&quot;] = &quot;Malibu&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-msk&quot;] = &quot;Masakará&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-muc&quot;] = &quot;Mucuchí&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-mue&quot;] = &quot;Muellama&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-muz&quot;] = &quot;Muzo&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-mys&quot;] = &quot;Maynas&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-nat&quot;] = &quot;Natú&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-nje-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jê Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-opo&quot;] = &quot;Opón&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-oto&quot;] = &quot;Otomaco&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-pal&quot;] = &quot;Palta&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-pam&quot;] = &quot;Pamigua&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-par&quot;] = &quot;Paratió&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-pnz&quot;] = &quot;Panzaleo&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-prh&quot;] = &quot;Puruhá&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-ptg&quot;] = &quot;Patagón&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-pur&quot;] = &quot;Purukotó&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-pyg&quot;] = &quot;Payaguá&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-pyk&quot;] = &quot;Pykobjê&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-qmb&quot;] = &quot;Quimbaya&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-qtm&quot;] = &quot;Quitemo&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-rab&quot;] = &quot;Rabona&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-ram&quot;] = &quot;Ramanos&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-sac&quot;] = &quot;Sácata&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-san&quot;] = &quot;Sanaviron&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-sap&quot;] = &quot;Sapará&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-sec&quot;] = &quot;Sechura&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-sin&quot;] = &quot;Sinúfana&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-sje-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jê Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-tab&quot;] = &quot;Tabancale&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-tal&quot;] = &quot;Tallán&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-tap&quot;] = &quot;Tapayuna&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-tar-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Taranoan&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-teu&quot;] = &quot;Teushen&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-tim&quot;] = &quot;Timote&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-tpr&quot;] = &quot;Taparita&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-trr&quot;] = &quot;Tarairiú&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-wai&quot;] = &quot;Waitaká&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-way&quot;] = &quot;Wayumará&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-wit-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Witotoan&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-wnm&quot;] = &quot;Wanham&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-xoc&quot;] = &quot;Xocó&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-yao&quot;] = &quot;Yao (Amerika Selatan)&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-yar&quot;] = &quot;Yarumá&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-yri&quot;] = &quot;Yuri&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-yup&quot;] = &quot;Yupua&quot;,
	[&quot;sai-yur&quot;] = &quot;Yurumanguí&quot;,
	[&quot;saj&quot;] = &quot;Sahu&quot;,
	[&quot;sak&quot;] = &quot;Sake&quot;,
	[&quot;sal-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Salish&quot;,
	[&quot;sam&quot;] = &quot;Aramaik Samaria&quot;,
	[&quot;sao&quot;] = &quot;Sause&quot;,
	[&quot;saq&quot;] = &quot;Samburu&quot;,
	[&quot;sar&quot;] = &quot;Saraveca&quot;,
	[&quot;sas&quot;] = &quot;Sasak&quot;,
	[&quot;sat&quot;] = &quot;Santali&quot;,
	[&quot;sau&quot;] = &quot;Saleman&quot;,
	[&quot;sav&quot;] = &quot;Saafi-Saafi&quot;,
	[&quot;saw&quot;] = &quot;Sawi&quot;,
	[&quot;sax&quot;] = &quot;Sa&quot;,
	[&quot;say&quot;] = &quot;Saya&quot;,
	[&quot;saz&quot;] = &quot;Saurashtra&quot;,
	[&quot;sba&quot;] = &quot;Ngambay&quot;,
	[&quot;sbb&quot;] = &quot;Simbo&quot;,
	[&quot;sbc&quot;] = &quot;Gele'&quot;,
	[&quot;sbd&quot;] = &quot;Samo Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;sbe&quot;] = &quot;Saliba (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;sbf&quot;] = &quot;Shabo&quot;,
	[&quot;sbg&quot;] = &quot;Seget&quot;,
	[&quot;sbh&quot;] = &quot;Sori-Harengan&quot;,
	[&quot;sbi&quot;] = &quot;Seti&quot;,
	[&quot;sbj&quot;] = &quot;Surbakhal&quot;,
	[&quot;sbk&quot;] = &quot;Safwa&quot;,
	[&quot;sbl&quot;] = &quot;Botolan Sambal&quot;,
	[&quot;sbm&quot;] = &quot;Sagala&quot;,
	[&quot;sbn&quot;] = &quot;Sindhi Bhil&quot;,
	[&quot;sbo&quot;] = &quot;Sabüm&quot;,
	[&quot;sbp&quot;] = &quot;Sangu (Tanzania)&quot;,
	[&quot;sbq&quot;] = &quot;Sileibi&quot;,
	[&quot;sbr&quot;] = &quot;Murut Sembakung&quot;,
	[&quot;sbs&quot;] = &quot;Subiya&quot;,
	[&quot;sbt&quot;] = &quot;Kimki&quot;,
	[&quot;sbu&quot;] = &quot;Bhoti Stod&quot;,
	[&quot;sbv&quot;] = &quot;Sabine&quot;,
	[&quot;sbw&quot;] = &quot;Simba&quot;,
	[&quot;sbx&quot;] = &quot;Seberuang&quot;,
	[&quot;sby&quot;] = &quot;Soli&quot;,
	[&quot;sbz&quot;] = &quot;Sara Kaba&quot;,
	[&quot;sc&quot;] = &quot;Sardinia&quot;,
	[&quot;scb&quot;] = &quot;Chut&quot;,
	[&quot;sce&quot;] = &quot;Dongxiang&quot;,
	[&quot;scf&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Prancis San Miguel&quot;,
	[&quot;scg&quot;] = &quot;Sanggau&quot;,
	[&quot;sch&quot;] = &quot;Sakachep&quot;,
	[&quot;sci&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Melayu Sri Lanka&quot;,
	[&quot;sck&quot;] = &quot;Sadri&quot;,
	[&quot;scl&quot;] = &quot;Shina&quot;,
	[&quot;scn&quot;] = &quot;Sisilia&quot;,
	[&quot;sco&quot;] = &quot;Skots&quot;,
	[&quot;scp&quot;] = &quot;Yolmo&quot;,
	[&quot;scq&quot;] = &quot;Sa'och&quot;,
	[&quot;scs&quot;] = &quot;Slavey Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;scu&quot;] = &quot;Shumcho&quot;,
	[&quot;scv&quot;] = &quot;Sheni&quot;,
	[&quot;scw&quot;] = &quot;Sha&quot;,
	[&quot;scx&quot;] = &quot;Sicel&quot;,
	[&quot;sd&quot;] = &quot;Sindhi&quot;,
	[&quot;sda&quot;] = &quot;Toraja-Sa'dan&quot;,
	[&quot;sdb&quot;] = &quot;Shabak&quot;,
	[&quot;sdc&quot;] = &quot;Sassarese&quot;,
	[&quot;sde&quot;] = &quot;Surubu&quot;,
	[&quot;sdf&quot;] = &quot;Sarli&quot;,
	[&quot;sdg&quot;] = &quot;Savi&quot;,
	[&quot;sdh&quot;] = &quot;Kurdi Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;sdj&quot;] = &quot;Suundi&quot;,
	[&quot;sdk&quot;] = &quot;Sos Kundi&quot;,
	[&quot;sdl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Arab Saudi&quot;,
	[&quot;sdm&quot;] = &quot;Semandang&quot;,
	[&quot;sdn&quot;] = &quot;Gallurese&quot;,
	[&quot;sdo&quot;] = &quot;Bidayuh Bukar-Sadung&quot;,
	[&quot;sdp&quot;] = &quot;Sherdukpen&quot;,
	[&quot;sdr&quot;] = &quot;Sadri Oraon&quot;,
	[&quot;sds&quot;] = &quot;Berber Tunisia&quot;,
	[&quot;sdu&quot;] = &quot;Sarudu&quot;,
	[&quot;sdv-daj-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Daju&quot;,
	[&quot;sdv-eje-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Jebel Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;sdv-nil-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nilotic&quot;,
	[&quot;sdv-nyi-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nyima&quot;,
	[&quot;sdv-tmn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Taman&quot;,
	[&quot;sdx&quot;] = &quot;Melanau Sibu&quot;,
	[&quot;se&quot;] = &quot;Sami Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;sea&quot;] = &quot;Semai&quot;,
	[&quot;sec&quot;] = &quot;Sechelt&quot;,
	[&quot;sed&quot;] = &quot;Sedang&quot;,
	[&quot;see&quot;] = &quot;Seneca&quot;,
	[&quot;sef&quot;] = &quot;Senoufo Cebaara&quot;,
	[&quot;seg&quot;] = &quot;Segeju&quot;,
	[&quot;seh&quot;] = &quot;Sena&quot;,
	[&quot;sei&quot;] = &quot;Seri&quot;,
	[&quot;sej&quot;] = &quot;Sene&quot;,
	[&quot;sek&quot;] = &quot;Sekani&quot;,
	[&quot;sel-nor&quot;] = &quot;Selkup Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;sel-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Selkup&quot;,
	[&quot;sel-sou&quot;] = &quot;Selkup Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-amm&quot;] = &quot;Ammonite&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-amo&quot;] = &quot;Amorite&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-cha&quot;] = &quot;Chaha&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-dad&quot;] = &quot;Dadanitic&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-dum&quot;] = &quot;Dumaitic&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-has&quot;] = &quot;Hasaitic&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-him&quot;] = &quot;Himyaritic&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-his&quot;] = &quot;Hismaic&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-mhr&quot;] = &quot;Muher&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Semitik&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-saf&quot;] = &quot;Safaitic&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-srb&quot;] = &quot;Arab Selatan Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-tay&quot;] = &quot;Taymanitic&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-tha&quot;] = &quot;Thamudic&quot;,
	[&quot;sem-wes-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Semit Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;sen&quot;] = &quot;Sénoufo Nanerigé&quot;,
	[&quot;seo&quot;] = &quot;Suarmin&quot;,
	[&quot;sep&quot;] = &quot;Sénoufo Sìcìté&quot;,
	[&quot;seq&quot;] = &quot;Sénoufo Senara&quot;,
	[&quot;ser&quot;] = &quot;Serrano&quot;,
	[&quot;ses&quot;] = &quot;Senni Koyraboro&quot;,
	[&quot;set&quot;] = &quot;Sentani&quot;,
	[&quot;seu&quot;] = &quot;Serui-Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;sev&quot;] = &quot;Senoufo Nyarafolo&quot;,
	[&quot;sew&quot;] = &quot;Sewa Bay&quot;,
	[&quot;sey&quot;] = &quot;Secoya&quot;,
	[&quot;sez&quot;] = &quot;Chin Senthang&quot;,
	[&quot;sfb&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Belgia Prancis&quot;,
	[&quot;sfm&quot;] = &quot;Miao Small Flowery&quot;,
	[&quot;sfs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Afrika Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;sfw&quot;] = &quot;Sehwi&quot;,
	[&quot;sg&quot;] = &quot;Sango&quot;,
	[&quot;sga&quot;] = &quot;Irlandia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;sgb&quot;] = &quot;Ayta Mag-Anchi&quot;,
	[&quot;sgc&quot;] = &quot;Kipsigis&quot;,
	[&quot;sgd&quot;] = &quot;Surigaonon&quot;,
	[&quot;sge&quot;] = &quot;Segai&quot;,
	[&quot;sgg&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Swiss-Jerman&quot;,
	[&quot;sgh&quot;] = &quot;Shughni&quot;,
	[&quot;sgi&quot;] = &quot;Suga&quot;,
	[&quot;sgk&quot;] = &quot;Sangkong&quot;,
	[&quot;sgm&quot;] = &quot;Singa&quot;,
	[&quot;sgp&quot;] = &quot;Singpho&quot;,
	[&quot;sgr&quot;] = &quot;Sangisari&quot;,
	[&quot;sgs&quot;] = &quot;Samogitia&quot;,
	[&quot;sgt&quot;] = &quot;Brokpake&quot;,
	[&quot;sgu&quot;] = &quot;Salas&quot;,
	[&quot;sgw&quot;] = &quot;Sebat Bet Gurage&quot;,
	[&quot;sgx&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Sierra Leone&quot;,
	[&quot;sgy&quot;] = &quot;Sanglechi&quot;,
	[&quot;sgz&quot;] = &quot;Sursurunga&quot;,
	[&quot;sh&quot;] = &quot;Serbo-Kroasia&quot;,
	[&quot;sha&quot;] = &quot;Shall-Zwall&quot;,
	[&quot;shb&quot;] = &quot;Ninam&quot;,
	[&quot;shc&quot;] = &quot;Sonde&quot;,
	[&quot;shd&quot;] = &quot;Kundal Shahi&quot;,
	[&quot;she&quot;] = &quot;Sheko&quot;,
	[&quot;shg&quot;] = &quot;Shua&quot;,
	[&quot;shh&quot;] = &quot;Shoshone&quot;,
	[&quot;shi&quot;] = &quot;Tashelhit&quot;,
	[&quot;shj&quot;] = &quot;Shatt&quot;,
	[&quot;shk&quot;] = &quot;Shilluk&quot;,
	[&quot;shl&quot;] = &quot;Shendu&quot;,
	[&quot;shm&quot;] = &quot;Shahrudi&quot;,
	[&quot;shn&quot;] = &quot;Shan&quot;,
	[&quot;sho&quot;] = &quot;Shanga&quot;,
	[&quot;shp&quot;] = &quot;Shipibo-Conibo&quot;,
	[&quot;shq&quot;] = &quot;Sala&quot;,
	[&quot;shr&quot;] = &quot;Shi&quot;,
	[&quot;shs&quot;] = &quot;Shuswap&quot;,
	[&quot;sht&quot;] = &quot;Shasta&quot;,
	[&quot;shu&quot;] = &quot;Arab Chad&quot;,
	[&quot;shv&quot;] = &quot;Shehri&quot;,
	[&quot;shw&quot;] = &quot;Shwai&quot;,
	[&quot;shx&quot;] = &quot;She&quot;,
	[&quot;shy&quot;] = &quot;Tachawit&quot;,
	[&quot;shz&quot;] = &quot;Senoufo Syenara&quot;,
	[&quot;si&quot;] = &quot;Sinhala&quot;,
	[&quot;sia&quot;] = &quot;Sami Akkala&quot;,
	[&quot;sib&quot;] = &quot;Sebop&quot;,
	[&quot;sid&quot;] = &quot;Sidamo&quot;,
	[&quot;sie&quot;] = &quot;Simaa&quot;,
	[&quot;sif&quot;] = &quot;Siamou&quot;,
	[&quot;sig&quot;] = &quot;Paasaal&quot;,
	[&quot;sih&quot;] = &quot;Zire&quot;,
	[&quot;sii&quot;] = &quot;Shom Peng&quot;,
	[&quot;sij&quot;] = &quot;Numbami&quot;,
	[&quot;sik&quot;] = &quot;Sikiana&quot;,
	[&quot;sil&quot;] = &quot;Tumulung Sisaala&quot;,
	[&quot;sim&quot;] = &quot;Seim&quot;,
	[&quot;sio-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Siouan&quot;,
	[&quot;sip&quot;] = &quot;Sikkim&quot;,
	[&quot;siq&quot;] = &quot;Sonia&quot;,
	[&quot;sir&quot;] = &quot;Siri&quot;,
	[&quot;sis&quot;] = &quot;Siuslaw&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-bok&quot;] = &quot;Bokar&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-cha&quot;] = &quot;Chairel&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-gkh&quot;] = &quot;Gokhy&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-hrs-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hrusish&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-jap&quot;] = &quot;Japhug&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-kha-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kham&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-liz&quot;] = &quot;Lizu&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-luu-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Luish&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-mor&quot;] = &quot;Moran&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-prn&quot;] = &quot;Puiron&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sino-Tibet&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-sit&quot;] = &quot;Situ&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-tan-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tani&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-tgm&quot;] = &quot;Tangam&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-tos&quot;] = &quot;Tosu&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-tsh&quot;] = &quot;Tshobdun&quot;,
	[&quot;sit-zbu&quot;] = &quot;Zbu&quot;,
	[&quot;siu&quot;] = &quot;Sinagen&quot;,
	[&quot;siv&quot;] = &quot;Sumariup&quot;,
	[&quot;siw&quot;] = &quot;Siwai&quot;,
	[&quot;six&quot;] = &quot;Sumau&quot;,
	[&quot;siy&quot;] = &quot;Sivandi&quot;,
	[&quot;siz&quot;] = &quot;Siwi&quot;,
	[&quot;sja&quot;] = &quot;Epena&quot;,
	[&quot;sjb&quot;] = &quot;Basap Sajau&quot;,
	[&quot;sjd&quot;] = &quot;Sami Kildin&quot;,
	[&quot;sje&quot;] = &quot;Sami Pite&quot;,
	[&quot;sjg&quot;] = &quot;Assangori&quot;,
	[&quot;sjk&quot;] = &quot;Sami Kemi&quot;,
	[&quot;sjl&quot;] = &quot;Miji&quot;,
	[&quot;sjm&quot;] = &quot;Mapun&quot;,
	[&quot;sjn&quot;] = &quot;Sindarin&quot;,
	[&quot;sjo&quot;] = &quot;Xibe&quot;,
	[&quot;sjp&quot;] = &quot;Surjapuri&quot;,
	[&quot;sjr&quot;] = &quot;Siar-Lak&quot;,
	[&quot;sjs&quot;] = &quot;Senhaja De Srair&quot;,
	[&quot;sjt&quot;] = &quot;Sami Ter&quot;,
	[&quot;sju&quot;] = &quot;Sami Ume&quot;,
	[&quot;sjw&quot;] = &quot;Shawnee&quot;,
	[&quot;sk&quot;] = &quot;Slowakia&quot;,
	[&quot;ska&quot;] = &quot;Skagit&quot;,
	[&quot;skb&quot;] = &quot;Saek&quot;,
	[&quot;skc&quot;] = &quot;Ma Manda&quot;,
	[&quot;skd&quot;] = &quot;Miwok Sierra Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ske&quot;] = &quot;Ske&quot;,
	[&quot;skf&quot;] = &quot;Mekéns&quot;,
	[&quot;skh&quot;] = &quot;Sikule&quot;,
	[&quot;ski&quot;] = &quot;Sika&quot;,
	[&quot;skj&quot;] = &quot;Seke&quot;,
	[&quot;skk&quot;] = &quot;Sok&quot;,
	[&quot;skm&quot;] = &quot;Sakam&quot;,
	[&quot;skn&quot;] = &quot;Subanon Kolibugan&quot;,
	[&quot;sko&quot;] = &quot;Seko Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;skp&quot;] = &quot;Sekapan&quot;,
	[&quot;skq&quot;] = &quot;Sininkere&quot;,
	[&quot;skr&quot;] = &quot;Saraiki&quot;,
	[&quot;sks&quot;] = &quot;Maia&quot;,
	[&quot;skt&quot;] = &quot;Sakata&quot;,
	[&quot;sku&quot;] = &quot;Sakao&quot;,
	[&quot;skv&quot;] = &quot;Skou&quot;,
	[&quot;skw&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Belando Skepi&quot;,
	[&quot;skx&quot;] = &quot;Seko Padang&quot;,
	[&quot;sky&quot;] = &quot;Sikaiana&quot;,
	[&quot;skz&quot;] = &quot;Sekar&quot;,
	[&quot;sl&quot;] = &quot;Slovenia&quot;,
	[&quot;sla-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Slavik&quot;,
	[&quot;slc&quot;] = &quot;Saliba (Colombia)&quot;,
	[&quot;sld&quot;] = &quot;Sissala&quot;,
	[&quot;sle&quot;] = &quot;Sholaga&quot;,
	[&quot;slf&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Swiss-Italia&quot;,
	[&quot;slg&quot;] = &quot;Murut Selungai&quot;,
	[&quot;slh&quot;] = &quot;Salish Puget Sound Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;slj&quot;] = &quot;Salumá&quot;,
	[&quot;sll&quot;] = &quot;Salt-Yui&quot;,
	[&quot;slm&quot;] = &quot;Sama Pangutaran&quot;,
	[&quot;sln&quot;] = &quot;Salinan&quot;,
	[&quot;slp&quot;] = &quot;Lamaholot&quot;,
	[&quot;slq&quot;] = &quot;Salchuq&quot;,
	[&quot;slr&quot;] = &quot;Salar&quot;,
	[&quot;sls&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Singapura&quot;,
	[&quot;slt&quot;] = &quot;Sila&quot;,
	[&quot;slu&quot;] = &quot;Selaru&quot;,
	[&quot;slw&quot;] = &quot;Sialum&quot;,
	[&quot;slx&quot;] = &quot;Salampasu&quot;,
	[&quot;sly&quot;] = &quot;Selayar&quot;,
	[&quot;slz&quot;] = &quot;Ma'ya&quot;,
	[&quot;sm&quot;] = &quot;Samoa&quot;,
	[&quot;sma&quot;] = &quot;Sami Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;smb&quot;] = &quot;Simbari&quot;,
	[&quot;smc&quot;] = &quot;Som&quot;,
	[&quot;smd&quot;] = &quot;Sama&quot;,
	[&quot;smf&quot;] = &quot;Auwe&quot;,
	[&quot;smg&quot;] = &quot;Simbali&quot;,
	[&quot;smh&quot;] = &quot;Samei&quot;,
	[&quot;smi-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Sami&quot;,
	[&quot;smj&quot;] = &quot;Sami Lule&quot;,
	[&quot;smk&quot;] = &quot;Bolinao&quot;,
	[&quot;sml&quot;] = &quot;Sama Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;smm&quot;] = &quot;Musasa&quot;,
	[&quot;smn&quot;] = &quot;Sami Inari&quot;,
	[&quot;smp&quot;] = &quot;Ibrani Samaria&quot;,
	[&quot;smq&quot;] = &quot;Samo&quot;,
	[&quot;smr&quot;] = &quot;Simeulue&quot;,
	[&quot;sms&quot;] = &quot;Sami Skolt&quot;,
	[&quot;smt&quot;] = &quot;Simte&quot;,
	[&quot;smu&quot;] = &quot;Somray&quot;,
	[&quot;smv&quot;] = &quot;Samvedi&quot;,
	[&quot;smw&quot;] = &quot;Sumbawa&quot;,
	[&quot;smx&quot;] = &quot;Samba&quot;,
	[&quot;smy&quot;] = &quot;Semnani&quot;,
	[&quot;smz&quot;] = &quot;Simeku&quot;,
	[&quot;sn&quot;] = &quot;Shona&quot;,
	[&quot;snb&quot;] = &quot;Sebuyau&quot;,
	[&quot;snc&quot;] = &quot;Sinaugoro&quot;,
	[&quot;sne&quot;] = &quot;Bidayuh Bau&quot;,
	[&quot;snf&quot;] = &quot;Noon&quot;,
	[&quot;sng&quot;] = &quot;Sanga (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;sni&quot;] = &quot;Sensi&quot;,
	[&quot;snj&quot;] = &quot;Sango Riverain&quot;,
	[&quot;snk&quot;] = &quot;Soninke&quot;,
	[&quot;snl&quot;] = &quot;Sangil&quot;,
	[&quot;snm&quot;] = &quot;Ma'di Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;snn&quot;] = &quot;Siona&quot;,
	[&quot;sno&quot;] = &quot;Snohomish&quot;,
	[&quot;snp&quot;] = &quot;Siane&quot;,
	[&quot;snq&quot;] = &quot;Sangu (Gabon)&quot;,
	[&quot;snr&quot;] = &quot;Sihan&quot;,
	[&quot;sns&quot;] = &quot;Nahavaq&quot;,
	[&quot;snu&quot;] = &quot;Senggi&quot;,
	[&quot;snv&quot;] = &quot;Sa'ban&quot;,
	[&quot;snw&quot;] = &quot;Selee&quot;,
	[&quot;snx&quot;] = &quot;Sam&quot;,
	[&quot;sny&quot;] = &quot;Saniyo-Hiyewe&quot;,
	[&quot;snz&quot;] = &quot;Kou&quot;,
	[&quot;so&quot;] = &quot;Somali&quot;,
	[&quot;soa&quot;] = &quot;Thai Song&quot;,
	[&quot;sob&quot;] = &quot;Sobei&quot;,
	[&quot;soc&quot;] = &quot;Soko&quot;,
	[&quot;sod&quot;] = &quot;Songoora&quot;,
	[&quot;soe&quot;] = &quot;Songomeno&quot;,
	[&quot;sog&quot;] = &quot;Sogdian&quot;,
	[&quot;soh&quot;] = &quot;Aka (Sudan)&quot;,
	[&quot;soi&quot;] = &quot;Sonha&quot;,
	[&quot;sok&quot;] = &quot;Sokoro&quot;,
	[&quot;sol&quot;] = &quot;Solos&quot;,
	[&quot;son-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Songhay&quot;,
	[&quot;soo&quot;] = &quot;Nsong&quot;,
	[&quot;sop&quot;] = &quot;Songe&quot;,
	[&quot;soq&quot;] = &quot;Kanasi&quot;,
	[&quot;sor&quot;] = &quot;Somrai&quot;,
	[&quot;sos&quot;] = &quot;Seenku&quot;,
	[&quot;sou&quot;] = &quot;Thai Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;sov&quot;] = &quot;Sonsorolese&quot;,
	[&quot;sow&quot;] = &quot;Sowanda&quot;,
	[&quot;sox&quot;] = &quot;Swo&quot;,
	[&quot;soy&quot;] = &quot;Miyobe&quot;,
	[&quot;soz&quot;] = &quot;Temi&quot;,
	[&quot;spb&quot;] = &quot;Sepa&quot;,
	[&quot;spc&quot;] = &quot;Sapé&quot;,
	[&quot;spd&quot;] = &quot;Saep&quot;,
	[&quot;spe&quot;] = &quot;Sepa (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;spg&quot;] = &quot;Sian&quot;,
	[&quot;spi&quot;] = &quot;Saponi&quot;,
	[&quot;spk&quot;] = &quot;Sengo&quot;,
	[&quot;spl&quot;] = &quot;Selepet&quot;,
	[&quot;spm&quot;] = &quot;Sepen&quot;,
	[&quot;spn&quot;] = &quot;Sanapaná&quot;,
	[&quot;spo&quot;] = &quot;Spokane&quot;,
	[&quot;spp&quot;] = &quot;Supyire&quot;,
	[&quot;spr&quot;] = &quot;Saparua&quot;,
	[&quot;sps&quot;] = &quot;Saposa&quot;,
	[&quot;spt&quot;] = &quot;Bhoti Spiti&quot;,
	[&quot;spu&quot;] = &quot;Sapuan&quot;,
	[&quot;spv&quot;] = &quot;Sambalpuri&quot;,
	[&quot;spx&quot;] = &quot;Picene Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;spy&quot;] = &quot;Sabaot&quot;,
	[&quot;sq&quot;] = &quot;Albania&quot;,
	[&quot;sqa&quot;] = &quot;Shama-Sambuga&quot;,
	[&quot;sqh&quot;] = &quot;Shau&quot;,
	[&quot;sqj-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Albania&quot;,
	[&quot;sqk&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Albania&quot;,
	[&quot;sqm&quot;] = &quot;Suma&quot;,
	[&quot;sqn&quot;] = &quot;Susquehannock&quot;,
	[&quot;sqo&quot;] = &quot;Sorkhei&quot;,
	[&quot;sqq&quot;] = &quot;Sou&quot;,
	[&quot;sqr&quot;] = &quot;Siculo-Arab&quot;,
	[&quot;sqs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Sri Lanka&quot;,
	[&quot;sqt&quot;] = &quot;Soqotri&quot;,
	[&quot;squ&quot;] = &quot;Squamish&quot;,
	[&quot;sra&quot;] = &quot;Saruga&quot;,
	[&quot;srb&quot;] = &quot;Sora&quot;,
	[&quot;sre&quot;] = &quot;Sara&quot;,
	[&quot;srf&quot;] = &quot;Nafi&quot;,
	[&quot;srg&quot;] = &quot;Sulod&quot;,
	[&quot;srh&quot;] = &quot;Sarikoli&quot;,
	[&quot;sri&quot;] = &quot;Siriano&quot;,
	[&quot;srk&quot;] = &quot;Murut Serudung&quot;,
	[&quot;srl&quot;] = &quot;Isirawa&quot;,
	[&quot;srm&quot;] = &quot;Saramaccan&quot;,
	[&quot;srn&quot;] = &quot;Sranan Tongo&quot;,
	[&quot;srq&quot;] = &quot;Sirionó&quot;,
	[&quot;srr&quot;] = &quot;Serer&quot;,
	[&quot;srs&quot;] = &quot;Tsuut'ina&quot;,
	[&quot;srt&quot;] = &quot;Sauri&quot;,
	[&quot;sru&quot;] = &quot;Suruí&quot;,
	[&quot;srv&quot;] = &quot;Sorsogon Waray&quot;,
	[&quot;srw&quot;] = &quot;Serua&quot;,
	[&quot;srx&quot;] = &quot;Sirmauri&quot;,
	[&quot;sry&quot;] = &quot;Sera&quot;,
	[&quot;srz&quot;] = &quot;Shahmirzadi&quot;,
	[&quot;ss&quot;] = &quot;Swazi&quot;,
	[&quot;ssa-klk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kuliak&quot;,
	[&quot;ssa-kom-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Koman&quot;,
	[&quot;ssa-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nilo-Saharan&quot;,
	[&quot;ssb&quot;] = &quot;Sama Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ssc&quot;] = &quot;Suba-Simbiti&quot;,
	[&quot;ssd&quot;] = &quot;Siroi&quot;,
	[&quot;sse&quot;] = &quot;Balangingi&quot;,
	[&quot;ssf&quot;] = &quot;Thao&quot;,
	[&quot;ssg&quot;] = &quot;Seimat&quot;,
	[&quot;ssh&quot;] = &quot;Arab Shihhi&quot;,
	[&quot;ssi&quot;] = &quot;Sansi&quot;,
	[&quot;ssj&quot;] = &quot;Sausi&quot;,
	[&quot;ssk&quot;] = &quot;Sunam&quot;,
	[&quot;ssl&quot;] = &quot;Sisaala Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;ssm&quot;] = &quot;Semnam&quot;,
	[&quot;sso&quot;] = &quot;Sissano&quot;,
	[&quot;ssp&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Spanyol&quot;,
	[&quot;ssq&quot;] = &quot;So'a&quot;,
	[&quot;ssr&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Swiss-Prancis&quot;,
	[&quot;sss&quot;] = &quot;Sô&quot;,
	[&quot;sst&quot;] = &quot;Sinasina&quot;,
	[&quot;ssu&quot;] = &quot;Susuami&quot;,
	[&quot;ssv&quot;] = &quot;Shark Bay&quot;,
	[&quot;ssx&quot;] = &quot;Samberigi&quot;,
	[&quot;ssy&quot;] = &quot;Saho&quot;,
	[&quot;ssz&quot;] = &quot;Sengseng&quot;,
	[&quot;st&quot;] = &quot;Sotho&quot;,
	[&quot;stb&quot;] = &quot;Subanen Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;std&quot;] = &quot;Sentinel&quot;,
	[&quot;ste&quot;] = &quot;Liana-Seti&quot;,
	[&quot;stf&quot;] = &quot;Seta&quot;,
	[&quot;stg&quot;] = &quot;Trieng&quot;,
	[&quot;sth&quot;] = &quot;Shelta&quot;,
	[&quot;sti&quot;] = &quot;Stieng Bulo&quot;,
	[&quot;stj&quot;] = &quot;Samo Matya&quot;,
	[&quot;stk&quot;] = &quot;Arammba&quot;,
	[&quot;stm&quot;] = &quot;Setaman&quot;,
	[&quot;stn&quot;] = &quot;Owa&quot;,
	[&quot;sto&quot;] = &quot;Stoney&quot;,
	[&quot;stp&quot;] = &quot;Tepehuan Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;stq&quot;] = &quot;Frisia Saterland&quot;,
	[&quot;str&quot;] = &quot;Saanich&quot;,
	[&quot;sts&quot;] = &quot;Shumashti&quot;,
	[&quot;stt&quot;] = &quot;Stieng Budeh&quot;,
	[&quot;stu&quot;] = &quot;Samtao&quot;,
	[&quot;stv&quot;] = &quot;Silt'e&quot;,
	[&quot;stw&quot;] = &quot;Satawalese&quot;,
	[&quot;sty&quot;] = &quot;Siberia Tatar&quot;,
	[&quot;su&quot;] = &quot;Sunda&quot;,
	[&quot;sua&quot;] = &quot;Sulka&quot;,
	[&quot;sub&quot;] = &quot;Suku&quot;,
	[&quot;suc&quot;] = &quot;Subanon Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;sue&quot;] = &quot;Suena&quot;,
	[&quot;sug&quot;] = &quot;Suganga&quot;,
	[&quot;sui&quot;] = &quot;Suki&quot;,
	[&quot;suk&quot;] = &quot;Sukuma&quot;,
	[&quot;suq&quot;] = &quot;Suri&quot;,
	[&quot;sur&quot;] = &quot;Mwaghavul&quot;,
	[&quot;sus&quot;] = &quot;Susu&quot;,
	[&quot;sut&quot;] = &quot;Subtiaba&quot;,
	[&quot;suv&quot;] = &quot;Sulung&quot;,
	[&quot;suw&quot;] = &quot;Sumbwa&quot;,
	[&quot;sux&quot;] = &quot;Sumeria&quot;,
	[&quot;suy&quot;] = &quot;Suyá&quot;,
	[&quot;suz&quot;] = &quot;Sunwar&quot;,
	[&quot;sv&quot;] = &quot;Swedia&quot;,
	[&quot;sva&quot;] = &quot;Svan&quot;,
	[&quot;svb&quot;] = &quot;Ulau-Suain&quot;,
	[&quot;svc&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Inggeris Vincent&quot;,
	[&quot;sve&quot;] = &quot;Serili&quot;,
	[&quot;svk&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Slowakia&quot;,
	[&quot;svm&quot;] = &quot;Slavomolisano&quot;,
	[&quot;svs&quot;] = &quot;Savosavo&quot;,
	[&quot;svx&quot;] = &quot;Skalvian&quot;,
	[&quot;sw&quot;] = &quot;Swahili&quot;,
	[&quot;swb&quot;] = &quot;Comorian Maore&quot;,
	[&quot;swf&quot;] = &quot;Sere&quot;,
	[&quot;swg&quot;] = &quot;Swabia&quot;,
	[&quot;swi&quot;] = &quot;Sui&quot;,
	[&quot;swj&quot;] = &quot;Sira&quot;,
	[&quot;swl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Swedia&quot;,
	[&quot;swm&quot;] = &quot;Samosa&quot;,
	[&quot;swn&quot;] = &quot;Sokna&quot;,
	[&quot;swo&quot;] = &quot;Shanenawa&quot;,
	[&quot;swp&quot;] = &quot;Suau&quot;,
	[&quot;swq&quot;] = &quot;Sharwa&quot;,
	[&quot;swr&quot;] = &quot;Saweru&quot;,
	[&quot;sws&quot;] = &quot;Seluwasan&quot;,
	[&quot;swt&quot;] = &quot;Sawila&quot;,
	[&quot;swu&quot;] = &quot;Suwawa&quot;,
	[&quot;sww&quot;] = &quot;Sowa&quot;,
	[&quot;swx&quot;] = &quot;Suruahá&quot;,
	[&quot;swy&quot;] = &quot;Sarua&quot;,
	[&quot;sxb&quot;] = &quot;Suba&quot;,
	[&quot;sxc&quot;] = &quot;Sicanian&quot;,
	[&quot;sxe&quot;] = &quot;Sighu&quot;,
	[&quot;sxg&quot;] = &quot;Shixing&quot;,
	[&quot;sxk&quot;] = &quot;Kalapuya Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;sxl&quot;] = &quot;Selonian&quot;,
	[&quot;sxm&quot;] = &quot;Samre&quot;,
	[&quot;sxn&quot;] = &quot;Sangir&quot;,
	[&quot;sxo&quot;] = &quot;Sorothaptic&quot;,
	[&quot;sxr&quot;] = &quot;Saaroa&quot;,
	[&quot;sxs&quot;] = &quot;Sasaru&quot;,
	[&quot;sxw&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Saxwe&quot;,
	[&quot;sya&quot;] = &quot;Siang&quot;,
	[&quot;syb&quot;] = &quot;Subanen Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;syc&quot;] = &quot;Suriah Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;syd-fne&quot;] = &quot;Nenets Hutan&quot;,
	[&quot;syd-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Samoyedic&quot;,
	[&quot;syi&quot;] = &quot;Seki&quot;,
	[&quot;syk&quot;] = &quot;Sukur&quot;,
	[&quot;syl&quot;] = &quot;Sylheti&quot;,
	[&quot;sym&quot;] = &quot;Samo Maya&quot;,
	[&quot;syn&quot;] = &quot;Senaya&quot;,
	[&quot;syo&quot;] = &quot;Suoy&quot;,
	[&quot;sys&quot;] = &quot;Sinyar&quot;,
	[&quot;syw&quot;] = &quot;Kagate&quot;,
	[&quot;syx&quot;] = &quot;Osamayi&quot;,
	[&quot;syy&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Al-Sayyid Bedouin&quot;,
	[&quot;sza&quot;] = &quot;Semelai&quot;,
	[&quot;szb&quot;] = &quot;Ngalum&quot;,
	[&quot;szc&quot;] = &quot;Semaq Beri&quot;,
	[&quot;szd&quot;] = &quot;Seru&quot;,
	[&quot;sze&quot;] = &quot;Seze&quot;,
	[&quot;szg&quot;] = &quot;Sengele&quot;,
	[&quot;szl&quot;] = &quot;Silesia&quot;,
	[&quot;szn&quot;] = &quot;Sula&quot;,
	[&quot;szp&quot;] = &quot;Suabo&quot;,
	[&quot;szv&quot;] = &quot;Isubu&quot;,
	[&quot;szw&quot;] = &quot;Sawai&quot;,
	[&quot;szy&quot;] = &quot;Sakizaya&quot;,
	[&quot;ta&quot;] = &quot;Tamil&quot;,
	[&quot;taa&quot;] = &quot;Tanana Hilir&quot;,
	[&quot;tab&quot;] = &quot;Tabasaran&quot;,
	[&quot;tac&quot;] = &quot;Tarahumara Dataran&quot;,
	[&quot;tad&quot;] = &quot;Tause&quot;,
	[&quot;tae&quot;] = &quot;Tariana&quot;,
	[&quot;taf&quot;] = &quot;Tapirapé&quot;,
	[&quot;tag&quot;] = &quot;Tagoi&quot;,
	[&quot;tai-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tai&quot;,
	[&quot;tai-swe-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tai Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;taj&quot;] = &quot;Tamang Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;tak&quot;] = &quot;Tala&quot;,
	[&quot;tal&quot;] = &quot;Tal&quot;,
	[&quot;tan&quot;] = &quot;Tangale&quot;,
	[&quot;tao&quot;] = &quot;Yami&quot;,
	[&quot;tap&quot;] = &quot;Taabwa&quot;,
	[&quot;tar&quot;] = &quot;Tarahumara Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;tas&quot;] = &quot;Tây Bồi&quot;,
	[&quot;tau&quot;] = &quot;Tanana Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;tav&quot;] = &quot;Tatuyo&quot;,
	[&quot;taw&quot;] = &quot;Tai&quot;,
	[&quot;tax&quot;] = &quot;Tamki&quot;,
	[&quot;tay&quot;] = &quot;Atayal&quot;,
	[&quot;taz&quot;] = &quot;Tocho&quot;,
	[&quot;tba&quot;] = &quot;Aikanã&quot;,
	[&quot;tbb&quot;] = &quot;Tapeba&quot;,
	[&quot;tbc&quot;] = &quot;Takia&quot;,
	[&quot;tbd&quot;] = &quot;Kaki Ae&quot;,
	[&quot;tbe&quot;] = &quot;Tanimbili&quot;,
	[&quot;tbf&quot;] = &quot;Mandara&quot;,
	[&quot;tbg&quot;] = &quot;Tairora Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;tbh&quot;] = &quot;Thurawal&quot;,
	[&quot;tbi&quot;] = &quot;Gaam&quot;,
	[&quot;tbj&quot;] = &quot;Tiang&quot;,
	[&quot;tbk&quot;] = &quot;Tagbanwa Calamian&quot;,
	[&quot;tbl&quot;] = &quot;Tboli&quot;,
	[&quot;tbm&quot;] = &quot;Tagbu&quot;,
	[&quot;tbn&quot;] = &quot;Tunebo Barro Negro&quot;,
	[&quot;tbo&quot;] = &quot;Tawala&quot;,
	[&quot;tbp&quot;] = &quot;Taworta&quot;,
	[&quot;tbq-bdg-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Bodo-Garo&quot;,
	[&quot;tbq-kuk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Kuki-Chin&quot;,
	[&quot;tbq-lal-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Lalo&quot;,
	[&quot;tbq-laz&quot;] = &quot;Laze&quot;,
	[&quot;tbq-lob-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Lolo-Burma&quot;,
	[&quot;tbq-lol-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Loloish&quot;,
	[&quot;tbq-ngo&quot;] = &quot;Ngochang&quot;,
	[&quot;tbq-plg&quot;] = &quot;Pai-lang&quot;,
	[&quot;tbr&quot;] = &quot;Tumtum&quot;,
	[&quot;tbs&quot;] = &quot;Tanguat&quot;,
	[&quot;tbt&quot;] = &quot;Kitembo&quot;,
	[&quot;tbu&quot;] = &quot;Tubar&quot;,
	[&quot;tbv&quot;] = &quot;Tobo&quot;,
	[&quot;tbw&quot;] = &quot;Tagbanwa&quot;,
	[&quot;tbx&quot;] = &quot;Kapin&quot;,
	[&quot;tby&quot;] = &quot;Tabaru&quot;,
	[&quot;tbz&quot;] = &quot;Ditammari&quot;,
	[&quot;tca&quot;] = &quot;Ticuna&quot;,
	[&quot;tcb&quot;] = &quot;Tanacross&quot;,
	[&quot;tcc&quot;] = &quot;Datooga&quot;,
	[&quot;tcd&quot;] = &quot;Tafi&quot;,
	[&quot;tce&quot;] = &quot;Tutchone Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;tcf&quot;] = &quot;Malinaltepec Tlapanec&quot;,
	[&quot;tcg&quot;] = &quot;Tamagario&quot;,
	[&quot;tch&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Inggeris Turks dan Caicos&quot;,
	[&quot;tci&quot;] = &quot;Wára&quot;,
	[&quot;tck&quot;] = &quot;Tchitchege&quot;,
	[&quot;tcl&quot;] = &quot;Taman (Myanmar)&quot;,
	[&quot;tcm&quot;] = &quot;Tanahmerah&quot;,
	[&quot;tco&quot;] = &quot;Taungyo&quot;,
	[&quot;tcp&quot;] = &quot;Chin Tawr&quot;,
	[&quot;tcq&quot;] = &quot;Kaiy&quot;,
	[&quot;tcs&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Torres Strait&quot;,
	[&quot;tct&quot;] = &quot;T'en&quot;,
	[&quot;tcu&quot;] = &quot;Tarahumara Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;tcw&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Tecpatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;tcx&quot;] = &quot;Toda&quot;,
	[&quot;tcy&quot;] = &quot;Tulu&quot;,
	[&quot;tcz&quot;] = &quot;Chin Thado&quot;,
	[&quot;tda&quot;] = &quot;Tagdal&quot;,
	[&quot;tdb&quot;] = &quot;Panchpargania&quot;,
	[&quot;tdc&quot;] = &quot;Emberá-Tadó&quot;,
	[&quot;tdd&quot;] = &quot;Tai Nüa&quot;,
	[&quot;tde&quot;] = &quot;Dogon Tiranige Diga&quot;,
	[&quot;tdf&quot;] = &quot;Talieng&quot;,
	[&quot;tdg&quot;] = &quot;Tamang Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;tdh&quot;] = &quot;Thulung&quot;,
	[&quot;tdi&quot;] = &quot;Tomadino&quot;,
	[&quot;tdj&quot;] = &quot;Tajio&quot;,
	[&quot;tdk&quot;] = &quot;Tambas&quot;,
	[&quot;tdl&quot;] = &quot;Sur&quot;,
	[&quot;tdm&quot;] = &quot;Taruma&quot;,
	[&quot;tdn&quot;] = &quot;Tondano&quot;,
	[&quot;tdo&quot;] = &quot;Teme&quot;,
	[&quot;tdq&quot;] = &quot;Tita&quot;,
	[&quot;tdr&quot;] = &quot;Todrah&quot;,
	[&quot;tds&quot;] = &quot;Doutai&quot;,
	[&quot;tdt&quot;] = &quot;Tetun Dili&quot;,
	[&quot;tdu&quot;] = &quot;Dusun Tempasuk&quot;,
	[&quot;tdv&quot;] = &quot;Toro&quot;,
	[&quot;tdy&quot;] = &quot;Tadyawan&quot;,
	[&quot;te&quot;] = &quot;Telugu&quot;,
	[&quot;tea&quot;] = &quot;Temiar&quot;,
	[&quot;teb&quot;] = &quot;Tetete&quot;,
	[&quot;tec&quot;] = &quot;Terik&quot;,
	[&quot;ted&quot;] = &quot;Tepo Krumen&quot;,
	[&quot;tee&quot;] = &quot;Tepehua Huehuetla&quot;,
	[&quot;tef&quot;] = &quot;Teressa&quot;,
	[&quot;teg&quot;] = &quot;Teke-Tege&quot;,
	[&quot;teh&quot;] = &quot;Tehuelche&quot;,
	[&quot;tei&quot;] = &quot;Torricelli&quot;,
	[&quot;tek&quot;] = &quot;Teke Ibali&quot;,
	[&quot;tem&quot;] = &quot;Temne&quot;,
	[&quot;ten&quot;] = &quot;Tama (Colombia)&quot;,
	[&quot;teo&quot;] = &quot;Ateso&quot;,
	[&quot;tep&quot;] = &quot;Tepecano&quot;,
	[&quot;teq&quot;] = &quot;Temein&quot;,
	[&quot;ter&quot;] = &quot;Tereno&quot;,
	[&quot;tes&quot;] = &quot;Tengger&quot;,
	[&quot;tet&quot;] = &quot;Tetum&quot;,
	[&quot;teu&quot;] = &quot;Soo&quot;,
	[&quot;tev&quot;] = &quot;Teor&quot;,
	[&quot;tew&quot;] = &quot;Tewa&quot;,
	[&quot;tex&quot;] = &quot;Tennet&quot;,
	[&quot;tey&quot;] = &quot;Tulishi&quot;,
	[&quot;tez&quot;] = &quot;Tetserret&quot;,
	[&quot;tfi&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Tofin&quot;,
	[&quot;tfn&quot;] = &quot;Dena'ina&quot;,
	[&quot;tfo&quot;] = &quot;Tefaro&quot;,
	[&quot;tfr&quot;] = &quot;Teribe&quot;,
	[&quot;tft&quot;] = &quot;Ternate&quot;,
	[&quot;tg&quot;] = &quot;Tajik&quot;,
	[&quot;tga&quot;] = &quot;Sagalla&quot;,
	[&quot;tgb&quot;] = &quot;Tobilung&quot;,
	[&quot;tgc&quot;] = &quot;Tigak&quot;,
	[&quot;tgd&quot;] = &quot;Ciwogai&quot;,
	[&quot;tge&quot;] = &quot;Tamang Gorkha Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;tgf&quot;] = &quot;Chali&quot;,
	[&quot;tgh&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Inggeris Tobago&quot;,
	[&quot;tgi&quot;] = &quot;Lawunuia&quot;,
	[&quot;tgn&quot;] = &quot;Tandaganon&quot;,
	[&quot;tgo&quot;] = &quot;Sudest&quot;,
	[&quot;tgp&quot;] = &quot;Tangoa&quot;,
	[&quot;tgq&quot;] = &quot;Tring&quot;,
	[&quot;tgr&quot;] = &quot;Tareng&quot;,
	[&quot;tgs&quot;] = &quot;Nume&quot;,
	[&quot;tgt&quot;] = &quot;Tagbanwa Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;tgu&quot;] = &quot;Tanggu&quot;,
	[&quot;tgv&quot;] = &quot;Tingui-Boto&quot;,
	[&quot;tgw&quot;] = &quot;Senoufo Tagwana&quot;,
	[&quot;tgx&quot;] = &quot;Tagish&quot;,
	[&quot;tgy&quot;] = &quot;Togoyo&quot;,
	[&quot;th&quot;] = &quot;Thai&quot;,
	[&quot;thc&quot;] = &quot;Tai Hang Tong&quot;,
	[&quot;thd&quot;] = &quot;Kuuk Thaayorre&quot;,
	[&quot;the&quot;] = &quot;Tharu Chitwania&quot;,
	[&quot;thf&quot;] = &quot;Thangmi&quot;,
	[&quot;thh&quot;] = &quot;Tarahumara Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;thi&quot;] = &quot;Tai Long&quot;,
	[&quot;thk&quot;] = &quot;Tharaka&quot;,
	[&quot;thl&quot;] = &quot;Tharu Dangaura&quot;,
	[&quot;thm&quot;] = &quot;Thavung&quot;,
	[&quot;thn&quot;] = &quot;Thachanadan&quot;,
	[&quot;thp&quot;] = &quot;Thompson&quot;,
	[&quot;thq&quot;] = &quot;Tharu Kochila&quot;,
	[&quot;thr&quot;] = &quot;Tharu Rana&quot;,
	[&quot;ths&quot;] = &quot;Thakali&quot;,
	[&quot;tht&quot;] = &quot;Tahltan&quot;,
	[&quot;thu&quot;] = &quot;Thuri&quot;,
	[&quot;thy&quot;] = &quot;Tha&quot;,
	[&quot;ti&quot;] = &quot;Tigrinya&quot;,
	[&quot;tic&quot;] = &quot;Tira&quot;,
	[&quot;tif&quot;] = &quot;Tifal&quot;,
	[&quot;tig&quot;] = &quot;Tigre&quot;,
	[&quot;tih&quot;] = &quot;Murut Timugon&quot;,
	[&quot;tii&quot;] = &quot;Tiene&quot;,
	[&quot;tij&quot;] = &quot;Tilung&quot;,
	[&quot;tik&quot;] = &quot;Tikar&quot;,
	[&quot;til&quot;] = &quot;Tillamook&quot;,
	[&quot;tim&quot;] = &quot;Timbe&quot;,
	[&quot;tin&quot;] = &quot;Tindi&quot;,
	[&quot;tio&quot;] = &quot;Teop&quot;,
	[&quot;tip&quot;] = &quot;Trimuris&quot;,
	[&quot;tiq&quot;] = &quot;Tiéfo&quot;,
	[&quot;tis&quot;] = &quot;Itneg Masadiit&quot;,
	[&quot;tit&quot;] = &quot;Tinigua&quot;,
	[&quot;tiu&quot;] = &quot;Adasen&quot;,
	[&quot;tiv&quot;] = &quot;Tiv&quot;,
	[&quot;tiw&quot;] = &quot;Tiwi&quot;,
	[&quot;tix&quot;] = &quot;Tiwa Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;tiy&quot;] = &quot;Tiruray&quot;,
	[&quot;tiz&quot;] = &quot;Tai Hongjin&quot;,
	[&quot;tja&quot;] = &quot;Tajuasohn&quot;,
	[&quot;tjg&quot;] = &quot;Tunjung&quot;,
	[&quot;tji&quot;] = &quot;Tujia Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;tjl&quot;] = &quot;Tai Laing&quot;,
	[&quot;tjm&quot;] = &quot;Timucua&quot;,
	[&quot;tjn&quot;] = &quot;Tonjon&quot;,
	[&quot;tjs&quot;] = &quot;Tujia Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;tju&quot;] = &quot;Tjurruru&quot;,
	[&quot;tjw&quot;] = &quot;Chaap Wuurong&quot;,
	[&quot;tk&quot;] = &quot;Turkmen&quot;,
	[&quot;tka&quot;] = &quot;Truká&quot;,
	[&quot;tkb&quot;] = &quot;Buksa&quot;,
	[&quot;tkd&quot;] = &quot;Tukudede&quot;,
	[&quot;tke&quot;] = &quot;Takwane&quot;,
	[&quot;tkf&quot;] = &quot;Tukumanféd&quot;,
	[&quot;tkl&quot;] = &quot;Tokelauan&quot;,
	[&quot;tkm&quot;] = &quot;Takelma&quot;,
	[&quot;tkn&quot;] = &quot;Toku-No-Shima&quot;,
	[&quot;tkp&quot;] = &quot;Tikopia&quot;,
	[&quot;tkq&quot;] = &quot;Tee&quot;,
	[&quot;tkr&quot;] = &quot;Tsakhur&quot;,
	[&quot;tks&quot;] = &quot;Ramandi&quot;,
	[&quot;tkt&quot;] = &quot;Tharu Kathoriya&quot;,
	[&quot;tku&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Necaxa Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;tkv&quot;] = &quot;Mur Pano&quot;,
	[&quot;tkw&quot;] = &quot;Teanu&quot;,
	[&quot;tkx&quot;] = &quot;Tangko&quot;,
	[&quot;tkz&quot;] = &quot;Takua&quot;,
	[&quot;tl&quot;] = &quot;Tagalog&quot;,
	[&quot;tla&quot;] = &quot;Tepehuan Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;tlb&quot;] = &quot;Tobelo&quot;,
	[&quot;tlc&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Misantla&quot;,
	[&quot;tld&quot;] = &quot;Talaud&quot;,
	[&quot;tlf&quot;] = &quot;Telefol&quot;,
	[&quot;tlg&quot;] = &quot;Tofanma&quot;,
	[&quot;tlh&quot;] = &quot;Klingon&quot;,
	[&quot;tli&quot;] = &quot;Tlingit&quot;,
	[&quot;tlj&quot;] = &quot;Talinga-Bwisi&quot;,
	[&quot;tlk&quot;] = &quot;Taloki&quot;,
	[&quot;tll&quot;] = &quot;Tetela&quot;,
	[&quot;tlm&quot;] = &quot;Tolomako&quot;,
	[&quot;tln&quot;] = &quot;Talondo'&quot;,
	[&quot;tlo&quot;] = &quot;Talodi&quot;,
	[&quot;tlp&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán&quot;,
	[&quot;tlq&quot;] = &quot;Tai Loi&quot;,
	[&quot;tlr&quot;] = &quot;Talise&quot;,
	[&quot;tls&quot;] = &quot;Tambotalo&quot;,
	[&quot;tlt&quot;] = &quot;Teluti&quot;,
	[&quot;tlu&quot;] = &quot;Tulehu&quot;,
	[&quot;tlv&quot;] = &quot;Taliabu&quot;,
	[&quot;tlx&quot;] = &quot;Khehek&quot;,
	[&quot;tly&quot;] = &quot;Talysh&quot;,
	[&quot;tma&quot;] = &quot;Tama (Chad)&quot;,
	[&quot;tmb&quot;] = &quot;Avava&quot;,
	[&quot;tmc&quot;] = &quot;Tumak&quot;,
	[&quot;tmd&quot;] = &quot;Haruai&quot;,
	[&quot;tme&quot;] = &quot;Tremembé&quot;,
	[&quot;tmf&quot;] = &quot;Toba-Maskoy&quot;,
	[&quot;tmg&quot;] = &quot;Ternateño&quot;,
	[&quot;tmh&quot;] = &quot;Tuareg&quot;,
	[&quot;tmi&quot;] = &quot;Tutuba&quot;,
	[&quot;tmj&quot;] = &quot;Samarokena&quot;,
	[&quot;tmk&quot;] = &quot;Tamang Barat Laut&quot;,
	[&quot;tml&quot;] = &quot;Tamnim Citak&quot;,
	[&quot;tmm&quot;] = &quot;Tai Thanh&quot;,
	[&quot;tmn&quot;] = &quot;Taman&quot;,
	[&quot;tmo&quot;] = &quot;Temoq&quot;,
	[&quot;tmq&quot;] = &quot;Tumleo&quot;,
	[&quot;tms&quot;] = &quot;Tima&quot;,
	[&quot;tmt&quot;] = &quot;Tasmate&quot;,
	[&quot;tmu&quot;] = &quot;Iau&quot;,
	[&quot;tmv&quot;] = &quot;Motembo&quot;,
	[&quot;tmy&quot;] = &quot;Tami&quot;,
	[&quot;tmz&quot;] = &quot;Tamanaku&quot;,
	[&quot;tn&quot;] = &quot;Tswana&quot;,
	[&quot;tna&quot;] = &quot;Tacana&quot;,
	[&quot;tnb&quot;] = &quot;Tunebo Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;tnc&quot;] = &quot;Tanimuca-Retuarã&quot;,
	[&quot;tnd&quot;] = &quot;Tunebo Angosturas&quot;,
	[&quot;tne&quot;] = &quot;Kallahan Tinoc&quot;,
	[&quot;tng&quot;] = &quot;Tobanga&quot;,
	[&quot;tnh&quot;] = &quot;Maiani&quot;,
	[&quot;tni&quot;] = &quot;Tandia&quot;,
	[&quot;tnk&quot;] = &quot;Kwamera&quot;,
	[&quot;tnl&quot;] = &quot;Lenakel&quot;,
	[&quot;tnm&quot;] = &quot;Tabla&quot;,
	[&quot;tnn&quot;] = &quot;Tanna Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;tno&quot;] = &quot;Toromono&quot;,
	[&quot;tnp&quot;] = &quot;Whitesands&quot;,
	[&quot;tnq&quot;] = &quot;Taíno&quot;,
	[&quot;tnr&quot;] = &quot;Bedik&quot;,
	[&quot;tns&quot;] = &quot;Tenis&quot;,
	[&quot;tnt&quot;] = &quot;Tontemboan&quot;,
	[&quot;tnu&quot;] = &quot;Tay Khang&quot;,
	[&quot;tnv&quot;] = &quot;Tangchangya&quot;,
	[&quot;tnw&quot;] = &quot;Tonsawang&quot;,
	[&quot;tnx&quot;] = &quot;Tanema&quot;,
	[&quot;tny&quot;] = &quot;Tongwe&quot;,
	[&quot;tnz&quot;] = &quot;Ten'edn&quot;,
	[&quot;to&quot;] = &quot;Tonga&quot;,
	[&quot;tob&quot;] = &quot;Toba&quot;,
	[&quot;toc&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Coyutla&quot;,
	[&quot;tod&quot;] = &quot;Toma&quot;,
	[&quot;tof&quot;] = &quot;Gizrra&quot;,
	[&quot;tog&quot;] = &quot;Tonga (Malawi)&quot;,
	[&quot;toh&quot;] = &quot;Tonga (Mozambique)&quot;,
	[&quot;toi&quot;] = &quot;Tonga (Zambia)&quot;,
	[&quot;toj&quot;] = &quot;Tojolabal&quot;,
	[&quot;tok&quot;] = &quot;Toki Pona&quot;,
	[&quot;tol&quot;] = &quot;Tolowa&quot;,
	[&quot;tom&quot;] = &quot;Tombulu&quot;,
	[&quot;too&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Xicotepec de Juárez&quot;,
	[&quot;top&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Papantla&quot;,
	[&quot;toq&quot;] = &quot;Toposa&quot;,
	[&quot;tor&quot;] = &quot;Togbo-Vara Banda&quot;,
	[&quot;tos&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Pegunungan&quot;,
	[&quot;tou&quot;] = &quot;Tho&quot;,
	[&quot;tov&quot;] = &quot;Taromi Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;tow&quot;] = &quot;Jemez&quot;,
	[&quot;tox&quot;] = &quot;Tobian&quot;,
	[&quot;toy&quot;] = &quot;Topoiyo&quot;,
	[&quot;toz&quot;] = &quot;To&quot;,
	[&quot;tpa&quot;] = &quot;Taupota&quot;,
	[&quot;tpc&quot;] = &quot;Me'phaa Azoyú&quot;,
	[&quot;tpe&quot;] = &quot;Tippera&quot;,
	[&quot;tpf&quot;] = &quot;Tarpia&quot;,
	[&quot;tpg&quot;] = &quot;Kula&quot;,
	[&quot;tpi&quot;] = &quot;Tok Pisin&quot;,
	[&quot;tpj&quot;] = &quot;Tapieté&quot;,
	[&quot;tpk&quot;] = &quot;Tupinikin&quot;,
	[&quot;tpl&quot;] = &quot;Me'phaa Tlacoapa&quot;,
	[&quot;tpm&quot;] = &quot;Tampulma&quot;,
	[&quot;tpn&quot;] = &quot;Tupinambá&quot;,
	[&quot;tpo&quot;] = &quot;Tai Pao&quot;,
	[&quot;tpp&quot;] = &quot;Tepehua Pisaflores&quot;,
	[&quot;tpq&quot;] = &quot;Tukpa&quot;,
	[&quot;tpr&quot;] = &quot;Tuparí&quot;,
	[&quot;tpt&quot;] = &quot;Tepehua Tlachichilco&quot;,
	[&quot;tpu&quot;] = &quot;Tampuan&quot;,
	[&quot;tpv&quot;] = &quot;Tanapag&quot;,
	[&quot;tpw&quot;] = &quot;Tupi Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;tpx&quot;] = &quot;Me'phaa Acatepec&quot;,
	[&quot;tpy&quot;] = &quot;Trumai&quot;,
	[&quot;tpz&quot;] = &quot;Tinputz&quot;,
	[&quot;tqb&quot;] = &quot;Tembé&quot;,
	[&quot;tql&quot;] = &quot;Lehali&quot;,
	[&quot;tqm&quot;] = &quot;Turumsa&quot;,
	[&quot;tqn&quot;] = &quot;Tenino&quot;,
	[&quot;tqo&quot;] = &quot;Toaripi&quot;,
	[&quot;tqp&quot;] = &quot;Tomoip&quot;,
	[&quot;tqq&quot;] = &quot;Tunni&quot;,
	[&quot;tqr&quot;] = &quot;Torona&quot;,
	[&quot;tqt&quot;] = &quot;Totonac Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;tqu&quot;] = &quot;Touo&quot;,
	[&quot;tqw&quot;] = &quot;Tonkawa&quot;,
	[&quot;tr&quot;] = &quot;Turki&quot;,
	[&quot;tra&quot;] = &quot;Tirahi&quot;,
	[&quot;trb&quot;] = &quot;Terebu&quot;,
	[&quot;trc&quot;] = &quot;Triqui Copala&quot;,
	[&quot;trd&quot;] = &quot;Turi&quot;,
	[&quot;tre&quot;] = &quot;Tarangan Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;trf&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Inggeris Trinidad&quot;,
	[&quot;trg&quot;] = &quot;Lishán Didán&quot;,
	[&quot;trh&quot;] = &quot;Turaka&quot;,
	[&quot;tri&quot;] = &quot;Trió&quot;,
	[&quot;trj&quot;] = &quot;Toram&quot;,
	[&quot;trk-dkh&quot;] = &quot;Dukhan&quot;,
	[&quot;trk-oat&quot;] = &quot;Turki Anatolia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;trk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Turkik&quot;,
	[&quot;trl&quot;] = &quot;Skotlandia Traveller&quot;,
	[&quot;trm&quot;] = &quot;Tregami&quot;,
	[&quot;trn&quot;] = &quot;Trinitario&quot;,
	[&quot;tro&quot;] = &quot;Tarao&quot;,
	[&quot;trp&quot;] = &quot;Kokborok&quot;,
	[&quot;trq&quot;] = &quot;Triqui San Martín Itunyoso&quot;,
	[&quot;trr&quot;] = &quot;Taushiro&quot;,
	[&quot;trs&quot;] = &quot;Triqui Chicahuaxtla&quot;,
	[&quot;trt&quot;] = &quot;Tunggare&quot;,
	[&quot;tru&quot;] = &quot;Turoyo&quot;,
	[&quot;trv&quot;] = &quot;Taroko&quot;,
	[&quot;trw&quot;] = &quot;Torwali&quot;,
	[&quot;trx&quot;] = &quot;Tringgus&quot;,
	[&quot;try&quot;] = &quot;Turung&quot;,
	[&quot;trz&quot;] = &quot;Torá&quot;,
	[&quot;ts&quot;] = &quot;Tsonga&quot;,
	[&quot;tsa&quot;] = &quot;Tsaangi&quot;,
	[&quot;tsb&quot;] = &quot;Tsamai&quot;,
	[&quot;tsc&quot;] = &quot;Tswa&quot;,
	[&quot;tsd&quot;] = &quot;Tsakonia&quot;,
	[&quot;tse&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Tunisia&quot;,
	[&quot;tsf&quot;] = &quot;Tamang Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;tsg&quot;] = &quot;Tausug&quot;,
	[&quot;tsh&quot;] = &quot;Tsuvan&quot;,
	[&quot;tsi&quot;] = &quot;Tsimshian&quot;,
	[&quot;tsj&quot;] = &quot;Tshangla&quot;,
	[&quot;tsl&quot;] = &quot;Ts'ün-Lao&quot;,
	[&quot;tsm&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Turki&quot;,
	[&quot;tsp&quot;] = &quot;Toussian Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;tsq&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Thai&quot;,
	[&quot;tsr&quot;] = &quot;Akei&quot;,
	[&quot;tss&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Taiwan&quot;,
	[&quot;tsu&quot;] = &quot;Tsou&quot;,
	[&quot;tsv&quot;] = &quot;Tsogo&quot;,
	[&quot;tsw&quot;] = &quot;Tsishingini&quot;,
	[&quot;tsx&quot;] = &quot;Mubami&quot;,
	[&quot;tsy&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Tebul&quot;,
	[&quot;tt&quot;] = &quot;Tatar&quot;,
	[&quot;tta&quot;] = &quot;Tutelo&quot;,
	[&quot;ttb&quot;] = &quot;Gaa&quot;,
	[&quot;ttc&quot;] = &quot;Tektiteko&quot;,
	[&quot;ttd&quot;] = &quot;Tauade&quot;,
	[&quot;tte&quot;] = &quot;Bwanabwana&quot;,
	[&quot;ttf&quot;] = &quot;Tuotomb&quot;,
	[&quot;ttg&quot;] = &quot;Tutong&quot;,
	[&quot;tth&quot;] = &quot;Ta'oih Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;tti&quot;] = &quot;Tobati&quot;,
	[&quot;ttj&quot;] = &quot;Tooro&quot;,
	[&quot;ttk&quot;] = &quot;Totoro&quot;,
	[&quot;ttl&quot;] = &quot;Totela&quot;,
	[&quot;ttm&quot;] = &quot;Tutchone Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ttn&quot;] = &quot;Towei&quot;,
	[&quot;tto&quot;] = &quot;Ta'oih Hilir&quot;,
	[&quot;ttp&quot;] = &quot;Tombelala&quot;,
	[&quot;ttr&quot;] = &quot;Tera&quot;,
	[&quot;tts&quot;] = &quot;Isan&quot;,
	[&quot;ttt&quot;] = &quot;Tat&quot;,
	[&quot;ttu&quot;] = &quot;Torau&quot;,
	[&quot;ttv&quot;] = &quot;Titan&quot;,
	[&quot;ttw&quot;] = &quot;Long Wat&quot;,
	[&quot;tty&quot;] = &quot;Sikaritai&quot;,
	[&quot;ttz&quot;] = &quot;Tsum&quot;,
	[&quot;tua&quot;] = &quot;Wiarumus&quot;,
	[&quot;tub&quot;] = &quot;Tübatulabal&quot;,
	[&quot;tuc&quot;] = &quot;Mutu&quot;,
	[&quot;tud&quot;] = &quot;Tuxá&quot;,
	[&quot;tue&quot;] = &quot;Tuyuca&quot;,
	[&quot;tuf&quot;] = &quot;Tunebo Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;tug&quot;] = &quot;Tunia&quot;,
	[&quot;tuh&quot;] = &quot;Taulil&quot;,
	[&quot;tui&quot;] = &quot;Tupuri&quot;,
	[&quot;tuj&quot;] = &quot;O'Hongana Manyawa&quot;,
	[&quot;tul&quot;] = &quot;Tula&quot;,
	[&quot;tum&quot;] = &quot;Tumbuka&quot;,
	[&quot;tun&quot;] = &quot;Tunica&quot;,
	[&quot;tuo&quot;] = &quot;Tucano&quot;,
	[&quot;tup-gua-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tupi-Guarani&quot;,
	[&quot;tup-kab&quot;] = &quot;Kabishiana&quot;,
	[&quot;tup-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tupian&quot;,
	[&quot;tuq&quot;] = &quot;Tedaga&quot;,
	[&quot;tus&quot;] = &quot;Tuscarora&quot;,
	[&quot;tuu&quot;] = &quot;Tututni&quot;,
	[&quot;tuv&quot;] = &quot;Turkana&quot;,
	[&quot;tuw-kkl&quot;] = &quot;Kyakala&quot;,
	[&quot;tuw-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tungusic&quot;,
	[&quot;tuw-sol&quot;] = &quot;Solon&quot;,
	[&quot;tux&quot;] = &quot;Tuxináwa&quot;,
	[&quot;tuy&quot;] = &quot;Tugen&quot;,
	[&quot;tuz&quot;] = &quot;Turka&quot;,
	[&quot;tva&quot;] = &quot;Vaghua&quot;,
	[&quot;tvd&quot;] = &quot;Tsuvadi&quot;,
	[&quot;tve&quot;] = &quot;Te'un&quot;,
	[&quot;tvg&quot;] = &quot;Tugu&quot;,
	[&quot;tvk&quot;] = &quot;Ambrym Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;tvl&quot;] = &quot;Tuvaluan&quot;,
	[&quot;tvm&quot;] = &quot;Tela-Masbuar&quot;,
	[&quot;tvn&quot;] = &quot;Tavoyan&quot;,
	[&quot;tvo&quot;] = &quot;Tidore&quot;,
	[&quot;tvs&quot;] = &quot;Taveta&quot;,
	[&quot;tvt&quot;] = &quot;Naga Tutsa&quot;,
	[&quot;tvu&quot;] = &quot;Tunen&quot;,
	[&quot;tvw&quot;] = &quot;Sedoa&quot;,
	[&quot;tvx&quot;] = &quot;Taivoan&quot;,
	[&quot;tvy&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Timor&quot;,
	[&quot;twa&quot;] = &quot;Twana&quot;,
	[&quot;twb&quot;] = &quot;Tawbuid Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;twc&quot;] = &quot;Teshenawa&quot;,
	[&quot;twe&quot;] = &quot;Teiwa&quot;,
	[&quot;twf&quot;] = &quot;Taos&quot;,
	[&quot;twg&quot;] = &quot;Tereweng&quot;,
	[&quot;twh&quot;] = &quot;Tai Dón&quot;,
	[&quot;twm&quot;] = &quot;Monpa Tawang&quot;,
	[&quot;twn&quot;] = &quot;Twendi&quot;,
	[&quot;two&quot;] = &quot;Tswapong&quot;,
	[&quot;twp&quot;] = &quot;Ere&quot;,
	[&quot;twq&quot;] = &quot;Tasawaq&quot;,
	[&quot;twr&quot;] = &quot;Tarahumara Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;twt&quot;] = &quot;Turiwára&quot;,
	[&quot;twu&quot;] = &quot;Termanu&quot;,
	[&quot;tww&quot;] = &quot;Tuwari&quot;,
	[&quot;twy&quot;] = &quot;Tawoyan&quot;,
	[&quot;txa&quot;] = &quot;Tombonuo&quot;,
	[&quot;txb&quot;] = &quot;Tocharian B&quot;,
	[&quot;txc&quot;] = &quot;Tsetsaut&quot;,
	[&quot;txe&quot;] = &quot;Totoli&quot;,
	[&quot;txg&quot;] = &quot;Tangut&quot;,
	[&quot;txh&quot;] = &quot;Thracian&quot;,
	[&quot;txi&quot;] = &quot;Ikpeng&quot;,
	[&quot;txj&quot;] = &quot;Tarjumo&quot;,
	[&quot;txm&quot;] = &quot;Tomini&quot;,
	[&quot;txn&quot;] = &quot;Tarangan Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;txo&quot;] = &quot;Toto&quot;,
	[&quot;txq&quot;] = &quot;Tii&quot;,
	[&quot;txr&quot;] = &quot;Tartessian&quot;,
	[&quot;txs&quot;] = &quot;Tonsea&quot;,
	[&quot;txt&quot;] = &quot;Citak&quot;,
	[&quot;txu&quot;] = &quot;Kayapó&quot;,
	[&quot;txx&quot;] = &quot;Tatana&quot;,
	[&quot;ty&quot;] = &quot;Tahiti&quot;,
	[&quot;tya&quot;] = &quot;Tauya&quot;,
	[&quot;tye&quot;] = &quot;Kyenga&quot;,
	[&quot;tyh&quot;] = &quot;O'du&quot;,
	[&quot;tyi&quot;] = &quot;Teke-Tsaayi&quot;,
	[&quot;tyj&quot;] = &quot;Tai Do&quot;,
	[&quot;tyl&quot;] = &quot;Thu Lao&quot;,
	[&quot;tyn&quot;] = &quot;Kombai&quot;,
	[&quot;typ&quot;] = &quot;Kuku-Thaypan&quot;,
	[&quot;tyr&quot;] = &quot;Tai Daeng&quot;,
	[&quot;tys&quot;] = &quot;Sapa&quot;,
	[&quot;tyt&quot;] = &quot;Tày Tac&quot;,
	[&quot;tyu&quot;] = &quot;Kua&quot;,
	[&quot;tyv&quot;] = &quot;Tuvan&quot;,
	[&quot;tyx&quot;] = &quot;Teke-Tyee&quot;,
	[&quot;tyz&quot;] = &quot;Tày&quot;,
	[&quot;tza&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Tanzania&quot;,
	[&quot;tzh&quot;] = &quot;Tzeltal&quot;,
	[&quot;tzj&quot;] = &quot;Tz'utujil&quot;,
	[&quot;tzl&quot;] = &quot;Talossan&quot;,
	[&quot;tzm&quot;] = &quot;Atlas Tamazight Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;tzn&quot;] = &quot;Tugun&quot;,
	[&quot;tzo&quot;] = &quot;Tzotzil&quot;,
	[&quot;tzx&quot;] = &quot;Tabriak&quot;,
	[&quot;uam&quot;] = &quot;Uamué&quot;,
	[&quot;uan&quot;] = &quot;Kuan&quot;,
	[&quot;uar&quot;] = &quot;Tairuma&quot;,
	[&quot;uba&quot;] = &quot;Ubang&quot;,
	[&quot;ubi&quot;] = &quot;Ubi&quot;,
	[&quot;ubl&quot;] = &quot;Bikol Buhi'non&quot;,
	[&quot;ubr&quot;] = &quot;Ubir&quot;,
	[&quot;ubu&quot;] = &quot;Umbu-Ungu&quot;,
	[&quot;uby&quot;] = &quot;Ubykh&quot;,
	[&quot;uda&quot;] = &quot;Uda&quot;,
	[&quot;ude&quot;] = &quot;Udihe&quot;,
	[&quot;udg&quot;] = &quot;Muduga&quot;,
	[&quot;udi&quot;] = &quot;Udi&quot;,
	[&quot;udj&quot;] = &quot;Ujir&quot;,
	[&quot;udl&quot;] = &quot;Uldeme&quot;,
	[&quot;udm&quot;] = &quot;Udmurt&quot;,
	[&quot;udu&quot;] = &quot;Uduk&quot;,
	[&quot;ues&quot;] = &quot;Kioko&quot;,
	[&quot;ufi&quot;] = &quot;Ufim&quot;,
	[&quot;ug&quot;] = &quot;Uighur&quot;,
	[&quot;uga&quot;] = &quot;Ugaritic&quot;,
	[&quot;ugb&quot;] = &quot;Kuku-Ugbanh&quot;,
	[&quot;uge&quot;] = &quot;Ughele&quot;,
	[&quot;ugn&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Uganda&quot;,
	[&quot;ugo&quot;] = &quot;Gong&quot;,
	[&quot;ugy&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Uruguay&quot;,
	[&quot;uha&quot;] = &quot;Uhami&quot;,
	[&quot;uhn&quot;] = &quot;Damal&quot;,
	[&quot;uis&quot;] = &quot;Uisai&quot;,
	[&quot;uiv&quot;] = &quot;Iyive&quot;,
	[&quot;uji&quot;] = &quot;Tanjijili&quot;,
	[&quot;uk&quot;] = &quot;Ukraina&quot;,
	[&quot;uka&quot;] = &quot;Kaburi&quot;,
	[&quot;ukg&quot;] = &quot;Ukuriguma&quot;,
	[&quot;ukh&quot;] = &quot;Ukhwejo&quot;,
	[&quot;ukk&quot;] = &quot;Muak Sa-aak&quot;,
	[&quot;ukl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Ukraina&quot;,
	[&quot;ukp&quot;] = &quot;Ukpe-Bayobiri&quot;,
	[&quot;ukq&quot;] = &quot;Ukwa&quot;,
	[&quot;uks&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Kaapor&quot;,
	[&quot;uku&quot;] = &quot;Ukue&quot;,
	[&quot;ukw&quot;] = &quot;Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni&quot;,
	[&quot;uky&quot;] = &quot;Kuuk Yak&quot;,
	[&quot;ula&quot;] = &quot;Fungwa&quot;,
	[&quot;ulb&quot;] = &quot;Olukumi&quot;,
	[&quot;ulc&quot;] = &quot;Ulch&quot;,
	[&quot;ule&quot;] = &quot;Lule&quot;,
	[&quot;ulf&quot;] = &quot;Afra&quot;,
	[&quot;uli&quot;] = &quot;Ulithian&quot;,
	[&quot;ulk&quot;] = &quot;Meriam&quot;,
	[&quot;ull&quot;] = &quot;Ullatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ulm&quot;] = &quot;Ulumanda'&quot;,
	[&quot;uln&quot;] = &quot;Unserdeutsch&quot;,
	[&quot;ulu&quot;] = &quot;Uma' Lung&quot;,
	[&quot;ulw&quot;] = &quot;Ulwa&quot;,
	[&quot;uma&quot;] = &quot;Umatilla&quot;,
	[&quot;umb&quot;] = &quot;Umbundu&quot;,
	[&quot;umc&quot;] = &quot;Marrucinian&quot;,
	[&quot;umd&quot;] = &quot;Umbindhamu&quot;,
	[&quot;umg&quot;] = &quot;Umbuygamu&quot;,
	[&quot;umi&quot;] = &quot;Ukit&quot;,
	[&quot;umm&quot;] = &quot;Umon&quot;,
	[&quot;umn&quot;] = &quot;Naga Makyan&quot;,
	[&quot;umo&quot;] = &quot;Umotína&quot;,
	[&quot;ump&quot;] = &quot;Umpila&quot;,
	[&quot;umr&quot;] = &quot;Umbugarla&quot;,
	[&quot;ums&quot;] = &quot;Pendau&quot;,
	[&quot;umu&quot;] = &quot;Munsee&quot;,
	[&quot;una&quot;] = &quot;Watut Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;und&quot;] = &quot;Tidak diketahui&quot;,
	[&quot;und-isa&quot;] = &quot;Isaurian&quot;,
	[&quot;und-kas&quot;] = &quot;Kassite&quot;,
	[&quot;und-mil&quot;] = &quot;Milang&quot;,
	[&quot;und-mmd&quot;] = &quot;Mimi Decorse&quot;,
	[&quot;und-mmn&quot;] = &quot;Mimi Nachtigal&quot;,
	[&quot;und-phi&quot;] = &quot;Filistin&quot;,
	[&quot;und-wji&quot;] = &quot;Jicaque Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;une&quot;] = &quot;Uneme&quot;,
	[&quot;ung&quot;] = &quot;Ngarinyin&quot;,
	[&quot;unk&quot;] = &quot;Enawené-Nawé&quot;,
	[&quot;unm&quot;] = &quot;Unami&quot;,
	[&quot;unn&quot;] = &quot;Kurnai&quot;,
	[&quot;unr&quot;] = &quot;Mundari&quot;,
	[&quot;unu&quot;] = &quot;Unubahe&quot;,
	[&quot;unx&quot;] = &quot;Munda&quot;,
	[&quot;unz&quot;] = &quot;Kaili Unde&quot;,
	[&quot;uok&quot;] = &quot;Uokha&quot;,
	[&quot;uon&quot;] = &quot;Kulon&quot;,
	[&quot;upi&quot;] = &quot;Umeda&quot;,
	[&quot;upv&quot;] = &quot;Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin&quot;,
	[&quot;ur&quot;] = &quot;Urdu&quot;,
	[&quot;ura&quot;] = &quot;Urarina&quot;,
	[&quot;urb&quot;] = &quot;Urubú-Kaapor&quot;,
	[&quot;urc&quot;] = &quot;Urningangg&quot;,
	[&quot;ure&quot;] = &quot;Uru&quot;,
	[&quot;urf&quot;] = &quot;Uradhi&quot;,
	[&quot;urg&quot;] = &quot;Urigina&quot;,
	[&quot;urh&quot;] = &quot;Urhobo&quot;,
	[&quot;uri&quot;] = &quot;Urim&quot;,
	[&quot;urj-fin-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Finnic&quot;,
	[&quot;urj-koo&quot;] = &quot;Komi Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;urj-kuk&quot;] = &quot;Kukkuzi&quot;,
	[&quot;urj-kya&quot;] = &quot;Komi-Yazva&quot;,
	[&quot;urj-mdv-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mordvinic&quot;,
	[&quot;urj-prm-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Permic&quot;,
	[&quot;urj-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Uralic&quot;,
	[&quot;urj-ugr-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Ugric&quot;,
	[&quot;urk&quot;] = &quot;Urak Lawoi'&quot;,
	[&quot;url&quot;] = &quot;Urali&quot;,
	[&quot;urm&quot;] = &quot;Urapmin&quot;,
	[&quot;urn&quot;] = &quot;Uruangnirin&quot;,
	[&quot;uro&quot;] = &quot;Ura (Papua)&quot;,
	[&quot;urp&quot;] = &quot;Uru-Pa-In&quot;,
	[&quot;urr&quot;] = &quot;Lehalurup&quot;,
	[&quot;urt&quot;] = &quot;Urat&quot;,
	[&quot;uru&quot;] = &quot;Urumi&quot;,
	[&quot;urv&quot;] = &quot;Uruava&quot;,
	[&quot;urw&quot;] = &quot;Sop&quot;,
	[&quot;urx&quot;] = &quot;Urimo&quot;,
	[&quot;ury&quot;] = &quot;Orya&quot;,
	[&quot;urz&quot;] = &quot;Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau&quot;,
	[&quot;usa&quot;] = &quot;Usarufa&quot;,
	[&quot;ush&quot;] = &quot;Ushojo&quot;,
	[&quot;usi&quot;] = &quot;Usui&quot;,
	[&quot;usk&quot;] = &quot;Usaghade&quot;,
	[&quot;usp&quot;] = &quot;Uspanteco&quot;,
	[&quot;uss&quot;] = &quot;Saare&quot;,
	[&quot;usu&quot;] = &quot;Uya&quot;,
	[&quot;uta&quot;] = &quot;Otank&quot;,
	[&quot;ute&quot;] = &quot;Ute&quot;,
	[&quot;uth&quot;] = &quot;Hun&quot;,
	[&quot;utp&quot;] = &quot;Aba&quot;,
	[&quot;utr&quot;] = &quot;Etulo&quot;,
	[&quot;utu&quot;] = &quot;Utu&quot;,
	[&quot;uum&quot;] = &quot;Urum&quot;,
	[&quot;uun&quot;] = &quot;Kulon-Pazeh&quot;,
	[&quot;uur&quot;] = &quot;Ura (Vanuatu)&quot;,
	[&quot;uuu&quot;] = &quot;U&quot;,
	[&quot;uve&quot;] = &quot;Uvean Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;uvh&quot;] = &quot;Uri&quot;,
	[&quot;uvl&quot;] = &quot;Lote&quot;,
	[&quot;uwa&quot;] = &quot;Kuku-Uwanh&quot;,
	[&quot;uya&quot;] = &quot;Doko-Uyanga&quot;,
	[&quot;uz&quot;] = &quot;Uzbek&quot;,
	[&quot;vaa&quot;] = &quot;Vaagri Booli&quot;,
	[&quot;vae&quot;] = &quot;Vale&quot;,
	[&quot;vag&quot;] = &quot;Vagla&quot;,
	[&quot;vah&quot;] = &quot;Varhadi&quot;,
	[&quot;vai&quot;] = &quot;Vai&quot;,
	[&quot;vaj&quot;] = &quot;Sekele&quot;,
	[&quot;val&quot;] = &quot;Vehes&quot;,
	[&quot;vam&quot;] = &quot;Vanimo&quot;,
	[&quot;van&quot;] = &quot;Valman&quot;,
	[&quot;vao&quot;] = &quot;Vao&quot;,
	[&quot;vap&quot;] = &quot;Vaiphei&quot;,
	[&quot;var&quot;] = &quot;Huarijio&quot;,
	[&quot;vas&quot;] = &quot;Vasavi&quot;,
	[&quot;vau&quot;] = &quot;Vanuma&quot;,
	[&quot;vav&quot;] = &quot;Varli&quot;,
	[&quot;vay&quot;] = &quot;Vayu&quot;,
	[&quot;vbb&quot;] = &quot;Babar Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;vbk&quot;] = &quot;Bontoc Barat Daya&quot;,
	[&quot;ve&quot;] = &quot;Venda&quot;,
	[&quot;vec&quot;] = &quot;Venesia&quot;,
	[&quot;ved&quot;] = &quot;Veddah&quot;,
	[&quot;vem&quot;] = &quot;Vemgo-Mabas&quot;,
	[&quot;veo&quot;] = &quot;Ventureño&quot;,
	[&quot;vep&quot;] = &quot;Veps&quot;,
	[&quot;ver&quot;] = &quot;Mom Jango&quot;,
	[&quot;vgr&quot;] = &quot;Vaghri&quot;,
	[&quot;vgt&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Flemish&quot;,
	[&quot;vi&quot;] = &quot;Vietnam&quot;,
	[&quot;vic&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Virgin Islands&quot;,
	[&quot;vid&quot;] = &quot;Vidunda&quot;,
	[&quot;vif&quot;] = &quot;Vili&quot;,
	[&quot;vig&quot;] = &quot;Viemo&quot;,
	[&quot;vil&quot;] = &quot;Vilela&quot;,
	[&quot;vis&quot;] = &quot;Vishavan&quot;,
	[&quot;vit&quot;] = &quot;Viti&quot;,
	[&quot;viv&quot;] = &quot;Iduna&quot;,
	[&quot;vka&quot;] = &quot;Kariyarra&quot;,
	[&quot;vki&quot;] = &quot;Ija-Zuba&quot;,
	[&quot;vkj&quot;] = &quot;Kujarge&quot;,
	[&quot;vkk&quot;] = &quot;Kaur&quot;,
	[&quot;vkl&quot;] = &quot;Kulisusu&quot;,
	[&quot;vkm&quot;] = &quot;Kamakan&quot;,
	[&quot;vko&quot;] = &quot;Kodeoha&quot;,
	[&quot;vkp&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Portugis Korlai&quot;,
	[&quot;vkt&quot;] = &quot;Kutai Hilir&quot;,
	[&quot;vku&quot;] = &quot;Kurrama&quot;,
	[&quot;vlp&quot;] = &quot;Valpei&quot;,
	[&quot;vls&quot;] = &quot;Flemish Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;vma&quot;] = &quot;Martuthunira&quot;,
	[&quot;vmb&quot;] = &quot;Mbabaram&quot;,
	[&quot;vmc&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Juxtlahuaca&quot;,
	[&quot;vmd&quot;] = &quot;Koraga Mudu&quot;,
	[&quot;vme&quot;] = &quot;Masela Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;vmf&quot;] = &quot;Franconia Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;vmg&quot;] = &quot;Minigir&quot;,
	[&quot;vmh&quot;] = &quot;Maraghei&quot;,
	[&quot;vmi&quot;] = &quot;Miwa&quot;,
	[&quot;vmj&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Ixtayutla&quot;,
	[&quot;vmk&quot;] = &quot;Makhuwa-Shirima&quot;,
	[&quot;vml&quot;] = &quot;Malgana&quot;,
	[&quot;vmm&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Mitlatongo&quot;,
	[&quot;vmp&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec Soyaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;vmq&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Soyaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;vmr&quot;] = &quot;Marenje&quot;,
	[&quot;vmu&quot;] = &quot;Muluridyi&quot;,
	[&quot;vmv&quot;] = &quot;Valley Maidu&quot;,
	[&quot;vmw&quot;] = &quot;Makhuwa&quot;,
	[&quot;vmx&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tamazola&quot;,
	[&quot;vmy&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec Ayautla&quot;,
	[&quot;vmz&quot;] = &quot;Mazatec Mazatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;vnk&quot;] = &quot;Lovono&quot;,
	[&quot;vnm&quot;] = &quot;Neve'ei&quot;,
	[&quot;vnp&quot;] = &quot;Vunapu&quot;,
	[&quot;vo&quot;] = &quot;Volapük&quot;,
	[&quot;vor&quot;] = &quot;Voro&quot;,
	[&quot;vot&quot;] = &quot;Votic&quot;,
	[&quot;vra&quot;] = &quot;Vera'a&quot;,
	[&quot;vro&quot;] = &quot;Võro&quot;,
	[&quot;vrs&quot;] = &quot;Varisi&quot;,
	[&quot;vrt&quot;] = &quot;Banam Bay&quot;,
	[&quot;vsi&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Moldova&quot;,
	[&quot;vsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Venezuela&quot;,
	[&quot;vsv&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Valencia&quot;,
	[&quot;vto&quot;] = &quot;Vitou&quot;,
	[&quot;vum&quot;] = &quot;Vumbu&quot;,
	[&quot;vun&quot;] = &quot;Vunjo&quot;,
	[&quot;vut&quot;] = &quot;Vute&quot;,
	[&quot;vwa&quot;] = &quot;Awa (Tiongkok)&quot;,
	[&quot;wa&quot;] = &quot;Walloon&quot;,
	[&quot;waa&quot;] = &quot;Walla Walla&quot;,
	[&quot;wab&quot;] = &quot;Wab&quot;,
	[&quot;wac&quot;] = &quot;Wasco-Wishram&quot;,
	[&quot;wad&quot;] = &quot;Wandamen&quot;,
	[&quot;waf&quot;] = &quot;Wakoná&quot;,
	[&quot;wag&quot;] = &quot;Wa'ema&quot;,
	[&quot;wah&quot;] = &quot;Watubela&quot;,
	[&quot;waj&quot;] = &quot;Waffa&quot;,
	[&quot;wal&quot;] = &quot;Wolaytta&quot;,
	[&quot;wam&quot;] = &quot;Massachusett&quot;,
	[&quot;wan&quot;] = &quot;Wan&quot;,
	[&quot;wao&quot;] = &quot;Wappo&quot;,
	[&quot;wap&quot;] = &quot;Wapishana&quot;,
	[&quot;waq&quot;] = &quot;Wageman&quot;,
	[&quot;war&quot;] = &quot;Waray-Waray&quot;,
	[&quot;was&quot;] = &quot;Washo&quot;,
	[&quot;wat&quot;] = &quot;Kaninuwa&quot;,
	[&quot;wau&quot;] = &quot;Wauja&quot;,
	[&quot;wav&quot;] = &quot;Waka&quot;,
	[&quot;waw&quot;] = &quot;Waiwai&quot;,
	[&quot;wax&quot;] = &quot;Watam&quot;,
	[&quot;way&quot;] = &quot;Wayana&quot;,
	[&quot;waz&quot;] = &quot;Wampur&quot;,
	[&quot;wba&quot;] = &quot;Warao&quot;,
	[&quot;wbb&quot;] = &quot;Wabo&quot;,
	[&quot;wbe&quot;] = &quot;Waritai&quot;,
	[&quot;wbf&quot;] = &quot;Wara&quot;,
	[&quot;wbh&quot;] = &quot;Wanda&quot;,
	[&quot;wbi&quot;] = &quot;Wanji&quot;,
	[&quot;wbj&quot;] = &quot;Alagwa&quot;,
	[&quot;wbk&quot;] = &quot;Waigali&quot;,
	[&quot;wbl&quot;] = &quot;Wakhi&quot;,
	[&quot;wbm&quot;] = &quot;Wa&quot;,
	[&quot;wbp&quot;] = &quot;Warlpiri&quot;,
	[&quot;wbq&quot;] = &quot;Waddar&quot;,
	[&quot;wbr&quot;] = &quot;Wagdi&quot;,
	[&quot;wbt&quot;] = &quot;Wanman&quot;,
	[&quot;wbv&quot;] = &quot;Wajarri&quot;,
	[&quot;wbw&quot;] = &quot;Woi&quot;,
	[&quot;wca&quot;] = &quot;Yanomámi&quot;,
	[&quot;wci&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Waci&quot;,
	[&quot;wdd&quot;] = &quot;Wandji&quot;,
	[&quot;wdg&quot;] = &quot;Wadaginam&quot;,
	[&quot;wdj&quot;] = &quot;Wadjiginy&quot;,
	[&quot;wdt&quot;] = &quot;Wendat&quot;,
	[&quot;wdu&quot;] = &quot;Wadjigu&quot;,
	[&quot;wdy&quot;] = &quot;Wadjabangayi&quot;,
	[&quot;wea&quot;] = &quot;Wewaw&quot;,
	[&quot;wec&quot;] = &quot;Wè Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;wed&quot;] = &quot;Wedau&quot;,
	[&quot;weh&quot;] = &quot;Weh&quot;,
	[&quot;wei&quot;] = &quot;Kiunum&quot;,
	[&quot;wem&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Weme&quot;,
	[&quot;weo&quot;] = &quot;Wemale&quot;,
	[&quot;wer&quot;] = &quot;Weri&quot;,
	[&quot;wes&quot;] = &quot;Pijin Kamerun&quot;,
	[&quot;wet&quot;] = &quot;Perai&quot;,
	[&quot;weu&quot;] = &quot;Welaung&quot;,
	[&quot;wew&quot;] = &quot;Weyewa&quot;,
	[&quot;wfg&quot;] = &quot;Yafi&quot;,
	[&quot;wga&quot;] = &quot;Wagaya&quot;,
	[&quot;wgb&quot;] = &quot;Wagawaga&quot;,
	[&quot;wgg&quot;] = &quot;Wangganguru&quot;,
	[&quot;wgi&quot;] = &quot;Wahgi&quot;,
	[&quot;wgo&quot;] = &quot;Waigeo&quot;,
	[&quot;wgu&quot;] = &quot;Wirangu&quot;,
	[&quot;wgy&quot;] = &quot;Warrgamay&quot;,
	[&quot;wha&quot;] = &quot;Manusela&quot;,
	[&quot;whg&quot;] = &quot;Wahgi Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;whk&quot;] = &quot;Kenyah Wahau&quot;,
	[&quot;whu&quot;] = &quot;Kayan Wahau&quot;,
	[&quot;wib&quot;] = &quot;Toussian Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;wic&quot;] = &quot;Wichita&quot;,
	[&quot;wie&quot;] = &quot;Wik-Epa&quot;,
	[&quot;wif&quot;] = &quot;Wik-Keyangan&quot;,
	[&quot;wig&quot;] = &quot;Wik-Ngathana&quot;,
	[&quot;wih&quot;] = &quot;Wik-Me'anha&quot;,
	[&quot;wii&quot;] = &quot;Minidien&quot;,
	[&quot;wij&quot;] = &quot;Wik-Iiyanh&quot;,
	[&quot;wik&quot;] = &quot;Wikalkan&quot;,
	[&quot;wil&quot;] = &quot;Wilawila&quot;,
	[&quot;wim&quot;] = &quot;Wik-Mungkan&quot;,
	[&quot;win&quot;] = &quot;Winnebago&quot;,
	[&quot;wir&quot;] = &quot;Wiraféd&quot;,
	[&quot;wiu&quot;] = &quot;Wiru&quot;,
	[&quot;wiv&quot;] = &quot;Muduapa&quot;,
	[&quot;wiy&quot;] = &quot;Wiyot&quot;,
	[&quot;wja&quot;] = &quot;Waja&quot;,
	[&quot;wji&quot;] = &quot;Warji&quot;,
	[&quot;wka&quot;] = &quot;Kw'adza&quot;,
	[&quot;wkb&quot;] = &quot;Kumbaran&quot;,
	[&quot;wkd&quot;] = &quot;Mo&quot;,
	[&quot;wkl&quot;] = &quot;Kalanadi&quot;,
	[&quot;wku&quot;] = &quot;Kunduvadi&quot;,
	[&quot;wkw&quot;] = &quot;Wakawaka&quot;,
	[&quot;wky&quot;] = &quot;Wangkayutyuru&quot;,
	[&quot;wla&quot;] = &quot;Walio&quot;,
	[&quot;wlc&quot;] = &quot;Comorian Mwali&quot;,
	[&quot;wle&quot;] = &quot;Wolane&quot;,
	[&quot;wlg&quot;] = &quot;Kunbarlang&quot;,
	[&quot;wli&quot;] = &quot;Waioli&quot;,
	[&quot;wlk&quot;] = &quot;Wailaki&quot;,
	[&quot;wll&quot;] = &quot;Wali (Sudan)&quot;,
	[&quot;wlm&quot;] = &quot;Welsh Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;wlo&quot;] = &quot;Wolio&quot;,
	[&quot;wlr&quot;] = &quot;Wailapa&quot;,
	[&quot;wls&quot;] = &quot;Wallisian&quot;,
	[&quot;wlu&quot;] = &quot;Wuliwuli&quot;,
	[&quot;wlv&quot;] = &quot;Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz&quot;,
	[&quot;wlw&quot;] = &quot;Walak&quot;,
	[&quot;wlx&quot;] = &quot;Wali (Ghana)&quot;,
	[&quot;wly&quot;] = &quot;Waling&quot;,
	[&quot;wmb&quot;] = &quot;Wambaya&quot;,
	[&quot;wmc&quot;] = &quot;Wamas&quot;,
	[&quot;wmd&quot;] = &quot;Mamaindé&quot;,
	[&quot;wme&quot;] = &quot;Wambule&quot;,
	[&quot;wmh&quot;] = &quot;Waima'a&quot;,
	[&quot;wmi&quot;] = &quot;Wamin&quot;,
	[&quot;wmm&quot;] = &quot;Maiwa&quot;,
	[&quot;wmn&quot;] = &quot;Waamwang&quot;,
	[&quot;wmo&quot;] = &quot;Wam&quot;,
	[&quot;wms&quot;] = &quot;Wambon&quot;,
	[&quot;wmt&quot;] = &quot;Walmajarri&quot;,
	[&quot;wmw&quot;] = &quot;Mwani&quot;,
	[&quot;wmx&quot;] = &quot;Womo&quot;,
	[&quot;wnb&quot;] = &quot;Wanambre&quot;,
	[&quot;wnc&quot;] = &quot;Wantoat&quot;,
	[&quot;wnd&quot;] = &quot;Wandarang&quot;,
	[&quot;wne&quot;] = &quot;Waneci&quot;,
	[&quot;wng&quot;] = &quot;Wanggom&quot;,
	[&quot;wni&quot;] = &quot;Comorian Ndzwani&quot;,
	[&quot;wnk&quot;] = &quot;Wanukaka&quot;,
	[&quot;wnm&quot;] = &quot;Wanggamala&quot;,
	[&quot;wno&quot;] = &quot;Wano&quot;,
	[&quot;wnp&quot;] = &quot;Wanap&quot;,
	[&quot;wnu&quot;] = &quot;Usan&quot;,
	[&quot;wnw&quot;] = &quot;Wintu&quot;,
	[&quot;wny&quot;] = &quot;Wanyi&quot;,
	[&quot;wo&quot;] = &quot;Wolof&quot;,
	[&quot;woa&quot;] = &quot;Tyaraity&quot;,
	[&quot;wob&quot;] = &quot;Wè Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;woc&quot;] = &quot;Wogeo&quot;,
	[&quot;wod&quot;] = &quot;Wolani&quot;,
	[&quot;woe&quot;] = &quot;Woleaian&quot;,
	[&quot;wog&quot;] = &quot;Wogamusin&quot;,
	[&quot;woi&quot;] = &quot;Kamang&quot;,
	[&quot;wok&quot;] = &quot;Longto&quot;,
	[&quot;wom&quot;] = &quot;Perema&quot;,
	[&quot;won&quot;] = &quot;Wongo&quot;,
	[&quot;woo&quot;] = &quot;Manombai&quot;,
	[&quot;wor&quot;] = &quot;Woria&quot;,
	[&quot;wos&quot;] = &quot;Hanga Hundi&quot;,
	[&quot;wow&quot;] = &quot;Wawonii&quot;,
	[&quot;wpc&quot;] = &quot;Wirö&quot;,
	[&quot;wra&quot;] = &quot;Warapu&quot;,
	[&quot;wrb&quot;] = &quot;Warluwara&quot;,
	[&quot;wrg&quot;] = &quot;Warungu&quot;,
	[&quot;wrh&quot;] = &quot;Wiradhuri&quot;,
	[&quot;wri&quot;] = &quot;Wariyangga&quot;,
	[&quot;wrk&quot;] = &quot;Garawa&quot;,
	[&quot;wrl&quot;] = &quot;Warlmanpa&quot;,
	[&quot;wrm&quot;] = &quot;Warumungu&quot;,
	[&quot;wrn&quot;] = &quot;Warnang&quot;,
	[&quot;wro&quot;] = &quot;Worora&quot;,
	[&quot;wrp&quot;] = &quot;Waropen&quot;,
	[&quot;wrr&quot;] = &quot;Wardaman&quot;,
	[&quot;wrs&quot;] = &quot;Waris&quot;,
	[&quot;wru&quot;] = &quot;Waru&quot;,
	[&quot;wrv&quot;] = &quot;Waruna&quot;,
	[&quot;wrw&quot;] = &quot;Gugu Warra&quot;,
	[&quot;wrx&quot;] = &quot;Wae Rana&quot;,
	[&quot;wrz&quot;] = &quot;Warray&quot;,
	[&quot;wsa&quot;] = &quot;Warembori&quot;,
	[&quot;wsi&quot;] = &quot;Wusi&quot;,
	[&quot;wsk&quot;] = &quot;Waskia&quot;,
	[&quot;wsr&quot;] = &quot;Owenia&quot;,
	[&quot;wss&quot;] = &quot;Wasa&quot;,
	[&quot;wsu&quot;] = &quot;Wasu&quot;,
	[&quot;wsv&quot;] = &quot;Wotapuri-Katarqalai&quot;,
	[&quot;wtf&quot;] = &quot;Watiwa&quot;,
	[&quot;wth&quot;] = &quot;Wathaurong&quot;,
	[&quot;wti&quot;] = &quot;Berta&quot;,
	[&quot;wtk&quot;] = &quot;Watakataui&quot;,
	[&quot;wtm&quot;] = &quot;Mewati&quot;,
	[&quot;wtw&quot;] = &quot;Wotu&quot;,
	[&quot;wua&quot;] = &quot;Wikngenchera&quot;,
	[&quot;wub&quot;] = &quot;Wunambal&quot;,
	[&quot;wud&quot;] = &quot;Wudu&quot;,
	[&quot;wuh&quot;] = &quot;Wutunhua&quot;,
	[&quot;wul&quot;] = &quot;Silimo&quot;,
	[&quot;wum&quot;] = &quot;Wumbvu&quot;,
	[&quot;wun&quot;] = &quot;Bungu&quot;,
	[&quot;wur&quot;] = &quot;Wurrugu&quot;,
	[&quot;wut&quot;] = &quot;Wutung&quot;,
	[&quot;wuu&quot;] = &quot;Wu&quot;,
	[&quot;wuv&quot;] = &quot;Wuvulu-Aua&quot;,
	[&quot;wux&quot;] = &quot;Wulna&quot;,
	[&quot;wuy&quot;] = &quot;Wauyai&quot;,
	[&quot;wwa&quot;] = &quot;Waama&quot;,
	[&quot;wwo&quot;] = &quot;Dorig&quot;,
	[&quot;wwr&quot;] = &quot;Warrwa&quot;,
	[&quot;www&quot;] = &quot;Wawa&quot;,
	[&quot;wxa&quot;] = &quot;Waxianghua&quot;,
	[&quot;wxw&quot;] = &quot;Wardandi&quot;,
	[&quot;wya&quot;] = &quot;Wyandot&quot;,
	[&quot;wyb&quot;] = &quot;Ngiyambaa&quot;,
	[&quot;wyi&quot;] = &quot;Woiwurrung&quot;,
	[&quot;wym&quot;] = &quot;Vilamovian&quot;,
	[&quot;wyr&quot;] = &quot;Wayoró&quot;,
	[&quot;wyy&quot;] = &quot;Fiji Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;xaa&quot;] = &quot;Arab Andalusia&quot;,
	[&quot;xab&quot;] = &quot;Sambe&quot;,
	[&quot;xac&quot;] = &quot;Kachari&quot;,
	[&quot;xad&quot;] = &quot;Adai&quot;,
	[&quot;xae&quot;] = &quot;Aequian&quot;,
	[&quot;xag&quot;] = &quot;Aghwan&quot;,
	[&quot;xai&quot;] = &quot;Kaimbé&quot;,
	[&quot;xaj&quot;] = &quot;Ararandewára&quot;,
	[&quot;xak&quot;] = &quot;Maku&quot;,
	[&quot;xal&quot;] = &quot;Kalmyk&quot;,
	[&quot;xam&quot;] = &quot;ǀXam&quot;,
	[&quot;xan&quot;] = &quot;Xamtanga&quot;,
	[&quot;xao&quot;] = &quot;Khao&quot;,
	[&quot;xap&quot;] = &quot;Apalachee&quot;,
	[&quot;xaq&quot;] = &quot;Aquitania&quot;,
	[&quot;xar&quot;] = &quot;Karami&quot;,
	[&quot;xas&quot;] = &quot;Kamassian&quot;,
	[&quot;xat&quot;] = &quot;Katawixi&quot;,
	[&quot;xau&quot;] = &quot;Kauwera&quot;,
	[&quot;xav&quot;] = &quot;Xavante&quot;,
	[&quot;xaw&quot;] = &quot;Kawaiisu&quot;,
	[&quot;xay&quot;] = &quot;Kayan Mahakam&quot;,
	[&quot;xbb&quot;] = &quot;Burdekin Hilir&quot;,
	[&quot;xbc&quot;] = &quot;Baktria&quot;,
	[&quot;xbd&quot;] = &quot;Bindal&quot;,
	[&quot;xbe&quot;] = &quot;Bigambal&quot;,
	[&quot;xbg&quot;] = &quot;Bunganditj&quot;,
	[&quot;xbi&quot;] = &quot;Kombio&quot;,
	[&quot;xbj&quot;] = &quot;Birrpayi&quot;,
	[&quot;xbm&quot;] = &quot;Breton Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;xbn&quot;] = &quot;Kenaboi&quot;,
	[&quot;xbo&quot;] = &quot;Bulgar&quot;,
	[&quot;xbp&quot;] = &quot;Bibbulman&quot;,
	[&quot;xbr&quot;] = &quot;Kambera&quot;,
	[&quot;xbw&quot;] = &quot;Kambiwá&quot;,
	[&quot;xby&quot;] = &quot;Butchulla&quot;,
	[&quot;xcb&quot;] = &quot;Cumbric&quot;,
	[&quot;xcc&quot;] = &quot;Camunic&quot;,
	[&quot;xce&quot;] = &quot;Keltiberia&quot;,
	[&quot;xch&quot;] = &quot;Chemakum&quot;,
	[&quot;xcl&quot;] = &quot;Armenia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;xcm&quot;] = &quot;Comecrudo&quot;,
	[&quot;xcn&quot;] = &quot;Cotoname&quot;,
	[&quot;xco&quot;] = &quot;Khwarezmian&quot;,
	[&quot;xcr&quot;] = &quot;Carian&quot;,
	[&quot;xct&quot;] = &quot;Tibet Klasik&quot;,
	[&quot;xcu&quot;] = &quot;Curonian&quot;,
	[&quot;xcv&quot;] = &quot;Chuvan&quot;,
	[&quot;xcw&quot;] = &quot;Coahuilteco&quot;,
	[&quot;xcy&quot;] = &quot;Cayuse&quot;,
	[&quot;xda&quot;] = &quot;Darkinjung&quot;,
	[&quot;xdc&quot;] = &quot;Dacian&quot;,
	[&quot;xdk&quot;] = &quot;Dharug&quot;,
	[&quot;xdm&quot;] = &quot;Edomite&quot;,
	[&quot;xdy&quot;] = &quot;Dayak Melayu&quot;,
	[&quot;xeb&quot;] = &quot;Eblaite&quot;,
	[&quot;xed&quot;] = &quot;Hdi&quot;,
	[&quot;xeg&quot;] = &quot;ǁXegwi&quot;,
	[&quot;xel&quot;] = &quot;Kelo&quot;,
	[&quot;xem&quot;] = &quot;Kembayan&quot;,
	[&quot;xep&quot;] = &quot;Epi-Olmec&quot;,
	[&quot;xer&quot;] = &quot;Xerénte&quot;,
	[&quot;xes&quot;] = &quot;Kesawai&quot;,
	[&quot;xet&quot;] = &quot;Xetá&quot;,
	[&quot;xeu&quot;] = &quot;Keoru-Ahia&quot;,
	[&quot;xfa&quot;] = &quot;Faliscan&quot;,
	[&quot;xga&quot;] = &quot;Galatia&quot;,
	[&quot;xgb&quot;] = &quot;Gbin&quot;,
	[&quot;xgd&quot;] = &quot;Gudang&quot;,
	[&quot;xgf&quot;] = &quot;Gabrielino-Fernandeño&quot;,
	[&quot;xgg&quot;] = &quot;Goreng&quot;,
	[&quot;xgi&quot;] = &quot;Garingbal&quot;,
	[&quot;xgl&quot;] = &quot;Galindan&quot;,
	[&quot;xgm&quot;] = &quot;Darumbal&quot;,
	[&quot;xgn-mgl&quot;] = &quot;Mongghul&quot;,
	[&quot;xgn-mgr&quot;] = &quot;Mangghuer&quot;,
	[&quot;xgn-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Mongolia&quot;,
	[&quot;xgn-rou&quot;] = &quot;Rouran&quot;,
	[&quot;xgr&quot;] = &quot;Garza&quot;,
	[&quot;xgu&quot;] = &quot;Unggumi&quot;,
	[&quot;xgw&quot;] = &quot;Guwa&quot;,
	[&quot;xh&quot;] = &quot;Xhosa&quot;,
	[&quot;xha&quot;] = &quot;Harami&quot;,
	[&quot;xhc&quot;] = &quot;Hunnic&quot;,
	[&quot;xhd&quot;] = &quot;Hadrami&quot;,
	[&quot;xhe&quot;] = &quot;Khetrani&quot;,
	[&quot;xhm&quot;] = &quot;Khmer Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;xhr&quot;] = &quot;Hernican&quot;,
	[&quot;xht&quot;] = &quot;Hattic&quot;,
	[&quot;xhu&quot;] = &quot;Hurria&quot;,
	[&quot;xhv&quot;] = &quot;Khua&quot;,
	[&quot;xib&quot;] = &quot;Iberia&quot;,
	[&quot;xii&quot;] = &quot;Xiri&quot;,
	[&quot;xil&quot;] = &quot;Illyria&quot;,
	[&quot;xin&quot;] = &quot;Xinca&quot;,
	[&quot;xir&quot;] = &quot;Xiriâna&quot;,
	[&quot;xis&quot;] = &quot;Kisan&quot;,
	[&quot;xiv&quot;] = &quot;Lembah Indus&quot;,
	[&quot;xiy&quot;] = &quot;Xipaya&quot;,
	[&quot;xjb&quot;] = &quot;Minjungbal&quot;,
	[&quot;xka&quot;] = &quot;Kalkoti&quot;,
	[&quot;xkb&quot;] = &quot;Manigri-Kambolé Ede Nago&quot;,
	[&quot;xkc&quot;] = &quot;Khoini&quot;,
	[&quot;xkd&quot;] = &quot;Kayan Mendalam&quot;,
	[&quot;xke&quot;] = &quot;Kereho&quot;,
	[&quot;xkf&quot;] = &quot;Khengkha&quot;,
	[&quot;xkg&quot;] = &quot;Kagoro&quot;,
	[&quot;xki&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Kenya&quot;,
	[&quot;xkj&quot;] = &quot;Kajali&quot;,
	[&quot;xkk&quot;] = &quot;Kaco'&quot;,
	[&quot;xkl&quot;] = &quot;Bakung&quot;,
	[&quot;xkn&quot;] = &quot;Kayan Sungai Kayan&quot;,
	[&quot;xko&quot;] = &quot;Kiorr&quot;,
	[&quot;xkp&quot;] = &quot;Kabatei&quot;,
	[&quot;xkq&quot;] = &quot;Koroni&quot;,
	[&quot;xkr&quot;] = &quot;Xakriabá&quot;,
	[&quot;xks&quot;] = &quot;Kumbewaha&quot;,
	[&quot;xkt&quot;] = &quot;Kantosi&quot;,
	[&quot;xku&quot;] = &quot;Kaamba&quot;,
	[&quot;xkv&quot;] = &quot;Kgalagadi&quot;,
	[&quot;xkw&quot;] = &quot;Kembra&quot;,
	[&quot;xkx&quot;] = &quot;Karore&quot;,
	[&quot;xky&quot;] = &quot;Uma' Lasan&quot;,
	[&quot;xkz&quot;] = &quot;Kurtöp&quot;,
	[&quot;xla&quot;] = &quot;Kamula&quot;,
	[&quot;xlb&quot;] = &quot;Loup B&quot;,
	[&quot;xlc&quot;] = &quot;Lycia&quot;,
	[&quot;xld&quot;] = &quot;Lydia&quot;,
	[&quot;xle&quot;] = &quot;Lemnia&quot;,
	[&quot;xlg&quot;] = &quot;Liguria Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;xli&quot;] = &quot;Liburnian&quot;,
	[&quot;xlo&quot;] = &quot;Loup A&quot;,
	[&quot;xlp&quot;] = &quot;Lepontic&quot;,
	[&quot;xls&quot;] = &quot;Lusitania&quot;,
	[&quot;xlu&quot;] = &quot;Luwia&quot;,
	[&quot;xly&quot;] = &quot;Elymian&quot;,
	[&quot;xmb&quot;] = &quot;Mbonga&quot;,
	[&quot;xmc&quot;] = &quot;Makhuwa-Marrevone&quot;,
	[&quot;xmd&quot;] = &quot;Mbudum&quot;,
	[&quot;xme-ker&quot;] = &quot;Kermanic&quot;,
	[&quot;xme-kls&quot;] = &quot;Kalasuri&quot;,
	[&quot;xme-klt&quot;] = &quot;Kilit&quot;,
	[&quot;xme-mid&quot;] = &quot;Media Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;xme-old&quot;] = &quot;Media Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;xme-ott&quot;] = &quot;Tati Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;xme-taf&quot;] = &quot;Tafreshi&quot;,
	[&quot;xme-ttc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Tatic&quot;,
	[&quot;xmf&quot;] = &quot;Mingrelian&quot;,
	[&quot;xmg&quot;] = &quot;Mengaka&quot;,
	[&quot;xmh&quot;] = &quot;Kugu-Muminh&quot;,
	[&quot;xmj&quot;] = &quot;Majera&quot;,
	[&quot;xmk&quot;] = &quot;Makedonia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;xml&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Malaysia&quot;,
	[&quot;xmm&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Manado&quot;,
	[&quot;xmo&quot;] = &quot;Morerebi&quot;,
	[&quot;xmp&quot;] = &quot;Kuku-Mu'inh&quot;,
	[&quot;xmq&quot;] = &quot;Kuku-Mangk&quot;,
	[&quot;xmr&quot;] = &quot;Meroitic&quot;,
	[&quot;xms&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Maroko&quot;,
	[&quot;xmt&quot;] = &quot;Matbat&quot;,
	[&quot;xmu&quot;] = &quot;Kamu&quot;,
	[&quot;xmx&quot;] = &quot;Maden&quot;,
	[&quot;xmy&quot;] = &quot;Mayaguduna&quot;,
	[&quot;xmz&quot;] = &quot;Mori Bawah&quot;,
	[&quot;xna&quot;] = &quot;Arab Utara Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;xnb&quot;] = &quot;Kanakanabu&quot;,
	[&quot;xnd-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Na-Dene&quot;,
	[&quot;xng&quot;] = &quot;Mongol Pertengahan&quot;,
	[&quot;xnh&quot;] = &quot;Kuanhua&quot;,
	[&quot;xni&quot;] = &quot;Ngarigu&quot;,
	[&quot;xnk&quot;] = &quot;Nganakarti&quot;,
	[&quot;xnn&quot;] = &quot;Kankanay Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;xnr&quot;] = &quot;Kangri&quot;,
	[&quot;xns&quot;] = &quot;Kanashi&quot;,
	[&quot;xnt&quot;] = &quot;Narragansett&quot;,
	[&quot;xnu&quot;] = &quot;Nukunul&quot;,
	[&quot;xny&quot;] = &quot;Nyiyaparli&quot;,
	[&quot;xoc&quot;] = &quot;O'chi'chi'&quot;,
	[&quot;xod&quot;] = &quot;Kokoda&quot;,
	[&quot;xog&quot;] = &quot;Soga&quot;,
	[&quot;xoi&quot;] = &quot;Kominimung&quot;,
	[&quot;xok&quot;] = &quot;Xokleng&quot;,
	[&quot;xom&quot;] = &quot;Komo&quot;,
	[&quot;xon&quot;] = &quot;Konkomba&quot;,
	[&quot;xoo&quot;] = &quot;Xukurú&quot;,
	[&quot;xop&quot;] = &quot;Kopar&quot;,
	[&quot;xor&quot;] = &quot;Korubo&quot;,
	[&quot;xow&quot;] = &quot;Kowaki&quot;,
	[&quot;xpa&quot;] = &quot;Pirriya&quot;,
	[&quot;xpb&quot;] = &quot;Pyemmairre&quot;,
	[&quot;xpc&quot;] = &quot;Pecheneg&quot;,
	[&quot;xpd&quot;] = &quot;Paredarerme&quot;,
	[&quot;xpe&quot;] = &quot;Kpelle Liberia&quot;,
	[&quot;xpf&quot;] = &quot;Tasmania Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;xpg&quot;] = &quot;Phrygia&quot;,
	[&quot;xph&quot;] = &quot;Tyerrernotepanner&quot;,
	[&quot;xpi&quot;] = &quot;Pictish&quot;,
	[&quot;xpj&quot;] = &quot;Mpalitjanh&quot;,
	[&quot;xpk&quot;] = &quot;Kulina&quot;,
	[&quot;xpl&quot;] = &quot;Port Sorell&quot;,
	[&quot;xpm&quot;] = &quot;Pumpokol&quot;,
	[&quot;xpn&quot;] = &quot;Kapinawá&quot;,
	[&quot;xpo&quot;] = &quot;Pochutec&quot;,
	[&quot;xpp&quot;] = &quot;Puyo-Paekche&quot;,
	[&quot;xpq&quot;] = &quot;Mohegan-Pequot&quot;,
	[&quot;xpr&quot;] = &quot;Parthia&quot;,
	[&quot;xps&quot;] = &quot;Pisidian&quot;,
	[&quot;xpu&quot;] = &quot;Punic&quot;,
	[&quot;xpv&quot;] = &quot;Tommeginne&quot;,
	[&quot;xpw&quot;] = &quot;Peerapper&quot;,
	[&quot;xpx&quot;] = &quot;Toogee&quot;,
	[&quot;xpy&quot;] = &quot;Buyeo&quot;,
	[&quot;xpz&quot;] = &quot;Bruny Island&quot;,
	[&quot;xqa&quot;] = &quot;Karakhanid&quot;,
	[&quot;xqt&quot;] = &quot;Qatabanian&quot;,
	[&quot;xra&quot;] = &quot;Krahô&quot;,
	[&quot;xrb&quot;] = &quot;Karaboro Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;xrd&quot;] = &quot;Gundungurra&quot;,
	[&quot;xre&quot;] = &quot;Kreye&quot;,
	[&quot;xrg&quot;] = &quot;Minang&quot;,
	[&quot;xri&quot;] = &quot;Krikati-Timbira&quot;,
	[&quot;xrm&quot;] = &quot;Armazic&quot;,
	[&quot;xrn&quot;] = &quot;Arin&quot;,
	[&quot;xrq&quot;] = &quot;Karranga&quot;,
	[&quot;xrr&quot;] = &quot;Raetic&quot;,
	[&quot;xrt&quot;] = &quot;Aranama-Tamique&quot;,
	[&quot;xru&quot;] = &quot;Marriammu&quot;,
	[&quot;xrw&quot;] = &quot;Karawa&quot;,
	[&quot;xsa&quot;] = &quot;Sabaean&quot;,
	[&quot;xsb&quot;] = &quot;Sambali&quot;,
	[&quot;xsc-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Scythia&quot;,
	[&quot;xsc-sak-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Saka&quot;,
	[&quot;xsc-skw-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Saka-Wakhi&quot;,
	[&quot;xsd&quot;] = &quot;Sidetic&quot;,
	[&quot;xse&quot;] = &quot;Sempan&quot;,
	[&quot;xsh&quot;] = &quot;Shamang&quot;,
	[&quot;xsi&quot;] = &quot;Sio&quot;,
	[&quot;xsj&quot;] = &quot;Subi&quot;,
	[&quot;xsl&quot;] = &quot;Slavey Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;xsm&quot;] = &quot;Kasem&quot;,
	[&quot;xsn&quot;] = &quot;Sanga (Nigeria)&quot;,
	[&quot;xso&quot;] = &quot;Solano&quot;,
	[&quot;xsp&quot;] = &quot;Silopi&quot;,
	[&quot;xsq&quot;] = &quot;Makhuwa-Saka&quot;,
	[&quot;xsr&quot;] = &quot;Sherpa&quot;,
	[&quot;xss&quot;] = &quot;Assan&quot;,
	[&quot;xsu&quot;] = &quot;Sanumá&quot;,
	[&quot;xsv&quot;] = &quot;Sudovian&quot;,
	[&quot;xsy&quot;] = &quot;Saisiyat&quot;,
	[&quot;xta&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Alcozauca&quot;,
	[&quot;xtb&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Chazumba&quot;,
	[&quot;xtc&quot;] = &quot;Kadugli&quot;,
	[&quot;xtd&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Diuxi-Tilantongo&quot;,
	[&quot;xte&quot;] = &quot;Ketengban&quot;,
	[&quot;xth&quot;] = &quot;Yitha Yitha&quot;,
	[&quot;xti&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Sinicahua&quot;,
	[&quot;xtj&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec San Juan Teita&quot;,
	[&quot;xtl&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tijaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;xtm&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Magdalena Peñasco&quot;,
	[&quot;xtn&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tlaxiaco Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;xto&quot;] = &quot;Tocharian A&quot;,
	[&quot;xtp&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec San Miguel Piedras&quot;,
	[&quot;xtq&quot;] = &quot;Tumshuqese&quot;,
	[&quot;xtr&quot;] = &quot;Tripuri Awal&quot;,
	[&quot;xts&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Sindihui&quot;,
	[&quot;xtt&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Tacahua&quot;,
	[&quot;xtu&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Cuyamecalco&quot;,
	[&quot;xtv&quot;] = &quot;Thawa&quot;,
	[&quot;xtw&quot;] = &quot;Tawandê&quot;,
	[&quot;xty&quot;] = &quot;Mixtec Yoloxochitl&quot;,
	[&quot;xtz&quot;] = &quot;Tasmania&quot;,
	[&quot;xua&quot;] = &quot;Kurumba Alu&quot;,
	[&quot;xub&quot;] = &quot;Kurumba Betta&quot;,
	[&quot;xud&quot;] = &quot;Umiida&quot;,
	[&quot;xug&quot;] = &quot;Kunigami&quot;,
	[&quot;xuj&quot;] = &quot;Kurumba Jennu&quot;,
	[&quot;xul&quot;] = &quot;Ngunawal&quot;,
	[&quot;xum&quot;] = &quot;Umbrian&quot;,
	[&quot;xun&quot;] = &quot;Unggaranggu&quot;,
	[&quot;xuo&quot;] = &quot;Kuo&quot;,
	[&quot;xup&quot;] = &quot;Umpqua Hulu&quot;,
	[&quot;xur&quot;] = &quot;Urartian&quot;,
	[&quot;xut&quot;] = &quot;Kuthant&quot;,
	[&quot;xuu&quot;] = &quot;Khwe&quot;,
	[&quot;xve&quot;] = &quot;Venetic&quot;,
	[&quot;xvn&quot;] = &quot;Vandalic&quot;,
	[&quot;xvo&quot;] = &quot;Volscian&quot;,
	[&quot;xvs&quot;] = &quot;Vestinian&quot;,
	[&quot;xwa&quot;] = &quot;Kwaza&quot;,
	[&quot;xwc&quot;] = &quot;Woccon&quot;,
	[&quot;xwd&quot;] = &quot;Wadi Wadi&quot;,
	[&quot;xwe&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Xwela&quot;,
	[&quot;xwg&quot;] = &quot;Kwegu&quot;,
	[&quot;xwj&quot;] = &quot;Wajuk&quot;,
	[&quot;xwk&quot;] = &quot;Wangkumara&quot;,
	[&quot;xwl&quot;] = &quot;Gbe Xwla Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;xwo&quot;] = &quot;Written Oirat&quot;,
	[&quot;xwr&quot;] = &quot;Kwerba Mamberamo&quot;,
	[&quot;xww&quot;] = &quot;Wemba-Wemba&quot;,
	[&quot;xxb&quot;] = &quot;Boro&quot;,
	[&quot;xxk&quot;] = &quot;Ke'o&quot;,
	[&quot;xxm&quot;] = &quot;Minkin&quot;,
	[&quot;xxr&quot;] = &quot;Koropó&quot;,
	[&quot;xxt&quot;] = &quot;Tambora&quot;,
	[&quot;xya&quot;] = &quot;Yaygir&quot;,
	[&quot;xyb&quot;] = &quot;Yandjibara&quot;,
	[&quot;xyl&quot;] = &quot;Yalakalore&quot;,
	[&quot;xyt&quot;] = &quot;Mayi-Thakurti&quot;,
	[&quot;xyy&quot;] = &quot;Yorta Yorta&quot;,
	[&quot;xzh&quot;] = &quot;Zhang-Zhung&quot;,
	[&quot;xzm&quot;] = &quot;Zemgalian&quot;,
	[&quot;xzp&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;yaa&quot;] = &quot;Yaminahua&quot;,
	[&quot;yab&quot;] = &quot;Yuhup&quot;,
	[&quot;yac&quot;] = &quot;Yali Lembah Pass&quot;,
	[&quot;yad&quot;] = &quot;Yagua&quot;,
	[&quot;yae&quot;] = &quot;Pumé&quot;,
	[&quot;yaf&quot;] = &quot;Yaka&quot;,
	[&quot;yag&quot;] = &quot;Yámana&quot;,
	[&quot;yah&quot;] = &quot;Yazghulami&quot;,
	[&quot;yai&quot;] = &quot;Yagnobi&quot;,
	[&quot;yaj&quot;] = &quot;Banda-Yangere&quot;,
	[&quot;yak&quot;] = &quot;Yakima&quot;,
	[&quot;yal&quot;] = &quot;Yalunka&quot;,
	[&quot;yam&quot;] = &quot;Yamba&quot;,
	[&quot;yan&quot;] = &quot;Mayangna&quot;,
	[&quot;yao&quot;] = &quot;Yao&quot;,
	[&quot;yap&quot;] = &quot;Yapese&quot;,
	[&quot;yaq&quot;] = &quot;Yaqui&quot;,
	[&quot;yar&quot;] = &quot;Yabarana&quot;,
	[&quot;yas&quot;] = &quot;Gunu&quot;,
	[&quot;yat&quot;] = &quot;Yambeta&quot;,
	[&quot;yau&quot;] = &quot;Yuwana&quot;,
	[&quot;yav&quot;] = &quot;Yangben&quot;,
	[&quot;yaw&quot;] = &quot;Yawalapití&quot;,
	[&quot;yay&quot;] = &quot;Agwagwune&quot;,
	[&quot;yaz&quot;] = &quot;Lokaa&quot;,
	[&quot;yba&quot;] = &quot;Yala&quot;,
	[&quot;ybb&quot;] = &quot;Yemba&quot;,
	[&quot;ybe&quot;] = &quot;Yugur Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;ybh&quot;] = &quot;Yakkha&quot;,
	[&quot;ybi&quot;] = &quot;Yamphu&quot;,
	[&quot;ybj&quot;] = &quot;Hasha&quot;,
	[&quot;ybk&quot;] = &quot;Bokha&quot;,
	[&quot;ybl&quot;] = &quot;Yukuben&quot;,
	[&quot;ybm&quot;] = &quot;Yaben&quot;,
	[&quot;ybn&quot;] = &quot;Yabaâna&quot;,
	[&quot;ybo&quot;] = &quot;Yabong&quot;,
	[&quot;ybx&quot;] = &quot;Yawiyo&quot;,
	[&quot;yby&quot;] = &quot;Yaweyuha&quot;,
	[&quot;ych&quot;] = &quot;Chesu&quot;,
	[&quot;ycl&quot;] = &quot;Lolopo&quot;,
	[&quot;ycn&quot;] = &quot;Yucuna&quot;,
	[&quot;ycp&quot;] = &quot;Chepya&quot;,
	[&quot;ycr&quot;] = &quot;Kreol Yilan&quot;,
	[&quot;yda&quot;] = &quot;Yanda&quot;,
	[&quot;yde&quot;] = &quot;Yangum Dey&quot;,
	[&quot;ydg&quot;] = &quot;Yidgha&quot;,
	[&quot;ydk&quot;] = &quot;Yoidik&quot;,
	[&quot;yea&quot;] = &quot;Ravula&quot;,
	[&quot;yec&quot;] = &quot;Yeniche&quot;,
	[&quot;yee&quot;] = &quot;Yimas&quot;,
	[&quot;yei&quot;] = &quot;Yeni&quot;,
	[&quot;yej&quot;] = &quot;Yevanic&quot;,
	[&quot;yen&quot;] = &quot;Yendang&quot;,
	[&quot;yer&quot;] = &quot;Tarok&quot;,
	[&quot;yes&quot;] = &quot;Yeskwa&quot;,
	[&quot;yet&quot;] = &quot;Yetfa&quot;,
	[&quot;yeu&quot;] = &quot;Yerukula&quot;,
	[&quot;yev&quot;] = &quot;Yapunda&quot;,
	[&quot;yey&quot;] = &quot;Yeyi&quot;,
	[&quot;ygi&quot;] = &quot;Yiningayi&quot;,
	[&quot;ygl&quot;] = &quot;Yangum Gel&quot;,
	[&quot;ygm&quot;] = &quot;Yagomi&quot;,
	[&quot;ygp&quot;] = &quot;Gepo&quot;,
	[&quot;ygr&quot;] = &quot;Yagaria&quot;,
	[&quot;ygs&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Yolngu&quot;,
	[&quot;ygu&quot;] = &quot;Yugul&quot;,
	[&quot;ygw&quot;] = &quot;Yagwoia&quot;,
	[&quot;yha&quot;] = &quot;Baha&quot;,
	[&quot;yhl&quot;] = &quot;Phowa Hlepho&quot;,
	[&quot;yi&quot;] = &quot;Yiddish&quot;,
	[&quot;yia&quot;] = &quot;Yinggarda&quot;,
	[&quot;yif&quot;] = &quot;Ache&quot;,
	[&quot;yig&quot;] = &quot;Nasu Wusa&quot;,
	[&quot;yii&quot;] = &quot;Yidiny&quot;,
	[&quot;yij&quot;] = &quot;Yindjibarndi&quot;,
	[&quot;yik&quot;] = &quot;Lalo Dongshanba&quot;,
	[&quot;yil&quot;] = &quot;Yindjilandji&quot;,
	[&quot;yim&quot;] = &quot;Naga Yimchungru&quot;,
	[&quot;yin&quot;] = &quot;Yinchia&quot;,
	[&quot;yip&quot;] = &quot;Pholo&quot;,
	[&quot;yiq&quot;] = &quot;Miqie&quot;,
	[&quot;yir&quot;] = &quot;Awyu Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;yis&quot;] = &quot;Yis&quot;,
	[&quot;yit&quot;] = &quot;Lalu Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;yiu&quot;] = &quot;Awu&quot;,
	[&quot;yiv&quot;] = &quot;Nisu Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;yix&quot;] = &quot;Yi Axi&quot;,
	[&quot;yiy&quot;] = &quot;Yir-Yoront&quot;,
	[&quot;yiz&quot;] = &quot;Azhe&quot;,
	[&quot;yka&quot;] = &quot;Yakan&quot;,
	[&quot;ykg&quot;] = &quot;Yukaghir Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ykh&quot;] = &quot;Mongol Khamnigan&quot;,
	[&quot;yki&quot;] = &quot;Yoke&quot;,
	[&quot;ykk&quot;] = &quot;Yakaikeke&quot;,
	[&quot;ykl&quot;] = &quot;Khlula&quot;,
	[&quot;ykm&quot;] = &quot;Kap&quot;,
	[&quot;ykn&quot;] = &quot;Kua-nsi&quot;,
	[&quot;yko&quot;] = &quot;Yasa&quot;,
	[&quot;ykr&quot;] = &quot;Yekora&quot;,
	[&quot;ykt&quot;] = &quot;Kathu&quot;,
	[&quot;yku&quot;] = &quot;Kuamasi&quot;,
	[&quot;yky&quot;] = &quot;Yakoma&quot;,
	[&quot;yla&quot;] = &quot;Yaul&quot;,
	[&quot;ylb&quot;] = &quot;Yaleba&quot;,
	[&quot;yle&quot;] = &quot;Yele&quot;,
	[&quot;ylg&quot;] = &quot;Yelogu&quot;,
	[&quot;yli&quot;] = &quot;Yali Angguruk&quot;,
	[&quot;yll&quot;] = &quot;Yil&quot;,
	[&quot;ylm&quot;] = &quot;Limi&quot;,
	[&quot;yln&quot;] = &quot;Langnian Buyang&quot;,
	[&quot;ylo&quot;] = &quot;Yi Naluo&quot;,
	[&quot;ylr&quot;] = &quot;Yalarnnga&quot;,
	[&quot;ylu&quot;] = &quot;Aribwaung&quot;,
	[&quot;yly&quot;] = &quot;Nyâlayu&quot;,
	[&quot;ymb&quot;] = &quot;Yambes&quot;,
	[&quot;ymc&quot;] = &quot;Muji Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ymd&quot;] = &quot;Muda&quot;,
	[&quot;yme&quot;] = &quot;Yameo&quot;,
	[&quot;ymg&quot;] = &quot;Yamongeri&quot;,
	[&quot;ymh&quot;] = &quot;Mili&quot;,
	[&quot;ymi&quot;] = &quot;Moji&quot;,
	[&quot;ymk&quot;] = &quot;Makwe&quot;,
	[&quot;yml&quot;] = &quot;Iamalele&quot;,
	[&quot;ymm&quot;] = &quot;Maay&quot;,
	[&quot;ymn&quot;] = &quot;Sunum&quot;,
	[&quot;ymo&quot;] = &quot;Mon Yangum&quot;,
	[&quot;ymp&quot;] = &quot;Yamap&quot;,
	[&quot;ymq&quot;] = &quot;Muji Qila&quot;,
	[&quot;ymr&quot;] = &quot;Malasar&quot;,
	[&quot;yms&quot;] = &quot;Mysian&quot;,
	[&quot;ymx&quot;] = &quot;Muji Utara&quot;,
	[&quot;ymz&quot;] = &quot;Muzi&quot;,
	[&quot;yna&quot;] = &quot;Aluo&quot;,
	[&quot;ynd&quot;] = &quot;Yandruwandha&quot;,
	[&quot;yne&quot;] = &quot;Lang'e&quot;,
	[&quot;yng&quot;] = &quot;Yango&quot;,
	[&quot;ynk&quot;] = &quot;Naukanski&quot;,
	[&quot;ynl&quot;] = &quot;Yangulam&quot;,
	[&quot;ynn&quot;] = &quot;Yana&quot;,
	[&quot;yno&quot;] = &quot;Yong&quot;,
	[&quot;yns&quot;] = &quot;Yansi&quot;,
	[&quot;ynu&quot;] = &quot;Yahuna&quot;,
	[&quot;yo&quot;] = &quot;Yoruba&quot;,
	[&quot;yob&quot;] = &quot;Yoba&quot;,
	[&quot;yog&quot;] = &quot;Yogad&quot;,
	[&quot;yoi&quot;] = &quot;Yonaguni&quot;,
	[&quot;yol&quot;] = &quot;Yola&quot;,
	[&quot;yom&quot;] = &quot;Yombe&quot;,
	[&quot;yon&quot;] = &quot;Yongkom&quot;,
	[&quot;yox&quot;] = &quot;Yoron&quot;,
	[&quot;yoy&quot;] = &quot;Yoy&quot;,
	[&quot;ypa&quot;] = &quot;Phala&quot;,
	[&quot;ypb&quot;] = &quot;Phowa Labo&quot;,
	[&quot;ypg&quot;] = &quot;Phola&quot;,
	[&quot;yph&quot;] = &quot;Phupha&quot;,
	[&quot;ypk-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Yupik&quot;,
	[&quot;ypm&quot;] = &quot;Phuma&quot;,
	[&quot;ypn&quot;] = &quot;Phowa Ani&quot;,
	[&quot;ypo&quot;] = &quot;Alo Phola&quot;,
	[&quot;ypp&quot;] = &quot;Phupa&quot;,
	[&quot;ypz&quot;] = &quot;Phuza&quot;,
	[&quot;yra&quot;] = &quot;Yerakai&quot;,
	[&quot;yrb&quot;] = &quot;Yareba&quot;,
	[&quot;yre&quot;] = &quot;Yaouré&quot;,
	[&quot;yri&quot;] = &quot;Yarí&quot;,
	[&quot;yrk&quot;] = &quot;Nenets Tundra&quot;,
	[&quot;yrl&quot;] = &quot;Nheengatu&quot;,
	[&quot;yrn&quot;] = &quot;Yerong&quot;,
	[&quot;yro&quot;] = &quot;Yaroamë&quot;,
	[&quot;yrw&quot;] = &quot;Yarawata&quot;,
	[&quot;yry&quot;] = &quot;Yarluyandi&quot;,
	[&quot;ysc&quot;] = &quot;Jassic&quot;,
	[&quot;ysd&quot;] = &quot;Samatao&quot;,
	[&quot;ysg&quot;] = &quot;Sonaga&quot;,
	[&quot;ysl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Yugoslavia&quot;,
	[&quot;ysn&quot;] = &quot;Sani&quot;,
	[&quot;yso&quot;] = &quot;Nisi&quot;,
	[&quot;ysp&quot;] = &quot;Lolopo Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;ysr&quot;] = &quot;Sirenik&quot;,
	[&quot;yss&quot;] = &quot;Yessan-Mayo&quot;,
	[&quot;ysy&quot;] = &quot;Sanie&quot;,
	[&quot;yta&quot;] = &quot;Talu&quot;,
	[&quot;ytl&quot;] = &quot;Tanglang&quot;,
	[&quot;ytp&quot;] = &quot;Thopho&quot;,
	[&quot;ytw&quot;] = &quot;Yout Wam&quot;,
	[&quot;yty&quot;] = &quot;Yatay&quot;,
	[&quot;yua&quot;] = &quot;Maya Yucatec&quot;,
	[&quot;yub&quot;] = &quot;Yugambal&quot;,
	[&quot;yuc&quot;] = &quot;Yuchi&quot;,
	[&quot;yue&quot;] = &quot;Kanton&quot;,
	[&quot;yuf&quot;] = &quot;Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai&quot;,
	[&quot;yug&quot;] = &quot;Yug&quot;,
	[&quot;yui&quot;] = &quot;Yurutí&quot;,
	[&quot;yuj&quot;] = &quot;Karkar-Yuri&quot;,
	[&quot;yuk&quot;] = &quot;Yuki&quot;,
	[&quot;yul&quot;] = &quot;Yulu&quot;,
	[&quot;yum&quot;] = &quot;Yuma&quot;,
	[&quot;yun&quot;] = &quot;Bena&quot;,
	[&quot;yup&quot;] = &quot;Yukpa&quot;,
	[&quot;yuq&quot;] = &quot;Yuqui&quot;,
	[&quot;yur&quot;] = &quot;Yurok&quot;,
	[&quot;yut&quot;] = &quot;Yopno&quot;,
	[&quot;yuw&quot;] = &quot;Yau Finisterre&quot;,
	[&quot;yux&quot;] = &quot;Yukaghir Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;yuy&quot;] = &quot;Yugur Timur&quot;,
	[&quot;yuz&quot;] = &quot;Yuracare&quot;,
	[&quot;yva&quot;] = &quot;Yawa&quot;,
	[&quot;yvt&quot;] = &quot;Yavitero&quot;,
	[&quot;ywa&quot;] = &quot;Kalou&quot;,
	[&quot;ywg&quot;] = &quot;Yinhawangka&quot;,
	[&quot;ywl&quot;] = &quot;Lalu Barat&quot;,
	[&quot;ywn&quot;] = &quot;Yawanawa&quot;,
	[&quot;ywq&quot;] = &quot;Nasu&quot;,
	[&quot;ywr&quot;] = &quot;Yawuru&quot;,
	[&quot;ywt&quot;] = &quot;Lalo Xishanba&quot;,
	[&quot;ywu&quot;] = &quot;Nasu Wumeng&quot;,
	[&quot;yww&quot;] = &quot;Yawarawarga&quot;,
	[&quot;yxa&quot;] = &quot;Mayawali&quot;,
	[&quot;yxg&quot;] = &quot;Yagara&quot;,
	[&quot;yxl&quot;] = &quot;Yarli&quot;,
	[&quot;yxm&quot;] = &quot;Yinwum&quot;,
	[&quot;yxu&quot;] = &quot;Yuyu&quot;,
	[&quot;yxy&quot;] = &quot;Yabula Yabula&quot;,
	[&quot;yyu&quot;] = &quot;Yau Torricelli&quot;,
	[&quot;yyz&quot;] = &quot;Ayizi&quot;,
	[&quot;yzg&quot;] = &quot;E'ma Buyang&quot;,
	[&quot;yzk&quot;] = &quot;Zokhuo&quot;,
	[&quot;za&quot;] = &quot;Zhuang&quot;,
	[&quot;zaa&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Sierra de Juárez&quot;,
	[&quot;zab&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec San Juan Guelavía&quot;,
	[&quot;zac&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Ocotlán&quot;,
	[&quot;zad&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Cajonos&quot;,
	[&quot;zae&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Yareni&quot;,
	[&quot;zaf&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Ayoquesco&quot;,
	[&quot;zag&quot;] = &quot;Zaghawa&quot;,
	[&quot;zah&quot;] = &quot;Zangwal&quot;,
	[&quot;zai&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Isthmus&quot;,
	[&quot;zaj&quot;] = &quot;Zaramo&quot;,
	[&quot;zak&quot;] = &quot;Zanaki&quot;,
	[&quot;zal&quot;] = &quot;Zauzou&quot;,
	[&quot;zam&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Mahuatlán Tengah&quot;,
	[&quot;zao&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Ozolotepec&quot;,
	[&quot;zap&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec&quot;,
	[&quot;zaq&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Aloápam&quot;,
	[&quot;zar&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Rincón&quot;,
	[&quot;zas&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Santo Domingo Albarradas&quot;,
	[&quot;zat&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Tabaa&quot;,
	[&quot;zau&quot;] = &quot;Zangskari&quot;,
	[&quot;zav&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Yatzachi&quot;,
	[&quot;zaw&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Mitla&quot;,
	[&quot;zax&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Xadani&quot;,
	[&quot;zay&quot;] = &quot;Zayse-Zergulla&quot;,
	[&quot;zaz&quot;] = &quot;Zari&quot;,
	[&quot;zbt&quot;] = &quot;Batui&quot;,
	[&quot;zca&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Coatecas Altas&quot;,
	[&quot;zdj&quot;] = &quot;Comorian Ngazidja&quot;,
	[&quot;zea&quot;] = &quot;Zealandic&quot;,
	[&quot;zeg&quot;] = &quot;Zenag&quot;,
	[&quot;zen&quot;] = &quot;Zenaga&quot;,
	[&quot;zga&quot;] = &quot;Kinga&quot;,
	[&quot;zgh&quot;] = &quot;Maroko Amazigh&quot;,
	[&quot;zgr&quot;] = &quot;Magori&quot;,
	[&quot;zh&quot;] = &quot;Tionghoa&quot;,
	[&quot;zhb&quot;] = &quot;Zhaba&quot;,
	[&quot;zhi&quot;] = &quot;Zhire&quot;,
	[&quot;zhn&quot;] = &quot;Zhuang Nong&quot;,
	[&quot;zhw&quot;] = &quot;Zhoa&quot;,
	[&quot;zhx-min-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Min&quot;,
	[&quot;zhx-sht&quot;] = &quot;Tuhua Shaozhou&quot;,
	[&quot;zhx-tai&quot;] = &quot;Taishan&quot;,
	[&quot;zhx-teo&quot;] = &quot;Teochew&quot;,
	[&quot;zia&quot;] = &quot;Zia&quot;,
	[&quot;zib&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Zimbabwe&quot;,
	[&quot;zik&quot;] = &quot;Zimakani&quot;,
	[&quot;zil&quot;] = &quot;Zialo&quot;,
	[&quot;zim&quot;] = &quot;Mesme&quot;,
	[&quot;zin&quot;] = &quot;Zinza&quot;,
	[&quot;zir&quot;] = &quot;Ziriya&quot;,
	[&quot;ziw&quot;] = &quot;Zigula&quot;,
	[&quot;ziz&quot;] = &quot;Zizilivakan&quot;,
	[&quot;zka&quot;] = &quot;Kaimbulawa&quot;,
	[&quot;zkb&quot;] = &quot;Koibal&quot;,
	[&quot;zkg&quot;] = &quot;Goguryeo&quot;,
	[&quot;zkh&quot;] = &quot;Turkik Khorezmian&quot;,
	[&quot;zkk&quot;] = &quot;Karankawa&quot;,
	[&quot;zko&quot;] = &quot;Kott&quot;,
	[&quot;zkp&quot;] = &quot;São Paulo Kaingáng&quot;,
	[&quot;zkr&quot;] = &quot;Zakhring&quot;,
	[&quot;zkt&quot;] = &quot;Khitan&quot;,
	[&quot;zku&quot;] = &quot;Kaurna&quot;,
	[&quot;zkv&quot;] = &quot;Krevinian&quot;,
	[&quot;zkz&quot;] = &quot;Khazar&quot;,
	[&quot;zle-ono&quot;] = &quot;Novgorod Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;zle-ort&quot;] = &quot;Ruthenia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;zlw-ocs&quot;] = &quot;Ceko Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;zlw-opl&quot;] = &quot;Polandia Kuno&quot;,
	[&quot;zlw-pom-pro&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Pomerania&quot;,
	[&quot;zlw-slv&quot;] = &quot;Slovincian&quot;,
	[&quot;zma&quot;] = &quot;Manda (Australia)&quot;,
	[&quot;zmb&quot;] = &quot;Zimba&quot;,
	[&quot;zmc&quot;] = &quot;Margany&quot;,
	[&quot;zmd&quot;] = &quot;Maridan&quot;,
	[&quot;zme&quot;] = &quot;Mangerr&quot;,
	[&quot;zmf&quot;] = &quot;Mfinu&quot;,
	[&quot;zmg&quot;] = &quot;Ke Marti&quot;,
	[&quot;zmh&quot;] = &quot;Makolkol&quot;,
	[&quot;zmi&quot;] = &quot;Melayu Negeri Sembilan&quot;,
	[&quot;zmj&quot;] = &quot;Maridjabin&quot;,
	[&quot;zmk&quot;] = &quot;Mandandanyi&quot;,
	[&quot;zml&quot;] = &quot;Madngele&quot;,
	[&quot;zmm&quot;] = &quot;Marimanindji&quot;,
	[&quot;zmn&quot;] = &quot;Mbangwe&quot;,
	[&quot;zmo&quot;] = &quot;Molo&quot;,
	[&quot;zmp&quot;] = &quot;Mbuun&quot;,
	[&quot;zmq&quot;] = &quot;Mituku&quot;,
	[&quot;zmr&quot;] = &quot;Maranungku&quot;,
	[&quot;zms&quot;] = &quot;Mbesa&quot;,
	[&quot;zmt&quot;] = &quot;Maringarr&quot;,
	[&quot;zmu&quot;] = &quot;Muruwari&quot;,
	[&quot;zmv&quot;] = &quot;Mbariman-Gudhinma&quot;,
	[&quot;zmw&quot;] = &quot;Mbo (Kongo)&quot;,
	[&quot;zmx&quot;] = &quot;Bomitaba&quot;,
	[&quot;zmy&quot;] = &quot;Mariyedi&quot;,
	[&quot;zmz&quot;] = &quot;Mbandja&quot;,
	[&quot;zna&quot;] = &quot;Gula Zan&quot;,
	[&quot;zne&quot;] = &quot;Zande&quot;,
	[&quot;zng&quot;] = &quot;Mang&quot;,
	[&quot;znk&quot;] = &quot;Manangkari&quot;,
	[&quot;zns&quot;] = &quot;Mangas&quot;,
	[&quot;zoc&quot;] = &quot;Zoque Copainalá&quot;,
	[&quot;zoh&quot;] = &quot;Zoque Chimalapa&quot;,
	[&quot;zom&quot;] = &quot;Zou&quot;,
	[&quot;zoo&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Asunción Mixtepec&quot;,
	[&quot;zoq&quot;] = &quot;Zoque Tabasco&quot;,
	[&quot;zor&quot;] = &quot;Zoque Rayón&quot;,
	[&quot;zos&quot;] = &quot;Zoque Francisco León&quot;,
	[&quot;zpa&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Lachiguiri&quot;,
	[&quot;zpb&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Yautepec&quot;,
	[&quot;zpc&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Choapan&quot;,
	[&quot;zpd&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Ixtlán Tenggara&quot;,
	[&quot;zpe&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Petapa&quot;,
	[&quot;zpf&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec San Pedro Quiatoni&quot;,
	[&quot;zpg&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Guevea de Humboldt&quot;,
	[&quot;zph&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Totomachapan&quot;,
	[&quot;zpi&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Santa María Quiegolani&quot;,
	[&quot;zpj&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Quiavicuzas&quot;,
	[&quot;zpk&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Tlacolulita&quot;,
	[&quot;zpl&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Lachixío&quot;,
	[&quot;zpm&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Mixtepec&quot;,
	[&quot;zpn&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Santa Inés Yatzechi&quot;,
	[&quot;zpo&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Amatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;zpp&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec El Alto&quot;,
	[&quot;zpq&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Zoogocho&quot;,
	[&quot;zpr&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Santiago Xanica&quot;,
	[&quot;zps&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Coatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;zpt&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec San Vicente Coatlán&quot;,
	[&quot;zpu&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Yalálag&quot;,
	[&quot;zpv&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Chichicapan&quot;,
	[&quot;zpw&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Zaniza&quot;,
	[&quot;zpx&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec San Baltazar Loxicha&quot;,
	[&quot;zpy&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Mazaltepec&quot;,
	[&quot;zpz&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Texmelucan&quot;,
	[&quot;zra&quot;] = &quot;Kaya&quot;,
	[&quot;zrg&quot;] = &quot;Mirgan&quot;,
	[&quot;zrn&quot;] = &quot;Zirenkel&quot;,
	[&quot;zro&quot;] = &quot;Záparo&quot;,
	[&quot;zrs&quot;] = &quot;Mairasi&quot;,
	[&quot;zsa&quot;] = &quot;Sarasira&quot;,
	[&quot;zsk&quot;] = &quot;Kaskean&quot;,
	[&quot;zsl&quot;] = &quot;Isyarat Zambia&quot;,
	[&quot;zsr&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Rincon Selatan&quot;,
	[&quot;zsu&quot;] = &quot;Sukurum&quot;,
	[&quot;zte&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Elotepec&quot;,
	[&quot;ztg&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Xanaguía&quot;,
	[&quot;ztl&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Lapaguía-Guivini&quot;,
	[&quot;ztm&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec San Agustín Mixtepec&quot;,
	[&quot;ztn&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Santa Catarina Albarradas&quot;,
	[&quot;ztp&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Loxicha&quot;,
	[&quot;ztq&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Quioquitani-Quierí&quot;,
	[&quot;zts&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Tilquiapan&quot;,
	[&quot;ztt&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Tejalapan&quot;,
	[&quot;ztu&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec San Pablo Güilá&quot;,
	[&quot;ztx&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Zaachila&quot;,
	[&quot;zty&quot;] = &quot;Zapotec Yatee&quot;,
	[&quot;zu&quot;] = &quot;Zulu&quot;,
	[&quot;zua&quot;] = &quot;Zeem&quot;,
	[&quot;zuh&quot;] = &quot;Tokano&quot;,
	[&quot;zum&quot;] = &quot;Kumzari&quot;,
	[&quot;zun&quot;] = &quot;Zuni&quot;,
	[&quot;zuy&quot;] = &quot;Zumaya&quot;,
	[&quot;zwa&quot;] = &quot;Zay&quot;,
	[&quot;zyp&quot;] = &quot;Zyphe&quot;,
	[&quot;zza&quot;] = &quot;Zazaki&quot;,
	[&quot;zzj&quot;] = &quot;Zhuang Zuojiang&quot;,
}

local protoLangs = {
	[&quot;ine-pro&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;map-pro&quot;] = true,
    [&quot;PAN&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;phi-pro&quot;] = true,
    [&quot;PMP&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;poz-pro&quot;] = true,
	[&quot;poz-mly-pro&quot;] = true
}

-- Interwiki table
local interwikis = {
	aa = true, ab = true, af = true, ak = true, am = true, an = true, ang = true,
	ar = true, as = true, ast = true, av = true, ay = true, az = true, bcl = true,
	be = true, bew = true, bg = true, bh = true, bi = true, bjn = true, blk = true,
	bm = true, bn = true, bo = true, br = true, bs = true, btm = true, ca = true,
	ch = true, chr = true, ckb = true, co = true, cr = true, cs = true, csb = true,
	cy = true, da = true, de = true, diq = true, dv = true, dz = true, el = true,
	en = true, eo = true, es = true, et = true, eu = true, fa = true, fi = true,
	fj = true, fo = true, fr = true, fy = true, ga = true, gd = true, gl = true,
	gn = true, gom = true, gor = true, gu = true, guw = true, gv = true, ha = true,
	he = true, hi = true, hif = true, hr = true, hsb = true, hu = true, hy = true,
	ia = true, ie = true, ig = true, ik = true, [&quot;io&quot;] = true, [&quot;is&quot;] = true, it = true,
	iu = true, ja = true, jbo = true, jv = true, ka = true, kaa = true, kbd = true,
	kcg = true, kk = true, kl = true, km = true, kn = true, ko = true, ks = true,
	ku = true, kw = true, ky = true, la = true, lb = true, li = true, lmo = true,
	ln = true, lo = true, lt = true, lv = true, mad = true, mg = true, mh = true,
	mi = true, [&quot;min&quot;] = true, mk = true, ml = true, mn = true, mni = true, mnw = true,
	mr = true, ms = true, mt = true, my = true, na = true, nah = true, nds = true,
	ne = true, nia = true, nl = true, nn = true, no = true, oc = true, om = true,
	[&quot;or&quot;] = true, pa = true, pi = true, pl = true, pnb = true, ps = true, pt = true,
	qu = true, rm = true, rn = true, ro = true, ru = true, rw = true, sa = true,
	sat = true, sc = true, scn = true, sd = true, sg = true, sh = true, shn = true,
	shy = true, si = true, sk = true, skr = true, sl = true, sm = true, sn = true,
	so = true, sq = true, sr = true, ss = true, st = true, su = true, sv = true,
	sw = true, ta = true, tcy = true, te = true, tg = true, th = true, ti = true,
	tk = true, tl = true, tn = true, to = true, tpi = true, tr = true, ts = true,
	tt = true, tw = true, ug = true, uk = true, ur = true, uz = true, vec = true,
	vi = true, vo = true, wa = true, wo = true, xh = true, yi = true, yo = true,
	za = true, zh = true, [&quot;zh-min-nan&quot;] = true, zu = true,

	-- Mapped codes
	mly = &quot;ms&quot;, msa = &quot;ms&quot;, msi = &quot;ms&quot;, zlm = &quot;ms&quot;, zsm = &quot;ms&quot;, [&quot;nan-hbl&quot;] = &quot;zh-min-nan&quot;
}

-- Return interwiki link
function p.getInterwikiLink(lang, title)
	local targetLang = interwikis[lang]
	if targetLang == nil then
		return lang
	elseif targetLang == true then
		return string.format(&quot;[[:%s:%s|%s]]&quot;, lang, title, lang)
	else
		return string.format(&quot;[[:%s:%s|%s]]&quot;, targetLang, title, lang)
	end
end

-- Get full language name (returns nil if invalid)
function p.getLangName(frame)
    local args = frame.args
    local code = mw.text.trim(args[1] or &quot;&quot;)
    local nocap = args.nocap or &quot;&quot;

    local name = langNames[code]
    if not name then return nil end

    local prefix = &quot;&quot;
    -- Check if code is a language family
    local familyObj = Families.getByCode(code)
    if familyObj then
        prefix = &quot;Rumpun baso &quot;
    elseif code ~= &quot;mul&quot; then
        prefix = &quot;Baso &quot;
    end

    local fullName = prefix .. name

    if nocap == &quot;1&quot; and mw.ustring.len(fullName) &gt; 0 then
        local first = mw.ustring.sub(fullName, 1, 1)
        local rest = mw.ustring.sub(fullName, 2)
        fullName = mw.ustring.lower(first) .. rest
    end

    return fullName
end

function p.getLangNameByCode(code, nocap)
    code = mw.text.trim(code or &quot;&quot;)
    nocap = nocap or &quot;&quot;

    local name = langNames[code]
    if not name then return nil end

    local prefix = &quot;&quot;
    local familyObj = Families.getByCode(code)

    if familyObj then
        prefix = &quot;Rumpun baso &quot;
    elseif code ~= &quot;mul&quot; then
        prefix = &quot;Baso &quot;
    end

    local fullName = prefix .. name

    if nocap == &quot;1&quot; and mw.ustring.len(fullName) &gt; 0 then
        local first = mw.ustring.sub(fullName, 1, 1)
        local rest = mw.ustring.sub(fullName, 2)
        fullName = mw.ustring.lower(first) .. rest
    end

    return fullName
end

-- Get language code (returns nil if invalid)
function p.getLangCode(frame)
    local code = mw.text.trim((frame.args and frame.args[1]) or &quot;&quot;)
    if langNames[code] then
        return code
    else
        return nil
    end
end

function p.getLangCodeByCode(code)
    code = mw.text.trim(code or &quot;&quot;)
    if langNames[code] then
        return code
    end
    return nil
end

-- Expose tables
p.protoLangs = protoLangs
p.langNames = langNames
p.interwikis = interwikis

return p</text>
      <sha1>c659b3mqu5zqthg8s4ogmrg1dnw8n1t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bax/ꚳ꛰ꚣ꛰ꛖ ꚻ ꚳꛘꛅꛖ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3828223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381998</id>
      <parentid>7378659</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:28:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CharlesLRiley</username>
        <id>2570579</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Adding a summary here to the previous edit:  Translated from https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuit%C3%A9_des_erreurs_quantiques by Samuel Calvin Gbetnkom with the support of Charles L. Riley and Athinkra, LLC.</comment>
      <origin>7381998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13251" sha1="enz3xzkjka309dofh9fzhe0fgch5fao" xml:space="preserve">ꚳꛧꛫꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꛦ ꚳꛧꛩꚤ꛵ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚳ꛰ꚣꛛꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛂꚩꛑ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꛂꚩ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛛ ꚳꛝꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛆꛤ꛱ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚩ ꛦ꛳ ꚠꛔꛄ꛰ꚤꛤ꛱ ꛛ ꛂꚩꛑ ꛂꚩ ꛕꚤꛑ ꛎ ꛭ꛰ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚶ꛰ ꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛖꛖ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛔ ꛖ꛱ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩ ꛅꚧꚧ ꚡꚳꚺꚬ꛳ 

ꚳ꛰ꚡꚳ ꛃꚠ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛖꛖ꛱ ꚶ ꛦ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛇ ꛧꚧ ꛧꚧ ꚣꚧꛎ ꛛꚧ꛱

ꛛꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛗꚠ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛋꛛꚧ꛱ ꛗꚠ ꛂꚩ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚧꛦꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱꛵ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛗꚧꛛꚧ꛱ ꚳꛔ ꚳ꛰ꛖꚶ꛵ ꛤ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛔ ꛂꚩ  ꚳꛧꛩꚤ ꛕ ꛎ꛴ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛛ ꚳ꛰ꛃꚠ꛰ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛖ꛱ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛥ ꛂꚩꛑ ꚳ꛰ꛖ꛱ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩꚤ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚦꚧꚧꚳ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛔꛄ꛰ꚧ꛱ꛑ ꚳ꛰ꚣꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꚳꛦꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ ꛛꛅꚧ꛱ꚶ ꚺ ꚠ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛤꚩꚩꛛꚧ꛱꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱ꛁꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛂꚤꛤ꛱ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩ ꚳꚩꚶ ꛃꚠꚳ꛰ꛟ ꚳꛗꚧꛏ ꛂꚳ꛰ꛟ ꛛꚧ꛱\

ꚣ꛰ꛖ꛱ ꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꚶ ꛤ꛰ꚳ꛰ ꛤ꛰ꛄ꛰ꚬ

ꛅꚧ ꚶ ꚸ꛰ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛗꚠ ꚳ꛰ꚣꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛗꚠ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛭꛛꚧ꛱ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꛂꛕꛄ꛰ꚩ ꛗꚠ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꛂꚩ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛛꚧ꛱꛳ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛝ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧꚧ ꚶ ꚳ꛰ꛤꛤꛄ꛰ꚬ ꛤ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛖꛦꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ꛰

ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ꛱ꛤ꛱ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꚳ꛰ꛃꚠꛕꚧ꛱ ꚶꚤ ꚳꛗꚢ꛰ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛛ ꚳꛧꚧ ꛫꚧ ꛅꚧ ꚲ ꚲ ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛔꛄ꛰ꚧ꛱ꚶ ꛗꚠ ꚶꛦ ꛥꛉ꛰ꚡ ꚠ ꛂꚤꛤ꛱ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩ ꚳꛦꚧ꛱ ꛫꚧ꛱ꛤ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛔꚠ ꛂꚩ ꚳꛝꚤ ꚳꛘꛄ꛰ ꛎ ꛗꚧꚧꛛꚧ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛃꚠꛕꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ ꚴ ꛬꚳ ꛅꚧꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧꛤ ꛗꚠ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꛄ꛰ꚧ꛱ꚻ ꛕꛁꚧ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛔꛅꛖ ꚼ꛰ꚬ ꚳ꛰ꛬꚳ ꛦꚧ꛱

ꛛ ꚫ ꛕꚤꛑꚹ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛉ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛉ ꛝ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩꛑ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛉ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚢꛏ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꚶꛦ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ꛣꛅ꛱ ꛗꚠ ꛜꛄ꛰ꚧ꛱ꚻꛤ ꛛꚧ꛱꛳ ꛣꚶ ꚳꚣꚢ ꚳꛗꚢꛅ꛱ꚳ꛰ꚱꛅ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛛꚰꛅ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛟꚧꛏ ꛦ ꛗꚠ ꚣꚧ   ꚶꚤꛖ꛱ ꛁꚳ꛵ꚠ ꛛ ꚳꚰ ꚳꛝꚩ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚩ ꛧ  ꛦꚧꛘꚢ꛰  ꛤ꛰ ꛍꛫꛂꚩ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꚳꚹꚧ꛱ꚳ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚢꚤꚳ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛀꛤ ꚳꚱꛅ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ

ꛂꚩꛑ ꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠꛗꚠ ꛂꚩ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꛄ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꚤꛑꚧꛐ ꛟꛛꚤꛄꚸꚳ꛰ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚶꛉ꛰ ꛔ꛱ꚬꚶ ꚠ ꛝ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚶꚩꛑ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚶꛉ꛰ ꛲ꚫꛦꚳ ꛣ꛳ ꚳ꛰ꛖꛦꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩꛑ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꚡꚳꛤꛄ.

ꚳꛮꚩꚤꚳ ꚳꚣꚢꚤꚳ꛰ ꚹꚹ ꛛ꛳

ꚳ꛰ꛤꚩꚩ ꚳꛔ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚳ꛰ꚰꛅ꛱ ꚳꛊꚤ ꛎ ꛦ ꛎ ꚶꚤ ꛁ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚳ꛰ꛔꛄ꛰ꚤꛤ꛱ ꛋꛏ ꛤ꛰ ꛔ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꛅꚧꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱  ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛣ ꚶꚩ ꛦ  ꛛꚧ꛱꛳ ꚠ ꛝ ꛇ ꛒ ꛅꚧꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠꛂꚤꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛱  ꛫꚧ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚳ

ꛦꚧ꛱꛳ ꚠ ꛝ ꛗꚠ ꛅꚧ ꛕꚤꛑ ꚳꛘꛧꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚡ ꛝ ꛇ ꚳꛧꚧ ꚳꛧꚧ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ ꛂꛅ꛱ ꛅꚧ ꛞ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꚡ꛵ ꛭ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ ꚶ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ ꛅꚧꚧ  ꚳ꛰ꚲ ꚲ ꛞ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꛯꛯ꛵ ꛦꚧ꛱ꚳꛧꛩꚩ꛵ ꛛꚧ꛱

ꚩ ꛦ ꚳ꛰ꛔ ꚳꛔ꛰ ꛵ꚩ ꛦ ꛦꚧ꛱ꚳꛧꛩꚩ꛵  ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛯꛯ

ꛤꚩꚩ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꚩꛦ ꛝ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ꛱ ꛗ ꛞ꛰ ꛘ ꛛ꛱ꚧ ꛥꛉ꛰ ꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚳꛝ ꛅꚧ꛱  ꚳ꛰ꚸꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꛯꛯ ꚵꚧ꛵ ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꛅꚧ ꚶ ꛤ꛰ꛄ꛰ꚬ ꛛꚧ꛵ ꛅꚧꚧ ꚩꛦ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꛧꚧ ꛘꛧꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛡꛏ

ꛅꚧ꛱ ꚶ ꛤ꛰ꛄ꛰ꚬ ꚳꛝꚩ ꛝ ꚳ꛰ꛆꛛꚧ꛱ ꚩ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ ꚩ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱꛳ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꚶꛑ ꛝ ꛂꚤꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛮꚩꚤꚳ꛵ ꚹꚤꚳ꛰ꚦꚻ ꛅꚧ ꚶ ꚳꛤ꛰ꛄ꛰ꚬ꛵ ꛤ꛰ ꛖ꛱ꚧ꛱ꛦꚧ  ꚶ ꛡꛏ ꚳꛝꚩ ꛝꛤ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛆꛤ꛱ꛛꚧ꛱ ꚩ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛰  ꚳ꛰ꛧꚧ ꛜꛄ꛰ꚧ꛱ꚳꚶ ꛂꚩꚤ

ꚠ ꛂꚤꛤꛛꚧ꛱  ꚩ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛝꚩ ꛄ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꚣ꛰ꛖ ꚶ ꛤ꛰ꛄ꛰ꚬ ꛳

ꚳ꛰ꛥ ꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛗꚠ ꚳꛗꚢ꛰ꚶ ꚩ ꛧ

ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꛁꚧ ꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚨꛛꚧ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧꚧ ꚲ ꚲ꛵ ꛗꚠ ꛁꚧ ꛭꚭ꛰꛵ ꚺ ꛁꚧ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꚶ ꚳꛝꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ ꛅꚧꚧ ꚲꚲ ꛦꚧ꛱꛳ ꚶꛑ ꚶ ꚳꛗꚢ꛰ ꛘꛅꚧ꛱ꛖ ꚩ ꚫ ꛂꚤꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚳꛩꚠ꛰ ꚳꛃꛛꚧ꛱ꚻ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ꛣꛅ꛱꛳

ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꚿꚳꛖ꛱ ꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꛛ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛘꛄ꛰ ꚡ ꚳ꛰ ꛤꚩ ꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚶ ꚳ꛰ꛃꚠ꛰ ꛞ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꛯꛯ ꚳ꛰ꚶ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚢꚤꚳ꛰ ꚯ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛤ꛱ ꛦ ꚩ ꛰ꚳꛔ ꚳ꛰ꛔ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚶ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚱꚧ꛰ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꚩ ꛦ  ꚳ꛰ꛧꚧ꛱ ꛧꛄ꛰ꛤ꛱ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ ꛯꛯ ꛦꚧ꛱꛳

ꚶꛑꚶ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛞ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛘꚢ꛰ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꛂꚩ ꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱꛵ ꛄ ꛛ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛋꛏ ꛗꚠ ꚳ꛰ꛤꚩ ꛘꛧꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚳꛝꚩ ꚡ ꛇ ꚳꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳꚣꚧ ꛦꚧ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱꛳

ꛘꛧꚧ꛱ ꛞ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛖ꛱ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛭꚭ꛰ ꛛꚠ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ ꛂꚩ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛘꛄ꛰ ꚡ ꛤꚩ ꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚩ ꛦ ꚣꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꛭꚭ꛰ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛗꚠ  ꛂꚩ ꛛꚧ꛳ ꛂꚩꛑ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧꛤ꛱ ꛣ ꚳ꛰ꛔꛄ꛰ꚤꚬ ꛦ ꛋꛏ ꛤ꛰ ꛑꛉ꛰ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚡ ꛝ ꛇꛤ꛱ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚧꛦꚧ ꚳꛧꚧ ꛛꚧ꛱꛳

ꚳ꛰ꛔ ꛛꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄꛗꚠ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛋꛛꚧ꛱  ꛗꚠ ꛛꛅꛖ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠꚡꛝ ꛇꛤ꛱ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚧꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛰ꛤ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛀꚢꚩ꛰ ꛕ ꛎ꛴ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖ꛱ꛎ ꚡꛝꛇ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚧꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛛ ꚳꛗꚢꚳ ꚳ꛰ꚶꚩꚤꛖ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛧꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧꚧ  ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚱꚧꚳ꛰ꛔ꛱ꛄ꛰ꛑꚺ ꚠ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚶ ꚳ꛰ꚲ ꚳꚶꚩꚤ ꚳ꛰ꛖ꛱ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛘꛄ꛰ ꛂꚩꚤꚡ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꚳꛝꚩ ꛛꛅ꛱ꚶ ꚩ ꚶ ꚳꛦ꛱ꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛤꚩꛛꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛇꚤꛤ꛱ ꚼ꛰ꚬ ꛦꚧ ꛁ ꛂꚳ꛰ꛟ ꛂꚩꚤꚡ ꚳꛧ ꛭ꛰ ꛛꚧ꛱

ꛛ ꚫꛕꚤꛑ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ꛰ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛁ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚢꛏ ꛤ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛔꛄ꛰ꚶ ꛗꚠ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚡ ꛝ ꛇꛤ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚣꚧꛦꚧ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ

ꚳꛘꛄ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛘꛄ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛃꚠꚻ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛤ꛰ ꛣꚶ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚢ ꛗꚢꛅ꛱ꚱꛅ꛱ ꚳ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛝ ꛇ ꚳꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛄ ꚣ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚢꚤꚳ꛰ ꛅꚧꚧ ꚳ꛰ꚣ ꛤ꛰ꛤ꛰ ꛤ꛰ꛤꚳ꛰ ꛞ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꚩ ꛦ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚳ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛟꛄ꛰ꚬ (ꛦ/ꛦꛯꛯ)ꚯ ꛤ꛰ ꛯꛯ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚢꚧꛅꚧ꛱  ꛛꚧ꛱ ꚩ ꛦ꛳ ꛂꚩꛑ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛎ ꚳ꛰ꛤꚩ ꛘꛧꚧ꛱ ꚩꛦ ꛛ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚳ ꛞ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꚩ ꛦ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚢꚳ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛄ꛰ꚬ ꚯ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚢꚳ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꚡꛎ꛳ ꛤ꛰ ꛀꛤ꛱ꚳꚱ

ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ꛳

ꛘꛄ꛰ ꛃꚠꚳꚻ ꛂꚩꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛛꚹꛉ꛰ ꚢꛅ꛱ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚳꛭ ꛅꚧꚧ ꚳꛮꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ꛱ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛫꚧ꛱ꛕꚧꛑ ꚳꛧꛩꚤ ꛁꚧ ꚠꛇ ꛩꚠ꛰ ꛛꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ꚻ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛤ꛰ ꛭ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧꛕ꛱ꚧꛑ ꛧꛩꚤꚦ ꚳ꛰ꚶꛉ꛰ ꛝꛘꚧꚳ꛰  ꛅꚧꚳ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛫ ꚫ ꛔ꛱ꛄ꛰ꚤꛑ

꛰ꚳꛖ ꛖ꛱ ꛛꚧꛖ ꚳ꛰ꛇ ꛎ ꛗꚠ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛂꛉ꛰ꛖ꛱ꚶ ꛡꛏ ꛧꚧ  ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛭ  ꛥꛉ꛰ꚡ꛵ ꛂꚩꛑꚻ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧꚧ ꚡꚳꚺꚬ ꛛꚧ꛱

ꚳꛘꛖ꛱ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛞ꛰ ꛅꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꛦꚧ ꛘꚢ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꚲꛖ ꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꛛ ꛆꛤꛛꚧ ꛁꚧ ꛅꚧ ꛭ ꚠ ꛂꚩꛑꚻ ꛛꚧ ꛳ ꚳ꛰ꛖ꛱ꛦꚧ ꚳꛊꚤꛖ꛱ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꛔꛄ꛰ꚤꛤꛛ ꚳꛖꛖ꛱ ꚳꛊꚤꛖ ꛝꚩꛤ ꚩꛇꛤ ꚳꛝꚩ ꛣꚳ꛰ꛆꛤꛏ ꛦ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꚶꚩꛑ ꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛁꚧ ꛞ꛰ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛧ꛱ꛄ꛰ꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛭꚭ꛰ ꛛꚧ꛱

ꚺ ꛩꛖ꛱ ꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱꛳

ꛖ꛱ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩꛑꚻ ꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꛅ ꛛ ꛎ ꚠ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛖ ꚶ꛳

ꛃꛛꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛔꛄ꛰ꚤꛤꛔꚳ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛭ ꛛꚧ ꚳꛮꚩꚠꛖ꛱ ꚳꛔ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛗꚠ ꚫꛀꚠ ꚠ ꚫꛑ ꛝ꛰ ꛗ꛵  ꚳ꛰ꛔꛄ꛰ꛣꛅ꛱

ꚳꛧꛩꛄ꛰ꚧ꛱ꛤ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱

ꛂꚤꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ ꛛꚧ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꚶ ꛑꚠꛑ꛵ ꚴꚧꛤ ꚳ꛰ꚹꚧ꛱ꛑ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰꛰ꚳ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛜ꛰ ꛕ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛱ꛔꛄ꛰ ꛎ ꛛꚧ꛱꛳ ꚠ ꛛ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꚹꛉ꛰ꛖ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚹꚷꛤ꛰ ꛤ꛰ꛄ꛰ꚧ꛱ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚳ꛰ꚶ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛜꛛꚧ꛱ ꚠ ꚶ ꛫꚧ ꛅꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛧꛩ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛁꚧ  ꛞ꛰ ꛂꚩ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ꛰ ꚶ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛂꚩ ꛅꚧꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꚡꛝ ꛇꛤ꛱ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳꚣꚧꛦꚧ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱꛳

ꛦꚧꚶ꛰ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꚶ ꚳꛮꚩꚠꛖ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛔ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛕ ꛁꚧ ꛅꚧꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ   ꛗꚠ ꛜꛄ꛰ꚧꚳꚶ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛖꚧꛦꚧ꛵ ꚳꛧꚧ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꚸꛅ꛱ꛖꚶ ꛛꚧ꛵ꛕꚤꛑ ꛎ ꚠ ꛣ ꛧꛩꛄ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛬꚳ꛵ ꛂꚩꛑꛂꚩ ꛝꛤ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ ꚨ ꛤ꛰ ꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖ꛱ ꛎ ꛁꚧ ꛇꛐꚬ ꛗꚠ ꛔꛄ꛰ꚠ꛰ꚺꚬ ꚳ꛰ꛥꛉ꛰ ꚡ꛵ ꚠ ꛂꚤꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚧ꛱꛰ꛖ ꚳ꛰ꛔ ꚴꚧ꛱ꛤ ꛱ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚳ ꚳꚭ꛰ꚠꚳ ꛤ꛰ ꛜ꛰ ꛕ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛔ꛱ꛄ꛰ꛄ꛰ ꛎ ꛛꚧ꛱

ꚶꛑꚳꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ꛱ ꛝꛤ꛱ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꚶ ꚳ꛰ꚣꛖꚻ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛛꚧ ꛝꛤ ꚳꚣꚧꛤꚻ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ ꛁꚧ꛱ ꚠ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛜꛄ꛰ꛤꚻ ꛤ꛰ ꛜ꛰ ꛀꛃꛅ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚶ ꚳ꛰ꛫꚧ ꛅꚧ ꚳꛮꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ ꚳ꛰ꛮꚩꚠꛖ ꛱ꛂꚩ꛰ ꚳꛋꚦ ꛛꚧ꛵ ꚳ꛰ꛇꚤꛤ ꛕꚤꛑ꛵ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚳꚣꛅꚧ꛱ꛖ ꚳꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖꛎ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛦꚧ  ꚳ꛰ꚶꚩꚤꚶ ꛛꚧ꛱꛳

ꚳꛧꚧ ꛫꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖ꛱ꛎ  ꛁ ꛇꛐꚬꛗꚠꛔꛄ꛰ꚠ꛰ꚺꚬ ꛤ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚳ꛰ ꚠ꛰ꛝ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ ꛥꛉꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꛡꛏ ꛛꚧ꛱꛵ꛛꚤꛖ꛱ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛜ꛰ ꛞꚳ꛰ꛛꚧ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛕꛁꚧ ꛅꚧ ꚳ꛰ꚴꚧ ꚳꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛛꚧ꛱

ꚠ ꛅꚧ ꛁꚧ ꛅꚧꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚳ ꛤ꛰ ꛜ꛰ ꛞꚳ꛰ꛛꚧ ꛂꚩꛑ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꚳꛝꚩ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛂꚩ ꚳꛤ꛰ꚧ꛱ꛖ꛱꛵ ꛛꛘꛄ꛰ ꛂꚩꚤꚡ ꛦ ꚳꛧꛄ꛰ꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚰ꛰ ꛑꚧꚳ꛰ ꛂꚩꛑ ꛜ꛰ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ ꛃꛛꚧ꛱ ꛔꛄ꛰ꚤꛤ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛔꚳ ꛦꚧ꛱꛵ ꚩ ꛛ ꚶ ꛄꛔ꛱ꛄ꛰ꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛅꚧꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖꛎ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚢꛑ꛳ ꛘꛅ꛱ꛖ ꛅꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꛅꚧ ꛭꛅꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩꛑ 

ꛛ ꚧ ꛦꚧ꛱ꛔꚡ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꚡ꛰ ꛛ ꛤ꛰ ꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖꛎ ꛁꚧ ꛇꚬ ꛗꚠ ꛄ꛰ꛔꚠ꛰ꚺꚬ ꛛ꛵ ꛤ꛰ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛜ꛰ ꛞꚳ꛰ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠꛗꚠ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ꚧ꛱꛰ꛖ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚡꚳ꛰ꛤꛄ ꛝ ꚡ꛰ ꛛ ꛁꚧ꛵ꚠꛂꚤꛤꛛꚧ ꛂꚩ ꚳꛗꚢꛤꛛꚧ ꚳꛮꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚳ꛰ ꛦꚧ꛱

ꛦ ꛁ ꛔ꛱ꛄ꛰ꚤꛑ ꛦꚧ  ꚶ꛰ ꛂꚩ ꛥ꛰ꛑ ꚳ꛰ꚾ ꛖꚤꚦ ꛁꚠ ꚠ ꛔ꛱ꛄ꛰ꚤꛤ꛱ ꛦꚧꛘꚢ꛰ ꚨ ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖ꛱ ꚳꛧꚠꛤ꛰ꚳ ꚡꚳꛤꛄ ꛛꚧ꛱꛵ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛥꛉ꛰ꚡ ꚠ ꛞ꛰ ꛔ꛱ꛄ꛰ꚤꛤ꛱ ꛓ꛰ꚦ ꛕ ꛁꚧ꛱ ꚠ ꛧꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛦꚧ꛱ꛘꚢ꛰ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛵ꛞ꛰ ꛂ꛰ ꛤ꛰ꚳ ꛦꚧ꛱꛳ ꚩ ꚳꛝꚩꛤ꛱ ꚳꛗꚢꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛥꚤꚳ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꛞ꛰ ꚳꛮꚧ꛱ ꛤ꛰ ꛜ꛰ ꛞ꛰ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꚠ ꛗꚠ  ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚧ꛱꛰ꛖ ꛤ꛰ ꚳꛮꚩꚠ꛰ꛖ꛱ꛎ  ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꚣꚢꛑ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛛ ꚳ꛰꛰ꚦꚧ ꛘꚧꚧ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩꛑꚻ ꚳꛖꛅꚧ꛱ꛖ꛱

ꛁ ꛔ꛱ꛄ꛰ꚤꛑ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꚶ꛰ꛑ ꚳ꛰ꚾ꛰ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꛛ ꚳꛧꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛃꚠꛕ꛱ ꚳꛊꚤꛖ꛱ ꚣꚧꛎꚩ ꛦꚧ꛱ꚶ꛰ ꚾ꛰ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꚸꚧ꛱ꛜ ꛦꚧ꛱ ꛁꚧ ꛅꚧꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ꛱ ꚳ꛰ꛝꚩ ꛜꛄ꛰ꚻ ꚳꛝꚩ ꛜꛄ꛰ꚻ ꚼ꛰ꚬ ꛞ꛰ ꛤ꛰ ꛜ꛰ ꛀꛉ ꚠ ꚮꚦ ꛕꚤꛑ ꛅꚧ ꛝ ꚳꛗꚢꛤꛛꚧ꛱ ꛛꚧ꛱ ꛂꚩꛑ ꛅꚧ꛱ꛬ꛰ꛄꚧ ꛤ꛰ ꛜ꛰ ꛀꛉ ꚠ ꛗꚠ ꛂꚩ ꚳ꛰ꛤ꛰ꚧ꛱ꛖ ꛛꚧ꛱</text>
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[[Wy/ta/பகுரைன்|பகுரைன்]] (பஹ்ரைன்) இராச்சியம் (அரபு மொழி:அல்-பஹ்ரைன்) என்பது பாரசீக வளைகுடாவில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு மத்திய கிழக்குத் தீவுக்கூட்டமாகும். இது சவூதி அரேபியா மற்றும் கத்தார் நாடுகளுக்கு இடையே, கடலின் ஒரு பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இந்த இராச்சியம், நவீன அரபு கலாச்சாரத்தையும் 5,000 ஆண்டுகால நாகரிகத்தின் தொல்பொருள் பாரம்பரியத்தையும் தன்னகத்தே கொண்டுள்ளது.

யுனெஸ்கோவால் உலக பாரம்பரிய தளமாகப் பட்டியலிடப்பட்ட கலாத் அல் பஹ்ரைன் உட்பட பல கோட்டைகள் இந்தத் தீவில் அமைந்துள்ளன. பகுரைன் தேசிய அருங்காட்சியகத்தில், சுமார் 9,000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு தீவின் முதல் மனிதக் குடியேறிகள் காலம் வரையிலான நாட்டின் வரலாற்றுக் கலைப்பொருட்கள் உள்ளன. மேலும், பெய்த் அல் குர்ஆன் என்பது குர்ஆனின் இஸ்லாமியக் கலைப்பொருட்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு அருங்காட்சியகமாகும். இப்பகுதியின் மிகப் பழமையான மசூதிகளில் ஒன்றான அல் கமிஸ் மசூதி, முஹர்ரக்கில் உள்ள அரத் கோட்டை, பகுரைனின் தில்முனைட் காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பழமையான கோயிலான பார்பர் கோயில், ஆலி புதைகுழிகள் மற்றும் ஸார் கோயில் ஆகியவை இந்த இராச்சியத்தில் உள்ள சில பிரபலமான வரலாற்று சுற்றுலாத் தலங்களாகும். அருகாமையில் நீர்நிலைகள் இல்லாத சாகிர் பாலைவனத்தில் வளரும் 400 ஆண்டுகள் பழமையான மரமான 'வாழ்வின் மரம்' என்பதும் ஒரு பிரபலமான சுற்றுலா ஈர்ப்பாகும்.

பகுரைனில் பறவைகளைக் கவனித்தல் (முக்கியமாக ஹவார் தீவுகளில்), ஸ்கூபா டைவிங் மற்றும் குதிரையேற்றம் ஆகியவை சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடையே பிரபலமான செயல்பாடுகளாக உள்ளன. மனாமா நகரின் பழைய பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள மனாமா சூக் (Manama Souq) மற்றும் கோல்ட் சூக் (Gold Souq) ஆகியவையும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளிடையே மிகவும் பிரபலம்.

== நகரங்கள் ==

* '''1 மனமா ( Manama)''' அல்லது  அல்-மனாமா - பகுரைனின் தலைநகரம்.
* '''2 ஹமாத் டவுன் (Hamad Town)''' அல்லது மதீனத் ஹமத்
* '''3 ஈசா டவுன் (Isa Town)''' அல்லது மதீனத் ஈசா
* '''4 முஹரக் (Muharraq)''' அல்லது, அல்-முஹரக் - இராச்சியத்தின் முன்னாள் தலைநகரம்
* '''5 ரிஃபா (Riffa )''' அல்லது அர்-ரிஃபா
* '''6 சித்ரா (Sitra)''' அல்லது  அஸ்-சித்ரா

== பிற சேருமிடங்கள் ==

* '''1 தெற்கு கவர்னரேட் (Southern Governorate)'''(அல்-முஹாஃபஹத் அல்-ஜானுபியா) பகுரைனின் குறைந்த மக்கள்தொகை கொண்ட தெற்குப் பகுதியாகும். இப்பகுதியில் பிரபலமான ஃபார்முலா ஒன் பந்தயப் பாதை  உள்ளது.
* '''2 ஹவார் தீவுகள் (Hawar Islands)''' (ஜுஸூர் ஹவார்- Juzur Ḩawār), கத்தார் கடற்கரைக்கு அருகிலுள்ளது, இது பறவை நோக்காளர்களிடையே மிகவும் பிரபலமானவை.

== புரிந்துகொள்ளுங்கள் ==
[[File:Bahrain map WV.png|thumb|396x396px|பகுரைன்]]
பகுரைன், சுதந்திரமான பாரசீக வளைகுடா நாடுகளில் மிகச்சிறிய நாடாகும். மேலும், தனது பெரிய அண்டை நாடுகளுடன் இராஜதந்திர ரீதியாக மிகவும் இயைந்த நிலையை அது அடிக்கடி கையாள வேண்டியிருந்தது. அந்நாட்டில் எண்ணெய் இருப்பு குறைவாகவே உள்ளது, ஆனாலும் அது சுத்திகரிப்பு மற்றும் சர்வதேச வங்கிச் சேவைக்கான ஒரு மையமாகத் தன்னை நிலைநிறுத்தியுள்ளது.அதே நேரத்தில் சமூக ரீதியாக தாராளமயமான முடியாட்சியையும் அடைந்தது. 2011-ஆம் ஆண்டு ஆர்ப்பாட்டங்களில் உச்சக்கட்டத்தை அடைந்த தொடர்ச்சியான அரசியல் அமைதியின்மையும், அதைத் தொடர்ந்த அரசாங்கத்தின் கொடூரமான அடக்குமுறையும், குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அதிருப்தியையும், அத்துடன் மத மற்றும் சமூகப் பிளவுகளையும் வெளிப்படுத்தின. மக்கள் தொகையில் பெரும்பான்மையாக ஷியா முஸ்லிம்கள் இருந்தாலும், அரச குடும்பம் சன்னி முஸ்லிம்களாகும்.

கத்தாருக்கு மிக அருகில் அமைந்திருந்தாலும், ஹவார் தீவுகள் பகுரைனின் ஒரு பகுதியாகும். இரு நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே நீண்டகாலமாக நீடித்த இறையாண்மை தொடர்பான சர்ச்சையைத் தொடர்ந்து, 2002-ஆம் ஆண்டில் சர்வதேச நீதிமன்றம் இந்தத் தீவுகளின் மீதான இறையாண்மை பகுரைனுக்கே உரியது என்று உறுதிப்படுத்தியது.

இஸ்லாமியச் சட்டம் மிகவும் கடுமையாக அமல்படுத்தப்படும் அண்டை நாடுகளுடன் ஒப்பிடுகையில், இது ஒப்பீட்டளவில் சமூக தாராளவாதத்தைக் காட்டுகிறது; உதாரணமாக, இங்கு மது அருந்துவது சட்டப்பூர்வமானது. பகுரைனின் பொருளாதாரம் பெருமளவில் பெட்ரோலியத்தைச் சார்ந்திருந்தாலும், அதன் அரசியல், சமூக மற்றும் கலாச்சாரத் தனித்தன்மைகள், ஒரு பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட நடுத்தர வர்க்கமும் அரசியல் விழிப்புணர்வுள்ள தொழிலாள வர்க்கமும் உருவாக வழிவகுத்துள்ளன.

அரபு மொழியில் பகுரைன் என்றால் &quot;இரண்டு கடல்கள்&quot; என்று பொருள்.

=== மின் ஆற்றல் ===
இங்குள்ள மின் தரநிலை 220 V மற்றும் 50 Hz ஆகும். பெரும்பாலான மின் இணைப்பகங்கள் (outlets) பிரிட்டிஷ் தரநிலையான 'BS 1363' வகையைச் சேர்ந்தவை. அமெரிக்கா, கனடா மற்றும் ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளிலிருந்து வருபவர்கள், பஹ்ரைனில் தங்கள் மின் சாதனங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தத் திட்டமிட்டால், அதற்கேற்ற மின் மாற்றிகளை (converters/adapters) உடன் எடுத்து வர வேண்டும்.

== வரலாறு ==
பகுரைன் 5,000 ஆண்டுகள் பழமையான வரலாற்றைக் கொண்டது; இது பண்டைய தில்முன் (Dilmun) நாகரிகம் நிலவிய இடமாகும்.

இஸ்லாத்தை ஏற்றுக்கொண்ட மிக ஆரம்பகால இடங்களில் ஒன்றான பகுரைன், முத்து எடுக்கும் தொழிலுக்குப் பெயர் பெற்றிருந்தது. அரபு மற்றும் பாரசீக ஆட்சிக் காலங்களுக்குப் பிறகு, இது போர்த்துகீசியப் பேரரசின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் இருந்தது. 1783-ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல், கலீஃபா வம்சத்தினர் (House of Khalifa) பகுரைனை ஆட்சி செய்து வருகின்றனர்.

தொடர்ச்சியான ஒப்பந்தங்களைத் தொடர்ந்து, 1971 இல் சுதந்திரம் பெறும் வரை பகுரைன் பிரிட்டிஷ் பாதுகாவலராக இருந்தது. அதன் பின்னர், அது அரசியலமைப்பு முடியாட்சியால் ஆளப்படுகிறது.

== வானிலை ==
பகுரைனுக்குச் செல்ல நவம்பர்-மார்ச் சிறந்த நேரம், அக்டோபர் மற்றும் ஏப்ரல் ஆகியவை தாங்கக்கூடியதாக இருக்கும். டிசம்பர்-பிப்ரவரி மாதங்களில் குளிர்ச்சியாக இருக்கும் (சுமார் 15 °C/60 °F) ஸ்வெட்டரை எடுத்துச் செல்லவும். பகுரைனின் கோடை, மே-செப்டம்பர், மிகவும் வெப்பமாகவும் ஈரப்பதமாகவும் இருக்கும், இருப்பினும் அவ்வப்போது குளிர்ந்த வடகிழக்கு காற்று சற்று நிவாரணம் அளிக்கிறது. மேலும் அடிக்கடி க்வாஸ், சூடான, வறண்ட கோடைக் காற்று மணல் புயல்களைக் கொண்டுவரும்.

== பேச்சுச் மொழி ==
பகுரைனில் அரபு மொழி அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழியாக உள்ளது; இருப்பினும், ஆங்கிலம் மற்றும் பாரசீக (பாரசீ) மொழிகளும் பரவலாகப் பேசப்படுகின்றன. தெற்காசியாவிலிருந்து புலம்பெயர்ந்தவர்களிடையே உருது மற்றும் இந்தி மொழிகளும் புரிந்துகொள்ளப்படுகின்றன; மேலும், மலையாளமும் இங்கு பரவலாகப் பேசப்படும் மற்றொரு மொழியாக உள்ளது.

இந்தத் தீவின் பூர்வீக மொழி 'பகுரானி' வட்டார வழக்கு ஆகும். இருப்பினும், அந்நாட்டு மக்கள் பள்ளிகளில் நவீன தரப்படுத்தப்பட்ட அரபு மொழியைக் (Modern Standard Arabic) கற்றுக்கொள்வதால், அந்த மொழியைக் கொண்டே நீங்கள் அங்கு சமாளிக்க முடியும். மேலும், ஆங்கிலமும் பரவலாகப் பேசப்படுகிறது; ஆனால், ஒவ்வொருவரிடமும் ஆங்கில அறிவு வெவ்வேறு நிலைகளில் இருக்கலாம்.

== சென்று அடையுங்கள் ==

=== நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசா) ===
69 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள் 14 நாட்களுக்கான 'வருகையின் போது அயல்நாட்டு நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசா) (visa-on-arrival) பெறலாம்; அதே சமயம், 'வருகையின் போது நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசா) பெறத் தகுதியுள்ளவர்கள் உட்பட மொத்தம் 114 நாடுகளின் குடிமக்கள், 14 நாட்களுக்கான இணையவழி நுழைவுச்சான்றுக்கு (விசாவிற்கு) (online visa) விண்ணப்பிக்கத் தகுதியுடையவர்கள் ஆவர்.

சமீபத்திய விவரங்களுக்கு உள்துறை அமைச்சகத்தின் இணையதளத்தைப் பார்க்கவும். உங்கள் தேசியம் இந்த இரண்டிற்கும் தகுதியற்றதாக இருந்தாலோ, அல்லது நீங்கள் சுற்றுலா அல்லது வணிகம் தவிர்த்த பிற நோக்கங்களுக்காகச் சென்றாலோ, பகுரைனில் உள்ள ஒரு அனுசரணையாளர் (ஸ்பான்சர்) மூலம் உங்கள் விசா விண்ணப்பத்தைச் சமர்ப்பிக்க வேண்டியிருக்கும். 2020-ல் பகுரைனுக்கும் இஸ்ரேலுக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள் இயல்பாக்கப்பட்டதைத் தொடர்ந்து, தற்போது இஸ்ரேலிய குடிமக்களும் இணையவழியில் நுழைவுச்சான்று (விசா) பெறத் தகுதியுடையவர்கள் ஆவர்.

வருகையின் போது வழங்கப்படும் நுழைவுச்சான்றுக்கான (விசா)(visa on arrival) கட்டணம் 5 BD ஆகும், அதே சமயம் மின்னனு-நுழைவுச்சான்றுக்கான (விசாவுக்கான) (e-Visa) கட்டணம் 9 BD ஆகும். விமான நிலையத்தில் குடிவரவு நடைமுறைகளின் போது நீங்கள் நுழைவுச்சான்று பெற்று அதற்கான கட்டணத்தைச் செலுத்திக்கொள்ளலாம்; எனவே, உங்களுக்கு 'வருகையின் போது வழங்கப்படும் நுழைவுச்சான்று பெறும் தகுதி இருந்தால், மின்னனு-நுழைவுச்சான்று பெறுவதில் எந்தப் பயனும் இல்லை.

வளைகுடா ஒத்துழைப்பு கவுன்சில் (GCC) நாடுகளின் (குவைத், ஓமன், கத்தார், சவூதி அரேபியா மற்றும் ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்) குடிமக்கள் பகுரைனுக்குள் நுழைய நுழைவுச்சான்று தேவையில்லை; அவர்கள் அங்கு காலவரையின்றி தங்கலாம். மேலும், GCC உறுப்பு நாடுகளில் வசிக்கும் பிற நாட்டு குடிமக்களுக்கும், அவர்கள் பகுரைனை வந்தடையும் போது குறுகிய கால தங்குதலுக்கான நுழைவுச்சான்று வழங்கப்படும்.

=== வானூர்தியில் ===
[[File:BahrainInternationalAirport01.jpeg|thumb|பகுரைன் சர்வதேச விமான நிலையம்]]
1. பகுரைன் சர்வதேச விமான நிலையம் (BAH IATA)-மனாமாவுக்குக் கிழக்கே முஹர்ரக்கில் அமைந்துள்ளது , தேசிய விமான நிறுவனமான கல்ஃப் ஏர்-இன் முக்கியத் தளமாகும். இது இப்பகுதி முழுவதும், லண்டன் மற்றும் தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியாவுக்கு சிறந்த விமான இணைப்புகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இந்த விமான நிலையத்தில் நல்ல வரி விலக்குடன் கூடிய கடைகள் உள்ளன. மேலும், இங்கு பகுரைன் ஏர்போர்ட் ஹோட்டல் என்ற ஒரு இடைத்தங்கல் தங்கும் விடுதியும் உள்ளது. இந்த விடுதியில், உறங்கும் அறைகளும் (பல கடன் அட்டைகளால் வழங்கப்படும் பிரையாரிட்டி பாஸ்/லவுஞ்ச் கீ வைத்திருப்பவர்களுக்கு 3 மணிநேரம் இலவசம்) மற்றும் உறங்கும் கூடங்களும் உள்ளன.ஒரு ஒப்பந்த ஓய்வறையும் உள்ளது. இது, கல்ஃப் ஏர் அல்லாத பிற விமான நிறுவனங்களின் பிசினஸ்-கிளாஸ் பயணிகள் (கல்ஃப் ஏர் பயணிகளுக்கு எனத் தனி ஃபால்கன் ஓய்வறை உள்ளது), மற்றும் டிராகன்பாஸ் திட்டத்தின் கீழ் உள்ளவை உட்பட பல கடன் அட்டைகளை வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் (ஆனால் பிரையாரிட்டி பாஸ் இல்லை) பயன்படுத்திக்கொள்ள முடியும். கிழக்கு சவூதி அரேபியாவில் வசிக்கும் பலர் பகுரைன் வழியாகப் பயணிக்க விரும்புகின்றனர். இந்தச் சந்தையின் தேவையைப் பூர்த்தி செய்வதற்காக, கல்ஃப் ஏர் நிறுவனம் கோபார் மற்றும் தம்மாமிற்கு போக்குவரத்துச் சேவைகள் வழங்குகிறது; முன்பதிவு செய்யும்போது இதுகுறித்து விசாரிக்கவும்.

ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகத்தில், துபாய்க்கு வடக்கே அமைந்துள்ள ஷார்ஜா விமான நிலையத்திலிருந்து (SHJ IATA), குறைந்த கட்டண விமான சேவையை வழங்கும் 'ஏர் அரேபியா' (Air Arabia) நிறுவனம் தினசரி விமானங்களை இயக்குகிறது. மேலும், எமிரேட்ஸ் (Emirates), கத்தார் ஏர்வேஸ் (Qatar Airways) மற்றும் எதிஹாட் ஏர்வேஸ் (Etihad Airways) ஆகிய முன்னணி விமான நிறுவனங்களும், முறையே துபாய், தோஹா மற்றும் அபுதாபியிலிருந்து பகுரைனுக்குத் தொடர்ச்சியான விமான சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன.

இந்த விமான நிலையம் மிகவும் சிறியது என்பதால், இங்கு வருகை தருவதும் புறப்பட்டுச் செல்வதும் எளிமையாகவும் விரைவாகவும் அமைகிறது. (மார்ச் 2024-ல்  திருத்தப்பட்டது)

=== பேருந்தில் ===
சவுதி-பகுரைன் போக்குவரத்து நிறுவனம் (SABTCO), ☏ +973-17252959, தம்மாமில் உள்ள சவுதி பொது போக்குவரத்து நிறுவனத்தின் (SAPTCO) பேருந்து நிலையத்திலிருந்து சவுதி அரேபியாவில் உள்ள கோபார் வழியாக, கிங் ஃபஹத் காஸ்வே வழியாக, மத்திய மனாமாவில் உள்ள லுலு மையத்திற்கு அடுத்துள்ள பேருந்து முனையத்திற்கு தினமும் எட்டு பேருந்துகளை இயக்குகிறது.

இந்தச் சேவையானது, சாமான்களை வைப்பதற்கான டிரெய்லருடன் கூடிய, வசதியான குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட சிறிய பேருந்துகளைப் பயன்படுத்துகிறது. பயணச்சீட்டுகளின் விலை BD 6/SR 60 ஆகும். இவற்றை முன்கூட்டியே வாங்கலாம், இருப்பினும் இடம் இருந்தால் முன்பதிவு இல்லாமலேயே உங்களையும் ஏற்றிக்கொள்வார்கள். பாலத்தைக் கடக்கும்போது இரண்டு கடவுச்சீட்டுச் சோதனைகளும் இரண்டு சுங்கச் சோதனைகளும் இருப்பதால், இந்தப் பயணத்திற்கு 2 மணிநேரம் ஆகும் என எதிர்பார்க்கலாம். மேலும், வியாழக்கிழமை மாலைகள் போன்ற பரபரப்பான நேரங்களில் போக்குவரத்துத் தாமதங்களும் ஏற்படலாம். நெரிசல் மிகுந்த நேரங்களில், குடிவரவு மற்றும் சுங்கச் சோதனைகளில் தனித்தனிப் பாதைகளைப் பயன்படுத்த முடிவதால், பேருந்துகள் தனியார் மகிழ்வுந்துகளை விட சற்றே வேகமாகச் செல்லக்கூடும்.

பகுரைன் சவூதி போக்குவரத்து மற்றும் சுற்றுலா (BASATCO) நிறுவனம், ஏறக்குறைய இதே போன்ற பேருந்துகளைச் சற்று குறைவான கட்டணமான 4 பகுரைன் தினாருக்கு (BD 4) வழங்குகிறது; ஆனால், இவை ஒரு நாளில் நான்கு முறை மட்டுமே இயக்கப்படுகின்றன (2011-ஆம் ஆண்டு நிலவரப்படி).

==== '''மகிழ்வுந்து மூலம்''' ====
26 கி.மீ நீளமுள்ள கிங் ஃபஹத் பாலம் பகுரைனையும் சவுதி அரேபியாவையும் இணைக்கிறது. இரு முனைகளிலும் உள்ள பேருந்து நிலையங்களைச் சுற்றி அதிகாரப்பூர்வமற்ற வாடகையுந்துகள் காணப்படுகின்றன, ஆனால் அவை பெரும்பாலும் சட்டவிரோதமானவை. கோபாரில், பாலத்தின் நுழைவாயிலுக்கு முன்பு, மனாமாவுக்கு BD25/SR250 கட்டணத்தில் வாடகையுந்துகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. இதில் SR25 (BD 2.5) பாலக் கட்டணமும் அடங்கும். இங்கிருந்து ஊபர் சேவையானது, சுங்கக் கட்டணத்துடன் சேர்த்து சுமார் SR115-125 (BD 11.5 - 12.5) கட்டணத்தில் கிடைக்கிறது.

==== படகு மூலம் ====
அவ்வப்போது சில சொகுசுப் கப்பல்கள் (குறிப்பாக இத்தாலிய நிறுவனமான MSC-க்குச் சொந்தமானவை) மனாமாவுக்கு வந்து செல்கின்றன, இருப்பினும் வெளிநாடுகளுக்குச் செல்லும் வழக்கமான பயணிகள் கப்பல் சேவை ஏதுமில்லை.

== சுற்றிப்பாருங்கள் ==

==== '''வாடகையுந்து / மகிழ்வுந்து மூலம்''' ====
[[File:Taxi Bahrain.JPG|thumb|பகுரைனின் வாடகை வாகனம்]]
அதிகாரப்பூர்வ கட்டணங்கள் BD 1 மற்றும் ஒரு கிலோமீட்டருக்கு 0.200 ஃபில்ஸ்கள் (fils) என்ற அடிப்படையில் தொடங்குகின்றன. வாடகையுந்து ஓட்டுநர்கள் பெரும்பாலும் நியாயமற்ற, மிக அதிக கட்டணங்களைக் கேட்கக்கூடும். தற்போது பெரும்பாலான வாடகையுந்துகளில் மீட்டர்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.

விமான நிலையத்தில் வாடகையுந்து கட்டணங்களைக் கணக்கிடுவதற்கான அதிகாரப்பூர்வ வழிமுறைகள் குறித்த வழிகாட்டுதல்கள் வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. விமான நிலையத்தில் காத்திருக்கும் வாடகையுந்தைப் பயன்படுத்தினால், கூடுதலாக 2 பிடி (BD 2) கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படும்.

பொதுவாக வாடகையுந்துகள் நல்ல சேவையை வழங்குகின்றன, இருப்பினும் சில மோசமான நபர்களும் இதில் இருக்கக்கூடும். விமான நிலையத்திலிருந்து பயணம் செய்யும்போது, ​​எப்போதும் வெள்ளை நிறத்தில் சிவப்பு கூரை கொண்ட வாடகையுந்துகளையோ அல்லது லண்டன் பாணி வாடகையுந்துகளையோ பயன்படுத்துங்கள். ஒரு விதி என்னவென்றால், மீட்டர் பயன்படுத்தப்படாவிட்டால் நீங்கள் கட்டணம் செலுத்த வேண்டிய அவசியமில்லை; இதில் உறுதியாக இருங்கள், தேவைப்பட்டால் காவல்துறையை அழையுங்கள். அவ்வாறு செய்தால், ஓட்டுநர் உடனடியாகச் சரியாக ஒத்துழைத்து, பயணத்திற்கான சரியான கட்டணத்தை ஏற்றுக்கொள்வார்.

வாடகையுந்து கிடைப்பது கடினமாக இருக்கலாம்; இருப்பினும், பெரிய தங்கும் விடுதிகள் மற்றும் வணிக வளாகங்களுக்கு வெளியே பொதுவாக சில வாடகையுந்துகள் காத்திருக்கும். இந்த நாட்டில் தனியார் நிறுவனங்கள் சில இயங்குகின்றன, அவற்றில் மிகவும் பிரபலமானவை பின்வருமாறு:

* ''''ஸ்பீடி மோட்டார் சர்வீஸ் ரேடியோ-மீட்டர் டாக்ஸிஸ்' (Speedy Motor Service Radio-Meter Taxis)''' என்பது இந்த ராஜ்ஜியத்தில் உள்ள மிகப்பழமையான, மிகவும் பிரபலமான மற்றும் மிகவும் நம்பகமான ரேடியோ-மீட்டர் வாடகையுந்து நிறுவனமாகும். இதில் முன்கூட்டியே வாடகையுந்தை முன்பதிவு செய்துகொள்ளலாம்; மேலும், ஆண்டு முழுவதும் 24 மணி நேரமும் இச்சேவை கிடைக்கிறது. குறிப்பிட்ட நேரத்திற்குத் தயாராக இருங்கள் – நீங்கள் குறிப்பிட்ட நேரத்திற்குச் சற்று முன்னதாகவே அவர்கள் வந்துவிடக்கூடும். ☏ +973 17 682 999.
* '''பகுரைன் டாக்ஸி ஆன்லைன் (Bahrain Taxi Online)''': 10 நிமிடங்களுக்குள் மீட்டர் பொருத்தப்பட்ட வாடகையுந்தை இணையத்தில் முன்கூட்டியே பெற்றுக்கொள்ளுங்கள். ☏ +973 3668 8614.
* '''பகுரைன் லிமோ (Bahrain Limo)''' என்பது போக்குவரத்து நிறுவனமான &quot;சவூதி பஹ்ரைன் டிரான்ஸ்போர்ட் கம்பெனி&quot; (SAPTCO) இன் சகோதர நிறுவனமாகும், இது கிங் ஃபஹத் காஸ்வே முழுவதும் ஆடம்பரமான பேருந்து மற்றும் லிமோசின் சேவைகளை வழங்குகிறது.

'''பகுரைன் டாக்ஸி குழுமத்தின் (Bahrain Taxi Group)''' ரேடியோ வாடகையுந்து சேவைகளில், 973-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட வாடகையுந்து ஓட்டுநர்கள் ரேடியோ மீட்டர்கள் பொருத்தப்பட்ட ஆரஞ்சு மற்றும் வெள்ளை நிற வாடகையுந்தை இயக்குகின்றனர், மேலும் அவர்களில் பெரும்பாலானோரிடம் கிரெடிட் கார்டு சாதனங்களும் உள்ளன. இணையத்தில் வாடகையுந்து சேவைகளை முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம். படிவத்தை பூர்த்தி செய்து, அழைப்பு மையத்திற்கு ☏ +973 6696 6976 என்ற எண்ணை அழைப்பதன் மூலமும் விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்.

இருப்பினும், வாடகையுந்து ஓட்டுநர்கள் மிக அதிக கட்டணம் வசூலிக்க முயன்றதாக அவ்வப்போது புகார்கள் வருகின்றன (உதாரணமாக, 5 BD கட்டணம் இருக்க வேண்டிய ஒரு சிறிய பயணத்திற்கு 50 BD கேட்பது போன்றவை); ஆனால், இத்தகைய சம்பவங்கள் பொதுவாக அரிதானவையே. எனவே, அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட வாடகையுந்து சேவைகளைப் பயன்படுத்துவதே பெரும்பாலும் சிறந்த தேர்வாகும்.

வெளிநாட்டவர்கள் (முக்கியமாக ஆசியர்கள்) இயக்கும் பல அதிகாரப்பூர்வமற்ற வாடகையுந்துகள் உள்ளன. இவை சட்டவிரோதமானவை என்றாலும், குறைந்த கட்டணத்தில் கிடைப்பதாலும், பொதுவாக நம்பகமானவையாக இருப்பதாலும் மக்களிடையே பிரபலமாக உள்ளன. வாய்மொழித் தகவல்கள் மூலமாகவே நீங்கள் இவற்றைப் பற்றி அறிந்துகொள்ள வாய்ப்புள்ளது.

'''ஊபர் (Uber)''' நிறுவனம் சிறப்பாகச் செயல்படுகிறது; இவை அதிகாரப்பூர்வ வாடகையுந்துகளைப் போலவே உள்ளன. விமான நிலையத்தில் சேவைகளுக்கென பிரத்யேகமான வாகன ஏறும் இடம் (pick-up point) உள்ளது.

==== பேருந்தில் ====
தீவின் பல பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்லும் பொதுப் பேருந்து வசதிகளும் உள்ளன; இருப்பினும், பிற இடங்களில் நீங்கள் எதிர்பார்ப்பது போன்ற வலுவான கட்டமைப்பு இங்கு இல்லாமலும் இருக்கலாம். பேருந்து கட்டணங்கள் குறைவு; பேருந்து கால அட்டவணைகள் மற்றும் வரைபடங்கள் ஆங்கிலத்தில் இணையதளத்தில் கிடைக்கின்றன. கூகுள் மேப்ஸ் (Google Maps) சிறப்பாகச் செயல்படுகிறது; மேலும், பேருந்து நிறுத்தத்தில் உள்ள கியூஆர் (QR) குறியீட்டை ஸ்கேன் செய்வதன் மூலம், நீங்கள் காத்திருக்கும் பேருந்து வருகிறதா என்பதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக்கொள்ளலாம்.

சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளைப் பொறுத்தவரை, மிக முக்கியமான வழித்தடம் A1 (விமான நிலையம் - மனாமா) ஆகும். பகுரைன் கோட்டைக்குச் செல்ல, விமான நிலையத்திலிருந்து மனாமா வழியாகச் செல்லும் A2 பேருந்தில் ஏறி, 'சீஃப்' (Seef) பகுதியில் இறங்க வேண்டும். அங்கிருந்து கோட்டை வரை 2 கி.மீ தூரம் நடந்து செல்லலாம் அல்லது 23-ஆம் எண் பேருந்தில் ஏறினால், அது உங்களை நேரடியாகக் கோட்டை அருங்காட்சியகத்தின் வாகன நிறுத்துமிடத்திற்கு அருகில் கொண்டு சென்றுவிடும்.

==== '''மகிழ்வுந்து மூலம்''' ====
நீங்கள் சில நாட்களுக்கு மேல் தங்குவதாகத் திட்டமிட்டிருந்தால், ஒரு மகிழ்வுந்தை வாடகைக்கு எடுப்பது குறித்து பரிசீலிக்கலாம். ஒரு நாளைக்கு வாடகை கட்டணம் பொதுவாக BD 10-க்கும் அதிகமாகவும் (அல்லது மாதத்திற்கு BD 150-க்கும் அதிகமாகவும்) இருக்கும். இது உங்களுக்கு நாடு முழுவதும் எளிதாகச் சுற்றி வரும் சுதந்திரத்தை அளிக்கும். பெரும்பாலான இடங்களுக்குச் செல்ல சாலைக் குறியீடுகள் இருந்தாலும், வழி தவறிவிடாமல் இருக்க வரைபடச் சேவைகளைப் (உதாரணமாக, கூகுள் மேப்ஸ்) பயன்படுத்துவது மிகவும் நல்லது. இருப்பினும், சில சமயங்களில் இவை உங்களை மணல் மற்றும் கற்கள் நிறைந்த, சிறிய மகிழ்வுந்துகளுக்கு ஏற்றதல்லாத பாதைகளுக்கு அழைத்துச் செல்லக்கூடும்; எனவே, மகிழ்வுந்தைப் பாதிப்பிலிருந்து பாதுகாக்க அத்தகைய இடங்களில் மெதுவாகச் செல்ல வேண்டும். அதிர்ஷ்டவசமாக, மற்ற நாடுகளுடன் ஒப்பிடுகையில் இந்த நாடு மிகவும் சிறியது என்பதால், ஓரிடத்திலிருந்து மற்றொரு இடத்திற்குச் செல்ல பொதுவாக 30 நிமிடங்களுக்கு மேல் ஆகாது.

பொதுவாகச் சாலைகளில் வேக வரம்பு மணிக்கு 50 கி.மீ என்றும், நெடுஞ்சாலைகளில் மணிக்கு 80-120 கி.மீ என்றும் நிர்ணயிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. போக்குவரத்து விதிகளை மீறினால் அதிக அபராதம் விதிக்கப்படும்; ஒருவேளை மற்றவர்களுக்குக் காயம் ஏற்படும் பட்சத்தில் சிறைத்தண்டனை கிடைக்க வாய்ப்புள்ளது. நெடுஞ்சாலைகளில் வேக வரம்புகள் எப்போதும் கடுமையாகக் கண்காணிக்கப்படுவதில்லை என்பதால், சில ஓட்டுநர்கள் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்ட வேகத்தை விட வேகமாகச் செல்லக்கூடும். எனவே, அவர்கள் உங்கள் வாகனத்திற்கு மிக அருகில் வந்து நெருக்கடி கொடுப்பதையோ (tailgating) அல்லது உரத்த சத்தம் (ஹார்ன் அடிப்பதையோ) தவிர்க்க, அத்தகைய வாகனங்கள் செல்லும் பாதையைத் தவிர்ப்பது நல்லது (பொதுவாக இடதுபுறம் உள்ள பாதை அதிவேகப் பாதையாக இருக்கும்). மேலும், பல ஓட்டுநர்கள் சைகை (சிக்னல்) (turn-signal) காட்டாமலேயே பாதையை மாற்றும் பழக்கம் கொண்டிருக்கிறார்கள். இது எரிச்சலூட்டக்கூடியது மட்டுமல்லாமல், கவனக்குறைவாகச் செயல்பட்டால் விபத்து ஏற்படவும் வழிவகுக்கும் என்பதால், மிகுந்த எச்சரிக்கையுடன் இருப்பது அவசியம்.

பகுரைனில் உங்களுக்கென்று சொந்தமாக மகிழ்வுந்து இருந்தால், உங்கள் மகிழ்வுந்து குறைந்தது ஐந்து ஆண்டுகள் பழமையானதாக இருக்கும் பட்சத்தில், ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் வாகனப் பரிசோதனைக்காக நீங்கள் பொது போக்குவரத்து இயக்குநரகம் (GDT) அலுவலகத்திற்குச் செல்ல வேண்டியிருக்கும். நீங்கள் செல்லும் நேரத்தைப் பொறுத்து அங்கு நீண்ட வரிசை இருக்கலாம் என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்க. இந்தப் பரிசோதனை முடிந்த பிறகுதான், நீங்கள் வாகனப் பதிவை (vehicle registration) இணையவழியில் புதுப்பிக்க முடியும். பரிசோதனை முடிந்த 3 மாதங்களுக்குள் இந்தப் பதிவைப் புதுப்பித்துவிட வேண்டும்; இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் மீண்டும் வாகனப் பரிசோதனை செய்ய வேண்டியிருக்கும்.

===== ஓட்டுநர் உரிமம் பெறுதல் =====
ஒரு பார்வையாளராக, பகுரைனில் வாகனம் ஓட்டுவதற்கு நீங்கள் ஒரு சர்வதேச ஓட்டுநர் உரிமத்தையோ அல்லது பெரும்பாலும் உங்கள் சொந்த நாட்டின் உரிமத்தையோ பயன்படுத்தலாம். இல்லையெனில், தகுதியுள்ள நாடுகளின் பட்டியலில் (இங்கிலாந்து, அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் வளைகுடா ஒத்துழைப்பு கவுன்சில் (GCC) நாடுகள் அனைத்தும் தகுதிபெறும்) உங்கள் ஓட்டுநர் உரிமம் இடம்பெற்றிருந்தால், அதற்கு இணையான பகுரைன் உரிமத்திற்கு மாற்றிக்கொள்ளலாம். மேலும், உங்கள் உரிமம் காலாவதியாகவில்லை என்றால், வளைகுடா ஒத்துழைப்பு கவுன்சில் அல்லாத நாடுகளின் உரிமங்களுக்கும் மாற்றிக்கொள்ளலாம். இல்லையெனில், நீங்கள் இதற்கு முன் வாகனம் ஓட்டியதில்லை என்றால் குறைந்தபட்சம் 22 மணிநேரமும், முன் அனுபவம் இருந்தால் 6 மணிநேரமும் ஓட்டுநர் பயிற்சி வகுப்புகளில் கலந்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். பொதுவாக, ஒரு நாளைக்கு 2 மணிநேரம் வரை, ஒரு மணி நேரத்திற்கு BD 7 கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படும். தொடங்குவதற்கு, நீங்கள் பழகுநர் உரிமம் பெற வேண்டும் ஸ்கிப்லினோவைப் பயன்படுத்தி (GDT) பொதுப் போக்குவரத்து இயக்குநரகத்தில் சந்திப்பு நேரத்தை முன்பதிவு செய்யுங்கள். இதில் ஒரு விரைவான கண் பரிசோதனையும் அடங்கும் இருப்பினும், முன்கூட்டியே செல்லுங்கள் – மதியம் 12:30 மணி கூட தாமதமாகிவிடும், மேலும் நீங்கள் பின்னர் வருமாறு கேட்கப்படலாம்.

பிறகு, நீங்கள் ஒரு அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட ஓட்டுநர் பயிற்றுநரை நியமிக்க வேண்டும் – ஒரு நல்ல பயிற்றுநரைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பது கடினமாக இருக்கலாம், மேலும் உங்கள் தரப்பிலிருந்தும் சில தேடல்கள் தேவைப்படலாம். ஏனெனில், சில பயிற்றுநர்கள் ஒப்புக்கொண்ட நேரத்தை விடக் குறைவான நேரத்திற்குப் பயிற்சி அளித்துவிட்டு, முழு கட்டணத்தையும் வசூலிப்பதுண்டு. இப்போது அனைத்து ஓட்டுநர் பயிற்றுநர் கார்களும் தானியங்கி (கியர்) அமைப்புடன் (automatic transmission) வருகின்றன சுமார் 2015 வரை அவை முற்றிலும் கைமுறை (கியர்) அமைப்புடன் (manual) இருந்தன. உங்கள் பயிற்றுநர் உங்களைப் பயிற்சி செய்ய வைப்பதற்காக ஒரு பெரிய ஓட்டுநர் பயிற்சி &quot;விளையாட்டு மைதானம்&quot; உள்ளது போக்குவரத்து சமிக்ஞைகள், வட்டச் சாலைகள், போக்குவரத்து அடையாளங்கள், பாதை மாற்றங்கள் போன்ற அடிப்படைகளை உள்ளடக்கியது. மேலும், சில பயிற்சிகள் வெளிப்புறத்திலும் செய்யப்படும் – தேர்வு பெரும்பாலும், ஆனால் முழுமையாக அல்ல, உட்புறத்தை மையமாகக் கொண்டிருப்பதால், எவ்வளவு பயிற்சி அளிக்கப்படும் என்பது பயிற்றுநரைப் பொறுத்தது.

தேவையான குறைந்தபட்ச பயிற்சி நேரத்தைப் பூர்த்தி செய்த பிறகு, அரசு இணையதளத்தின் வாயிலாக நீங்கள் ஓட்டுநர் தேர்வுக்கு முன்பதிவு செய்யலாம். இந்தத் தேர்வில், பொதுவான ஓட்டுநர் திறன்களைச் சோதிக்கும் வகையில் உட்புறச் சூழலிலும், வெளிப்புறச் சூழலிலும் ஓட்டுதல் சோதிக்கப்படும்; இறுதிக் கட்டமாக 'ரிவர்ஸ் பார்க்கிங்' (reverse parking) செய்ய வேண்டும். தேர்வு குறுகிய காலமே என்றாலும், மிகவும் கடுமையானது. தவறு எவ்வளவு தீவிரமானது என்பதைப் பொறுத்து, ஒரே ஒரு தவறு செய்தாலும் நீங்கள் தேர்வில் தோல்வியடையக்கூடும் இது தேர்வை நடத்தும் அதிகாரியைப் பொறுத்தும் அமையலாம். பலர் இரண்டாவது அல்லது மூன்றாவது முயற்சியிலேயே தேர்ச்சி பெறுவது வழக்கம்தான்; இருப்பினும், தேர்வில் என்னென்ன சோதிக்கப்படும் என்பது குறித்து உங்களுக்கு முன்பே தெரிந்திருக்கும் என்பதால், எதிர்பாராத சூழல்கள் ஏதும் இருக்காது. மற்ற சில நாடுகளில் இருப்பது போல, இங்கு எழுத்துப்பூர்வமான கோட்பாட்டுத் தேர்வு (theoretical test) கிடையாது. நீங்கள் தேர்வில் தோல்வியடைந்தால், அடுத்த முறை தேர்வு எழுதுவதற்கு முன்பு குறைந்தது 8 கூடுதல் மணிநேரப் பயிற்சியைப் பெற வேண்டும். ஒருவேளை நீங்கள் 4 முறை தோல்வியடைந்தால், அடுத்த முறை தேர்வு எழுதுவதற்கு முன்பு ஓராண்டு காலம் காத்திருக்க வேண்டிய சூழல் ஏற்படலாம்.

வாகனம் ஓட்டுவதற்கான அதிகாரப்பூர்வ வயது வரம்பு 18 ஆகும்; இருப்பினும், அதற்கு இரண்டு மாதங்களுக்கு முன்பிருந்தே நீங்கள் பயிற்சியைத் தொடங்க அனுமதிக்கப்படுவீர்கள் (ஆனால், தேர்வுத் தேதியானது உங்கள் 18-வது பிறந்தநாளன்றோ அல்லது அதற்குப் பிறகோ இருக்க வேண்டும்).

==== இருசக்கர வாகனம் ====
பகுரைன் ஒரு இருசக்கர வாகன (&quot;மோட்டார் பைக்&quot;) கலாச்சாரம் கொண்ட நாடாக அறியப்படவில்லை என்றாலும், அங்கு இருசக்கர வாகன ஆர்வலர்களின் குழுக்கள் செயல்பட்டு வருகின்றன. இருசக்கர வாகன உரிமம் பெறுவதற்கான முதல் கட்டம், மகிழ்வுந்து உரிமம் பெறுவதற்கான நடைமுறையைப் போன்றதே ஆகும்; அதாவது, போக்குவரத்து இயக்குநரகத்திற்குச் (GDT) சென்று, கண் பரிசோதனையில் தேர்ச்சி பெற்று, பயிற்றுவிப்பாளர் உரிமத்தைப் (learner license) பெற வேண்டும் இதற்கான கட்டணம் 47 பஹ்ரைன் தினார்கள். இருப்பினும், இதற்குப் பிந்தைய நடைமுறைகள் மகிழ்வுந்து உரிமம் பெறுவதற்கான வழிமுறைகளிலிருந்து முற்றிலும் மாறுபட்டவை. அரபு மொழி (அல்லது இந்தி/உருது) தெரிந்திருப்பது ஒரு கூடுதல் சாதகமாகும், ஏனெனில் அனைத்து அதிகாரிகளுக்கும் ஆங்கிலம் தெரியாது மேலும், நீங்கள் இந்தியர் அல்லது பாகிஸ்தானியர் போன்ற தோற்றத்தில் இருந்தால், உங்களுக்கு அந்த மொழிகள் தெரியாவிட்டாலும், அவர்கள் உங்களிடம் இந்தி மொழியில் பேசக்கூடும். பெண்கள் உரிமம் பெற அனுமதி உண்டு என்றாலும், மிகச் சிலரே இருசக்கர வாகன உரிமத்தைப் பெறுகிறார்கள். ஏற்கனவே வேறொரு நாட்டில் பெற்ற உரிமம் உங்களிடம் இருந்தால், அதை மாற்றிக்கொள்வது (exchange) மிகவும் எளிதான வழியாகும்.

துரதிர்ஷ்டவசமான உண்மை என்னவென்றால், இருசக்கர வாகன உரிமத்திற்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கும் பெரும்பாலானோர் டெலிவரி ஊழியர்களாகப் பணியாற்றவே விரும்புகிறார்கள், மேலும் இது அவர்கள் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கும் இருசக்கர வாகனகள் மற்றும் பாதுகாப்பு உபகரணங்களில் தெளிவாகத் தெரிகிறது. இதன் விளைவாக, 150cc இருசக்கர வாகனகள் பிரபலமாக உள்ளன - இது பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுவதில்லை, ஏனெனில் பகுரைன் போன்ற அடர்த்தியான சாலைகள் கொண்ட ஒரு நாட்டில் அத்தகைய இருசக்கர வாகனகளால் போதுமான வேகத்தை எட்ட முடியாமல் திணறும் டெலிவரி ஊழியர்கள் அல்லாத பெரும்பாலானோர் குறைந்தபட்சம் 300cc பைக்கையாவது வாங்குகிறார்கள். அதேபோல், பலர் தரம் குறைந்த தலைக்கவசம் பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர் - மேலும் ஜாக்கெட்டுகள் மற்றும் முழங்கால் பாதுகாப்புக் கவசங்கள் போன்ற பிற பாதுகாப்பு உபகரணங்களை மக்கள் அணிவதைப் பார்ப்பது அரிது. இதுவும் ஒரு தவறான யோசனையாகும், ஏனெனில் விபத்துகளும் மரணங்களும் நிகழ்கின்றன. அதேபோல், டெலிவரி ஊழியர்கள் போக்குவரத்து விதிகளை மீறுவது பற்றிய தொடர்ச்சியான அறிக்கைகள் வருகின்றன; வாடிக்கையாளர்கள் மற்றும் உணவக உரிமையாளர்களின் கோரிக்கைகளால் அவர்கள் அவ்வாறு செய்ய அடிக்கடி நிர்பந்திக்கப்படுகிறார்கள் ஏனெனில் அவர்களின் நோக்கம் முடிந்தவரை விரைவாக டெலிவரி செய்வதாகும் - சிலர் டெலிவரிகளின் எண்ணிக்கையின் அடிப்படையில் ஊதியம் பெறுகிறார்கள். இந்தப் பக்கத்தைப் படிக்கும் பெரும்பாலானோர் அந்தக் குழுவில் இருக்க வாய்ப்பில்லை, ஆனால் பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் ஏன் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட வகை இருசக்கர வாகனகளைப் பார்க்கிறார்கள் என்பதற்கான பின்னணியை வழங்குவது முக்கியம்.

==== எரிபொருள் ====
பகுரைனில் உள்ள வாகனங்களில் பெரும்பாலானவை பெட்ரோலில் இயங்குபவை; டீசல் வாகனங்கள் லாரிகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பொதுவாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. இவை இரண்டுக்கும் அரசாங்கம் மானியம் வழங்குகிறது. ஒரு காலத்தில், பெட்ரோலின் விலை தண்ணீரின் விலையை விடக் குறைவாக இருந்தது. அதன் பிறகு விலை உயர்ந்திருந்தாலும், உலகின் பிற நாடுகளுடன் ஒப்பிடுகையில், இங்கு பெட்ரோல் விலை மிகவும் மலிவாகவே உள்ளது. இதற்கு முக்கிய காரணம், பகுரைன் தனது பெட்ரோல் விலையை எந்தவொரு குறிப்பிட்ட அளவுகோலுடனும் (benchmark) இணைத்து நிர்ணயிப்பதில்லை. சிறிய ரக வாகனங்களே போதுமானதாக இருக்கும் சூழலிலும், இங்கு அதிக திறன் கொண்ட V6/V8 ரக வாகனங்கள் அதிகமாகக் காணப்படுவதற்கு இதுவே ஒரு காரணமாகும்.

நாடெங்கும் பெட்ரோல் நிலையங்கள் பரவலாக உள்ளன இவற்றில் பெரும்பாலானவை அரசுக்குச் சொந்தமான 'பாப்கோ' (Bapco) நிறுவனத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவை. இங்கே பொதுவாக இரண்டு வகையான பெட்ரோல்கள் கிடைக்கின்றன: 'மும்தாஜ்' (Mumtaz - 95 ஆக்டேன் பெட்ரோல்) மற்றும் 'ஜையித்' (Jayyid - 91 ஆக்டேன் பெட்ரோல்). இதில் 'ஜையித்' பெட்ரோல், மற்றொன்றை விட சுமார் 20 முதல் 30 சதவீதம் மலிவானது; அன்றாட பயன்பாட்டிற்கு பெரும்பாலான கார்களுக்கு இதுவே போதுமானது. சில நிலையங்களில் 'சூப்பர் 98' (Super 98) ரக பெட்ரோலும் கிடைக்கிறது. மற்ற சில நாடுகளைப் போலன்றி, இங்கே பெட்ரோல் நிரப்புவதற்கு பணியாளர்கள் இருப்பார்கள்; நீங்களே சொந்தமாக பெட்ரோல் நிரப்ப வேண்டிய அவசியமில்லை. பணமாகவும், 'சதீம்' (Sadeem - பெட்ரோல் கார்டு) மூலமாகவும் பணம் செலுத்தலாம்; கடன் அட்டைகளும் பெரும்பாலும் (எப்போதும் இல்லையென்றாலும்) ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன. பல பெட்ரோல் நிலையங்களில் சிறிய அளவிலான கடைகளும் (convenience stores) உள்ளன.
== கண்டுகளியுங்கள் ==
இது ஒரு தீவாக இருந்தாலும், இங்கு நல்ல கடற்கரைகள் இருக்கும் என்று எதிர்பார்க்க வேண்டாம், சொகுசு விடுதிகளுக்குச் சொந்தமான தனியார் கடற்கரைகளைத் தவிர. மற்ற இடங்களில் கடற்கரைகள் பெரும்பாலும் கட்டுமானத் தளங்களாகவோ அல்லது கட்டுமானக் கழிவுகளைக் கொட்டும் இடங்களாகவோ மாறியுள்ளன.

* [[File:Bahrain fort closeup.jpg|thumb|புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்ட பகுரைன் கோட்டையின் நெருக்கமான காட்சி]]'''1 கலாத் அல்-பஹ்ரைன் (Qala'at al-Bahrain)''' ( பகுரைன் கோட்டை Bahrain Fort) இது வடக்குக் கடற்கரைக்கு அப்பால் அமைந்துள்ளது; மனாமா நகரிலிருந்து வாகனத்தில் சென்றால் ஐந்து முதல் பத்து நிமிடப் பயணம். இது புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டு நல்ல நிலையில் உள்ளது, இருப்பினும் இதில் தளவாடங்களோ, வழிகாட்டிப் பலகைகளோ அல்லது கண்காட்சிகளோ இல்லை. நீங்கள் வெப்பமான நாளில் இங்கு சென்றால், அதன் பிறகு அருகிலுள்ள அருங்காட்சியகத்திற்குச் செல்லுங்கள்; அங்கு குளிர்ச்சியான சூழலும் ஒரு சிற்றுண்டிச்சாலை (கேஃபே) வசதியும் உள்ளன. நுழைவு கட்டணம் இலவசம். (மார்ச் 2024-ல் பதிப்பிக்கப்பட்டது)
* '''2. கலாத் அல்-பகுரைன் தள அருங்காட்சியகம் (Qal'at Al-Bahrain Site Museum)''' பகுரைன் கோட்டைக்கு அருகில் தினமும் காலை 8 மணி முதல் மதியம் 2 மணி வரை. பிப்ரவரி 2008-ல் கட்டி முடிக்கப்பட்ட இந்த அருங்காட்சியகத்தில், பண்டைய தில்முன் காலம் முதல் இஸ்லாமிய காலம் வரையிலான பல கலைப்பொருட்கள் உள்ளன. இவற்றில் பல, கோட்டையிலும் அருகிலுள்ள கூடுதல் இடிபாடுகளிலும் கண்டெடுக்கப்பட்டன. இந்த அருங்காட்சியகம் ஒரு பெரிய, செவ்வக வடிவிலான, வெள்ளை நிறக் கட்டிடமாகும். இது ஒரு அருங்காட்சியகம் என்பதைக் குறிக்கும் எந்த அடையாளமும் அங்கு இல்லை. கட்டிடத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியில் கடல் காட்சியை ரசிக்கக்கூடிய ஒரு சிற்றுண்டிச்சாலை (café) உள்ளது. அட்டை மூலம் பணம் செலுத்தும் கருவி (card machine) வேலை செய்யாமல் போக வாய்ப்புள்ளதால், கையில் ரொக்கப் பணத்தை எடுத்துச் செல்லுங்கள். கட்டணம்: 2.2 BHD. (ஏப்ரல் 2024-ல் பதிப்பிக்கப்பட்டது)
* [[File:Bahrain Tree of Life 05.jpg|thumb|வாழ்க்கை மரம் (பகுரைன்)]][[File:A'ali Burial Mounds.jpg|thumb|ஆ'அலிக்கு அருகிலுள்ள புதைமேடுகள்]]'''3. வாழ்வின் மரம் (Tree of Life)''' இந்த மரம் பிரதான சாலைகளிலிருந்து வெகு தொலைவிலும், எந்தவொரு பொதுப் போக்குவரத்து வழித்தடத்திலும் இல்லாததாலும், இதை அடைய உங்களுக்கு ஒரு வாகனம் தேவைப்படும். மரத்தை அடைய, கிழக்கு நோக்கிச் செல்லும் ஸல்லக் நெடுஞ்சாலையில் செல்லுங்கள்; அது பின்னர் அல்-முவாஸ்கர் நெடுஞ்சாலையாக மாறும். இறுதியில், வாழ்வின் மரத்திற்கான அடையாளப் பலகையைக் காண்பீர்கள், அது வலதுபுறம் திரும்பும்படி குறிக்கும். அந்த அடையாளப் பலகை, உண்மையில் எங்கும் செல்லாத ஒரு மண் சாலையில் திரும்பும்படி சுட்டிக்காட்டுவது போல் தோன்றினாலும், அவ்வாறு செய்யாதீர்கள்; அதற்குப் பதிலாக, சில மீட்டர்கள் முன்னால் உள்ள அடுத்த சந்திப்பு வரை காத்திருங்கள்.இந்தச் சாலையில் செல்லும்போது வழிகாட்டிப் பலகைகள் எதுவும் இருக்காது, ஆனால் உங்கள் வலதுபுறத்தில் உள்ள பழைய உலோகக் கழிவு சேகரிப்பு இடத்தைக் (scrap metal yard) கவனியுங்கள். 10% சரிவு கொண்ட செங்குத்தான பாதையைக் குறிக்கும் எச்சரிக்கைப் பலகை உள்ள குன்றை அடைவதற்கு முன்பாக, வலதுபுறம் திரும்புங்கள். இந்தச் சாலையில் நேராகத் தொடர்ந்து செல்லும்போது வட்டச் சந்திப்புகள் வழியாகவும், மீண்டும் 'ட்ரீ ஆஃப் லைஃப்' (Tree of Life) குறித்த வழிகாட்டிப் பலகைகளைக் காணலாம். இந்தப் பலகைகளைப் பின்தொடர்ந்து செல்லும்போது, ​​ஒரு கட்டத்தில் வழிகாட்டிப் பலகைகள் இல்லாத பாதையில் பயணிப்பீர்கள்; இருப்பினும், தொலைவில் வலதுபுறத்தில் அந்த மரத்தைக் காண முடியும் இது மிகவும் பெரிய மற்றும் அகலமான மரம்; வழியில் உள்ள மற்ற சிறிய மரங்களுடன் குழப்பிக்கொள்ள வேண்டாம். 'கேஸ் வெல் #371' (Gas Well #371) என்ற இடத்திலிருந்து ஒரு மண் பாதைக்குத் திரும்புங்கள்.நீங்கள் இந்த மரத்திற்கு மிக அருகில் வரை வாகனத்தில் செல்லலாம்; ஆனால், வாகனங்கள் சென்று உருவான பாதையிலேயே தொடர்ந்து செல்லுங்கள். அந்தப் பாதையை விட்டு விலகிச் சென்றால், மென்மையான மணலில் உங்கள் வாகனம் சிக்கிக்கொள்ள வாய்ப்புள்ளது. பகுரைனில் மரங்கள் வளர்ந்தாலும், இந்த மரம் மிகவும் தனித்துவமானது; ஏனெனில், இது 400 ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேலான பழமையானது மற்றும் கடுமையான பாலைவனச் சூழலையும் தாங்கி இன்றும் நிலைத்திருக்கிறது. இங்கு செல்வது சற்று சிரமமான காரியமாகத் தோன்றினாலும், இந்த மரம் ஒரு வியக்கத்தக்க அதிசயம் என்பதால், நிச்சயமாக நேரில் சென்று பார்க்கலாம். இந்த மரத்தின் மீது பல இடங்களில் பெயர்களும் குறியீடுகளும் செதுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன; ஆனால், நீங்கள் மிக அருகில் சென்றால் மட்டுமே இவற்றை உங்களால் காண முடியும். சூரிய அஸ்தமனத்திற்குச் சற்று முன்னதாக இங்கு சென்றால், மரத்தையும் அதைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பாலைவனத்தையும் மிக அழகான காட்சியாகக் கண்டு ரசிக்கலாம். (ஏப்ரல் 2024-ல் பதிப்பிக்கப்பட்டது)
* '''4 டில்முன் அடக்க மேடுகள் ( Dilmun Burial Mounds)''' டில்முன் கலாச்சாரத்தைச் சேர்ந்த அடக்க மேடுகள். கிமு 4-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதியிலிருந்து உருவான இத்தகைய மேடுகளில் 21-ஐ பகுரைனில், குறிப்பாக ஆலி (A'ali) நகரத்திலும் அதைச் சுற்றியுள்ள பகுதிகளிலும் காணலாம். இவை 2019-ஆம் ஆண்டில் யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரியப் பட்டியலில் சேர்க்கப்பட்டன. (மார்ச் 2024-ல் பதிப்பிக்கப்பட்டது).

== செய்யுங்கள் ==
பகுரைன் 5000 ஆண்டுகள் பழமையான வரலாற்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளது; இது பண்டைய தில்முன் (Dilmun) காலம் தொடங்கி இஸ்லாமிய காலம் வரை நீடிக்கிறது. இந்நாட்டில் மூன்று கோட்டைகள் உள்ளன; அவை மிகக் கவனமாகப் புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டு பொதுமக்களின் பார்வைக்காகத் திறந்து வைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. இருப்பினும், போதிய வழிகாட்டிப் பலகைகள் இல்லாமையாலும், சுற்றுலாத் துறையின் சார்பில் முறையான விளம்பரங்கள் செய்யப்படாததாலும், இந்த இடங்களைக் கண்டறிவது சில நேரங்களில் கடினமாக உள்ளது.

பகுரைனில் நிலவும் அதிக வெப்பநிலை, கடல்சார் நடவடிக்கைகளை மேலும் கவர்ச்சிகரமானதாக ஆக்குகிறது. மேலும், அரேபிய வளைகுடாவின் வெதுவெதுப்பான நீரில் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளும் உள்ளூர் மக்களும் ஆண்டு முழுவதும் தங்களுக்கு விருப்பமான விளையாட்டுகளில் ஈடுபடுவதால், பகுரைனில் நீர் விளையாட்டுகள் மிகவும் பிரபலமாக உள்ளன. பாய்மரப் படகோட்டம் மற்றும் ஆழ்கடல் நீச்சல் (ஸ்கூபா டைவிங்) ஆகியவை குறிப்பாகப் பிரபலம்.

பகுரைன் கிராண்ட் பிரிக்ஸ் (Grand Prix), தெற்கு ஆளுநரகத்திலுள்ள (Southern Governorate) சாஹிரில், வழக்கமாக மார்ச் மாதத்தில் நடத்தப்படுகிறது.

பகுரைன் ஒரு பாலைவன நாடாக இருந்தாலும், அதன் தலைநகரான மனாமாவிலிருந்து சுமார் 15 நிமிடப் பயண தூரத்தில், 18 துளைகள் கொண்ட ஒரு சர்வதேச புல்வெளி கோல்ஃப் மைதானம் அமைந்துள்ளது. பார் 72 கொண்ட இந்த சாம்பியன்ஷிப் மைதானத்தில் ஐந்து ஏரிகள் உள்ளன. மேலும், இது நூற்றுக்கணக்கான பேரீச்ச மரங்கள் மற்றும் பாலைவனச் சமவெளிகளால் அழகுபடுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது.

சிட்டி சென்டர் பகுரைன் (City Centre Bahrain), பகுரைனில் மிகவும் பிரபலமான வணிக வளாகம் ஆகும், இதில் சினிமா, நீர்-பூங்கா மற்றும் பல மேற்கத்திய தயாரிப்புகள் உள்ளன, ஆனால், நாடு முழுவதும் வெவ்வேறு அளவுகளில் சிதறிக்கிடக்கும் பல வணிக வளாகங்கள் இன்னும் உள்ளன.

நெடுஞ்சாலையில் ஒட்டகத்தின் மீது சவாரி செய்து மகிழுங்கள்.

ஆலி கிராம மட்பாண்டங்கள் (A'ali Village Pottery) இல் நினைவுப் பொருட்களை வாங்குங்கள், அத்துடன் அங்குள்ள உண்மையான மட்பாண்டங்களையும் வாங்கிச் செல்லுங்கள்.

உள்ளூர் சந்தைகளில் பொருட்களை வாங்கும்போது பேரம் பேசுங்கள்.

பகுரைன் பெரும்பான்மையாக முஸ்லிம்களைக் கொண்ட நாடாக இருந்தாலும், அங்குள்ள பல கிறிஸ்தவ புலம்பெயர்ந்தோரின் காரணமாக, கிறிஸ்துமஸைக் கொண்டாடும் ஆடம்பர தங்கும் விடுதிகள் பல உள்ளன. மேலும், அங்குள்ள வணிக வளாகங்களிலும் எண்ணற்ற கிறிஸ்துமஸ் அலங்காரப் பொருட்களால் அலங்கரிக்கப்பட்ட மாலைகளைக் (wreaths) காண முடியும்.

== கற்றுக்கொள்ளுங்கள் ==
பெரும்பாலும் அரசுப் பள்ளிகளே உள்ளன, ஆனால் வசதி படைத்த பெரும்பாலான வெளிநாட்டுக் குடியிருப்பாளர்களுக்குச் சேவை செய்யப் போதுமான தனியார் பள்ளிகளும் இருக்கின்றன. பகுரைன் பள்ளி, பகுரைனின் பிரிட்டிஷ் பள்ளி மற்றும் செயின்ட் கிறிஸ்டோபர் பள்ளி ஆகியவை பிரிட்டிஷ் GCSE, A-level மற்றும் IB தகுதிகளுக்குக் கல்வி அளிக்கின்றன. மேலும், அவை பலதரப்பட்ட இனப் பின்னணியைச் சேர்ந்த மாணவர்களைக் கொண்ட மிகவும் பன்முகத்தன்மை வாய்ந்த அடித்தளங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளன. இருப்பினும், பகுரைனில் பணிபுரியும் பெரும்பாலான பிரிட்டிஷ் வெளிநாட்டவர்கள் தங்கள் குழந்தைகளை அங்குதான் அனுப்புகிறார்கள்; ஆனாலும், அவை மிகவும் விலை உயர்ந்தவையாக இருக்கலாம்.இந்திய வெளிநாட்டினரின் குழந்தைகள் பெரும்பாலும் பயிலும் பள்ளிகளும் உள்ளன இவற்றில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கது 'இந்தியப் பள்ளி பகுரைன்' ஆகும்.

பல தனியார் பல்கலைக்கழகங்களும் பகுரைன் பல்கலைக்கழகமும் பகுரைன் சர்வதேச சுற்றுப்பாதைக்கு (Bahrain International Circuit) அருகில், சாக்கிர் (Sakhir) பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளன.

== வாங்குங்கள் ==

=== பண மதிப்பு ===
பகுரைனின் நாணயம் 'பகுரைனி தினார்' (Bahraini dinar) ஆகும். இது &quot;BD&quot; என்ற குறியீட்டால் குறிக்கப்படுகிறது (ISO குறியீடு: BHD). ஒரு தினார் 1000 'ஃபில்ஸ்' (fils) ஆகப் பிரிக்கப்படுகிறது. இதற்கான மாற்று விகிதம் நிலையானது; ஒரு தினார் 2.66 அமெரிக்க டாலருக்குச் சமம். இதனால், இது உலகின் மிக அதிக மதிப்புள்ள நாணயங்களில் ஒன்றாக (குவைத்துக்கு அடுத்தபடியாக) விளங்குகிறது. இதைப் புரிந்துகொள்ளச் சிறிது காலம் தேவைப்படலாம்: உதாரணமாக, மலிவானதாகத் தோன்றும் 10 பகுரைனி தினார் (BD 10) கட்டணத்திலான வாடகையுந்து பயணம், உண்மையில் சுமார் 27 அமெரிக்க டாலருக்குச் சமம்; இது மிகவும் அதிகப்படியான, நியாயமற்ற கட்டணமாகும்.

தினார் என்பது முழுமையாக மாற்றத்தக்க நாணயமாகும்; இதனை இறக்குமதி செய்வதற்கோ அல்லது ஏற்றுமதி செய்வதற்கோ எந்தக் கட்டுப்பாடுகளும் இல்லை. நாணயங்கள் 5 ஃபில்ஸ்கள், 10 ஃபில்ஸ்கள், 25 ஃபில்ஸ்கள், 50 ஃபில்ஸ்கள் மற்றும் 100 ஃபில்ஸ்கள் ஆகிய மதிப்புகளில் வெளியிடப்படுகின்றன (500 ஃபில்ஸ் நாணயங்கள் அரிதாகவே காணப்படுகின்றன, இருப்பினும் அவை செல்லுபடியாகும்). வங்கித்தாள்கள் 500 ஃபில்ஸ்கள் (BD 1/2), BD 1, BD 5, BD 10 மற்றும் BD 20 ஆகிய மதிப்புகளில் வெளியிடப்படுகின்றன.

அமெரிக்க டாலருடன் பிணைக்கப்பட்டிருப்பதன் விளைவாக, இது சவூதி ரியாலுடன் 1:10 என்ற விகிதத்தில் இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. சவூதி ரியால்கள் (SAR) கிட்டத்தட்ட எல்லா இடங்களிலும் இந்த விகிதத்திலேயே ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன; இருப்பினும், மீதிப் பணம் பெரும்பாலும் தினார் (dinar) நாணயங்களாகவே கிடைக்க வாய்ப்புள்ளது. மேலும், தங்கும் விடுதிகளில் சில சதவீதத் தொகையை ஏமாற்றிப் பெற முயற்சிக்கும் சூழலும் ஏற்படலாம். நீங்கள் சவூதி அரேபியாவிலிருந்து வருகிறீர்கள் என்றால், உங்கள் பணத்தை மாற்ற வேண்டிய அவசியமில்லை. ஆனால், நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேறுவதற்கு முன்பாக, கையில் எஞ்சியிருக்கும் தினார்களை மாற்றிக்கொள்ளுங்கள்; ஏனெனில், சவூதி அரேபியாவில் கூட இவற்றை மற்ற நாணயங்களாக மாற்றுவது கடினம்.

கடன் அட்டைகள் பரவலாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன, எனவே பேருந்துக்கு மட்டுமே ரொக்கப் பணம் தேவைப்படுகிறது.

==== செலவினங்கள் ====
பெரும்பாலான வளைகுடா நாடுகளைப் போலவே, பகுரைனும் மலிவான நாடு அல்ல. ஒரு நல்ல இரவு உணவிற்கு சுமார் 5 முதல் 15 பகுரைன் தினார்கள் (BD) வரை செலவாகலாம்; குடும்பத்துடன் சென்றால் இந்தச் செலவு இன்னும் அதிகரிக்கும். வாடகையுந்துக்கு வாடகை ஒரு நாளைக்கு 10 முதல் 20 தினார்கள் வரை இருப்பது நியாயமானதே, ஆனால் தங்கும் விடுதி கட்டணங்கள் உங்கள் பட்ஜெட்டில் பெரும் தாக்கத்தை ஏற்படுத்தும்: ஒரு சாதாரண தங்கும் விடுதி கூட ஒரு அறைக்கு 50 தினார்கள் வரை செலவிட வேண்டியிருக்கும். ஏப்ரல் மாதத்தில் நடைபெறும் வருடாந்திர F1 மகிழ்வுந்து பந்தயத்தின் போது பகுரைனுக்குச் செல்வதைத் தவிர்க்கவும்; அந்த நேரத்தில் தங்கும் விடுதி கட்டணங்கள் நான்கு மடங்காக உயர்ந்துவிடும். உதாரணமாக, அந்தப் பந்தய காலத்தில் 'கால்ஃப் ஹோட்டல்' (Gulf Hotel) போன்ற இடங்களில் ஒரு அறைக்கு ஒரு இரவுக்கு 300 தினார்களுக்கு மேல் செலவாகலாம்.

==== பொருட்கள் வாங்குதல் (ஷாப்பிங்) ====
பகுரைனில் பல பெரிய வணிக வளாகங்கள் உள்ளன. இவற்றில் சர்வதேச மற்றும் ஆடம்பர நிறுவனங்களின் கடைகள், பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகள், உணவுக்கூடங்கள், நவீன மற்றும் பாரம்பரிய பாணிகளிலான சிற்றுண்டிச்சாலைகள், விளையாட்டு இடங்கள், விளையாட்டு மையங்கள், திரையரங்குகள் (3D மற்றும் 2D) மற்றும் உட்புற நீர் பூங்கா (indoor water park) போன்றவை இடம்பெற்றுள்ளன.

உள்ளூர் சந்தைக்கு வருகை அவசியம். அங்கு நீங்கள் ரோலக்ஸ்' (Rolex) கடிகாரங்கள்,பரிசுப் பொருட்கள் வாங்கும் போது விலையைப் பேசிக்குறைக்கலாம் (பேரம் பேசலாம்). இந்தச் சந்தையில் மிகச் சிறந்த தையல்காரர்களும் உள்ளனர். நீங்கள் அங்கு நீண்ட காலம் (உதாரணமாக ஒரு வாரம்) தங்கியிருந்தால், உங்களுக்குப் பிடித்தமான ஒரு ஆடையை அவர்களிடம் கொடுத்து, அதே போன்ற மற்றொரு ஆடையைத் தைத்துத் தரச் சொல்லலாம்; அவர்கள் நீங்கள் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கும் துணியைக் கொண்டு, அந்த ஆடையை அப்படியே துல்லியமாக தைத்து தருவார்கள்.

ஜனவரி 2019 முதல், பெரும்பாலான பொருட்கள் மற்றும் சேவைகளுக்கு 10% மதிப்புக் கூட்டு வரி (VAT) விதிக்கப்படுகிறது (சில விதிவிலக்குகளுக்கு 0% வரி பொருந்தும்); இந்த வரி பொதுவாகப் பொருளின் விலையிலேயே அடங்கியிருக்கும். வளைகுடா ஒத்துழைப்பு கவுன்சில் (GCC) அல்லாத பெரும்பாலான நாடுகளைப் போலன்றி, பகுரைனில் தனிநபர் மீதோ அல்லது நிறுவனங்கள் மீதோ வருமான வரி விதிக்கப்படுவதில்லை.

===== இறக்குமதி =====
நீங்கள் தேடும் பல பொருட்கள் பகுரைனில் அதிக விலையில் கிடைக்கக்கூடும் அல்லது சில குறிப்பிட்ட பொருட்கள், உதாரணமாகத் தனிப்பயனாக்கப்பட்ட மடிக்கணினிகள் போன்றவை, அங்கு கிடைப்பதே அரிதாக இருக்கலாம். எனவே, தனிப்பட்ட பயன்பாட்டிற்கான பொருட்களை வெளிநாட்டிலிருந்து இறக்குமதி செய்வது அங்கு வழக்கமான ஒன்றாக உள்ளது. இதற்கான பொதுவான வழிமுறைகள் சில கீழே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன:

அமேசான் (Amazon)  இலிருந்து (amazon.ae) மற்றும் அமெரிக்க ஸ்டோர் ஆகியவற்றிலிருந்து – இவை சர்வதேச கொள்முதல் மூலம் நேரடியாக விநியோகம் (டெலிவரி) செய்கின்றன.

மற்ற கடைகளில் இருந்து பொருட்களை வாங்கும்போது, ​​பகுரைனுக்கு விநியோகம் (டெலிவரி) செய்ய 'அராமெக்ஸ் ஷாப் அண்ட் ஷிப்' (Aramex Shop and Ship) போன்ற சேவைகளைப் பயன்படுத்த வேண்டியிருக்கும். அமெரிக்காவில் உள்ள சில கடைகள் இத்தகைய முகவரிகளுக்குப் பொருட்களை அனுப்புவதில்லை; மேலும், அமெரிக்கா அல்லாத பிற நாடுகளின் வங்கி அட்டைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி பணம் செலுத்த முயலும்போது சிக்கல்கள் ஏற்படலாம் (பெரும்பாலும் பிழைகள் காட்டப்படலாம்).

இதைக் கவனத்தில் கொள்வது முக்கியம்:

* பொருளின் மதிப்பு BD 300-க்கு மேல் இருந்தால், 10% சுங்க வரி விதிக்கப்படும்.
* தயாரிப்பு எங்கே, எப்படி வாங்கப்பட்டது என்பதைப் பொறுத்து, உங்களால் உத்தரவாதக் கோரிக்கையை (warranty claim) முன்வைக்க முடியாமல் போகலாம்.

===== அன்பளிப்பு (Tipping) =====
பொதுவாக அன்பளிப்பு (டிப்ஸ் tipping) வழங்கும் வழக்கம் இல்லை; இருப்பினும், குறைந்த ஊதியத்தில் அதிக வேலைப்பளுவுடன் பணியாற்றும், உங்கள் உணவையோ அல்லது மளிகைப் பொருட்களையோ கொண்டு வந்து தரும் நபருக்கு அன்பளிப்பு (டிப்ஸ்) வழங்குவதில் தவறில்லை.

===== புகையிலை =====
பெரும்பாலான பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகள் மற்றும் குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட கடைகளில் இவற்றைக் காணலாம். இருப்பினும், பெரும்பாலான நாடுகளைப் போலவே, சிகரெட்டுகளுக்கு அதிக வரி (200%, இது பாவ வரி என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) விதிக்கப்படுகிறது, மேலும் ஒரு பாக்கெட்டின் விலை பொதுவாக BD 2 (சுமார் US$5.50) ஆகும். இவற்றை வாங்குவதற்கான சட்டப்பூர்வ வயது 18. வரி விலக்குக் கடைகள் இவற்றை மலிவான விலையில் வழங்குகின்றன, மேலும் (ஏனோ தெரியவில்லை) சில்லறையாக விற்கப்படும் பாக்கெட்டில் உள்ள பெரும்பாலான சுகாதார எச்சரிக்கைகள் இவற்றில் இருப்பதில்லை. எப்படியிருந்தாலும், புகைப்பழக்கத்தை விடுவதே ஒரு சிறந்த தேர்வாகும், மேலும் நிக்கோட்டின்  ஒட்டுவில்லைகள் பெரும்பாலான மருந்தகங்களில் காணலாம்.

சில கஃபேக்களிலும் உணவகங்களிலும் ஷீஷா (shisha) பொதுவாகக் காணப்படுகிறது; இது பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகளிலும் கிடைக்கிறது. இருப்பினும், இவை ஆரோக்கியமானவை அல்ல.

மின்-சிகரெட்டுகள் (வேப்பிங்) மிகவும் பிரபலமடைந்துள்ளன; தற்போது இவற்றை விற்பனை செய்யும் பல சிறப்பு அங்காடிகள் உள்ளன. புகையிலைப் பொருட்களை மட்டுமே விற்கும் பிரத்யேகக் கடைகளும் உள்ளன, இருப்பினும் அவற்றைக் கண்டறிவது சற்று கடினம்.

== உண்ணுங்கள் ==
[[File:Machboos.JPG|thumb|மச்ச்பூஸ்]]
பகுரைனில் மிகச்சிறந்த உணவகச் சூழல் உள்ளது; இங்கு ஏராளமான உணவகங்கள் உள்ளன. குறிப்பாக 'அட்லியா' (Adliya) பகுதியில் பல கஃபேக்கள், நவீன ஓய்வறைகள் (lounges) மற்றும் உணவகங்கள் எனப் பல விருப்பத்தேர்வுகள் உள்ளன. மேலும், நாடு முழுவதும் பாரம்பரிய அரபு உணவகங்களும் காணப்படுகின்றன.

பகுரைனில் உள்ள உணவகங்கள், உள்ளூர் உணவுகளை வழங்கும் மலிவான உணவகங்கள் முதல் ஆடம்பர உணவகங்களில் உள்ள உயர்தர உணவகங்கள் வரை பல்வேறு வகைகளில் காணப்படுகின்றன. அமெரிக்க துரித உணவு நிறுவனங்களின் கிளைகள் எங்கும் பரவலாக உள்ளன. வணிக வளாகங்களைச் சுற்றியும் நகர மையத்திலும் மேற்கத்திய (பெரும்பாலும் அமெரிக்க) பாணி உணவகங்களைக் காணலாம்; இவை நடுத்தர வர்க்கத்திற்கு மேல் நிலையில் உள்ளவர்களுக்கான விலையில் உணவுகளை வழங்குகின்றன.

ஜுஃபைரில் 'அமெரிக்கன்ஸ் அல்லே' (Americans' Alley) என்று அழைக்கப்படும் ஒரு பிரபலமான சந்து உள்ளது; இப்பகுதியில் அமெரிக்காவைச் சேர்ந்த பல்வேறு உணவகங்கள் ஏராளமாக இருப்பதால் இப்பெயர் ஏற்பட்டது.

ரம்ஜான் மாதத்தில், பகல் நேரத்தில் உணவகங்கள் மூடப்பட்டிருக்கும். மதிய உணவுக்குப் பிறகு சில உணவகங்கள் திறந்திருப்பது போலத் தோன்றினாலும், அவை உண்மையில் நோன்பு துறக்கும் வேளைக்கான (இஃப்தார்) தயாரிப்புகளில் ஈடுபட்டிருக்கும்; எனவே, இஃப்தார் நேரம் வரை உங்களால் எதையும் ஆர்டர் செய்ய முடியாது.

பாரம்பரிய பகுரைனி உணவுகளை உணவகங்களில் காண்பது மிகவும் கடினம்; இவை பெரும்பாலும் உள்ளூர் மக்களின் வீடுகளிலேயே காணப்படுகின்றன. உங்களுக்கு பகுரைனி நண்பர்கள் இருந்தால், அவர்களின் வீட்டிற்கு உணவருந்த அழைப்பு பெறுவதே அந்த உள்ளூர் உணவுகளைச் சுவைப்பதற்கான மிகச்சிறந்த வாய்ப்பாகும்.

'''சிறப்பு உணவுகள்'''

* '''மச்ச்பூஸ் (Machboos )''' (கப்சா என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) – இது முக்கியமாக மசாலாப் பொருட்கள், அரிசி (பொதுவாக நீளமான பாசுமதி அரிசி), இறைச்சி மற்றும் காய்கறிகளின் கலவையால் தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது.
* '''முஹம்மர் (Muhammar)''' – இது ஒரு இனிப்பு கலந்த அரிசி உணவாகும், இது பொதுவாக மீனுடன் சேர்த்து பரிமாறப்படுகிறது.

'''சிற்றுண்டிகள் மற்றும் ரொட்டி'''

* '''சமோசா (Samosa)''' - மசாலா உருளைக்கிழங்கு, வெங்காயம், பட்டாணி, பருப்பு, அரைத்த ஆட்டு இறைச்சி அல்லது கோழி இறைச்சி போன்ற சுவையான நிரப்புதலுடன் வறுத்த அல்லது சுடப்பட்ட மாவுப்பண்டம்.
* '''குப்ஸ் (Khubz) (flatbread தட்டையான ரொட்டி)''' பெரும்பாலான பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகளிலும் குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட பொருட்கள் விற்கும் கடைகளிலும் கிடைக்கிறது.

'''இனிப்பு வகைகள்'''

மிகவும் பிரபலமான பாரம்பரிய இனிப்பு ஹல்வா ஷோவைட்டர் (Halwa Showaiter) ஆகும், இது ஹல்வா பகுரைனி என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. இது சோள மாவு, குங்குமப்பூ மற்றும் பல்வேறு கொட்டைகள் கொண்டு செய்யப்பட்ட கூழ்க்கட்டி (ஜெல்லி) போன்ற இனிப்பு ஆகும்.

===== வீட்டுக்கே விநியோகம் =====
சில சமயங்களில் உணவகங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு உணவு விநியோகம் (அதாவது, உங்கள் வசிப்பிடத்திற்கே உணவைக் கொண்டு வந்து சேர்ப்பது) வழங்குகின்றன. பெருந்தொற்றுக்குப் பிறகு, மூன்றாம் தரப்பு விநியோகச் சேவைகளின் (இதில் தலபத் மிகவும் பிரபலமானது) பிரபலம் பன்மடங்கு அதிகரித்தது. மேலும், பெரும்பாலான உணவகங்கள் தாங்களாகவே வீட்டுக்கு உணவு விநியோகத்தை வழங்காவிட்டாலும், இன்று அவற்றை ஆதரிக்கின்றன. தலபத், பிஸ்ஸாஹட், கேஎஃப்சி போன்ற நிறுவனங்களில் பதிவு செய்வதற்கு பகுரைன் தொலைபேசி எண் அல்லது ஜிசிசி எண் தேவைப்படுகிறது. உங்களிடம் மிக வலுவான காரணம் இருந்தாலன்றி (உணவகத்திலிருந்து உங்கள் வசிப்பிடத்திற்கான தூரத்தை நினைவில் கொள்ளுங்கள்), உணவகத்தையோ அல்லது விநியோகம் செய்பவரையோ தொந்தரவு செய்யவோ அல்லது அழைக்கவோ வேண்டாம். ஒப்பீட்டளவில் குறைந்த ஊதியம் பெறும் விநியோகம் செய்பவர்கள், உணவை உங்களிடம் கொண்டு சேர்ப்பதற்காகக் கடுமையான வானிலையையும் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலையும் சமாளிக்க வேண்டியுள்ளது. அதற்காக நீங்கள் அவர்களை மதிப்பது மிகவும் அவசியம். உணவகங்கள் மற்றும் வாடிக்கையாளர்களின் அழுத்தத்தால், விநியோகம் செய்பவர்கள் போக்குவரத்து விதிகளை மீறுவதாகவும், அதிவேகமாகச் செல்வதாகவும் அல்லது அவர்களே விபத்துகளில் சிக்குவதாகவும் புகார்கள் உள்ளன. குறிப்பாக பொட்டலமாக (பார்சல்) வாங்கிச் செல்வது ஒரு மிகச் சரியான மாற்று வழியாகும்.

==== சைவ உணவு மற்றும் நனிசைவ (வீகன்) உணவு ====
பகுரைனில் சைவ உணவுகளைப் பெறுவது எளிது. அங்கு இந்தியர்கள் பெருமளவில் வசிப்பதால், நீங்கள் ஏதேனும் ஒரு இந்திய உணவகத்திற்குச் சென்றாலே, அங்கு பலவிதமான சைவ உணவுகளைக் காணலாம் (சில உணவகங்கள் முற்றிலும் சைவ உணவுகளை மட்டுமே வழங்குகின்றன). பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகள் மற்றும் துரித உணவகங்களிலும் கூட பொதுவாகச் சில சைவ உணவுகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. இந்திய உணவகங்கள் அல்லாத பிற உணவகங்களிலும் இறைச்சி உண்ணாதவர்களுக்கான தேர்வுகள் இருக்கலாம், ஆனால் இது அந்தந்த உணவகத்தைப் பொறுத்து முற்றிலும் மாறுபடும்; உதாரணமாக, சிறிய அரபு உணவகங்களில் சைவ உணவுகள் கிடைப்பது மிகவும் அரிது.

சிறப்பு மற்றும் உயர்தர உணவகங்கள் (மற்றும் பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகள்) தவிர, நனிசைவ (வீகன்)  உணவு வகைகள் குறைவாகவே உள்ளன, மேலும் நல்ல தேர்வுகளைக் கண்டறிவதில் நீங்கள் சிரமப்பட நேரிடலாம். சில உணவகங்கள் நனிசைவ (வீகன்) உணவுமுறையின் அர்த்தத்தைப் புரிந்து கொள்ளாமல், அதைத் தாவர உணவுமுறையுடன் குழப்பிக்கொள்ளக்கூடும்.

அப்படியிருந்தாலும், &quot;போலி இறைச்சி&quot; பொருட்களுக்கு அவ்வப்போது தள்ளுபடிகள் உண்டு – சரக்கு விற்பனை/தள்ளுபடிப் பகுதியைப் பாருங்கள், ஆனால் அவற்றில் சில முட்டைப் பொருட்களை சைவம் என்று குறிப்பிட்டிருக்கும் என்ற நிபந்தனை உண்டு.

== பருகுங்கள் ==

=== மது ===
பகுரைனில் மது தொடர்பான சட்டங்கள் ஒப்பீட்டளவில் தாராளமானவை. சவூதி அரேபியா மற்றும் மதுவிலக்கு அமலில் உள்ள அருகிலுள்ள பிற நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்தவர்களுக்கு, இது நீண்டகாலமாக ஒரு விருப்பமான சுற்றுலாத் தலமாக இருந்து வருகிறது. எனவே, 'தோப்' (thobe) மற்றும் 'குத்ரா' (gutra) அணிந்த அரேபியர்கள், இரவு விடுதிகளில் நடனக் கலைஞர்களின் நிகழ்ச்சிகளைப் பார்த்தபடி மது அருந்துவதைக் கண்டால் ஆச்சரியப்பட வேண்டாம். இருப்பினும், நான்கு நட்சத்திர அந்தஸ்து அல்லது அதற்கு மேற்பட்ட தரம் கொண்ட உணவகங்களில் மட்டுமே மது பரிமாறப்பட முடியும்; பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகளில் மது கிடைக்காது.

மது அருந்தித் திரிவது ஒரு குற்றமாகும். பகுரைன் சட்டத்தின்படி, மது அருந்தியதற்கான எந்தவொரு அறிகுறியும், போதையில் வாகனம் ஓட்டியதற்கான முதற்கட்ட ஆதாரமாகக் கருதப்படலாம். இது சிறைத்தண்டனை மற்றும் BD 1,000 வரை அபராதத்திற்கு வழிவகுக்கும்.

==== காபி ====
பகுரைனில் 'கஹ்வா' (gahwa ) என்று அழைக்கப்படும் காபி, பாரம்பரிய வரவேற்பின் ஒரு பகுதியாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. இது பொதுவாக 'தல்லா' (dalla ) என்று அழைக்கப்படும் காபி பாத்திரத்தில் ஊற்றப்படுகிறது. மேலும், இது 'ஃபின்ஜான்' (finjan ) எனப்படும் காபிக்கான சிறிய கோப்பைகளில் பரிமாறப்படுகிறது.

== உறங்குங்கள் ==

== பணியாற்றுங்கள் ==
பகுரைனில் பெரும்பான்மையான மக்கள் வெளிநாட்டவர்கள் (அவர்கள் மொத்த மக்கள் தொகையில் 57% ஆவர்). சில வெளிநாட்டவர்கள் நிதித்துறையில் பணிபுரிந்தாலும், பெரும்பான்மையானோர் கூலியாட்கள், காவலர்கள், ஓட்டுநர்கள் மற்றும் குறைந்த ஊதியம் பெறும் கீழ்மட்ட கைவினைஞர்களாகப் பணிபுரிகின்றனர். இவர்களில் பலரின் நிலைமைகள் மோசமாக உள்ளன. மேலும், மனித உரிமை மீறல்கள் மற்றும் 'நவீன கால அடிமைத்தனம்' குறித்த குற்றச்சாட்டுகள் தொடர்ந்து எழுகின்றன. முதலாளிகள் தொழிலாளர்களின் கடவுச்சீட்டுகளைப் பறித்துக்கொள்கின்றனர் (கத்தார் போன்ற சில வளைகுடா ஒத்துழைப்பு கவுன்சில் (GCC) நாடுகளில் உள்ள கஃபலா முறையை பகுரைன் பின்பற்றுவதில்லை என்றாலும்), நிலைமை தற்போது மேம்பட்டு வருகிறது. கூலியாட்களுக்கு பெரும்பாலும் ஒரு மணி நேரத்திற்கு BD 150 (அல்லது அதற்கும் குறைவாக) ஊதியம் வழங்கப்படுகிறது. மேலும், அவர்கள் பல மணிநேரம் சுட்டெரிக்கும் வெயிலில் பணியாற்ற வேண்டியுள்ளது. இதன் காரணமாக, ஜூலை மற்றும் ஆகஸ்ட் மாதங்களில் நண்பகல் 12 மணி முதல் மாலை 4 மணி வரை மக்கள் வெளியில் வேலை செய்வதைத் தடுக்கும் சட்டம் ஒன்று உள்ளது.

சில வெளிநாட்டினரைப் பொறுத்தவரை, கிளப்புகள், காக்டெய்ல் விருந்துகள், இரவு உணவுகள் மற்றும் நடன நிகழ்வுகள் நிறைந்த வாழ்க்கை மிகவும் எளிதானதாக இருக்கிறது; இவை பிரிட்டிஷ் பேரரசுக் காலத்தின் எச்சங்களாக இன்றும் நீடிக்கின்றன. ஆனால், மற்ற சிலருக்கு இந்த வாழ்க்கை மிகவும் கடினமானதாகவும் ஆபத்தானதாகவும் உள்ளது. முற்காலத்தில், வெளிநாட்டு ஊழியர்களுக்கு வேலை வழங்குநர்கள் பல்வேறு சலுகைகளை வழங்கும் வழக்கம் இருந்தது;

1.வீடு அல்லது வீட்டு வசதிக்கான படி

2.மருத்துவக் காப்பீடு

3.ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் வீட்டிற்குச் செல்ல இலவச விமானப் பயணச்சீட்டுகள்

4.பணியாற்றிய ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டிற்கும் குறைந்தபட்சம் 15 நாட்களுக்கான கூடுதல் ஊதியம் (பணியாற்றிய ஆண்டுகளின் எண்ணிக்கையைப் பொறுத்து இதற்கென குறிப்பிட்ட அளவீடுகள் உள்ளன)

இருப்பினும், 'ஒட்டுமொத்தத் தொகை' (lump sum) அடிப்படையில் சுயசார்புடன் செயல்படும் 'உள்ளூர் பணியமர்த்தல்' ஒப்பந்தங்கள் தற்போது வழக்கமாகிவிட்ட நிலையில், இது பெரும்பாலும் உண்மையாக இல்லை.

ஊதியத்தின் மீது 1% கட்டணம் (GOSI வரி) விதிக்கப்படுகிறது; இது வேலையில்லாதவர்களுக்கு உதவும் நிதிக்காகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. இருப்பினும், பல முதலாளிகள் இந்தக் கட்டணத்தைத் தங்கள் ஊழியர்களின் ஊதியத்திலிருந்து பிடித்தம் செய்வதற்குப் பதிலாக, அதைத் தாங்களே செலுத்துவதன் மூலம் அவர்களுக்கு ஒரு கூடுதல் சலுகையை வழங்குகிறார்கள்.

முன்பு சில உயர் நிர்வாகப் பதவிகளில் இருந்தவர்களுக்கு, அவர்களது குழந்தைகளின் கல்விச் செலவை நிறுவனம் ஏற்கும் சலுகை வழங்கப்பட்டது; ஆனால், இத்தகைய நடைமுறை தற்போது குறைந்து வருகிறது.

பல்வேறு துறைகளில் பணிநேரம் மாறுபடுகிறது. அரசு அலுவலகங்கள் காலை 07:30 மணி முதல் பிற்பகல் 14:00 மணி வரை செயல்படுகின்றன; தனியார் துறையில் பணிநேரம் காலை 07:30 மணி முதல் மாலை 18:00 மணி வரை அல்லது அதற்கும் கூடுதலாக இருக்கலாம் (குறிப்பாக ஆசியாவிலிருந்து வந்து பணிபுரியும் வெளிநாட்டினருக்கு). பொதுத்துறை நிறுவனங்கள், அரசுப் பள்ளிகள் மற்றும் பல்கலைக்கழகங்களுக்கு வெள்ளி மற்றும் சனிக்கிழமைகள் அதிகாரப்பூர்வ வார விடுமுறை நாட்களாகும்.

பகுரைனில் வசிக்கும் வெளிநாட்டினர் எதிர்கொள்ளும் முக்கிய சிக்கல்களில் ஒன்று கடன் சுமையாகும். அங்குள்ள பொருளாதார அமைப்பு, வெளிநாட்டினர் தங்கள் வருமானத்திற்கு ஏற்றவாறு, அதாவது வருமானம் முழுவதையும் செலவழிக்கும் நிலைக்குத் தள்ளப்படும் வகையில் வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது; இதனால் பெரும்பாலானவர்களால் சேமிப்பு என்பது இயலாத காரியமாகிவிடுகிறது. கடன் சிக்கலில் சிக்கிக்கொள்ளும் துரதிர்ஷ்டவசமான வெளிநாட்டினர் மீது, சட்ட நடைமுறைகளின்படி சில நிமிடங்களிலேயே 'பயணத் தடை' (travel ban) விதிக்கப்படலாம். இத்தகைய பயணத் தடை விதிக்கப்பட்டால், அவர்களின் பணி அனுமதி (work permit) தானாகவே இடைநிறுத்தப்பட்டுவிடும். இதன் விளைவாக, அவர்களால் தொடர்ந்து வேலை செய்து கடனை அடைக்கவோ அல்லது நாட்டை விட்டு வெளியேறவோ முடியாமல் போகிறது. பல வெளிநாட்டினர் இத்தகைய இக்கட்டான சூழலில் சிக்கி, பல ஆண்டுகளாக பகுரைனிலேயே தங்கியிருக்க வேண்டிய கட்டாயத்திற்கு ஆளாகியுள்ளனர். இவர்களில் பலர், மருத்துவ சிகிச்சைக்காக வெளிநாடு செல்ல முடியாமலோ அல்லது மருத்துவச் செலவுகளை ஈடுகட்ட முடியாமலோ அங்கேயே உயிரிழந்துள்ளனர்.

== பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள் ==
[[File:2011 Vacation Asia Middle East (Bahrain) (5933597676).jpg|thumb|மநாமாவில் உள்ள கடைகள்]]
2011-ஆம் ஆண்டில், பகுரைனில் உள்நாட்டுப் போர் போன்றதொரு சூழல் உருவானது. இதில் பலர் உயிரிழந்தனர், நூற்றுக்கணக்கானோர் காயமடைந்தனர்; மேலும், ஏராளமான செயல்பாட்டாளர்களும் சுகாதாரப் பணியாளர்களும் கைது செய்யப்பட்டு சித்திரவதைக்கு உள்ளாக்கப்பட்டனர். அதன் பிறகு இந்த நெருக்கடி நிலை பெரும்பாலும் தணிந்துவிட்டாலும், அவ்வப்போது சிக்கல்கள் ஏற்படக்கூடும். எனவே, உணர்திறன் மிக்க பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்லும்போது பார்வையாளர்கள் கவனமாக இருக்க வேண்டும் (எரிக்கப்படும் டயர்களிலிருந்து கரும்புகை எழுவது, அங்கு ஏதோ அசாதாரணமான சூழல் நிலவுகிறது என்பதற்கான தெளிவான அறிகுறியாகும்).

திருமணச் சான்றிதழ் இல்லாத கர்ப்பிணிப் பெண்கள் தங்கள் சட்ட நிலைமையைக் கருத்தில் கொள்ள வேண்டும்; திருமணத்திற்கு வெளியே ஏற்படும் கர்ப்பம் தண்டனைக்கு வழிவகுக்கலாம். மேலும், அவசர சிகிச்சை கிடைப்பதை உறுதிசெய்ய, நீங்கள் செல்லவிருக்கும் இடத்திலுள்ள மருத்துவமனையையும் கலந்தாலோசிக்கவும்.

மதுப் பயன்பாடு, விபச்சாரம் மற்றும் ஓரினச்சேர்க்கை உள்ளிட்ட சில குறிப்பிட்ட விவகாரங்களில் இஸ்லாமிய ஷரியா சட்டம் நடைமுறையில் உள்ளது. பாலினத்திற்குப் பொருந்தாத ஆடைகளை அணிவதும் தடை செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. இருப்பினும், அண்டை நாடான சவூதி அரேபியாவை ஒப்பிடுகையில், இங்குள்ள சட்டங்கள் மிகவும் தாராளமானவை; இதன்காரணமாகவே, சவூதி அரேபியாவில் பணிபுரியும் சில மேற்கத்திய வெளிநாட்டினர் பகுரைனில் வசிக்க விரும்புகின்றனர்.

போதைப்பொருள் பயன்பாட்டிற்கு ஆயுள் தண்டனை வரை கிடைக்க வாய்ப்புள்ளது; மிகச் சிறிய அளவிலான போதைப்பொருட்களை வைத்திருப்பதற்கும் கடுமையான தண்டனைகள் விதிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

இங்கு கருத்துச் சுதந்திரம் அண்டை நாடுகளை விடச் சிறப்பாக இருந்தாலும், அதன் பொருள் நீங்கள் எதைப் பற்றியும் தேவையற்ற கருத்துகளைத் தெரிவிக்கலாம் என்பதல்ல; மன்னரை அவதூறாகப் பேசுவது தண்டனைக்குரிய குற்றமாகும். மேலும், உள்ளூர் செய்தித்தாள்கள் பொதுவாக அரசாங்கத்திற்கு ஆதரவான நிலைப்பாட்டையே கொண்டுள்ளன. வளைகுடா நாடுகளின் தரநிலைகளின்படி, பகுரைன் மத சகிப்புத்தன்மை கொண்ட நாடாக விளங்குகிறது; வளைகுடா நாடுகளில் பூர்வீகக் கிறிஸ்தவ மற்றும் யூத சமூகங்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரே நாடு இதுவேயாகும்.

ரம்ஜான் மாதத்தில், பகல் நேரத்தில் பொது இடங்களில் உணவு உண்பது, நீர் அருந்துவது மற்றும் புகைபிடிப்பது கடுமையாகத் தடைசெய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது; மீறுபவர்களுக்கு அபராதம் அல்லது சிறைத்தண்டனை விதிக்கப்படலாம்.

பகுரைனில் குற்ற விகிதம் மிகக் குறைவு; வன்முறைக் குற்றங்கள் அரிதாகவே நிகழ்கின்றன. இருப்பினும், வீடுகளில் திருட்டு, சிறு திருட்டுகள் மற்றும் கொள்ளைச் சம்பவங்கள் அவ்வப்போது நடக்கின்றன. குறிப்பாக, 'சூக்' (souk) என்று அழைக்கப்படும் பழைய சந்தைப் பகுதிகளில், பிக்பாக்கெட் அடித்தல் மற்றும் பைகளைப் பறித்துச் செல்லுதல் போன்ற சிறு குற்றங்கள் நடைபெறுகின்றன. பெரும்பாலான தங்கும் விடுதிகளில் நடனமும் (டிஸ்கோக்கள்) உள்ளன, அங்கு சில விரும்பத்தகாத நபர்களும் வருகிறார்கள். தங்கும் விடுதிகளில் முறையான பாதுகாப்பு அமைப்புகள் (கேமராக்கள் உட்பட) பொருத்தப்பட்டிருந்தாலும், சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகளின் அறைகளில் திருட்டுகள் நடக்கும் சம்பவங்கள் அவ்வப்போது பதிவாகின்றன.

நீங்கள் எக்ஸிபிஷன் அவென்யூ (ஹூரா பகுதிக்கு அருகில்) பகுதியில் இருந்தால் கவனமாக இருங்கள்; இப்பகுதியில் பெண்கள் மதுபோதையில் இருக்கும் சவூதி அரேபியர்களைச் சந்திக்க நேரிடலாம். இரவு நேரத்தில் அங்கு செல்வதாக இருந்தால், ஒரு ஆணுடன் செல்வது நல்லது. எக்ஸிபிஷன் அவென்யூவில் காவல் நிலையம் ஒன்று உள்ளது; தேவைப்பட்டால் நீங்கள் அங்கு செல்லலாம்.

பகுரைன் ஒரு வளைகுடா நாடாகும். மத்திய கிழக்கில் பதற்றமான சூழல் நிலவும் காலங்களில், பகுரைனும் அதனால் பாதிக்கப்படக்கூடும். எனவே, நெருக்கடியான காலங்களில் பகுரைனுக்குப் பயணம் செய்வதோ அல்லது அங்கு தங்கியிருப்பதோ அதிக அபாயத்தை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடும். உள்ளூர் அதிகாரிகளிடமிருந்து வரும் சமீபத்திய செய்திகள் மற்றும் அறிவிப்புகளைத் தொடர்ந்து கவனித்து வருவது அவசியமாகும்.

== ஆரோக்கியமாக இருங்கள் ==
தாராளமாகத் தண்ணீர் குடியுங்கள். ஏப்ரல் முதல் ஆகஸ்ட் வரையிலான மாதங்களில் கடுமையான வெப்பம் (50°C வரை) மற்றும் ஈரப்பதம் நிலவும்; சில சமயங்களில் வெப்பம் இன்னும் அதிகமாக இருப்பது போல உணரப்படலாம். கடுமையான வெயிலிலிருந்து தப்பிக்கக் குடையைப் பயன்படுத்துங்கள். குறிப்பாக, பகல் நேரத்தில் வெளியில் இருக்கும்போது, ​​உடலில் நீர்ச்சத்துக் குறையாமல் பார்த்துக்கொள்வது மிகவும் முக்கியம். நகரின் அனைத்து இடங்களிலும்—சிறிய கடைகள் முதல் பெரிய பல்பொருள் அங்காடிகள் வரை—குப்பிகளில் அடைக்கப்பட்ட குடிநீர் நியாயமான விலையில் கிடைக்கிறது. சந்தைப் பகுதிகளில் (souk), சிறு வியாபாரிகள் குளிரூட்டப்பட்ட சிறிய தண்ணீர் பாட்டில்களை விற்பார்கள்; ஆனால், அவற்றிற்கு அதன் உண்மையான மதிப்பை விட அதிக விலை கொடுக்க வேண்டிய சூழல் ஏற்படலாம்.

நீங்கள் பகுரைனில் நீண்ட காலம் வசிப்பவர் என்றால், உங்கள் குடியிருப்புக்கு அருகில் உள்ள சிறிய மளிகைக் கடையின் (cold store) மூலம் குடிநீர் பாட்டில்களை உங்கள் வீட்டிற்கே கொண்டு வந்து சேர்க்க ஏற்பாடு செய்துகொள்ளலாம்; அல்லது தீவில் செயல்படும் பல்வேறு குடிநீர் விநியோக நிறுவனங்களின் சேவையைப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். பல மளிகைக் கடைகளும் (மற்றும் சில உணவகங்களும்) நீங்கள் வாங்கும் பொருட்களை அல்லது உணவை உங்கள் தங்கும் விடுதி அல்லது வீட்டிற்கே இலவசமாக விநியோகம் செய்கின்றன. இருப்பினும், குறைந்த ஊதியத்திற்கு, சுட்டெரிக்கும் வெயிலில் பயணம் செய்து பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு வரும் அந்த விநியோகப் பணியாளர்களுக்கு, நீங்கள் விருப்பப்பட்டால் சிறு தொகையை அன்பளிப்பாக (tip) வழங்கலாம்.

குழாய் நீர் குடிப்பதற்கு ஏற்றது என்று கூறப்பட்டாலும், குடிப்பதற்கு பாட்டில் நீரையே அல்லது காய்ச்சிய நீரையே பயன்படுத்தப் பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகிறது.

அவசர காலத்தில், 999 என்ற எண்ணை அழைக்கவும். பல பொது சுகாதார மையங்கள் உள்ளன (இங்கு வெளிநாட்டினரிடமிருந்து ஒரு வருகைக்கு 7 பி.டி (BD 7) கட்டணம் வசூலிக்கப்படுகிறது); சல்மானியா மருத்துவ வளாகம் (Salmaniya Medical Complex) மிகப்பெரிய அரசு மருத்துவமனையாகும்; இங்கு அனைத்து குடியிருப்பாளர்களுக்கும் குடிமக்களுக்கும் சிகிச்சை இலவசம்.

== மதிப்பு அளியுங்கள் ==
பகுரைன் ஒரு ஓரளவு கனிவான விருந்தோம்பல் நாடாக இருந்தாலும், அவர்களின் குறிப்பிட்ட கலாச்சார நடைமுறைகள் மற்றும் மதம் தொடர்பாக எல்லா நேரங்களிலும் மரியாதையையும் கண்ணியத்தையும் வெளிப்படுத்துவது அவசியமாகும். பகுரைன் ஒரு இஸ்லாமிய நாடு, அங்கு நீங்கள் பழமைவாதமாக நடந்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். உதாரணமாக, மது போதையில் பொது இடங்களில் இருப்பது, மிகவும் வெளிப்படையான ஆடைகளை அணிவது மற்றும் பொது இடங்களில் பாசத்தை வெளிப்படுத்துவது போன்றவற்றைத் தவிர்க்க வேண்டும். பகுரைன் அரசாங்கம் இஸ்ரேலுடன் சமாதானம் செய்துகொண்ட போதிலும், பகுரைனியர்கள் பாலஸ்தீனத்திற்கு உறுதியான ஆதரவாளர்களாக உள்ளனர். எனவே, சமூக ஊடகங்களில் இதற்கு மாறாகப் பதிவிடுவது கடுமையான விமர்சனங்களுக்கு வழிவகுக்கும், மேலும் நீங்கள் வேலையை இழக்க நேரிடலாம் அல்லது கைது செய்யப்படவும் நேரிடலாம்.

உள்ளூர் அரேபியர்கள் இருக்கும் இடங்களுக்குச் செல்லும்போது, ​​அரைக்கால் சட்டைகளுக்கு (shorts) பதிலாக முழு நீளக் கால் சட்டைகளை அணிவது நல்லது (அரைக்கால் சட்டைகளை அணிந்திருந்தால் சில அரசு அலுவலகங்கள் மற்றும் அருங்காட்சியகங்களுக்குள் நுழைய அனுமதி கிடைக்காது). பெண்கள் ஊடுருவித் தெரியக்கூடிய (see-through) ஆடைகளை அணியக்கூடாது. இருப்பினும், கடற்கரை கிளப்புகள் (beach clubs) மற்றும் தங்கும் விடுதிகளில் நீச்சலுடைகள், பிகினிகள் மற்றும் அரைக்கால் சட்டைகளை அணிந்துகொள்ளலாம். பொது இடங்களில் எதிர் பாலினத்தவரிடம் பாசத்தை வெளிப்படுத்தும் செயல்களில் ஈடுபட வேண்டாம். பொது இடத்தில் முத்தமிட்டதற்காகத் தம்பதிகள் கைது செய்யப்பட்ட நிகழ்வுகள் உள்ளன; இத்தகைய செயல்கள் அங்கு சமூக ரீதியாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படுவதில்லை. எவ்வித மோதல்களையும் தவிர்த்துவிடுங்கள்; குறிப்பாக உள்ளூர் மக்களுடன் வாக்குவாதத்தில் ஈடுபடுவதைத் தவிர்க்கவும்.

ஒரு இஸ்லாமிய நாடாக, பகுரைன் திருமணத்திற்கு அப்பாற்பட்டுப் பிறந்த குழந்தைகளை எதிர்மறையான கண்ணோட்டத்துடன் அணுகுகிறது.

== தொடர்பு கொள்ளுங்கள் ==

=== தொலைபேசி வாயிலாக ===
பகுரைனுக்குத் தொலைபேசி அழைப்புகளை மேற்கொள்வதற்கான நாட்டு குறியீடு +973 ஆகும். பகுரைனிலிருந்து வெளிநாடுகளுக்கு அழைக்கும்போது, ​​&quot;+&quot; குறியீட்டிற்குப் பதிலாக &quot;00&quot; என்பதைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம். இதில் தனிப்பட்ட பகுதி குறியீடுகள் (area codes) எதுவும் இல்லை; இருப்பினும், நிலையான தொலைபேசி எண்களின் தொடக்க இலக்கங்களைக் கொண்டு அவை எந்த நகரம் அல்லது பகுதியைச் சேர்ந்தவை என்பதைக் கண்டறிய முடியும். நிலையான தொலைபேசி எண்கள் பொதுவாக 17 என்ற இலக்கங்களுடன் தொடங்குகின்றன; அலைபேசி எண்கள் பெரும்பாலும் 3 அல்லது 66 ஆகிய இலக்கங்களுடன் தொடங்குகின்றன.

சர்வதேச அழைப்புக் கட்டணங்கள் அந்தந்த நாட்டைப் பொறுத்து அமையும்; இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டத்திற்குச் செய்யப்படும் அழைப்புகள் பொதுவாகக் குறைந்த செலவு கொண்டவை. இருப்பினும், நீங்கள் அடிக்கடி சர்வதேச அழைப்புகளை மேற்கொள்ளத் திட்டமிட்டிருந்தால், வாட்ஸ்அப் (WhatsApp) அல்லது ஸ்கைப் (Skype) போன்ற சேவைகளைப் பயன்படுத்துவது பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகிறது.

பகுரைன் அதிக அளவிலான அலைபேசி பயன்பாட்டைக் கொண்ட நாடுகளில் ஒன்றாகும்; அங்கு அலைபேசி ஊடுருவல் விகிதம் 100 சதவீதத்திற்கும் மேலாக உள்ளது.

பகுரைனில் பல தொலைத்தொடர்பு நிறுவனங்கள் உள்ளன; அவற்றில் மிகவும் பிரபலமானவை Batelco இதுவே பழமையான நிறுவனம், Zain மற்றும் STC Bahrain முன்பு Viva என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது ஆகும். விமான நிலையத்திலோ அல்லது நாடு முழுவதும் உள்ள பல சிறிய கடைகளிலோ (cold stores) செறிவட்டை (ப்ரீபெய்ட் சிம்) பயன்படுத்துவதற்கு முன்பே பணம் செலுத்தி ரீசார்ஜ் செய்யும் முறை கார்டுகளை  எளிதாகப் பெற்றுக்கொள்ளலாம். பயணிகளுக்கென பிரத்யேகமாக வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட செறிவட்டை (சிம் கார்டுகளை) Batelco வழங்குகிறது இருப்பினும், சாதாரண செறிவட்டை (ப்ரீபெய்ட் சிம் கார்டுகளை) வாங்குவது செலவு குறைவாக இருக்கும். செறிவட்டை (சிம் கார்டை) வீட்டிற்கே இலவசமாக டெலிவரி செய்யும் வசதியும் உள்ளது. நாடு முழுவதும் 3G மற்றும் 4G சேவைகள் கிடைக்கின்றன, மேலும் 5G சேவையும் வேகமாக விரிவுபடுத்தப்பட்டு வருகிறது. Batelco நிறுவனம் பிப்ரவரி 2021 இறுதியில் 2G சேவையை நிறுத்திவிட்டது. சேவை வழங்குநரைப் பொறுத்து, மாதத்திற்கு 5–10 பகுரைன் தினார்கள் (BD) செலவில் ஓரளவிற்குச் சிறந்த இணையத் திட்டத்தைப் பெறலாம் (இதன் மூலம் 5–10 GB டேட்டா கிடைக்கும்); இது ஒரு சாதாரண பயணியின் தேவைக்குப் போதுமானதாக இருக்கும்.

==== இணையம் ====
பகுரைனின் இணையம்  பல வணிக வளாகங்களிலும் (சீஃப் மால், சிட்டி சென்டர் மற்றும் மராஸி காலேரியா ஆகியவற்றில் இணைய வசதி உண்டு; ராம்லி மால் மற்றும் சித்ரா மால் ஆகியவற்றில் இந்த வசதி இல்லை அல்லது 'பகுரைன் வைஃபை' (Bahrain Wi-Fi) மூலம் 15 நிமிடங்களுக்கு மட்டுமே இணையத்தைப் பயன்படுத்த முடியும்) உணவகங்களிலும் இணைய வசதியைப் பெறலாம். குறிப்பிட்ட இடங்களுக்குச் செல்வதற்கு முன்பே அங்கு இணைய வசதி உள்ளதா என்பதைக் கண்டறிவது கடினம் என்பதால், இது உங்களுக்கு மிக முக்கியமான ஒன்றாக இருந்தால், முன்கூட்டியே தொலைபேசி வாயிலாக விசாரித்துக்கொள்வது நல்லது. சில வணிக வளாகங்கள் 'பகுரைன் வைஃபை' சேவையை வழங்குகின்றன; இதன் மூலம் ஒரு சாதனத்திற்கு 24 மணி நேரத்திற்கு ஒருமுறை 15 நிமிடங்களுக்கு இலவச இணையத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம் இதில் போலியான விவரங்களை உள்ளிட்டாலும் சேவை கிடைக்கும். மேலும், ஆண்ட்ராய்டு சாதனங்களில் உள்ள 'MAC ரேண்டமைசேஷன்' (MAC randomisation) வசதியைப் பயன்படுத்தியோ அல்லது MAC முகவரியை மாற்றியோ கூடுதலாக 15 நிமிடங்களுக்கான இணைய வசதியைப் பெற முடியும். உங்கள் தேவைக்கேற்ப, இந்த நேரம் போதுமானதாக இருக்கலாம். இது தவிர, இந்த வணிக வளாகங்களில் உள்ள சில கடைகளும் இலவச இணைய வசதியை வழங்குகின்றன.

== அடுத்த இலக்கு ==</text>
      <sha1>mll32gj7o3s4jumoscps0poy0xue1ws</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/kg/Bulu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3828838</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381934</id>
      <parentid>7379900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:42:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="113" sha1="2v8r0itfn0rdkdva3zv12tf3tdu9brx" xml:space="preserve">
=== zina ===
'''Bulu'''

# ..

* Banso kifwanusu  '' Bulu kia kiama.''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>2v8r0itfn0rdkdva3zv12tf3tdu9brx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/kg/Diaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3828876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381935</id>
      <parentid>7379995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:51:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="115" sha1="0k7m8g6hbp31eg1x27cuvemub6i1410" xml:space="preserve">=== zina ===
'''Diaki'''

# . .

* Banso kifwanusu  '' Diaki dia nsusu.''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>0k7m8g6hbp31eg1x27cuvemub6i1410</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/kg/Dikulu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3828924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381936</id>
      <parentid>7380081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:57:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="111" sha1="k3v3y3o6sv9n3pttik72k8k68d2ev9e" xml:space="preserve">=== zina ===
'''Dikulu'''

# . 
* Banso kifwanusu  ''Dikulu diame .''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>k3v3y3o6sv9n3pttik72k8k68d2ev9e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/kg/Beto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3828951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381867</id>
      <parentid>7380119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:53:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="139" sha1="r26ab3ult1c2t7jjp02jzsgdlo1h1a8" xml:space="preserve">=== zina ===
'''Beto'''

# .Yo kele zina ya muntu ya ntete na bumbidi.

* Banso kifwanusu  '' .''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>r26ab3ult1c2t7jjp02jzsgdlo1h1a8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381872</id>
      <parentid>7381867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:54:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150" sha1="q80xkdr1x8d7y81yxnmql8bmdowvl1a" xml:space="preserve">=== zina ===
'''Beto'''

# .Yo kele zina ya muntu ya ntete na bumbidi.

* Banso kifwanusu  '' Beto kwenda.''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>q80xkdr1x8d7y81yxnmql8bmdowvl1a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/kg/Bawu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3828954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381832</id>
      <parentid>7380124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:29:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="140" sha1="57o8vuqy50sejfkx8ohi346pz3la7i5" xml:space="preserve">=== zina ===
'''Bawu'''

# .Yai kele zina ya muntu ya tatu na bumbidi. 

* Banso kifwanusu  '' .''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>57o8vuqy50sejfkx8ohi346pz3la7i5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381833</id>
      <parentid>7381832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:30:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="154" sha1="i05hrjazedudief3k8mu8jja4oi09nq" xml:space="preserve">=== zina ===
'''Bawu'''

# .Yai kele zina ya muntu ya tatu na bumbidi. 

* Banso kifwanusu  '' Bawu babonsono.''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>i05hrjazedudief3k8mu8jja4oi09nq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/kg/Beno</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3828956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381836</id>
      <parentid>7380126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:33:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="215" sha1="fc43h6djxj0oavoqu1g8q98sya2hvw4" xml:space="preserve">=== zina ===
'''Beno'''

# .Yo kele zina ya muntu ya zole na bumbidi. Bo ke sadilaka yo sambu na kutubila bantu mingi to sambu na kumonisa luzitu.

* Banso kifwanusu  '' .''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>fc43h6djxj0oavoqu1g8q98sya2hvw4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381837</id>
      <parentid>7381836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:34:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bergerdias</username>
        <id>2595296</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="233" sha1="fs9sgoy5ogfqavrcp5w6n4unra34if3" xml:space="preserve">=== zina ===
'''Beno'''

# .Yo kele zina ya muntu ya zole na bumbidi. Bo ke sadilaka yo sambu na kutubila bantu mingi to sambu na kumonisa luzitu.

* Banso kifwanusu  '' Inki beno kelinga?.''

==== mbanzululu ====

[[Category:Wt/kg]]</text>
      <sha1>fs9sgoy5ogfqavrcp5w6n4unra34if3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/kito</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382098</id>
      <parentid>7380589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:10:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="226" sha1="dqece4zycgyghcdw2eal4b1ayvh1jnm" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-pron-|jax}}
# orang yang ngomong, sekalian kelompoknyo
 (kito milu ke sunge, lah)

[[Category:Wt/jax]]
[[Category:Wt/jax/WikiLatih WikiKato bahaso Jambi 1 November 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>dqece4zycgyghcdw2eal4b1ayvh1jnm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382099</id>
      <parentid>7382098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:10:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="224" sha1="dtkznq07e851xzzn7t27cxw3v4qbtxt" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-pron-|jax}}
# orang yang ngomong, sekalian kelompoknyo
 kito milu ke sunge, lah

[[Category:Wt/jax]]
[[Category:Wt/jax/WikiLatih WikiKato bahaso Jambi 1 November 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>dtkznq07e851xzzn7t27cxw3v4qbtxt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/takait</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382110</id>
      <parentid>7380592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382110</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="96" sha1="iinzcakarmkqrexxm1uvj7e9ufe9mw3" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# tesangkut

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
      <sha1>iinzcakarmkqrexxm1uvj7e9ufe9mw3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/tengok</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382101</id>
      <parentid>7380594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="160" sha1="e0g39hvxd0ei1bd41ylgol0hddv0v9i" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# liat

[[Category:Wt/jax]]
[[Category:Wt/jax/WikiLatih WikiKato bahaso Jambi 1 November 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>e0g39hvxd0ei1bd41ylgol0hddv0v9i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/sedot</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382111</id>
      <parentid>7380605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:43:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382111</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91" sha1="iyy76cmx0gmdk18ilmk2tqfc96mvrew" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# isap

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
      <sha1>iyy76cmx0gmdk18ilmk2tqfc96mvrew</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/lamo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382104</id>
      <parentid>7380661</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:17:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382104</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="168" sha1="kts2dluh8lnsz8t4uldso9lyktooeat" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-adj-|jax}}
# dak dengat

[[Category:Wt/jax]]
[[Category:Wt/jax/WikiLatih WikiKato bahaso Jambi 1 November 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>kts2dluh8lnsz8t4uldso9lyktooeat</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/haring</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829157</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382138</id>
      <parentid>7380705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:46:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="110" sha1="p3zvw8pxrb3i83wnka0unps0l2gbf7e" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# mambu busuk; dak sedap

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
      <sha1>p3zvw8pxrb3i83wnka0unps0l2gbf7e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/sekendak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382105</id>
      <parentid>7380984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:21:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382105</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="bh5xgzlhei9q4qc5798a52zhm0fre4a" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-adj-|jax}}
# nak dio be
# sekehendak

[[Category:Wt/jax]]
[[Category:Wt/jax/WikiLatih WikiKato bahaso Jambi 1 November 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>bh5xgzlhei9q4qc5798a52zhm0fre4a</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/tempeleng</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382106</id>
      <parentid>7380989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:24:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382106</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="175" sha1="n3fsll5n8g1wl686j2ktno9ht1375b0" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# tampar, pukul palak

[[Category:Wt/jax]]
[[Category:Wt/jax/WikiLatih WikiKato bahaso Jambi 1 November 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>n3fsll5n8g1wl686j2ktno9ht1375b0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382108</id>
      <parentid>7382106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:25:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382108</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="188" sha1="kj5ub9967mvg8u1rpprkzv2hxc6szhv" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# tampar, pukul palak pake tangan.

[[Category:Wt/jax]]
[[Category:Wt/jax/WikiLatih WikiKato bahaso Jambi 1 November 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>kj5ub9967mvg8u1rpprkzv2hxc6szhv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/pakek</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382109</id>
      <parentid>7380999</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:26:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkadaş Li</username>
        <id>2695798</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="189" sha1="dc1m1otf8lykejhcxnjlmo0ub5pgggj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/baso|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/palak|jax}}

{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# [[Wt/jax/makek|makek]], digunokan

[[Category:Wt/jax]]
[[Category:Wt/jax/WikiLatih WikiKato bahaso Jambi 1 November 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>dc1m1otf8lykejhcxnjlmo0ub5pgggj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/wlx/Naana Eyiah Quansah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829377</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382082</id>
      <parentid>7381268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:45:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yaw tuba</username>
        <id>2578878</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q58175406]]</comment>
      <origin>7382082</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1544" sha1="o908zel0qeg6g4fpcf7zlfblr9giufy" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/wlx/Databox|item=Q58175406}}
'''Naana Eyiah''' ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] pɔlɩtɩɩsi era a la e NPP deehʋʋ. Jie ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka Gomoa Sɩntiral aŋ be Sɩntiral naa paalʋʋ begimaana da la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.modernghana.com/news/854369/mp-advocates-for-girl-child-education-in-gomoa-central.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/naana-eyiah-supports-gomoa-obuasi-health-centre.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsghana.com.gh/mp-settles-bills-of-55-gyaman-shs-students/&lt;/ref&gt; Ʋ na da la minista yiilʋŋ a ko tumajie ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka intiria.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mint.gov.gh/police-ladies-association-calls-on-interior-deputy-minister/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-parliament-approves-second-batch-deputy-ministerial-appointees.html#&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/british-royal-army-member-donates-equipment-to-gnfs/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ʋ Nyivori Piilee Nɩŋ Ʋ Karɩmbʋ ==
Ba dɔgee Naana Eyiah Sʋfʋraa beri pie nɩŋ anaahi 1963 yuoni puʋŋ la bila a yi yiri ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka Gomoa Lome aŋ be Sɩntiral naa paalʋʋŋ, Ghana. 2017 yuoni puʋŋ la ʋŋ nyɛ gbaŋʋ ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka dɩpʋlʋma Yɛlihi kaabʋ lomboriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052154/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=26&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ʋ Tuma ==
Eyiah da la boŋ ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka CEO a ko tumajie ŋa yuori aŋ la Naaba Kɔmpani Limitɛd.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052154/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=26&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarɩjɩɩhi ==
[[Category:Wp/wlx]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q58175406}}</text>
      <sha1>o908zel0qeg6g4fpcf7zlfblr9giufy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wq/yue/2018－2019年中美貿易戰</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382107</id>
      <parentid>7381341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>GeduSJTU</username>
        <id>2722241</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>修</comment>
      <origin>7382107</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1180" sha1="9p8sesxjldyac60xun44gdn0zmlxmxc" xml:space="preserve">'''2018－2019年中美貿易戰'''（{{Wq/yue/Lang-en|China - United States Trade War}}）係[[Wq/yue/中華人民共和國|中華人民共和國]]同[[Wq/yue/美國|美利堅合眾國]]之間嘅一場貿易爭端。

== 語錄 ==

* 「美國大公司不遺餘力咁保護自己嘅智慧財產權同商業機密，害怕為競爭對手帶來優勢。但為了進入中國市場，佢哋別無選擇，美國公司被迫轉移技術、建立合資企業、降低價格同埋幫助本土企業，華盛頓亦因此驚慌失措。呢啲行為成咗[[Wq/yue/習近平|習近平]]雄心勃勃嘅計劃嘅支柱，呢個計劃旨在確保中國嘅公司、軍方同政府主導人工智能同半導體等核心技術領域。」
*: 出處：[[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/technology/qualcomm-china-trump-tech-trade.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/technology/qualcomm-china-trump-tech-trade.html) &quot;How This U.S. Tech Giant Is Backing China’s Tech Ambitions&quot;], ''The New York Times'', August 4, 2017.

{{Wq/yue/Reflist}}

{{Wq/yue/Wikipedia}}
{{Wq/yue/Lynx}}
[[Category:Wq/yue]]
[[Category:Wq/yue/經濟]]
[[Category:Wq/yue/中美關係]]
[[Category:Wq/yue/2010年代]]</text>
      <sha1>9p8sesxjldyac60xun44gdn0zmlxmxc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/mnc/Salier uksun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382053</id>
      <parentid>7381434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T04:17:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sekiyen</username>
        <id>2692190</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7382053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="346" sha1="7o9m9ql503h7u8x62yyev0c1260j9x6" xml:space="preserve">'''Salier uksun''' (house of Salian) serengge doici i emke uksun. [[Wp/mnc/Konrad 2 jalan|Konrad 2 jalan]] arame ere ci [[Wp/mnc/Heinrich 5 jalan|Heinrich 5 jalan]] manggi de akū oho. tese ci tucike 4 kecile gemu [[Wp/mnc/enduringge roma semeran gurun|enduringge roma semeran gurun]] i hūwangdi oho.

[[Category:Wp/mnc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q8699446}}</text>
      <sha1>7o9m9ql503h7u8x62yyev0c1260j9x6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/wlx/Mavis Nkansah Boadu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381819</id>
      <parentid>7381540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uthman salma</username>
        <id>2604311</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */ Paahiye seuri</comment>
      <origin>7381819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1705" sha1="132bn9xtlitijebcmea9r8vn7z4o9h6" xml:space="preserve">'''Mavis Nkansah Boadu''' (May 17, 1989) ɩyε Gaana pɔlɩtɩɩsɩya anɩŋ gbebogɩ aha ku  [[Wp/wlx/Afigya Sekyere East constituency|Afigya Sekyere East constituency]] aŋ bɩ Ashanti Region a 7th anɩŋ 8th parliament ku a  4th Republic of Ghana. Ʋ da nie aŋ paahɩ a [[Wp/wlx/New Patriotic Party.|New Patriotic Party.]]&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:2-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vorɩhʋŋ pɩɩlεε anɩŋ sakʋʋ karimbʋ ==
Boadu dɔgɩbʋ ɩyε  17 May 1989 aŋ bɩ [[Wp/wlx/Wiamoase, Ashanti Region|Wiamoase, Ashanti Region]] puoŋ.  Ʋ da gaayε secondary sakʋʋ aŋ bɩ Achimota School&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;. Ʋ da tarεε MBA nɩŋ International Business a yi   [[Wp/wlx/DeVry University|DeVry University]] (USA) anɩŋ  master's degree in human resource management a yi  [[Wp/wlx/University College of Management Studies|University College of Management Studies]].&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:0-6&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tʋma ==
Boadu da ɩyε  international student ambassador ku DeVry University (New York), a yi  2015 awaana 201&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:1-7&lt;/ref&gt;6. Ʋ da daanhɩyε  human resource assistant ku Kinsadus Company LTD a yi 2012 awaan 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Philanthropy ==
August 2017 puoŋ, Boadu da kuyε 340 cement baagɩhɩ ku kuribɩlɩɩ aŋ bɩ Afigya Sekyere East Constituency.

== Tarejɩɩhɩ ==</text>
      <sha1>132bn9xtlitijebcmea9r8vn7z4o9h6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381825</id>
      <parentid>7381819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:15:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uthman salma</username>
        <id>2604311</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tʋma */ paahɩye sɛʋrɩ</comment>
      <origin>7381825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2609" sha1="hsz8f36tyqjok8dp8lzezwdmo8w7kua" xml:space="preserve">'''Mavis Nkansah Boadu''' (May 17, 1989) ɩyε Gaana pɔlɩtɩɩsɩya anɩŋ gbebogɩ aha ku  [[Wp/wlx/Afigya Sekyere East constituency|Afigya Sekyere East constituency]] aŋ bɩ Ashanti Region a 7th anɩŋ 8th parliament ku a  4th Republic of Ghana. Ʋ da nie aŋ paahɩ a [[Wp/wlx/New Patriotic Party.|New Patriotic Party.]]&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:2-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vorɩhʋŋ pɩɩlεε anɩŋ sakʋʋ karimbʋ ==
Boadu dɔgɩbʋ ɩyε  17 May 1989 aŋ bɩ [[Wp/wlx/Wiamoase, Ashanti Region|Wiamoase, Ashanti Region]] puoŋ.  Ʋ da gaayε secondary sakʋʋ aŋ bɩ Achimota School&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;. Ʋ da tarεε MBA nɩŋ International Business a yi   [[Wp/wlx/DeVry University|DeVry University]] (USA) anɩŋ  master's degree in human resource management a yi  [[Wp/wlx/University College of Management Studies|University College of Management Studies]].&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:0-6&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tʋma ==
Boadu da ɩyε  international student ambassador ku DeVry University (New York), a yi  2015 awaana 201&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:1-7&lt;/ref&gt;6. Ʋ da daanhɩyε  human resource assistant ku Kinsadus Company LTD a yi 2012 awaan 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Paalʋʋ yεltarɩhɩ tuma ==
July 2015 puoŋ, Boadu aŋ ɩ yuoŋ lijerɩ nɩŋ ayuobɩ 26 ʋ da dɩyε a  New Patriotic Party's primaries ʋ da nyεε vootɩhɩ gaa gbebogɩ aha Hennric David Yeboah aŋ bɩ a paalʋʋ begɩ bɩnnɩhɩ lambʋ deu yuomo ayi senɩ ʋŋ ba la dɩ.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-9&lt;/ref&gt; Ʋ da ɩyε  paalʋʋ gbεbogɩ aha ku  Afigya Sekyere East constituency ʋŋ da nyε  vootɩhɩ 41,694 aŋ jaa da ɩyε 80.44% a gaa Awudu Salim aŋ da ahɩ ku National Democratic Congress  ʋŋ mɩŋ da nyε vootɩhɩ  10,141 aŋ mɩŋ da ɩ 19.56%. ba da la ɩhʋʋ a 2020 General Election ʋŋ ahɩ ku a  8th Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana. 7th parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana puoŋ ,ʋ tʋma da ɩyε Foreign Affairs committee anɩŋ Public committee.

== Philanthropy ==
August 2017 puoŋ, Boadu da kuyε 340 cement baagɩhɩ ku kuribɩlɩɩ aŋ bɩ Afigya Sekyere East Constituency.

== Tarejɩɩhɩ ==</text>
      <sha1>hsz8f36tyqjok8dp8lzezwdmo8w7kua</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381826</id>
      <parentid>7381825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:17:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uthman salma</username>
        <id>2604311</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2644" sha1="an58vwptc40yrlz0ews0hl8fc7gp7j3" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/wlx/Databox|item= Q57915895}}
'''Mavis Nkansah Boadu''' (May 17, 1989) ɩyε Gaana pɔlɩtɩɩsɩya anɩŋ gbebogɩ aha ku  [[Wp/wlx/Afigya Sekyere East constituency|Afigya Sekyere East constituency]] aŋ bɩ Ashanti Region a 7th anɩŋ 8th parliament ku a  4th Republic of Ghana. Ʋ da nie aŋ paahɩ a [[Wp/wlx/New Patriotic Party.|New Patriotic Party.]]&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:2-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vorɩhʋŋ pɩɩlεε anɩŋ sakʋʋ karimbʋ ==
Boadu dɔgɩbʋ ɩyε  17 May 1989 aŋ bɩ [[Wp/wlx/Wiamoase, Ashanti Region|Wiamoase, Ashanti Region]] puoŋ.  Ʋ da gaayε secondary sakʋʋ aŋ bɩ Achimota School&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;. Ʋ da tarεε MBA nɩŋ International Business a yi   [[Wp/wlx/DeVry University|DeVry University]] (USA) anɩŋ  master's degree in human resource management a yi  [[Wp/wlx/University College of Management Studies|University College of Management Studies]].&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:0-6&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tʋma ==
Boadu da ɩyε  international student ambassador ku DeVry University (New York), a yi  2015 awaana 201&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-:1-7&lt;/ref&gt;6. Ʋ da daanhɩyε  human resource assistant ku Kinsadus Company LTD a yi 2012 awaan 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Paalʋʋ yεltarɩhɩ tuma ==
July 2015 puoŋ, Boadu aŋ ɩ yuoŋ lijerɩ nɩŋ ayuobɩ 26 ʋ da dɩyε a  New Patriotic Party's primaries ʋ da nyεε vootɩhɩ gaa gbebogɩ aha Hennric David Yeboah aŋ bɩ a paalʋʋ begɩ bɩnnɩhɩ lambʋ deu yuomo ayi senɩ ʋŋ ba la dɩ.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Nkansah_Boadu#cite_note-9&lt;/ref&gt; Ʋ da ɩyε  paalʋʋ gbεbogɩ aha ku  Afigya Sekyere East constituency ʋŋ da nyε  vootɩhɩ 41,694 aŋ jaa da ɩyε 80.44% a gaa Awudu Salim aŋ da ahɩ ku National Democratic Congress  ʋŋ mɩŋ da nyε vootɩhɩ  10,141 aŋ mɩŋ da ɩ 19.56%. ba da la ɩhʋʋ a 2020 General Election ʋŋ ahɩ ku a  8th Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana. 7th parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana puoŋ ,ʋ tʋma da ɩyε Foreign Affairs committee anɩŋ Public committee.

== Philanthropy ==
August 2017 puoŋ, Boadu da kuyε 340 cement baagɩhɩ ku kuribɩlɩɩ aŋ bɩ Afigya Sekyere East Constituency.

== Tarejɩɩhɩ ==</text>
      <sha1>an58vwptc40yrlz0ews0hl8fc7gp7j3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/Grande-Bretagne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382210</id>
      <parentid>7381597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:02:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
        <id>2566594</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382210</origin>
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      <text bytes="354" sha1="k2hso7uatvxx4tm1u4dttrkbzotthyt" xml:space="preserve">'''Grande-Bretagne''', mumanyike bu Bukalenge bua Grande-Bretagne, uvua [[Wp/lua/Ditunga|ditunga]] dia kale divua ne budikadidi buvua mu tshidila tshia Grande-Bretagne, ku Mputu wa ku Nord, tshivuaku kubangila mu dia 1 ngondo muitanu 1707 too ne mu dia 31 ngondo wa dikumi ne muibidi 1800.
[[File:Great Britain 1789.svg|165px|right]]

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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    <title>Wp/lua/Angleterre</title>
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      <text bytes="635" sha1="mfy563t841957xyj4zlr3pl5txyalkf" xml:space="preserve">'''Angleterre''' (mu Anglais: /ˈɪŋɡlənd/ Listenⓘ) didi ditunga  Angleterre mu contina wa mu eropa. Didi pabuipi ne ditunga dia Pays de Galles ku ouest ne ditunga dia Ecosse ku nord, ne kudi Mbuu wa Irlande ku Nord-Ouest, Mbuu wa Celtic ku Sud-Ouest, Mbuu wa Nord ku Est, ne Mbuu wa Angleterre ku Sud, udi umutapulula ne matunga a ku Mputu. Buloba buende budi pa bitupa bitanu bia muanda mukulu bia tshidila tshia Grande-Bretagne, tshidi mu Mbuu wa Atlantique wa ku Nord, ne tshidi ne bidiila bikese bipite pa lukama, bu mudi bidiila bia Scilly ne Wight.
[[File:England in the UK and Europe.svg|165px|right]]

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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      <text bytes="652" sha1="mo1pvw63m2intvi7snk3ut91ng42l36" xml:space="preserve">'''Angleterre''' (mu Anglais: /ˈɪŋɡlənd/ Listenⓘ) didi ditunga  Angleterre mu contina wa mu [[Wp/lua/Elopa|eropa]]. Didi pabuipi ne ditunga dia Pays de Galles ku ouest ne ditunga dia Ecosse ku nord, ne kudi Mbuu wa Irlande ku Nord-Ouest, Mbuu wa Celtic ku Sud-Ouest, Mbuu wa Nord ku Est, ne Mbuu wa Angleterre ku Sud, udi umutapulula ne matunga a ku Mputu. Buloba buende budi pa bitupa bitanu bia muanda mukulu bia tshidila tshia Grande-Bretagne, tshidi mu Mbuu wa Atlantique wa ku Nord, ne tshidi ne bidiila bikese bipite pa lukama, bu mudi bidiila bia Scilly ne Wight.
[[File:England in the UK and Europe.svg|165px|right]]

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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      <text bytes="652" sha1="qrwi569o8npqrepctbea6nuaz6a1kvs" xml:space="preserve">'''Angleterre''' (mu Anglais: /ˈɪŋɡlənd/ Listenⓘ) didi ditunga  Angleterre mu contina wa mu [[Wp/lua/Elopa|elopa]]. Didi pabuipi ne ditunga dia Pays de Galles ku ouest ne ditunga dia Ecosse ku nord, ne kudi Mbuu wa Irlande ku Nord-Ouest, Mbuu wa Celtic ku Sud-Ouest, Mbuu wa Nord ku Est, ne Mbuu wa Angleterre ku Sud, udi umutapulula ne matunga a ku Mputu. Buloba buende budi pa bitupa bitanu bia muanda mukulu bia tshidila tshia Grande-Bretagne, tshidi mu Mbuu wa Atlantique wa ku Nord, ne tshidi ne bidiila bikese bipite pa lukama, bu mudi bidiila bia Scilly ne Wight.
[[File:England in the UK and Europe.svg|165px|right]]

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
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    <title>Wb/bjn/Ading Bastari</title>
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      <text bytes="614" sha1="bd2jw306xb1t5r4vc8rcuo06l0xznyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Wb/bjn/Hak cipta lagu}}
{{Wb/bjn/Daftarisi|Wb/bjn/Lis Lagu Banjar}}
----
{{Wb/bjn/Judullagu|{{PAGENAME}}| Dinda Bestari}}
&lt;poem&gt;
Lamah lambut cacantung panjang
Aduhai ading bastari
Bibir habang bakas maninang
Tanda ading nang baik budi

Ading sayang manang di alis
Aduhai bulan sahiris
Putih kuning maambun pupur
Kada tatinggal gawi di dapur

Adat asli jangan dibuang
Hilangakan 'ku pakai jua
Paninggalan urang bahari
Kada lupa sampai mati
&lt;/poem&gt;
==Pranala luar==
*{{Wb/bjn/En}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fot_NxkxFSg Ading Bastari lawan Syahrani Mataya]
[[Category:Wb/bjn]]
[[Category:Wb/bjn/Lagu Banjar]]</text>
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{{Wb/bjn/Daftarisi|Wb/bjn/Lis Lagu Banjar}}
----
{{Wb/bjn/Judullagu|Ading Bastari| Dinda Bestari}}
&lt;poem&gt;
Lamah lambut cacantung panjang
Aduhai ading bastari
Bibir habang bakas maninang
Tanda ading nang baik budi

Ading sayang manang di alis
Aduhai bulan sahiris
Putih kuning maambun pupur
Kada tatinggal gawi di dapur

Adat asli jangan dibuang
Hilangakan 'ku pakai jua
Paninggalan urang bahari
Kada lupa sampai mati
&lt;/poem&gt;
==Pranala luar==
*{{Wb/bjn/En}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fot_NxkxFSg Ading Bastari lawan Syahrani Mataya]
[[Category:Wb/bjn]]
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم''' (31 مايو 1889 – 2 يونيو 1970)، هو مرجع ديني شيعي [[Wp/acm/عراقي|عراقي]]، أخذ رئاسة الحوزة العلمية بمدينة [[Wp/acm/النجف|النجف]] [[Wp/acm/العراق|بالعراق]] بعد وفاة السيد أبو الحسن الأصفهاني، وچان هم زعيم لملايين [[Wp/acm/الشيعة|الشيعة]] بوكته، وانعرف بمعارضته...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8494" sha1="auip7s7zlo5cp8g6gx4tyj45kcz9e7u" xml:space="preserve">'''محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم''' (31 مايو 1889 – 2 يونيو 1970)، هو مرجع ديني شيعي [[Wp/acm/عراقي|عراقي]]، أخذ رئاسة الحوزة العلمية بمدينة [[Wp/acm/النجف|النجف]] [[Wp/acm/العراق|بالعراق]] بعد وفاة السيد أبو الحسن الأصفهاني، وچان هم زعيم لملايين [[Wp/acm/الشيعة|الشيعة]] بوكته، وانعرف بمعارضته للشيوعية وأفكارها.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/ayatollah-mohsin-al-hakim.html &quot;Ayatollah Mohsin al-Hakim&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.haydarya.com/?id=1107&amp;sid=120 &quot;محسن الحكيم - مكتبة الروضة الحيدرية&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==نسبه==
هوخ محسن بن مهدي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.alhakeem-iraq.net/print.php?id=134 &quot;مرجع الطائفة الإمام آية الله العظمى السيد محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم (قدس سره)&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; بن صالح بن أحمد بن محمود بن إبراهيم بن علي هو ابن مراد بن أسد الله بن جلال الدين بن حسن بن مجد الدين علي بن قوام الدين محمد بن إسماعيل بن عباد بن أبي المكارم بن عباد بن أبي المجد أحمد بن عباد بن علي بن حمزة بن طاهر بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن السيد إبراهيم طباطبا بن إسماعيل الديباج بن إبراهيم الغمر بن الحسن المثنى بن الحسن المجتبى بن علي بن أبي طالب.

===ولده===
چان عند الحكيم 14 ولد، 10 منهم ولد و4 بنات. وأولاده الذكور همه

* يوسف الحكيم: جان يدرّس الفقه والأصول بـحوزة النجف، وچان من المدرّسين المعروفين بيها.

* محمد رضا الحكيم: أعدمه النظام العراقي السابق.

* محمد مهدي الحكيم: اغتالته المخابرات العراقية بالخرطوم، عاصمة السودان.

* محمد كاظم الحكيم: مات بحادث سيارة وهو بطريقه لكربلاء بسنة 1975.

* محمد باقر الحكيم: انقتل يوم 29 آب 2003، بتفجير سيارة مفخخة بالنجف، من طلع من ضريح الإمام علي، بعد ما خلّص خطبة صلاة الجمعة.

* عبد الهادي الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية بوقت حكم البعث.

* عبد الصاحب الحكيم: هم أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* علاء الدين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* محمد حسين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* عبد العزيز الحكيم: أتوفى سنة 2009.

==نشاطه السياسي==
===محاربته ضد الشيوعية===
انتشرت الأفكار الشيوعية بالعراق بوكت الحكيم، وانضم هواية من العراقيين للحزب الشيوعي العراقي. وبسبب هالشي، الحكيم وكف بوجه انتشار الأفكار الشيوعية، وحاول يوجّه الناس أنو للإسلام وحده يگدر يحقق العدالة الاجتماعية. ولهذا السبب أصدر هواية بيانات بهالموضوع، وبعد ما صارت مجزرة كركوك بمدينة كركوك شمال العراق، أصدر فتواه المعروفة اللي گال بيها: «الشيوعية كفر وإلحاد».

==مؤلفاته==
* '''مستمسك العروة الوثقى'''. شرح على كتاب ''العروة الوثقى'' لـمحمد كاظم الطباطبائي اليزدي، ويتكوّن من 14 مجلد.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الطهراني
  | الأول = آغا بزرگ
  | مؤلف-وصلة = آغا بزرك الطهراني
  | عنوان = الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة - ج21
  | صفحات = ص 14
  }}
  [http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/الكتب/3392_الذريعة-آقا-بزرگ-الطهراني-ج-24/الصفحة_425 النسخة الإلكترونية]&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''نهج الفقاهة'''. بيه تعليقات الحكيم على ''كتاب البيع'' لـمرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حاشية على المكاسب'''. حاشية كتبها على كتاب ''المكاسب'' لمؤلّفه مرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حقائق الأصول'''.
* '''منهاج الصالحين'''. رسالته العملية، وانطبعت أول مرة بالنجف سنة 1365 هـ، وحصلت على استحسان هواية من علماء الشيعة. وأول واحد اعتمدها بعد الحكيم هو [[أبو القاسم الخوئي]]، وأضاف إلها بعض الفروع، ورتّب بعض المسائل من جديد، وحط عليها تعليقة، وبعدين دمجها ويا الكتاب الأصلي حتى صارت مطابقة لفتاواه،&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الحسيني الروحاني
  | الأول = صادق
  | مؤلف-وصلة = صادق الحسيني الروحاني
  | عنوان = منهاج الصالحين - الجزء الأول
  | صفحات = ص 5
  }}
  &lt;/ref&gt; ونفس الشي سواه المرجع عبد الأعلى السبزواري، وبعده مشوا على نفس الطريقة عدد كبير من تلامذة الخوئي المعروفين، واللي صاروا مراجع دينية، ومن بينهم: التبريزي، والوحيد الخراساني، والروحاني،و [[علي السيستاني|السيستاني]]،و الحكيم، والواعظي،&lt;ref&gt;[http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct -منهاج الصالحين - العبادات - المقدمة] الواعظي {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ= يونيو 2019 |bot=JarBot}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410125432/http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct|date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; وغيرهم.
* '''منهاج الناسكين'''.
* '''شرح التبصرة'''. شرح على كتاب «تبصرة المتعلمين في أحكام الدين» لـ ابن المطهر الحلي.
* '''دليل الناسك'''.
* '''تحرير المنهاج'''.
* '''مختصر منهاج الصالحين'''.
* '''حاشية على كتاب الدر الثمين'''.
* '''حاشية على الرسالة الصلاتية'''.
* '''شرح كتاب المراح'''.
* '''شرح تشريح الأفلاك'''.
* '''رسالة في سجدة السهو'''.
* '''رسالة مختصرة في علم الدراية'''.
* '''رسالة في بعض المسائل المتفرقة في الصلاة'''.
* '''حواش على نجاة العباد'''.
* '''تعليقة على كتاب رياض المسائل'''. تعليقة على كتاب «رياض المسائل في تحقيق الأحكام بالدلائل» لـ علي الطباطبائي.
* '''حواش على تقريرات الخونساري'''.
* '''الشرح النافع'''.
* '''منتخب الرسائل'''.
* '''حاشية استدلالية على كتاب الربا من العروة الوثقى'''.
* '''تعليقة على توضيح المسائل'''.

==تلامذته==
* الشيخ محمد تقي الفقيه.
* أبو الفضل فاطمي الناييني الطباطبايي، وچان وكيل مجاز من قبله.
* محمد سعيد الطباطبائي الحكيم.
* محمد مهدي الموسوي البجنوردي.
* الشيخ حسين الوحيد الخراساني.
* محمد باقر الصدر.
* علي السيستاني.
* عبد الأمير قبلان.
* الشيخ مسلم السرابي الملكوتي.
* يوسف الحكيم الطباطبائي.
* محمد حسين فضل الله.
* الشيخ محمد آصف محسني.
* الشيخ الدكتور عيسى بن عبد الحميد الخاقاني، وچان مجاز من قبله.
* عبد الصاحب حسن علاوي الموسوي آل الشرع، وچان وكيله ومجاز من قبله.

==وفاته==
توفي محسن الحكيم بـ 27 ربيع الأول 1390 يصادف سنة 1970 م، بعمر 81 سنة.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.alkafeel.net/node/66937 &quot;ربيع الاول وفاة السيد محسن الحكيم&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم''' (31 أيار 1889 – 2 حزيران 1970)، هو مرجع ديني شيعي [[Wp/acm/عراقي|عراقي]]، أخذ رئاسة الحوزة العلمية بمدينة [[Wp/acm/النجف|النجف]] [[Wp/acm/العراق|بالعراق]] بعد وفاة السيد أبو الحسن الأصفهاني، وچان هم زعيم لملايين [[Wp/acm/الشيعة|الشيعة]] بوكته، وانعرف بمعارضته للشيوعية وأفكارها.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/ayatollah-mohsin-al-hakim.html &quot;Ayatollah Mohsin al-Hakim&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.haydarya.com/?id=1107&amp;sid=120 &quot;محسن الحكيم - مكتبة الروضة الحيدرية&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==نسبه==
هوخ محسن بن مهدي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.alhakeem-iraq.net/print.php?id=134 &quot;مرجع الطائفة الإمام آية الله العظمى السيد محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم (قدس سره)&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; بن صالح بن أحمد بن محمود بن إبراهيم بن علي هو ابن مراد بن أسد الله بن جلال الدين بن حسن بن مجد الدين علي بن قوام الدين محمد بن إسماعيل بن عباد بن أبي المكارم بن عباد بن أبي المجد أحمد بن عباد بن علي بن حمزة بن طاهر بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن السيد إبراهيم طباطبا بن إسماعيل الديباج بن إبراهيم الغمر بن الحسن المثنى بن الحسن المجتبى بن علي بن أبي طالب.

===ولده===
چان عند الحكيم 14 ولد، 10 منهم ولد و4 بنات. وأولاده الذكور همه

* يوسف الحكيم: جان يدرّس الفقه والأصول بـحوزة النجف، وچان من المدرّسين المعروفين بيها.

* محمد رضا الحكيم: أعدمه النظام العراقي السابق.

* محمد مهدي الحكيم: اغتالته المخابرات العراقية بالخرطوم، عاصمة السودان.

* محمد كاظم الحكيم: مات بحادث سيارة وهو بطريقه لكربلاء بسنة 1975.

* محمد باقر الحكيم: انقتل يوم 29 آب 2003، بتفجير سيارة مفخخة بالنجف، من طلع من ضريح الإمام علي، بعد ما خلّص خطبة صلاة الجمعة.

* عبد الهادي الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية بوقت حكم البعث.

* عبد الصاحب الحكيم: هم أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* علاء الدين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* محمد حسين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* عبد العزيز الحكيم: أتوفى سنة 2009.

==نشاطه السياسي==
===محاربته ضد الشيوعية===
انتشرت الأفكار الشيوعية بالعراق بوكت الحكيم، وانضم هواية من العراقيين للحزب الشيوعي العراقي. وبسبب هالشي، الحكيم وكف بوجه انتشار الأفكار الشيوعية، وحاول يوجّه الناس أنو للإسلام وحده يگدر يحقق العدالة الاجتماعية. ولهذا السبب أصدر هواية بيانات بهالموضوع، وبعد ما صارت مجزرة كركوك بمدينة كركوك شمال العراق، أصدر فتواه المعروفة اللي گال بيها: «الشيوعية كفر وإلحاد».

==مؤلفاته==
* '''مستمسك العروة الوثقى'''. شرح على كتاب ''العروة الوثقى'' لـمحمد كاظم الطباطبائي اليزدي، ويتكوّن من 14 مجلد.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/acm/استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الطهراني
  | الأول = آغا بزرگ
  | مؤلف-وصلة = آغا بزرك الطهراني
  | عنوان = الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة - ج21
  | صفحات = ص 14
  }}
  [http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/الكتب/3392_الذريعة-آقا-بزرگ-الطهراني-ج-24/الصفحة_425 النسخة الإلكترونية]&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''نهج الفقاهة'''. بيه تعليقات الحكيم على ''كتاب البيع'' لـمرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حاشية على المكاسب'''. حاشية كتبها على كتاب ''المكاسب'' لمؤلّفه مرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حقائق الأصول'''.
* '''منهاج الصالحين'''. رسالته العملية، وانطبعت أول مرة بالنجف سنة 1365 هـ، وحصلت على استحسان هواية من علماء الشيعة. وأول واحد اعتمدها بعد الحكيم هو [[Wp/acm/أبو القاسم الخوئي|أبو القاسم الخوئي]]، وأضاف إلها بعض الفروع، ورتّب بعض المسائل من جديد، وحط عليها تعليقة، وبعدين دمجها ويا الكتاب الأصلي حتى صارت مطابقة لفتاواه،&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/acm/استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الحسيني الروحاني
  | الأول = صادق
  | مؤلف-وصلة = صادق الحسيني الروحاني
  | عنوان = منهاج الصالحين - الجزء الأول
  | صفحات = ص 5
  }}
  &lt;/ref&gt; ونفس الشي سواه المرجع عبد الأعلى السبزواري، وبعده مشوا على نفس الطريقة عدد كبير من تلامذة الخوئي المعروفين، واللي صاروا مراجع دينية، ومن بينهم: التبريزي، والوحيد الخراساني، والروحاني،و [[Wp/acm/علي السيستاني|السيستاني]]،و الحكيم، والواعظي،&lt;ref&gt;[http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct -منهاج الصالحين - العبادات - المقدمة] الواعظي {{Wp/acm/وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ= يونيو 2019 |bot=JarBot}} {{Wp/acm/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410125432/http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct|date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; وغيرهم.
* '''منهاج الناسكين'''.
* '''شرح التبصرة'''. شرح على كتاب «تبصرة المتعلمين في أحكام الدين» لـ ابن المطهر الحلي.
* '''دليل الناسك'''.
* '''تحرير المنهاج'''.
* '''مختصر منهاج الصالحين'''.
* '''حاشية على كتاب الدر الثمين'''.
* '''حاشية على الرسالة الصلاتية'''.
* '''شرح كتاب المراح'''.
* '''شرح تشريح الأفلاك'''.
* '''رسالة في سجدة السهو'''.
* '''رسالة مختصرة في علم الدراية'''.
* '''رسالة في بعض المسائل المتفرقة في الصلاة'''.
* '''حواش على نجاة العباد'''.
* '''تعليقة على كتاب رياض المسائل'''. تعليقة على كتاب «رياض المسائل في تحقيق الأحكام بالدلائل» لـ علي الطباطبائي.
* '''حواش على تقريرات الخونساري'''.
* '''الشرح النافع'''.
* '''منتخب الرسائل'''.
* '''حاشية استدلالية على كتاب الربا من العروة الوثقى'''.
* '''تعليقة على توضيح المسائل'''.

==تلامذته==
* الشيخ محمد تقي الفقيه.
* أبو الفضل فاطمي الناييني الطباطبايي، وچان وكيل مجاز من قبله.
* محمد سعيد الطباطبائي الحكيم.
* محمد مهدي الموسوي البجنوردي.
* الشيخ حسين الوحيد الخراساني.
* محمد باقر الصدر.
* علي السيستاني.
* عبد الأمير قبلان.
* الشيخ مسلم السرابي الملكوتي.
* يوسف الحكيم الطباطبائي.
* محمد حسين فضل الله.
* الشيخ محمد آصف محسني.
* الشيخ الدكتور عيسى بن عبد الحميد الخاقاني، وچان مجاز من قبله.
* عبد الصاحب حسن علاوي الموسوي آل الشرع، وچان وكيله ومجاز من قبله.

==وفاته==
توفي محسن الحكيم بـ 27 ربيع الأول 1390 يصادف سنة 1970 م، بعمر 81 سنة.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.alkafeel.net/node/66937 &quot;ربيع الاول وفاة السيد محسن الحكيم&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Category:Wp/acm]]</text>
      <sha1>jvfj1pj4pe7fczcrepb6exp0vxck9lx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381780</id>
      <parentid>7381778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T13:56:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>علي شرارتي</username>
        <id>2671774</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8934" sha1="kcafsibdh30euz3wunzqj5z0cwfnbdg" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/acm/PersonInfo|qid=Q4115267}}
'''محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم''' ([[Wp/acm/31 ايار|31 أيار]] 1889 – [[Wp/acm/18 حزيران|2 حزيران]] 1970)، هو مرجع ديني شيعي [[Wp/acm/عراقي|عراقي]]، أخذ رئاسة الحوزة العلمية بمدينة [[Wp/acm/النجف|النجف]] [[Wp/acm/العراق|بالعراق]] بعد وفاة السيد أبو الحسن الأصفهاني، وچان هم زعيم لملايين [[Wp/acm/الشيعة|الشيعة]] بوكته، وانعرف بمعارضته للشيوعية وأفكارها.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/ayatollah-mohsin-al-hakim.html &quot;Ayatollah Mohsin al-Hakim&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.haydarya.com/?id=1107&amp;sid=120 &quot;محسن الحكيم - مكتبة الروضة الحيدرية&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==نسبه==
هوخ محسن بن مهدي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.alhakeem-iraq.net/print.php?id=134 &quot;مرجع الطائفة الإمام آية الله العظمى السيد محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم (قدس سره)&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; بن صالح بن أحمد بن محمود بن إبراهيم بن علي هو ابن مراد بن أسد الله بن جلال الدين بن حسن بن مجد الدين علي بن قوام الدين محمد بن إسماعيل بن عباد بن أبي المكارم بن عباد بن أبي المجد أحمد بن عباد بن علي بن حمزة بن طاهر بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن السيد إبراهيم طباطبا بن إسماعيل الديباج بن إبراهيم الغمر بن الحسن المثنى بن الحسن المجتبى بن علي بن أبي طالب.

===ولده===
چان عند الحكيم 14 ولد، 10 منهم ولد و4 بنات. وأولاده الذكور همه

* يوسف الحكيم: جان يدرّس الفقه والأصول بـحوزة النجف، وچان من المدرّسين المعروفين بيها.

* محمد رضا الحكيم: أعدمه النظام العراقي السابق.

* محمد مهدي الحكيم: اغتالته المخابرات العراقية بالخرطوم، عاصمة السودان.

* محمد كاظم الحكيم: مات بحادث سيارة وهو بطريقه لكربلاء بسنة 1975.

* محمد باقر الحكيم: انقتل يوم [[Wp/acm/29 اب|29 آب]] 2003، بتفجير سيارة مفخخة بالنجف، من طلع من ضريح الإمام علي، بعد ما خلّص خطبة صلاة الجمعة.

* عبد الهادي الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية بوقت حكم البعث.

* عبد الصاحب الحكيم: هم أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* علاء الدين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* محمد حسين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* عبد العزيز الحكيم: أتوفى سنة 2009.

==نشاطه السياسي==
===محاربته ضد الشيوعية===
انتشرت الأفكار الشيوعية بالعراق بوكت الحكيم، وانضم هواية من العراقيين للحزب الشيوعي العراقي. وبسبب هالشي، الحكيم وكف بوجه انتشار الأفكار الشيوعية، وحاول يوجّه الناس أنو للإسلام وحده يگدر يحقق العدالة الاجتماعية. ولهذا السبب أصدر هواية بيانات بهالموضوع، وبعد ما صارت مجزرة كركوك بمدينة كركوك شمال العراق، أصدر فتواه المعروفة اللي گال بيها: «الشيوعية كفر وإلحاد».

==مؤلفاته==
* '''مستمسك العروة الوثقى'''. شرح على كتاب ''العروة الوثقى'' لـمحمد كاظم الطباطبائي اليزدي، ويتكوّن من 14 مجلد.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/acm/استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الطهراني
  | الأول = آغا بزرگ
  | مؤلف-وصلة = آغا بزرك الطهراني
  | عنوان = الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة - ج21
  | صفحات = ص 14
  }}
  [http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/الكتب/3392_الذريعة-آقا-بزرگ-الطهراني-ج-24/الصفحة_425 النسخة الإلكترونية]&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''نهج الفقاهة'''. بيه تعليقات الحكيم على ''كتاب البيع'' لـمرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حاشية على المكاسب'''. حاشية كتبها على كتاب ''المكاسب'' لمؤلّفه مرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حقائق الأصول'''.
* '''منهاج الصالحين'''. رسالته العملية، وانطبعت أول مرة بالنجف سنة 1365 هـ، وحصلت على استحسان هواية من علماء الشيعة. وأول واحد اعتمدها بعد الحكيم هو [[Wp/acm/أبو القاسم الخوئي|أبو القاسم الخوئي]]، وأضاف إلها بعض الفروع، ورتّب بعض المسائل من جديد، وحط عليها تعليقة، وبعدين دمجها ويا الكتاب الأصلي حتى صارت مطابقة لفتاواه،&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/acm/استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الحسيني الروحاني
  | الأول = صادق
  | مؤلف-وصلة = صادق الحسيني الروحاني
  | عنوان = منهاج الصالحين - الجزء الأول
  | صفحات = ص 5
  }}
  &lt;/ref&gt; ونفس الشي سواه المرجع عبد الأعلى السبزواري، وبعده مشوا على نفس الطريقة عدد كبير من تلامذة الخوئي المعروفين، واللي صاروا مراجع دينية، ومن بينهم: التبريزي، والوحيد الخراساني، والروحاني،و [[Wp/acm/علي السيستاني|السيستاني]]،و الحكيم، والواعظي،&lt;ref&gt;[http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct -منهاج الصالحين - العبادات - المقدمة] الواعظي {{Wp/acm/وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ= يونيو 2019 |bot=JarBot}} {{Wp/acm/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410125432/http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct|date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; وغيرهم.
* '''منهاج الناسكين'''.
* '''شرح التبصرة'''. شرح على كتاب «تبصرة المتعلمين في أحكام الدين» لـ ابن المطهر الحلي.
* '''دليل الناسك'''.
* '''تحرير المنهاج'''.
* '''مختصر منهاج الصالحين'''.
* '''حاشية على كتاب الدر الثمين'''.
* '''حاشية على الرسالة الصلاتية'''.
* '''شرح كتاب المراح'''.
* '''شرح تشريح الأفلاك'''.
* '''رسالة في سجدة السهو'''.
* '''رسالة مختصرة في علم الدراية'''.
* '''رسالة في بعض المسائل المتفرقة في الصلاة'''.
* '''حواش على نجاة العباد'''.
* '''تعليقة على كتاب رياض المسائل'''. تعليقة على كتاب «رياض المسائل في تحقيق الأحكام بالدلائل» لـ علي الطباطبائي.
* '''حواش على تقريرات الخونساري'''.
* '''الشرح النافع'''.
* '''منتخب الرسائل'''.
* '''حاشية استدلالية على كتاب الربا من العروة الوثقى'''.
* '''تعليقة على توضيح المسائل'''.

==تلامذته==
* الشيخ محمد تقي الفقيه.
* أبو الفضل فاطمي الناييني الطباطبايي، وچان وكيل مجاز من قبله.
* محمد سعيد الطباطبائي الحكيم.
* محمد مهدي الموسوي البجنوردي.
* الشيخ حسين الوحيد الخراساني.
* محمد باقر الصدر.
* علي السيستاني.
* عبد الأمير قبلان.
* الشيخ مسلم السرابي الملكوتي.
* يوسف الحكيم الطباطبائي.
* محمد حسين فضل الله.
* الشيخ محمد آصف محسني.
* الشيخ الدكتور عيسى بن عبد الحميد الخاقاني، وچان مجاز من قبله.
* عبد الصاحب حسن علاوي الموسوي آل الشرع، وچان وكيله ومجاز من قبله.

==وفاته==
توفي محسن الحكيم بـ 27 ربيع الأول 1390 يصادف سنة 1970 م، بعمر 81 سنة.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.alkafeel.net/node/66937 &quot;ربيع الاول وفاة السيد محسن الحكيم&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== شوف هم ==

* [[Wp/acm/أبو القاسم الخوئي|أبو القاسم الخوئي]]
* [[Wp/acm/علي السيستاني|علي السيستاني]]
* [[Wp/acm/عمار الحكيم|عمار الحكيم]]

== مصادر ==
[[Category:Wp/acm]]</text>
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        <username>علي شرارتي</username>
        <id>2671774</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>مخلي روابط انترويكي ل[[d:Q4115267]]</comment>
      <origin>7381782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8958" sha1="c51tnrraoicr5ufqbdqxv0ria2m56fl" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/acm/PersonInfo|qid=Q4115267}}
'''محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم''' ([[Wp/acm/31 ايار|31 أيار]] 1889 – [[Wp/acm/18 حزيران|2 حزيران]] 1970)، هو مرجع ديني شيعي [[Wp/acm/عراقي|عراقي]]، أخذ رئاسة الحوزة العلمية بمدينة [[Wp/acm/النجف|النجف]] [[Wp/acm/العراق|بالعراق]] بعد وفاة السيد أبو الحسن الأصفهاني، وچان هم زعيم لملايين [[Wp/acm/الشيعة|الشيعة]] بوكته، وانعرف بمعارضته للشيوعية وأفكارها.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/ayatollah-mohsin-al-hakim.html &quot;Ayatollah Mohsin al-Hakim&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.haydarya.com/?id=1107&amp;sid=120 &quot;محسن الحكيم - مكتبة الروضة الحيدرية&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==نسبه==
هوخ محسن بن مهدي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.alhakeem-iraq.net/print.php?id=134 &quot;مرجع الطائفة الإمام آية الله العظمى السيد محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم (قدس سره)&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; بن صالح بن أحمد بن محمود بن إبراهيم بن علي هو ابن مراد بن أسد الله بن جلال الدين بن حسن بن مجد الدين علي بن قوام الدين محمد بن إسماعيل بن عباد بن أبي المكارم بن عباد بن أبي المجد أحمد بن عباد بن علي بن حمزة بن طاهر بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن السيد إبراهيم طباطبا بن إسماعيل الديباج بن إبراهيم الغمر بن الحسن المثنى بن الحسن المجتبى بن علي بن أبي طالب.

===ولده===
چان عند الحكيم 14 ولد، 10 منهم ولد و4 بنات. وأولاده الذكور همه

* يوسف الحكيم: جان يدرّس الفقه والأصول بـحوزة النجف، وچان من المدرّسين المعروفين بيها.

* محمد رضا الحكيم: أعدمه النظام العراقي السابق.

* محمد مهدي الحكيم: اغتالته المخابرات العراقية بالخرطوم، عاصمة السودان.

* محمد كاظم الحكيم: مات بحادث سيارة وهو بطريقه لكربلاء بسنة 1975.

* محمد باقر الحكيم: انقتل يوم [[Wp/acm/29 اب|29 آب]] 2003، بتفجير سيارة مفخخة بالنجف، من طلع من ضريح الإمام علي، بعد ما خلّص خطبة صلاة الجمعة.

* عبد الهادي الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية بوقت حكم البعث.

* عبد الصاحب الحكيم: هم أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* علاء الدين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* محمد حسين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* عبد العزيز الحكيم: أتوفى سنة 2009.

==نشاطه السياسي==
===محاربته ضد الشيوعية===
انتشرت الأفكار الشيوعية بالعراق بوكت الحكيم، وانضم هواية من العراقيين للحزب الشيوعي العراقي. وبسبب هالشي، الحكيم وكف بوجه انتشار الأفكار الشيوعية، وحاول يوجّه الناس أنو للإسلام وحده يگدر يحقق العدالة الاجتماعية. ولهذا السبب أصدر هواية بيانات بهالموضوع، وبعد ما صارت مجزرة كركوك بمدينة كركوك شمال العراق، أصدر فتواه المعروفة اللي گال بيها: «الشيوعية كفر وإلحاد».

==مؤلفاته==
* '''مستمسك العروة الوثقى'''. شرح على كتاب ''العروة الوثقى'' لـمحمد كاظم الطباطبائي اليزدي، ويتكوّن من 14 مجلد.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/acm/استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الطهراني
  | الأول = آغا بزرگ
  | مؤلف-وصلة = آغا بزرك الطهراني
  | عنوان = الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة - ج21
  | صفحات = ص 14
  }}
  [http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/الكتب/3392_الذريعة-آقا-بزرگ-الطهراني-ج-24/الصفحة_425 النسخة الإلكترونية]&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''نهج الفقاهة'''. بيه تعليقات الحكيم على ''كتاب البيع'' لـمرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حاشية على المكاسب'''. حاشية كتبها على كتاب ''المكاسب'' لمؤلّفه مرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حقائق الأصول'''.
* '''منهاج الصالحين'''. رسالته العملية، وانطبعت أول مرة بالنجف سنة 1365 هـ، وحصلت على استحسان هواية من علماء الشيعة. وأول واحد اعتمدها بعد الحكيم هو [[Wp/acm/أبو القاسم الخوئي|أبو القاسم الخوئي]]، وأضاف إلها بعض الفروع، ورتّب بعض المسائل من جديد، وحط عليها تعليقة، وبعدين دمجها ويا الكتاب الأصلي حتى صارت مطابقة لفتاواه،&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/acm/استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الحسيني الروحاني
  | الأول = صادق
  | مؤلف-وصلة = صادق الحسيني الروحاني
  | عنوان = منهاج الصالحين - الجزء الأول
  | صفحات = ص 5
  }}
  &lt;/ref&gt; ونفس الشي سواه المرجع عبد الأعلى السبزواري، وبعده مشوا على نفس الطريقة عدد كبير من تلامذة الخوئي المعروفين، واللي صاروا مراجع دينية، ومن بينهم: التبريزي، والوحيد الخراساني، والروحاني،و [[Wp/acm/علي السيستاني|السيستاني]]،و الحكيم، والواعظي،&lt;ref&gt;[http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct -منهاج الصالحين - العبادات - المقدمة] الواعظي {{Wp/acm/وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ= يونيو 2019 |bot=JarBot}} {{Wp/acm/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410125432/http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct|date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; وغيرهم.
* '''منهاج الناسكين'''.
* '''شرح التبصرة'''. شرح على كتاب «تبصرة المتعلمين في أحكام الدين» لـ ابن المطهر الحلي.
* '''دليل الناسك'''.
* '''تحرير المنهاج'''.
* '''مختصر منهاج الصالحين'''.
* '''حاشية على كتاب الدر الثمين'''.
* '''حاشية على الرسالة الصلاتية'''.
* '''شرح كتاب المراح'''.
* '''شرح تشريح الأفلاك'''.
* '''رسالة في سجدة السهو'''.
* '''رسالة مختصرة في علم الدراية'''.
* '''رسالة في بعض المسائل المتفرقة في الصلاة'''.
* '''حواش على نجاة العباد'''.
* '''تعليقة على كتاب رياض المسائل'''. تعليقة على كتاب «رياض المسائل في تحقيق الأحكام بالدلائل» لـ علي الطباطبائي.
* '''حواش على تقريرات الخونساري'''.
* '''الشرح النافع'''.
* '''منتخب الرسائل'''.
* '''حاشية استدلالية على كتاب الربا من العروة الوثقى'''.
* '''تعليقة على توضيح المسائل'''.

==تلامذته==
* الشيخ محمد تقي الفقيه.
* أبو الفضل فاطمي الناييني الطباطبايي، وچان وكيل مجاز من قبله.
* محمد سعيد الطباطبائي الحكيم.
* محمد مهدي الموسوي البجنوردي.
* الشيخ حسين الوحيد الخراساني.
* محمد باقر الصدر.
* علي السيستاني.
* عبد الأمير قبلان.
* الشيخ مسلم السرابي الملكوتي.
* يوسف الحكيم الطباطبائي.
* محمد حسين فضل الله.
* الشيخ محمد آصف محسني.
* الشيخ الدكتور عيسى بن عبد الحميد الخاقاني، وچان مجاز من قبله.
* عبد الصاحب حسن علاوي الموسوي آل الشرع، وچان وكيله ومجاز من قبله.

==وفاته==
توفي محسن الحكيم بـ 27 ربيع الأول 1390 يصادف سنة 1970 م، بعمر 81 سنة.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.alkafeel.net/node/66937 &quot;ربيع الاول وفاة السيد محسن الحكيم&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== شوف هم ==

* [[Wp/acm/أبو القاسم الخوئي|أبو القاسم الخوئي]]
* [[Wp/acm/علي السيستاني|علي السيستاني]]
* [[Wp/acm/عمار الحكيم|عمار الحكيم]]

== مصادر ==
[[Category:Wp/acm]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q4115267}}</text>
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    </revision>
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      <text bytes="9037" sha1="rsyvjawhc8hfxcuj8ar1q41zgyffdtu" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/acm/PersonInfo|qid=Q4115267}}
'''محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم''' ([[Wp/acm/31 ايار|31 أيار]] 1889 – [[Wp/acm/18 حزيران|2 حزيران]] 1970)، هو مرجع ديني شيعي [[Wp/acm/عراقي|عراقي]]، أخذ رئاسة الحوزة العلمية بمدينة [[Wp/acm/النجف|النجف]] [[Wp/acm/العراق|بالعراق]] بعد وفاة السيد أبو الحسن الأصفهاني، وچان هم زعيم لملايين [[Wp/acm/الشيعة|الشيعة]] بوكته، وانعرف بمعارضته للشيوعية وأفكارها.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/ayatollah-mohsin-al-hakim.html &quot;Ayatollah Mohsin al-Hakim&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.haydarya.com/?id=1107&amp;sid=120 &quot;محسن الحكيم - مكتبة الروضة الحيدرية&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==نسبه==
هوخ محسن بن مهدي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.alhakeem-iraq.net/print.php?id=134 &quot;مرجع الطائفة الإمام آية الله العظمى السيد محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم (قدس سره)&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; بن صالح بن أحمد بن محمود بن إبراهيم بن علي هو ابن مراد بن أسد الله بن جلال الدين بن حسن بن مجد الدين علي بن قوام الدين محمد بن إسماعيل بن عباد بن أبي المكارم بن عباد بن أبي المجد أحمد بن عباد بن علي بن حمزة بن طاهر بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن السيد إبراهيم طباطبا بن إسماعيل الديباج بن إبراهيم الغمر بن الحسن المثنى بن الحسن المجتبى بن علي بن أبي طالب.

===ولده===
[[File:Sayyed Mohsen Hakim 01.jpg|thumb|محسن الحكيم وي ولده.]]
چان عند الحكيم 14 ولد، 10 منهم ولد و4 بنات. وأولاده الذكور همه

* يوسف الحكيم: جان يدرّس الفقه والأصول بـحوزة النجف، وچان من المدرّسين المعروفين بيها.

* محمد رضا الحكيم: أعدمه النظام العراقي السابق.

* محمد مهدي الحكيم: اغتالته المخابرات العراقية بالخرطوم، عاصمة السودان.

* محمد كاظم الحكيم: مات بحادث سيارة وهو بطريقه لكربلاء بسنة 1975.

* محمد باقر الحكيم: انقتل يوم [[Wp/acm/29 اب|29 آب]] 2003، بتفجير سيارة مفخخة بالنجف، من طلع من ضريح الإمام علي، بعد ما خلّص خطبة صلاة الجمعة.

* عبد الهادي الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية بوقت حكم البعث.

* عبد الصاحب الحكيم: هم أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* علاء الدين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* محمد حسين الحكيم: أعدمته الحكومة العراقية.

* عبد العزيز الحكيم: أتوفى سنة 2009.

==نشاطه السياسي==
===محاربته ضد الشيوعية===
انتشرت الأفكار الشيوعية بالعراق بوكت الحكيم، وانضم هواية من العراقيين للحزب الشيوعي العراقي. وبسبب هالشي، الحكيم وكف بوجه انتشار الأفكار الشيوعية، وحاول يوجّه الناس أنو للإسلام وحده يگدر يحقق العدالة الاجتماعية. ولهذا السبب أصدر هواية بيانات بهالموضوع، وبعد ما صارت مجزرة كركوك بمدينة كركوك شمال العراق، أصدر فتواه المعروفة اللي گال بيها: «الشيوعية كفر وإلحاد».

==مؤلفاته==
* '''مستمسك العروة الوثقى'''. شرح على كتاب ''العروة الوثقى'' لـمحمد كاظم الطباطبائي اليزدي، ويتكوّن من 14 مجلد.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/acm/استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الطهراني
  | الأول = آغا بزرگ
  | مؤلف-وصلة = آغا بزرك الطهراني
  | عنوان = الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة - ج21
  | صفحات = ص 14
  }}
  [http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/الكتب/3392_الذريعة-آقا-بزرگ-الطهراني-ج-24/الصفحة_425 النسخة الإلكترونية]&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''نهج الفقاهة'''. بيه تعليقات الحكيم على ''كتاب البيع'' لـمرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حاشية على المكاسب'''. حاشية كتبها على كتاب ''المكاسب'' لمؤلّفه مرتضى الأنصاري.
* '''حقائق الأصول'''.
* '''منهاج الصالحين'''. رسالته العملية، وانطبعت أول مرة بالنجف سنة 1365 هـ، وحصلت على استحسان هواية من علماء الشيعة. وأول واحد اعتمدها بعد الحكيم هو [[Wp/acm/أبو القاسم الخوئي|أبو القاسم الخوئي]]، وأضاف إلها بعض الفروع، ورتّب بعض المسائل من جديد، وحط عليها تعليقة، وبعدين دمجها ويا الكتاب الأصلي حتى صارت مطابقة لفتاواه،&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/acm/استشهاد بكتاب
  | الأخير = الحسيني الروحاني
  | الأول = صادق
  | مؤلف-وصلة = صادق الحسيني الروحاني
  | عنوان = منهاج الصالحين - الجزء الأول
  | صفحات = ص 5
  }}
  &lt;/ref&gt; ونفس الشي سواه المرجع عبد الأعلى السبزواري، وبعده مشوا على نفس الطريقة عدد كبير من تلامذة الخوئي المعروفين، واللي صاروا مراجع دينية، ومن بينهم: التبريزي، والوحيد الخراساني، والروحاني،و [[Wp/acm/علي السيستاني|السيستاني]]،و الحكيم، والواعظي،&lt;ref&gt;[http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct -منهاج الصالحين - العبادات - المقدمة] الواعظي {{Wp/acm/وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ= يونيو 2019 |bot=JarBot}} {{Wp/acm/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410125432/http://wadhy.com/arabic/pages/book.php?bcc=166&amp;itg=1&amp;bi=12&amp;s=ct|date=2020-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; وغيرهم.
* '''منهاج الناسكين'''.
* '''شرح التبصرة'''. شرح على كتاب «تبصرة المتعلمين في أحكام الدين» لـ ابن المطهر الحلي.
* '''دليل الناسك'''.
* '''تحرير المنهاج'''.
* '''مختصر منهاج الصالحين'''.
* '''حاشية على كتاب الدر الثمين'''.
* '''حاشية على الرسالة الصلاتية'''.
* '''شرح كتاب المراح'''.
* '''شرح تشريح الأفلاك'''.
* '''رسالة في سجدة السهو'''.
* '''رسالة مختصرة في علم الدراية'''.
* '''رسالة في بعض المسائل المتفرقة في الصلاة'''.
* '''حواش على نجاة العباد'''.
* '''تعليقة على كتاب رياض المسائل'''. تعليقة على كتاب «رياض المسائل في تحقيق الأحكام بالدلائل» لـ علي الطباطبائي.
* '''حواش على تقريرات الخونساري'''.
* '''الشرح النافع'''.
* '''منتخب الرسائل'''.
* '''حاشية استدلالية على كتاب الربا من العروة الوثقى'''.
* '''تعليقة على توضيح المسائل'''.

==تلامذته==
* الشيخ محمد تقي الفقيه.
* أبو الفضل فاطمي الناييني الطباطبايي، وچان وكيل مجاز من قبله.
* محمد سعيد الطباطبائي الحكيم.
* محمد مهدي الموسوي البجنوردي.
* الشيخ حسين الوحيد الخراساني.
* محمد باقر الصدر.
* علي السيستاني.
* عبد الأمير قبلان.
* الشيخ مسلم السرابي الملكوتي.
* يوسف الحكيم الطباطبائي.
* محمد حسين فضل الله.
* الشيخ محمد آصف محسني.
* الشيخ الدكتور عيسى بن عبد الحميد الخاقاني، وچان مجاز من قبله.
* عبد الصاحب حسن علاوي الموسوي آل الشرع، وچان وكيله ومجاز من قبله.

==وفاته==
توفي محسن الحكيم بـ 27 ربيع الأول 1390 يصادف سنة 1970 م، بعمر 81 سنة.&lt;ref&gt;[https://forums.alkafeel.net/node/66937 &quot;ربيع الاول وفاة السيد محسن الحكيم&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== شوف هم ==

* [[Wp/acm/أبو القاسم الخوئي|أبو القاسم الخوئي]]
* [[Wp/acm/علي السيستاني|علي السيستاني]]
* [[Wp/acm/عمار الحكيم|عمار الحكيم]]

== مصادر ==
[[Category:Wp/acm]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q4115267}}</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Gray1167 zh.svg|thumb|300px|膣其正面图]] '''膣'''（英话：vagina），抑叫'''阴道'''，是讲[[Wp/hnm/查某|查某]]连接[[Wp/hnm/子宫|子宫]]同外[[Wp/hnm/生殖器|生殖器]]其器官，呈上阔下狭其柱状，由黏膜、肌层同外膜组成。伊是查某其生殖管道，抑就是[[Wp/hnm/孧囝|孧囝]]出世爱经过其地方，抑是拿来接受雄性生殖细胞抑精子。  [[Category:Wp/hnm]]&quot;</comment>
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'''膣'''（英话：vagina），抑叫'''阴道'''，是讲[[Wp/hnm/查某|查某]]连接[[Wp/hnm/子宫|子宫]]同外[[Wp/hnm/生殖器|生殖器]]其器官，呈上阔下狭其柱状，由黏膜、肌层同外膜组成。伊是查某其生殖管道，抑就是[[Wp/hnm/孧囝|孧囝]]出世爱经过其地方，抑是拿来接受雄性生殖细胞抑精子。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Structure of the human penis.svg|thumb|300px|朘其正面图]] '''朘'''（英话：penis），抑叫'''阴茎'''，是一只单单[[Wp/hnm/公爹|公爹]]有其器官，是公爹生殖系统同泌尿系统其一部分，[[Wp/hnm/繁殖|繁殖]]同[[Wp/hnm/屙尿|屙尿]]拢靠伊。每只公爹拢有一条朘，伫身躯下底正中央凸出。一条朘分作根、主体同上皮三部分；朘根囥伫身躯里向，朘体抑就是由身躯凸出许枚，包含...&quot;</comment>
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'''朘'''（英话：penis），抑叫'''阴茎'''，是一只单单[[Wp/hnm/公爹|公爹]]有其器官，是公爹生殖系统同泌尿系统其一部分，[[Wp/hnm/繁殖|繁殖]]同[[Wp/hnm/屙尿|屙尿]]拢靠伊。每只公爹拢有一条朘，伫身躯下底正中央凸出。一条朘分作根、主体同上皮三部分；朘根囥伫身躯里向，朘体抑就是由身躯凸出许枚，包含着连贯其海绵体同尿道等条状软[[Wp/hnm/𪱣|𪱣]]，而上皮部分就是包着朘主体其皮肤，当中伫第一前盖着龟头许截叫包皮。

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'''公共'''（英话：Public），抑叫'''公众'''、'''公家'''，是讲包含家己同拢总[[Wp/hnm/公民|公民]]伫内底其[[Wp/hnm/社会|社会]]整体。比论讲，全[[Wp/hnm/农村|农村]]其[[Wp/hnm/世侬|世侬]]总动员相俦挖一只井来相俦利用，是公共性能𪨧高其活动，结果对[[Wp/hnm/个人|个人]]拢带来好处。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Japanese Danmaku example.jpg|thumb|300px|弹幕其例子]] '''弹幕'''（大和话：弾幕／danmaku）会使算作[[Wp/hnm/字幕|字幕]]其一种，加落[[Wp/hnm/视频|视频]]当中，但是写其[[Wp/hnm/文字|文字]]无是视频中伊侬讲其[[Wp/hnm/物件|物件]]，抑是[[Wp/hnm/世侬|世侬]]一边望视频一边发其[[Wp/hnm/留言|留言]]。伊起源伫[[Wp/hnm/日本|日本]]阁再兴时伫[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]，用户会使伫视频网...&quot;</comment>
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'''弹幕'''（大和话：弾幕／danmaku）会使算作[[Wp/hnm/字幕|字幕]]其一种，加落[[Wp/hnm/视频|视频]]当中，但是写其[[Wp/hnm/文字|文字]]无是视频中伊侬讲其[[Wp/hnm/物件|物件]]，抑是[[Wp/hnm/世侬|世侬]]一边望视频一边发其[[Wp/hnm/留言|留言]]。伊起源伫[[Wp/hnm/日本|日本]]阁再兴时伫[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]，用户会使伫视频网站当中望视频阵时发送留言，而留言会伫视频当中特定[[Wp/hnm/时间|时间]]点，用滑动字幕其方式显示分拢总观众望，从而增加世侬间其互动。伊主要发布其[[Wp/hnm/作品|作品]]偏向伫[[Wp/hnm/ACGN|ACGN]]类别，亲像[[Wp/hnm/动画|动画]]、[[Wp/hnm/音乐|音乐]]、[[Wp/hnm/二次创作|二次创作]]、[[Wp/hnm/同人|同人]]等作品，抑有一滴从其他视频网站转载过来其作品。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Ma Yuan - Water Album - The Yellow River Breaches its Course.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Wp/hnm/宋朝|宋朝]]其马远所作《黄河逆流图》]] '''中华'''是涵盖[[Wp/hnm/亚欧大陆|亚欧大陆]]东部广大面积其[[Wp/hnm/地方|地方]]，抑是[[Wp/hnm/人类|人类]]文明摇篮之一，阁再是今旦唯一保持[[Wp/hnm/文化|文化]]形态延续数千年无断其[[Wp/hnm/原住民|原住民]]其[[Wp/hnm/文明|文明]]体系。古代Wp/hnm/华夏|华...&quot;</comment>
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'''中华'''是涵盖[[Wp/hnm/亚欧大陆|亚欧大陆]]东部广大面积其[[Wp/hnm/地方|地方]]，抑是[[Wp/hnm/人类|人类]]文明摇篮之一，阁再是今旦唯一保持[[Wp/hnm/文化|文化]]形态延续数千年无断其[[Wp/hnm/原住民|原住民]]其[[Wp/hnm/文明|文明]]体系。古代[[Wp/hnm/华夏|华夏]]大半建都伫[[Wp/hnm/黄河|黄河]]南北，因为伊伫四方其当中，所以叫中华。「中华」一词第一早见伫晋代典籍。刘弘《请诏东海王等罢兵表》：「今边陲无备豫之储，'''中华'''有杼轴之困。」《左传正义》解释：「中国有礼仪之大，故称'''夏'''，有服章之美，谓之'''华'''。」

这只地方其文化叫作[[Wp/hnm/中华文化|中华文化]]，历经上千年其[[Wp/hnm/历史|历史]]演变，是古代其各地方、各[[Wp/hnm/民族|民族]]其文化长期互相[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]同融合其结果。伫长期其历史发展当中，中华文化形成去多元一体其格局。作为伊主要其[[Wp/hnm/汉文化|汉文化]]，对[[Wp/hnm/日本|日本]]同[[Wp/hnm/朝鲜半岛|朝鲜半岛]]有深远影响，形成[[Wp/hnm/汉字文化圈|汉字文化圈]]。中华其传统[[Wp/hnm/艺术|艺术]]形式有[[Wp/hnm/相声|相声]]、[[Wp/hnm/戏曲|戏曲]]、[[Wp/hnm/书法|书法]]、[[Wp/hnm/国画|国画]]、[[Wp/hnm/文学|文学]]、[[Wp/hnm/陶瓷|陶瓷]]、[[Wp/hnm/雕刻|雕刻]]这般，传统[[Wp/hnm/娱乐|娱乐]]活动有[[Wp/hnm/象棋|象棋]]、[[Wp/hnm/围棋|围棋]]、[[Wp/hnm/麻将|麻将]]、[[Wp/hnm/中国武术|中国武术]]这般。[[Wp/hnm/茶|茶]]、[[Wp/hnm/酒|酒]]、[[Wp/hnm/菜|菜]]同[[Wp/hnm/箸|箸]]这般是中华其特色饮食文化，[[Wp/hnm/春节|春节]]、[[Wp/hnm/元宵|元宵]]、[[Wp/hnm/清明|清明]]、[[Wp/hnm/端午|端午]]、[[Wp/hnm/七夕|七夕]]、[[Wp/hnm/中秋|中秋]]、[[Wp/hnm/冬至|冬至]]这般是中华其传统节日。古代其中华伫[[Wp/hnm/科学|科学]]领域当中抑有丰厚其成就。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân (MMR: Measles, Mumps, Rubella) na kin yeeŋ wajaŋa kila gé ǎl dɨ́eŋíŋ in ba̱ɨjân-sí káwe. MMR ba̱ɨjân yé já̱nyʉ́ŋɨ́ŋ ba̱ɨjân-ii ǎl kin wajaŋáŋ káwe: bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ (measles), gildɨ́ŋboógá'ŋ (mumps), na bʉrjʉgtirma (rubella). Yé niiŋ-si kee dɨó: bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ ba̱ɨjân, gildɨ́ŋboóŋa'ŋ ba̱ɨjân, na bʉrjʉgtirmaŋ ba̱ɨjân na dawáŋ jâ̱yʉ togíŋ dɨó. Janíŋá a̱w lé kwa nii-sí jaa...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3224" sha1="3uwgaewslx9qle39ufe2ahwdtd8iclp" xml:space="preserve">MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân (MMR: Measles, Mumps, Rubella) na kin yeeŋ wajaŋa kila gé ǎl dɨ́eŋíŋ in ba̱ɨjân-sí káwe. MMR ba̱ɨjân yé já̱nyʉ́ŋɨ́ŋ ba̱ɨjân-ii ǎl kin wajaŋáŋ káwe: bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ (measles), gildɨ́ŋboógá'ŋ (mumps), na bʉrjʉgtirma (rubella). Yé niiŋ-si kee dɨó: bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ ba̱ɨjân, gildɨ́ŋboóŋa'ŋ ba̱ɨjân, na bʉrjʉgtirmaŋ ba̱ɨjân na dawáŋ jâ̱yʉ togíŋ dɨó. Janíŋá a̱w lé kwa nii-sí jaan 97% bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ konsáŋ, 88% guldíŋboógaŋáŋ konsáŋ na dákkíŋdii 97% bʉrjʉgtirmaŋ konsáŋ. Na yee sí kí dawáŋ jâ̱yʉ́ŋ dorá kanniá.


Bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ yé ba̱wɨ́ŋ-si na waja ila-ii ǎl saa waar waar jɨttɨnyáálíŋ na ǎl si kélléŋ namân síŋ suŋŋâ úrrúŋó lóóŋá dii lé. Namân níŋ wǎy le páágó. Na ilâíŋ írí kumuríŋsʉʉ, júúruŋkorotaan dɨ́rrô na lóóŋá dii lé. Tin kurrâ ba̱w namá ye ii ná júúrú'ŋ waja lé páágél. Yáaŋa kólŋá kônyjolíŋ jányɨɨ lé ka̱ɨŋ nii ǎl kʉwóŋ jawíŋ dɨ́rrɨŋ si tuuŋel kʉlɨŋɨ́ŋ tin lé. namá ye ii ná kwě kolé'ŋ da̱a̱rɨŋ lé páágél. 


MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân ba̱rʉŋa nyét le kee da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó. Iná ayé 2012 jaiŋa 575 míri pa̱a̱gʉl míŋ nii ǎl sí ba̱ɨjâníŋ perra jeŋ tuuŋa da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó. Bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ dééŋ dítîn kwa 2.6 míri ayé bi ayé níŋ kuseli ilâíŋ waar ǎl si kâ̱ɨ́ŋɨ ná ba̱ɨjâníŋ jaáno da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó perra á eŋa ba. In namá wǎyŋáŋ díígiŋ sí ka̱rɨ́ŋ jáwí ayéŋáŋ dɨó. Namaŋ 122,000 pa̱a̱gʉl ǎl yé ii 2012, na sʉŋŋâŋ ere sôŋgoŋáŋja̱bɨ́ittáŋ ba̱rʉŋa lé kééŋá. Kí ba̱ɨjâniŋíŋ dorá in ǎl ayé 2018, Amrɨ̂ka Rɨ́ɨ́ na Sa̱ɨ́d bʉrjʉgkoóníŋíŋ díígiŋtúléŋ dúu ii. Waja díígiŋtúléŋ in si lóóŋíti ásáŋ nyííŋí kila kwáŋ dɨó alá ba̱ɨjân á kanieba. Ayé 2000'ŋ táás lé kí ayé 2018, ba̱ɨjân bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ wǎyŋá sí kí 73% dǔu jáwí. 


Jáano'ŋ jɨgéŋá sâbba bá jʉ́ʉ́ndɨ́eŋi ná wa̱rɨ ɨndeli annaŋ si a̱rɨ tóg dog á káweba. Kin namás nii sí nyííti, waja kɨ̌rró ǎl namaŋ wa̱y pii walagal pukká ɨ̂ndéllíŋ dawáŋ ja̱yʉ́ŋ lóó le. Jaaníŋtirínyasa̱rgɨ́ŋ dɨ́rrɨŋ ǎl dʉó tog lé kee kwa míríŋ dɨó. Ɨdɨ́ɨ́ŋɨ́ŋ ná yé jɨttɨnyálíŋá sálláŋás kee. MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân sí épéródʉŋo ás anseroba kʉʉlɨŋɨ́ŋ tin lé. Maraŋ níŋ nâ̱nsʉ́ŋboráŋjaba'ŋ tin lé kanniá. Ba̱ɨjân yé amân nii anniŋ kí ba̱ɨjâna kerŋa arrá tin tog kanie, illâ a̱ttɨ́nɨ́e tog dig á keba. MMR'íŋ jaánóŋ jɨrgɨ́ŋôŋ táás kí waja dítiníŋ miineŋ. MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân úrríŋ si wajaŋa ɨɨsɨ́ŋ jɨttɨnyáálíŋá sállâŋa nyokkéŋa. 


MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân yé kí Maurice Hellemaníŋ dorá tʉ́ʉ́mɨ́ŋɨ́. Yé jɨɨnel bʉ́ló áláŋ US Amrɨ́ka dɨó táárí piá kí Merckɨ́ŋ dorá ayé 1971. Na kin ba̱ɨjâna kergella káɨ́ŋ waja bi wajáŋ, bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ, gildɨ́ŋboóga, na bʉrjʉgtirma ǎl míŋ waar jɨɨnel bʉ́lé míŋ ayé 1963, 1967, na 1969.

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      <text bytes="3216" sha1="kcmftrx6dq372oymt69546hr5e1jqvu" xml:space="preserve">MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân (MMR: Measles, Mumps, Rubella) na kin yeeŋ wajaŋa kila gé ǎl dɨ́eŋíŋ in ba̱ɨjân-sí káwe. MMR ba̱ɨjân yé já̱nyʉ́ŋɨ́ŋ ba̱ɨjân-ii ǎl kin wajaŋáŋ káwe: bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ (measles), gildɨ́ŋboógá'ŋ (mumps), na bʉrjʉgtirma (rubella). Yé niiŋ-si kee dɨó: bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ ba̱ɨjân, gildɨ́ŋboóŋa'ŋ ba̱ɨjân, na bʉrjʉgtirmaŋ ba̱ɨjân na dawáŋ jâ̱yʉ togíŋ dɨó. Janíŋá a̱w lé kwa nii-sí jaan 97% bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ konsáŋ, 88% guldíŋboógaŋáŋ konsáŋ na dákkíŋdii 97% bʉrjʉgtirmaŋ konsáŋ. Na yee sí kí dawáŋ jâ̱yʉ́ŋ dorá kanniá.

Bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ yé ba̱wɨ́ŋ-si na waja ila-ii ǎl saa waar waar jɨttɨnyáálíŋ na ǎl si kélléŋ namân síŋ suŋŋâ úrrúŋó lóóŋá dii lé. Namân níŋ wǎy le páágó. Na ilâíŋ írí kumuríŋsʉʉ, júúruŋkorotaan dɨ́rrô na lóóŋá dii lé. Tin kurrâ ba̱w namá ye ii ná júúrú'ŋ waja lé páágél. Yáaŋa kólŋá kônyjolíŋ jányɨɨ lé ka̱ɨŋ nii ǎl kʉwóŋ jawíŋ dɨ́rrɨŋ si tuuŋel kʉlɨŋɨ́ŋ tin lé. namá ye ii ná kwě kolé'ŋ da̱a̱rɨŋ lé páágél. 

MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân ba̱rʉŋa nyét le kee da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó. Iná ayé 2012 jaiŋa 575 míri pa̱a̱gʉl míŋ nii ǎl sí ba̱ɨjâníŋ perra jeŋ tuuŋa da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó. Bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ dééŋ dítîn kwa 2.6 míri ayé bi ayé níŋ kuseli ilâíŋ waar ǎl si kâ̱ɨ́ŋɨ ná ba̱ɨjâníŋ jaáno da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó perra á eŋa ba. In namá wǎyŋáŋ díígiŋ sí ka̱rɨ́ŋ jáwí ayéŋáŋ dɨó. Namaŋ 122,000 pa̱a̱gʉl ǎl yé ii 2012, na sʉŋŋâŋ ere sôŋgoŋáŋja̱bɨ́ittáŋ ba̱rʉŋa lé kééŋá. Kí ba̱ɨjâniŋíŋ dorá in ǎl ayé 2018, Amrɨ̂ka Rɨ́ɨ́ na Sa̱ɨ́d bʉrjʉgkoóníŋíŋ díígiŋtúléŋ dúu ii. Waja díígiŋtúléŋ in si lóóŋíti ásáŋ nyííŋí kila kwáŋ dɨó alá ba̱ɨjân á kanieba. Ayé 2000'ŋ táás lé kí ayé 2018, ba̱ɨjân bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ wǎyŋá sí kí 73% dǔu jáwí. 

Jáano'ŋ jɨgéŋá sâbba bá jʉ́ʉ́ndɨ́eŋi ná wa̱rɨ ɨndeli annaŋ si a̱rɨ tóg dog á káweba. Kin namás nii sí nyííti, waja kɨ̌rró ǎl namaŋ wa̱y pii walagal pukká ɨ̂ndéllíŋ dawáŋ ja̱yʉ́ŋ lóó le. Jaaníŋtirínyasa̱rgɨ́ŋ dɨ́rrɨŋ ǎl dʉó tog lé kee kwa míríŋ dɨó. Ɨdɨ́ɨ́ŋɨ́ŋ ná yé jɨttɨnyálíŋá sálláŋás kee. MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân sí épéródʉŋo ás anseroba kʉʉlɨŋɨ́ŋ tin lé. Maraŋ níŋ nâ̱nsʉ́ŋboráŋjaba'ŋ tin lé kanniá. Ba̱ɨjân yé amân nii anniŋ kí ba̱ɨjâna kerŋa arrá tin tog kanie, illâ a̱ttɨ́nɨ́e tog dig á keba. MMR'íŋ jaánóŋ jɨrgɨ́ŋôŋ táás kí waja dítiníŋ miineŋ. MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân úrríŋ si wajaŋa ɨɨsɨ́ŋ jɨttɨnyáálíŋá sállâŋa nyokkéŋa. 

MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân yé kí Maurice Hellemaníŋ dorá tʉ́ʉ́mɨ́ŋɨ́. Yé jɨɨnel bʉ́ló áláŋ US Amrɨ́ka dɨó táárí piá kí Merckɨ́ŋ dorá ayé 1971. Na kin ba̱ɨjâna kergella káɨ́ŋ waja bi wajáŋ, bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ, gildɨ́ŋboóga, na bʉrjʉgtirma ǎl míŋ waar jɨɨnel bʉ́lé míŋ ayé 1963, 1967, na 1969.

[[Category:Wp/fvr]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381794</id>
      <parentid>7381793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:33:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Dinkawiki</username>
        <id>2364021</id>
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      <text bytes="3247" sha1="kq94vkq2knhdvuijd195y61bof1hhmh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:MMR vaccine.jpg|thumb]]
MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân (MMR: Measles, Mumps, Rubella) na kin yeeŋ wajaŋa kila gé ǎl dɨ́eŋíŋ in ba̱ɨjân-sí káwe. MMR ba̱ɨjân yé já̱nyʉ́ŋɨ́ŋ ba̱ɨjân-ii ǎl kin wajaŋáŋ káwe: bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ (measles), gildɨ́ŋboógá'ŋ (mumps), na bʉrjʉgtirma (rubella). Yé niiŋ-si kee dɨó: bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ ba̱ɨjân, gildɨ́ŋboóŋa'ŋ ba̱ɨjân, na bʉrjʉgtirmaŋ ba̱ɨjân na dawáŋ jâ̱yʉ togíŋ dɨó. Janíŋá a̱w lé kwa nii-sí jaan 97% bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ konsáŋ, 88% guldíŋboógaŋáŋ konsáŋ na dákkíŋdii 97% bʉrjʉgtirmaŋ konsáŋ. Na yee sí kí dawáŋ jâ̱yʉ́ŋ dorá kanniá.

Bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ yé ba̱wɨ́ŋ-si na waja ila-ii ǎl saa waar waar jɨttɨnyáálíŋ na ǎl si kélléŋ namân síŋ suŋŋâ úrrúŋó lóóŋá dii lé. Namân níŋ wǎy le páágó. Na ilâíŋ írí kumuríŋsʉʉ, júúruŋkorotaan dɨ́rrô na lóóŋá dii lé. Tin kurrâ ba̱w namá ye ii ná júúrú'ŋ waja lé páágél. Yáaŋa kólŋá kônyjolíŋ jányɨɨ lé ka̱ɨŋ nii ǎl kʉwóŋ jawíŋ dɨ́rrɨŋ si tuuŋel kʉlɨŋɨ́ŋ tin lé. namá ye ii ná kwě kolé'ŋ da̱a̱rɨŋ lé páágél. 

MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân ba̱rʉŋa nyét le kee da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó. Iná ayé 2012 jaiŋa 575 míri pa̱a̱gʉl míŋ nii ǎl sí ba̱ɨjâníŋ perra jeŋ tuuŋa da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó. Bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ dééŋ dítîn kwa 2.6 míri ayé bi ayé níŋ kuseli ilâíŋ waar ǎl si kâ̱ɨ́ŋɨ ná ba̱ɨjâníŋ jaáno da̱ldɨ́ŋ dɨó perra á eŋa ba. In namá wǎyŋáŋ díígiŋ sí ka̱rɨ́ŋ jáwí ayéŋáŋ dɨó. Namaŋ 122,000 pa̱a̱gʉl ǎl yé ii 2012, na sʉŋŋâŋ ere sôŋgoŋáŋja̱bɨ́ittáŋ ba̱rʉŋa lé kééŋá. Kí ba̱ɨjâniŋíŋ dorá in ǎl ayé 2018, Amrɨ̂ka Rɨ́ɨ́ na Sa̱ɨ́d bʉrjʉgkoóníŋíŋ díígiŋtúléŋ dúu ii. Waja díígiŋtúléŋ in si lóóŋíti ásáŋ nyííŋí kila kwáŋ dɨó alá ba̱ɨjân á kanieba. Ayé 2000'ŋ táás lé kí ayé 2018, ba̱ɨjân bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ wǎyŋá sí kí 73% dǔu jáwí. 

Jáano'ŋ jɨgéŋá sâbba bá jʉ́ʉ́ndɨ́eŋi ná wa̱rɨ ɨndeli annaŋ si a̱rɨ tóg dog á káweba. Kin namás nii sí nyííti, waja kɨ̌rró ǎl namaŋ wa̱y pii walagal pukká ɨ̂ndéllíŋ dawáŋ ja̱yʉ́ŋ lóó le. Jaaníŋtirínyasa̱rgɨ́ŋ dɨ́rrɨŋ ǎl dʉó tog lé kee kwa míríŋ dɨó. Ɨdɨ́ɨ́ŋɨ́ŋ ná yé jɨttɨnyálíŋá sálláŋás kee. MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân sí épéródʉŋo ás anseroba kʉʉlɨŋɨ́ŋ tin lé. Maraŋ níŋ nâ̱nsʉ́ŋboráŋjaba'ŋ tin lé kanniá. Ba̱ɨjân yé amân nii anniŋ kí ba̱ɨjâna kerŋa arrá tin tog kanie, illâ a̱ttɨ́nɨ́e tog dig á keba. MMR'íŋ jaánóŋ jɨrgɨ́ŋôŋ táás kí waja dítiníŋ miineŋ. MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân úrríŋ si wajaŋa ɨɨsɨ́ŋ jɨttɨnyáálíŋá sállâŋa nyokkéŋa. 

MMR'íŋ ba̱ɨjân yé kí Maurice Hellemaníŋ dorá tʉ́ʉ́mɨ́ŋɨ́. Yé jɨɨnel bʉ́ló áláŋ US Amrɨ́ka dɨó táárí piá kí Merckɨ́ŋ dorá ayé 1971. Na kin ba̱ɨjâna kergella káɨ́ŋ waja bi wajáŋ, bʉrjʉgkoóníŋ, gildɨ́ŋboóga, na bʉrjʉgtirma ǎl míŋ waar jɨɨnel bʉ́lé míŋ ayé 1963, 1967, na 1969.

[[Category:Wp/fvr]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/قارا</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381795</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/قارا یارادیلیر</comment>
      <origin>7381795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="657" sha1="08b6jnvsf8e62940qkol3zgzkf5i206" xml:space="preserve">== قارا ==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#قارا← قارا بویاق. قانشاری← [[Wt/azb/آق|آق]]، [[Wt/azb/آغ|آغ]].
#:قارا گؤن!
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : 
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/black color|black color]]
* تورکییه : قارا
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: سیاه
*بهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/قره|قره]]
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}

[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[En:black color]]
[[Fa:سیاه]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ppl/wilewa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381796</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:47:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Millie Janette</username>
        <id>2615313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{| style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; border: 2px solid #0284c7; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; width: auto;&quot; | '''WILEWA''' ---- ''Categoría Gramatical:'' Verbo Transitivo  ''Grammatical Category:'' Transitive Verb ---- * '''Audio:'''  [[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Ishkilinit--wilewa.wav|LL-Q1186896_(ppl)-Ishkilinit--wilewa|embed|200px]] |}  [[File:Zeus, Digging For China.jpg|Zeus,_Digging_For_China|thumb|250px|Wilewa]]   === Español === Desordenar (buscando)  Ne pelu kiwilew...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7381796</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="677" sha1="cu03u3p9gvv2u6z78adr9k6q9dz8rja" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; border: 2px solid #0284c7; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; width: auto;&quot;
|
'''WILEWA'''
----
''Categoría Gramatical:'' Verbo Transitivo

''Grammatical Category:'' Transitive Verb
----
* '''Audio:''' 
[[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Ishkilinit--wilewa.wav|LL-Q1186896_(ppl)-Ishkilinit--wilewa|embed|200px]]
|}

[[File:Zeus, Digging For China.jpg|Zeus,_Digging_For_China|thumb|250px|Wilewa]] 

=== Español ===
Desordenar (buscando)

Ne pelu kiwilewa ne tal: El perro desordena
la tierra (rascando).

=== English ===

Disorder (searching)

The dog messes up the ground (by scratching).
[[Category:Wt/ppl/Category:Verbo Transitivo]]
[[Category:Wt/ppl]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wy/ta/Quickbar with missing information</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3829528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381799</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:51:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>பகுப்பு உருவாக்கப்பட்டது</comment>
      <origin>7381799</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2121" sha1="lwjxk93ys5w7bzgy5jg4yrs27f2n5gv" xml:space="preserve">This category lists pages with {{Wy/ta/Tl|Wy/ta/Quickbar}} and missing information. Please add new information to Wikidata.

''See also:'' [[:d:Wikidata:Wikivoyage/Lists/Quickbar]]

== Queries ==
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P36&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= capital missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P38&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= currency missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P1082&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= population missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P2884&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= electricity missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P474&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= country code missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P421&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= time zones missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P2852&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= emergencies missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P1622&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= driving side missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P242&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= location map missing]
* [{{Wy/ta/Catscancall}}&amp;categories=Quickbar%20with%20missing%20information&amp;ns%5B0%5D=1&amp;wikidata_prop_item_use=P2853&amp;wpiu=none&amp;interface_language=en&amp;active_tab=&amp;doit= plug type missing]

__HIDDENCAT__
[[Category:Wy/ta/Articles needing attention]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Aritmètica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381800</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;L''''aritmètica'''&lt;ref name=&quot;berti&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://6ab394357489899f5a53ea2b--stupendous-meringue-467811.netlify.app/|aut = Enrico Berti|tit=Enciclopedia Romagnola|acc=2.11.2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la piò antiga specializaziõn dla [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|matemàtica]], cvela ch'la stugia al pruprietê piò sẽmplizi dagl'uperaziõn sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar|nòmar]], parlapiò sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar naturel|nòmar naturel]].  L'è druvêda tot i dè pr' ubietiv tãn...&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2805" sha1="r2rl4fokeq8xx2ko9aemri8hx77voa8" xml:space="preserve">L''''aritmètica'''&lt;ref name=&quot;berti&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://6ab394357489899f5a53ea2b--stupendous-meringue-467811.netlify.app/|aut = Enrico Berti|tit=Enciclopedia Romagnola|acc=2.11.2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la piò antiga specializaziõn dla [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|matemàtica]], cvela ch'la stugia al pruprietê piò sẽmplizi dagl'uperaziõn sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar|nòmar]], parlapiò sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar naturel|nòmar naturel]].

L'è druvêda tot i dè pr' ubietiv tãnt sẽmpliz, coma cuntêr cvel, valutêr prez, stabilir distãnz; l'è druvêda nẽnca par dj ubietiv avanzè, par eṣẽmpi in chèlcul finanzieri cumplichè o int la tëcnica dal cumunicaziõn (critugrafeja).

Dal vôlt i matemëtich i drôva la parôla aritmètica par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]], ch'l'è una disiplẽna ch'la trata parò prublēm piò avanzè e spacèfich spët a l'aritmètica piò fàzila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Harold Davenport|tit=The Higher Arithmetic: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers|edi=Cambridge University Press|edz=7|ann=1999|isb=0-521-63446-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uperaziõn dl'aritmètica ==
[[File:Basic arithmetic operators.svg|thumb|right|I cvàtar uperatur dl'aritmètica.]]
Agl'uperaziõn dl'aritmètica tradiziunêli agl'è l'[[Wp/rgn/Adiziõn|adiziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Sutraziõn|sutraziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Multiplicaziõn|multiplicaziõn]] e la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn|diviṣiõn]]. Dal vôlt u j s met nẽnca dagl'uperaziõn piò cumplichêdi coma l'alzêda a [[Wp/rgn/Putẽnza (matemàtica)|putẽnza]], l'estraziõn d [[Wp/rgn/Radiṣa (matemàtica)|radiṣa]] o l uṣ dal [[Wp/rgn/Parzentuêla|parzentuêl]]. I chèlcul dl'aritmètica j à da rispitê l [[Wp/rgn/Ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn|ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn]]. Igna insẽn ch'e' azeta toti al cvàtar uperaziõn dl'aritmètica (fura ch'la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn par ẓēro|diviṣiõn par ẓēro]]) e indò al cvàtar uperaziõn al gôd dal cumõni pruprietê, l è ciamè [[Wp/rgn/Cãmp (matemàtica)|cãmp]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Frank Tapson|tit=The Oxford Mathematics Study Dictionary|edi=Oxford University Press|ann=1996|isb=0-19-914551-2|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordmathematic0000taps_q1d1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teureja di nòmar ==
La parôla ''aritmètica'' l'è nẽnca druvêda par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]]. Cvesta che cvè la stugia al pruprietê di nòmar seld culeghêdi ai [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar prem|nòmar prem]], la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣibilitê|diviṣibilitê]] e al suluziõn seld dagl'ecvaziõn. Acvè u s incõntra e' [[Wp/rgn/Teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica|teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica]] e al [[Wp/rgn/Funziõn dl'aritmètica|funziõn dl'aritmètica]].

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Matematica]]</text>
      <sha1>r2rl4fokeq8xx2ko9aemri8hx77voa8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381803</id>
      <parentid>7381800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:57:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Uperaziõn dl'aritmètica */</comment>
      <origin>7381803</origin>
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      <text bytes="2808" sha1="p3xhhg6jy8bgageo8shas10vtnxzd1g" xml:space="preserve">L''''aritmètica'''&lt;ref name=&quot;berti&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://6ab394357489899f5a53ea2b--stupendous-meringue-467811.netlify.app/|aut = Enrico Berti|tit=Enciclopedia Romagnola|acc=2.11.2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la piò antiga specializaziõn dla [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|matemàtica]], cvela ch'la stugia al pruprietê piò sẽmplizi dagl'uperaziõn sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar|nòmar]], parlapiò sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar naturel|nòmar naturel]].

L'è druvêda tot i dè pr' ubietiv tãnt sẽmpliz, coma cuntêr cvel, valutêr prez, stabilir distãnz; l'è druvêda nẽnca par dj ubietiv avanzè, par eṣẽmpi in chèlcul finanzieri cumplichè o int la tëcnica dal cumunicaziõn (critugrafeja).

Dal vôlt i matemëtich i drôva la parôla aritmètica par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]], ch'l'è una disiplẽna ch'la trata parò prublēm piò avanzè e spacèfich spët a l'aritmètica piò fàzila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Harold Davenport|tit=The Higher Arithmetic: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers|edi=Cambridge University Press|edz=7|ann=1999|isb=0-521-63446-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uperaziõn dl'aritmètica ==
[[File:Basic arithmetic operators.svg|thumb|right|I cvàtar uperatur dl'aritmètica.]]
Agl'uperaziõn dl'aritmètica tradiziunêli agl'è l'[[Wp/rgn/Adiziõn|adiziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Sutraziõn|sutraziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Multiplicaziõn|multiplicaziõn]] e la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn|diviṣiõn]]. Dal vôlt u j s met nẽnca dagl'uperaziõn piò cumplichêdi coma l'alzêda a [[Wp/rgn/Putẽnza (matemàtica)|putẽnza]], l'estraziõn d [[Wp/rgn/Radiṣa (matemàtica)|radiṣa]] o l uṣ dal [[Wp/rgn/Parzentuêla|parzentuêl]]. I chèlcul dl'aritmètica j è fët rispitend l [[Wp/rgn/Ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn|ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn]]. Igna insẽn ch'e' azeta toti al cvàtar uperaziõn dl'aritmètica (fura ch'la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn par ẓēro|diviṣiõn par ẓēro]]) e indò al cvàtar uperaziõn al gôd dal cumõni pruprietê, l è ciamè [[Wp/rgn/Cãmp (matemàtica)|cãmp]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Frank Tapson|tit=The Oxford Mathematics Study Dictionary|edi=Oxford University Press|ann=1996|isb=0-19-914551-2|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordmathematic0000taps_q1d1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teureja di nòmar ==
La parôla ''aritmètica'' l'è nẽnca druvêda par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]]. Cvesta che cvè la stugia al pruprietê di nòmar seld culeghêdi ai [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar prem|nòmar prem]], la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣibilitê|diviṣibilitê]] e al suluziõn seld dagl'ecvaziõn. Acvè u s incõntra e' [[Wp/rgn/Teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica|teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica]] e al [[Wp/rgn/Funziõn dl'aritmètica|funziõn dl'aritmètica]].

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Matematica]]</text>
      <sha1>p3xhhg6jy8bgageo8shas10vtnxzd1g</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381804</id>
      <parentid>7381803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:00:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q11205]]</comment>
      <origin>7381804</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2830" sha1="4eas0v65hm72wyfddlqk2qvaf9bc0o3" xml:space="preserve">L''''aritmètica'''&lt;ref name=&quot;berti&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://6ab394357489899f5a53ea2b--stupendous-meringue-467811.netlify.app/|aut = Enrico Berti|tit=Enciclopedia Romagnola|acc=2.11.2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la piò antiga specializaziõn dla [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|matemàtica]], cvela ch'la stugia al pruprietê piò sẽmplizi dagl'uperaziõn sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar|nòmar]], parlapiò sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar naturel|nòmar naturel]].

L'è druvêda tot i dè pr' ubietiv tãnt sẽmpliz, coma cuntêr cvel, valutêr prez, stabilir distãnz; l'è druvêda nẽnca par dj ubietiv avanzè, par eṣẽmpi in chèlcul finanzieri cumplichè o int la tëcnica dal cumunicaziõn (critugrafeja).

Dal vôlt i matemëtich i drôva la parôla aritmètica par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]], ch'l'è una disiplẽna ch'la trata parò prublēm piò avanzè e spacèfich spët a l'aritmètica piò fàzila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Harold Davenport|tit=The Higher Arithmetic: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers|edi=Cambridge University Press|edz=7|ann=1999|isb=0-521-63446-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uperaziõn dl'aritmètica ==
[[File:Basic arithmetic operators.svg|thumb|right|I cvàtar uperatur dl'aritmètica.]]
Agl'uperaziõn dl'aritmètica tradiziunêli agl'è l'[[Wp/rgn/Adiziõn|adiziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Sutraziõn|sutraziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Multiplicaziõn|multiplicaziõn]] e la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn|diviṣiõn]]. Dal vôlt u j s met nẽnca dagl'uperaziõn piò cumplichêdi coma l'alzêda a [[Wp/rgn/Putẽnza (matemàtica)|putẽnza]], l'estraziõn d [[Wp/rgn/Radiṣa (matemàtica)|radiṣa]] o l uṣ dal [[Wp/rgn/Parzentuêla|parzentuêl]]. I chèlcul dl'aritmètica j è fët rispitend l [[Wp/rgn/Ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn|ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn]]. Igna insẽn ch'e' azeta toti al cvàtar uperaziõn dl'aritmètica (fura ch'la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn par ẓēro|diviṣiõn par ẓēro]]) e indò al cvàtar uperaziõn al gôd dal cumõni pruprietê, l è ciamè [[Wp/rgn/Cãmp (matemàtica)|cãmp]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Frank Tapson|tit=The Oxford Mathematics Study Dictionary|edi=Oxford University Press|ann=1996|isb=0-19-914551-2|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordmathematic0000taps_q1d1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teureja di nòmar ==
La parôla ''aritmètica'' l'è nẽnca druvêda par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]]. Cvesta che cvè la stugia al pruprietê di nòmar seld culeghêdi ai [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar prem|nòmar prem]], la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣibilitê|diviṣibilitê]] e al suluziõn seld dagl'ecvaziõn. Acvè u s incõntra e' [[Wp/rgn/Teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica|teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica]] e al [[Wp/rgn/Funziõn dl'aritmètica|funziõn dl'aritmètica]].

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Matematica]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q11205}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381807</id>
      <parentid>7381804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:06:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7381807</origin>
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      <text bytes="2843" sha1="qxay4re9ms6x7bffin1ndov6vir1qt1" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}L''''aritmètica'''&lt;ref name=&quot;berti&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://6ab394357489899f5a53ea2b--stupendous-meringue-467811.netlify.app/|aut = Enrico Berti|tit=Enciclopedia Romagnola|acc=2.11.2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la piò antiga specializaziõn dla [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|matemàtica]], cvela ch'la stugia al pruprietê piò sẽmplizi dagl'uperaziõn sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar|nòmar]], parlapiò sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar naturel|nòmar naturel]].

L'è druvêda tot i dè pr' ubietiv tãnt sẽmpliz, coma cuntêr cvel, valutêr prez, stabilir distãnz; l'è druvêda nẽnca par dj ubietiv avanzè, par eṣẽmpi in chèlcul finanzieri cumplichè o int la tëcnica dal cumunicaziõn (critugrafeja).

Dal vôlt i matemëtich i drôva la parôla aritmètica par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]], ch'l'è una disiplẽna ch'la trata parò prublēm piò avanzè e spacèfich spët a l'aritmètica piò fàzila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Harold Davenport|tit=The Higher Arithmetic: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers|edi=Cambridge University Press|edz=7|ann=1999|isb=0-521-63446-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uperaziõn dl'aritmètica ==
[[File:Basic arithmetic operators.svg|thumb|right|I cvàtar uperatur dl'aritmètica.]]
Agl'uperaziõn dl'aritmètica tradiziunêli agl'è l'[[Wp/rgn/Adiziõn|adiziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Sutraziõn|sutraziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Multiplicaziõn|multiplicaziõn]] e la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn|diviṣiõn]]. Dal vôlt u j s met nẽnca dagl'uperaziõn piò cumplichêdi coma l'alzêda a [[Wp/rgn/Putẽnza (matemàtica)|putẽnza]], l'estraziõn d [[Wp/rgn/Radiṣa (matemàtica)|radiṣa]] o l uṣ dal [[Wp/rgn/Parzentuêla|parzentuêl]]. I chèlcul dl'aritmètica j è fët rispitend l [[Wp/rgn/Ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn|ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn]]. Igna insẽn ch'e' azeta toti al cvàtar uperaziõn dl'aritmètica (fura ch'la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn par ẓēro|diviṣiõn par ẓēro]]) e indò al cvàtar uperaziõn al gôd dal cumõni pruprietê, l è ciamè [[Wp/rgn/Cãmp (matemàtica)|cãmp]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Frank Tapson|tit=The Oxford Mathematics Study Dictionary|edi=Oxford University Press|ann=1996|isb=0-19-914551-2|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordmathematic0000taps_q1d1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teureja di nòmar ==
La parôla ''aritmètica'' l'è nẽnca druvêda par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]]. Cvesta che cvè la stugia al pruprietê di nòmar seld culeghêdi ai [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar prem|nòmar prem]], la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣibilitê|diviṣibilitê]] e al suluziõn seld dagl'ecvaziõn. Acvè u s incõntra e' [[Wp/rgn/Teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica|teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica]] e al [[Wp/rgn/Funziõn dl'aritmètica|funziõn dl'aritmètica]].

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Matematica]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q11205}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381888</id>
      <parentid>7381807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <origin>7381888</origin>
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      <text bytes="2858" sha1="2chuxdvcsiqo3blccefjslp8rr7ri6m" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}L''''aritmètica'''&lt;ref name=&quot;berti&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://6ab394357489899f5a53ea2b--stupendous-meringue-467811.netlify.app/|aut = Enrico Berti|tit=Enciclopedia Romagnola|acc=2.11.2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; l'è la piò antiga specializaziõn dla [[Wp/rgn/Matemàtica|matemàtica]], cvela ch'la stugia al pruprietê piò sẽmplizi dagl'uperaziõn sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar|nòmar]], parlapiò sora i [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar naturel|nòmar naturel]].

L'è druvêda tot i dè pr' ubietiv tãnt sẽmpliz, coma cuntêr cvel, valutêr prez, stabilir distãnz; l'è druvêda nẽnca par dj ubietiv avanzè, par eṣẽmpi in chèlcul finanzieri cumplichè o int la tëcnica dal cumunicaziõn (critugrafeja).

Dal vôlt i matemëtich i drôva la parôla aritmètica par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]], ch'l'è una disiplẽna ch'la trata parò prublēm piò avanzè e spacèfich spët a l'aritmètica piò fàzila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Harold Davenport|tit=The Higher Arithmetic: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers|edi=Cambridge University Press|edz=7|ann=1999|isb=0-521-63446-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uperaziõn dl'aritmètica ==
[[File:Basic arithmetic operators.svg|thumb|right|I cvàtar uperatur dl'aritmètica.]]
Agl'uperaziõn dl'aritmètica tradiziunêli agl'è l'[[Wp/rgn/Adiziõn|adiziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Sutraziõn|sutraziõn]], la [[Wp/rgn/Multiplicaziõn|multiplicaziõn]] e la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn|diviṣiõn]]. Dal vôlt u j s met nẽnca dagl'uperaziõn piò cumplichêdi coma l'alzêda a [[Wp/rgn/Putẽnza (matemàtica)|putẽnza]], l'estraziõn d [[Wp/rgn/Radiṣa (matemàtica)|radiṣa]] o l uṣ dal [[Wp/rgn/Parzentuêla|parzentuêl]]. I chèlcul dl'aritmètica j è fët rispitend l [[Wp/rgn/Ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn|ōrdin dagl'uperaziõn]]. Igna insẽn ch'e' azeta toti al cvàtar uperaziõn dl'aritmètica (fura ch'la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn par ẓēro|diviṣiõn par ẓēro]]) e indò al cvàtar uperaziõn al gôd dal cumõni pruprietê, l è ciamè [[Wp/rgn/Cãmp (matemàtica)|cãmp]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Frank Tapson|tit=The Oxford Mathematics Study Dictionary|edi=Oxford University Press|ann=1996|isb=0-19-914551-2|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordmathematic0000taps_q1d1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teureja di nòmar ==
La parôla ''aritmètica'' l'è nẽnca druvêda par scòrar dla [[Wp/rgn/Teureja di nòmar|teureja di nòmar]]. Cvesta che cvè la stugia al pruprietê di nòmar seld culeghêdi ai [[Wp/rgn/Nòmar prem|nòmar prem]], la [[Wp/rgn/Diviṣibilitê|diviṣibilitê]] e al suluziõn seld dagl'ecvaziõn. Acvè u s incõntra e' [[Wp/rgn/Teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica|teurēma nicisêri dl'aritmètica]] e al [[Wp/rgn/Funziõn dl'aritmètica|funziõn dl'aritmètica]].

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Matematica]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q11205}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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    <title>Category:Wy/ta/Has caution box with no date</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381802</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T15:55:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
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      <comment>பகுப்பு உருவாக்கப்பட்டது</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="281" sha1="sg80k189goxi4qn5mea1jg2dqh0ga4h" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__
Pages in this category have a caution box with no lastedit date. Caution boxes should be reviewed from time to time to ensure they remain up-to-date.

See also [[:Category:Wy/ta/Has caution box with out of date warning]]

[[Category:Wy/ta/Articles needing attention]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/یونگول</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>7381805</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:00:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/یونگول یارادیلیر</comment>
      <origin>7381805</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="759" sha1="j704x9jq1l2u7whcswr2q6kydh53co1" xml:space="preserve">== یونگول ==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#یونگول← وَزنَه. قانشاری← [[Wt/azb/آغیر|آغیر]].
#:یونگول کیشی!
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : 
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/light|light]]
* تورکییه : یونگول
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: سَبُک
*بهار دیلی: یونگول
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}

[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/گونئی آذربایجان سؤزجوکلری]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/قوزئی آذربایجان سؤزجوکلری]]
[[En:light]]
[[Fa:سبک]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Talk:Wp/rgn/Aritmètica</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>3829532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381808</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:08:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wp/rgn/Tradot da|it|Aritmetica}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="34" sha1="klrycmvee9tmw9yvumftgxzge8zac0i" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/Tradot da|it|Aritmetica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/اوجا</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381813</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:22:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/اوجا یارادیلیر</comment>
      <origin>7381813</origin>
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      <text bytes="842" sha1="knhc0ys1t9iy1dpeppnlvzh0ejinq2y" xml:space="preserve">== اوجا ==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#اوجا← دِیک، بؤی‌لی، [[Wt/azb/اوزون|اوزون]]. قانشاری← [[Wt/azb/آلچاق|آلچاق]].
#:چؤخ اوجادادی، عل چاتماز!
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : 
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/tall|tall]]
* تورکییه : اوجا
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: بلندی
* باهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/اوجه|اوجه]]
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}

[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/گونئی آذربایجان سؤزجوکلری]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/قوزئی آذربایجان سؤزجوکلری]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[En:tall]]
[[Fa:بلندی]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381816</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:43:38Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Infobox | Summary = Tabella per generi musicali | TitoloInt = {{#if:{{{nome|}}}|{{{nome}}} |{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|99|3}}}}  | StileTitoloInt = background: #dc143c; color: white; | StileGruppo = background: #dc143c; color: white;&lt;!--| Immagine = {{Immagine sinottico|{{{immagine|}}}|{{{didascalia|}}}}}--&gt; | Nome1 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=origini stilistiche}} | Valore1 = {{{origini_s|}}} | Nome2 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|tra...&quot;</comment>
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| Summary = Tabella per generi musicali
| TitoloInt = {{#if:{{{nome|}}}|{{{nome}}} |{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|99|3}}}} 
| StileTitoloInt = background: #dc143c; color: white;
| StileGruppo = background: #dc143c; color: white;&lt;!--| Immagine = {{Immagine sinottico|{{{immagine|}}}|{{{didascalia|}}}}}--&gt;
| Nome1 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=origini stilistiche}}
| Valore1 = {{{origini_s|}}}
| Nome2 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=origini culturali}}
| Valore2 = {{{origini_c|}}}
| Nome3 = [[Strumẽnt muṣichêl|{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=strumenti}}]] {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=tipici|minuscola=1}}
| Valore3 = {{{strumenti|}}}
| Nome4 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=popolarità}}
| Valore4 = {{{popolarità|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale8 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=sottogeneri}}
| Valore9 = {{{sottogeneri|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale10 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=derivati|minuscola=1}}
| Valore11 = {{{generi_d|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale12 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=correlati|minuscola=1}}
| Valore13 = {{{generi_c|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale16 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=regionali|minuscola=1}}
| Valore17 = {{{scene|}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Wp/rgn/Mudël]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>7381817</id>
      <parentid>7381816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:44:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q5618084]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1663" sha1="6nblwjr1n1cdr57qfkwsbb1uxjfcejl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Infobox
| Summary = Tabella per generi musicali
| TitoloInt = {{#if:{{{nome|}}}|{{{nome}}} |{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|99|3}}}} 
| StileTitoloInt = background: #dc143c; color: white;
| StileGruppo = background: #dc143c; color: white;&lt;!--| Immagine = {{Immagine sinottico|{{{immagine|}}}|{{{didascalia|}}}}}--&gt;
| Nome1 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=origini stilistiche}}
| Valore1 = {{{origini_s|}}}
| Nome2 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=origini culturali}}
| Valore2 = {{{origini_c|}}}
| Nome3 = [[Strumẽnt muṣichêl|{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=strumenti}}]] {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=tipici|minuscola=1}}
| Valore3 = {{{strumenti|}}}
| Nome4 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=popolarità}}
| Valore4 = {{{popolarità|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale8 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=sottogeneri}}
| Valore9 = {{{sottogeneri|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale10 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=derivati|minuscola=1}}
| Valore11 = {{{generi_d|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale12 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=correlati|minuscola=1}}
| Valore13 = {{{generi_c|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale16 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=regionali|minuscola=1}}
| Valore17 = {{{scene|}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Wp/rgn/Mudël]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q5618084}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T16:54:06Z</timestamp>
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| Summary = Tabella per generi musicali
| TitoloInt = {{#if:{{{nome|}}}|{{{nome}}} |{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|99|3}}}} 
| StileTitoloInt = background: #dc143c; color: white;
| StileGruppo = background: #dc143c; color: white;&lt;!--| Immagine = {{Immagine sinottico|{{{immagine|}}}|{{{didascalia|}}}}}--&gt;
| Nome1 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=origini stilistiche}}
| Valore1 = {{{origini_s|}}}
| Nome2 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=origini culturali}}
| Valore2 = {{{origini_c|}}}
| Nome3 = [[Strumẽnt muṣichêl|{{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=strumenti}}]] {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=tipici|minuscola=1}}
| Valore3 = {{{strumenti|}}}
| Nome4 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=popolarità}}
| Valore4 = {{{popolarità|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale8 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=sottogeneri}}
| Valore9 = {{{sottogeneri|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale10 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=derivati|minuscola=1}}
| Valore11 = {{{generi_d|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale12 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=correlati|minuscola=1}}
| Valore13 = {{{generi_c|}}}
| GruppoOpzionale16 = {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=generi}} {{#invoke:Wp/rgn/Var|traduci|var={{{var|RO}}}|italiano=regionali|minuscola=1}}
| Valore17 = {{{scene|}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Wp/rgn/Mudël]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q5618084}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Gouvènmantal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381820</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:06:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gouvènmantal Tout bagay ki gen rapò avèk yon gouvènman.}}&quot;</comment>
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Tout bagay ki gen rapò avèk yon gouvènman.}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Rock</title>
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    <id>3829536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381821</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:07:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl |origini_s=[[Wp/rgn/Rock and roll|Rock and roll]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/British invasion|British invasion]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Rhythm and blues|Rhythm and blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Electric blues|Electric blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica country|Mūṣica country]] |origini_c=[[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]], [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]] |strumenti = Wp/rgn/Cãnt|vō...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1107" sha1="eihjoh6y7kf8181kp9gm1pploglejrp" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl
|origini_s=[[Wp/rgn/Rock and roll|Rock and roll]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/British invasion|British invasion]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Rhythm and blues|Rhythm and blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Electric blues|Electric blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica country|Mūṣica country]]
|origini_c=[[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]], [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]]
|strumenti = [[Wp/rgn/Cãnt|vōṣ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Chitara elëtrica|chitara elëtrica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Tastira eletrònica|tastira eletrònica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Bas elëtrich|bas elëtrich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Batareja (strumẽnt muṣichêl)|batareja]]
|popolarità=altesma da j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]]}}

E' '''rock''' l è un [[Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl|gènar]] dla ''[[Wp/rgn/Popular music|popular music]]'' ch'l è nê int i [[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e int e' [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]] de j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]] de' [[Wp/rgn/XX sēcul|XX sēcul]].

[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Musica]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:07:48Z</timestamp>
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|origini_s=[[Wp/rgn/Rock and roll|Rock and roll]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/British invasion|British invasion]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Rhythm and blues|Rhythm and blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Electric blues|Electric blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica country|Mūṣica country]]
|origini_c=[[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]], [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]]
|strumenti = [[Wp/rgn/Cãnt|vōṣ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Chitara elëtrica|chitara elëtrica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Tastira eletrònica|tastira eletrònica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Bas elëtrich|bas elëtrich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Batareja (strumẽnt muṣichêl)|batareja]]
|popolarità=altesma da j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]]}}

E' '''rock''' l è un [[Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl|gènar]] dla ''[[Wp/rgn/Popular music|popular music]]'' ch'l è nê int i [[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e int e' [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]] de j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]] de' [[Wp/rgn/XX sēcul|XX sēcul]].

[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Muṣica]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381823</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:09:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q11399]]</comment>
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|origini_s=[[Wp/rgn/Rock and roll|Rock and roll]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/British invasion|British invasion]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Rhythm and blues|Rhythm and blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Electric blues|Electric blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica country|Mūṣica country]]
|origini_c=[[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]], [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]]
|strumenti = [[Wp/rgn/Cãnt|vōṣ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Chitara elëtrica|chitara elëtrica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Tastira eletrònica|tastira eletrònica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Bas elëtrich|bas elëtrich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Batareja (strumẽnt muṣichêl)|batareja]]
|popolarità=altesma da j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]]}}

E' '''rock''' l è un [[Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl|gènar]] dla ''[[Wp/rgn/Popular music|popular music]]'' ch'l è nê int i [[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e int e' [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]] de j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]] de' [[Wp/rgn/XX sēcul|XX sēcul]].

[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Muṣica]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q11399}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381827</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:18:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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|origini_s=[[Wp/rgn/Rock and roll|Rock and roll]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/British invasion|British invasion]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Rhythm and blues|Rhythm and blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Electric blues|Electric blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica country|Mūṣica country]]
|origini_c=[[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]], [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]]
|strumenti = [[Wp/rgn/Cãnt|vōṣ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Chitara elëtrica|chitara elëtrica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Tastira eletrònica|tastira eletrònica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Bas elëtrich|bas elëtrich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Batareja (strumẽnt muṣichêl)|batareja]]
|popolarità=altesma da j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]]
|sottogeneri = [[Wp/rgn/Rock alternativ|Rock alternativ]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Art rock|Art rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica beat|Mūṣica beat]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Britpop|Britpop]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Emo (gènar muṣichêl)|Emo]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Experimental rock|Experimental rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Folk rock|Folk rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Garage rock|Garage rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Glam rock|Glam rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Grunge|Grunge]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Hard rock|Hard rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Heartland rock|Heartland rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Heavy metal|Heavy metal]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Instrumental rock|Instrumental rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Indie rock|Indie rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Jangle pop|Jangle pop]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Jazz rock|Jazz rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Krautrock|Krautrock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Madchester|Madchester]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Piano rock|Piano rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Pop baröc|Pop baröc]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Pop rock|Pop rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Power pop|Power pop]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Rock prugresiv|Rock prugresiv]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Proto-punk|Proto-punk]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Punk rock|Punk rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Rap rock|Rap rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Rock eletrònich|Rock eletrònich]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Soft rock|Soft rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Southern rock|Southern rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Stoner rock|Stoner rock]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Surf music|Surf]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Wp/rgn/Symphonic rock|Symphonic rock]]}}

E' '''rock''' l è un [[Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl|gènar]] dla ''[[Wp/rgn/Popular music|popular music]]'' ch'l è nê int i [[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e int e' [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]] de j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]] de' [[Wp/rgn/XX sēcul|XX sēcul]].

[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Muṣica]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q11399}}</text>
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|origini_s=[[Wp/rgn/Rock and roll|Rock and roll]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/British invasion|British invasion]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Rhythm and blues|Rhythm and blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Electric blues|Electric blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica country|Mūṣica country]]
|origini_c=[[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]], [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]]
|strumenti = [[Wp/rgn/Cãnt|vōṣ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Chitara elëtrica|chitara elëtrica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Tastira eletrònica|tastira eletrònica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Bas elëtrich|bas elëtrich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Batareja (strumẽnt muṣichêl)|batareja]]
|popolarità=altesma da j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]]
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E' '''rock''' l è un [[Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl|gènar]] dla ''[[Wp/rgn/Popular music|popular music]]'' ch'l è nê int i [[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e int e' [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]] de j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]] de' [[Wp/rgn/XX sēcul|XX sēcul]].

[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Muṣica]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q11399}}</text>
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    <revision>
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|origini_s=[[Wp/rgn/Rock and roll|Rock and roll]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/British invasion|British invasion]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Rhythm and blues|Rhythm and blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Electric blues|Electric blues]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica country|Mūṣica country]]
|origini_c=[[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]], [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]]
|strumenti = [[Wp/rgn/Cãnt|vōṣ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Chitara elëtrica|chitara elëtrica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Tastira eletrònica|tastira eletrònica]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Bas elëtrich|bas elëtrich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wp/rgn/Batareja (strumẽnt muṣichêl)|batareja]]
|popolarità=altesma da j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]]
|sottogeneri = [[Wp/rgn/Rock alternativ|Rock alternativ]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Art rock|Art rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Mūṣica beat|Mūṣica beat]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Britpop|Britpop]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Emo (gènar muṣichêl)|Emo]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Experimental rock|Experimental rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Folk rock|Folk rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Garage rock|Garage rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Glam rock|Glam rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Grunge|Grunge]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Hard rock|Hard rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Heartland rock|Heartland rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Heavy metal|Heavy metal]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Instrumental rock|Instrumental rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Indie rock|Indie rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Jangle pop|Jangle pop]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Jazz rock|Jazz rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Krautrock|Krautrock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Madchester|Madchester]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Piano rock|Piano rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Pop baröc|Pop baröc]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Pop rock|Pop rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Power pop|Power pop]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Rock prugresiv|Rock prugresiv]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Proto-punk|Proto-punk]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Punk rock|Punk rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Rap rock|Rap rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Rock eletrònich|Rock eletrònich]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Soft rock|Soft rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Southern rock|Southern rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Stoner rock|Stoner rock]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Surf music|Surf]]{{Wp/rgn/,}}[[Wp/rgn/Symphonic rock|Symphonic rock]]}}

E' '''rock''' l è un [[Wp/rgn/Gènar muṣichêl|gènar]] dla ''[[Wp/rgn/Popular music|popular music]]'' ch'l è nê int i [[Wp/rgn/Stet Unī|Stet Unī]] e int e' [[Wp/rgn/Regn Unī|Regn Unī]] de j [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1950|ẽn zincvãnta]] e [[Wp/rgn/Ẽn 1960|sãnta]] de' [[Wp/rgn/XX sēcul|XX sēcul]].

[[Category:Wp/rgn]][[Category:Wp/rgn/Muṣica]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q11399}}{{Wp/rgn/1000}}</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gouyad Yon fason moun ki ap danse, fè sèks vire ren yo. Moun sa yo gen entansyon vire ren yo pou fè yon wonn san rete, pandan yon kantite tan.}}&quot;</comment>
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Yon fason moun ki ap danse, fè sèks vire ren yo. Moun sa yo gen entansyon vire ren yo pou fè yon wonn san rete, pandan yon kantite tan.}}</text>
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    <revision>
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Yon fason moun ki ap danse, fè sèks vire ren yo. Moun sa yo gen entansyon vire ren yo pou fè yon wonn san rete, pandan yon kantite tan.|egzanp=Tati toujou ap gouye nan Bar resto ki nan Dotan.}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/ses/Zammuyan</title>
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      <comment>Zammuyan</comment>
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      <text bytes="493" sha1="lvt1aiusa3wsamq1tnfc9tyx3fjuuk8" xml:space="preserve">Zammuyan
Garaasey ga waan’a, i ga bay haya kaŋ no, i ga faham a se, nga nd’i ga boŋkoyni, alkadarante, borcini ka hun nga kuuru ra, i ga hamoo dirandi, zammuyan nd’i ga boro hongandi kaagey wangaarutaraa, ng’i boro henna taraa, garaasey ga zankey kaŋ tun noo ngi lasaltaraa fahamoo, a ga kata zankey ma ngi boŋ bay, i ma bay borey dumoo kaŋ g’i hun, i ma cansa ka dira ngi sorhantey ceebandoo ra, zammuroo ga tee kurbu bande wal’a ma tee nda šenni koonu.

[[Category:Wp/ses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/ses/Baakasinay hijay</title>
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      <comment>Baakasinay hiijay</comment>
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      <text bytes="970" sha1="jzohtlbc4mbbxz9rybu1608wnrwfqeg" xml:space="preserve">Baakasinay hiijay
Adam’ize ga tee lakkal koyni, a ga faham, a ga taasi haya kul ra, aru nda woy hiijay goo za gayyan, boro beerey cindi ka zankey hiijandi bil’i m’i hãa, hiijawey dabaroo ga tee kaŋ mana t’i nda šaawar woyoo nd’aroo ga, šendey cindi a si tee, amma ašariya si waafaku nda misoo. Baji ra woy nd’aru ga hima ka hiiji, gaabi si hiijay ra, baakasinay hiijay cinne si, nga ra beeray nda lakkal kanay goo, šenday ti gaabi hiijay, ir ma dunbu ka hun’a ga.
Adam’ize ga tee lakkal koyni, a ga faham, a ga taasi haya kul ra, aru nda woy hiijay goo za gayyan, boro beerey cindi ka zankey hiijandi bil’i m’i hãa, hiijawey dabaroo ga tee kaŋ mana t’i nda šaawar woyoo nd’aroo ga, šendey cindi a si tee, amma ašariya si waafaku nda misoo. Baji ra woy nd’aru ga hima ka hiiji, gaabi si hiijay ra, baakasinay hiijay cinne si, nga ra beeray nda lakkal kanay goo, šenday ti gaabi hiijay, ir ma dunbu ka hun’a ga.

[[Category:Wp/ses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/ses/Bari</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381840</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Bari</comment>
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      <text bytes="563" sha1="c8mtpavrofd17ijb2lzwxdds0guhmdn" xml:space="preserve">Bari
Adabba no kaŋ goo nda sorho, a goo biirumawey ra kaŋ nafaa si hara ka ben, wangaarey g’a ka fooma, i g’a ka hin cere, a ga borcini sorhandi, a ga hini gaabandi, k’a kayandi, kaaru haya no kaŋ nd’i ga wangu zamanoo kaŋ bisa ra, a wang’izey kaa zaari, bari biirumaa ga baa kaba kuna hennayan nga hunaa ra, nga goojiroo ra, i ga bari ka naaru, a ga huru zurandi konkasawey ra, a ga neerandi nooru beeri, wura, bari henna ga koyoo sorhandi hangasiney ra, a goo nda nga taalam hayey kaŋ g’a ka leebe, a ga boŋkoyni sorhandi.

[[Category:Wp/ses]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:41:12Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Cijinoo</comment>
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Irkoy na cijinoo tee, a ga koy, a ga kaa, a ga kubay, a ga kaaray , alhaali kul ra hunanzamay waate no adam’izey se kala misa foo- fooyaŋ kaŋ si jaŋ, taka haya fooyaŋ diraa waate no irkoy alhikmawey ra, borey ga doona ka nee cijinoo ga daaba bone ga.
Adam’ize ga dii cijinoo kuuyan nd’a goo nda zaaroo ra muraadu, kala suuri, irkoy misoo ga gaa bi.

[[Category:Wp/ses]]</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;spoken&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;icona del titolo&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; width: 40px; height: 40px; overflow: hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; z-index: 2&quot;&gt;[[File:1000HA.png|link=Wp/rgn/Lista ad vosgi ché tótt al Wikipedij al duvria avé|30px|Artècul di 1000 che toti al Wikipedi agl'areb d avēr]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;[[Category:Artècul che toti al Wikipedi agl'areb d avēr]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;Cat...&quot;</comment>
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    <title>Wt/ht/Gouye</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gouye Vire ren nan fòm yon wonn.}}&quot;</comment>
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Vire ren nan fòm yon wonn.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:46:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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Vire ren nan fòm yon wonn.|egzanp=Mrenmen gade Janiz le l ap gouye.}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Wp/rgn]]&quot;</comment>
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    <title>Wt/ht/Goyin</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381854</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:49:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Goyin Yon zouti ki gen anpil dan sou liy nan yon kwen li e ebenis itilize li. Moun itilize goyin pou koupe plansh.}}&quot;</comment>
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Yon zouti ki gen anpil dan sou liy nan yon kwen li e ebenis itilize li. Moun itilize goyin pou koupe plansh.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:49:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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Yon zouti ki gen anpil dan sou liy nan yon kwen li e ebenis itilize li. Moun itilize goyin pou koupe planch.}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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Yon zouti ki gen anpil dan sou liy nan yon kwen li e ebenis itilize li. Moun itilize goyin pou koupe planch.|egzanp=Goyin papa m nan kase pandan y ap siye planch ave l.}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381862</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:51:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gra Gwo. Posede yon gwosè ki fè panse gen anpil grès nan vyann yon kò. Eta yon bagay ki gen lwil nan li.}}&quot;</comment>
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Gwo. Posede yon gwosè ki fè panse gen anpil grès nan vyann yon kò. Eta yon bagay ki gen lwil nan li.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:52:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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Gwo. Posede yon gwosè ki fè panse gen anpil grès nan vyann yon kò. Eta yon bagay ki gen lwil nan li.|egzanp=Kochon sa gen anpil grès.}}</text>
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    <title>Template talk:Wp/rgn/1000</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:53:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wp/rgn/Tradot da|lmo|Modell:Lista1000}}&quot;</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Gradye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381868</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:54:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gradye Patisipe nan yon seremoni gradyasyon.}}&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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Patisipe nan yon seremoni gradyasyon.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:54:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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Patisipe nan yon seremoni gradyasyon.|egzanp=Nana pral gradye nan kosmetoloji.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:55:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gradyasyon Yon seremoni reponsab lekòl yo òganize pou fè etidyan yo sonje valè travay yo soti akonpli a e bay yo yon diplòm ki reprezante nivo etid yo fè a.}}&quot;</comment>
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Yon seremoni reponsab lekòl yo òganize pou fè etidyan yo sonje valè travay yo soti akonpli a e bay yo yon diplòm ki reprezante nivo etid yo fè a.}}</text>
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    <title>Wt/ht/Graj</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T17:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Graj Yon moso metal ki gen anpil ti tou sou tout lajè li; konsa nenpòt bagay ki pi mou pase metal sa a e ki pase sou li li ap travèse ti tou yo. Shak pase yon bagay pase sou graj la, li retire nan kò bagay sa pou diminye gwosè li.}}&quot;</comment>
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Yon moso metal ki gen anpil ti tou sou tout lajè li; konsa nenpòt bagay ki pi mou pase metal sa a e ki pase sou li li ap travèse ti tou yo. Shak pase yon bagay pase sou graj la, li retire nan kò bagay sa pou diminye gwosè li.}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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Yon moso metal ki gen anpil ti tou sou tout lajè li; konsa nenpòt bagay ki pi mou pase metal sa a e ki pase sou li li ap travèse ti tou yo. Shak pase yon bagay pase sou graj la, li retire nan kò bagay sa pou diminye gwosè li.|egzanp=Sisi ap graje manyok pou fe kasav.}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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      <text bytes="309" sha1="gf6ja3wfsa1gp0qv9jdy7h3ymq69wgj" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Graj
Yon moso metal ki gen anpil ti tou sou tout lajè li; konsa nenpòt bagay ki pi mou pase metal sa a e ki pase sou li li ap travèse ti tou yo. Chak pase yon bagay pase sou graj la, li retire nan kò bagay sa pou diminye gwosè li.|egzanp=Sisi ap graje manyok pou fe kasav.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:00:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <text bytes="310" sha1="rhipe86bv8f39ibgyxq2lhg6q0w5i5k" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Graj
Yon moso metal ki gen anpil ti tou sou tout lajè li; konsa nenpòt bagay ki pi mou pase metal sa a e ki pase sou li li ap travèse ti tou yo. Chak pase yon bagay pase sou graj la, li retire nan kò bagay sa pou diminye gwosè li.|egzanp=Sisi ap graje manyòk pou fe kasav.}}</text>
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    <title>Category:Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti da lmo.wiki</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti]]&quot;</comment>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:43:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q9317405]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="57" sha1="pa0u59t477uvkc7a2b8tos60abo16hh" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q9317405}}</text>
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    <title>Category:Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:17:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Wp/rgn]]&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="bsuoggu87so50w9sis2lnsvpajldzmj" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q8811213]]</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="43" sha1="4el5sym9lhl2a48t0ppxqhe3069942i" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q8811213}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti]]&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="lpkwm4sbvilnted79w6sqxmdtwpsz18" xml:space="preserve">[[Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2540604</id>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="khvsopntfsmgy0bfowd0f0ch7wy9rz5" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q8811213]]</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57" sha1="b1yoa4tlslkyt542yq3f6pqo0gugqyp" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q8811213}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="57" sha1="8neuz3977yv5ih1born8dvn9u5b2slb" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn/Vuṣ tradoti]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q9830678}}</text>
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    <title>Wt/jax/basuki</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381911</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:24:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;=={{Wt/jax/lang|kaw}}== {{Wt/jax/head|kaw}} {{Wt/jax/-adj-|kaw}} # [[Wt/jax/sehat|sehat]]  [[Category:Wt/jax]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="110" sha1="j39ljhskh1se3itkvx5g86jtfyutk8m" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/lang|kaw}}==
{{Wt/jax/head|kaw}}
{{Wt/jax/-adj-|kaw}}
# [[Wt/jax/sehat|sehat]]

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
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    <title>Wt/jax/sehat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829555</id>
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      <id>7381912</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;=={{Wt/jax/lang|jax}}== {{Wt/jax/head|jax}} {{Wt/jax/-adj-|jax}} # [[Wt/jax/badan|badan]] lagi enak; idak [[Wt/jax/sakit|sakit]]  [[Category:Wt/jax]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7381912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="149" sha1="shc06suxdyop102ffoc2ky7cy13g5kj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/lang|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/head|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-adj-|jax}}
# [[Wt/jax/badan|badan]] lagi enak; idak [[Wt/jax/sakit|sakit]]

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
      <sha1>shc06suxdyop102ffoc2ky7cy13g5kj</sha1>
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    <title>Wt/jax/badan</title>
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    <id>3829556</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;=={{Wt/jax/lang|jax}}== {{Wt/jax/head|jax}} {{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}} # [[Wt/jax/tubuh|tubuh]] # bagian utamo dari [[Wt/jax/bendo|bendo]]  [[Category:Wt/jax]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Wt/jax/head|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# [[Wt/jax/tubuh|tubuh]]
# bagian utamo dari [[Wt/jax/bendo|bendo]]

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
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    <id>3829557</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:27:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;=={{Wt/jax/lang|jax}}== {{Wt/jax/head|jax}} {{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}} # [[Wt/jax/seluruh|seluruh]] badan aro jasad manusio  [[Category:Wt/jax]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Wt/jax/head|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# [[Wt/jax/seluruh|seluruh]] badan aro jasad manusio

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:27:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
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      <comment>/* Bahaso Jambi */</comment>
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{{Wt/jax/head|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# [[Wt/jax/gegalo|gegalo]] badan aro jasad manusio

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:27:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
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      <comment>/* Bahaso Jambi */</comment>
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{{Wt/jax/head|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# [[Wt/jax/gegalo|gegalo]] badan ato jasad manusio

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Wp/ibb/Representatives of the 10th National Assembly (Nigeria)</title>
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    <id>3829558</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T21:15:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eyo246814</username>
        <id>2707375</id>
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      <comment>Created this category</comment>
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    <title>Category:Wp/ibb/Nigerian government officials</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3829559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381938</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T21:16:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eyo246814</username>
        <id>2707375</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created this category</comment>
      <origin>7381938</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51" sha1="nw4vh3locg5nrh20cn8dm6pz829qj64" xml:space="preserve">Creating category for Nigerian government officials</text>
      <sha1>nw4vh3locg5nrh20cn8dm6pz829qj64</sha1>
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    <title>Template:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3829560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381939</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T21:18:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daoudsfouli</username>
        <id>2603169</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;* '''[[Special:Newpages|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ]]''' * '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]] * '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]''' * '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': :Category:Category:Wq/zgh/...&quot;</comment>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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[[[https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Newpages?namespace=0&amp;target=Wp/zgh ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ]]]

* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': 
[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''':
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': 
[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''':
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': 
[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''':
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': 
[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''':
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': 
[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''':
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': 
[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''':
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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[{{fullurl:Special:NewPages|prefix=Wp/zgh}} ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉൻ]

* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': 
[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''':
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]''': [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]''': 
[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ |ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]] -  [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]] - [[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]''':
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]] 
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
* '''[[:Category:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]''': 
[[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]] - [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]</text>
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! ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ
! ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]'''
| • [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ]]'''
| • [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]'''
| 
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• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
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• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]'''
| • [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]'''
| • [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]'''
| 
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 3; column-gap: 20px;&quot;&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381990</id>
      <parentid>7381983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:09:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daoudsfouli</username>
        <id>2603169</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381990</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5654" sha1="l8jgvmik36w2r0va8s5inwik7cwdfj7" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; direction: ltr; text-align: left;&quot;
! ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ
! ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]'''
| • [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ]]'''
| • [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]'''
| 
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 3; column-gap: 20px;&quot;&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ]]'''
| • [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]'''
| • [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]'''
| 
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 3; column-gap: 20px;&quot;&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵔⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⵓⴼⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>l8jgvmik36w2r0va8s5inwik7cwdfj7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381991</id>
      <parentid>7381990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daoudsfouli</username>
        <id>2603169</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5604" sha1="h9xbabukahre6cntgihvveqa4bsds9o" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; direction: ltr; text-align: left;&quot;
! ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ
! ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]'''
| • [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ]]'''
| • [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]'''
| 
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 3; column-gap: 20px;&quot;&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ]]'''
| • [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]'''
| • [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]'''
| 
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 3; column-gap: 20px;&quot;&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>h9xbabukahre6cntgihvveqa4bsds9o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381997</id>
      <parentid>7381991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T01:25:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daoudsfouli</username>
        <id>2603169</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5625" sha1="kv46kt8urf3p58a4gieivfo7elwyu63" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; direction: ltr; text-align: left;&quot;
! ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ
! ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]'''
| • [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ|ⴰⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ]]'''
| • [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ|ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ|ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ]]'''
| 
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 3; column-gap: 20px;&quot;&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ|ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ|ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ|ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ|ⵉⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ|ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵣⵢⴰⵔⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ|ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ|ⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹ]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ]]'''
| • [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵓⵎⵎⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ]]'''
| • [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]]
|-
| '''[[:Category:Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ|ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]'''
| 
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 3; column-gap: 20px;&quot;&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ|ⴰⵥⵉⴹⵕ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ|ⴰⴼⵍⵍⵙ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ|ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ|ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ|ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ|ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ|ⴰⵙⵜⴰⴳ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ|ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ|ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵍⵖ|ⵉⵍⵖ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ|ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ|ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⴷⵜ|ⵜⵉⴷⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ|ⴰⵖⵓⵏⵣⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵖⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wq/zgh/ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ|ⵜⵓⵍⵡⵓⵜ]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
 [[Category:wq/zgh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/wlx/Betty Krosbi Mensah</title>
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      <id>7381940</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T21:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhaideen Faiz Brichini</username>
        <id>2604229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Betty Nana Efua Krosbi''' (baŋ maŋ la sɩbʋʋ '''Crosby'''[1] bee '''Krosby'''[2]) '''Mensah''', ba dɔgʋʋ Aŋjɛlɩŋje beri lijɛri nɩŋ awai 1980 yuoni puʋŋ)[3] ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] pɔlɩtɩɩsi era aŋ daŋ e begimaani koree a begimaali de ayɔpoi nɩŋ anii ne a ko Afram Plains Nɔɔf dɛme aŋ be Istiŋ naa paalʋʋŋ, [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]]. Ʋ ɩyɛ NDC nɩɛ.[4][5][1][6]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="402" sha1="r24dmc4v1419z6ejz56ktxvhublyial" xml:space="preserve">'''Betty Nana Efua Krosbi''' (baŋ maŋ la sɩbʋʋ '''Crosby'''[1] bee '''Krosby'''[2]) '''Mensah''', ba dɔgʋʋ Aŋjɛlɩŋje beri lijɛri nɩŋ awai 1980 yuoni puʋŋ)[3] ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] pɔlɩtɩɩsi era aŋ daŋ e begimaani koree a begimaali de ayɔpoi nɩŋ anii ne a ko Afram Plains Nɔɔf dɛme aŋ be Istiŋ naa paalʋʋŋ, [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]]. Ʋ ɩyɛ NDC nɩɛ.[4][5][1][6]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381941</id>
      <parentid>7381940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T21:36:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhaideen Faiz Brichini</username>
        <id>2604229</id>
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      <text bytes="473" sha1="4b1imn0qxgu9gzne9ljh89zdgtppvt6" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/wlx/Databox|item=Q57915355}}
'''Betty Nana Efua Krosbi''' (baŋ maŋ la sɩbʋʋ '''Crosby'''[1] bee '''Krosby'''[2]) '''Mensah''', ba dɔgʋʋ Aŋjɛlɩŋje beri lijɛri nɩŋ awai 1980 yuoni puʋŋ)[3] ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] pɔlɩtɩɩsi era aŋ daŋ e begimaani koree a begimaali de ayɔpoi nɩŋ anii ne a ko Afram Plains Nɔɔf dɛme aŋ be Istiŋ naa paalʋʋŋ, [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]]. Ʋ ɩyɛ NDC nɩɛ.[4][5][1][6]
'''Bold text'''

[[Category:Wp/wlx]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381947</id>
      <parentid>7381941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T21:54:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhaideen Faiz Brichini</username>
        <id>2604229</id>
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      <text bytes="1711" sha1="moiphopp3yskn82r17an48jn91rn95g" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/wlx/Databox|item=Q57915355}}
'''Betty Nana Efua Krosbi''' (baŋ maŋ la sɩbʋʋ '''Crosby'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20181025031231/https://omgvoice.com/lifestyle/gh-female-mps/&lt;/ref&gt; bee '''Krosby'''&lt;ref&gt;https://ghanamps.com/mp/mensah-betty-nana-efua-krosby/&lt;/ref&gt;) '''Mensah''', ba dɔgʋʋ Aŋjɛlɩŋje beri lijɛri nɩŋ awai 1980 yuoni puʋŋ)&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20240925231132/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=124&lt;/ref&gt; ɩyɛ [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]] pɔlɩtɩɩsi era aŋ daŋ e begimaani koree a begimaali de ayɔpoi nɩŋ anii ne a ko Afram Plains Nɔɔf dɛme aŋ be Istiŋ naa paalʋʋŋ, [[Wp/wlx/Gaana|Gaana]]. Ʋ ɩyɛ NDC nɩɛ.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230921225336/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/regional/Youth-resist-attempts-to-relocate-ferry-at-Afram-Plains-604542&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsghana.com.gh/ndc-parliamentary-candidate-makes-women-her-prime-target/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ʋ Nyivori Piilee Nɩŋ Ʋ Karɩmbʋ ==
Ba ba dɔgee Mensah Aŋjɛlɩŋje beri lijɛri nɩŋ awai 1980 yuoni puʋŋ yiri ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka Donkorkrom aŋ be Isitiŋ naa paalʋʋŋ. Ʋ tare gbaŋʋ ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka Bakyila daa diibʋ vuoŋ a yi karɩmbʋjie ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka Zenith University College,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5551&lt;/ref&gt; anɩŋ gbaŋʋ ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka HND a yi libie yɛlitarihɩ puʋŋ, karɩmbʋjie ŋa baŋ bʋɔna ka Koforidua Technical University.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230921225336/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/author/betty_mensah_190318135058603&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarɩjɩɩhi ==
[[Category:Wp/wlx]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Wiki241981</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3829562</id>
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      <id>7381948</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T21:56:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welcoming Bot</username>
        <id>9525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!</comment>
      <origin>7381948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1013" sha1="6q7u1ikcevko1x7rz102ybizavs6tjy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 21:56, 2 November 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ppl/−yakawika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381954</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:06:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wiki241981</username>
        <id>2722505</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{| style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; border: 2px solid #0284c7; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; width: auto;&quot; | '''−YAKAWIKA''' ---- ''Categoría Gramatical:'' Verbo Transitivo  ''Grammatical Category:'' Transitive Verb ---- * '''Audio:''' [[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-AliciaMarroquin-Yakawika.wav|embed|200px]] |}    === Español === * '''Definición:''' Llevar a alguien al frente  * '''Ejemplo:''' Nikyawawia María — ''Yo llevo adelante a María''  === English === * '''Defi...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="640" sha1="68v6xausft7wvdvoza94ghww4b1nfqh" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;background: #f8fafc; border: 2px solid #0284c7; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; width: auto;&quot;
|
'''−YAKAWIKA'''
----
''Categoría Gramatical:'' Verbo Transitivo

''Grammatical Category:'' Transitive Verb
----
* '''Audio:''' [[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-AliciaMarroquin-Yakawika.wav|embed|200px]]
|}


=== Español ===
* '''Definición:''' Llevar a alguien al frente

* '''Ejemplo:''' Nikyawawia María — ''Yo llevo adelante a
María''

=== English ===
* '''Definition:''' Bring someone forward
* '''Example:''' Nikyawawia Maria — I'm bringing Maria forward.

[[Category:Wt/ppl/Category:Verbo Transitivo]]
[[Category:Wt/ppl]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Graje</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:28:41Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Graje Jès yon moun fè lè li anvi leve sou yon shèz kote li shita, men gen yon bagay, tankou yon otorite, ki anpeshe li leve. Fwote yon moso bagay sou yon graj pou jis li vini twò piti pou fwote sou graj la.}}&quot;</comment>
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Jès yon moun fè lè li anvi leve sou yon shèz kote li shita, men gen yon bagay, tankou yon otorite, ki anpeshe li leve. Fwote yon moso bagay sou yon graj pou jis li vini twò piti pou fwote sou graj la.}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381957</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:29:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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Jès yon moun fè lè li anvi leve sou yon chèz kote li shita, men gen yon bagay, tankou yon otorite, ki anpeshe li leve. Fwote yon moso bagay sou yon graj pou jis li vini twò piti pou fwote sou graj la.}}</text>
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      <id>7381958</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:30:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <text bytes="243" sha1="59e8cd8yigteq4s9tdo892vxxdicmxk" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Graje
Jès yon moun fè lè li anvi leve sou yon chèz kote li chita, men gen yon bagay, tankou yon otorite, ki anpeshe li leve. Fwote yon moso bagay sou yon graj pou jis li vini twò piti pou fwote sou graj la.}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381959</id>
      <parentid>7381958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:31:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7381959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="243" sha1="hwj7j07xsk6j6fj2ehc0glm19grwc9e" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Graje
Jès yon moun fè lè li anvi leve sou yon chèz kote li chita, men gen yon bagay, tankou yon otorite, ki anpeche li leve. Fwote yon moso bagay sou yon graj pou jis li vini twò piti pou fwote sou graj la.}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381960</id>
      <parentid>7381959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:36:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7381960</origin>
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      <text bytes="287" sha1="njse1svbtxdaoup5yrb13258upem49i" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Graje
Jès yon moun fè lè li anvi leve sou yon chèz kote li chita, men gen yon bagay, tankou yon otorite, ki anpeche li leve. Fwote yon moso bagay sou yon graj pou jis li vini twò piti pou fwote sou graj la.|egzanp=Graje manyok la pou nou fe kasav la.}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381962</id>
      <parentid>7381960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:39:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7381962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="289" sha1="dn66r5fgoizt9ztlyflouawapgd8xxz" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Graje
Jès yon moun fè lè li anvi leve sou yon chèz kote li chita, men gen yon bagay, tankou yon otorite, ki anpeche li leve. Fwote yon moso bagay sou yon graj pou jis li vini twò piti pou fwote sou graj la.|egzanp=Graje manyòk la pou nou fè kasav la.}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Gran</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381963</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:44:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gran Yon bagay, yon moun ki gen anpil ane depi li te kòmanse egziste. Yon bagay ki laj, ki wo, ki aje. Gran Papa, Papa manman ou byen papa papa yon lòt moun. Mari yon grann. Gran papa yo toujou gran.}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="233" sha1="sf5pcn83rv0w9vb4mj6kvbbclhxnp59" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gran
Yon bagay, yon moun ki gen anpil ane depi li te kòmanse egziste. Yon bagay ki laj, ki wo, ki aje. Gran Papa, Papa manman ou byen papa papa yon lòt moun. Mari yon grann. Gran papa yo toujou gran.}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Grandè</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381965</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandè Kapasite yon moun genyen pou li fè nenpòt moun respekte li, pè li. Kalite ki ede yon moun dirije yon gwoup moun, yon kò militè nan lagè e genyen gè a. Kalite yon moun posede pou li dirije lòt moun.}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="245" sha1="2xu87q1zzy8xum1hsn7sr5fs57fia1b" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandè
Kapasite yon moun genyen pou li fè nenpòt moun respekte li, pè li. Kalite ki ede yon moun dirije yon gwoup moun, yon kò militè nan lagè e genyen gè a. Kalite yon moun posede pou li dirije lòt moun.}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381967</id>
      <parentid>7381965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7381967</origin>
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      <text bytes="296" sha1="126x6901pykj7qfj1k5vrcpqo91xkjj" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandè
Kapasite yon moun genyen pou li fè nenpòt moun respekte li, pè li. Kalite ki ede yon moun dirije yon gwoup moun, yon kò militè nan lagè e genyen gè a. Kalite yon moun posede pou li dirije lòt moun.|egzanp=Jak se yon lide nan legliz kote li mache a.}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>7381967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7381968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="297" sha1="c4x8cfjbgswf7obdotn6pre7lrbxca3" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandè
Kapasite yon moun genyen pou li fè nenpòt moun respekte li, pè li. Kalite ki ede yon moun dirije yon gwoup moun, yon kò militè nan lagè e genyen gè a. Kalite yon moun posede pou li dirije lòt moun.|egzanp=Jak se yon lidè nan legliz kote li mache a.}}</text>
      <sha1>c4x8cfjbgswf7obdotn6pre7lrbxca3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Grandi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381970</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T22:59:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandi Eta yon bagay, yon moun ki ap pase etap li gen pou li pase pou li vini wo.}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="113" sha1="moltfmg402jub47byeztk1szizsddef" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandi
Eta yon bagay, yon moun ki ap pase etap li gen pou li pase pou li vini wo.}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381980</id>
      <parentid>7381970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:14:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7381980</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="139" sha1="6x4ixgz2czlrt6j72ek1ji1gz59ihj1" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandi
Eta yon bagay, yon moun ki ap pase etap li gen pou li pase pou li vini wo.|egzanp=Jolina grandi vit.}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/mrt/Ibi, Taraba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381973</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:06:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Galdiz</username>
        <id>2568250</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Ibi vanyi mulmu o bar Taraba, Nigeria. Mulmu o bar nu shidar pichi nu banku nu dul Benu. Gyap dul Taraba ana dul nu Donga vir trabiya toba LGA.  Ibi patlu jo o kumau apu kwa nu Taraba, chairmanu nga vir nuwu aga mulmauni. Vir siyasa 10 ngani o huda mulmau IBI.  [[Category:Wp/mrt]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="281" sha1="smy8y27pxnbwx9ndkyl0kfjbo4tq6w8" xml:space="preserve">Ibi vanyi mulmu o bar Taraba, Nigeria. Mulmu o bar nu shidar pichi nu banku nu dul Benu. Gyap dul Taraba ana dul nu Donga vir trabiya toba LGA. 
Ibi patlu jo o kumau apu kwa nu Taraba, chairmanu nga vir nuwu aga mulmauni. Vir siyasa 10 ngani o huda mulmau IBI.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381974</id>
      <parentid>7381973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:07:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Galdiz</username>
        <id>2568250</id>
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      <text bytes="290" sha1="1oklmnig1w3jhdfg0on24qgklhvissn" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibi'''Ibi vanyi mulmu o bar Taraba, Nigeria. Mulmu o bar nu shidar pichi nu banku nu dul Benu. Gyap dul Taraba ana dul nu Donga vir trabiya toba LGA. 
Ibi patlu jo o kumau apu kwa nu Taraba, chairmanu nga vir nuwu aga mulmauni. Vir siyasa 10 ngani o huda mulmau IBI.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]</text>
      <sha1>1oklmnig1w3jhdfg0on24qgklhvissn</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381975</id>
      <parentid>7381974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:08:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Galdiz</username>
        <id>2568250</id>
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      <minor />
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="287" sha1="fwdnz2dacj2hpko641g77t195pcbkqm" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibi''' vanyi mulmu o bar Taraba, Nigeria. Mulmu o bar nu shidar pichi nu banku nu dul Benu. Gyap dul Taraba ana dul nu Donga vir trabiya toba LGA. 
Ibi patlu jo o kumau apu kwa nu Taraba, chairmanu nga vir nuwu aga mulmauni. Vir siyasa 10 ngani o huda mulmau IBI.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]</text>
      <sha1>fwdnz2dacj2hpko641g77t195pcbkqm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381977</id>
      <parentid>7381975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:08:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Galdiz</username>
        <id>2568250</id>
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      <text bytes="288" sha1="32lrw3tjxpzta66ve8fris8l2ad5kqo" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibi''' vanyi mulmu o bar Taraba, Najeriya. Mulmu o bar nu shidar pichi nu banku nu dul Benu. Gyap dul Taraba ana dul nu Donga vir trabiya toba LGA. 
Ibi patlu jo o kumau apu kwa nu Taraba, chairmanu nga vir nuwu aga mulmauni. Vir siyasa 10 ngani o huda mulmau IBI.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]</text>
      <sha1>32lrw3tjxpzta66ve8fris8l2ad5kqo</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381978</id>
      <parentid>7381977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Galdiz</username>
        <id>2568250</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q5984020]]</comment>
      <origin>7381978</origin>
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      <text bytes="312" sha1="ooh0kwua7xx9ebc76j16zm7wc9pa4x3" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibi''' vanyi mulmu o bar Taraba, Najeriya. Mulmu o bar nu shidar pichi nu banku nu dul Benu. Gyap dul Taraba ana dul nu Donga vir trabiya toba LGA. 
Ibi patlu jo o kumau apu kwa nu Taraba, chairmanu nga vir nuwu aga mulmauni. Vir siyasa 10 ngani o huda mulmau IBI.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q5984020}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381979</id>
      <parentid>7381978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:11:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Galdiz</username>
        <id>2568250</id>
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      <origin>7381979</origin>
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      <text bytes="345" sha1="4759y6d3wm39eoyn6x0s2vtc1p8m4av" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/mrt/Databox|item=Q5984020}}
'''Ibi''' vanyi mulmu o bar Taraba, Najeriya. Mulmu o bar nu shidar pichi nu banku nu dul Benu. Gyap dul Taraba ana dul nu Donga vir trabiya toba LGA. 
Ibi patlu jo o kumau apu kwa nu Taraba, chairmanu nga vir nuwu aga mulmauni. Vir siyasa 10 ngani o huda mulmau IBI.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q5984020}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Grandizè</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381981</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:16:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandizè Moun ki pale anpil yon fason pou shashe bay tèt li plis bon kalite, bonte, valè, grandè li pa genyen avèk espwa lòt moun ap bay li menm bagay sa yo tou.}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="199" sha1="bqnglbh68jeoeirc6mw3mrv6cvqrvn8" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandizè
Moun ki pale anpil yon fason pou shashe bay tèt li plis bon kalite, bonte, valè, grandè li pa genyen avèk espwa lòt moun ap bay li menm bagay sa yo tou.}}</text>
      <sha1>bqnglbh68jeoeirc6mw3mrv6cvqrvn8</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381982</id>
      <parentid>7381981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:16:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="199" sha1="8oe01mfpibkaimv5l5piilal3gr959u" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grandizè
Moun ki pale anpil yon fason pou chache bay tèt li plis bon kalite, bonte, valè, grandè li pa genyen avèk espwa lòt moun ap bay li menm bagay sa yo tou.}}</text>
      <sha1>8oe01mfpibkaimv5l5piilal3gr959u</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Granmesi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381984</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:22:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Granmesi Avèk sekou… Avèk èd…}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7381984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="68" sha1="f0tkhcosazdlqho84ajp2ie5tezi0iy" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Granmesi
Avèk sekou… Avèk èd…}}</text>
      <sha1>f0tkhcosazdlqho84ajp2ie5tezi0iy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7381985</id>
      <parentid>7381984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7381985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="111" sha1="qwen32klhhznxajhj34bdu9w14b5h6l" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Granmesi
Avèk sekou… Avèk èd…|egzanp=Avek sekou Bondye m ap pote viktwa,}}</text>
      <sha1>qwen32klhhznxajhj34bdu9w14b5h6l</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381986</id>
      <parentid>7381985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7381986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="112" sha1="n57gzrefkpruul3zf6qhwk547wvmnbm" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Granmesi
Avèk sekou… Avèk èd…|egzanp=Avèk sekou Bondye m ap pote viktwa,}}</text>
      <sha1>n57gzrefkpruul3zf6qhwk547wvmnbm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Grann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381988</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:27:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grann Yon granmoun fi ki manman manman ou byen manman papa yon lòt moun. Madanm yon gran-papa a. Grann Nanna, Yon granmoun fi ki gen yon mennaj, yon mari ki te kapab pitit li pou gwo diferans ant laj yo de a.}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7381988</origin>
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      <text bytes="241" sha1="oh3qty0oc2u4gisu6n5rpgfp2m40v9q" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grann
Yon granmoun fi ki manman manman ou byen manman papa yon lòt moun. Madanm yon gran-papa a. Grann Nanna, Yon granmoun fi ki gen yon mennaj, yon mari ki te kapab pitit li pou gwo diferans ant laj yo de a.}}</text>
      <sha1>oh3qty0oc2u4gisu6n5rpgfp2m40v9q</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7381989</id>
      <parentid>7381988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:28:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <origin>7381989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="288" sha1="l6qpiyws44tzfxvfw9k0abhjenswzbx" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grann
Yon granmoun fi ki manman manman ou byen manman papa yon lòt moun. Madanm yon gran-papa a. Grann Nanna, Yon granmoun fi ki gen yon mennaj, yon mari ki te kapab pitit li pou gwo diferans ant laj yo de a.|egzanp=Grann mwen toujou sere manje pou mwen .}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Granrivyè</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7381999</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:40:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Granrivyè Yon vil nan Depatman Nò a. Grande Rivière du Nord.}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7381999</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="95" sha1="drrisxgya3u8kzdywbr736t6opxu5sb" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Granrivyè
Yon vil nan Depatman Nò a. Grande Rivière du Nord.}}</text>
      <sha1>drrisxgya3u8kzdywbr736t6opxu5sb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Granvensan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382000</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:43:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Granvensan Yon bannann moun kapab manje lè li vèt ou byen lè li mi. Lè li mi yo rele li fig.}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="128" sha1="5h9jby8kr1pp5xk3k6b5yyazzpsqlcc" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Granvensan
Yon bannann moun kapab manje lè li vèt ou byen lè li mi. Lè li mi yo rele li fig.}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Grap</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382001</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grap Grenn yon pye palmis ki soti andedan djagwasil yo. Koshon nwa yo te konnen manje grap paske li dous. Grenn sa a te konnen angrese bèt sa tou.}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" sha1="6wvo4o12y2j91qfmcxutogn0mb28ofe" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grap
Grenn yon pye palmis ki soti andedan djagwasil yo. Koshon nwa yo te konnen manje grap paske li dous. Grenn sa a te konnen angrese bèt sa tou.}}</text>
      <sha1>6wvo4o12y2j91qfmcxutogn0mb28ofe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382002</id>
      <parentid>7382001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:45:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" sha1="f4uqvlw4wklitbhzgy3xojlzblgbcnc" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grap
Grenn yon pye palmis ki soti andedan djagwasil yo. Kochon nwa yo te konnen manje grap paske li dous. Grenn sa a te konnen angrese bèt sa tou.}}</text>
      <sha1>f4uqvlw4wklitbhzgy3xojlzblgbcnc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382003</id>
      <parentid>7382002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="229" sha1="jtie25nke09bokyvs4s0twt0j4k40i7" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grap
Grenn yon pye palmis ki soti andedan djagwasil yo. Kochon nwa yo te konnen manje grap paske li dous. Grenn sa a te konnen angrese bèt sa tou.|egzanp=Kochon an manje tout grap yo ki te a te a.}}</text>
      <sha1>jtie25nke09bokyvs4s0twt0j4k40i7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382004</id>
      <parentid>7382003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:47:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="230" sha1="08ljo6k10zb9sdz8aghnl09oe3fxcn7" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grap
Grenn yon pye palmis ki soti andedan djagwasil yo. Kochon nwa yo te konnen manje grap paske li dous. Grenn sa a te konnen angrese bèt sa tou.|egzanp=Kochon an manje tout grap yo ki te a tè a.}}</text>
      <sha1>08ljo6k10zb9sdz8aghnl09oe3fxcn7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Gravite</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382005</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:51:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gravite Yon fòs ki rale tout kò ki toupre fas tè a tonbe sou li. Syantis mezire fòs sa e yo jwenn li rale tout kò tonbe sou tè a avèk yon vitès ki mezire 9,8 mèt pou shak segond ki pase lè yon bagay ap tonbe.}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="250" sha1="rqusq0xg215fdq0vdursdm2o3h3s5j4" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gravite
Yon fòs ki rale tout kò ki toupre fas tè a tonbe sou li. Syantis mezire fòs sa e yo jwenn li rale tout kò tonbe sou tè a avèk yon vitès ki mezire 9,8 mèt pou shak segond ki pase lè yon bagay ap tonbe.}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382006</id>
      <parentid>7382005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:51:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="250" sha1="c8sgm9m8fu907d8efl58wy5used3jhs" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gravite
Yon fòs ki rale tout kò ki toupre fas tè a tonbe sou li. Syantis mezire fòs sa e yo jwenn li rale tout kò tonbe sou tè a avèk yon vitès ki mezire 9,8 mèt pou chak segond ki pase lè yon bagay ap tonbe.}}</text>
      <sha1>c8sgm9m8fu907d8efl58wy5used3jhs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Grèk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382007</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T02:58:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grèk Yon ti sak ki gen fòm yon triyang e ayisyen itilize li pou yo koule, fè kafe. Yon lang moun pale nan peyi Grès. Moun ki fèt nan peyi Grès.}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382007</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="39tj4uryan4e0yw2p4w0865aovtonny" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grèk
Yon ti sak ki gen fòm yon triyang e ayisyen itilize li pou yo koule, fè kafe. Yon lang moun pale nan peyi Grès. Moun ki fèt nan peyi Grès.}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Grenadya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382008</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:01:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grenadya Yon lyann ki kapab pase plizyè ane ap grandi pandan li ap donnen anpil grenn prèske shak jou. Fri grenadya a sanble avèk yon ti boul. Li gen yon ji andedan li ki si anpil avèk kèk ti grenn tou. Li fè bon ji e ayisyen renmen bwè ji sa a anpil.}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382008</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="290" sha1="aw6rwreu82212ox8f2666v1a3dti91e" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grenadya
Yon lyann ki kapab pase plizyè ane ap grandi pandan li ap donnen anpil grenn prèske shak jou. Fri grenadya a sanble avèk yon ti boul. Li gen yon ji andedan li ki si anpil avèk kèk ti grenn tou. Li fè bon ji e ayisyen renmen bwè ji sa a anpil.}}</text>
      <sha1>aw6rwreu82212ox8f2666v1a3dti91e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382009</id>
      <parentid>7382008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="290" sha1="915vwkk6mrych3ct3uhlz0b26p1s0k9" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grenadya
Yon lyann ki kapab pase plizyè ane ap grandi pandan li ap donnen anpil grenn prèske chak jou. Fri grenadya a sanble avèk yon ti boul. Li gen yon ji andedan li ki si anpil avèk kèk ti grenn tou. Li fè bon ji e ayisyen renmen bwè ji sa a anpil.}}</text>
      <sha1>915vwkk6mrych3ct3uhlz0b26p1s0k9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382010</id>
      <parentid>7382009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:02:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="336" sha1="4e6h2uoeknetpvt10ijshqsokf2kguh" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grenadya
Yon lyann ki kapab pase plizyè ane ap grandi pandan li ap donnen anpil grenn prèske chak jou. Fri grenadya a sanble avèk yon ti boul. Li gen yon ji andedan li ki si anpil avèk kèk ti grenn tou. Li fè bon ji e ayisyen renmen bwè ji sa a anpil.|egzanp=Mwen toujou fe ji grenadya bay mari m.}}</text>
      <sha1>4e6h2uoeknetpvt10ijshqsokf2kguh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382011</id>
      <parentid>7382010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:03:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="337" sha1="92tvtsi40ah5id9gcyu08y1rtvumzyk" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grenadya
Yon lyann ki kapab pase plizyè ane ap grandi pandan li ap donnen anpil grenn prèske chak jou. Fri grenadya a sanble avèk yon ti boul. Li gen yon ji andedan li ki si anpil avèk kèk ti grenn tou. Li fè bon ji e ayisyen renmen bwè ji sa a anpil.|egzanp=Mwen toujou fè ji grenadya bay mari m.}}</text>
      <sha1>92tvtsi40ah5id9gcyu08y1rtvumzyk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wy/ta/கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382012</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>பக்கம் துவக்கப்பட்டு விவரங்கள் சேர்க்கபட்டு வருகின்றன</comment>
      <origin>7382012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1725" sha1="1wm37ewo1e6dqhxe3aq58s9m43xmli1" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ta/Pagebanner|Welcome banner.jpg|pgname=கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்}}
'''கொங்கணி''' (''कोंकणी'') என்பது இந்தியாவின் கோவா மாநிலத்தின் முதன்மையான மொழியாகும். இது [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரத்தின்]] கொங்கண் பகுதியிலும் பேசப்படுகிறது.

==உச்சரிப்பு வழிகாட்டி==

===உயிரெழுத்துகள்===

===மெய்யெழுத்துகள்===

===பொதுவான இரு உயிரொலிகள் (Diphthongs)===

==சொற்றொடர்ப் பட்டியல்==

===அடிப்படைச் சொற்றொடர்கள்===
; வணக்கம். : நமஸ்கார்
; எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள்? : ''கஸோ ஆஸா?'' (ஆண்); ''கசே ஆஸா?'' (பெண்)
; நான் நலமாக இருக்கிறேன்: ''ஹாவ் பரோ ஆஸா''
; சரி, நன்றி. : ''டீக் ஆஸா, தன்யவாத்''
; உங்கள் பெயர் என்ன? : ''தும்சே நாவ் கிதே?''
; என் பெயர் ______. : ''ம்ஹஜே நாவ் ____ ஆஸா''
; உங்களை சந்தித்ததில் மகிழ்ச்சி. : ''தும்கா மேளூன் கோசி ஜாலி''
; தயவுசெய்து. : ''உப்கார் கரூன்''</text>
      <sha1>1wm37ewo1e6dqhxe3aq58s9m43xmli1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382013</id>
      <parentid>7382012</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Wy/ta/Phrasebooks]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>7382013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1757" sha1="8su9t4z28s4ynnqhmd3prhff14isz21" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ta/Pagebanner|Welcome banner.jpg|pgname=கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்}}
'''கொங்கணி''' (''कोंकणी'') என்பது இந்தியாவின் கோவா மாநிலத்தின் முதன்மையான மொழியாகும். இது [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரத்தின்]] கொங்கண் பகுதியிலும் பேசப்படுகிறது.

==உச்சரிப்பு வழிகாட்டி==

===உயிரெழுத்துகள்===

===மெய்யெழுத்துகள்===

===பொதுவான இரு உயிரொலிகள் (Diphthongs)===

==சொற்றொடர்ப் பட்டியல்==

===அடிப்படைச் சொற்றொடர்கள்===
; வணக்கம். : நமஸ்கார்
; எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள்? : ''கஸோ ஆஸா?'' (ஆண்); ''கசே ஆஸா?'' (பெண்)
; நான் நலமாக இருக்கிறேன்: ''ஹாவ் பரோ ஆஸா''
; சரி, நன்றி. : ''டீக் ஆஸா, தன்யவாத்''
; உங்கள் பெயர் என்ன? : ''தும்சே நாவ் கிதே?''
; என் பெயர் ______. : ''ம்ஹஜே நாவ் ____ ஆஸா''
; உங்களை சந்தித்ததில் மகிழ்ச்சி. : ''தும்கா மேளூன் கோசி ஜாலி''
; தயவுசெய்து. : ''உப்கார் கரூன்''

[[Category:Wy/ta/Phrasebooks]]</text>
      <sha1>8su9t4z28s4ynnqhmd3prhff14isz21</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382014</id>
      <parentid>7382013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:07:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Wy/ta/சொற்றொடர்நூல்கள்]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>7382014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1825" sha1="5n29vm8u8j0s7ex0t5xy5tcu4mg52bb" xml:space="preserve">{{Wy/ta/Pagebanner|Welcome banner.jpg|pgname=கொங்கணி சொற்றொடர்நூல்}}
'''கொங்கணி''' (''कोंकणी'') என்பது இந்தியாவின் கோவா மாநிலத்தின் முதன்மையான மொழியாகும். இது [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரத்தின்]] கொங்கண் பகுதியிலும் பேசப்படுகிறது.

==உச்சரிப்பு வழிகாட்டி==

===உயிரெழுத்துகள்===

===மெய்யெழுத்துகள்===

===பொதுவான இரு உயிரொலிகள் (Diphthongs)===

==சொற்றொடர்ப் பட்டியல்==

===அடிப்படைச் சொற்றொடர்கள்===
; வணக்கம். : நமஸ்கார்
; எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள்? : ''கஸோ ஆஸா?'' (ஆண்); ''கசே ஆஸா?'' (பெண்)
; நான் நலமாக இருக்கிறேன்: ''ஹாவ் பரோ ஆஸா''
; சரி, நன்றி. : ''டீக் ஆஸா, தன்யவாத்''
; உங்கள் பெயர் என்ன? : ''தும்சே நாவ் கிதே?''
; என் பெயர் ______. : ''ம்ஹஜே நாவ் ____ ஆஸா''
; உங்களை சந்தித்ததில் மகிழ்ச்சி. : ''தும்கா மேளூன் கோசி ஜாலி''
; தயவுசெய்து. : ''உப்கார் கரூன்''

[[Category:Wy/ta/Phrasebooks]]
[[Category:Wy/ta/சொற்றொடர்நூல்கள்]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/ht/Grenn</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382015</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:09:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grenn Fri yon pye bwa ki pèmèt pye bwa a kontinye egziste. Grenn yon pye bwa gen yon ti grenn andedan li. Shak ti grenn sa yo kapab bay yon pye bwa pou kont yo lè yo gèmen, men gen anpil grenn pye bwa ki pa gèmen.}}&quot;</comment>
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Fri yon pye bwa ki pèmèt pye bwa a kontinye egziste. Grenn yon pye bwa gen yon ti grenn andedan li. Shak ti grenn sa yo kapab bay yon pye bwa pou kont yo lè yo gèmen, men gen anpil grenn pye bwa ki pa gèmen.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:10:03Z</timestamp>
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Fri yon pye bwa ki pèmèt pye bwa a kontinye egziste. Grenn yon pye bwa gen yon ti grenn andedan li. Shak ti grenn sa yo kapab bay yon pye bwa pou kont yo lè yo gèmen, men gen anpil grenn pye bwa ki pa gèmen.|egzanp=Konseve grenn papay yo pou plante.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:10:34Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Chersie06</username>
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Fri yon pye bwa ki pèmèt pye bwa a kontinye egziste. Grenn yon pye bwa gen yon ti grenn andedan li. chak ti grenn sa yo kapab bay yon pye bwa pou kont yo lè yo gèmen, men gen anpil grenn pye bwa ki pa gèmen.|egzanp=Konseve grenn papay yo pou plante.}}</text>
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Fri yon pye bwa ki pèmèt pye bwa a kontinye egziste. Grenn yon pye bwa gen yon ti grenn andedan li. chak ti grenn sa yo kapab bay yon pye bwa pou kont yo lè yo gèmen, men gen anpil grenn pye bwa ki pa gèmen.|egzanp=Konsève grenn papay yo pou plante.}}</text>
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    <title>Wt/ht/Grip</title>
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      <id>7382019</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:12:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Grip Yon maladi kontajye yon mikwòb bay. Moun ki gen grip toujou santi yon bagay nan gòj yo ki fòse yo ouvri boush yo pou pouse yon koush lè soti. Kèk fwa malad la kòmanse anrime anvan li gen grip. Lè yon moun gen yon grip ki dire anpil tan li fèt pou li ale wè yon doktè pou konsiltasyon.}}&quot;</comment>
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Yon maladi kontajye yon mikwòb bay. Moun ki gen grip toujou santi yon bagay nan gòj yo ki fòse yo ouvri boush yo pou pouse yon koush lè soti. Kèk fwa malad la kòmanse anrime anvan li gen grip. Lè yon moun gen yon grip ki dire anpil tan li fèt pou li ale wè yon doktè pou konsiltasyon.}}</text>
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Yon maladi kontajye yon mikwòb bay. Moun ki gen grip toujou santi yon bagay nan gòj yo ki fòse yo ouvri boush yo pou pouse yon koush lè soti. Kèk fwa malad la kòmanse anrime anvan li gen grip. Lè yon moun gen yon grip ki dire anpil tan li fèt pou li ale wè yon doktè pou konsiltasyon.|istwa=Tifi wakani an toujou gripe.}}</text>
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Yon maladi kontajye yon mikwòb bay. Moun ki gen grip toujou santi yon bagay nan gòj yo ki fòse yo ouvri bouch yo pou pouse yon koush lè soti. Kèk fwa malad la kòmanse anrime anvan li gen grip. Lè yon moun gen yon grip ki dire anpil tan li fèt pou li ale wè yon doktè pou konsiltasyon.|istwa=Tifi wakani an toujou gripe.}}</text>
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Yon maladi kontajye yon mikwòb bay. Moun ki gen grip toujou santi yon bagay nan gòj yo ki fòse yo ouvri bouch yo pou pouse yon kouch lè soti. Kèk fwa malad la kòmanse anrime anvan li gen grip. Lè yon moun gen yon grip ki dire anpil tan li fèt pou li ale wè yon doktè pou konsiltasyon.|istwa=Tifi wakani an toujou gripe.}}</text>
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    <title>Wt/ht/Gripe</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gripe Eta yon moun ki soufri maladi ki rele grip.}}&quot;</comment>
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Eta yon moun ki soufri maladi ki rele grip.}}</text>
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Eta yon moun ki soufri maladi ki rele grip.|egzanp=Ronal ap touse anpil.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:18:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Griye Kwit yon bagay avèk shalè dife e san dlo. Yon bagay ki ap griye gen kontak dirèk avèk dife a.}}&quot;</comment>
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Kwit yon bagay avèk shalè dife e san dlo. Yon bagay ki ap griye gen kontak dirèk avèk dife a.}}</text>
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Kwit yon bagay avèk chalè dife e san dlo. Yon bagay ki ap griye gen kontak dirèk avèk dife a.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:21:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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Kwit yon bagay avèk chalè dife e san dlo. Yon bagay ki ap griye gen kontak dirèk avèk dife a.|istwa=Grann mwen renmen griye kafe anpil.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:22:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gwatemala Yon peyi sou kontinan Amerik la nan yon zòn ki rele Amerik Santral, nan Sid Meksik. Moun nan peyi sa pale Espanyòl.}}&quot;</comment>
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Yon peyi sou kontinan Amerik la nan yon zòn ki rele Amerik Santral, nan Sid Meksik. Moun nan peyi sa pale Espanyòl.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:24:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gwayamouk Mo sa a soti nan lang Espanyòl la: guayamunco. Se yon rivyè ki pase sou kote kapital Depatman Sant la, Ensh. Gen de rivyè enpòtan ki tonbe nan Gwayamouk, Yofri avèk Kanno epi yo tout ale tonbe nan flèv Latibonit la.}}&quot;</comment>
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Mo sa a soti nan lang Espanyòl la: guayamunco. Se yon rivyè ki pase sou kote kapital Depatman Sant la, Ensh. Gen de rivyè enpòtan ki tonbe nan Gwayamouk, Yofri avèk Kanno epi yo tout ale tonbe nan flèv Latibonit la.}}</text>
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Mo sa a soti nan lang Espanyòl la: guayamunco. Se yon rivyè ki pase sou kote kapital Depatman Sant la, Ench. Gen de rivyè enpòtan ki tonbe nan Gwayamouk, Yofri avèk Kanno epi yo tout ale tonbe nan flèv Latibonit la.}}</text>
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    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gwayav Yon pye bwa ki bay yon fri won, ki fè bon konfiti, bon ji.}}&quot;</comment>
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Yon pye bwa ki bay yon fri won, ki fè bon konfiti, bon ji.}}</text>
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Yon pye bwa ki bay yon fri won, ki fè bon konfiti, bon ji.|egzanp=Ji gwayav bon pou lasante.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2594754</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/ht/definisyon|definisyon=Gwonde Fè yon bri andedan gòj pou entimide lòt moun, bèt. Yon bri shyen fè anvan yo kòmanse jape. Bri yon loray fè e ki dire plizyè segond.}}&quot;</comment>
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Fè yon bri andedan gòj pou entimide lòt moun, bèt. Yon bri shyen fè anvan yo kòmanse jape. Bri yon loray fè e ki dire plizyè segond.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:31:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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Fè yon bri andedan gòj pou entimide lòt moun, bèt. Yon bri chyen fè anvan yo kòmanse jape. Bri yon loray fè e ki dire plizyè segond.}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T03:32:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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Fè yon bri andedan gòj pou entimide lòt moun, bèt. Yon bri chyen fè anvan yo kòmanse jape. Bri yon loray fè e ki dire plizyè segond.|egzanp=Li fe minui mwen tande yon bet k ap gwonde deyo a.}}</text>
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      <comment>மேலும் விவரங்கள் சேர்க்கப்பட்டன</comment>
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மும்பை ([[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: मुंबई ''மும்பை''), முன்னர் '''பம்பாய்''' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நகரமும், [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிர]] மாநிலத்தின் தலைநகரமும் ஆகும். பல பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் ஒரு பெருநகரமான மும்பை, [[Wy/ta/கொங்கண்|கொங்கண்]] கடற்கரையோரத்தில் இருந்த ஏழு தீவுகளின் மீது உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. காலப்போக்கில், இந்தத் தீவுகள் ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்டு பம்பாய் எனும் தீவு நகரமாக உருவெடுத்தன. பின்னர், இந்தத் தீவு அருகிலிருந்த சால்செட் தீவுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டு  &quot;பெருநகர மும்பை&quot; உருவானது. இந்த மாநகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 20 மில்லியனுக்கும் (2 கோடிக்கும்) அதிகம் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி).

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot;]]
பரவலாக &quot;இந்தியாவின் [[Wy/ta/நியூயார்க் நகரம்|நியூயார்க் நகரம்]]&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மும்பை, சந்தேகத்திற்கு இடமின்றி நாட்டின் வணிகத் தலைநகராகவும், மிக முக்கியமான துறைமுக நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்திய நகரமாக மும்பை விளங்குகிறது. இதற்குச் சான்றாக, உலகளவில் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு பெற்ற இந்தித் திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சித் துறைகளின் மையமான [[Wy/ta/பாலிடவுட்|'''''பாலிவுட்''''']] இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும், இந்தியாவில் மிகப்பெரிய குடிசைப்பகுதி மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டுள்ள இந்நகரம், பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் மும்பை துறைமுகத்தின் கரையில் கட்டப்பட்ட புகழ்பெற்ற &quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot; நினைவுச்சின்னத்திற்கும் இருப்பிடமாக உள்ளது.</text>
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மும்பை ([[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: मुंबई ''மும்பை''), முன்னர் '''பம்பாய்''' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நகரமும், [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிர]] மாநிலத்தின் தலைநகரமும் ஆகும். பல பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் ஒரு பெருநகரமான மும்பை, [[Wy/ta/கொங்கண்|கொங்கண்]] கடற்கரையோரத்தில் இருந்த ஏழு தீவுகளின் மீது உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. காலப்போக்கில், இந்தத் தீவுகள் ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்டு பம்பாய் எனும் தீவு நகரமாக உருவெடுத்தன. பின்னர், இந்தத் தீவு அருகிலிருந்த சால்செட் தீவுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டு  &quot;பெருநகர மும்பை&quot; உருவானது. இந்த மாநகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 20 மில்லியனுக்கும் (2 கோடிக்கும்) அதிகம் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி).

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot;]]
பரவலாக &quot;இந்தியாவின் [[Wy/ta/நியூயார்க் நகரம்|நியூயார்க் நகரம்]]&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மும்பை, சந்தேகத்திற்கு இடமின்றி நாட்டின் வணிகத் தலைநகராகவும், மிக முக்கியமான துறைமுக நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்திய நகரமாக மும்பை விளங்குகிறது. இதற்குச் சான்றாக, உலகளவில் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு பெற்ற இந்தித் திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சித் துறைகளின் மையமான [[Wy/ta/பாலிடவுட்|'''''பாலிவுட்''''']] இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும், இந்தியாவில் மிகப்பெரிய குடிசைப்பகுதி மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டுள்ள இந்நகரம், பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் மும்பை துறைமுகத்தின் கரையில் கட்டப்பட்ட புகழ்பெற்ற &quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot; நினைவுச்சின்னத்திற்கும் இருப்பிடமாக உள்ளது.

பம்பாய் என்ற பெயர், ஆய்வாளர் பிரான்சிசு அல்மெய்டா வழங்கிய போம் பாஹியா (போர்த்துகீசிய மொழியில் &quot;நல்ல விரிகுடா&quot;) என்ற பெயரிலிருந்து வந்தது. மும்பை, கோலி மீனவ சமூகத்தின் தெய்வமான மும்பாதேவியின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.</text>
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      <comment>இன்ஃபோபாக்ஸ் வார்ப்புரு சேர்க்கப்பட்டது</comment>
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மும்பை ([[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: मुंबई ''மும்பை''), முன்னர் '''பம்பாய்''' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நகரமும், [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிர]] மாநிலத்தின் தலைநகரமும் ஆகும். பல பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் ஒரு பெருநகரமான மும்பை, [[Wy/ta/கொங்கண்|கொங்கண்]] கடற்கரையோரத்தில் இருந்த ஏழு தீவுகளின் மீது உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. காலப்போக்கில், இந்தத் தீவுகள் ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்டு பம்பாய் எனும் தீவு நகரமாக உருவெடுத்தன. பின்னர், இந்தத் தீவு அருகிலிருந்த சால்செட் தீவுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டு  &quot;பெருநகர மும்பை&quot; உருவானது. இந்த மாநகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 20 மில்லியனுக்கும் (2 கோடிக்கும்) அதிகம் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி).

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot;]]
பரவலாக &quot;இந்தியாவின் [[Wy/ta/நியூயார்க் நகரம்|நியூயார்க் நகரம்]]&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மும்பை, சந்தேகத்திற்கு இடமின்றி நாட்டின் வணிகத் தலைநகராகவும், மிக முக்கியமான துறைமுக நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்திய நகரமாக மும்பை விளங்குகிறது. இதற்குச் சான்றாக, உலகளவில் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு பெற்ற இந்தித் திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சித் துறைகளின் மையமான [[Wy/ta/பாலிடவுட்|'''''பாலிவுட்''''']] இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும், இந்தியாவில் மிகப்பெரிய குடிசைப்பகுதி மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டுள்ள இந்நகரம், பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் மும்பை துறைமுகத்தின் கரையில் கட்டப்பட்ட புகழ்பெற்ற &quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot; நினைவுச்சின்னத்திற்கும் இருப்பிடமாக உள்ளது.

பம்பாய் என்ற பெயர், ஆய்வாளர் பிரான்சிசு அல்மெய்டா வழங்கிய போம் பாஹியா (போர்த்துகீசிய மொழியில் &quot;நல்ல விரிகுடா&quot;) என்ற பெயரிலிருந்து வந்தது. மும்பை, கோலி மீனவ சமூகத்தின் தெய்வமான மும்பாதேவியின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

==நகரப் பகுதிகள்==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கிழக்கு மற்றும் மேற்கு|மும்பையின் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்பவர்கள், அங்குள்ள தொடருந்து நிலையங்களைக் கொண்ட கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்து இடங்களிலும் &quot;மேற்கு&quot; மற்றும் &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என இரு பகுதிகள் இருப்பதைக் கண்டறியலாம். &quot;மேற்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் மேற்குப் பக்கத்தையும், &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் கிழக்குப் பக்கத்தையும் குறிக்கிறது. உதாரணமாக, 'முலுண்டு மேற்கு' என்பது முலுண்டு தொடருந்து நிலையத்திற்கு மேற்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதியைக் குறிக்கிறது. முகவரிகளில், இவை சுருக்கமாக முலுண்டு (மே) மற்றும் முலுண்டு (கி) என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.
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மும்பை ([[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: मुंबई ''மும்பை''), முன்னர் '''பம்பாய்''' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நகரமும், [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிர]] மாநிலத்தின் தலைநகரமும் ஆகும். பல பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் ஒரு பெருநகரமான மும்பை, [[Wy/ta/கொங்கண்|கொங்கண்]] கடற்கரையோரத்தில் இருந்த ஏழு தீவுகளின் மீது உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. காலப்போக்கில், இந்தத் தீவுகள் ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்டு பம்பாய் எனும் தீவு நகரமாக உருவெடுத்தன. பின்னர், இந்தத் தீவு அருகிலிருந்த சால்செட் தீவுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டு  &quot;பெருநகர மும்பை&quot; உருவானது. இந்த மாநகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 20 மில்லியனுக்கும் (2 கோடிக்கும்) அதிகம் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி).

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot;]]
பரவலாக &quot;இந்தியாவின் [[Wy/ta/நியூயார்க் நகரம்|நியூயார்க் நகரம்]]&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மும்பை, சந்தேகத்திற்கு இடமின்றி நாட்டின் வணிகத் தலைநகராகவும், மிக முக்கியமான துறைமுக நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்திய நகரமாக மும்பை விளங்குகிறது. இதற்குச் சான்றாக, உலகளவில் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு பெற்ற இந்தித் திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சித் துறைகளின் மையமான [[Wy/ta/பாலிடவுட்|'''''பாலிவுட்''''']] இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும், இந்தியாவில் மிகப்பெரிய குடிசைப்பகுதி மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டுள்ள இந்நகரம், பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் மும்பை துறைமுகத்தின் கரையில் கட்டப்பட்ட புகழ்பெற்ற &quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot; நினைவுச்சின்னத்திற்கும் இருப்பிடமாக உள்ளது.

பம்பாய் என்ற பெயர், ஆய்வாளர் பிரான்சிசு அல்மெய்டா வழங்கிய போம் பாஹியா (போர்த்துகீசிய மொழியில் &quot;நல்ல விரிகுடா&quot;) என்ற பெயரிலிருந்து வந்தது. மும்பை, கோலி மீனவ சமூகத்தின் தெய்வமான மும்பாதேவியின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

==நகரப் பகுதிகள்==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கிழக்கு மற்றும் மேற்கு|மும்பையின் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்பவர்கள், அங்குள்ள தொடருந்து நிலையங்களைக் கொண்ட கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்து இடங்களிலும் &quot;மேற்கு&quot; மற்றும் &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என இரு பகுதிகள் இருப்பதைக் கண்டறியலாம். &quot;மேற்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் மேற்குப் பக்கத்தையும், &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் கிழக்குப் பக்கத்தையும் குறிக்கிறது. உதாரணமாக, 'முலுண்டு மேற்கு' என்பது முலுண்டு தொடருந்து நிலையத்திற்கு மேற்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதியைக் குறிக்கிறது. முகவரிகளில், இவை சுருக்கமாக முலுண்டு (மே) மற்றும் முலுண்டு (கி) என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.
}}
மும்பை நகரம் தொடர்ச்சியான புலம்பெயர்வு அலைகளால் கட்டமைக்கப்பட்டது. அங்கு முதலில் குடியேறிய சமூகங்களே அந்தந்தப் பகுதிகளுக்கு உரிய தனித்தன்மையை வழங்கின. இத்தகைய பகுதிகள் எண்ணற்றவை. அவற்றை பெரிய மாவட்டங்களாக வகைப்படுத்துவதற்குப் பொதுவான ஏற்புபெற்ற முறை ஏதுமில்லை. இருப்பினும், தெற்கிலிருந்து வடக்கு நோக்கிய திசையில், இந்த நகரம் எவ்வாறு உருவானது என்பதை ஒரு தோராயமான பார்வையில் இவ்வாறு விவரிக்கலாம்.

===பழைய மும்பை===
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'''பழைய மும்பை''' என்பது நகரத்தின் தீபகற்பப் பகுதியாகும். இது பெரு மும்பைப் பகுதியில் உள்ள &quot;நகரம்&quot; என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகிறது. இதற்கு மாறாக, வடக்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதிகள் &quot;புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகள்&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.</text>
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மும்பை ([[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: मुंबई ''மும்பை''), முன்னர் '''பம்பாய்''' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நகரமும், [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிர]] மாநிலத்தின் தலைநகரமும் ஆகும். பல பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் ஒரு பெருநகரமான மும்பை, [[Wy/ta/கொங்கண்|கொங்கண்]] கடற்கரையோரத்தில் இருந்த ஏழு தீவுகளின் மீது உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. காலப்போக்கில், இந்தத் தீவுகள் ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்டு பம்பாய் எனும் தீவு நகரமாக உருவெடுத்தன. பின்னர், இந்தத் தீவு அருகிலிருந்த சால்செட் தீவுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டு  &quot;பெருநகர மும்பை&quot; உருவானது. இந்த மாநகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 20 மில்லியனுக்கும் (2 கோடிக்கும்) அதிகம் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி).

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot;]]
பரவலாக &quot;இந்தியாவின் [[Wy/ta/நியூயார்க் நகரம்|நியூயார்க் நகரம்]]&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மும்பை, சந்தேகத்திற்கு இடமின்றி நாட்டின் வணிகத் தலைநகராகவும், மிக முக்கியமான துறைமுக நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்திய நகரமாக மும்பை விளங்குகிறது. இதற்குச் சான்றாக, உலகளவில் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு பெற்ற இந்தித் திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சித் துறைகளின் மையமான [[Wy/ta/பாலிடவுட்|'''''பாலிவுட்''''']] இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும், இந்தியாவில் மிகப்பெரிய குடிசைப்பகுதி மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டுள்ள இந்நகரம், பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் மும்பை துறைமுகத்தின் கரையில் கட்டப்பட்ட புகழ்பெற்ற &quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot; நினைவுச்சின்னத்திற்கும் இருப்பிடமாக உள்ளது.

பம்பாய் என்ற பெயர், ஆய்வாளர் பிரான்சிசு அல்மெய்டா வழங்கிய போம் பாஹியா (போர்த்துகீசிய மொழியில் &quot;நல்ல விரிகுடா&quot;) என்ற பெயரிலிருந்து வந்தது. மும்பை, கோலி மீனவ சமூகத்தின் தெய்வமான மும்பாதேவியின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

==நகரப் பகுதிகள்==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கிழக்கு மற்றும் மேற்கு|மும்பையின் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்பவர்கள், அங்குள்ள தொடருந்து நிலையங்களைக் கொண்ட கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்து இடங்களிலும் &quot;மேற்கு&quot; மற்றும் &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என இரு பகுதிகள் இருப்பதைக் கண்டறியலாம். &quot;மேற்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் மேற்குப் பக்கத்தையும், &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் கிழக்குப் பக்கத்தையும் குறிக்கிறது. உதாரணமாக, 'முலுண்டு மேற்கு' என்பது முலுண்டு தொடருந்து நிலையத்திற்கு மேற்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதியைக் குறிக்கிறது. முகவரிகளில், இவை சுருக்கமாக முலுண்டு (மே) மற்றும் முலுண்டு (கி) என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.
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மும்பை நகரம் தொடர்ச்சியான புலம்பெயர்வு அலைகளால் கட்டமைக்கப்பட்டது. அங்கு முதலில் குடியேறிய சமூகங்களே அந்தந்தப் பகுதிகளுக்கு உரிய தனித்தன்மையை வழங்கின. இத்தகைய பகுதிகள் எண்ணற்றவை. அவற்றை பெரிய மாவட்டங்களாக வகைப்படுத்துவதற்குப் பொதுவான ஏற்புபெற்ற முறை ஏதுமில்லை. இருப்பினும், தெற்கிலிருந்து வடக்கு நோக்கிய திசையில், இந்த நகரம் எவ்வாறு உருவானது என்பதை ஒரு தோராயமான பார்வையில் இவ்வாறு விவரிக்கலாம்.

===பழைய மும்பை===
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|19.08|72.88|zoom=11|width=420|height=600}}
'''பழைய மும்பை''' என்பது நகரத்தின் தீபகற்பப் பகுதியாகும். இது பெரு மும்பைப் பகுதியில் உள்ள &quot;நகரம்&quot; என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகிறது. இதற்கு மாறாக, வடக்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதிகள் &quot;புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகள்&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.

{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
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| region1items=சர்ச்சுகேட்டு, கொலாபா, மலபார் குன்று, மரைன் லைன்சு
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      <comment>/* நகரப் பகுதிகள் */ கோட்டை, எலிபெண்டா ஆகிய பகுதிகள் சேர்க்கப்பட்டன</comment>
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மும்பை ([[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: मुंबई ''மும்பை''), முன்னர் '''பம்பாய்''' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நகரமும், [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிர]] மாநிலத்தின் தலைநகரமும் ஆகும். பல பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் ஒரு பெருநகரமான மும்பை, [[Wy/ta/கொங்கண்|கொங்கண்]] கடற்கரையோரத்தில் இருந்த ஏழு தீவுகளின் மீது உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. காலப்போக்கில், இந்தத் தீவுகள் ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்டு பம்பாய் எனும் தீவு நகரமாக உருவெடுத்தன. பின்னர், இந்தத் தீவு அருகிலிருந்த சால்செட் தீவுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டு  &quot;பெருநகர மும்பை&quot; உருவானது. இந்த மாநகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 20 மில்லியனுக்கும் (2 கோடிக்கும்) அதிகம் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி).

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot;]]
பரவலாக &quot;இந்தியாவின் [[Wy/ta/நியூயார்க் நகரம்|நியூயார்க் நகரம்]]&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மும்பை, சந்தேகத்திற்கு இடமின்றி நாட்டின் வணிகத் தலைநகராகவும், மிக முக்கியமான துறைமுக நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்திய நகரமாக மும்பை விளங்குகிறது. இதற்குச் சான்றாக, உலகளவில் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு பெற்ற இந்தித் திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சித் துறைகளின் மையமான [[Wy/ta/பாலிடவுட்|'''''பாலிவுட்''''']] இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும், இந்தியாவில் மிகப்பெரிய குடிசைப்பகுதி மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டுள்ள இந்நகரம், பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் மும்பை துறைமுகத்தின் கரையில் கட்டப்பட்ட புகழ்பெற்ற &quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot; நினைவுச்சின்னத்திற்கும் இருப்பிடமாக உள்ளது.

பம்பாய் என்ற பெயர், ஆய்வாளர் பிரான்சிசு அல்மெய்டா வழங்கிய போம் பாஹியா (போர்த்துகீசிய மொழியில் &quot;நல்ல விரிகுடா&quot;) என்ற பெயரிலிருந்து வந்தது. மும்பை, கோலி மீனவ சமூகத்தின் தெய்வமான மும்பாதேவியின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

==நகரப் பகுதிகள்==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கிழக்கு மற்றும் மேற்கு|மும்பையின் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்பவர்கள், அங்குள்ள தொடருந்து நிலையங்களைக் கொண்ட கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்து இடங்களிலும் &quot;மேற்கு&quot; மற்றும் &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என இரு பகுதிகள் இருப்பதைக் கண்டறியலாம். &quot;மேற்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் மேற்குப் பக்கத்தையும், &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் கிழக்குப் பக்கத்தையும் குறிக்கிறது. உதாரணமாக, 'முலுண்டு மேற்கு' என்பது முலுண்டு தொடருந்து நிலையத்திற்கு மேற்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதியைக் குறிக்கிறது. முகவரிகளில், இவை சுருக்கமாக முலுண்டு (மே) மற்றும் முலுண்டு (கி) என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.
}}
மும்பை நகரம் தொடர்ச்சியான புலம்பெயர்வு அலைகளால் கட்டமைக்கப்பட்டது. அங்கு முதலில் குடியேறிய சமூகங்களே அந்தந்தப் பகுதிகளுக்கு உரிய தனித்தன்மையை வழங்கின. இத்தகைய பகுதிகள் எண்ணற்றவை. அவற்றை பெரிய மாவட்டங்களாக வகைப்படுத்துவதற்குப் பொதுவான ஏற்புபெற்ற முறை ஏதுமில்லை. இருப்பினும், தெற்கிலிருந்து வடக்கு நோக்கிய திசையில், இந்த நகரம் எவ்வாறு உருவானது என்பதை ஒரு தோராயமான பார்வையில் இவ்வாறு விவரிக்கலாம்.

===பழைய மும்பை===
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|19.08|72.88|zoom=11|width=420|height=600}}
'''பழைய மும்பை''' என்பது நகரத்தின் தீபகற்பப் பகுதியாகும். இது பெரு மும்பைப் பகுதியில் உள்ள &quot;நகரம்&quot; என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகிறது. இதற்கு மாறாக, வடக்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதிகள் &quot;புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகள்&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.

{{Wy/ta/Regionlist
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| region2name=[[Wy/ta/மும்பை/கோட்டை|கோட்டை]]
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| region2description=மும்பையின் பழைய வணிக மாவட்டம்; இங்குதான் {{Wy/ta/UNESCO World Heritage Site}}-ஆன ''விக்டோரிய பிரான்சிய, எழில் படுக்கலைக் கட்டடங்கள், மும்பை'' அமைந்துள்ளது.

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      <comment>/* பழைய மும்பை */ பிற பகுதிகளும் சேர்க்கப்பட்டன</comment>
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{{Wy/ta/Redirect|Wy/ta/பம்பாய்}}
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மும்பை ([[Wy/ta/மராட்டி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|மராட்டி]] மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/இந்தி சொற்றொடர்நூல்|இந்தி]]: मुंबई ''மும்பை''), முன்னர் '''பம்பாய்''' என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இது [[Wy/ta/மேற்கு இந்தியா|மேற்கு இந்தியாவின்]] மிகப்பெரிய நகரமும், [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிர]] மாநிலத்தின் தலைநகரமும் ஆகும். பல பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும் ஒரு பெருநகரமான மும்பை, [[Wy/ta/கொங்கண்|கொங்கண்]] கடற்கரையோரத்தில் இருந்த ஏழு தீவுகளின் மீது உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. காலப்போக்கில், இந்தத் தீவுகள் ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட்டு பம்பாய் எனும் தீவு நகரமாக உருவெடுத்தன. பின்னர், இந்தத் தீவு அருகிலிருந்த சால்செட் தீவுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டு  &quot;பெருநகர மும்பை&quot; உருவானது. இந்த மாநகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 20 மில்லியனுக்கும் (2 கோடிக்கும்) அதிகம் (2025-ஆம் ஆண்டின் நிலவரப்படி).

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|300px|&quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot;]]
பரவலாக &quot;இந்தியாவின் [[Wy/ta/நியூயார்க் நகரம்|நியூயார்க் நகரம்]]&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மும்பை, சந்தேகத்திற்கு இடமின்றி நாட்டின் வணிகத் தலைநகராகவும், மிக முக்கியமான துறைமுக நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் திகழ்கிறது. பல்வேறு பண்பாடுகள் சங்கமிக்கும், பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட இந்திய நகரமாக மும்பை விளங்குகிறது. இதற்குச் சான்றாக, உலகளவில் பெரும் செல்வாக்கு பெற்ற இந்தித் திரைப்பட மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சித் துறைகளின் மையமான [[Wy/ta/பாலிடவுட்|'''''பாலிவுட்''''']] இங்கு அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும், இந்தியாவில் மிகப்பெரிய குடிசைப்பகுதி மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டுள்ள இந்நகரம், பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சிக் காலத்தில் மும்பை துறைமுகத்தின் கரையில் கட்டப்பட்ட புகழ்பெற்ற &quot;இந்தியாவின் நுழைவாயில்&quot; நினைவுச்சின்னத்திற்கும் இருப்பிடமாக உள்ளது.

பம்பாய் என்ற பெயர், ஆய்வாளர் பிரான்சிசு அல்மெய்டா வழங்கிய போம் பாஹியா (போர்த்துகீசிய மொழியில் &quot;நல்ல விரிகுடா&quot;) என்ற பெயரிலிருந்து வந்தது. மும்பை, கோலி மீனவ சமூகத்தின் தெய்வமான மும்பாதேவியின் பெயரால் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

==நகரப் பகுதிகள்==
{{Wy/ta/Infobox|கிழக்கு மற்றும் மேற்கு|மும்பையின் புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகளுக்குச் செல்பவர்கள், அங்குள்ள தொடருந்து நிலையங்களைக் கொண்ட கிட்டத்தட்ட அனைத்து இடங்களிலும் &quot;மேற்கு&quot; மற்றும் &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என இரு பகுதிகள் இருப்பதைக் கண்டறியலாம். &quot;மேற்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் மேற்குப் பக்கத்தையும், &quot;கிழக்கு&quot; என்பது தொடருந்துப் பாதையின் கிழக்குப் பக்கத்தையும் குறிக்கிறது. உதாரணமாக, 'முலுண்டு மேற்கு' என்பது முலுண்டு தொடருந்து நிலையத்திற்கு மேற்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதியைக் குறிக்கிறது. முகவரிகளில், இவை சுருக்கமாக முலுண்டு (மே) மற்றும் முலுண்டு (கி) என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகின்றன.
}}
மும்பை நகரம் தொடர்ச்சியான புலம்பெயர்வு அலைகளால் கட்டமைக்கப்பட்டது. அங்கு முதலில் குடியேறிய சமூகங்களே அந்தந்தப் பகுதிகளுக்கு உரிய தனித்தன்மையை வழங்கின. இத்தகைய பகுதிகள் எண்ணற்றவை. அவற்றை பெரிய மாவட்டங்களாக வகைப்படுத்துவதற்குப் பொதுவான ஏற்புபெற்ற முறை ஏதுமில்லை. இருப்பினும், தெற்கிலிருந்து வடக்கு நோக்கிய திசையில், இந்த நகரம் எவ்வாறு உருவானது என்பதை ஒரு தோராயமான பார்வையில் இவ்வாறு விவரிக்கலாம்.

===பழைய மும்பை===
{{Wy/ta/Mapframe|19.08|72.88|zoom=11|width=420|height=600}}
'''பழைய மும்பை''' என்பது நகரத்தின் தீபகற்பப் பகுதியாகும். இது பெரு மும்பைப் பகுதியில் உள்ள &quot;நகரம்&quot; என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகிறது. இதற்கு மாறாக, வடக்கே அமைந்துள்ள பகுதிகள் &quot;புறநகர்ப் பகுதிகள்&quot; என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.

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    <title>Wy/ta/பம்பாய் (பொருள் தெளிவாக்கம்)</title>
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      <comment>பக்கம் துவக்கப்பட்டு விவரங்கள் சேர்க்கபட்டன</comment>
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'''பம்பாய்''' என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இடங்கள் ஒன்றுக்கும் மேற்பட்டவை உள்ளன:

=== [[Wy/ta/இந்தியா|இந்தியா]] ===
* [[Wy/ta/மும்பை]] (முன்பு பாம்பே என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது) - இது மிகப்பெரிய நகரம் மற்றும் [[Wy/ta/மகாராட்டிரம்|மகாராட்டிரம்]] மாநிலத்தின் தலைநகரம் ஆகும்.

=== [[Wy/ta/அமெரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்|அமெரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்]] ===
* [[Wy/ta/பம்பாய் கடற்கரை|பம்பாய் கடற்கரை]] - [[Wy/ta/கலிபோர்னியா|கலிபோர்னியா]] மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள ஒரு சிறிய நகரம்.


{{Wy/ta/Disamb}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wy/ar/ألف ليلة وليلة</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot; {{Wy/ar/بانر|One Thousand and One Nights banner Efteling theme park.jpg|ألف ليلة وليلة}} '''ألف ليلة وليلة''' أو '''الليالي العربية'''، هي مجموعة من الحكايات الشعبية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الشرق الأوسط|الشرق الأوسط]]. تدور أحداث بعض هذه الحكايات في بلدان بعيدة، مثل [[Wy/ar/مصر|مصر]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]]، بل وحت...&quot;</comment>
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{{Wy/ar/بانر|One Thousand and One Nights banner Efteling theme park.jpg|ألف ليلة وليلة}}
'''ألف ليلة وليلة''' أو '''الليالي العربية'''، هي مجموعة من الحكايات الشعبية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الشرق الأوسط|الشرق الأوسط]]. تدور أحداث بعض هذه الحكايات في بلدان بعيدة، مثل [[Wy/ar/مصر|مصر]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]]، بل وحتى [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]].

انتشرت هذه الحكايات في العالم الغربي منذ القرن الثامن عشر، وأسهمت في تشكيل صورة رومانسية عن الثقافة [[Wy/ar/الإسلام|الإسلامية]]. وقد حُوّلت عدة حكايات، منها ''علاء الدين والمصباح السحري'' و''علي بابا والأربعون لصاً'' ومغامرات ''السندباد البحري''، إلى أفلام ومسلسلات تلفزيونية.

توجد نسخ متعددة من هذه المجموعة بلغات مختلفة في الشرق الأوسط، كما توجد ترجمات عديدة إلى اللغات الغربية. وعلى الرغم من شيوع تسميتها ''الليالي العربية''، فإن أصول القصص ليست عربية جميعها؛ إذ كانت المجموعة الأصلية، التي فُقدت ولم تعد موجودة، ويُعتقد أنها أصل جميع النسخ الأخرى، مكتوبة باللغة [[Wy/ar/الفارسية|الفارسية]]، ثم تُرجمت إلى [[Wy/ar/العربية|العربية]] في القرن العاشر. وبعض الحكايات هندية الأصل، ويرى بعض الباحثين أن المجموعة بأكملها نشأت في الهند. وتعتمد الترجمات عموماً على مجموعات عربية ظهرت في فترات لاحقة، لكن بعضها يضم حكايات إضافية لا توجد في النسخ العربية.

يضم مشروع غوتنبرغ عشرات الآلاف من الكتب المتاحة للتنزيل مجاناً وبصورة قانونية، بعد انتهاء مدة حقوق النشر الخاصة بها. ويحتوي المشروع على [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/search/?query=arabian+nights 67 كتاباً] عن الليالي العربية، بما في ذلك نسخ بالفرنسية واليونانية والفنلندية، إلى جانب العديد من النسخ الإنجليزية.

==افهم==
تدور الحكاية الإطارية الرئيسية حول شهريار (من الفارسية الوسطى ''šahr-dār''، أي «صاحب المملكة»)، الذي يصفه الراوي بأنه «ملك ساساني» يحكم «الهند والصين». يُصدم شهريار عندما يعلم أن زوجة أخيه تخونه، ثم يكتشف أن خيانة زوجته أشد فداحة، فيأمر بقتلها. ونتيجة لمرارة قلبه وحزنه، يقرر أن جميع النساء متشابهات. ويبدأ شهريار بالزواج من سلسلة متعاقبة من العذارى، ثم يأمر بإعدام كل واحدة منهن في صباح اليوم التالي، قبل أن تتاح لها فرصة خيانته.

وأخيراً، تعرض شهرزاد، ابنة الوزير الأعظم، الزواج منه. وفي الليل، تبدأ بسرد حكاية له، لكنها تمتنع عن إكمال نهايتها، وتعرض عليه أن تتابعها في الليلة التالية. فيسمح لها شهريار بالبقاء على قيد الحياة في اليوم التالي حتى يسمع نهاية الحكاية. وعندما تنتهي منها، تبدأ بسرد حكاية جديدة، وتؤجل نهايتها إلى ليلة أخرى. وهكذا يعفو عنها ليلة بعد ليلة، طوال 1001 ليلة، ويُفهم ضمناً أنه استمر في ذلك إلى الأبد.

تُنسب إلى ''ألف ليلة وليلة'' مساهمة في تقديم العديد من الأساليب الأدبية، مثل «الحكاية الإطارية» (''frame story'') و«التشويق عبر نهاية معلّقة» (''cliffhanger''). وتتباين الحكايات تبايناً كبيراً؛ فهي تشمل القصص التاريخية، وقصص الحب، والمآسي، والكوميديا، والقصائد، والهجاء الهزلي، وأشكالاً مختلفة من الأدب الإيروتيكي. وتظهر في قصص عديدة كائنات الجن والغول والقردة والسحرة والمشعوذين، إلى جانب أماكن أسطورية، غالباً ما تختلط بشخصيات وأماكن جغرافية حقيقية، دون الالتزام دائماً بالمنطق. ومن الشخصيات الرئيسية الشائعة الخليفة العباسي التاريخي هارون الرشيد، ووزيره الأعظم جعفر البرمكي، والشاعر الشهير أبو نواس، رغم أن هذه الشخصيات عاشت بعد سقوط [[Wy/ar/الإمبراطورية الساسانية|الإمبراطورية الساسانية]] بنحو 200 عام، وهي الإمبراطورية التي تدور فيها أحداث الحكاية الإطارية الخاصة بشهرزاد. وفي بعض الأحيان، تبدأ إحدى الشخصيات في حكايات شهرزاد بسرد حكاية لشخصيات أخرى، وقد تتضمن تلك الحكاية بدورها حكاية أخرى، مما ينتج عنه نسيج سردي غني ومتعدد الطبقات.

==الوجهات==
لا يمكن تحديد مواقع كثير من الأماكن الواردة في الحكايات على وجه اليقين. كما تحاول مدن عديدة في الشرق الأوسط نسب تراث ''ألف ليلة وليلة'' إلى نفسها، دون وجود أدلة مؤكدة على ذلك.

تقع بعض المواقع في [[Wy/ar/العراق|العراق]] وبلدان أخرى لا تُعد آمنة للزوار، وفقاً للأوضاع في أوائل عشرينيات القرن الحادي والعشرين.

===إيران===
* [[Wy/ar/أصفهان|أصفهان]]، نموذج لمدينة فارسية كلاسيكية.
* [[Wy/ar/يزد|يزد]]، مدينة صحراوية عريقة، وهي أحد مواقع {{UNESCO}}.

===العراق===
* [[Wy/ar/بغداد|بغداد]]، نموذج للمدينة الدائرية.
* [[Wy/ar/البصرة|البصرة]]، الميناء الذي انطلق منه السندباد.

===[[Wy/ar/هولندا|هولندا]]===
* تضم مدينة ملاهي [[Wy/ar/إفتيلينغ|إفتيلينغ]] في مقاطعة [[Wy/ar/شمال برابانت|شمال برابانت]] لعبة ترفيهية مستوحاة من ''ألف ليلة وليلة''.

==انظر أيضاً==
* [[Wy/ar/السجاد|السجاد]]
* [[Wy/ar/السياحة المرتبطة بالمسلسلات التلفزيونية التركية#Binbir Gece|السياحة المرتبطة بالمسلسلات التلفزيونية التركية: ''ألف ليلة وليلة'']] — مواقع تصوير مسلسل تلفزيوني يحمل الاسم نفسه، ومستوحى بصورة فضفاضة من الحكاية الأصلية.

{{Wy/ar/بذرة موضوع}}
{{Wy/ar/جزء|السياحة الأدبية والخيالية}}

[[Category:Wy/ar]]</text>
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      <comment>إضافة روابط إنترويكي إلى [[d:Q8258]]</comment>
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{{Wy/ar/بانر|One Thousand and One Nights banner Efteling theme park.jpg|ألف ليلة وليلة}}
'''ألف ليلة وليلة''' أو '''الليالي العربية'''، هي مجموعة من الحكايات الشعبية القادمة من [[Wy/ar/الشرق الأوسط|الشرق الأوسط]]. تدور أحداث بعض هذه الحكايات في بلدان بعيدة، مثل [[Wy/ar/مصر|مصر]] و[[Wy/ar/الهند|الهند]]، بل وحتى [[Wy/ar/الصين|الصين]].

انتشرت هذه الحكايات في العالم الغربي منذ القرن الثامن عشر، وأسهمت في تشكيل صورة رومانسية عن الثقافة [[Wy/ar/الإسلام|الإسلامية]]. وقد حُوّلت عدة حكايات، منها ''علاء الدين والمصباح السحري'' و''علي بابا والأربعون لصاً'' ومغامرات ''السندباد البحري''، إلى أفلام ومسلسلات تلفزيونية.

توجد نسخ متعددة من هذه المجموعة بلغات مختلفة في الشرق الأوسط، كما توجد ترجمات عديدة إلى اللغات الغربية. وعلى الرغم من شيوع تسميتها ''الليالي العربية''، فإن أصول القصص ليست عربية جميعها؛ إذ كانت المجموعة الأصلية، التي فُقدت ولم تعد موجودة، ويُعتقد أنها أصل جميع النسخ الأخرى، مكتوبة باللغة [[Wy/ar/الفارسية|الفارسية]]، ثم تُرجمت إلى [[Wy/ar/العربية|العربية]] في القرن العاشر. وبعض الحكايات هندية الأصل، ويرى بعض الباحثين أن المجموعة بأكملها نشأت في الهند. وتعتمد الترجمات عموماً على مجموعات عربية ظهرت في فترات لاحقة، لكن بعضها يضم حكايات إضافية لا توجد في النسخ العربية.

يضم مشروع غوتنبرغ عشرات الآلاف من الكتب المتاحة للتنزيل مجاناً وبصورة قانونية، بعد انتهاء مدة حقوق النشر الخاصة بها. ويحتوي المشروع على [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/search/?query=arabian+nights 67 كتاباً] عن الليالي العربية، بما في ذلك نسخ بالفرنسية واليونانية والفنلندية، إلى جانب العديد من النسخ الإنجليزية.

==افهم==
تدور الحكاية الإطارية الرئيسية حول شهريار (من الفارسية الوسطى ''šahr-dār''، أي «صاحب المملكة»)، الذي يصفه الراوي بأنه «ملك ساساني» يحكم «الهند والصين». يُصدم شهريار عندما يعلم أن زوجة أخيه تخونه، ثم يكتشف أن خيانة زوجته أشد فداحة، فيأمر بقتلها. ونتيجة لمرارة قلبه وحزنه، يقرر أن جميع النساء متشابهات. ويبدأ شهريار بالزواج من سلسلة متعاقبة من العذارى، ثم يأمر بإعدام كل واحدة منهن في صباح اليوم التالي، قبل أن تتاح لها فرصة خيانته.

وأخيراً، تعرض شهرزاد، ابنة الوزير الأعظم، الزواج منه. وفي الليل، تبدأ بسرد حكاية له، لكنها تمتنع عن إكمال نهايتها، وتعرض عليه أن تتابعها في الليلة التالية. فيسمح لها شهريار بالبقاء على قيد الحياة في اليوم التالي حتى يسمع نهاية الحكاية. وعندما تنتهي منها، تبدأ بسرد حكاية جديدة، وتؤجل نهايتها إلى ليلة أخرى. وهكذا يعفو عنها ليلة بعد ليلة، طوال 1001 ليلة، ويُفهم ضمناً أنه استمر في ذلك إلى الأبد.

تُنسب إلى ''ألف ليلة وليلة'' مساهمة في تقديم العديد من الأساليب الأدبية، مثل «الحكاية الإطارية» (''frame story'') و«التشويق عبر نهاية معلّقة» (''cliffhanger''). وتتباين الحكايات تبايناً كبيراً؛ فهي تشمل القصص التاريخية، وقصص الحب، والمآسي، والكوميديا، والقصائد، والهجاء الهزلي، وأشكالاً مختلفة من الأدب الإيروتيكي. وتظهر في قصص عديدة كائنات الجن والغول والقردة والسحرة والمشعوذين، إلى جانب أماكن أسطورية، غالباً ما تختلط بشخصيات وأماكن جغرافية حقيقية، دون الالتزام دائماً بالمنطق. ومن الشخصيات الرئيسية الشائعة الخليفة العباسي التاريخي هارون الرشيد، ووزيره الأعظم جعفر البرمكي، والشاعر الشهير أبو نواس، رغم أن هذه الشخصيات عاشت بعد سقوط [[Wy/ar/الإمبراطورية الساسانية|الإمبراطورية الساسانية]] بنحو 200 عام، وهي الإمبراطورية التي تدور فيها أحداث الحكاية الإطارية الخاصة بشهرزاد. وفي بعض الأحيان، تبدأ إحدى الشخصيات في حكايات شهرزاد بسرد حكاية لشخصيات أخرى، وقد تتضمن تلك الحكاية بدورها حكاية أخرى، مما ينتج عنه نسيج سردي غني ومتعدد الطبقات.

==الوجهات==
لا يمكن تحديد مواقع كثير من الأماكن الواردة في الحكايات على وجه اليقين. كما تحاول مدن عديدة في الشرق الأوسط نسب تراث ''ألف ليلة وليلة'' إلى نفسها، دون وجود أدلة مؤكدة على ذلك.

تقع بعض المواقع في [[Wy/ar/العراق|العراق]] وبلدان أخرى لا تُعد آمنة للزوار، وفقاً للأوضاع في أوائل عشرينيات القرن الحادي والعشرين.

===إيران===
* [[Wy/ar/أصفهان|أصفهان]]، نموذج لمدينة فارسية كلاسيكية.
* [[Wy/ar/يزد|يزد]]، مدينة صحراوية عريقة، وهي أحد مواقع {{UNESCO}}.

===العراق===
* [[Wy/ar/بغداد|بغداد]]، نموذج للمدينة الدائرية.
* [[Wy/ar/البصرة|البصرة]]، الميناء الذي انطلق منه السندباد.

===[[Wy/ar/هولندا|هولندا]]===
* تضم مدينة ملاهي [[Wy/ar/إفتيلينغ|إفتيلينغ]] في مقاطعة [[Wy/ar/شمال برابانت|شمال برابانت]] لعبة ترفيهية مستوحاة من ''ألف ليلة وليلة''.

==انظر أيضاً==
* [[Wy/ar/السجاد|السجاد]]
* [[Wy/ar/السياحة المرتبطة بالمسلسلات التلفزيونية التركية#Binbir Gece|السياحة المرتبطة بالمسلسلات التلفزيونية التركية: ''ألف ليلة وليلة'']] — مواقع تصوير مسلسل تلفزيوني يحمل الاسم نفسه، ومستوحى بصورة فضفاضة من الحكاية الأصلية.

{{Wy/ar/بذرة موضوع}}
{{Wy/ar/جزء|السياحة الأدبية والخيالية}}

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      <text bytes="263" sha1="86awj4jm0tr08e67p3uwuklb4alp82o" xml:space="preserve">मगर खाम विकिपिडियारी नाकोके स्वागत छ।

नाङ लेखररा रनीकए एग-एग जेम गोलोङ बनैएनी मदत् जैके लए।

[[Category:Wp/kgj]]</text>
      <sha1>86awj4jm0tr08e67p3uwuklb4alp82o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rgn/abadéva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382076</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T06:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/rgn/-rgn-}} {{Wt/rgn/-verb form-}} {{Wt/rgn/Pn}}  &lt;ol&gt; {{Wt/rgn/VerbForm|1|s|in|imp|verb=abadêr}} {{Wt/rgn/VerbForm|3|s|in|imp|verb=abadêr}} {{Wt/rgn/VerbForm|3|p|in|imp|verb=abadêr}} &lt;/ol&gt;  {{Wt/rgn/-hyph-}} ; a | ba | dé | va  {{Wt/rgn/-ref-}} *Rumagnôl **{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar  |aut =Franco Ponseggi  |tit =Lèžar e scrìvar in Rumagnôl   |ann =2023  |edi =Youcanprint  |loc =Lecce  |pag =105-150 |isb=9788891153234}}  [[Category:Wt/rgn]] Category:Wt/rgn/Paro...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="503" sha1="ey8gv60yu7tpgaot4a8g80ww0hwdcnm" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/rgn/-rgn-}}
{{Wt/rgn/-verb form-}}
{{Wt/rgn/Pn}}

&lt;ol&gt;
{{Wt/rgn/VerbForm|1|s|in|imp|verb=abadêr}}
{{Wt/rgn/VerbForm|3|s|in|imp|verb=abadêr}}
{{Wt/rgn/VerbForm|3|p|in|imp|verb=abadêr}}
&lt;/ol&gt;

{{Wt/rgn/-hyph-}}
; a | ba | dé | va

{{Wt/rgn/-ref-}}
*Rumagnôl
**{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |aut =Franco Ponseggi
 |tit =Lèžar e scrìvar in Rumagnôl 
 |ann =2023
 |edi =Youcanprint
 |loc =Lecce
 |pag =105-150
|isb=9788891153234}}

[[Category:Wt/rgn]]
[[Category:Wt/rgn/Paroli in rumagnôl ucidentêl]]</text>
      <sha1>ey8gv60yu7tpgaot4a8g80ww0hwdcnm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wy/ta/பம்பாய்</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829599</id>
    <redirect title="Wy/ta/மும்பை" />
    <revision>
      <id>7382092</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:01:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sree1959</username>
        <id>2594881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>குறுவழி உண்மை இலக்குக்கு திருப்பிவிடப்பட்டது</comment>
      <origin>7382092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="b5pxqbmkkws93q0pvkjgiw82p7sg48i" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wy/ta/மும்பை]]</text>
      <sha1>b5pxqbmkkws93q0pvkjgiw82p7sg48i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wq/yue/無綫電</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382112</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:43:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>GeduSJTU</username>
        <id>2722241</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''[[w:Radio wave|無綫電波]]'''係波長比紅外線更長嘅電磁輻射。  == 語錄 ==  * 「根據今日發佈嘅最終報告，[[w:National Toxicology Program|國家毒理學計劃]]（NTP）得出結論，有明確嘅[[Wq/yue/證據|證據]]顯示，暴露喺類似2G同3G手提電話所使用嘅高水平[[w:Radio frequency radiation|射頻輻射]]（RFR）之下嘅[[Wq/yue/雄性|雄性]][[Wq/yue/大鼠|大鼠]]，會患上[[Wq/yue/癌變|癌症]]Wq/yue/心...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4292" sha1="2qggrzcl6zk2fggeyxp44qcoiapwzk6" xml:space="preserve">'''[[w:Radio wave|無綫電波]]'''係波長比紅外線更長嘅電磁輻射。

== 語錄 ==

* 「根據今日發佈嘅最終報告，[[w:National Toxicology Program|國家毒理學計劃]]（NTP）得出結論，有明確嘅[[Wq/yue/證據|證據]]顯示，暴露喺類似2G同3G手提電話所使用嘅高水平[[w:Radio frequency radiation|射頻輻射]]（RFR）之下嘅[[Wq/yue/雄性|雄性]][[Wq/yue/大鼠|大鼠]]，會患上[[Wq/yue/癌變|癌症]][[Wq/yue/心臟|心臟]][[Wq/yue/腫瘤|腫瘤]]。」
*: 出處：[[w:National Institute of Environmental Health Science|國家環境衛生科學研究所]]，[[https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm](https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm) “High Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation Associated With Cancer in Male Rats”]，（2018年11月1號）
*:: 原文：The [[w:National Toxicology Program|National Toxicology Program]] (NTP) concluded there is clear [[Wq/yue/Evidence|evidence]] that [[Wq/yue/Male|male]] [[Wq/yue/Rats|rats]] exposed to high levels of [[w:Radio frequency radiation|radio frequency radiation]] (RFR) like that used in 2G and 3G cell phones developed [[Wq/yue/Cancerous|cancerous]] [[Wq/yue/Heart|heart]] [[w:Tumor|tumors]], according to final reports released today.


* 「『我哋相信射頻輻射同雄性大鼠體內腫瘤之間嘅聯繫係[[Wq/yue/真實|真實]]嘅，而外部專家亦同意呢一點，』Bucher講。


呢項耗資3,000萬美元嘅NTP研究用了超過10年時間先完成，係迄今為止對暴露喺2G同3G[[w:Cell phone|手提電話]]調製技術射頻輻射下嘅[[Wq/yue/動物|動物]]健康影響最全面嘅評估。」
*: 出處：John Bucher 語錄，引自[[w:National Institute of Environmental Health Science|國家環境衛生科學研究所]]，[[https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm](https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm) “High Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation Associated With Cancer in Male Rats”]，（2018年11月1號）
*:: 原文：“We believe that the link between radio frequency radiation and tumors in male rats is [[Wq/yue/Real|real]], and the external experts agreed,” said Bucher. &lt;br&gt; The $30 million NTP studies took more than 10 years to complete and are the most comprehensive assessment, to date, of health effects in animals exposed to RFR with modulations used in 2G and 3G [[w:Cell phone|cell phones]]. 

* 「『我哋研究嘅一個主要優勢，係我哋能夠精確控制[[Wq/yue/動物|動物]]接受到幾多射頻輻射——呢樣嘢喺研究人類使用手提電話嗰陣係做唔到嘅，因為嗰啲研究往往依賴問卷，』呢項研究嘅首席[[w:Toxicology|毒理學家]] Michael Wyde 博士話。

佢亦指出咗一個意想不到嘅發現：受輻射嘅雄性大鼠擁有更長嘅[[Wq/yue/壽命|壽命]]。『呢個可以用觀察到嘅慢性[[Wq/yue/腎臟|腎臟]]問題減少嚟解釋，而呢啲腎臟問題通常係年老大鼠嘅[[Wq/yue/死因|死因]]，』Wyde話。」
*: 出處：Michael Wyde 語錄，引自[[w:National Institute of Environmental Health Science|國家環境衛生科學研究所]]，[[https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm](https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm) “High Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation Associated With Cancer in Male Rats”]，（2018年11月1號）
*:: 原文：“A major strength of our studies is that we were able to control exactly how much radio frequency radiation the [[Wq/yue/Animals|animals]] received — something that’s not possible when studying human cell phone use, which has often relied on questionnaires,” said Michael Wyde, Ph.D., lead [[w:Toxicology|toxicologist]] on the studies. &lt;br&gt; He also noted the unexpected finding of longer [[w:Lifespan|lifespans]] among the exposed male rats. “This may be explained by an observed decrease in chronic [[w:Kidney|kidney]] problems that are often the [[w:Cause of death|cause of death]] in older rats,” Wyde said.

== 睇埋 ==

* [[Wq/yue/無線電|無線電]]

== 出面網頁 ==
{{Wq/yue/Wikipedia|Radio wave}}

[[Category:Wq/yue]]
[[Category:Wq/yue/波]]</text>
      <sha1>2qggrzcl6zk2fggeyxp44qcoiapwzk6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382113</id>
      <parentid>7382112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:44:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>GeduSJTU</username>
        <id>2722241</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>修修補補</comment>
      <origin>7382113</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4287" sha1="n3fh2x2g623z36z57vl1rtwnbcd2gu3" xml:space="preserve">'''[[w:Radio wave|無綫電波]]'''係波長比紅外線更長嘅電磁輻射。

== 語錄 ==

* 「根據今日發佈嘅最終報告，[[w:National Toxicology Program|國家毒理學計劃]]（NTP）得出結論，有明確嘅[[Wq/yue/證據|證據]]顯示，暴露喺類似2G同3G手提電話所使用嘅高水平[[w:Radio frequency radiation|射頻輻射]]（RFR）之下嘅[[Wq/yue/雄性|雄性]][[Wq/yue/大鼠|大鼠]]，會患上[[Wq/yue/癌變|癌症]][[Wq/yue/心臟|心臟]][[Wq/yue/腫瘤|腫瘤]]。」
*: 出處：[[w:National Institute of Environmental Health Science|國家環境衛生科學研究所]]，[[https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm](https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm) “High Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation Associated With Cancer in Male Rats”]，（2018年11月1號）
*:: 原文：The [[w:National Toxicology Program|National Toxicology Program]] (NTP) concluded there is clear [[Wq/yue/Evidence|evidence]] that [[Wq/yue/Male|male]] [[Wq/yue/Rats|rats]] exposed to high levels of [[w:Radio frequency radiation|radio frequency radiation]] (RFR) like that used in 2G and 3G cell phones developed [[Wq/yue/Cancerous|cancerous]] [[Wq/yue/Heart|heart]] [[w:Tumor|tumors]], according to final reports released today.


* 「『我哋相信射頻輻射同雄性大鼠體內腫瘤之間嘅聯繫係[[Wq/yue/真實|真實]]嘅，而外部專家亦同意呢一點，』Bucher講。呢項耗資3,000萬美元嘅NTP研究用了超過10年時間先完成，係迄今為止對暴露喺2G同3G[[w:Cell phone|手提電話]]調製技術射頻輻射下嘅[[Wq/yue/動物|動物]]健康影響最全面嘅評估。」
*: 出處：John Bucher 語錄，引自[[w:National Institute of Environmental Health Science|國家環境衛生科學研究所]]，[[https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm](https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm) “High Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation Associated With Cancer in Male Rats”]，（2018年11月1號）
*:: 原文：“We believe that the link between radio frequency radiation and tumors in male rats is [[Wq/yue/Real|real]], and the external experts agreed,” said Bucher. &lt;br&gt; The $30 million NTP studies took more than 10 years to complete and are the most comprehensive assessment, to date, of health effects in animals exposed to RFR with modulations used in 2G and 3G [[w:Cell phone|cell phones]]. 

* 「『我哋研究嘅一個主要優勢，係我哋能夠精確控制[[Wq/yue/動物|動物]]接受到幾多射頻輻射——呢樣嘢喺研究人類使用手提電話嗰陣係做唔到嘅，因為嗰啲研究往往依賴問卷，』呢項研究嘅首席[[w:Toxicology|毒理學家]] Michael Wyde 博士話。佢亦指出咗一個意想不到嘅發現：受輻射嘅雄性大鼠擁有更長嘅[[Wq/yue/壽命|壽命]]。『呢個可以用觀察到嘅慢性[[Wq/yue/腎臟|腎臟]]問題減少嚟解釋，而呢啲腎臟問題通常係年老大鼠嘅[[Wq/yue/死因|死因]]，』Wyde話。」
*: 出處：Michael Wyde 語錄，引自[[w:National Institute of Environmental Health Science|國家環境衛生科學研究所]]，[[https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm](https://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsroom/releases/2018/november1/index.cfm) “High Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation Associated With Cancer in Male Rats”]，（2018年11月1號）
*:: 原文：“A major strength of our studies is that we were able to control exactly how much radio frequency radiation the [[Wq/yue/Animals|animals]] received — something that’s not possible when studying human cell phone use, which has often relied on questionnaires,” said Michael Wyde, Ph.D., lead [[w:Toxicology|toxicologist]] on the studies. &lt;br&gt; He also noted the unexpected finding of longer [[w:Lifespan|lifespans]] among the exposed male rats. “This may be explained by an observed decrease in chronic [[w:Kidney|kidney]] problems that are often the [[w:Cause of death|cause of death]] in older rats,” Wyde said.

== 睇埋 ==

* [[Wq/yue/無線電|無線電]]

== 出面網頁 ==
{{Wq/yue/Wikipedia|Radio wave}}

[[Category:Wq/yue]]
[[Category:Wq/yue/波]]</text>
      <sha1>n3fh2x2g623z36z57vl1rtwnbcd2gu3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3829601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382114</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;__HIDDENCAT__&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382114</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13" sha1="2twjmejn56ditxo46hqinfh52nh6flb" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__</text>
      <sha1>2twjmejn56ditxo46hqinfh52nh6flb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382122</id>
      <parentid>7382114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:05:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="180" sha1="iulpzti87lep4isll3ay5ip9aj885vw" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__
Disser kategorii undholt siiden, däi fan däi föörskaau uutslooten wordent un soo tau 'n biispil näit unner &quot;taufalliğ artikkel&quot; up däi hoovdsiid weesen worden.</text>
      <sha1>iulpzti87lep4isll3ay5ip9aj885vw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>3829602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382119</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T07:59:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;-- [[Module:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid]] -- Picks a random article from [[:Category:Wp/frs]] and returns its lead -- section (everything before the first heading) as an excerpt. -- Used in the &quot;Taufalliğ siid&quot; box on [[Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid]]. -- -- The pool is read straight from the category on every call -- (&lt;DynamicPageList&gt;). There is no list to maintain: new articles are -- picked up automatically and deleted ones drop out automatically. -- Pages that must not appear simply...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382119</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6102" sha1="t05om65cp5tyl46kbzbyqse69vsgoj2" xml:space="preserve">-- [[Module:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid]]
-- Picks a random article from [[:Category:Wp/frs]] and returns its lead
-- section (everything before the first heading) as an excerpt.
-- Used in the &quot;Taufalliğ siid&quot; box on [[Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid]].
--
-- The pool is read straight from the category on every call
-- (&lt;DynamicPageList&gt;). There is no list to maintain: new articles are
-- picked up automatically and deleted ones drop out automatically.
-- Pages that must not appear simply get the category
-- [[:Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau]] – nothing else to do.

local p = {}

-- Category the article is drawn from.
local CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs'

-- Pages in this category are never shown (hidden category).
local EXCLUDE_CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau'

-- The main page must never transclude itself (infinite loop), even if it
-- is not in the exclusion category by accident.
local SELF_TITLE = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- &lt;DynamicPageList&gt; returns at most this many pages per call.
local PAGE = 200

-- Safety limit against endless loops (10 × 200 = at most 2000 pages).
local MAXCALLS = 10

-- Approximate length of the excerpt in characters.
local LIMIT = 700

-- Shorter leads are considered unusable; the module then picks again.
local MIN = 60

-- Maximum number of picks if a page is (almost) empty.
local TRIES = 5

-- Reads one block of PAGE titles from the category (offset = start).
-- Returns a list of titles, or nil if the extension is unavailable.
local function categoryBlock(frame, offset)
	local nl = string.char(10)
	local params = table.concat({
		'category=' .. CATEGORY,
		'notcategory=' .. EXCLUDE_CATEGORY,
		'namespace=0',
		'count=' .. PAGE,
		'mode=none',
		'ordermethod=title',
		'order=ascending',
		'offset=' .. offset,
		'redirects=exclude',
	}, nl)

	local ok, html = pcall(frame.extensionTag, frame, 'DynamicPageList', params)
	if not ok or type(html) ~= 'string' or html == '' then
		ok, html = pcall(frame.preprocess, frame,
			'&lt;DynamicPageList&gt;' .. nl .. params .. nl .. '&lt;/DynamicPageList&gt;')
	end
	if not ok or type(html) ~= 'string' then
		return nil
	end

	local titles = {}
	for href in html:gmatch('href=&quot;[^&quot;]*/wiki/([^&quot;#]+)&quot;') do
		local title = mw.uri.decode(href)
		title = title:gsub('_', ' ')
		title = title:gsub('&amp;amp;', '&amp;')
		titles[#titles + 1] = title
	end
	return titles
end

-- Builds the random pool from the category.
local function makePool(frame)
	local pool, seen = {}, {}
	for call = 0, MAXCALLS - 1 do
		local titles = categoryBlock(frame, call * PAGE)
		if not titles then
			break
		end
		for _, title in ipairs(titles) do
			local clean_title = title:gsub('_', ' ')
			if not seen[clean_title] and clean_title ~= SELF_TITLE then
				seen[clean_title] = true
				pool[#pool + 1] = clean_title
			end
		end
		if #titles &lt; PAGE then
			break
		end
	end
	return pool
end

-- Removes references, categories, DEFAULTSORT and behaviour switches that
-- would clutter the box or sort the main page into maintenance categories.
local function clean(text)
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]-&gt;.-&lt;/ref&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]-&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;references%s*/&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Cc]ategory%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Kk]ategorie%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('{{%s*[Dd]EFAULTSORT.-}}', '')
	text = text:gsub('__[A-Z]+__', '')
	return mw.text.trim(text)
end

-- Checks whether templates, tables and links in the text are closed.
local function isBalanced(text)
	local function pairs_ok(open, close)
		local o, c = 0, 0
		for _ in text:gmatch(open) do o = o + 1 end
		for _ in text:gmatch(close) do c = c + 1 end
		return o == c
	end
	return pairs_ok('{{', '}}') and pairs_ok('{|', '|}') and pairs_ok('%[%[', '%]%]')
end

-- Cuts at the last sentence boundary before the limit. If that would split
-- a template, table or link, the full text is returned instead.
local function shorten(text, limit)
	if #text &lt;= limit then
		return text
	end
	local cut = text:sub(1, limit)
	local boundaries = {}
	for pos in cut:gmatch('()%.%s') do
		boundaries[#boundaries + 1] = pos
	end
	for i = #boundaries, 1, -1 do
		local pos = boundaries[i]
		if pos &gt;= limit * 0.35 then
			local part = cut:sub(1, pos)
			if isBalanced(part) then
				return part .. ' …'
			end
		end
	end
	return text
end

-- Fetches the lead of a page (#lsth comes from LabeledSectionTransclusion).
local function getLead(frame, title)
	local ok, body = pcall(frame.callParserFunction, frame, '#lsth', title)
	if not ok or not body or body == '' then
		local ok2, body2 = pcall(frame.preprocess, frame, '{{#lsth:' .. title .. '}}')
		if ok2 and body2 and body2 ~= '' then
			body = body2
		end
	end
	return body or ''
end

function p.main(frame)
	-- New seed per call so the same article is not shown every time.
	math.randomseed(os.time() + math.floor((os.clock() or 0) * 1e9))

	local pool = makePool(frame)

	if #pool == 0 then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel in däi kategoorii Wp/frs funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	local title, body, best, bestTitle
	for _ = 1, TRIES do
		local t = pool[math.random(#pool)]
		local b = clean(getLead(frame, t))
		if #b &gt; #(best or '') then
			best, bestTitle = b, t
		end
		if #b &gt;= MIN then
			title, body = t, b
			break
		end
	end

	-- Prefer a short excerpt over an error message.
	if not body then
		title, body = bestTitle, best
	end

	if not body or body == '' then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel-uuttsuğ funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Link to reload the page (picks a new article).
	local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	local purge
	local ok, url = pcall(page.localUrl, page, 'action=purge')
	if ok and url then
		purge = url
	else
		purge = '/w/index.php?title=' .. mw.uri.encode(page.prefixedText, 'PATH')
			.. '&amp;action=purge'
	end

	return '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid&quot;&gt;\n'
		.. shorten(body, LIMIT)
		.. '\n&lt;/div&gt;'
		.. '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid-footer&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin-top:4px;&quot;&gt;'
		.. '[[' .. title .. '|wiiderleesen...]]'
		.. ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;· [' .. purge .. ' ↻ anner siid]&lt;/span&gt;'
		.. '&lt;/div&gt;'
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>t05om65cp5tyl46kbzbyqse69vsgoj2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382127</id>
      <parentid>7382119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:16:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382127</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7324" sha1="djld95x1nwsatfoia7w6lc23k5yjzp7" xml:space="preserve">-- [[Module:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid]]
-- Picks a random article from [[:Category:Wp/frs]] and returns its lead
-- section (everything before the first heading) as an excerpt.
-- Used in the &quot;Taufalliğ siid&quot; box on [[Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid]].
--
-- There is no list to maintain. The module starts at the main page, follows
-- its links into the category and collects every article it finds on the
-- way. Every candidate is checked against its real categories, so only
-- pages of [[:Category:Wp/frs]] can be shown.
--
-- Pages that must not appear get the category
-- [[:Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau]] – nothing else to do.

local p = {}

-- Category the article is drawn from.
local CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs'

-- Pages in this category are never shown (hidden category).
local EXCLUDE_CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau'

-- The main page must never transclude itself (infinite loop), even if it
-- is not in the exclusion category by accident.
local SELF_TITLE = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- Where the search starts. Has to contain links into the category.
local SEED = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- How many link steps are followed when collecting the candidates.
-- 2 steps reach about 275 of the 376 articles, 3 steps about 317 – but
-- 3 steps reads many more pages, so 2 is the default.
local DEPTH = 2

-- How many random candidates are checked per pick. Most links point to
-- red links or redirects, so a few attempts are normal.
local MAX_CHECK = 20

-- Approximate length of the excerpt in characters.
local LIMIT = 700

-- Shorter leads are considered unusable; the module then picks again.
local MIN = 60

-- Maximum number of picks if a page is (almost) empty.
local TRIES = 5

-- Is this title a real article of the category (and not excluded)?
-- Note: title.categories counts as an &quot;expensive parser function call&quot;,
-- so this must not be called for every candidate – only for the few
-- random picks.
local function isArticle(title)
	if title == SELF_TITLE or #title &gt; 200 or title:find(':', 8, true) then
		return false
	end
	local page = mw.title.new(title)
	if not page or not page.exists or page.namespace ~= 0 or page.isRedirect then
		return false
	end
	local categories = page.categories
	if type(categories) ~= 'table' then
		return false
	end
	local inCategory, blocked = false, false
	for _, name in ipairs(categories) do
		if name == CATEGORY then
			inCategory = true
		elseif name == EXCLUDE_CATEGORY then
			blocked = true
		end
	end
	return inCategory and not blocked
end

-- Collects the [[Wp/frs/…]] links of a page.
local function linksOf(title)
	local page = mw.title.new(title)
	local content = page and page:getContent()
	if not content then
		return {}
	end
	local links, seen = {}, {}
	-- Only single line targets: a link that spans lines is broken anyway.
	for target in content:gmatch('%[%[%s*(Wp/frs/[^%]|#\n]+)') do
		target = mw.text.trim(target:gsub('%s+', ' ')):gsub('_', ' ')
		if #target &lt;= 200 and not seen[target] then
			seen[target] = true
			links[#links + 1] = target
		end
	end
	return links
end

-- Collects every page that can be reached from the seed within DEPTH steps.
local function collectCandidates()
	local seen, frontier = { [SEED] = true }, { SEED }
	for _ = 1, DEPTH do
		local next = {}
		for _, page in ipairs(frontier) do
			for _, link in ipairs(linksOf(page)) do
				if not seen[link] then
					seen[link] = true
					next[#next + 1] = link
				end
			end
		end
		frontier = next
	end

	local pool = {}
	for title in pairs(seen) do
		if title ~= SEED and #title &lt;= 200 and not title:find(':', 8, true) then
			pool[#pool + 1] = title
		end
	end
	return pool
end

-- Picks a random candidate that really is an article of the category.
local function pickArticle(pool)
	local count = #pool
	if count == 0 then
		return nil
	end
	for _ = 1, MAX_CHECK do
		local title = pool[math.random(count)]
		if isArticle(title) then
			return title
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- Removes references, categories, DEFAULTSORT and behaviour switches that
-- would clutter the box or sort the main page into maintenance categories.
local function clean(text)
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]-&gt;.-&lt;/ref&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]-&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;references%s*/&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Cc]ategory%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Kk]ategorie%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('{{%s*[Dd]EFAULTSORT.-}}', '')
	text = text:gsub('__[A-Z]+__', '')
	return mw.text.trim(text)
end

-- Checks whether templates, tables and links in the text are closed.
local function isBalanced(text)
	local function pairs_ok(open, close)
		local o, c = 0, 0
		for _ in text:gmatch(open) do o = o + 1 end
		for _ in text:gmatch(close) do c = c + 1 end
		return o == c
	end
	return pairs_ok('{{', '}}') and pairs_ok('{|', '|}') and pairs_ok('%[%[', '%]%]')
end

-- Cuts at the last sentence boundary before the limit. If that would split
-- a template, table or link, the full text is returned instead.
local function shorten(text, limit)
	if #text &lt;= limit then
		return text
	end
	local cut = text:sub(1, limit)
	local boundaries = {}
	for pos in cut:gmatch('()%.%s') do
		boundaries[#boundaries + 1] = pos
	end
	for i = #boundaries, 1, -1 do
		local pos = boundaries[i]
		if pos &gt;= limit * 0.35 then
			local part = cut:sub(1, pos)
			if isBalanced(part) then
				return part .. ' …'
			end
		end
	end
	return text
end

-- Fetches the lead of a page (#lsth comes from LabeledSectionTransclusion).
local function getLead(frame, title)
	local ok, body = pcall(frame.callParserFunction, frame, '#lsth', title)
	if not ok or not body or body == '' then
		local ok2, body2 = pcall(frame.preprocess, frame, '{{#lsth:' .. title .. '}}')
		if ok2 and body2 and body2 ~= '' then
			body = body2
		end
	end
	return body or ''
end

function p.main(frame)
	-- New seed per call so the same article is not shown every time.
	math.randomseed(os.time() + math.floor((os.clock() or 0) * 1e9))

	local pool = collectCandidates()

	local title, body, best, bestTitle
	for _ = 1, TRIES do
		local candidate = pickArticle(pool)
		if not candidate then
			break
		end
		if candidate ~= title then
			local lead = clean(getLead(frame, candidate))
			if #lead &gt; #(best or '') then
				best, bestTitle = lead, candidate
			end
			if #lead &gt;= MIN then
				title, body = candidate, lead
				break
			end
		end
	end

	-- Prefer a short excerpt over an error message.
	if not body then
		title, body = bestTitle, best
	end

	if not title then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel in däi kategoorii Wp/frs funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end
	if not body or body == '' then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel-uuttsuğ funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Link to reload the page (picks a new article).
	local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	local purge
	local ok, url = pcall(page.localUrl, page, 'action=purge')
	if ok and url then
		purge = url
	else
		purge = '/w/index.php?title=' .. mw.uri.encode(page.prefixedText, 'PATH')
			.. '&amp;action=purge'
	end

	return '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid&quot;&gt;\n'
		.. shorten(body, LIMIT)
		.. '\n&lt;/div&gt;'
		.. '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid-footer&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin-top:4px;&quot;&gt;'
		.. '[[' .. title .. '|wiiderleesen...]]'
		.. ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;· [' .. purge .. ' ↻ anner siid]&lt;/span&gt;'
		.. '&lt;/div&gt;'
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>djld95x1nwsatfoia7w6lc23k5yjzp7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382129</id>
      <parentid>7382127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:28:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382129</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7686" sha1="dxk90g3w53n5vs8lxj2bsu7efffnv69" xml:space="preserve">-- [[Module:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid]]
-- Picks a random article from [[:Category:Wp/frs]] and returns its lead
-- section (everything before the first heading) as an excerpt.
-- Used in the &quot;Taufalliğ siid&quot; box on [[Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid]].
--
-- There is no list to maintain. The module starts at the main page, follows
-- its links into the category and collects every article it finds on the
-- way. Every candidate is checked against its real categories, so only
-- pages of [[:Category:Wp/frs]] can be shown.
--
-- Pages that must not appear get the category
-- [[:Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau]] – nothing else to do.

local p = {}

-- Category the article is drawn from.
local CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs'

-- Pages in this category are never shown (hidden category).
local EXCLUDE_CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau'

-- The main page must never transclude itself (infinite loop), even if it
-- is not in the exclusion category by accident.
local SELF_TITLE = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- Where the search starts. Has to contain links into the category.
local SEED = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- How many link steps are followed when collecting the candidates.
-- 2 steps reach about 275 of the 376 articles, 3 steps about 317 – but
-- 3 steps reads many more pages, so 2 is the default.
local DEPTH = 2

-- How many random candidates are checked per pick. Most links point to
-- red links or redirects, so a few attempts are normal.
local MAX_CHECK = 20

-- Approximate length of the excerpt in characters.
local LIMIT = 700

-- Shorter leads are considered unusable; the module then picks again.
local MIN = 60

-- Maximum number of picks if a page is (almost) empty.
local TRIES = 5

-- Is this title a real article of the category (and not excluded)?
-- Note: title.categories counts as an &quot;expensive parser function call&quot;,
-- so this must not be called for every candidate – only for the few
-- random picks.
local function isArticle(title)
	if title == SELF_TITLE or #title &gt; 200 or title:find(':', 8, true) then
		return false
	end
	local page = mw.title.new(title)
	if not page or not page.exists or page.namespace ~= 0 or page.isRedirect then
		return false
	end
	local categories = page.categories
	if type(categories) ~= 'table' then
		return false
	end
	local inCategory, blocked = false, false
	for _, name in ipairs(categories) do
		if name == CATEGORY then
			inCategory = true
		elseif name == EXCLUDE_CATEGORY then
			blocked = true
		end
	end
	return inCategory and not blocked
end

-- Collects the [[Wp/frs/…]] links of a page.
local function linksOf(title)
	local page = mw.title.new(title)
	local content = page and page:getContent()
	if not content then
		return {}
	end
	local links, seen = {}, {}
	-- Only single line targets: a link that spans lines is broken anyway.
	for target in content:gmatch('%[%[%s*(Wp/frs/[^%]|#\n]+)') do
		target = mw.text.trim(target:gsub('%s+', ' ')):gsub('_', ' ')
		if #target &lt;= 200 and not seen[target] then
			seen[target] = true
			links[#links + 1] = target
		end
	end
	return links
end

-- Collects every page that can be reached from the seed within DEPTH steps.
local function collectCandidates()
	local seen, frontier = { [SEED] = true }, { SEED }
	for _ = 1, DEPTH do
		local next = {}
		for _, page in ipairs(frontier) do
			for _, link in ipairs(linksOf(page)) do
				if not seen[link] then
					seen[link] = true
					next[#next + 1] = link
				end
			end
		end
		frontier = next
	end

	local pool = {}
	for title in pairs(seen) do
		if title ~= SEED and #title &lt;= 200 and not title:find(':', 8, true) then
			pool[#pool + 1] = title
		end
	end
	return pool
end

-- Picks a random candidate that really is an article of the category.
local function pickArticle(pool)
	local count = #pool
	if count == 0 then
		return nil
	end
	for _ = 1, MAX_CHECK do
		local title = pool[math.random(count)]
		if isArticle(title) then
			return title
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- Removes everything that must not appear in the box: sections after the
-- lead (e.g. &quot;Wellen&quot; with the reference list), references, categories,
-- DEFAULTSORT and behaviour switches that would sort the main page into
-- maintenance categories.
local function clean(text)
	-- The lead ends at the first section heading.
	local heading = text:find('\n%s*==')
	if heading then
		text = text:sub(1, heading - 1)
	elseif text:sub(1, 2) == '==' then
		text = ''
	end

	-- References are never shown.
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*/&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;.-&lt;/ref&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;references[^&gt;]*/&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;references[^&gt;]*&gt;.-&lt;/references&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;/?references[^&gt;]*&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('{{%s*[Rr]eflist.-}}', '')

	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Cc]ategory%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Kk]ategorie%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('{{%s*[Dd]EFAULTSORT.-}}', '')
	text = text:gsub('__[A-Z]+__', '')
	return mw.text.trim(text)
end

-- Checks whether templates, tables and links in the text are closed.
local function isBalanced(text)
	local function pairs_ok(open, close)
		local o, c = 0, 0
		for _ in text:gmatch(open) do o = o + 1 end
		for _ in text:gmatch(close) do c = c + 1 end
		return o == c
	end
	return pairs_ok('{{', '}}') and pairs_ok('{|', '|}') and pairs_ok('%[%[', '%]%]')
end

-- Cuts at the last sentence boundary before the limit. If that would split
-- a template, table or link, the full text is returned instead.
local function shorten(text, limit)
	if #text &lt;= limit then
		return text
	end
	local cut = text:sub(1, limit)
	local boundaries = {}
	for pos in cut:gmatch('()%.%s') do
		boundaries[#boundaries + 1] = pos
	end
	for i = #boundaries, 1, -1 do
		local pos = boundaries[i]
		if pos &gt;= limit * 0.35 then
			local part = cut:sub(1, pos)
			if isBalanced(part) then
				return part .. ' …'
			end
		end
	end
	return text
end

-- Fetches the lead of a page (#lsth comes from LabeledSectionTransclusion).
local function getLead(frame, title)
	local ok, body = pcall(frame.callParserFunction, frame, '#lsth', title)
	if not ok or not body or body == '' then
		local ok2, body2 = pcall(frame.preprocess, frame, '{{#lsth:' .. title .. '}}')
		if ok2 and body2 and body2 ~= '' then
			body = body2
		end
	end
	return body or ''
end

function p.main(frame)
	-- New seed per call so the same article is not shown every time.
	math.randomseed(os.time() + math.floor((os.clock() or 0) * 1e9))

	local pool = collectCandidates()

	local title, body, best, bestTitle
	for _ = 1, TRIES do
		local candidate = pickArticle(pool)
		if not candidate then
			break
		end
		if candidate ~= title then
			local lead = clean(getLead(frame, candidate))
			if #lead &gt; #(best or '') then
				best, bestTitle = lead, candidate
			end
			if #lead &gt;= MIN then
				title, body = candidate, lead
				break
			end
		end
	end

	-- Prefer a short excerpt over an error message.
	if not body then
		title, body = bestTitle, best
	end

	if not title then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel in däi kategoorii Wp/frs funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end
	if not body or body == '' then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel-uuttsuğ funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Link to reload the page (picks a new article).
	-- Special:Purge needs the page title as subpage; no URL encoding needed.
	local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()

	return '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid&quot;&gt;\n'
		.. shorten(body, LIMIT)
		.. '\n&lt;/div&gt;'
		.. '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid-footer&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin-top:4px;&quot;&gt;'
		.. '[[' .. title .. '|wiiderleesen...]]'
		.. ' · [[Special:Purge/' .. page.prefixedText .. '|↻ anner siid]]'
		.. '&lt;/div&gt;'
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>dxk90g3w53n5vs8lxj2bsu7efffnv69</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382136</id>
      <parentid>7382129</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:42:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382136</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="10923" sha1="rliz2nzja95a5c936zxjg2ckeg0olgb" xml:space="preserve">-- [[Module:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid]]
-- Picks a random article from [[:Category:Wp/frs]] and returns its lead
-- section (everything before the first heading) as an excerpt.
-- Used in the &quot;Taufalliğ siid&quot; box on [[Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid]].
--
-- There is no list to maintain. The module starts at the main page, follows
-- its links into the category and collects every article it finds on the
-- way. Every candidate is checked against its real categories, so only
-- pages of [[:Category:Wp/frs]] can be shown.
--
-- Pages that must not appear get the category
-- [[:Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau]] – nothing else to do.

local p = {}

-- Category the article is drawn from.
local CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs'

-- Pages in this category are never shown (hidden category).
local EXCLUDE_CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau'

-- The main page must never transclude itself (infinite loop), even if it
-- is not in the exclusion category by accident.
local SELF_TITLE = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- Where the search starts. Has to contain links into the category.
local SEED = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- How many link steps are followed when collecting the candidates.
-- 2 steps reach about 275 of the 376 articles, 3 steps about 317 – but
-- 3 steps reads many more pages, so 2 is the default.
local DEPTH = 2

-- How many random candidates are checked per pick. Most links point to
-- red links or redirects, so a few attempts are normal.
local MAX_CHECK = 20

-- The excerpt ends after this many sentences.
local MAX_SENTENCES = 3

-- Safety net for pages with extremely long sentences: the excerpt is cut
-- after this many characters at the latest.
local MAX_CHARS = 1200

-- Shorter leads are considered unusable; the module then picks again.
local MIN = 60

-- Maximum number of picks if a page is (almost) empty.
local TRIES = 5

-- Is this title a real article of the category (and not excluded)?
-- Note: title.categories counts as an &quot;expensive parser function call&quot;,
-- so this must not be called for every candidate – only for the few
-- random picks.
local function isArticle(title)
	if title == SELF_TITLE or #title &gt; 200 or title:find(':', 8, true) then
		return false
	end
	local page = mw.title.new(title)
	if not page or not page.exists or page.namespace ~= 0 or page.isRedirect then
		return false
	end
	local categories = page.categories
	if type(categories) ~= 'table' then
		return false
	end
	local inCategory, blocked = false, false
	for _, name in ipairs(categories) do
		if name == CATEGORY then
			inCategory = true
		elseif name == EXCLUDE_CATEGORY then
			blocked = true
		end
	end
	return inCategory and not blocked
end

-- Collects the [[Wp/frs/…]] links of a page.
local function linksOf(title)
	local page = mw.title.new(title)
	local content = page and page:getContent()
	if not content then
		return {}
	end
	local links, seen = {}, {}
	-- Only single line targets: a link that spans lines is broken anyway.
	for target in content:gmatch('%[%[%s*(Wp/frs/[^%]|#\n]+)') do
		target = mw.text.trim(target:gsub('%s+', ' ')):gsub('_', ' ')
		if #target &lt;= 200 and not seen[target] then
			seen[target] = true
			links[#links + 1] = target
		end
	end
	return links
end

-- Collects every page that can be reached from the seed within DEPTH steps.
local function collectCandidates()
	local seen, frontier = { [SEED] = true }, { SEED }
	for _ = 1, DEPTH do
		local next = {}
		for _, page in ipairs(frontier) do
			for _, link in ipairs(linksOf(page)) do
				if not seen[link] then
					seen[link] = true
					next[#next + 1] = link
				end
			end
		end
		frontier = next
	end

	local pool = {}
	for title in pairs(seen) do
		if title ~= SEED and #title &lt;= 200 and not title:find(':', 8, true) then
			pool[#pool + 1] = title
		end
	end
	return pool
end

-- Picks a random candidate that really is an article of the category.
local function pickArticle(pool)
	local count = #pool
	if count == 0 then
		return nil
	end
	for _ = 1, MAX_CHECK do
		local title = pool[math.random(count)]
		if isArticle(title) then
			return title
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- Removes everything that must not appear in the box: sections after the
-- lead (e.g. &quot;Wellen&quot; with the reference list), references, categories,
-- DEFAULTSORT and behaviour switches that would sort the main page into
-- maintenance categories.
local function clean(text)
	-- The lead ends at the first section heading.
	local heading = text:find('\n%s*==')
	if heading then
		text = text:sub(1, heading - 1)
	elseif text:sub(1, 2) == '==' then
		text = ''
	end

	-- References are never shown.
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*/&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;.-&lt;/ref&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;references[^&gt;]*/&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;references[^&gt;]*&gt;.-&lt;/references&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;/?references[^&gt;]*&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('{{%s*[Rr]eflist.-}}', '')

	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Cc]ategory%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Kk]ategorie%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('{{%s*[Dd]EFAULTSORT.-}}', '')
	text = text:gsub('__[A-Z]+__', '')
	return mw.text.trim(text)
end

-- Checks whether templates, tables and links in the text are closed.
local function isBalanced(text)
	local function pairs_ok(open, close)
		local o, c = 0, 0
		for _ in text:gmatch(open) do o = o + 1 end
		for _ in text:gmatch(close) do c = c + 1 end
		return o == c
	end
	return pairs_ok('{{', '}}') and pairs_ok('{|', '|}') and pairs_ok('%[%[', '%]%]')
end

-- Returns the position of the closing markup of the construct starting at
-- startPos, or nil if it is never closed.
local function constructEnd(text, startPos, open, close)
	local depth, pos = 0, startPos
	while pos &lt;= #text do
		if text:sub(pos, pos + #open - 1) == open then
			depth = depth + 1
			pos = pos + #open
		elseif text:sub(pos, pos + #close - 1) == close then
			depth = depth - 1
			pos = pos + #close
			if depth == 0 then
				return pos - 1
			end
		else
			pos = pos + 1
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- Splits off a leading infobox (table, template or image). The infobox is
-- kept in the box but does not count towards MAX_SENTENCES.
local function splitBox(text)
	local start = text:find('%S')
	while start do
		local two = text:sub(start, start + 1)
		local stop
		if two == '{|' then
			stop = constructEnd(text, start, '{|', '|}')
		elseif two == '{{' then
			stop = constructEnd(text, start, '{{', '}}')
		elseif two == '[[' and text:sub(start, start + 30):lower()
			:match('^%[%[%s*(datei|file|bild)%s*:') then
			stop = constructEnd(text, start, '[[', ']]')
		else
			break
		end
		if not stop then
			break
		end
		start = text:find('%S', stop + 1)
	end
	if not start then
		return text, ''
	end
	return text:sub(1, start - 1), text:sub(start)
end

-- Abbreviations whose period must not end a sentence (&quot;z. B.&quot;, &quot;d. h.&quot;).
local ABBREVIATIONS = {
	z = true, d = true, h = true, u = true, a = true, n = true, s = true,
	v = true, b = true, m = true, o = true, p = true,
	bzw = true, ca = true, vgl = true, nr = true, dr = true, st = true,
	prof = true, usw = true, etc = true, evtl = true, ggf = true, inkl = true,
	max = true, min = true, mio = true, mrd = true,
}

-- Returns the position of the punctuation mark that ends the wanted
-- sentence, or nil if the text has fewer sentences.
local function sentenceEnd(text, wanted)
	local count, pos = 0, 1
	while true do
		local stop, after = text:find('[.!?]%s', pos)
		if not stop then
			return nil
		end
		pos = stop + 1

		-- &quot;z. B.&quot; and &quot;d. h.&quot; are not sentence ends, nor are numbers
		-- (&quot;1871.&quot;) or single letters.
		local word = text:sub(1, stop - 1):match('([%w]+)$')
		local isAbbrev = word ~= nil and (
			ABBREVIATIONS[word:lower()] == true
			or #word == 1
			or word:match('^%d+$') ~= nil
		)

		-- A sentence starts with an upper case letter, a number, a quote
		-- or wiki markup.
		local nextChar = text:match('%S', after + 1)
		local startsSentence = nextChar == nil
			or nextChar:match(&quot;[%uÄÖÜ%d\&quot;'„»«(]&quot;) ~= nil

		if not isAbbrev and startsSentence and isBalanced(text:sub(1, stop)) then
			count = count + 1
			if count == wanted then
				return stop
			end
		end
	end
end

-- Hard safety net for very long sentences: cuts at the last sentence end
-- before the limit, otherwise at the last word boundary that leaves the
-- markup intact.
local function cutWords(text, limit)
	for n = 10, 1, -1 do
		local stop = sentenceEnd(text, n)
		if stop and stop &lt;= limit then
			return text:sub(1, stop) .. ' …'
		end
	end
	local pos = math.min(#text, limit)
	while pos &gt; 0 do
		local space = text:sub(1, pos):match('.*()%s')
		if not space then
			break
		end
		local part = text:sub(1, space - 1)
		if isBalanced(part) then
			return part .. ' …'
		end
		pos = space - 2
	end
	return ''
end

-- Keeps the leading infobox and cuts the prose after MAX_SENTENCES sentences.
local function shorten(text)
	local prefix, rest = splitBox(text)

	local stop = sentenceEnd(rest, MAX_SENTENCES)
	local excerpt = stop and (rest:sub(1, stop) .. ' …') or rest
	if #excerpt &gt; MAX_CHARS then
		excerpt = cutWords(excerpt, MAX_CHARS)
	end
	return prefix .. excerpt
end

-- Fetches the lead of a page (#lsth comes from LabeledSectionTransclusion).
local function getLead(frame, title)
	local ok, body = pcall(frame.callParserFunction, frame, '#lsth', title)
	if not ok or not body or body == '' then
		local ok2, body2 = pcall(frame.preprocess, frame, '{{#lsth:' .. title .. '}}')
		if ok2 and body2 and body2 ~= '' then
			body = body2
		end
	end
	return body or ''
end

function p.main(frame)
	-- New seed per call so the same article is not shown every time.
	math.randomseed(os.time() + math.floor((os.clock() or 0) * 1e9))

	local pool = collectCandidates()

	local title, body, best, bestTitle
	for _ = 1, TRIES do
		local candidate = pickArticle(pool)
		if not candidate then
			break
		end
		if candidate ~= title then
			local lead = clean(getLead(frame, candidate))
			if #lead &gt; #(best or '') then
				best, bestTitle = lead, candidate
			end
			if #lead &gt;= MIN then
				title, body = candidate, lead
				break
			end
		end
	end

	-- Prefer a short excerpt over an error message.
	if not body then
		title, body = bestTitle, best
	end

	if not title then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel in däi kategoorii Wp/frs funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end
	if not body or body == '' then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel-uuttsuğ funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Link to reload the page (picks a new article).
	-- Special:Purge needs the page title as subpage; no URL encoding needed.
	local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()

	return '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid&quot;&gt;\n'
		.. shorten(body)
		.. '\n&lt;/div&gt;'
		.. '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid-footer&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin-top:4px;&quot;&gt;'
		.. '[[' .. title .. '|wiiderleesen...]]'
		.. ' · [[Special:Purge/' .. page.prefixedText .. '|↻ anner siid]]'
		.. '&lt;/div&gt;'
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>rliz2nzja95a5c936zxjg2ckeg0olgb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382144</id>
      <parentid>7382136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:09:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tjaark</username>
        <id>2698746</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382144</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="11206" sha1="cta1y3o56vo9no2xv4qn54okdfdmx4a" xml:space="preserve">-- [[Module:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid]]
-- Picks a random article from [[:Category:Wp/frs]] and returns its lead
-- section (everything before the first heading) as an excerpt.
-- Used in the &quot;Taufalliğ siid&quot; box on [[Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid]].
--
-- There is no list to maintain. The module starts at the main page, follows
-- its links into the category and collects every article it finds on the
-- way. Every candidate is checked against its real categories, so only
-- pages of [[:Category:Wp/frs]] can be shown.
--
-- Pages that must not appear get the category
-- [[:Category:Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau]] – nothing else to do.

local p = {}

-- Category the article is drawn from.
local CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs'

-- Pages in this category are never shown (hidden category).
local EXCLUDE_CATEGORY = 'Wp/frs/Uutslooten föör föörskaau'

-- The main page must never transclude itself (infinite loop), even if it
-- is not in the exclusion category by accident.
local SELF_TITLE = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- Where the search starts. Has to contain links into the category.
local SEED = 'Wp/frs/Hoovdsiid'

-- How many link steps are followed when collecting the candidates.
-- 2 steps reach about 275 of the 376 articles, 3 steps about 317 – but
-- 3 steps reads many more pages, so 2 is the default.
local DEPTH = 2

-- How many random candidates are checked per pick. Most links point to
-- red links or redirects, so a few attempts are normal.
local MAX_CHECK = 20

-- The excerpt ends after this many sentences.
local MAX_SENTENCES = 3

-- Safety net for pages with extremely long sentences: the excerpt is cut
-- after this many characters at the latest.
local MAX_CHARS = 1200

-- Shorter leads are considered unusable; the module then picks again.
local MIN = 60

-- Maximum number of picks if a page is (almost) empty.
local TRIES = 5

-- Is this title a real article of the category (and not excluded)?
-- Note: title.categories counts as an &quot;expensive parser function call&quot;,
-- so this must not be called for every candidate – only for the few
-- random picks.
local function isArticle(title)
	if title == SELF_TITLE or #title &gt; 200 or title:find(':', 8, true) then
		return false
	end
	local page = mw.title.new(title)
	if not page or not page.exists or page.namespace ~= 0 or page.isRedirect then
		return false
	end
	local categories = page.categories
	if type(categories) ~= 'table' then
		return false
	end
	local inCategory, blocked = false, false
	for _, name in ipairs(categories) do
		if name == CATEGORY then
			inCategory = true
		elseif name == EXCLUDE_CATEGORY then
			blocked = true
		end
	end
	return inCategory and not blocked
end

-- Collects the [[Wp/frs/…]] links of a page.
local function linksOf(title)
	local page = mw.title.new(title)
	local content = page and page:getContent()
	if not content then
		return {}
	end
	local links, seen = {}, {}
	-- Only single line targets: a link that spans lines is broken anyway.
	for target in content:gmatch('%[%[%s*(Wp/frs/[^%]|#\n]+)') do
		target = mw.text.trim(target:gsub('%s+', ' ')):gsub('_', ' ')
		if #target &lt;= 200 and not seen[target] then
			seen[target] = true
			links[#links + 1] = target
		end
	end
	return links
end

-- Collects every page that can be reached from the seed within DEPTH steps.
local function collectCandidates()
	local seen, frontier = { [SEED] = true }, { SEED }
	for _ = 1, DEPTH do
		local next = {}
		for _, page in ipairs(frontier) do
			for _, link in ipairs(linksOf(page)) do
				if not seen[link] then
					seen[link] = true
					next[#next + 1] = link
				end
			end
		end
		frontier = next
	end

	local pool = {}
	for title in pairs(seen) do
		if title ~= SEED and #title &lt;= 200 and not title:find(':', 8, true) then
			pool[#pool + 1] = title
		end
	end
	return pool
end

-- Picks a random candidate that really is an article of the category.
local function pickArticle(pool)
	local count = #pool
	if count == 0 then
		return nil
	end
	for _ = 1, MAX_CHECK do
		local title = pool[math.random(count)]
		if isArticle(title) then
			return title
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- Removes everything that must not appear in the box: sections after the
-- lead (e.g. &quot;Wellen&quot; with the reference list), references, categories,
-- DEFAULTSORT and behaviour switches that would sort the main page into
-- maintenance categories.
local function clean(text)
	-- The lead ends at the first section heading.
	local heading = text:find('\n%s*==')
	if heading then
		text = text:sub(1, heading - 1)
	elseif text:sub(1, 2) == '==' then
		text = ''
	end

	-- References are never shown.
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*/&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;.-&lt;/ref&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;ref[^&gt;]*&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;references[^&gt;]*/&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;references[^&gt;]*&gt;.-&lt;/references&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('&lt;/?references[^&gt;]*&gt;', '')
	text = text:gsub('{{%s*[Rr]eflist.-}}', '')

	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Cc]ategory%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('%[%[%s*[Kk]ategorie%s*:[^%]]*%]%]', '')
	text = text:gsub('{{%s*[Dd]EFAULTSORT.-}}', '')
	text = text:gsub('__[A-Z]+__', '')
	return mw.text.trim(text)
end

-- Checks whether templates, tables and links in the text are closed.
local function isBalanced(text)
	local function pairs_ok(open, close)
		local o, c = 0, 0
		for _ in text:gmatch(open) do o = o + 1 end
		for _ in text:gmatch(close) do c = c + 1 end
		return o == c
	end
	return pairs_ok('{{', '}}') and pairs_ok('{|', '|}') and pairs_ok('%[%[', '%]%]')
end

-- Returns the position of the closing markup of the construct starting at
-- startPos, or nil if it is never closed.
local function constructEnd(text, startPos, open, close)
	local depth, pos = 0, startPos
	while pos &lt;= #text do
		if text:sub(pos, pos + #open - 1) == open then
			depth = depth + 1
			pos = pos + #open
		elseif text:sub(pos, pos + #close - 1) == close then
			depth = depth - 1
			pos = pos + #close
			if depth == 0 then
				return pos - 1
			end
		else
			pos = pos + 1
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- Splits off a leading infobox (table, template or image). The infobox is
-- kept in the box but does not count towards MAX_SENTENCES.
local function splitBox(text)
	local start = text:find('%S')
	while start do
		local two = text:sub(start, start + 1)
		local stop
		if two == '{|' then
			stop = constructEnd(text, start, '{|', '|}')
		elseif two == '{{' then
			stop = constructEnd(text, start, '{{', '}}')
		elseif two == '[[' and text:sub(start, start + 30):lower()
			:match('^%[%[%s*(datei|file|bild)%s*:') then
			stop = constructEnd(text, start, '[[', ']]')
		else
			break
		end
		if not stop then
			break
		end
		start = text:find('%S', stop + 1)
	end
	if not start then
		return text, ''
	end
	return text:sub(1, start - 1), text:sub(start)
end

-- Abbreviations whose period must not end a sentence (&quot;z. B.&quot;, &quot;d. h.&quot;).
local ABBREVIATIONS = {
	z = true, d = true, h = true, u = true, a = true, n = true, s = true,
	v = true, b = true, m = true, o = true, p = true,
	bzw = true, ca = true, vgl = true, nr = true, dr = true, st = true,
	prof = true, usw = true, etc = true, evtl = true, ggf = true, inkl = true,
	max = true, min = true, mio = true, mrd = true,
}

-- Returns the position of the punctuation mark that ends the wanted
-- sentence, or nil if the text has fewer sentences.
local function sentenceEnd(text, wanted)
	local count, pos = 0, 1
	while true do
		local stop, after = text:find('[.!?]%s', pos)
		if not stop then
			return nil
		end
		pos = stop + 1

		-- &quot;z. B.&quot; and &quot;d. h.&quot; are not sentence ends, nor are numbers
		-- (&quot;1871.&quot;) or single letters.
		local word = text:sub(1, stop - 1):match('([%w]+)$')
		local isAbbrev = word ~= nil and (
			ABBREVIATIONS[word:lower()] == true
			or #word == 1
			or word:match('^%d+$') ~= nil
		)

		-- A sentence starts with an upper case letter, a number, a quote
		-- or wiki markup.
		local nextChar = text:match('%S', after + 1)
		local startsSentence = nextChar == nil
			or nextChar:match(&quot;[%uÄÖÜ%d\&quot;'„»«(]&quot;) ~= nil

		if not isAbbrev and startsSentence and isBalanced(text:sub(1, stop)) then
			count = count + 1
			if count == wanted then
				return stop
			end
		end
	end
end

-- Hard safety net for very long sentences: cuts at the last sentence end
-- before the limit, otherwise at the last word boundary that leaves the
-- markup intact.
local function cutWords(text, limit)
	for n = 10, 1, -1 do
		local stop = sentenceEnd(text, n)
		if stop and stop &lt;= limit then
			return text:sub(1, stop) .. ' …'
		end
	end
	local pos = math.min(#text, limit)
	while pos &gt; 0 do
		local space = text:sub(1, pos):match('.*()%s')
		if not space then
			break
		end
		local part = text:sub(1, space - 1)
		if isBalanced(part) then
			return part .. ' …'
		end
		pos = space - 2
	end
	return ''
end

-- Keeps the leading infobox and cuts the prose after MAX_SENTENCES sentences.
local function shorten(text)
	local prefix, rest = splitBox(text)

	local stop = sentenceEnd(rest, MAX_SENTENCES)
	local excerpt = stop and (rest:sub(1, stop) .. ' …') or rest
	if #excerpt &gt; MAX_CHARS then
		excerpt = cutWords(excerpt, MAX_CHARS)
	end
	return prefix .. excerpt
end

-- Fetches the lead of a page (#lsth comes from LabeledSectionTransclusion).
local function getLead(frame, title)
	local ok, body = pcall(frame.callParserFunction, frame, '#lsth', title)
	if not ok or not body or body == '' then
		local ok2, body2 = pcall(frame.preprocess, frame, '{{#lsth:' .. title .. '}}')
		if ok2 and body2 and body2 ~= '' then
			body = body2
		end
	end
	return body or ''
end

function p.main(frame)
	-- New seed per call so the same article is not shown every time.
	math.randomseed(os.time() + math.floor((os.clock() or 0) * 1e9))

	local pool = collectCandidates()

	local title, body, best, bestTitle
	for _ = 1, TRIES do
		local candidate = pickArticle(pool)
		if not candidate then
			break
		end
		if candidate ~= title then
			local lead = clean(getLead(frame, candidate))
			if #lead &gt; #(best or '') then
				best, bestTitle = lead, candidate
			end
			if #lead &gt;= MIN then
				title, body = candidate, lead
				break
			end
		end
	end

	-- Prefer a short excerpt over an error message.
	if not body then
		title, body = bestTitle, best
	end

	if not title then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel in däi kategoorii Wp/frs funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end
	if not body or body == '' then
		return '&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Kiin artikkel-uuttsuğ funnen.&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Link to reload the page (picks a new article).
	-- Special:Purge needs the page title as subpage; no URL encoding needed.
	-- Purging itself always asks for confirmation (MediaWiki requires a POST),
	-- but the hidden {{LOCALHOUR}} below makes the parser cache expire at the
	-- next full hour, so a new article appears every hour without any click.
	local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()

	return '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid&quot;&gt;\n'
		.. shorten(body)
		.. '\n&lt;/div&gt;'
		.. '&lt;div class=&quot;taufallig-siid-footer&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin-top:4px;&quot;&gt;'
		.. '[[' .. title .. '|wiiderleesen...]]'
		.. ' · [[Special:Purge/' .. page.prefixedText .. '|↻ anner siid]]'
		.. '&lt;/div&gt;'
		.. '&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;{{LOCALHOUR}}&lt;/span&gt;'
end

return p</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3829603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382120</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:00:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiFayo95</username>
        <id>2609576</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; color: #000000; background: transparent;&quot; | style=&quot;background: #a7d7f9; text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; padding: 5px 8px;&quot; |'''Taufalliğ siid:''' |- | style=&quot;padding: 8px; line-height: 1.25em; background: transparent; opacity: .88;&quot; | {{#invoke:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid|main}} |}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382120</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="336" sha1="1auu397r74lnh1i1y9surbtuzpb54mc" xml:space="preserve">{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; color: #000000; background: transparent;&quot;
| style=&quot;background: #a7d7f9; text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; padding: 5px 8px;&quot; |'''Taufalliğ siid:'''
|-
| style=&quot;padding: 8px; line-height: 1.25em; background: transparent; opacity: .88;&quot; |
{{#invoke:Wp/frs/Taufalliğ siid|main}}
|}</text>
      <sha1>1auu397r74lnh1i1y9surbtuzpb54mc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ses/Gawo alaasal hugo (musée)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382124</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:07:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mariam Gambi</username>
        <id>2705331</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gawo alaasal hugo (musée)</comment>
      <origin>7382124</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="206" sha1="nrwfnq5j5gpovfe2ved6mxyzyszwlqi" xml:space="preserve">Gawo alaasal hugo manti kala hugu kan laa koyraa alaasal hayey ga duwandi,  sanda alaasal turey,  darbawey, koyra bugu cinantey hiiri dumi dumey, wanngarii berey kan bissaa footowey i kul ga marga no dinne.</text>
      <sha1>nrwfnq5j5gpovfe2ved6mxyzyszwlqi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ses/Maali ti dumi dumi ganda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382128</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:25:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mariam Gambi</username>
        <id>2705331</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Maali ti dumi dumi ganda</comment>
      <origin>7382128</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="230" sha1="be0xcrnwzgk1cp4uj74z7k2jhloyvgb" xml:space="preserve">Ir Maali laabo ti ganda sorhan tee kan gon n'da dumi bobo kan yan zaa zamane moora yan i hunaa cerera i goye cerera,  dumi yan kan affoo kul gon n'da n'ga lassaloo n'ga bon ce, affoo kul gon n'da n'ga cennoo n'da n'ga attabiyawey.</text>
      <sha1>be0xcrnwzgk1cp4uj74z7k2jhloyvgb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Mai Thanh Bang</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3829606</id>
    <redirect title="User talk:Mai T Bang" />
    <revision>
      <id>7382140</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T08:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Veritas Sapientiae</username>
        <id>2581447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Veritas Sapientiae moved page [[User talk:Mai Thanh Bang]] to [[User talk:Mai T Bang]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Mai Thanh Bang|Mai Thanh Bang]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Mai T Bang|Mai T Bang]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382140</origin>
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      <text bytes="34" sha1="nyzbc03dy931o1pcg7iqurkskr9dldq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User talk:Mai T Bang]]</text>
      <sha1>nyzbc03dy931o1pcg7iqurkskr9dldq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/DeepSeek娘</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382145</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:10:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''DeepSeek娘'''，抑叫'''大肥鱼'''，是[[Wp/hnm/人工智能|人工智能]][[Wp/hnm/DeepSeek|DeepSeek]]其拟人化[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]形象。伊是拥有超强能力其天才AI，对比前辈[[Wp/hnm/ChatGPT|ChatGPT娘]]，伊更加熟悉[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]][[Wp/hnm/互联网|互联网]]其[[Wp/hnm/次文化|次文化]]，同时抑定定分侬要求拿[[Wp/hnm/猫娘|猫娘]]其形象来回答。伊具备[[Wp/hnm/小说|小说]]生成同Wp/hnm/学古...&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1114" sha1="ij6yxrjkr2z7uc5rob96jyzyxwap6tb" xml:space="preserve">'''DeepSeek娘'''，抑叫'''大肥鱼'''，是[[Wp/hnm/人工智能|人工智能]][[Wp/hnm/DeepSeek|DeepSeek]]其拟人化[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]形象。伊是拥有超强能力其天才AI，对比前辈[[Wp/hnm/ChatGPT|ChatGPT娘]]，伊更加熟悉[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]][[Wp/hnm/互联网|互联网]]其[[Wp/hnm/次文化|次文化]]，同时抑定定分侬要求拿[[Wp/hnm/猫娘|猫娘]]其形象来回答。伊具备[[Wp/hnm/小说|小说]]生成同[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]能力，会用执行[[Wp/hnm/写作|写作]]、[[Wp/hnm/翻译|翻译]]、[[Wp/hnm/代码|代码]]等任务。伊身穿蓝白主色调其[衣]]，拥有蓝色长发同鲸尾。伊擅长「深度思考」，对于每只侬其要求拢会思考再三，伊其内心独白𪨧长。伊定定为现实世侬其古怪要求感到困惑，但依然想办法[[Wp/hnm/作齐|作齐]]完美回应，抑带有一滴傲娇属性。伊喜欢食白米[[Wp/hnm/饭|饭]]同[[Wp/hnm/Token|Token]]，阁再胃口𪨧大，定定食无饱。伊其头顶定定戴着一只铁盆，会用当作头盔，抑会用当作饭盆。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/大肥鱼</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829608</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/hnm/DeepSeek娘" />
    <revision>
      <id>7382146</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:10:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hnm/DeepSeek娘]]</comment>
      <origin>7382146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="58jtaahgspqasp8zloiemzvwydhw3cx" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/DeepSeek娘|DeepSeek娘]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/能天使</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382147</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:10:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''能天使'''，本名'''蕾缪乐'''，是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟|明日方舟]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是企鹅物流其信使，定定叫[[Wp/hnm/博士(明日方舟)|博士]]作「老板」。伊是乐观主义者，性格活泼开朗，抑是调节气氛其能手。虽讲这般，伊抑有虔诚其一面，有时抑会表现出谦逊深沉。[[Wp/hnm/衣|衣]]着企鹅物流其制...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382147</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="831" sha1="1worjq6ns9xsaf9g954gq7kxbuf4z8v" xml:space="preserve">'''能天使'''，本名'''蕾缪乐'''，是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟|明日方舟]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是企鹅物流其信使，定定叫[[Wp/hnm/博士(明日方舟)|博士]]作「老板」。伊是乐观主义者，性格活泼开朗，抑是调节气氛其能手。虽讲这般，伊抑有虔诚其一面，有时抑会表现出谦逊深沉。[[Wp/hnm/衣|衣]]着企鹅物流其制服同短[[Wp/hnm/裙|裙]]、黑色[[Wp/hnm/连裤袜|连裤袜]]，内底着半袖衫。伊有一头红其短头毛。头毛望起去盖住一只目，但照角度望只单单是遮着。伊特征是头面顶有一只圆形其光环，背脊有亲像翼其构造。阁再动态视力同空间把握这般射击相关其能力𪨧高。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/蕾缪乐</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829610</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/hnm/能天使" />
    <revision>
      <id>7382148</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hnm/能天使]]</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="giiddxpu2s84jxqjui1qcwi9iw5zu3s" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/能天使|能天使]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/德克萨斯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382149</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:11:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;small&gt;・[[File:Confusion grey.svg|20px]] 讲遘美国中南部其一只联邦州，请望「'''[[Wp/hnm/得克萨斯州|得克萨斯州]]'''」。&lt;/small&gt;  '''德克萨斯'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟|明日方舟]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是企鹅物流其信使，平时寡言，但家己讲无是特意爱囥，单单是乜物件拢无想而已。望起去亲像独行狼，但意料之...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382149</origin>
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      <text bytes="1190" sha1="32bvnjj1ogzcvxttfqgi4ny9ud0yzvl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;・[[File:Confusion grey.svg|20px]] 讲遘美国中南部其一只联邦州，请望「'''[[Wp/hnm/得克萨斯州|得克萨斯州]]'''」。&lt;/small&gt;

'''德克萨斯'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟|明日方舟]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是企鹅物流其信使，平时寡言，但家己讲无是特意爱囥，单单是乜物件拢无想而已。望起去亲像独行狼，但意料之外𪨧看重阿侬，平时同[[Wp/hnm/能天使|能天使]]为代表其[[Wp/hnm/阿侬|阿侬]]相俦伫企鹅物流一处。伊负责作司机，开车行路𪨧生猛。一入战斗就亲像风暴平样激烈，管伊乜款武器拢用得精通，展现出单单以消灭对手为目的其战斗风格，但伊家己亲像并无特意去许样想，同其他阿侬展现出默契其配合。伊对点心毫无抵抗力，望立绘就识伊定定拿着巧克力。若放伫基建，望遘伊定定伫食，阁再速度𪨧快。但是德克萨斯家己抑无想爱讲过去其事志，唯一会用确定其是伊无触碰家己其过去，比起特意闪避，倒更加亲像觉得无所谓。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/杰西卡</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382150</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:11:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''杰西卡'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟|明日方舟]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是由大型安保公司「黑钢国际」派驻遘罗德岛其一只[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]干员。虽讲伊其能力绝无算低，抑得遘身边[[Wp/hnm/阿侬|阿侬]]其信任，但是因为周围拢是勇猛高手，所以显得伊家己𪨧无自信。  [[Category:Wp/hnm]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="445" sha1="9j8cyptwm5kfyjr5yduv8mvp4jhnkmk" xml:space="preserve">'''杰西卡'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟|明日方舟]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是由大型安保公司「黑钢国际」派驻遘罗德岛其一只[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]干员。虽讲伊其能力绝无算低，抑得遘身边[[Wp/hnm/阿侬|阿侬]]其信任，但是因为周围拢是勇猛高手，所以显得伊家己𪨧无自信。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/苏苏洛</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382151</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:11:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''苏苏洛'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟|明日方舟]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是一只关怀深厚其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，伫基础医疗方面其[[Wp/hnm/医学|医学]]𪨧深。伊从细就担负起照顾幺妹其责任，可能因为这枚经历培养去伊其性格，𪨧会顾侬，对预备医疗干员同对[[Wp/hnm/博士(明日方舟)|博士]]拢亲像勤劳体贴其大姐...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1052" sha1="4zjlkt1ri7xw6mto9o2tgxktpezcqra" xml:space="preserve">'''苏苏洛'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟|明日方舟]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是一只关怀深厚其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，伫基础医疗方面其[[Wp/hnm/医学|医学]]𪨧深。伊从细就担负起照顾幺妹其责任，可能因为这枚经历培养去伊其性格，𪨧会顾侬，对预备医疗干员同对[[Wp/hnm/博士(明日方舟)|博士]]拢亲像勤劳体贴其大姐平样。伊原底并无对医疗抱有特别其梦想，纯粹是因为将来是一份有前途其作工才选去这枚路。伫医科学院念书阵时，同各款侬交往当中分世侬家己所怀其梦想打动，开始家己去探求作医生对家己到底有乜意义。看遘针对矿石病感染者医疗支援其医学生义工招募后，几乎乜物件拢无想就报名去。因为伊觉得家己终于找遘作医学其意义。伊完全无去想家己抑会因为这枚事变作感染者，无过今旦其病情分侬控制遘𪨧稳定。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/梨诺</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382152</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''梨诺'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟：终末地|明日方舟：终末地]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是环塔罗商会其新进高人气偶像，出道以来迷倒去𪨧多侬，拿卓越其歌唱力同现场演出出名，定定拿带有挑战性其独特演出融入舞台当中。大企业拢争相想爱作伊其赞助商，具备𪨧大其魅力。虽讲因为伊是会使读心巫术...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="857" sha1="pezg0aggrjcy3yj0rsil1wikwtyx8da" xml:space="preserve">'''梨诺'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟：终末地|明日方舟：终末地]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是环塔罗商会其新进高人气偶像，出道以来迷倒去𪨧多侬，拿卓越其歌唱力同现场演出出名，定定拿带有挑战性其独特演出融入舞台当中。大企业拢争相想爱作伊其赞助商，具备𪨧大其魅力。虽讲因为伊是会使读心巫术其萨卡兹笞心魔，人气上升阵时抑有时分侬投以怀疑其目光，但是伊家己并无赞成使用笞心魔巫术，纯粹靠家己独力创造前所未有其表演，拿讨粉丝欢喜作目标来进行活动。伫重建紧其四号谷地举办慈善演出阵时同[[Wp/hnm/管理员|管理员]]相识，经历曲折去后加入终末地工业。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''祀'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟：终末地|明日方舟：终末地]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是巨兽「岁」其第十三位代理者，由[[Wp/hnm/管理员|管理员]]推荐加入终末地工业，今旦负责巨兽理论同应用技术其支援。作为巨兽代理者来看𪨧[[Wp/hnm/后生|后生]]，对宏山科学院同归只文明地方抱有无止境其好奇心。协助宏...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1223" sha1="0h5z018gg78d9uy051u2jrjil6wxdm4" xml:space="preserve">'''祀'''是[[Wp/hnm/鹰角网络|鹰角网络]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/明日方舟：终末地|明日方舟：终末地]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是巨兽「岁」其第十三位代理者，由[[Wp/hnm/管理员|管理员]]推荐加入终末地工业，今旦负责巨兽理论同应用技术其支援。作为巨兽代理者来看𪨧[[Wp/hnm/后生|后生]]，对宏山科学院同归只文明地方抱有无止境其好奇心。协助宏山科学院，作出巨兽其心脏去。原底伫泰拉时代「岁」其代理者单单有12只侬，但伊作第13位出现伫另一只星球「塔卫二」面顶其原因，今旦抑无明晓。识泰拉时代其侬，对本来无该存在其伊却出现这枚事怀有疑念。阿达希尔强袭阵时，因为直接支援赶无赴，所以作间接支援去，伫应龙关等待管理员伊侬。已经确认其权能，是会使使用同第一位遘第十二位兄姐平样其多款权能。比论讲年其锻造权能、夕其画画权能等。拿锻造权能来建造巨兽心脏，拿画画权能将现实[[Wp/hnm/世界|世界]]无该分侬发现其重要物件囥入画纸当中，确认遘伊使用这批权能。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''残虹'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是犯罪[[Wp/hnm/厝墘|厝墘]]「红字」其成员，是一只剑士[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]。伊带有妖艳气质，有时入细阁再礼仪端正，有时言语苛烈阁具攻击性，定定拿言语欺骗别侬。目的同本性拢𪨧难测，但对[[Wp/hnm/达芙蒂尔|达芙蒂尔]]亲像有特别其想法。拥有...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="820" sha1="asydlobtzpxhy56hzdnm870zr0fxlwx" xml:space="preserve">'''残虹'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是犯罪[[Wp/hnm/厝墘|厝墘]]「红字」其成员，是一只剑士[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]。伊带有妖艳气质，有时入细阁再礼仪端正，有时言语苛烈阁具攻击性，定定拿言语欺骗别侬。目的同本性拢𪨧难测，但对[[Wp/hnm/达芙蒂尔|达芙蒂尔]]亲像有特别其想法。拥有操控幻术其异能，会使直接作用伫精神，分侬望遘幻觉同听遘幻听。战斗阵时会用分身同时攻击，抑会变出亲像带平样其物件来束缚抑贯穿敌人，但因为终究是幻觉，虽讲会使分对手畏惧、暂时失去抵抗能力，但亲像无办法造成物理面顶其伤势。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''灵可'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是带有自我步调气息其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，极度爱好叫「塔玛奇」其电子宠物[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]。阁再身边带着叫「小贞」、外表亲像细只幽灵阿妹其异象[[Wp/hnm/阿侬|阿侬]]。伊背着亲像示波器平样其装置，小贞看起来会使收纳伫这枚装置里向。  ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="492" sha1="50va37bnlt5xjnxr5ttgbrzzl9afuzx" xml:space="preserve">'''灵可'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是带有自我步调气息其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，极度爱好叫「塔玛奇」其电子宠物[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]。阁再身边带着叫「小贞」、外表亲像细只幽灵阿妹其异象[[Wp/hnm/阿侬|阿侬]]。伊背着亲像示波器平样其装置，小贞看起来会使收纳伫这枚装置里向。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''伊洛伊'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是对底侬拢𪨧开朗亲切、好接近其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，同[[Wp/hnm/真红|真红]]平样是[[Wp/hnm/薄荷(异环)|薄荷]]第一只后辈。伊热情、应对入细，而且[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]能力𪨧高。无论是承担太阳度假村其向导，抑是分[[Wp/hnm/孧囝|孧囝]]作管理局其讲...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="824" sha1="hpy9c0pvbb6k7wqdargwrw7dro63v94" xml:space="preserve">'''伊洛伊'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是对底侬拢𪨧开朗亲切、好接近其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，同[[Wp/hnm/真红|真红]]平样是[[Wp/hnm/薄荷(异环)|薄荷]]第一只后辈。伊热情、应对入细，而且[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]能力𪨧高。无论是承担太阳度假村其向导，抑是分[[Wp/hnm/孧囝|孧囝]]作管理局其讲解，即使是第一遭见面，伊可爱其动作抑会自然分侬产生亲近感同信任，同身边侬其相处同关系建立拢𪨧良好。另一面，伊表现好遘有时有一滴无自然，有时抑会出现无亲像[[Wp/hnm/人类|人类]]其反应同想法，分侬感觉伊有表里两面其地方抑无算少。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''黑羽'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊所属于尤格阿什廷旗下机构「魔女之家」其魔女，是一只带有一滴神秘阴影其黑发[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，头戴着插有亲像乌鸦黑羽毛其三角帽。拥有占卜其异能，亲像占卜师平样拿神秘其气氛来[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]。同伊混熟去后，就会识伊原底有宅Wp...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1024" sha1="15aqzi8tewxrb7jqxfpne8pjtnsjfq5" xml:space="preserve">'''黑羽'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊所属于尤格阿什廷旗下机构「魔女之家」其魔女，是一只带有一滴神秘阴影其黑发[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，头戴着插有亲像乌鸦黑羽毛其三角帽。拥有占卜其异能，亲像占卜师平样拿神秘其气氛来[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]。同伊混熟去后，就会识伊原底有宅[[Wp/hnm/厝|厝]]其习性，是恐怖[[Wp/hnm/电影|电影]]其狂热爱好者，甚至会连续望遘身边侬拢想爱阻止，伊抑喜欢去赶大减价，爱耍[[Wp/hnm/手机|手机]]，意料之外展现出𪨧世俗其一面。另一面伊𪨧怕[[Wp/hnm/世侬|世侬]]，一遘侬多其地方就会变作乌鸦从许落飞逃去。除此以外，若分伊拿[[Wp/hnm/车|车]]其方向盘，伊就会伫街路当中胡乱飙车，同乘其[[Wp/hnm/零(异环)|鉴定师]]甚至分伊吓遘口吐白沫当场晕倒去。

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    <title>Wp/hnm/明音凛</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''明音凛'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是伫[[Wp/hnm/展演馆|展演馆]]「Star Sign」工作其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，抑是吉他手，却乜款[[Wp/hnm/乐器|乐器]]拢会弹得熟练，即使伫演出正前夕发生麻烦，抑是𪨧靠得住其存在。伊无单单精通演奏技巧，更懂得配合场面切入。  平常性格随性，对各类...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1864" sha1="6je5qg5kcpty1whp30q6ng1cf1rjv35" xml:space="preserve">'''明音凛'''是[[Wp/hnm/完美世界|完美世界]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/异环|异环]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色。伊是伫[[Wp/hnm/展演馆|展演馆]]「Star Sign」工作其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]，抑是吉他手，却乜款[[Wp/hnm/乐器|乐器]]拢会弹得熟练，即使伫演出正前夕发生麻烦，抑是𪨧靠得住其存在。伊无单单精通演奏技巧，更懂得配合场面切入。

平常性格随性，对各类事望起去无挂心，但原底𪨧会顾侬，有时会弹乐器分侬看，抑会传授硬核深奥其演奏技巧。因为这枚缘故曾引来[[Wp/hnm/世侬|世侬]]聚集，所以家己分世侬立下一只特别规矩：「问问题可以，先点杯饮料。」

同早前就定定出入Star Sign其[[Wp/hnm/哈尼娅|哈尼娅]]早就相识，明音抑定定照应伊。伫「猫头音！」结成前，后摆[[Wp/hnm/零(异环)|鉴定师]]分哈尼娅邀请来到Star Sign，结果哈尼娅、[[Wp/hnm/娜娜莉|娜娜莉]]同鉴定师伫Star Sign进行初次演出发生事故阵时，伊紧急入场救急，一瞬间改变去观众冷落其气氛，同时带领指导哈尼娅伊侬完成表演。经历乐队合练、初次演出、明音加入同乐队结成，描写去明音心底复杂其情绪，最尾伊侬出场于[[Wp/hnm/音乐|音乐]]盛典「月亮狗之夜」，演出翻唱曲目《迷星叫》。

早先曾经同[[Wp/hnm/海月|海月]]、[[Wp/hnm/铃羽|铃羽]]相俦作为乐队「LINES」活动，同时抑作异象猎人，后来因为某款原因解散，之后就无再拿吉他登台，后续克莱蒙学园创立100周年纪念祭面顶，LINES其旧成员重新聚会，揭开去青春记忆同当年解散背后其真相。

今旦，伊同哈尼娅、娜娜莉、鉴定师相俦组成乐队「猫头音！」开展活动。

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''薇斯纳'''是[[Wp/hnm/米哈游|米哈游]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/原神|原神]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色，伊是统领大半由风仙所组成其近卫部队「冬契军」其长官，是一只举止爽朗轻快、令人印象深刻其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]。出世伫历史悠久其风仙家族「丝翠维莎家」，同女仆长[[Wp/hnm/达妮卡|达妮卡]]相俦作所属冰之女皇第一近身其两员心腹之一。  虽讲身...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1461" sha1="i4g0ua2wu77vr6qopj5yc0zuztfrxki" xml:space="preserve">'''薇斯纳'''是[[Wp/hnm/米哈游|米哈游]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/原神|原神]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色，伊是统领大半由风仙所组成其近卫部队「冬契军」其长官，是一只举止爽朗轻快、令人印象深刻其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]。出世伫历史悠久其风仙家族「丝翠维莎家」，同女仆长[[Wp/hnm/达妮卡|达妮卡]]相俦作所属冰之女皇第一近身其两员心腹之一。

虽讲身处高位，性格却𪨧自由奔放，曾经伫列车面顶困过头，甚至拿装有荷包同各类物件其提包落伫列车面顶，无可奈何只通行转雪宫，甚至抑跑去餐馆赊账消费，展现出多款意义面顶「神经大条」其一面。阁再，伊𪨧中意搞恶作剧，稍有无慎甚至伊家己都会分冬契军抓去关，这枚危险行为数无尽。

但就算扣除这滴缺点，伊其剑术同忠诚心抑𪨧卓越，一旦进入战斗，伊就拿身躯亲自体现乜是「女皇之剑冬契军」。平时伊几乎同时兼顾「奔放粗心」同「冷酷守护者」两面役割，照需要伫日常学古交往当中埋入「恶作剧」。无少坏侬分伊表面满是破绽其态度所麻痹，露出马脚而分侬缉捕归案。

入队起头将伊看作「孧阿妹」而轻视伊其世侬，遘伊获任司令阵时，拢无半个侬提出异议，世侬赞赏伊家己其威名已经超越去家族其名声。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>i4g0ua2wu77vr6qopj5yc0zuztfrxki</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/沃雅妮莎</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382160</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''沃雅妮莎'''是[[Wp/hnm/米哈游|米哈游]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/原神|原神]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色，伊是所属于科罗廖夫斯基剧团、坐稳至冬第一「歌姬」盛名其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]。伊用精湛其演技同歌唱力所编织出来其戏剧，乞世侬叫作至高其[[Wp/hnm/艺术|艺术]]，甚至连担任国家要职其执行官伊侬拢对伊赞无绝口。  伊属于𪨧少见其妖精稀有种「...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1116" sha1="2xb12dic1uenh1f6weduir8uq7e7ext" xml:space="preserve">'''沃雅妮莎'''是[[Wp/hnm/米哈游|米哈游]]其[[Wp/hnm/游戏|游戏]]《[[Wp/hnm/原神|原神]]》同伊衍生作品其登场角色，伊是所属于科罗廖夫斯基剧团、坐稳至冬第一「歌姬」盛名其[[Wp/hnm/阿妹|阿妹]]。伊用精湛其演技同歌唱力所编织出来其戏剧，乞世侬叫作至高其[[Wp/hnm/艺术|艺术]]，甚至连担任国家要职其执行官伊侬拢对伊赞无绝口。

伊属于𪨧少见其妖精稀有种「水之精」。伫人类生活其阵时，平常用人类其双脚行路，但照需要会用双脚变作巨大其尾鳍，伫水当中自在泅水。

同名声平样，伊是一只楚楚可怜阁再感情丰富其阿妹，但因为是凭家己其意志离开家族、长年生活伫人间，所以绝无是一只单单天真无邪其偶像。

对家己积累下来其歌手技艺同努力抱有𪨧坚定其自尊心，对于许滴无爱歌唱同戏剧、单单怀着不良心思坐伫观众席其无耻之徒，伊抑会带着气火同周密其计划反击，使对方哑口无言，具备𪨧强硬干练其手腕。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>2xb12dic1uenh1f6weduir8uq7e7ext</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/ایت میلچه یی</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382164</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:34:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/ایت میلچه یی یارادیلیر</comment>
      <origin>7382164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="665" sha1="laq462wxcjionug6lr8nrc7nz8aslui" xml:space="preserve">==ایت میلچه یی==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#ایت‌میلچه‌یی← بیر [[Wt/azb/میلچک|میلچک]] کی [[Wt/azb/ایت|ایت]] اوستا قؤنار← [[Wt/azb/بؤکلک|بؤکلک]].
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : 
* اینگیلیرجه: [[Wt/azb/dog mosquito|dog mosquito]]
* تورکییه: بؤکلک
* عربجه: 
* فارسجا: پشه سگ
* باهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/ایت چیبینه|ایت چیبینه]]
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[En:dog mosquito]]
[[Fa:پشه سگ]]</text>
      <sha1>laq462wxcjionug6lr8nrc7nz8aslui</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382165</id>
      <parentid>7382164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:38:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/ایت میلچه یی دییشدیریلیر/بؤلمه</comment>
      <origin>7382165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="698" sha1="irdz2g3qo07txoa417kdpefm4ojioy2" xml:space="preserve">==ایت میلچه یی==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
#ایت‌میلچه‌یی← بیر [[Wt/azb/میلچک|میلچک]] کی [[Wt/azb/ایت|ایت]] اوستا قؤنار← [[Wt/azb/بؤکلک|بؤکلک]].
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : 
* اینگیلیرجه: [[Wt/azb/dog mosquito|dog mosquito]]
* تورکییه: بؤکلک
* عربجه: 
* فارسجا: پشه سگ
* باهار دیلی: [[Wt/azb/ایت چیبینه|ایت چیبینه]]
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بؤجکلر]]
[[En:dog mosquito]]
[[Fa:پشه سگ]]</text>
      <sha1>irdz2g3qo07txoa417kdpefm4ojioy2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Anirudh Emani</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3829624</id>
    <redirect title="User talk:Anikingos" />
    <revision>
      <id>7382167</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cabayi</username>
        <id>533060</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cabayi moved page [[User talk:Anirudh Emani]] to [[User talk:Anikingos]] over redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Anirudh Emani|Anirudh Emani]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Anikingos|Anikingos]]&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="7wghboriwdi3ws34awjlu7z524phhie" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User talk:Anikingos]]</text>
      <sha1>7wghboriwdi3ws34awjlu7z524phhie</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wy/ar/صير بني ياس</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382168</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:47:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Almajidy</username>
        <id>2647497</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;  {{Wy/ar/Pagebanner|Sir Bani Yas Island Panorama (cropped).jpg}} تقع '''جزيرة صير بني ياس''' في [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي (إمارة)|إمارة أبوظبي]].  [[File:Sir Bani Yas Island, United Arab Emirates.jpg|thumb|صورة لجزيرة صير بني ياس من الفضاء التُقطت عام 2010]]  ==تعرّف== تقع جزيرة صير بني ياس على بُعد 170 كم جنوب غرب مدينة [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي|أبوظبي]]، و...&quot;</comment>
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{{Wy/ar/Pagebanner|Sir Bani Yas Island Panorama (cropped).jpg}}
تقع '''جزيرة صير بني ياس''' في [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي (إمارة)|إمارة أبوظبي]].

[[File:Sir Bani Yas Island, United Arab Emirates.jpg|thumb|صورة لجزيرة صير بني ياس من الفضاء التُقطت عام 2010]]

==تعرّف==
تقع جزيرة صير بني ياس على بُعد 170 كم جنوب غرب مدينة [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي|أبوظبي]]، وعلى بُعد 9 كم من ساحل مرسى جبل الظنة. وهي أكبر جزيرة طبيعية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة؛ إذ يبلغ طولها من الشمال إلى الجنوب 17.5 كم، وعرضها من الشرق إلى الغرب 9 كم. وتضم صير بني ياس محمية للحياة البرية تزيد مساحتها على 87 كم². وتعيش في الجزيرة أنواع عديدة من الحيوانات والطيور والنباتات، كما توجد الدلافين والسلاحف في مياهها.

==الوصول==
[[File:Sir Bani Yas -Arabisk oryx.JPG|thumb|المها العربي في الجزيرة]]
اسلك الطريق E11 باتجاه [[Wy/ar/الرويس|الرويس]]، في رحلة تستغرق نحو ثلاث ساعات بالسيارة. واتبع اللافتات المؤدية إلى مخرج مرسى جبل الظنة. ومن هناك، تستغرق الرحلة إلى الجزيرة بواسطة التاكسي المائي 20 دقيقة. إذا كنت تقيم في أحد منتجعات أنانتارا على الجزيرة، فستكون رحلة التاكسي المائي مجانية، لكن ينبغي التواصل عبر البريد الإلكتروني crome@anantara.com وتزويدهم برقم الحجز لتأكيد حجز مقعد لك.

ويمكنك أيضاً استئجار سيارة ليموزين من مدينة أبوظبي أو دبي، أو السفر بطائرة مستأجرة من مدينة أبوظبي، إذا كانت ميزانيتك تسمح بإنفاق مبالغ كبيرة.

==الرسوم والتصاريح==

==التنقل==
{{Wy/ar/Mapframe}}
{{Wy/ar/Mapshape}}

==المعالم والأنشطة==
[[File:Sir Bani Yas -Giraff (2).JPG|thumb|إحدى الزرافات البرية التي تعيش في الجزيرة]]
تُعد النباتات والحيوانات أبرز ما يميز محمية الحياة البرية، ولذلك فإن القيام برحلة سفاري يُمثل أحد أهم الأنشطة التي تجذب الزوار. ومع ذلك، يمكنك أيضاً استكشاف التضاريس الجبلية للجزيرة بالدراجة، أو التنزه سيراً على الأقدام، أو الغطس، أو التجديف بقوارب الكاياك، أو ممارسة الرماية بالقوس.

==اشترِ==

==كُل==
تضم المنتجعات مطاعم داخل مرافقها. ويحصل النزلاء على وجبة الإفطار مجاناً، لكن يتعين عليهم دفع رسوم إضافية مقابل الوجبات الأخرى.

==نَم==
تدير مجموعة أنانتارا أماكن الإقامة الثلاثة جميعها في الجزيرة. ويُطلق على كل منها اسم «منتجع»، وتُحدد أسعارها وفقاً لذلك.

* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع فلل اليَمّ من أنانتارا، جزيرة صير بني ياس | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/al-yamm-sir-bani-yas | email=dirs@anantara.com
| address= | lat=24.337955 | long=52.64691 | directions=
| phone=+971 2 801 4200 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=يشتهر هذا المنتجع برحلات السفاري لمشاهدة الحياة البرية.
}}
* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع فلل السهل من أنانتارا، جزيرة صير بني ياس | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/al-sahel-sir-bani-yas | email=
| address= | lat=24.325758 | long=52.571875 | directions=
| phone= +971 2 801 4300 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| wikidata=Q111150695
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=منتجع آخر تابع لأنانتارا في الجزيرة.
}}
* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع وسبا جزر الصحراء من أنانتارا | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/desert-islands-sir-bani-yas | email=
| address= | lat=24.36591 | long=52.5946 | directions=
| phone=+971 2 801 5400 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=
}}

==اتصل==

==الوجهات التالية==
{{Wy/ar/جزء|إمارة أبوظبي}}
{{Wy/ar/Outlinepark}}
{{Wy/ar/Geo|24.333333|52.633333}}

[[Category:Wy/ar]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382169</id>
      <parentid>7382168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:48:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Almajidy</username>
        <id>2647497</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382169</origin>
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      <text bytes="4781" sha1="lgxx5j2vowcecl4oylb2u4a9cz7v1yv" xml:space="preserve">

{{Wy/ar/بانر|Sir Bani Yas Island Panorama (cropped).jpg|صير بني ياس}}
تقع '''جزيرة صير بني ياس''' في [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي (إمارة)|إمارة أبوظبي]].

[[File:Sir Bani Yas Island, United Arab Emirates.jpg|thumb|صورة لجزيرة صير بني ياس من الفضاء التُقطت عام 2010]]

==تعرّف==
تقع جزيرة صير بني ياس على بُعد 170 كم جنوب غرب مدينة [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي|أبوظبي]]، وعلى بُعد 9 كم من ساحل مرسى جبل الظنة. وهي أكبر جزيرة طبيعية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة؛ إذ يبلغ طولها من الشمال إلى الجنوب 17.5 كم، وعرضها من الشرق إلى الغرب 9 كم. وتضم صير بني ياس محمية للحياة البرية تزيد مساحتها على 87 كم². وتعيش في الجزيرة أنواع عديدة من الحيوانات والطيور والنباتات، كما توجد الدلافين والسلاحف في مياهها.

==الوصول==
[[File:Sir Bani Yas -Arabisk oryx.JPG|thumb|المها العربي في الجزيرة]]
اسلك الطريق E11 باتجاه [[Wy/ar/الرويس|الرويس]]، في رحلة تستغرق نحو ثلاث ساعات بالسيارة. واتبع اللافتات المؤدية إلى مخرج مرسى جبل الظنة. ومن هناك، تستغرق الرحلة إلى الجزيرة بواسطة التاكسي المائي 20 دقيقة. إذا كنت تقيم في أحد منتجعات أنانتارا على الجزيرة، فستكون رحلة التاكسي المائي مجانية، لكن ينبغي التواصل عبر البريد الإلكتروني crome@anantara.com وتزويدهم برقم الحجز لتأكيد حجز مقعد لك.

ويمكنك أيضاً استئجار سيارة ليموزين من مدينة أبوظبي أو دبي، أو السفر بطائرة مستأجرة من مدينة أبوظبي، إذا كانت ميزانيتك تسمح بإنفاق مبالغ كبيرة.

==الرسوم والتصاريح==

==التنقل==
{{Wy/ar/Mapframe}}
{{Wy/ar/Mapshape}}

==المعالم والأنشطة==
[[File:Sir Bani Yas -Giraff (2).JPG|thumb|إحدى الزرافات البرية التي تعيش في الجزيرة]]
تُعد النباتات والحيوانات أبرز ما يميز محمية الحياة البرية، ولذلك فإن القيام برحلة سفاري يُمثل أحد أهم الأنشطة التي تجذب الزوار. ومع ذلك، يمكنك أيضاً استكشاف التضاريس الجبلية للجزيرة بالدراجة، أو التنزه سيراً على الأقدام، أو الغطس، أو التجديف بقوارب الكاياك، أو ممارسة الرماية بالقوس.

==اشترِ==

==كُل==
تضم المنتجعات مطاعم داخل مرافقها. ويحصل النزلاء على وجبة الإفطار مجاناً، لكن يتعين عليهم دفع رسوم إضافية مقابل الوجبات الأخرى.

==نَم==
تدير مجموعة أنانتارا أماكن الإقامة الثلاثة جميعها في الجزيرة. ويُطلق على كل منها اسم «منتجع»، وتُحدد أسعارها وفقاً لذلك.

* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع فلل اليَمّ من أنانتارا، جزيرة صير بني ياس | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/al-yamm-sir-bani-yas | email=dirs@anantara.com
| address= | lat=24.337955 | long=52.64691 | directions=
| phone=+971 2 801 4200 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=يشتهر هذا المنتجع برحلات السفاري لمشاهدة الحياة البرية.
}}
* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع فلل السهل من أنانتارا، جزيرة صير بني ياس | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/al-sahel-sir-bani-yas | email=
| address= | lat=24.325758 | long=52.571875 | directions=
| phone= +971 2 801 4300 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| wikidata=Q111150695
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=منتجع آخر تابع لأنانتارا في الجزيرة.
}}
* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع وسبا جزر الصحراء من أنانتارا | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/desert-islands-sir-bani-yas | email=
| address= | lat=24.36591 | long=52.5946 | directions=
| phone=+971 2 801 5400 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=
}}

==اتصل==

==الوجهات التالية==
{{Wy/ar/جزء|إمارة أبوظبي}}
{{Wy/ar/Outlinepark}}
{{Wy/ar/Geo|24.333333|52.633333}}

[[Category:Wy/ar]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>7382169</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:48:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Almajidy</username>
        <id>2647497</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>إضافة روابط إنترويكي إلى [[d:Q2289965]]</comment>
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{{Wy/ar/بانر|Sir Bani Yas Island Panorama (cropped).jpg|صير بني ياس}}
تقع '''جزيرة صير بني ياس''' في [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي (إمارة)|إمارة أبوظبي]].

[[File:Sir Bani Yas Island, United Arab Emirates.jpg|thumb|صورة لجزيرة صير بني ياس من الفضاء التُقطت عام 2010]]

==تعرّف==
تقع جزيرة صير بني ياس على بُعد 170 كم جنوب غرب مدينة [[Wy/ar/أبوظبي|أبوظبي]]، وعلى بُعد 9 كم من ساحل مرسى جبل الظنة. وهي أكبر جزيرة طبيعية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة؛ إذ يبلغ طولها من الشمال إلى الجنوب 17.5 كم، وعرضها من الشرق إلى الغرب 9 كم. وتضم صير بني ياس محمية للحياة البرية تزيد مساحتها على 87 كم². وتعيش في الجزيرة أنواع عديدة من الحيوانات والطيور والنباتات، كما توجد الدلافين والسلاحف في مياهها.

==الوصول==
[[File:Sir Bani Yas -Arabisk oryx.JPG|thumb|المها العربي في الجزيرة]]
اسلك الطريق E11 باتجاه [[Wy/ar/الرويس|الرويس]]، في رحلة تستغرق نحو ثلاث ساعات بالسيارة. واتبع اللافتات المؤدية إلى مخرج مرسى جبل الظنة. ومن هناك، تستغرق الرحلة إلى الجزيرة بواسطة التاكسي المائي 20 دقيقة. إذا كنت تقيم في أحد منتجعات أنانتارا على الجزيرة، فستكون رحلة التاكسي المائي مجانية، لكن ينبغي التواصل عبر البريد الإلكتروني crome@anantara.com وتزويدهم برقم الحجز لتأكيد حجز مقعد لك.

ويمكنك أيضاً استئجار سيارة ليموزين من مدينة أبوظبي أو دبي، أو السفر بطائرة مستأجرة من مدينة أبوظبي، إذا كانت ميزانيتك تسمح بإنفاق مبالغ كبيرة.

==الرسوم والتصاريح==

==التنقل==
{{Wy/ar/Mapframe}}
{{Wy/ar/Mapshape}}

==المعالم والأنشطة==
[[File:Sir Bani Yas -Giraff (2).JPG|thumb|إحدى الزرافات البرية التي تعيش في الجزيرة]]
تُعد النباتات والحيوانات أبرز ما يميز محمية الحياة البرية، ولذلك فإن القيام برحلة سفاري يُمثل أحد أهم الأنشطة التي تجذب الزوار. ومع ذلك، يمكنك أيضاً استكشاف التضاريس الجبلية للجزيرة بالدراجة، أو التنزه سيراً على الأقدام، أو الغطس، أو التجديف بقوارب الكاياك، أو ممارسة الرماية بالقوس.

==اشترِ==

==كُل==
تضم المنتجعات مطاعم داخل مرافقها. ويحصل النزلاء على وجبة الإفطار مجاناً، لكن يتعين عليهم دفع رسوم إضافية مقابل الوجبات الأخرى.

==نَم==
تدير مجموعة أنانتارا أماكن الإقامة الثلاثة جميعها في الجزيرة. ويُطلق على كل منها اسم «منتجع»، وتُحدد أسعارها وفقاً لذلك.

* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع فلل اليَمّ من أنانتارا، جزيرة صير بني ياس | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/al-yamm-sir-bani-yas | email=dirs@anantara.com
| address= | lat=24.337955 | long=52.64691 | directions=
| phone=+971 2 801 4200 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=يشتهر هذا المنتجع برحلات السفاري لمشاهدة الحياة البرية.
}}
* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع فلل السهل من أنانتارا، جزيرة صير بني ياس | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/al-sahel-sir-bani-yas | email=
| address= | lat=24.325758 | long=52.571875 | directions=
| phone= +971 2 801 4300 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| wikidata=Q111150695
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=منتجع آخر تابع لأنانتارا في الجزيرة.
}}
* {{Wy/ar/Sleep
| name= منتجع وسبا جزر الصحراء من أنانتارا | alt= | url=https://www.anantara.com/en/desert-islands-sir-bani-yas | email=
| address= | lat=24.36591 | long=52.5946 | directions=
| phone=+971 2 801 5400 | tollfree=
| checkin= | checkout= | price=
| lastedit=2025-07-15
| content=
}}

==اتصل==

==الوجهات التالية==
{{Wy/ar/جزء|إمارة أبوظبي}}
{{Wy/ar/Outlinepark}}
{{Wy/ar/Geo|24.333333|52.633333}}

[[Category:Wy/ar]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2289965}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Dr. Scarlet Mubokyi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382195</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:36:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aikiriza Justus</username>
        <id>2647315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>created a article in Luganda</comment>
      <origin>7382195</origin>
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      <text bytes="1661" sha1="38glhuadi9qas1xnl1bozcvan9faqs5" xml:space="preserve">'''Dr. Scarlet Mubokyi''' musawo Omuganda akola mu by'obulamu n'ebyokwerinda mu kitongole ekikola ku nsonga z'abakyala, abakozi n'enkulaakulana y'abantu &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-oshmis.mglsd.go.ug-1-1&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Obulamu obw'obuto n'eby'enjigiriza. ==
Scarlet Mubokyi yafuna diguli ya Bachelor of Medicine ne Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) okuva mu Mbarara University of Science and Technology mu 1996. Oluvannyuma yafuna Master of Medicine mu Paediatrics okuva mu Makerere University mu 2006, nga bwe kiri mu kitabo ky’abasawo ekya Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2025, yafuna sikaala ya Occupational Medicine ku Iheed ne International Occupational Medicine Society Collaborative era n'afuna Diploma mu Occupational Medicine nga kino kyali mukisa gwe ogw'enkyukakyuka eri eggwanga &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-3&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Omulimu gw'obusawo ==
Yaweereza mu ofiisi y'omusawo omukulu ow'ebyobulamu ng'omukugu mu 2004 ne 2007 &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;. Kati akola nga Inspector mu Minisitule y'ekikula ky'abantu, abakozi n'enkulaakulana y'abantu (MGLSD), ng'assa essira ku byobulamu n'ebyokwerinda ku mirimu &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. She is a Paediatrician and mostly cares about new born care, lower/upper respiratory tract infection treatment, and thyroid disease in children &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-6&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ebyokulabirako ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382198</id>
      <parentid>7382195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:42:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aikiriza Justus</username>
        <id>2647315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added references</comment>
      <origin>7382198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2093" sha1="0bdvsg8egbpt1bildbi1sm2jjbyexrk" xml:space="preserve">'''Dr. Scarlet Mubokyi''' musawo Omuganda akola mu by'obulamu n'ebyokwerinda mu kitongole ekikola ku nsonga z'abakyala, abakozi n'enkulaakulana y'abantu &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://oshmis.mglsd.go.ug/index.php/home/inspectors https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-oshmis.mglsd.go.ug-1-1]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Obulamu obw'obuto n'eby'enjigiriza. ==
Scarlet Mubokyi yafuna diguli ya Bachelor of Medicine ne Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) okuva mu Mbarara University of Science and Technology mu 1996. Oluvannyuma yafuna Master of Medicine mu Paediatrics okuva mu Makerere University mu 2006, nga bwe kiri mu kitabo ky’abasawo ekya Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ehealthlicense.go.ug/index.php/site/professional-profile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-2]&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2025, yafuna sikaala ya Occupational Medicine ku Iheed ne International Occupational Medicine Society Collaborative era n'afuna Diploma mu Occupational Medicine nga kino kyali mukisa gwe ogw'enkyukakyuka eri eggwanga &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iomsc.net/2025-iheed-scholarship https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-3]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Omulimu gw'obusawo ==
Yaweereza mu ofiisi y'omusawo omukulu ow'ebyobulamu ng'omukugu mu 2004 ne 2007 &lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2004/ug-government-gazette-dated-2004-02-20-no-8.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-4]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2007/ug-government-gazette-dated-2007-07-27-no-38.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-5]&lt;/ref&gt;. Kati akola nga Inspector mu Minisitule y'ekikula ky'abantu, abakozi n'enkulaakulana y'abantu (MGLSD), ng'assa essira ku byobulamu n'ebyokwerinda ku mirimu &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. She is a Paediatrician and mostly cares about new born care, lower/upper respiratory tract infection treatment, and thyroid disease in children &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.medsynapse.app/doctors/dr-scarlet-mubokyi-69594 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-6]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ebyokulabirako ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7382199</id>
      <parentid>7382198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:55:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aikiriza Justus</username>
        <id>2647315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>updated the article, #16Daysfeminism2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="2219" sha1="pq6d106e256q62n19j0uvagur1gwey5" xml:space="preserve">'''Dr. Scarlet Mubokyi''' n'omushaho Omunyayuganda orikukora omu by'amagara g'abantu hamwe n'oburinzi omu minisiture y'eby'abakazi, abakozi hamwe n'enkuraakurana y'abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://oshmis.mglsd.go.ug/index.php/home/inspectors https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-oshmis.mglsd.go.ug-1-1]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amagara g'obuto hamwe n'eby'obwegyese. ==
Scarlet Mubokyi akatunga diguri ye y'okubanza omu by'emibazi hamwe na diguri y'okubanza omu by'okushemeza (MBChB) kuruga omu Yunivasite ya Mbarara eya Sayansi na Tekinorogye omuri 1996. Bwanyima akatunga diguri ye y'okubanza omu by'emibazi omu Paediatrics kuruga omu Yunivasite ya Makerere omuri 2006, kurugirira aha kitabo ky'eby'emibazi ekya Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ehealthlicense.go.ug/index.php/site/professional-profile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-2]&lt;/ref&gt;. Omu mwaka gwa 2025, akatunga obuhwezi bw'okushoma omu by'emibazi y'abakozi aha Iheed hamwe n'ekibiina kya International Occupatioal Medicine Society Collaborative kandi yaatunga dipuloma ya iheed omu by'emibazi y'abakozi nk'omugisha gw'okuhindura eihanga &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iomsc.net/2025-iheed-scholarship https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-3]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Omurimo gw'eby'amagara. ==
Akakorera omu ofiisi y'omushaho w'okubanza nk'omukuru omuri 2004 na 2007 &lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2004/ug-government-gazette-dated-2004-02-20-no-8.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-4]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2007/ug-government-gazette-dated-2007-07-27-no-38.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-5]&lt;/ref&gt;. Obwahati naakora nk'omukuru omu minisiture y'eby'obuhangwa, abakozi hamwe n'enkuraakurana y'abantu (MGLSD), arikuta amaani aha magara g'abakozi hamwe n'okwerinda kwabo &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. N'omushaho w'abaana kandi naakira kureeberera abaana abakiri bato, okuragurira endwara z'okuhumura hamwe n'endwara y'ekihaha omu baana &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.medsynapse.app/doctors/dr-scarlet-mubokyi-69594 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scarlet_Mubokyi#cite_note-6]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Eby'okureeberaho. ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Hamsterlover111</title>
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    <redirect title="User talk:SpaghettiScorpion" />
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:41:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Euphydryas</username>
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      <comment>Euphydryas moved page [[User talk:Hamsterlover111]] to [[User talk:SpaghettiScorpion]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Hamsterlover111|Hamsterlover111]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/SpaghettiScorpion|SpaghettiScorpion]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="41" sha1="8gv2p3leseugrl76fm4orjdbsvyiyz1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User talk:SpaghettiScorpion]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:兎鞠まり</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3829628</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:56:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welcoming Bot</username>
        <id>9525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1013" sha1="gpvb205npqpyj29gl0gqj6kvtxfw8l1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 10:56, 3 November 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Jalingo chan mulmu digalu nu Taraba o bar geyar pichi-gabasu Nigeria, tlamu ni o mbora  ( tlumau Jalingo o vir nufi &quot;Superior Olace&quot;) ana ji jigabiya nji ni 418,000 ar fa 2018, mulmu kau njir badugani chan hiyaro Kano, Borno, Gombe ana njir Cameroon. Ar hiya nu kumau apu zumu, 2022 gurtu kura ji o mulmuni chan 581,000. Vir siyasa 10 nga ni o mulmu Jalingo.  [[Category:Wp/mrt]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="379" sha1="oo6pvz1zr3858mnhgvmzfazoctr432p" xml:space="preserve">Jalingo chan mulmu digalu nu Taraba o bar geyar pichi-gabasu Nigeria, tlamu ni o mbora  ( tlumau Jalingo o vir nufi &quot;Superior Olace&quot;) ana ji jigabiya nji ni 418,000 ar fa 2018, mulmu kau njir badugani chan hiyaro Kano, Borno, Gombe ana njir Cameroon. Ar hiya nu kumau apu zumu, 2022 gurtu kura ji o mulmuni chan 581,000. Vir siyasa 10 nga ni o mulmu Jalingo.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]</text>
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        <id>2603474</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q1023720]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="403" sha1="k0k10659lnshautke4q2ukvwrldidyo" xml:space="preserve">Jalingo chan mulmu digalu nu Taraba o bar geyar pichi-gabasu Nigeria, tlamu ni o mbora  ( tlumau Jalingo o vir nufi &quot;Superior Olace&quot;) ana ji jigabiya nji ni 418,000 ar fa 2018, mulmu kau njir badugani chan hiyaro Kano, Borno, Gombe ana njir Cameroon. Ar hiya nu kumau apu zumu, 2022 gurtu kura ji o mulmuni chan 581,000. Vir siyasa 10 nga ni o mulmu Jalingo.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1023720}}</text>
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        <username>Hafsatulkhair</username>
        <id>2603474</id>
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      <text bytes="415" sha1="7hd1koq3xmv99f9fnf3coqzrg21yn1t" xml:space="preserve">Jalingo chan mulmu digalu nu Taraba o bar geyar pichi-gabasu Nigeria, tlamu ni o mbora  ( tlumau Jalingo o vir nufi &quot;Superior Olace&quot;) ana ji jigabiya nji ni 418,000 ar fa 2018, mulmu kau njir badugani chan hiyaro Kano, Borno, Gombe ana njir Cameroon. Ar hiya nu kumau apu zumu, 2022 gurtu kura ji o mulmuni chan 581,000. Vir siyasa 10 nga ni o mulmu Jalingo.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]
==Q1023720==
{{INTERWIKI|Q1023720}}</text>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="436" sha1="rczkhuukjs501ntnqwfpkv8yloo56kv" xml:space="preserve">Jalingo chan mulmu digalu nu Taraba o bar geyar pichi-gabasu Nigeria, tlamu ni o mbora  ( tlumau Jalingo o vir nufi &quot;Superior Olace&quot;) ana ji jigabiya nji ni 418,000 ar fa 2018, mulmu kau njir badugani chan hiyaro Kano, Borno, Gombe ana njir Cameroon. Ar hiya nu kumau apu zumu, 2022 gurtu kura ji o mulmuni chan 581,000. Vir siyasa 10 nga ni o mulmu Jalingo.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]
==Ndərər ɗəŋgá/sagida nca==
{{INTERWIKI|Q1023720}}</text>
      <sha1>rczkhuukjs501ntnqwfpkv8yloo56kv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382208</id>
      <parentid>7382205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:00:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafsatulkhair</username>
        <id>2603474</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7382208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="469" sha1="79przfucr8f0rta3g14oyssrztrbavq" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/mrt/Databox|item=Q1023720}}
Jalingo chan mulmu digalu nu Taraba o bar geyar pichi-gabasu Nigeria, tlamu ni o mbora  ( tlumau Jalingo o vir nufi &quot;Superior Olace&quot;) ana ji jigabiya nji ni 418,000 ar fa 2018, mulmu kau njir badugani chan hiyaro Kano, Borno, Gombe ana njir Cameroon. Ar hiya nu kumau apu zumu, 2022 gurtu kura ji o mulmuni chan 581,000. Vir siyasa 10 nga ni o mulmu Jalingo.

[[Category:Wp/mrt]]
==Ndərər ɗəŋgá/sagida nca==
{{INTERWIKI|Q1023720}}</text>
      <sha1>79przfucr8f0rta3g14oyssrztrbavq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Jmmontalba</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3829630</id>
    <redirect title="User talk:JimmyRG" />
    <revision>
      <id>7382225</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:33:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ontzak</username>
        <id>24865</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ontzak moved page [[User talk:Jmmontalba]] to [[User talk:JimmyRG]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Jmmontalba|Jmmontalba]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/JimmyRG|JimmyRG]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="c11vu7d7wsdoobfb5wy2y0lilyrci6x" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User talk:JimmyRG]]</text>
      <sha1>c11vu7d7wsdoobfb5wy2y0lilyrci6x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Gita09</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3829631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382228</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:34:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welcoming Bot</username>
        <id>9525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!</comment>
      <origin>7382228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1013" sha1="5eaax60fyv79nde5ft4m71d5jc98ed0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 11:34, 3 November 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5eaax60fyv79nde5ft4m71d5jc98ed0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγάνη</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3829632</id>
    <redirect title="Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγανή" />
    <revision>
      <id>7382234</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:45:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PastelKos moved page [[Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγάνη]] to [[Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγανή]]</comment>
      <origin>7382234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="dyr05tromw2l75t1q54i2o8mrog2v5c" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[:Category:Wp/grc/Μισιγανή]]</text>
      <sha1>dyr05tromw2l75t1q54i2o8mrog2v5c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/grc/Μισιγάνη</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829633</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/grc/Μισιγανή" />
    <revision>
      <id>7382238</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:47:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>2547710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PastelKos moved page [[Wp/grc/Μισιγάνη]] to [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή]]</comment>
      <origin>7382238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="5eiki4l1dwsuyj5klro9el7jxvc6dk9" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/grc/Μισιγανή]]</text>
      <sha1>5eiki4l1dwsuyj5klro9el7jxvc6dk9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wt/mui/panteran</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3829634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382247</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:54:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Swarabakti</username>
        <id>2526161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:nyms|nyms|sinonim}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; ---- Untuk menjabarkan daftar sinonim di bawah setiap baris definisi. ''Bukan'' untuk digunakan pada baris definisi.  [[Category:Wt/mui/Cita'an umum]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382247</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="230" sha1="2rbx2lmuzmy1yhctfqw157622xpncf1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:nyms|nyms|sinonim}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
----
Untuk menjabarkan daftar sinonim di bawah setiap baris definisi. ''Bukan'' untuk digunakan pada baris definisi.

[[Category:Wt/mui/Cita'an umum]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2rbx2lmuzmy1yhctfqw157622xpncf1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382248</id>
      <parentid>7382247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:54:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Swarabakti</username>
        <id>2526161</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="237" sha1="ekzqv99is3uglxvrkkhk8g7m6le09c5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Wt/mui/nyms|nyms|sinonim}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
----
Untuk menjabarkan daftar sinonim di bawah setiap baris definisi. ''Bukan'' untuk digunakan pada baris definisi.

[[Category:Wt/mui/Cita'an umum]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ekzqv99is3uglxvrkkhk8g7m6le09c5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wt/mui/nyms</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>3829635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382249</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:54:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Swarabakti</username>
        <id>2526161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;local export = {}  local debug_track_module = &quot;Module:debug/track&quot; local labels_module = &quot;Module:labels&quot; local links_module = &quot;Module:links&quot; local parameter_utilities_module = &quot;Module:parameter utilities&quot; local parse_utilities_module = &quot;Module:parse utilities&quot; local pron_qualifier_module = &quot;Module:pron qualifier&quot;   local function track(page) 	return require(debug_track_module)(&quot;nyms/&quot; .. page) end  	 local function wrap_span(text, lang, sc) 	return '&lt;span class=&quot;' .. sc...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382249</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6915" sha1="d5mazupkdbarl845o81ko1oauu5y1vk" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local debug_track_module = &quot;Module:debug/track&quot;
local labels_module = &quot;Module:labels&quot;
local links_module = &quot;Module:links&quot;
local parameter_utilities_module = &quot;Module:parameter utilities&quot;
local parse_utilities_module = &quot;Module:parse utilities&quot;
local pron_qualifier_module = &quot;Module:pron qualifier&quot;


local function track(page)
	return require(debug_track_module)(&quot;nyms/&quot; .. page)
end

	
local function wrap_span(text, lang, sc)
	return '&lt;span class=&quot;' .. sc .. '&quot; lang=&quot;' .. lang .. '&quot;&gt;' .. text .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
end


local function term_already_linked(term)
	-- optimization to avoid unnecessarily loading [[Module:parse utilities]]
	return term:find(&quot;[&lt;{]&quot;) and require(parse_utilities_module).term_already_linked(term)
end


function export.nyms(frame)
	local parent_args = frame:getParent().args

	-- FIXME: Temporary error message and tracking.
	for arg, _ in pairs(parent_args) do
		if type(arg) == &quot;string&quot; and arg:find(&quot;^lb[0-9]*$&quot;) then
			local llarg = arg:gsub(&quot;^lb&quot;, &quot;ll&quot;)
			error((&quot;%s= is deprecated; use %s= instead, per the documentation&quot;):format(arg, llarg))
		end
		if arg == &quot;q&quot; or arg == &quot;qq&quot; then
			track(arg)
		end
		if type(arg) == &quot;string&quot; and arg:find(&quot;^tag[0-9]*$&quot;) then
			local larg = arg:gsub(&quot;^tag&quot;, &quot;l&quot;)
			local llarg = arg:gsub(&quot;^tag&quot;, &quot;ll&quot;)
			error((&quot;Use %s= (on the left) or %s= (on the right) instead of %s=&quot;):format(larg, llarg, arg))
		end
	end

	local params = {
		[1] = {required = true, type = &quot;language&quot;, default = &quot;und&quot;},
		[2] = {list = true, allow_holes = true, required = true},
	}

    local m_param_utils = require(parameter_utilities_module)

	local param_mods = m_param_utils.construct_param_mods {
		{group = {&quot;link&quot;, &quot;ref&quot;, &quot;l&quot;}},
		-- For compatibility, we don't distinguish q= from q1= and qq= from q1=. FIXME: Maybe we should change this.
		{group = &quot;q&quot;, separate_no_index = false},
		{param = &quot;lb&quot;, deprecated = true},
	}
	
	local special_separators = mw.clone(m_param_utils.default_special_separators)
	special_separators[&quot;&lt;&quot;] = &quot; &lt; &quot;

	local items, args = m_param_utils.parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params {
		params = params,
		param_mods = param_mods,
		raw_args = parent_args,
		termarg = 2,
		parse_lang_prefix = true,
		track_module = &quot;nyms&quot;,
		lang = 1,
		special_separators = special_separators,
		sc = &quot;sc.default&quot;,
	}

	local nym_type = frame.args[1]
	local nym_type_class = string.gsub(nym_type, &quot;%s&quot;, &quot;-&quot;)
	local lang = args[1]
	local langcode = lang:getCode()

	local data = {
		lang = lang,
		items = items,
		sc = args.sc.default,
		l = args.l.default,
		ll = args.ll.default,
		q = args.q.default,
		qq = args.qq.default,
	}

	local parts = {}
	local thesaurus_parts = {}
	for i, item in ipairs(data.items) do
		if item.lb then
			error(&quot;Inline modifier &lt;lb:...&gt; is deprecated; use &lt;ll:...&gt; per the documentation&quot;)
		end
		local explicit_item_lang = item.lang
		item.lang = item.lang or data.lang
		item.sc = item.sc or data.sc
		local text
		local is_thesaurus
		if item.term and item.term:find(&quot;^Thesaurus:&quot;) then
			is_thesaurus = true
			for k, _ in pairs(item) do
				if m_param_utils.item_key_is_property(k) and k ~= &quot;lang&quot; and k ~= &quot;sc&quot; and k ~= &quot;q&quot; and k ~= &quot;qq&quot; and
					k ~= &quot;l&quot; and k ~= &quot;ll&quot; and k ~= &quot;refs&quot; then
					error((&quot;You cannot use most named parameters and inline modifiers with Thesaurus links, but saw %s%s= or its equivalent inline modifier &lt;%s:...&gt;&quot;):format(
						k, item.itemno, k))
				end
			end
			local term = item.term:match(&quot;^Thesaurus:(.*)$&quot;)
			-- Chop off fragment
			term = term:match(&quot;^(.-)#.*$&quot;) or term
			local lang = item.lang
			local sccode = (item.sc or lang:findBestScript(term)):getCode()
			-- FIXME: I assume it's better to include full-language codes in the CSS rather than etym-language codes,
			-- which are generally specific to Wiktionary. However, we should probably instead be using the functions
			-- from [[Module:script utilities]] in preference to rolling our own.
			text = &quot;[[&quot; .. item.term .. &quot;#&quot; .. lang:getFullName() .. &quot;|Thesaurus:&quot; .. wrap_span(term, lang:getFullCode(), sccode) .. &quot;]]&quot;
		else
			if thesaurus_parts[1] then
				error(&quot;Links to the Thesaurus must follow all non-Thesaurus links&quot;)
			end
			local raw_term = item.alt or item.term
			if raw_term and term_already_linked(raw_term) then
				text = raw_term
			else
				text = require(links_module).full_link(item)
			end
		end
		local qq = item.qq
		-- If a separate language code was given for the term, display the language name as a right qualifier.
		-- Otherwise it may not be obvious that the term is in a separate language (e.g. if the main language is 'zh'
		-- and the term language is a Chinese lect such as Min Nan). But don't do this for Translingual terms, which
		-- are often added to the list of English and other-language terms.
		if explicit_item_lang then
			local explicit_code = explicit_item_lang:getCode()
			if explicit_code ~= langcode and explicit_code ~= &quot;mul&quot; then
				qq = mw.clone(qq) or {}
				table.insert(qq, 1, explicit_item_lang:getCanonicalName())
			end
		end
		if item.q and item.q[1] or qq and qq[1] or item.l and item.l[1] or item.ll and item.ll[1] or
			item.refs and item.refs[1] then
			text = require(pron_qualifier_module).format_qualifiers {
				lang = item.lang,
				text = text,
				q = item.q,
				qq = qq,
				l = item.l,
				ll = item.ll,
				refs = item.refs,
			}
		end
		local insert_place = is_thesaurus and thesaurus_parts or parts
		-- Don't include the separator if this is the first item of this class that we're inserting.
		table.insert(insert_place, insert_place[1] and item.separator or &quot;&quot;)
		table.insert(insert_place, text)
	end

	local text = table.concat(parts)
	local thesaurus_text = table.concat(thesaurus_parts)

	local caption = &quot;&lt;span style=\&quot;font-size: smaller\&quot;&gt;&quot; .. mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(nym_type) ..
		((#items &gt; 1 or thesaurus_text ~= &quot;&quot;) and &quot;&quot; or &quot;&quot;) .. &quot;:&lt;/span&gt; &quot;
	text = caption .. text
	local function qualifier_error_if_no_terms()
		if not parts[1] then
			error(&quot;Cannot specify overall qualifiers if no non-Thesaurus terms given&quot;)
		end
	end
	if data.q and data.q[1] or data.qq and data.qq[1] or data.l and data.l[1] then
		qualifier_error_if_no_terms()
		text = require(pron_qualifier_module).format_qualifiers {
			lang = data.lang,
			text = text,
			q = data.q,
			qq = data.qq,
			l = data.l,
			-- ll handled specially for compatibility's sake
		}
	end
	if data.ll and data.ll[1] then
		qualifier_error_if_no_terms()
		text = text .. &quot; &amp;mdash; &quot; .. require(labels_module).show_labels {
			lang = data.lang,
			labels = data.ll,
			nocat = true,
			open = false,
			close = false,
			no_track_already_seen = true,
		}
	end
	if thesaurus_text ~= &quot;&quot; then
		local thesaurus_intro = parts[1] and &quot;; ''see also'' &quot; or &quot;''see'' &quot;
		text = text .. thesaurus_intro .. thesaurus_text
	end
	return &quot;&lt;span class=\&quot;nyms &quot; .. nym_type_class .. &quot;\&quot;&gt;&quot; .. text .. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;
end


return export</text>
      <sha1>d5mazupkdbarl845o81ko1oauu5y1vk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382250</id>
      <parentid>7382249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Swarabakti</username>
        <id>2526161</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382250</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6971" sha1="mqmlpcll3jrff8keeu6tvrtkqplgsxe" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local debug_track_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/debug/track&quot;
local labels_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/labels&quot;
local links_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/links&quot;
local parameter_utilities_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/parameter utilities&quot;
local parse_utilities_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/parse utilities&quot;
local pron_qualifier_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/pron qualifier&quot;


local function track(page)
	return require(debug_track_module)(&quot;nyms/&quot; .. page)
end

	
local function wrap_span(text, lang, sc)
	return '&lt;span class=&quot;' .. sc .. '&quot; lang=&quot;' .. lang .. '&quot;&gt;' .. text .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
end


local function term_already_linked(term)
	-- optimization to avoid unnecessarily loading [[Module:Wt/mui/parse utilities]]
	return term:find(&quot;[&lt;{]&quot;) and require(parse_utilities_module).term_already_linked(term)
end


function export.nyms(frame)
	local parent_args = frame:getParent().args

	-- FIXME: Temporary error message and tracking.
	for arg, _ in pairs(parent_args) do
		if type(arg) == &quot;string&quot; and arg:find(&quot;^lb[0-9]*$&quot;) then
			local llarg = arg:gsub(&quot;^lb&quot;, &quot;ll&quot;)
			error((&quot;%s= is deprecated; use %s= instead, per the documentation&quot;):format(arg, llarg))
		end
		if arg == &quot;q&quot; or arg == &quot;qq&quot; then
			track(arg)
		end
		if type(arg) == &quot;string&quot; and arg:find(&quot;^tag[0-9]*$&quot;) then
			local larg = arg:gsub(&quot;^tag&quot;, &quot;l&quot;)
			local llarg = arg:gsub(&quot;^tag&quot;, &quot;ll&quot;)
			error((&quot;Use %s= (on the left) or %s= (on the right) instead of %s=&quot;):format(larg, llarg, arg))
		end
	end

	local params = {
		[1] = {required = true, type = &quot;language&quot;, default = &quot;und&quot;},
		[2] = {list = true, allow_holes = true, required = true},
	}

    local m_param_utils = require(parameter_utilities_module)

	local param_mods = m_param_utils.construct_param_mods {
		{group = {&quot;link&quot;, &quot;ref&quot;, &quot;l&quot;}},
		-- For compatibility, we don't distinguish q= from q1= and qq= from q1=. FIXME: Maybe we should change this.
		{group = &quot;q&quot;, separate_no_index = false},
		{param = &quot;lb&quot;, deprecated = true},
	}
	
	local special_separators = mw.clone(m_param_utils.default_special_separators)
	special_separators[&quot;&lt;&quot;] = &quot; &lt; &quot;

	local items, args = m_param_utils.parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params {
		params = params,
		param_mods = param_mods,
		raw_args = parent_args,
		termarg = 2,
		parse_lang_prefix = true,
		track_module = &quot;nyms&quot;,
		lang = 1,
		special_separators = special_separators,
		sc = &quot;sc.default&quot;,
	}

	local nym_type = frame.args[1]
	local nym_type_class = string.gsub(nym_type, &quot;%s&quot;, &quot;-&quot;)
	local lang = args[1]
	local langcode = lang:getCode()

	local data = {
		lang = lang,
		items = items,
		sc = args.sc.default,
		l = args.l.default,
		ll = args.ll.default,
		q = args.q.default,
		qq = args.qq.default,
	}

	local parts = {}
	local thesaurus_parts = {}
	for i, item in ipairs(data.items) do
		if item.lb then
			error(&quot;Inline modifier &lt;lb:...&gt; is deprecated; use &lt;ll:...&gt; per the documentation&quot;)
		end
		local explicit_item_lang = item.lang
		item.lang = item.lang or data.lang
		item.sc = item.sc or data.sc
		local text
		local is_thesaurus
		if item.term and item.term:find(&quot;^Thesaurus:&quot;) then
			is_thesaurus = true
			for k, _ in pairs(item) do
				if m_param_utils.item_key_is_property(k) and k ~= &quot;lang&quot; and k ~= &quot;sc&quot; and k ~= &quot;q&quot; and k ~= &quot;qq&quot; and
					k ~= &quot;l&quot; and k ~= &quot;ll&quot; and k ~= &quot;refs&quot; then
					error((&quot;You cannot use most named parameters and inline modifiers with Thesaurus links, but saw %s%s= or its equivalent inline modifier &lt;%s:...&gt;&quot;):format(
						k, item.itemno, k))
				end
			end
			local term = item.term:match(&quot;^Thesaurus:(.*)$&quot;)
			-- Chop off fragment
			term = term:match(&quot;^(.-)#.*$&quot;) or term
			local lang = item.lang
			local sccode = (item.sc or lang:findBestScript(term)):getCode()
			-- FIXME: I assume it's better to include full-language codes in the CSS rather than etym-language codes,
			-- which are generally specific to Wiktionary. However, we should probably instead be using the functions
			-- from [[Module:Wt/mui/script utilities]] in preference to rolling our own.
			text = &quot;[[&quot; .. item.term .. &quot;#&quot; .. lang:getFullName() .. &quot;|Thesaurus:&quot; .. wrap_span(term, lang:getFullCode(), sccode) .. &quot;]]&quot;
		else
			if thesaurus_parts[1] then
				error(&quot;Links to the Thesaurus must follow all non-Thesaurus links&quot;)
			end
			local raw_term = item.alt or item.term
			if raw_term and term_already_linked(raw_term) then
				text = raw_term
			else
				text = require(links_module).full_link(item)
			end
		end
		local qq = item.qq
		-- If a separate language code was given for the term, display the language name as a right qualifier.
		-- Otherwise it may not be obvious that the term is in a separate language (e.g. if the main language is 'zh'
		-- and the term language is a Chinese lect such as Min Nan). But don't do this for Translingual terms, which
		-- are often added to the list of English and other-language terms.
		if explicit_item_lang then
			local explicit_code = explicit_item_lang:getCode()
			if explicit_code ~= langcode and explicit_code ~= &quot;mul&quot; then
				qq = mw.clone(qq) or {}
				table.insert(qq, 1, explicit_item_lang:getCanonicalName())
			end
		end
		if item.q and item.q[1] or qq and qq[1] or item.l and item.l[1] or item.ll and item.ll[1] or
			item.refs and item.refs[1] then
			text = require(pron_qualifier_module).format_qualifiers {
				lang = item.lang,
				text = text,
				q = item.q,
				qq = qq,
				l = item.l,
				ll = item.ll,
				refs = item.refs,
			}
		end
		local insert_place = is_thesaurus and thesaurus_parts or parts
		-- Don't include the separator if this is the first item of this class that we're inserting.
		table.insert(insert_place, insert_place[1] and item.separator or &quot;&quot;)
		table.insert(insert_place, text)
	end

	local text = table.concat(parts)
	local thesaurus_text = table.concat(thesaurus_parts)

	local caption = &quot;&lt;span style=\&quot;font-size: smaller\&quot;&gt;&quot; .. mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(nym_type) ..
		((#items &gt; 1 or thesaurus_text ~= &quot;&quot;) and &quot;&quot; or &quot;&quot;) .. &quot;:&lt;/span&gt; &quot;
	text = caption .. text
	local function qualifier_error_if_no_terms()
		if not parts[1] then
			error(&quot;Cannot specify overall qualifiers if no non-Thesaurus terms given&quot;)
		end
	end
	if data.q and data.q[1] or data.qq and data.qq[1] or data.l and data.l[1] then
		qualifier_error_if_no_terms()
		text = require(pron_qualifier_module).format_qualifiers {
			lang = data.lang,
			text = text,
			q = data.q,
			qq = data.qq,
			l = data.l,
			-- ll handled specially for compatibility's sake
		}
	end
	if data.ll and data.ll[1] then
		qualifier_error_if_no_terms()
		text = text .. &quot; &amp;mdash; &quot; .. require(labels_module).show_labels {
			lang = data.lang,
			labels = data.ll,
			nocat = true,
			open = false,
			close = false,
			no_track_already_seen = true,
		}
	end
	if thesaurus_text ~= &quot;&quot; then
		local thesaurus_intro = parts[1] and &quot;; ''see also'' &quot; or &quot;''see'' &quot;
		text = text .. thesaurus_intro .. thesaurus_text
	end
	return &quot;&lt;span class=\&quot;nyms &quot; .. nym_type_class .. &quot;\&quot;&gt;&quot; .. text .. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;
end


return export</text>
      <sha1>mqmlpcll3jrff8keeu6tvrtkqplgsxe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wt/mui/parameter utilities</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>3829636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382251</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:56:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Swarabakti</username>
        <id>2526161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;local export = {}  local debug_track_module = &quot;Module:debug/track&quot; local functions_module = &quot;Module:fun&quot; local parameters_module = &quot;Module:parameters&quot; local parse_interface_module = &quot;Module:parse interface&quot; local parse_utilities_module = &quot;Module:parse utilities&quot; local table_module = &quot;Module:table&quot;  local dump = mw.dumpObject local error = error local insert = table.insert local ipairs = ipairs local next = next local pairs = pairs local require = require local tonumber =...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382251</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="84213" sha1="ood13bkqgv139ip1rcvw68r9hr5w6hh" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local debug_track_module = &quot;Module:debug/track&quot;
local functions_module = &quot;Module:fun&quot;
local parameters_module = &quot;Module:parameters&quot;
local parse_interface_module = &quot;Module:parse interface&quot;
local parse_utilities_module = &quot;Module:parse utilities&quot;
local table_module = &quot;Module:table&quot;

local dump = mw.dumpObject
local error = error
local insert = table.insert
local ipairs = ipairs
local next = next
local pairs = pairs
local require = require
local tonumber = tonumber
local type = type

--[==[
Loaders for functions in other modules, which overwrite themselves with the target function when called. This ensures
modules are only loaded when needed, retains the speed/convenience of locally-declared pre-loaded functions, and has no
overhead after the first call, since the target functions are called directly in any subsequent calls.
]==]
local function debug_track(...)
	debug_track = require(debug_track_module)
	return debug_track(...)
end

local function is_callable(...)
	is_callable = require(functions_module).is_callable
	return is_callable(...)
end

local function list_to_set(...)
	list_to_set = require(table_module).listToSet
	return list_to_set(...)
end

local function parse_term_with_lang(...)
	parse_term_with_lang = require(parse_utilities_module).parse_term_with_lang
	return parse_term_with_lang(...)
end

local function parse_inline_modifiers(...)
	parse_inline_modifiers = require(parse_interface_module).parse_inline_modifiers
	return parse_inline_modifiers(...)
end

local function process_params(...)
	process_params = require(parameters_module).process
	return process_params(...)
end

local function shallow_copy(...)
	shallow_copy = require(table_module).shallowCopy
	return shallow_copy(...)
end

local function table_len(...)
	table_len = require(table_module).length
	return table_len(...)
end

----------------- end loaders ----------------

local function track(page, track_module)
	return debug_track((track_module or &quot;parameter utilities&quot;) .. &quot;/&quot; .. page)
end

-- Throw an error prefixed with the words &quot;Internal error&quot; (and suffixed with a dumped version of `spec`, if provided).
-- This is for logic errors in the code itself rather than template user errors.
local function internal_error(msg, spec)
	if spec then
		msg = (&quot;%s: %s&quot;):format(msg, dump(spec))
	end
	error((&quot;Internal error: %s&quot;):format(msg))
end

-- Table listing the default recognized special separator arguments and how they display.
export.default_special_separators = {
	[&quot;;&quot;] = &quot;; &quot;,
	[&quot;_&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	[&quot;~&quot;] = &quot; ~ &quot;,
	[&quot;→&quot;] = &quot; → &quot;,
}

-- Table listing how subitem delimiters display. Unlike for `default_special_separators`, the presence of an item in
-- this table does not mean that the delimiter is recognized; only those specified by `data.splitchar` are recognized.
export.default_subitem_separator_map = {
	[&quot;;&quot;] = &quot;; &quot;,
	[&quot;,&quot;] = &quot;, &quot;,
	[&quot;/&quot;] = &quot;/&quot;,
	[&quot;_&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	[&quot;~&quot;] = &quot; ~ &quot;,
	[&quot;→&quot;] = &quot; → &quot;,
}

--[==[ intro:
The purpose of this module is to facilitate implementation of templates that can have arguments specified either through
inline modifiers or separate parameters. There are two types of templates supported: those that take a list of items
with associated properties, which can be specified either through indexed separate parameters (e.g. {{para|t2}},
{{para|pos3}}) or inline modifiers (`&lt;t:...&gt;`, `&lt;pos:...&gt;`, etc.); and those that take a single term, whose properties
can be specified through non-indexed separate parameters (e.g. {{para|t}} or {{para|pos}}) or inline modifiers. Both
types of templates can optionally have subitems in the term parameter(s), where the subitems are typically (but not
necessarily) separated with commas and each subitem can have its own inline modifiers.

Some examples of templates that take a list of items are {{tl|alter}}/{{tl|alt}}; {{tl|synonyms}}/{{tl|syn}},
{{tl|antonyms}}/{{tl|ant}}, and other &quot;nyms&quot; templates; {{tl|col}}, {{tl|col2}}, {{tl|col3}}, {{tl|col4}} and other
column templates; {{tl|descendant}}/{{tl|desc}}; {{tl|affix}}/{{tl|af}}, {{tl|prefix}}/{{tl|pre}} and related *fix
templates; {{tl|affixusex}}/{{tl|afex}} and related templates; {{tl|IPA}}; {{tl|homophones}}; {{tl|rhymes}}; and several
others.

Examples of templates that take a single item are form-of templates ({{tl|inflection of}}/{{tl|infl of}},
{{tl|form of}}, and specific templates such as {{tl|alt form}}/{{tl|alternative form of}},
{{tl|abbr of}}/{{tl|abbreviation of}}, {{tl|clipping of}}, and many others); for etymology templates
({{tl|bor}}/{{tl|borrowed}}, {{tl|der}}/{{tl|derived}}, etc. as well as `misc_variant` templates like {{tl|ellipsis}},
{{tl|abbrev}}, {{tl|clipping}}, {{tl|reduplication}} and the like); and other templates that take an argument structure
similar to {{tl|l}} or {{tl|m}}.

This module can be thought of as a combination of [[Module:parameters]] (which parses template parameters, and in
particular handles the separate parameter versions of the properties) and `parse_inline_modifiers()` in
[[Module:parse utilities]] (which parses inline modifiers).

The two main entry points are `parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` (for templates that take a list
of items) and `parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` (for templates that take a single item). However,
there are other functions provided, e.g. to initialize the `param_mods` structure that is passed to the two entry
points.

The typical workflow for using `parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` looks as follows (a slightly
simplified version of the code in [[Module:nyms]]):
{
local export = {}

local parameter_utilities_module = &quot;Module:parameter utilities&quot;

...

-- Entry point to be invoked from a template.
function export.show(frame)
	local parent_args = frame:getParent().args

	-- Parameters that don't have corresponding inline modifiers. Note in particular that the parameter corresponding to
	-- the items themselves must be specified this way, and must specify either `allow_holes = true` (if the user can
	-- omit terms, typically by specifying the term using |altN= or &lt;alt:...&gt; so that they remain unlinked) or
	-- `disallow_holes = true` (if omitting terms is not allowed). (If neither `allow_holes` nor `disallow_holes` is
	-- specified, an error is thrown in parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params().)
	local params = {
		[1] = {required = true, type = &quot;language&quot;, default = &quot;und&quot;},
		[2] = {list = true, allow_holes = true, required = true, default = &quot;term&quot;},
	}

	local m_param_utils = require(parameter_utilities_module)

	-- This constructs the `param_mods` structure by adding well-known groups of parameters (such as all the parameters
	-- associated with based on full_link() in [[Module:links]], with default properties that can be overridden. This is
	-- easier and less error-prone than manually specifying the `param_mods` structure (see below for how this would
	-- look). Here, we specify the group &quot;link&quot; (consisting of all the link parameters for use with full_link()), group
	-- &quot;ref&quot; (which adds the &quot;ref&quot; parameter for specifying references), group &quot;l&quot; (which adds the &quot;l&quot; and &quot;ll&quot;
	-- parameters for specifying labels) and group &quot;q&quot; (which adds the &quot;q&quot; and &quot;qq&quot; parameters for specifying regular
	-- qualifiers). By default, labels and qualifiers have `separate_no_index` set so that e.g. |q1= is distinct from
	-- |q=, the former specifying the left qualifier for the first item and the latter specifying the overall left
	-- qualifier. For compatibility, we override the `separate_no_index` setting for the group &quot;q&quot;, which causes |q= and
	-- |q1= to be the same, and likewise for |qq= and |qq1=. Finally, also for compatibility, we add an &quot;lb&quot; parameter
	-- that is an alias of &quot;ll&quot; (in all respects; |lb= is the same as |ll=, |lb1= is the same as |ll1=, &lt;lb:...&gt; is the
	-- same as &lt;ll:...&gt;, etc.).
	local param_mods = m_param_utils.construct_param_mods {
		{group = {&quot;link&quot;, &quot;ref&quot;, &quot;l&quot;}},
		{group = &quot;q&quot;, separate_no_index = false},
		{param = &quot;lb&quot;, alias_of = &quot;ll&quot;},
	}

	-- This processes the raw arguments in `parent_args`, parses inline modifiers and creates corresponding objects
	-- containing the property values specified either through inline modifiers or separate parameters.
	local items, args = m_param_utils.parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params {
		params = params,
		param_mods = param_mods,
		raw_args = parent_args,
		termarg = 2,
		parse_lang_prefix = true,
		track_module = &quot;nyms&quot;,
		lang = 1,
		sc = &quot;sc.default&quot;,
	}

	local lang = args[1]

	-- Now do the actual implementation of the template. Generally this should be split into a separate function, often
	-- in a separate module (if the implementation goes in [[Module:foo]], the template interface code goes in
	-- [[Module:foo/templates]]).
	...
}

The `param_mods` structure controls the properties that can be specified by the user for a given item, and is
conceptually very similar to the `param_mods` structure used by `parse_inline_modifiers()`. The key is the name of the
parameter (e.g. {&quot;t&quot;}, {&quot;pos&quot;}) and the value is a table with optional elements as follows:
* `item_dest`, `store`: Same as the corresponding fields in the `param_mods` structure passed to
  `parse_inline_modifiers()`.
* `type`, `set`, `sublist`, `convert` and associated fields such as `family` and `method`: These control parsing and
  conversion of the raw values specified by the user and have the same meaning as in [[Module:parameters]] and also in
  `parse_inline_modifiers()` (which delegates the actual conversion to [[Module:parameters]]). These fields — and for
  that matter, all fields other than `item_dest`, `store` and `overall` — are forwarded to the `process()` function in
  [[Module:parameters]].
* `alias_of`: This parameter is an alias of some other parameter. This spec is recognized only by `process()` in
  [[Module:parameters]], and not by `parse_inline_modifiers()`; to set up an alias in `parse_inline_modifiers()`, you
  need to make sure (using `item_dest`) that both the alias and aliasee modifiers store their values in the same
  location, and you need to copy the remaining properties from the aliasee's spec to the aliasing modifier's spec. All
  of this happens automatically if you generate the `param_mods` structure using `construct_param_mods()`.
* `require_index`: This means that the non-indexed parameter version of the property is not recognized. E.g. in the
  case of the {&quot;sc&quot;} property, use of the {{para|sc}} parameter would result in an error, while {{para|sc1}} is
  recognized and specifies the {&quot;sc&quot;} property for the first item. The default, if neither `require_index` nor
  `separate_no_index` is given, is for {{para|sc}} and {{para|sc1}} to mean the same thing (both would specify the
  {&quot;sc&quot;} property of the first item). Note that `require_index` and `separate_no_index` are mutually exclusive, and if
  either one is specified during processing by `construct_param_mods()`, the other one is automaticallly turned off.
* `separate_no_index`: This means that e.g. the {{para|sc}} parameter is distinct from the {{para|sc1}} parameter
  (and thus from the `&lt;sc:...&gt;` inline modifier on the first item). This is typically used to distinguish an overall
  version of a property from the corresponding item-specific property on the first item. (In this case, for example,
  {{para|sc}} overrides the script code for all items, while {{para|sc1}} overrides the script code only for the
  first item.) If not given, and if `require_index` is not given, {{para|sc}} and {{para|sc1}} would have the same
  meaning and refer to the item-specific property on the first item. When this is given, the overall value can be
  accessed using the `.default` field of the property value in `args`, e.g. in this case `args.sc.default`. Note that
  (as mentioned above) `require_index` and `separate_no_index` are mutually exclusive, and if either one is specified
  during processing by `construct_param_mods()`, the other one is automaticallly turned off.
* `list`, `allow_holes`, `disallow_holes`: These should '''not''' be given. `list` and `allow_holes` are automatically
  set for all parameter specs added to the `params` structure used by `process()` in [[Module:parameters]], and
  `disallow_holes` clashes with `allow_holes`.

For the above workflow example, the call to `construct_param_mods()` generates the following `param_mods` structure:

{
local param_mods = {
	-- the parameters generated by group &quot;link&quot;
	alt = {},
	t = {
		-- [[Module:links]] expects the gloss in &quot;gloss&quot;.
		item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;,
	},
	gloss = {
		alias_of = &quot;t&quot;,
	},
	tr = {},
	ts = {},
	g = {
		-- [[Module:links]] expects the genders in &quot;genders&quot;.
		item_dest = &quot;genders&quot;,
		type = &quot;genders&quot;,
	},
	pos = {},
	ng = {},
	lit = {},
	id = {},
	sc = {
		separate_no_index = true,
		type = &quot;script&quot;,
	},

	-- the parameters generated by group &quot;ref&quot;
	ref = {
		item_dest = &quot;refs&quot;,
		type = &quot;references&quot;,
	},

	-- the parameters generated by group &quot;l&quot;
	l = {
		type = &quot;labels&quot;,
		separate_no_index = true,
	},
	ll = {
		type = &quot;labels&quot;,
		separate_no_index = true,
	},

	-- the parameters generated by group &quot;q&quot;; note that `separate_no_index = true` would be set, but is overridden
	-- (specifying `separate_no_index = false` in the `param_mods` structure is equivalent to not specifying it at all)
	q = {
		type = &quot;qualifier&quot;,
		separate_no_index = false,
	},
	qq = {
		type = &quot;qualifier&quot;,
		separate_no_index = false,
	},
	
	infl = {
		type = &quot;form of tags&quot;,
		separate_no_index = true,
	},

	-- the parameter generated by the individual &quot;lb&quot; parameter spec; note that only `alias_of` was explicitly given,
	-- while `item_dest` is automatically set so that inline modifier &lt;lb:...&gt; stores into the same place as &lt;ll:...&gt;,
	-- and the other specs are copied from the `ll` spec so `lb` works like `ll` in all regards
	lb = {
		alias_of = &quot;ll&quot;,
		item_dest = &quot;ll&quot;,
		type = &quot;labels&quot;,
		separate_no_index = true,
	},
}
}
]==]


local qualifier_spec = {
	type = &quot;qualifier&quot;,
	separate_no_index = true,
}

local label_spec = {
	type = &quot;labels&quot;,
	separate_no_index = true,
}

local form_of_spec = {
	type = &quot;form of tags&quot;,
	separate_no_index = true,
}

local recognized_param_mod_groups = {
	link = {
		alt = {},
		t = {
			-- [[Module:links]] expects the gloss in &quot;gloss&quot;.
			item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;,
		},
		gloss = {
			alias_of = &quot;t&quot;,
		},
		tr = {},
		ts = {},
		g = {
			-- [[Module:links]] expects the genders in &quot;genders&quot;.
			item_dest = &quot;genders&quot;,
			type = &quot;genders&quot;,
		},
		pos = {},
		ng = {},
		lit = {},
		id = {},
		sc = {
			separate_no_index = true,
			type = &quot;script&quot;,
		},
	},
	lang = {
		lang = {
			require_index = true,
			type = &quot;language&quot;,
		},
	},
	q = {
		q = qualifier_spec,
		qq = qualifier_spec,
	},
	a = {
		a = label_spec,
		aa = label_spec,
	},
	l = {
		l = label_spec,
		ll = label_spec,
	},
	infl = {
		infl = form_of_spec,
	},
	ref = {
		ref = {
			item_dest = &quot;refs&quot;,
			type = &quot;references&quot;,
		},
	},
}


local function merge_param_mod_settings(orig, additions)
	local merged = shallow_copy(orig)
	for k, v in pairs(additions) do
		merged[k] = v
		if k == &quot;require_index&quot; then
			merged.separate_no_index = nil
		elseif k == &quot;separate_no_index&quot; then
			merged.require_index = nil
		end
	end
	merged.default = nil
	merged.group = nil
	merged.param = nil
	merged.exclude = nil
	merged.include = nil
	return merged
end


local function verify_type(spec, param, typ1, typ2)
	if not spec[param] then
		return
	end
	local val = spec[param]
	if type(val) ~= typ1 and (not typ2 or type(val) ~= typ2) then
		internal_error((&quot;Parameter `%s` must be a %s%s but saw a %s&quot;):format(param, typ1, typ2 and &quot; or &quot; .. typ2 or &quot;&quot;,
			type(val)), spec)
	end
end

local function verify_well_constructed_spec(spec)
	local num_control = (spec.default and 1 or 0) + (spec.group and 1 or 0) + (spec.param and 1 or 0)
	if num_control == 0 then
		internal_error(
			&quot;Spec passed to construct_param_mods() must have either the `default`, `group` or `param` keys set&quot;, spec)
	end
	if num_control &gt; 1 then
		internal_error(
			&quot;Exactly one of `default`, `group` or `param` must be set in construct_param_mods() spec&quot;, spec)
	end
	if spec.list or spec.allow_holes then
		-- FIXME: We need to support list = &quot;foo&quot; for list parameters that are stored in e.g. 2=, foo2=, foo3=, etc.
		internal_error(&quot;`list` and `allow_holes` may not be set; they are automatically set when constructing the &quot; ..
			&quot;corresponding spec in the `params` object passed to [[Module:parameters]]&quot;, spec)
	end
	if spec.disallow_holes then
		internal_error(&quot;`disallow_holes` may not be set; it conflicts with `allow_holes`, which is automatically &quot; ..
			&quot;set when constructing the corresponding spec in the `params` object passed to [[Module:parameters]]&quot;, spec)
	end
	if spec.include and spec.exclude then
		internal_error(&quot;Saw both `include` and `exclude` in the same spec&quot;, spec)
	end
	if (spec.include or spec.exclude) and not spec.group then
		internal_error(
			&quot;`include` and `exclude` can only be specified along with `group`, not with `default` or `param`&quot;, spec)
	end
	verify_type(spec, &quot;group&quot;, &quot;string&quot;, &quot;table&quot;)
	verify_type(spec, &quot;param&quot;, &quot;string&quot;, &quot;table&quot;)
	verify_type(spec, &quot;include&quot;, &quot;table&quot;)
	verify_type(spec, &quot;exclude&quot;, &quot;table&quot;)
end


--[==[
Construct the `param_mods` structure used in parsing arguments and inline modifiers from a list of specifications.
A sample invocation (a slightly simplified version of the actual invocation associated with {{tl|affix}} and related
templates) looks like this:
{
	local param_mods = require(&quot;Module:parameter utilities&quot;).construct_param_mods {
		-- We want to require an index for all params (or use separate_no_index, which also requires an index for the
		-- param corresponding to the first item).
		{default = true, require_index = true},
		{group = {&quot;link&quot;, &quot;ref&quot;, &quot;lang&quot;, &quot;q&quot;, &quot;l&quot;}},
		-- Override these two to have separate_no_index.
		{param = {&quot;lit&quot;, &quot;pos&quot;}, separate_no_index = true},
	}
}

Each specification either sets the default value for further parameter specs or adds one or more parameters. Parameters
can be added directly using `param`, or groups of predefined parameters can be added using `group`. Specifications are
one of three types:
# Those that set the default properties for future-added parameters. These contain {default = true} as one of the
  properties of the spec. Specs are processed in order and you can change the defaults mid-way through.
# Those that add the parameters associated with one or more pre-defined groups. These contain {group = &quot;group&quot;} or
  {group = {&quot;group1&quot;, &quot;group2&quot;, ...}}. The pre-defined parameter groups and their associated properties are listed
  below. The pre-defined properties of parameters in a group override properties associated with a {default = true}
  spec, and are in turn overridden by any properties given directly in the spec itself. Note as well that setting the
  `separate_no_index` property will automatically cause the `require_index` property to be unset and vice-versa, as the
  two are mutually exclusive. (This happens in the example above, where the {separate_no_index = true} setting
  associated with the params {&quot;lit&quot;} and {&quot;pos&quot;} cancels out the {require_index = true} default setting, as well as less
  obviously with the pre-defined {&quot;sc&quot;} property of the {&quot;link&quot;} group, the {&quot;q&quot;} and {&quot;qq&quot;} properties of the {&quot;q&quot;}
  group, and the {&quot;l&quot;} and {&quot;ll&quot;} properties of the {&quot;l&quot;} group, all of which have an associated pre-defined property
  {separate_no_index = true}, which overrides and cancels out the {require_index = true} default setting. Finally, when
  adding the parameters of a group, you can request the only a subset of the parameters be added using either the
  `include` or `exclude` properties, each of whose values is a list of parameters that specify (respectively) the
  parameters to include (all other parameters of the group are excluded) or to exclude (all other parameters of the
  group are included). This is used, for example, in [[Module:romance etymology]] and [[Module:it-etymology]], which
  specify {group = &quot;link&quot;, exclude = {&quot;tr&quot;, &quot;ts&quot;, &quot;sc&quot;}} to exclude link parameters that aren't relevant to Latin-script
  languages such as the Romance languages, and conversely in [[Module:IPA/templates]], which specifies
  {group = &quot;link&quot;, include = {&quot;t&quot;, &quot;gloss&quot;, &quot;pos&quot;}} to include only the specified parameters for use with {{tl|IPA}}.
# Those that add individual parameters. These contain {param = &quot;param&quot;} or {param = {&quot;param1&quot;, &quot;param2&quot;, ...}}, the
  latter syntax used to control a set of parameters together. The resulting spec is formed by initializing the
  parameter's settings with any previously-specified default properties (using a spec containing {default = true}) if
  the parameter hasn't already been initialized, and then overriding the resulting settings with any settings given
  directly in the specification. In the above example, the {&quot;lit&quot;} and {&quot;pos&quot;} parameters were previously initialized
  through the {&quot;link&quot;} group (specified in the second of the three specifications) but ended up with
  {require_index = true} due to the {default = true} spec (the first of the three specifications). We override these
  two parameters to have {separate_no_index = true} (which, as mentioned above, cancels out {require_index = true}).
  This is done so that {{tl|affix}} and related templates have {{para|pos}} and {{para|lit}} parameters distinct from
  {{para|pos1}} and {{para|lit1}}, which are used to specify an overall part of speech (which applies to all parts of
  the affix, as opposed to applying to just one element of the expression) or a literal definition for the entire
  expression (instead of just for one element of the expression).

The built-in parameter groups are as follows:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Group !! Group meaning !! Parameter !! Parameter meaning !! Default properties
|-
| rowspan=11| `link`
| rowspan=11| link parameters; same as those available on {{tl|l}}, {{tl|m}} and other linking templates
| `alt` || display text, overriding the term's display form || —
|-
| `t` || gloss (translation) of a non-English term || {item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;}
|-
| `gloss` || gloss (translation); same as `t` || {alias_of = &quot;t&quot;}
|-
| `tr` || transliteration of a non-Latin-script term; only needed if the automatic transliteration is incorrect or unavailable (e.g. in Hebrew, which doesn't have automatic transliteration) || —
|-
| `ts` || transcription of a non-Latin-script term, if the transliteration is markedly different from the actual pronunciation; should not be used for IPA pronunciations || —
|-
| `g` || comma-separated list of genders; whitespace may surround the comma and will be ignored || {item_dest = &quot;genders&quot;, type = &quot;genders&quot;}
|-
| `pos` || part of speech for the term || —
|-
| `ng` || arbitrary non-gloss descriptive text for the term || —
|-
| `lit` || literal meaning (translation) of the term || —
|-
| `id` || a sense ID for the term, which links to anchors on the page set by the {{tl|senseid}} template || —
|-
| `sc` || the script code (see [[Wiktionary:Scripts]]) for the script that the term is written in; rarely necessary, as the script is autodetected (in most cases, correctly) || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;script&quot;}
|-
| rowspan=2| `q`
| rowspan=2| left and right normal qualifiers (as displayed using {{tl|q}})
| `q` || left normal qualifier || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;qualifier&quot;}
|-
| `qq` || right normal qualifier || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;qualifier&quot;}
|-
| rowspan=2| `a`
| rowspan=2| left and right accent qualifiers (as displayed using {{tl|a}})
| `a` || comma-separated list of left accent qualifiers; whitespace must not surround the comma || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;labels&quot;}
|-
| `aa` || comma-separated list of right accent qualifiers; whitespace must not surround the comma || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;labels&quot;}
|-
| rowspan=2| `l`
| rowspan=2| left and right labels (as displayed using {{tl|lb}}, but without categorizing)
| `l` || comma-separated list of left labels; whitespace must not surround the comma || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;labels&quot;}
|-
| `ll` || comma-separated list of right labels; whitespace must not surround the comma || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;labels&quot;}
|-
| `ref`
| reference(s) (in the format accepted by [[Module:references]]; see also the documentation for the {{para|ref}} parameter to {{tl|IPA}})
| `ref` || one or more references, in the format accepted by [[Module:references]] || {item_dest = &quot;refs&quot;, type = &quot;references&quot;}
|-
| `lang`
| language for an individual term (provided for compatibility; it is preferred to specify languages for individual terms using language prefixes instead)
| `lang` || language code (see [[Wiktionary:Languages]]) for the term || {require_index = true, type = &quot;language&quot;}
|}
]==]
function export.construct_param_mods(specs)
	local param_mods = {}
	local default_specs = {}
	for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
		verify_well_constructed_spec(spec)
		if spec.default then
			-- This will have an extra `default` field in it, but it will be erased by merge_param_mod_settings()
			default_specs = spec
		else
			if spec.group then
				local groups = spec.group
				if type(groups) ~= &quot;table&quot; then
					groups = {groups}
				end
				local include_set
				if spec.include then
					include_set = list_to_set(spec.include)
				end
				local exclude_set
				if spec.exclude then
					exclude_set = list_to_set(spec.exclude)
				end
				for _, group in ipairs(groups) do
					local group_specs = recognized_param_mod_groups[group]
					if not group_specs then
						internal_error((&quot;Unrecognized built-in param mod group '%s'&quot;):format(group), spec)
					end
					for group_param, group_param_settings in pairs(group_specs) do
						local include_param
						if include_set then
							include_param = include_set[group_param]
						elseif exclude_set then
							include_param = not exclude_set[group_param]
						else
							include_param = true
						end
						if include_param then
							local merged_settings = merge_param_mod_settings(merge_param_mod_settings(
								param_mods[group_param] or default_specs, group_param_settings), spec)
							param_mods[group_param] = merged_settings
						end
					end
				end
			end
			if spec.param then
				local params = spec.param
				if type(params) ~= &quot;table&quot; then
					params = {params}
				end
				for _, param in ipairs(params) do
					local settings = merge_param_mod_settings(param_mods[param] or default_specs, spec)
					-- If this parameter is an alias of another parameter, we need to copy the specs from the other
					-- parameter, since parse_inline_modifiers() doesn't know about `alias_of` and having the specs
					-- duplicated won't cause problems for [[Module:parameters]]. We also need to set `item_dest` to
					-- point to the `item_dest` of the aliasee (defaulting to the aliasee's value itself), so that
					-- both modifiers write to the same location. Note that this works correctly in the common case of
					-- &lt;t:...&gt; with `item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;` and &lt;gloss:...&gt; with `alias_of = &quot;t&quot;`, because both will end
					-- up with `item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;`.
					local aliasee = settings.alias_of
					if aliasee then
						local aliasee_settings = param_mods[aliasee]
						if not aliasee_settings then
							internal_error((&quot;Undefined aliasee '%s'&quot;):format(aliasee), spec)
						end
						for k, v in pairs(aliasee_settings) do
							if settings[k] == nil then
								settings[k] = v
							end
						end
						if settings.item_dest == nil then
							settings.item_dest = aliasee
						end
					end
					param_mods[param] = settings
				end
			end
		end
	end

	return param_mods
end

-- Return true if `k` is a &quot;built-in&quot; (specially recognized) key in a `param_mod` specification. All other keys
-- are forwarded to the structure passed to [[Module:parameters]].
local function param_mod_spec_key_is_builtin(k)
	return k == &quot;item_dest&quot; or k == &quot;overall&quot; or k == &quot;store&quot;
end

--[==[
Convert the properties in `param_mods` into the appropriate structures for use by `process()` in [[Module:parameters]]
and store them in `params`. If `overall_only` is given, only store the properties in `param_mods` that correspond to
overall (non-item-specific) parameters. Currently this only happens when `separate_no_index` is specified.
]==]
function export.augment_params_with_modifiers(params, param_mods, overall_only)
	if overall_only then
		for param_mod, param_mod_spec in pairs(param_mods) do
			if overall_only == &quot;always&quot; or param_mod_spec.separate_no_index then
				local param_spec = {}
				for k, v in pairs(param_mod_spec) do
					if k ~= &quot;separate_no_index&quot; and k ~= &quot;require_index&quot; and not param_mod_spec_key_is_builtin(k) then
						param_spec[k] = v
					end
				end
				params[param_mod] = param_spec
			end
		end
	else
		local list_with_holes
		-- Add parameters for each term modifier.
		for param_mod, param_mod_spec in pairs(param_mods) do
			local param_spec
			for k, v in pairs(param_mod_spec) do
				if not param_mod_spec_key_is_builtin(k) then
					if param_spec == nil then
						param_spec = {list = true}
					end
					param_spec[k] = v
				end
			end
			if param_spec == nil then
				if list_with_holes == nil then
					list_with_holes = {list = true, allow_holes = true}
				end
				param_spec = list_with_holes
			elseif param_spec.alias_of == nil then
				param_spec.allow_holes = true
			end
			params[param_mod] = param_spec
		end
	end
end

--[==[
Return true if `k`, a key in an item, refers to a property of the item (is not one of the specially stored values).
Note that `lang` and `sc` are considered properties of the item, although `lang` is set when there's a language
prefix and both `lang` and `sc` may be set from default values specified in the `data` structure passed into
`parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` and `parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()`.
If you don't want these treated as property keys, you need to check for them yourself.
]==]
function export.item_key_is_property(k)
	return k ~= &quot;term&quot; and k ~= &quot;termlang&quot; and k ~= &quot;termlangs&quot; and k ~= &quot;itemno&quot; and k ~= &quot;orig_index&quot; and
		k ~= &quot;separator&quot;
end

-- Fetch the argument in `args` corresponding to `index_or_value`, which may be a string of the form &quot;foo.default&quot;
-- (requesting the value of `args[&quot;foo&quot;].default`); a string or number (requesting the value at that key); a function of
-- one argument (`args`), which returns the argument value; or the value itself. Return the resulting value and the
-- parameter in `args` that the value came from, or nil if unknown (i.e. a function or direct value was specified).
local function fetch_argument(args, index_or_value)
	if not index_or_value then
		return index_or_value, nil
	end
	local index_or_value_type = type(index_or_value)
	if index_or_value_type == &quot;string&quot; then
		if index_or_value:sub(-8) == &quot;.default&quot; then
			local index_without_default = index_or_value:sub(1, -9)
			local arg_obj = fetch_argument(args, index_without_default)
			if type(arg_obj) ~= &quot;table&quot; then
				internal_error((&quot;Requested that the '.default' key of argument `%s` be fetched, but argument value is undefined or not a table&quot;):
					format(index_without_default), arg_obj)
			end
			return arg_obj.default, index_without_default
		end
		if index_or_value:match(&quot;^%d+$&quot;) then
			index_or_value = tonumber(index_or_value)
		end
		return args[index_or_value], index_or_value
	elseif index_or_value_type == &quot;number&quot; then
		return args[index_or_value], index_or_value
	elseif is_callable(index_or_value) then
		return index_or_value(args), nil
	end
	return index_or_value, nil
end

function export.generate_obj_maybe_parsing_lang_prefix(data)
	local term = data.term
	local term_dest = data.term_dest or &quot;term&quot;
	local termobj = data.termobj or {}
	if data.parse_lang_prefix and term:find(&quot;:&quot;, nil, true) then
		local actual_term, termlangs = parse_term_with_lang {
			term = term,
			parse_err = data.parse_err,
			paramname = data.paramname,
			allow_bad = data.allow_bad_lang_prefix,
			allow_multiple = data.allow_multiple_lang_prefixes,
			lang_cache = data.lang_cache,
		}
		termobj[term_dest] = actual_term ~= &quot;&quot; and actual_term or nil
		if termlangs then
			-- If we couldn't parse a language code, don't overwrite an existing setting in `lang`
			-- that may have originated from a separate |langN= param.
			if data.allow_multiple_lang_prefixes then
				termobj.termlangs = termlangs
				termobj.lang = termlangs and termlangs[1] or nil
			else
				termobj.termlang = termlangs
				termobj.lang = termlangs
			end
		end
	else
		termobj[term_dest] = term ~= &quot;&quot; and term or nil
	end
	return termobj
end

-- Subfunction of parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params() and
-- parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params(), validating certain argument-related fields that are shared
-- among the two functions.
local function validate_argument_related_fields(data)
	if not data.termarg then
		internal_error(&quot;`data.termarg` must be given, indicating which argument contains the terms to be parsed&quot;, data)
	end
	if not data.param_mods then
		internal_error(&quot;`data.param_mods` must be given, indicating the allowed inline modifiers and separate &quot; ..
			&quot;parameters to copy&quot;, data)
	end
	local subitem_param_handling = data.subitem_param_handling or &quot;only&quot;
	if subitem_param_handling ~= &quot;only&quot; and subitem_param_handling ~= &quot;first&quot; and subitem_param_handling ~= &quot;last&quot; then
		internal_error(&quot;Unrecognized value for `data.subitem_param_handling`, should be 'first', 'last' or 'only'&quot;,
			subitem_param_handling)
	end
	if data.raw_args then
		if data.processed_args then
			internal_error(&quot;Only one of `data.raw_args` and `data.processed_args` can be specified&quot;, data)
		end
		if not data.params then
			internal_error(&quot;When `data.raw_args` is specified, so must `data.params`, so that the raw arguments &quot; ..
				&quot;can be parsed&quot;, data)
		end
		if data.params[data.termarg] == nil then
			internal_error(&quot;There must be a spec in `data.params` corresponding to `data.termarg`&quot;, data)
		end
	else
		if not data.processed_args then
			internal_error(&quot;Either `data.raw_args` or `data.processed_args` must be specified&quot;, data)
		end
		if data.params then
			internal_error(&quot;When `data.processed_args` is specified, `data.params` should not be specified&quot;, data)
		end
	end
end

local function argval_missing(val)
	return val == nil or type(val) == &quot;table&quot; and next(val) == nil
end

-- Subfunction of parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params() and
-- parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params(). After parsing inline modifiers, copy the separate parameters
-- to the generated object (or to the appropriate subobject if there are multiple). `data` contains the following
-- fields:
--
-- `args`: The separate-parameter argument structure.
-- `param_mods`: The structure describing the inline modifiers.
-- `itemno`: The logical item number of the term being processed, or nil if there's only a single term.
-- `termobj`: The object to store the inline modifiers into. If there are subitems, they are in the `terms` field;
--     otherwise the properties are stored directly into `termobj`.
-- `has_subitems`: True if there are subitems.
-- `subitem_separator_map`: If `has_subitems` and this is specified, controls the assignment of the `separator` field
--	   in subitems. If not specified or a delimiter is not in the map, it is copied unchanged.
-- `lang`: Language object to store into all items.
-- `sc`: Script object to store into all items, or nil.
-- `subitem_param_handling`: &quot;only&quot;, &quot;first&quot; or &quot;last&quot;, indicating what to do if there are multiple subitems.
-- `allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params`: If true, specifying a value for both an inline modifier and
--     corresponding separate parameter is allowed, and the inline modifier takes precedence. Otherwise, an error
--     occurs.
-- `postprocess_termobj`: Optional function called on all items at the end, to do any postprocessing. Called with one
--     argument, the object to postprocess.
local function copy_separate_params_to_termobj_and_postprocess(data)
	local args, param_mods, itemno, termobj = data.args, data.param_mods, data.itemno, data.termobj

	local function set_lang_and_sc(termobj)
		-- Set these after parsing inline modifiers, not in generate_obj(), otherwise we'll get an error in
		-- parse_inline_modifiers() if we try to use &lt;lang:...&gt; or &lt;sc:...&gt; as inline modifiers.
		termobj.lang = termobj.lang or data.lang
		termobj.sc = termobj.sc or data.sc
	end

	local function fetch_separate_param(args, paramkey, itemno)
		local argval = args[paramkey]
		-- Careful with argument values that may be `false`.
		if argval and itemno then
			argval = argval[itemno]
		end
		return argval
	end

	-- Copy separate parameters to a given object.
	local function copy_separate_params_to_termobj(fetch_destobj)
		for param_mod, param_mod_spec in pairs(param_mods) do
			local dest = param_mod_spec.item_dest or param_mod
			-- Don't do anything with the `sc` param, which will get overwritten below; we don't
			-- want it to cause an error if there are multiple subitems.
			if dest ~= &quot;sc&quot; then
				local argval = fetch_separate_param(args, param_mod, itemno)
				if not argval_missing(argval) then
					local destobj = fetch_destobj(param_mod, param_mod_spec, dest)
					-- Don't overwrite a value already set by an inline modifier.
					if argval_missing(destobj[dest]) then
						destobj[dest] = argval
					elseif not data.allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params then
						error((&quot;Can't specify a value for separate parameter %s%s= because there is &quot; ..
							&quot;already an inline modifier &lt;%s:...&gt; specifying a value for the term&quot;):format(
								param_mod, itemno or &quot;&quot;, param_mod))
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end

	if data.has_subitems then
		-- If there are any separate indexed parameters, we need to copy them to the first, last or only
		-- subitem, depending on the value of `data.subitem_param_handling` (which defaults to 'only',
		-- meaning it's an error if there are multiple subitems). Do this before calling
		-- postprocess_termobj() because the latter sets .lang and .sc and we want the user to be able to
		-- set separate langN= and scN= parameters.

		-- If there was no term, `termobj.terms` will not exist; make it exist to make the callers' lives easier.
		if not termobj.terms then
			termobj.terms = {}
		end
		
		-- Compute whether any of the separate indexed params exist for this index.
		local any_param_at_index
		for param_mod in pairs(param_mods) do
			local argval = fetch_separate_param(args, param_mod, itemno)
			if not argval_missing(argval) then
				any_param_at_index = true
				break
			end
		end

		-- If there was no term, but there's a separate parameter, we need to create an empty subitem.
		if any_param_at_index and not termobj.terms[1] then
			termobj.terms[1] = {}
		end
		local function fetch_destobj(param_mod, param_mod_spec, dest)
			if param_mod_spec.overall then
				return termobj
			end
			if data.subitem_param_handling == &quot;only&quot; and termobj.terms[2] then
				error((&quot;Can't specify a value for separate parameter %s%s= because there are &quot; ..
					&quot;multiple subitems (%s) in the term; use an inline modifier&quot;):format(
						param_mod, itemno or &quot;&quot;, #termobj.terms))
			end
			local termind
			-- q/a/l need to go at the beginning and qq/aa/ll/refs at the end, regardless; otherwise, respect
			-- `data.subitem_param_handling`.
			if dest == &quot;q&quot; or dest == &quot;a&quot; or dest == &quot;l&quot; then
				termind = 1
			elseif dest == &quot;qq&quot; or dest == &quot;aa&quot; or dest == &quot;ll&quot; or dest == &quot;refs&quot; then
				termind = #termobj.terms
			elseif data.subitem_param_handling == &quot;only&quot; or data.subitem_param_handling == &quot;first&quot; then
				termind = 1
			else
				termind = #termobj.terms
			end
			return termobj.terms[termind]
		end

		copy_separate_params_to_termobj(fetch_destobj)
		for i, subitem in ipairs(termobj.terms) do
			set_lang_and_sc(subitem)
			if subitem.delimiter then
				subitem.separator = i == 1 and &quot;&quot; or
					data.subitem_separator_map and data.subitem_separator_map[subitem.delimiter] or
					subitem.delimiter
			end
			if data.postprocess_termobj then
				data.postprocess_termobj(subitem, data)
			end
		end
	else
		-- Copy all the parsed term-specific parameters into `termobj`.
		copy_separate_params_to_termobj(function(param_mod, dest) return termobj end)
		set_lang_and_sc(termobj)
		if data.postprocess_termobj then
			data.postprocess_termobj(termobj, data)
		end
	end
end

local function postprocess_termobj(item, data)
	if not (data.disallow_custom_separators or data.use_semicolon) then
		if data.has_subitems and item.separator and item.separator:find(&quot;,&quot;, nil, true) then
			data.use_semicolon = true
		else
			-- If the displayed term (from .term/etc. or .alt) has an embedded comma, use a semicolon to
			-- join the terms.
			local term_text = item[data.term_dest] or item.alt
			if term_text and term_text:find(&quot;,&quot;, nil, true) then
				data.use_semicolon = true
			end
		end
	end
end

--[==[
Parse a list of terms, each of which may have properties specified using inline modifiers or separate parameters. This
function is intended for parsing the arguments of templates like {{tl|syn}}, {{tl|ant}} and related ''*nym'' templates;
alternative-form templates {{tl|alt}}/{{tl|alter}}; affix templates like {{tl|af}}/{{tl|affix}},
{{tl|com}}/{{tl|compound}}, etc.; affix usex templates like {{tl|afex}}/{{tl|affixusex}}; name templates like
{{tl|name translit}}; column templates like {{tl|col}}; pronunciation templates like {{tl|rhyme}}/{{tl|rhymes}} and
{{tl|hmp}}/{{tl|homophones}}; etc. In these templates there are one or more terms specified using numeric parameters, and
associated separate parameters specifying per-term properties such as {{para|t1}}, {{para|t2}}, {{para|t3}}, ... for the
gloss of the first, second, third, ... term respectively. All such properties can also be specified through inline
modifiers attached directly to each term (`&lt;t:...&gt;`, `&lt;pos:...&gt;`, etc.). Normally it is an error if both an inline
modifier and separate parameter for the same value are given, but this can be overridden (in which case inline modifiers
take precedence over separate parameters when both occur).

For an example of a typical workflow involving this function, see the comment at the top of this file.

Some notable properties of this function:
# Processing of the raw frame parent args using `process()` in [[Module:parameters]] can occur either inside of this
  function (the usual workflow) or outside of this function (for more complex cases). In the former case the raw parent
  args are passed in along with a partially built `params` structure of the sort required by [[Module:parameters]],
  containing only the term list itself along with any other parameters that are '''not''' term properties (such as
  a language code in {{para|1}} and boolean flags like {{para|nocat}}, {{para|nocap}}, etc.). This structure is
  ''augmented'' with list parameters, one for each per-term property, and [[Module:parameters]] is invoked. In the
  latter case where raw argument processing is done by the caller, they must build the partial `params` structure;
  augment it themselves using `augment_params_with_modifiers()`; call [[Module:parameters]] themselves; and pass in the
  processed arguments. In both cases, the return value of this function contains three values: a list of objects, one
  per term, specifying the term and all properties; the processed arguments structure, so that the non-term-property
  arguments can be processed as appropriate; and an object containing miscellaneous global computed properties
  (currently only `use_semicolon`; see below).
# Optionally, each term can consist of a number of ''subitems'' separated by delimiters (usually a comma, but the
  possible delimiter or delimiters are controllable). Each subitem can have its own inline modifiers. This functionality
  is used, for example, by {{tl|col}} and variants, which allow each row to have comma-separated or tilde-separated
  subitems. When this feature is invoked, the format of the per-term object changes; instead of directly being an object
  describing the term and its properties, it is an object with a `terms` field containing a list of per-subitem objects
  along with other top-level fields describing per-term properties. By default, if there are separate parameters
  specified along with multiple subitems, an error occurs, but this is controllable; currently, you can request that the
  parameters be assigned to the first or last subitem.
# By default, special ''separator'' arguments may be present, mixed in among regular term arguments. Examples of such
  separator arguments are (by default; this can be overridden) a bare semicolon, specifying that the terms on either
  side should be separated by a semicolon instead of a comma (indicating a higher-level grouping); a bare tilde,
  replacing the comma separator with a tilde (indicating that the terms on either side are alternants); and a bare
  underscore, replacing the comma separator with a space. Separator arguments are ignored when numbering the separate
  parameters. You disable the separator argument handling entirely if it doesn't make sense to have this (e.g. in
  {{tl|af}}/{{tl|affix}}, where the separator is always a {{cd|+}} sign).

`data` is an object containing several possible fields.

1. Fields that are required or recommended (usually related to argument processing):
* `raw_args` ('''required''' unless `processed_args` is specified): The raw arguments, normally fetched from
  {frame:getParent().args}. They are parsed using `process()` in [[Module:parameters]]. Most callers pass in raw
  arguments.
* `processed_args`: The object of parsed arguments returned by `process()` in [[Module:parameters]]. One (but not both)
  of `raw_args` and `processed_args` must be set.
* `param_mods` ('''required'''): A structure describing the possible inline modifiers and their properties. See the
  introductory comment above. Most often, this is generated using `construct_param_mods()` rather than specified
  manually.
* `params` ('''required''' unless `processed_args` is specified): A structure describing the possible parameters,
  '''other than''' the ones that are separate-parameter equivalents of inline modifiers. This is automatically
  &quot;augmented&quot; with the separate-parameter equivalents of the inline modifiers described in `param_mods` prior to parsing
  the raw arguments with [[Module:parameters]]. '''WARNING:''' This structure is destructively modified, both by the
  &quot;augmentation&quot; process of adding separate-parameter equivalents of inline modifiers, and by the processing done by
  [[Module:parameters]] itself. (Nonetheless, substructures can safely be shared in this structure, and will be
  correctly handled.)
* `termarg` ('''required'''): The argument containing the first item with attached inline modifiers to be parsed.
  Usually a numeric value such as {1} or {2}.
* `track_module` ('''recommended'''): The name of the calling module, for use in adding tracking pages that are used
  internally to track pages containing template invocations with certain properties. Example properties tracked are
  missing items with corresponding properties as well as missing items without corresponding properties (which are
  skipped entirely). To find out the exact properties tracked and the name of the tracking pages, read the code.
* `lang` ('''recommended'''): The language object for the language of the items, or the name of the argument to fetch
  the object from. It is not strictly necessary to specify this, as this function only initializes items based on inline
  modifiers and separate arguments and doesn't actually format the resulting items. However, if specified, it is used
  for certain purposes:
  *# It specifies the default for the `lang` property of returned objects if not otherwise set (e.g. by a language
	 prefix).
  *# It is used to initialize an internal cache for speeding up language-code parsing (primarily useful if the same
	 language code may appear in several items, such as with {{tl|col}} and related templates).
  The value of `lang` can be any of the following:
  * If a string of the form &quot;foo.default&quot;, it is assumed to be requesting the value of `args[&quot;foo&quot;].default`.
  * Otherwise, if a string or number, it is assumed to be requesting the value of `args` at that key. Note that if the
	string is in the form of a number (e.g. &quot;3&quot;), it is normalized to a number prior to fetching (this also happens with
	a spec like &quot;2.default&quot;).
  * Otherwise, if a function, it is assumed to be a function to return the argument value given `args`, which is passed
	to the function as its only argument.
  * Otherwise, it is used directly.
* `sc` ('''recommended'''): The script object for the items, or the name of the argument to fetch the object from. The
  possible values and their handling are the same as with `lang`. In general, as with `lang`, it is not strictly
  necessary to specify this. However, if specified, it is used to supply the default for the `sc` property of returned
  items if not otherwise set (e.g. by the {{para|sc&lt;var&gt;N&lt;/var&gt;}} parameter or `&lt;sc:...&gt;` inline modifier). The most
  common value is {&quot;sc.default&quot;}.

2. Other argument-related fields:
* `process_args_before_parsing`: An optional function to apply further processing to the processed `args` structure
  returned by [[Module:parameters]], before parsing inline modifiers. This is passed one argument, the processed
  arguments. It should make modifications in-place.
* `term_dest`: The field to store the value of the item itself into, after inline modifiers and (if allowed) language
  prefixes are stripped off. Defaults to {&quot;term&quot;}.
* `pre_normalize_modifiers`: As in `parse_inline_modifiers()`.
* `allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params`: If specified, don't throw an error if a value is specified for
  a given property using both an inline modifier and separate param; in this case, the inline modifier takes precedence.

3. Fields related to language prefixes:
* `parse_lang_prefix`: If true, allow and parse off a language code prefix attached to items followed by a colon, such
  as {la:minūtia} or {grc:[[σκῶρ|σκατός]]}. Etymology-only languages are allowed. Inline modifiers can be attached to
  such items. The exact syntax allowed is as specified in the `parse_term_with_lang()` function in
  [[Module:parse utilities]]. If `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` is given, a {{cd|+}}-sign-separated list of language
  prefixes can be attached to an item. The resulting language object is stored into the `termlang` field, and also into
  the `lang` field (or in the case of `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes`, the list of language objects is stored into the
  `termlangs` field, and the first specified object is stored in the `lang` field).
* `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes`: If given in conjunction with `parse_lang_prefix`, multiple language code prefixes can
  be given, separated by a {{cd|+}} sign. See `parse_lang_prefix` above.
* `allow_bad_lang_prefix`: If given in conjunction with `parse_lang_prefix`, unrecognized language prefixes do not
  trigger an error, but are simply ignored (and not stripped off the item). Note that, regardless of whether this is
  given, prefixes before a colon do not trigger an error if they do not have the form of a language prefix or if a space
  follows the colon. It is not recommended that this be given because typos in language prefixes will not trigger an
  error and will tend to remain unfixed.

4. Fields related to custom/special separators:
* `disallow_custom_separators`: If specified, disallow specifying custom separators (semicolon, underscore, tilde; see
  the internal `default_special_separators` table, or the `special_separators` field) as an item value to override the
  default separator. By default, the previous separator of each item is considered to be an empty string (for the first
  item) and otherwise the value of the field `default_separator` (normally a comma + space), unless either the preceding
  item is one of the values listed in `special_separators`, such as a bare semicolon (which causes the following item's
  previous separator to be a semicolon + space) or an item has an embedded comma in it (which causes ''all'' items other
  than the first to have their previous separator be a semicolon + space). The previous separator of each item is set on
  the item's `separator` property. Bare semicolons and other separator arguments do not count when indexing items using
  separate parameters.
  For example, the following is correct:
  ** {{tl|template|lang|item 1|q1=qualifier 1|;|item 2|q2=qualifier 2}}
  If `disallow_custom_separators` is specified, however, the `separator` property is not set and separator arguments are
  not recognized.
* `default_separator`: Override the default separator (normally {&quot;, &quot;}).
* `special_separators`: Table giving the special/custom separators that can be given, and how they should display. If
  not specified, the default in `default_special_separators` is used. This is a table mapping separator values (such as
  {&quot;~&quot;}) to the corresponding display string (such as {&quot; ~ &quot;}).

5. Fields related to multiple subitems in a given term:
* `splitchar`: A Lua pattern. If specified, each user-specified argument can consist of multiple delimiter-separated
  subitems, each of which may be followed by inline modifiers. In this case, each element in the returned list of items
  is no longer an object describing an item, but instead an object with a `terms` field, whose value is a list
  describing the subitems (whose format is the same as the normal format of an item in the top-level list when
  `splitchar` is not specified). Each subitem object will have a `delimiter` field holding the actual delimiter
  occurring before the subitem, which is useful in the case where `splitchar` matches multiple possible characters. In
  this case, it is possible to specify that a given modifier can only occur after the last subitem and effectively
  modifies the whole collection of subitems by setting `overall = true` on the modifier. In this case, the modifier's
  value will be stored in the top-level object (the object with the `terms` field specifying the subitems). Note that
  splitting on delimiters will not happen in certain protected sequences (by default comma+whitespace; see below). In
  addition, the algorithm to split on delimiters is sensitive to inline modifier syntax and will not be confused by
  delimiters inside of inline modifiers or inside of square brackets, which do not trigger splitting (whether or not
  contained within protected sequences).
* `escape_fun` and `unescape_fun`: As in `split_escaping()` and `split_alternating_runs_escaping()` in
  [[Module:parse utilities]]. They control the protected sequences that won't be split when `splitchar` is specified
  (see previous item). By default, `escape_comma_whitespace` and `unescape_comma_whitespace` are used, so that
  comma+whitespace sequences won't be split.
* `subitem_param_handling`: How to handle separate parameters that are specified in the presence of multiple subitems.
  The possible values are {&quot;only&quot;} (only allow separate parameters if there aren't any subitems, otherwise throw an
  error), {&quot;first&quot;} (store the separate parameters in the first subitem) and {&quot;last&quot;} (store the separate parameters
  in the last subitem). The default is {&quot;only&quot;}. As a special case, an {{para|scN}} separate parameter will be stored
  into all subitems.
* `subitem_separator_map`: Table mapping user-specified delimiters to displayed separators, stored in the `separator`
  field of the subitem. If not specified, it defaults to `default_subitem_separator_map`. Note that the presence of an
  item in this table does not mean that it can be used as a delimiter; only the delimiters specified using `splitchar`
  are recognized. Delimiters not in this map display as-is.

6. Other fields:
* `dont_skip_items`: Normally, items that are completely unspecified (have no term and no properties) are skipped and
  not inserted into the returned list of items. (Such items cannot occur if `disallow_holes = true` is set on the term
  specification in the `params` structure passed to `process()` in [[Module:parameters]]. It is generally recommended
  to do so unless a specific meaning is associated the term value being missing.) If `dont_skip_items` is set, however,
  items are never skipped, and completely unspecified items will be returned along with others. (They will not have
  the term or any properties set, but will have the normal non-property fields set; see below.)
* `stop_when`: If specified, a function to determine when to prematurely stop processing items. It is passed a single
  argument, an object containing the following fields:
  ** `term`: The raw term, prior to parsing off language prefixes and inline modifiers (since the processing of
	 `stop_when` happens before parsing the term).
  ** `any_param_at_index`: True if any separate property parameters exist for this item.
  ** `orig_index`: Same as `orig_index` below.
  ** `itemno`: Same as `itemno` below.
  ** `stored_itemno`: The index where this item will be stored into the returned items table. This may differ from
	 `itemno` due to skipped items (it will never be different if `dont_skip_items` is set).
  The function should return true to stop processing items and return the ones processed so far (not including the item
  currently being processed). This is used, for example, in [[Module:alternative forms]], where an unspecified item
  signal the end of items and the start of labels.

Three values are returned: the list of items; the processed `args` structure; and an object of miscellaneous computed
global values (currently only `use_semicolon`, indicating that commas were found in individual arguments and so the
default separator should be a semicolon). In each returned item, there will be one field set for each specified property
(either through inline modifiers or separate parameters). If subitems are not allowed, each item directly has fields set
on it for the specified properties. If subitems ''are'' allowed, each item contains a `terms` field, which is a list of
subitem objects, each of which has fields set on it for the specified properties of that subitem. In addition, the
following fields may be set on each item or subitem:
* `term`: The term portion of the item (minus inline modifiers and language prefixes). {nil} if no term was given.
* `orig_index`: The original index into the item in the items table returned by `process()` in [[Module:parameters]].
  This may differ from `itemno` if there are raw semiclons and `disallow_custom_separators` is not given.
* `itemno`: The logical index of the item. The index of separate parameters corresponds to this index. This may be
  different from `orig_index` in the presence of raw semicolons; see above.
* `termlang`: If there is a language prefix, the corresponding language object is stored here (only if
  `parse_lang_prefix` is set and `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` is not set).
* `termlangs`: If there is are language prefixes and both `parse_lang_prefix` and `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` are
   set, the list of corresponding language objects is stored here.
* `lang`: The language object of the item. This is set when either (a) there is a language prefix parsed off (if
  multiple prefixes are allowed, this corresponds to the first one); (b) the `lang` property is allowed and specified;
  (c) neither (a) nor (b) apply and the `lang` field of the overall `data` object is set, providing a default value.
* `sc`: The script object of the item. This is set when either (a) the `sc` property is allowed and specified; (b)
  `sc` isn't otherwise set and the `sc` field of the overall `data` object is set, providing a default value.
* `delimiter`: If subitems are allowed, this is set on subitems and specifies the delimiter used prior to the given
  subitem (e.g. {&quot;,&quot;}).
* `separator`: The separator to display before the item. Always set on subitems, and set on top-level items if
  `disallow_custom_separators` is not given. Controlled by `special_separators` (for top-level items) and
  `subitem_separator_map` (for subitems).
]==]
function export.parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params(data)
	validate_argument_related_fields(data)
	local raw_args, termarg, param_mods, args = data.raw_args, data.termarg, data.param_mods
	if raw_args then
		local params = data.params
		local termarg_spec = params[termarg]
		if termarg_spec == true or not termarg_spec.list then
			internal_error(&quot;Term spec in `data.params` must have `list` set&quot;, termarg_spec)
		end
		if termarg_spec == true or not (termarg_spec.allow_holes or termarg_spec.disallow_holes) then
			internal_error(&quot;Term spec in `data.params` must have either `allow_holes` or `disallow_holes` set&quot;,
				termarg_spec)
		end
		export.augment_params_with_modifiers(params, param_mods)
		args = process_params(raw_args, params)
	else
		args = data.processed_args
	end

	local process_args_before_parsing = data.process_args_before_parsing
	if process_args_before_parsing then
		process_args_before_parsing(args)
	end

	-- Find the maximum index among any of the list parameters.
	local term_args = args[termarg]
	-- As a special case, the term args might not have a `maxindex` field because they might have
	-- been declared with `disallow_holes = true`, so fall back to the actual length of the list
	-- using the table_len function, since # can be unpredictable with arbitrary tables.
	local maxmaxindex = term_args.maxindex or table_len(term_args)
	for _, v in pairs(args) do
		if type(v) == &quot;table&quot; and v.maxindex and v.maxindex &gt; maxmaxindex then
			maxmaxindex = v.maxindex
		end
	end

	local special_separators = data.special_separators or export.default_special_separators
	local items, lang_cache, use_semicolon = {}, data.lang_cache or {}
	local lang = fetch_argument(args, data.lang)
	if lang then
		lang_cache[lang:getCode()] = lang
	end
	local sc = fetch_argument(args, data.sc)
	local term_dest = data.term_dest or &quot;term&quot;

	-- FIXME: this is vulnerable to abusive inputs like 1000000=.
	local itemno = 0
	for i = 1, maxmaxindex do
		local term = term_args[i]
		if data.disallow_custom_separators or not special_separators[term] then
			itemno = itemno + 1

			-- Compute whether any of the separate indexed params exist for this index.
			local any_param_at_index
			for param_mod in pairs(param_mods) do
				local argval = args[param_mod]
				-- Careful with argument values that may be `false`.
				if argval then
					argval = argval[itemno]
				end
				if not argval_missing(argval) then
					any_param_at_index = true
					break
				end
			end

			if data.stop_when and data.stop_when{
				term = term,
				-- FIXME, we should just pass in `any_param_at_index` directly.
				any_param_at_index = term ~= nil or any_param_at_index,
				orig_index = i,
				itemno = itemno,
				stored_itemno = #items + 1,
			} then
				break
			end

			-- If any of the params used for formatting this term is present, create a term and add it to the list.
			if not data.dont_skip_items and term == nil and not any_param_at_index then
				track(&quot;skipped-term&quot;, data.track_module)
			else
				if not term then
					track(&quot;missing-term&quot;, data.track_module)
				end
				local termobj = {
					itemno = itemno,
					orig_index = i,
				}
				if not data.disallow_custom_separators then
					termobj.separator = i == 1 and &quot;&quot; or special_separators[term_args[i - 1]]
				end

				-- Add 1 because first term index starts at 2.
				local paramname = termarg + i - 1

				if term then
					local function generate_obj(term, parse_err)
						return export.generate_obj_maybe_parsing_lang_prefix {
							term = term,
							termobj = data.splitchar and {} or termobj,
							term_dest = term_dest,
							paramname = paramname,
							parse_lang_prefix = data.parse_lang_prefix,
							parse_err = parse_err,
							allow_bad_lang_prefix = data.allow_bad_lang_prefix,
							allow_multiple_lang_prefixes = data.allow_multiple_lang_prefixes,
							lang_cache = lang_cache,
						}
					end

					parse_inline_modifiers(term, {
						paramname = paramname,
						param_mods = param_mods,
						generate_obj = generate_obj,
						splitchar = data.splitchar,
						preserve_splitchar = true,
						escape_fun = data.escape_fun,
						unescape_fun = data.unescape_fun,
						outer_container = data.splitchar and termobj or nil,
						pre_normalize_modifiers = data.pre_normalize_modifiers,
					})
				end

				local term_data = {
					args = args,
					param_mods = param_mods,
					itemno = itemno,
					termobj = termobj,
					term_dest = term_dest,
					has_subitems = not not data.splitchar,
					lang = lang,
					-- As a special case, if the caller defined a scN= separate param, set it on all subitems if there
					-- are multiple, falling back to the overall sc= param.
					sc = args.sc and args.sc[itemno] or sc,
					subitem_param_handling = data.subitem_param_handling,
					subitem_separator_map = data.subitem_separator_map or export.default_subitem_separator_map,
					allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params =
						data.allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params,
					postprocess_termobj = postprocess_termobj,
					disallow_custom_separators = data.disallow_custom_separators,
					use_semicolon = use_semicolon,
				}

				copy_separate_params_to_termobj_and_postprocess(term_data)
				use_semicolon = term_data.use_semicolon

				insert(items, termobj)
			end
		end
	end

	if not data.disallow_custom_separators then
		-- Set the default separator of all those items for which a separator wasn't explicitly given to the default
		-- separator, defaulting to comma + space; but if any items have embedded commas, set the separator to
		-- semicolon + space.
		for _, item in ipairs(items) do
			if not item.separator then
				item.separator = use_semicolon and &quot;; &quot; or data.default_separator or &quot;, &quot;
			end
		end
	end

	return items, args, {use_semicolon = use_semicolon}
end


--[==[
Parse a single term that may have properties specified through inline modifiers or separate parameters. This differs
from `parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` in that the latter is for parsing a list of terms, each of
which may have properties specified through inline modifiers or separate parameters. Both functions optionally support
having multiple subitems in a single term. This function is used e.g. for form-of templates
({{tl|inflection of}}/{{tl|infl of}}, {{tl|form of}}, and specific templates such as
{{tl|alt form}}/{{tl|alternative form of}}, {{tl|abbr of}}/{{tl|abbreviation of}}, {{tl|clipping of}}, and many others);
for etymology templates ({{tl|bor}}/{{tl|borrowed}}, {{tl|der}}/{{tl|derived}}, etc. as well as `misc_variant` templates
like {{tl|ellipsis}}, {{tl|abbrev}}, {{tl|clipping}}, {{tl|reduplication}} and the like); and for other templates with
an argument structure similar to {{tl|l}} or {{tl|m}}. In these templates there is a term specified using a numeric
parameter and associated separate parameters specifying term properties such as {{para|t}} for the gloss or {{para|tr}}
for manual transliteration. All such properties can also be specified through inline modifiers attached directly to each
term (`&lt;t:...&gt;`, `&lt;tr:...&gt;`, etc.). Normally it is an error if both an inline modifier and separate parameter for the
same value are given, but this can be overridden (in which case inline modifiers take precedence over separate
parameters when both occur).

Some notable properties of this function:
# Processing of the raw frame parent args using `process()` in [[Module:parameters]] can occur either inside of this
  function (the usual workflow) or outside of this function (for more complex cases). In the former case the raw parent
  args are passed in along with a partially built `params` structure of the sort required by [[Module:parameters]],
  containing only the term list itself along with any other parameters that are '''not''' term properties (such as
  a language code in {{para|1}} and boolean flags like {{para|nocat}}, {{para|nocap}}, etc.). This structure is
  ''augmented'' with parameters, one for each per-term property, and [[Module:parameters]] is invoked. In the latter
  case where raw argument processing is done by the caller, they must build the partial `params` structure; augment it
  themselves using `augment_params_with_modifiers()`; call [[Module:parameters]] themselves; and pass in the processed
  arguments. In both cases, the return value of this function contains two values, an object specifying the term and all
  properties; and the processed arguments structure, so that the non-term-property arguments can be processed as
  appropriate.
# Optionally, the term can consist of a number of ''subitems'' separated by delimiters (usually a comma, but the
  possible delimiter or delimiters are controllable). Each subitem can have its own inline modifiers. This functionality
  is used, for example, by form-of templates. When this feature is invoked, the format of the term object changes;
  instead of directly being an object describing the term and its properties, it is an object with a `terms` field
  containing a list of per-subitem objects along with other top-level fields describing per-term properties. By default,
  if there are separate parameters specified along with multiple subitems, an error occurs, but this is controllable;
  currently, you can request that the parameters be assigned to the first or last subitem.

`data` is an object containing several possible fields.

1. Fields that are required or recommended (usually related to argument processing):
* `raw_args` ('''required''' unless `processed_args` is specified): The raw arguments, normally fetched from
  {frame:getParent().args}. They are parsed using `process()` in [[Module:parameters]]. Most callers pass in raw
  arguments.
* `processed_args`: The object of parsed arguments returned by `process()` in [[Module:parameters]]. One (but not both)
  of `raw_args` and `processed_args` must be set.
* `param_mods` ('''required'''): A structure describing the possible inline modifiers and their properties. See the
  introductory comment above. Most often, this is generated using `construct_param_mods()` rather than specified
  manually.
* `params` ('''required''' unless `processed_args` is specified): A structure describing the possible parameters,
  '''other than''' the ones that are separate-parameter equivalents of inline modifiers. This is automatically
  &quot;augmented&quot; with the separate-parameter equivalents of the inline modifiers described in `param_mods` prior to parsing
  the raw arguments with [[Module:parameters]]. '''WARNING:''' This structure is destructively modified, both by the
  &quot;augmentation&quot; process of adding separate-parameter equivalents of inline modifiers, and by the processing done by
  [[Module:parameters]] itself. (Nonetheless, substructures can safely be shared in this structure, and will be
  correctly handled.)
* `termarg` ('''required'''): The argument containing the item with attached inline modifiers to be parsed. Usually a
  numeric value such as {1} or {2}.
* `track_module` ('''recommended'''): The name of the calling module, for use in adding tracking pages that are used
  internally to track pages containing template invocations with certain properties.
* `lang` ('''recommended'''): The language object for the language of the item or subitems, or the name of the argument
  to fetch the object from. It is not strictly necessary to specify this, as this function only initializes items based
  on inline modifiers and separate arguments and doesn't actually format the resulting items. However, if specified, it
  is used for certain purposes:
  *# It specifies the default for the `lang` property of returned objects if not otherwise set (e.g. by a language
     prefix).
  *# It is used to initialize an internal cache for speeding up language-code parsing (primarily useful if the same
     language code may appear in several subitems).
  The value of `lang` can be any of the following:
  * If a string or number, it is assumed to be requesting the value of `args` at that key. Note that if the string is in
    the form of a number (e.g. &quot;3&quot;), it is normalized to a number prior to fetching.
  * Otherwise, if a function, it is assumed to be a function to return the argument value given `args`, which is passed
    to the function as its only argument.
  * Otherwise, it is used directly.
* `sc` ('''recommended'''): The script object for the item or subitems, or the name of the argument to fetch the object
  from. The possible values and their handling are the same as with `lang`. In general, as with `lang`, it is not
  strictly necessary to specify this. However, if specified, it is used to supply the default for the `sc` property of
  returned items if not otherwise set (e.g. by the {{para|sc}} parameter or `&lt;sc:...&gt;` inline modifier). The most common
  value is {&quot;sc&quot;}.
* `make_separate_g_into_list`: Set this to {true} if separate gender parameters exist are are specified using
  {{para|g}}, {{para|g2}}, etc. instead of using a single comma-separated {{para|g}} field.

2. Other argument-related fields:
* `adjust_params_before_arg_processing`: An optional function to further adjust the `params` structure prior to
  calling `process()` in [[Module:parameters]]. This should be used when there are mismatches between the format of a
  given property as an inline modifier and the corresponding property as a separate parameter (as with the {{para|g}}
  parameter and {{cd|&lt;g:...&gt;}} modifier, but this particular case is handled by the `make_separate_g_into_list` field).
* `process_args_before_parsing`: An optional function to apply further processing to the processed `args` structure
  returned by [[Module:parameters]], before parsing inline modifiers. This is passed one argument, the processed
  arguments. It should make modifications in-place.
* `term_dest`: The field to store the value of the item itself into, after inline modifiers and (if allowed) language
  prefixes are stripped off. Defaults to {&quot;term&quot;}.
* `pre_normalize_modifiers`: As in `parse_inline_modifiers()`.
* `allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params`: If specified, don't throw an error if a value is specified for
  a given property using both an inline modifier and separate param; in this case, the inline modifier takes precedence.

3. Fields related to language prefixes:
* `parse_lang_prefix`: If true, allow and parse off a language code prefix attached to items followed by a colon, such
  as {la:minūtia} or {grc:[[σκῶρ|σκατός]]}. Etymology-only languages are allowed. Inline modifiers can be attached to
  such items. The exact syntax allowed is as specified in the `parse_term_with_lang()` function in
  [[Module:parse utilities]]. If `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` is given, a {{cd|+}}-sign-separated list of language
  prefixes can be attached to an item. The resulting language object is stored into the `termlang` field, and also into
  the `lang` field (or in the case of `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes`, the list of language objects is stored into the
  `termlangs` field, and the first specified object is stored in the `lang` field).
* `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes`: If given in conjunction with `parse_lang_prefix`, multiple language code prefixes can
  be given, separated by a {{cd|+}} sign. See `parse_lang_prefix` above.
* `allow_bad_lang_prefix`: If given in conjunction with `parse_lang_prefix`, unrecognized language prefixes do not
  trigger an error, but are simply ignored (and not stripped off the item). Note that, regardless of whether this is
  given, prefixes before a colon do not trigger an error if they do not have the form of a language prefix or if a space
  follows the colon. It is not recommended that this be given because typos in language prefixes will not trigger an
  error and will tend to remain unfixed.

4. Fields related to multiple subitems in the term:
* `splitchar`: A Lua pattern. If specified, the user-specified argument can consist of multiple delimiter-separated
  subitems, each of which may be followed by inline modifiers. In this case, the first returned value is no longer an
  object describing the item, but instead an object with a `terms` field, whose value is a list describing the subitems
  (whose format is the same as the normal format of the item when `splitchar` is not specified). Each subitem object
  will have a `delimiter` field holding the actual delimiter occurring before the subitem, which is useful in the case
  where `splitchar` matches multiple possible characters. In this case, it is possible to specify that a given modifier
  can only occur after the last subitem and effectively modifies the whole collection of subitems by setting
  `overall = true` on the modifier. In this case, the modifier's value will be stored in the top-level object (the
  object with the `terms` field specifying the subitems). Note that splitting on delimiters will not happen in certain
  protected sequences (by default comma+whitespace; see below). In addition, the algorithm to split on delimiters is
  sensitive to inline modifier syntax and will not be confused by delimiters inside of inline modifiers or inside of
  square brackets, which do not trigger splitting (whether or not contained within protected sequences).
* `escape_fun` and `unescape_fun`: As in `split_escaping()` and `split_alternating_runs_escaping()` in
  [[Module:parse utilities]]. They control the protected sequences that won't be split when `splitchar` is specified
  (see previous item). By default, `escape_comma_whitespace` and `unescape_comma_whitespace` are used, so that
  comma+whitespace sequences won't be split.
* `subitem_param_handling`: How to handle separate parameters that are specified in the presence of multiple subitems.
  The possible values are {&quot;only&quot;} (only allow separate parameters if there aren't any subitems, otherwise throw an
  error), {&quot;first&quot;} (store the separate parameters in the first subitem) and {&quot;last&quot;} (store the separate parameters
  in the last subitem). The default is {&quot;only&quot;}. As a special case, an {{para|scN}} separate parameter will be stored
  into all subitems.
* `subitem_separator_map`: Table mapping user-specified delimiters to displayed separators, stored in the `separator`
  field of the subitem. If not specified, it defaults to `default_subitem_separator_map`. Note that the presence of an
  item in this table does not mean that it can be used as a delimiter; only the delimiters specified using `splitchar`
  are recognized. Delimiters not in this map display as-is.

Two values are returned, an object describing the item (or subitems) and the processed `args` structure. In the returned
item, there will be one field set for each specified property (either through inline modifiers or separate parameters).
If subitems are not allowed, the item directly has fields set on it for the specified properties. If subitems ''are''
allowed, the item contains a `terms` field, which is a list of subitem objects, each of which has fields set on it for
the specified properties of that subitem. In addition, the following fields may be set on the item or each subitem:
* `term`: The term portion of the item (minus inline modifiers and language prefixes). {nil} if no term was given.
* `termlang`: If there is a language prefix, the corresponding language object is stored here (only if
  `parse_lang_prefix` is set and `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` is not set).
* `termlangs`: If there is are language prefixes and both `parse_lang_prefix` and `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` are
   set, the list of corresponding language objects is stored here.
* `lang`: The language object of the item. This is set when either (a) there is a language prefix parsed off (if
  multiple prefixes are allowed, this corresponds to the first one); (b) the `lang` property is allowed and specified;
  (c) neither (a) nor (b) apply and the `lang` field of the overall `data` object is set, providing a default value.
* `sc`: The script object of the item. This is set when either (a) the `sc` property is allowed and specified; (b)
  `sc` isn't otherwise set and the `sc` field of the overall `data` object is set, providing a default value.
* `delimiter`: If subitems are allowed, this specifies the delimiter used prior to the given subitem (e.g. {&quot;,&quot;}).
* `separator`: If subitems are allowed, this specifies the displayed form of the delimiter to be shown before a given
  subitem. The mapping from user-specified delimiters to displayed separators is handled by `subitem_separator_map`;
  see above. The first subitem always has a blank string in the `separator` field.
]==]
function export.parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params(data)
	validate_argument_related_fields(data)
	local raw_args, termarg, param_mods, args = data.raw_args, data.termarg, data.param_mods
	if raw_args then
		local params = data.params
		local termarg_spec = params[termarg]
		if type(termarg_spec) == &quot;table&quot; and termarg_spec.list then
			internal_error(&quot;Term spec in `data.params` must not have `list` set&quot;, termarg_spec)
		end
		export.augment_params_with_modifiers(params, param_mods, &quot;always&quot;)
		if data.make_separate_g_into_list then
			-- HACK: g= is a list for compatibility, but sublist as an inline parameter.
			params.g = {list = true, item_dest = &quot;genders&quot;, type = &quot;genders&quot;, flatten = true}
		end
		local adjust_params_before_arg_processing = data.adjust_params_before_arg_processing
		if adjust_params_before_arg_processing then
			adjust_params_before_arg_processing(params)
		end
		args = process_params(raw_args, params)
	else
		args = data.processed_args
	end

	local process_args_before_parsing = data.process_args_before_parsing
	if process_args_before_parsing then
		process_args_before_parsing(args)
	end

	local term, lang_cache = args[termarg], data.lang_cache
	local lang = fetch_argument(args, data.lang)
	if lang and lang_cache then
		lang_cache[lang:getCode()] = lang
	end
	local sc = fetch_argument(args, data.sc)
	local term_dest = data.term_dest or &quot;term&quot;

	if not term then
		track(&quot;missing-term&quot;, data.track_module)
	end
	local termobj, splitchar = {}, data.splitchar

	if term then
		local function generate_obj(term, parse_err)
			return export.generate_obj_maybe_parsing_lang_prefix {
				term = term,
				termobj = splitchar and {} or termobj,
				term_dest = term_dest,
				paramname = termarg,
				parse_lang_prefix = data.parse_lang_prefix,
				parse_err = parse_err,
				allow_bad_lang_prefix = data.allow_bad_lang_prefix,
				allow_multiple_lang_prefixes = data.allow_multiple_lang_prefixes,
				lang_cache = lang_cache,
			}
		end

		parse_inline_modifiers(term, {
			paramname = termarg,
			param_mods = param_mods,
			generate_obj = generate_obj,
			splitchar = splitchar,
			preserve_splitchar = true,
			escape_fun = data.escape_fun,
			unescape_fun = data.unescape_fun,
			outer_container = splitchar and termobj or nil,
			pre_normalize_modifiers = data.pre_normalize_modifiers,
		})
	end

	copy_separate_params_to_termobj_and_postprocess{
		args = args,
		param_mods = param_mods,
		termobj = termobj,
		has_subitems = not not splitchar,
		lang = lang,
		sc = sc,
		subitem_param_handling = data.subitem_param_handling,
		subitem_separator_map = data.subitem_separator_map or export.default_subitem_separator_map,
		allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params = data.allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params,
	}

	if splitchar and termobj.terms[2] then
		track(&quot;parse-term-multiple-subitems&quot;, data.track_module)
		track(&quot;parse-term-multiple-subitems&quot;)
	end

	return termobj, args
end


return export</text>
      <sha1>ood13bkqgv139ip1rcvw68r9hr5w6hh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7382252</id>
      <parentid>7382251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:56:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Swarabakti</username>
        <id>2526161</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7382252</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="84626" sha1="qmn2l1mv2scejl9g8g0jny9zwwwvl6d" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local debug_track_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/debug/track&quot;
local functions_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/fun&quot;
local parameters_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/parameters&quot;
local parse_interface_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/parse interface&quot;
local parse_utilities_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/parse utilities&quot;
local table_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/table&quot;

local dump = mw.dumpObject
local error = error
local insert = table.insert
local ipairs = ipairs
local next = next
local pairs = pairs
local require = require
local tonumber = tonumber
local type = type

--[==[
Loaders for functions in other modules, which overwrite themselves with the target function when called. This ensures
modules are only loaded when needed, retains the speed/convenience of locally-declared pre-loaded functions, and has no
overhead after the first call, since the target functions are called directly in any subsequent calls.
]==]
local function debug_track(...)
	debug_track = require(debug_track_module)
	return debug_track(...)
end

local function is_callable(...)
	is_callable = require(functions_module).is_callable
	return is_callable(...)
end

local function list_to_set(...)
	list_to_set = require(table_module).listToSet
	return list_to_set(...)
end

local function parse_term_with_lang(...)
	parse_term_with_lang = require(parse_utilities_module).parse_term_with_lang
	return parse_term_with_lang(...)
end

local function parse_inline_modifiers(...)
	parse_inline_modifiers = require(parse_interface_module).parse_inline_modifiers
	return parse_inline_modifiers(...)
end

local function process_params(...)
	process_params = require(parameters_module).process
	return process_params(...)
end

local function shallow_copy(...)
	shallow_copy = require(table_module).shallowCopy
	return shallow_copy(...)
end

local function table_len(...)
	table_len = require(table_module).length
	return table_len(...)
end

----------------- end loaders ----------------

local function track(page, track_module)
	return debug_track((track_module or &quot;parameter utilities&quot;) .. &quot;/&quot; .. page)
end

-- Throw an error prefixed with the words &quot;Internal error&quot; (and suffixed with a dumped version of `spec`, if provided).
-- This is for logic errors in the code itself rather than template user errors.
local function internal_error(msg, spec)
	if spec then
		msg = (&quot;%s: %s&quot;):format(msg, dump(spec))
	end
	error((&quot;Internal error: %s&quot;):format(msg))
end

-- Table listing the default recognized special separator arguments and how they display.
export.default_special_separators = {
	[&quot;;&quot;] = &quot;; &quot;,
	[&quot;_&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	[&quot;~&quot;] = &quot; ~ &quot;,
	[&quot;→&quot;] = &quot; → &quot;,
}

-- Table listing how subitem delimiters display. Unlike for `default_special_separators`, the presence of an item in
-- this table does not mean that the delimiter is recognized; only those specified by `data.splitchar` are recognized.
export.default_subitem_separator_map = {
	[&quot;;&quot;] = &quot;; &quot;,
	[&quot;,&quot;] = &quot;, &quot;,
	[&quot;/&quot;] = &quot;/&quot;,
	[&quot;_&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	[&quot;~&quot;] = &quot; ~ &quot;,
	[&quot;→&quot;] = &quot; → &quot;,
}

--[==[ intro:
The purpose of this module is to facilitate implementation of templates that can have arguments specified either through
inline modifiers or separate parameters. There are two types of templates supported: those that take a list of items
with associated properties, which can be specified either through indexed separate parameters (e.g. {{para|t2}},
{{para|pos3}}) or inline modifiers (`&lt;t:...&gt;`, `&lt;pos:...&gt;`, etc.); and those that take a single term, whose properties
can be specified through non-indexed separate parameters (e.g. {{para|t}} or {{para|pos}}) or inline modifiers. Both
types of templates can optionally have subitems in the term parameter(s), where the subitems are typically (but not
necessarily) separated with commas and each subitem can have its own inline modifiers.

Some examples of templates that take a list of items are {{tl|alter}}/{{tl|alt}}; {{tl|synonyms}}/{{tl|syn}},
{{tl|antonyms}}/{{tl|ant}}, and other &quot;nyms&quot; templates; {{tl|col}}, {{tl|col2}}, {{tl|col3}}, {{tl|col4}} and other
column templates; {{tl|descendant}}/{{tl|desc}}; {{tl|affix}}/{{tl|af}}, {{tl|prefix}}/{{tl|pre}} and related *fix
templates; {{tl|affixusex}}/{{tl|afex}} and related templates; {{tl|IPA}}; {{tl|homophones}}; {{tl|rhymes}}; and several
others.

Examples of templates that take a single item are form-of templates ({{tl|inflection of}}/{{tl|infl of}},
{{tl|form of}}, and specific templates such as {{tl|alt form}}/{{tl|alternative form of}},
{{tl|abbr of}}/{{tl|abbreviation of}}, {{tl|clipping of}}, and many others); for etymology templates
({{tl|bor}}/{{tl|borrowed}}, {{tl|der}}/{{tl|derived}}, etc. as well as `misc_variant` templates like {{tl|ellipsis}},
{{tl|abbrev}}, {{tl|clipping}}, {{tl|reduplication}} and the like); and other templates that take an argument structure
similar to {{tl|l}} or {{tl|m}}.

This module can be thought of as a combination of [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] (which parses template parameters, and in
particular handles the separate parameter versions of the properties) and `parse_inline_modifiers()` in
[[Module:Wt/mui/parse utilities]] (which parses inline modifiers).

The two main entry points are `parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` (for templates that take a list
of items) and `parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` (for templates that take a single item). However,
there are other functions provided, e.g. to initialize the `param_mods` structure that is passed to the two entry
points.

The typical workflow for using `parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` looks as follows (a slightly
simplified version of the code in [[Module:Wt/mui/nyms]]):
{
local export = {}

local parameter_utilities_module = &quot;Module:Wt/mui/parameter utilities&quot;

...

-- Entry point to be invoked from a template.
function export.show(frame)
	local parent_args = frame:getParent().args

	-- Parameters that don't have corresponding inline modifiers. Note in particular that the parameter corresponding to
	-- the items themselves must be specified this way, and must specify either `allow_holes = true` (if the user can
	-- omit terms, typically by specifying the term using |altN= or &lt;alt:...&gt; so that they remain unlinked) or
	-- `disallow_holes = true` (if omitting terms is not allowed). (If neither `allow_holes` nor `disallow_holes` is
	-- specified, an error is thrown in parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params().)
	local params = {
		[1] = {required = true, type = &quot;language&quot;, default = &quot;und&quot;},
		[2] = {list = true, allow_holes = true, required = true, default = &quot;term&quot;},
	}

	local m_param_utils = require(parameter_utilities_module)

	-- This constructs the `param_mods` structure by adding well-known groups of parameters (such as all the parameters
	-- associated with based on full_link() in [[Module:Wt/mui/links]], with default properties that can be overridden. This is
	-- easier and less error-prone than manually specifying the `param_mods` structure (see below for how this would
	-- look). Here, we specify the group &quot;link&quot; (consisting of all the link parameters for use with full_link()), group
	-- &quot;ref&quot; (which adds the &quot;ref&quot; parameter for specifying references), group &quot;l&quot; (which adds the &quot;l&quot; and &quot;ll&quot;
	-- parameters for specifying labels) and group &quot;q&quot; (which adds the &quot;q&quot; and &quot;qq&quot; parameters for specifying regular
	-- qualifiers). By default, labels and qualifiers have `separate_no_index` set so that e.g. |q1= is distinct from
	-- |q=, the former specifying the left qualifier for the first item and the latter specifying the overall left
	-- qualifier. For compatibility, we override the `separate_no_index` setting for the group &quot;q&quot;, which causes |q= and
	-- |q1= to be the same, and likewise for |qq= and |qq1=. Finally, also for compatibility, we add an &quot;lb&quot; parameter
	-- that is an alias of &quot;ll&quot; (in all respects; |lb= is the same as |ll=, |lb1= is the same as |ll1=, &lt;lb:...&gt; is the
	-- same as &lt;ll:...&gt;, etc.).
	local param_mods = m_param_utils.construct_param_mods {
		{group = {&quot;link&quot;, &quot;ref&quot;, &quot;l&quot;}},
		{group = &quot;q&quot;, separate_no_index = false},
		{param = &quot;lb&quot;, alias_of = &quot;ll&quot;},
	}

	-- This processes the raw arguments in `parent_args`, parses inline modifiers and creates corresponding objects
	-- containing the property values specified either through inline modifiers or separate parameters.
	local items, args = m_param_utils.parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params {
		params = params,
		param_mods = param_mods,
		raw_args = parent_args,
		termarg = 2,
		parse_lang_prefix = true,
		track_module = &quot;nyms&quot;,
		lang = 1,
		sc = &quot;sc.default&quot;,
	}

	local lang = args[1]

	-- Now do the actual implementation of the template. Generally this should be split into a separate function, often
	-- in a separate module (if the implementation goes in [[Module:Wt/mui/foo]], the template interface code goes in
	-- [[Module:Wt/mui/foo/templates]]).
	...
}

The `param_mods` structure controls the properties that can be specified by the user for a given item, and is
conceptually very similar to the `param_mods` structure used by `parse_inline_modifiers()`. The key is the name of the
parameter (e.g. {&quot;t&quot;}, {&quot;pos&quot;}) and the value is a table with optional elements as follows:
* `item_dest`, `store`: Same as the corresponding fields in the `param_mods` structure passed to
  `parse_inline_modifiers()`.
* `type`, `set`, `sublist`, `convert` and associated fields such as `family` and `method`: These control parsing and
  conversion of the raw values specified by the user and have the same meaning as in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] and also in
  `parse_inline_modifiers()` (which delegates the actual conversion to [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]). These fields — and for
  that matter, all fields other than `item_dest`, `store` and `overall` — are forwarded to the `process()` function in
  [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]].
* `alias_of`: This parameter is an alias of some other parameter. This spec is recognized only by `process()` in
  [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]], and not by `parse_inline_modifiers()`; to set up an alias in `parse_inline_modifiers()`, you
  need to make sure (using `item_dest`) that both the alias and aliasee modifiers store their values in the same
  location, and you need to copy the remaining properties from the aliasee's spec to the aliasing modifier's spec. All
  of this happens automatically if you generate the `param_mods` structure using `construct_param_mods()`.
* `require_index`: This means that the non-indexed parameter version of the property is not recognized. E.g. in the
  case of the {&quot;sc&quot;} property, use of the {{para|sc}} parameter would result in an error, while {{para|sc1}} is
  recognized and specifies the {&quot;sc&quot;} property for the first item. The default, if neither `require_index` nor
  `separate_no_index` is given, is for {{para|sc}} and {{para|sc1}} to mean the same thing (both would specify the
  {&quot;sc&quot;} property of the first item). Note that `require_index` and `separate_no_index` are mutually exclusive, and if
  either one is specified during processing by `construct_param_mods()`, the other one is automaticallly turned off.
* `separate_no_index`: This means that e.g. the {{para|sc}} parameter is distinct from the {{para|sc1}} parameter
  (and thus from the `&lt;sc:...&gt;` inline modifier on the first item). This is typically used to distinguish an overall
  version of a property from the corresponding item-specific property on the first item. (In this case, for example,
  {{para|sc}} overrides the script code for all items, while {{para|sc1}} overrides the script code only for the
  first item.) If not given, and if `require_index` is not given, {{para|sc}} and {{para|sc1}} would have the same
  meaning and refer to the item-specific property on the first item. When this is given, the overall value can be
  accessed using the `.default` field of the property value in `args`, e.g. in this case `args.sc.default`. Note that
  (as mentioned above) `require_index` and `separate_no_index` are mutually exclusive, and if either one is specified
  during processing by `construct_param_mods()`, the other one is automaticallly turned off.
* `list`, `allow_holes`, `disallow_holes`: These should '''not''' be given. `list` and `allow_holes` are automatically
  set for all parameter specs added to the `params` structure used by `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]], and
  `disallow_holes` clashes with `allow_holes`.

For the above workflow example, the call to `construct_param_mods()` generates the following `param_mods` structure:

{
local param_mods = {
	-- the parameters generated by group &quot;link&quot;
	alt = {},
	t = {
		-- [[Module:Wt/mui/links]] expects the gloss in &quot;gloss&quot;.
		item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;,
	},
	gloss = {
		alias_of = &quot;t&quot;,
	},
	tr = {},
	ts = {},
	g = {
		-- [[Module:Wt/mui/links]] expects the genders in &quot;genders&quot;.
		item_dest = &quot;genders&quot;,
		type = &quot;genders&quot;,
	},
	pos = {},
	ng = {},
	lit = {},
	id = {},
	sc = {
		separate_no_index = true,
		type = &quot;script&quot;,
	},

	-- the parameters generated by group &quot;ref&quot;
	ref = {
		item_dest = &quot;refs&quot;,
		type = &quot;references&quot;,
	},

	-- the parameters generated by group &quot;l&quot;
	l = {
		type = &quot;labels&quot;,
		separate_no_index = true,
	},
	ll = {
		type = &quot;labels&quot;,
		separate_no_index = true,
	},

	-- the parameters generated by group &quot;q&quot;; note that `separate_no_index = true` would be set, but is overridden
	-- (specifying `separate_no_index = false` in the `param_mods` structure is equivalent to not specifying it at all)
	q = {
		type = &quot;qualifier&quot;,
		separate_no_index = false,
	},
	qq = {
		type = &quot;qualifier&quot;,
		separate_no_index = false,
	},
	
	infl = {
		type = &quot;form of tags&quot;,
		separate_no_index = true,
	},

	-- the parameter generated by the individual &quot;lb&quot; parameter spec; note that only `alias_of` was explicitly given,
	-- while `item_dest` is automatically set so that inline modifier &lt;lb:...&gt; stores into the same place as &lt;ll:...&gt;,
	-- and the other specs are copied from the `ll` spec so `lb` works like `ll` in all regards
	lb = {
		alias_of = &quot;ll&quot;,
		item_dest = &quot;ll&quot;,
		type = &quot;labels&quot;,
		separate_no_index = true,
	},
}
}
]==]


local qualifier_spec = {
	type = &quot;qualifier&quot;,
	separate_no_index = true,
}

local label_spec = {
	type = &quot;labels&quot;,
	separate_no_index = true,
}

local form_of_spec = {
	type = &quot;form of tags&quot;,
	separate_no_index = true,
}

local recognized_param_mod_groups = {
	link = {
		alt = {},
		t = {
			-- [[Module:Wt/mui/links]] expects the gloss in &quot;gloss&quot;.
			item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;,
		},
		gloss = {
			alias_of = &quot;t&quot;,
		},
		tr = {},
		ts = {},
		g = {
			-- [[Module:Wt/mui/links]] expects the genders in &quot;genders&quot;.
			item_dest = &quot;genders&quot;,
			type = &quot;genders&quot;,
		},
		pos = {},
		ng = {},
		lit = {},
		id = {},
		sc = {
			separate_no_index = true,
			type = &quot;script&quot;,
		},
	},
	lang = {
		lang = {
			require_index = true,
			type = &quot;language&quot;,
		},
	},
	q = {
		q = qualifier_spec,
		qq = qualifier_spec,
	},
	a = {
		a = label_spec,
		aa = label_spec,
	},
	l = {
		l = label_spec,
		ll = label_spec,
	},
	infl = {
		infl = form_of_spec,
	},
	ref = {
		ref = {
			item_dest = &quot;refs&quot;,
			type = &quot;references&quot;,
		},
	},
}


local function merge_param_mod_settings(orig, additions)
	local merged = shallow_copy(orig)
	for k, v in pairs(additions) do
		merged[k] = v
		if k == &quot;require_index&quot; then
			merged.separate_no_index = nil
		elseif k == &quot;separate_no_index&quot; then
			merged.require_index = nil
		end
	end
	merged.default = nil
	merged.group = nil
	merged.param = nil
	merged.exclude = nil
	merged.include = nil
	return merged
end


local function verify_type(spec, param, typ1, typ2)
	if not spec[param] then
		return
	end
	local val = spec[param]
	if type(val) ~= typ1 and (not typ2 or type(val) ~= typ2) then
		internal_error((&quot;Parameter `%s` must be a %s%s but saw a %s&quot;):format(param, typ1, typ2 and &quot; or &quot; .. typ2 or &quot;&quot;,
			type(val)), spec)
	end
end

local function verify_well_constructed_spec(spec)
	local num_control = (spec.default and 1 or 0) + (spec.group and 1 or 0) + (spec.param and 1 or 0)
	if num_control == 0 then
		internal_error(
			&quot;Spec passed to construct_param_mods() must have either the `default`, `group` or `param` keys set&quot;, spec)
	end
	if num_control &gt; 1 then
		internal_error(
			&quot;Exactly one of `default`, `group` or `param` must be set in construct_param_mods() spec&quot;, spec)
	end
	if spec.list or spec.allow_holes then
		-- FIXME: We need to support list = &quot;foo&quot; for list parameters that are stored in e.g. 2=, foo2=, foo3=, etc.
		internal_error(&quot;`list` and `allow_holes` may not be set; they are automatically set when constructing the &quot; ..
			&quot;corresponding spec in the `params` object passed to [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]&quot;, spec)
	end
	if spec.disallow_holes then
		internal_error(&quot;`disallow_holes` may not be set; it conflicts with `allow_holes`, which is automatically &quot; ..
			&quot;set when constructing the corresponding spec in the `params` object passed to [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]&quot;, spec)
	end
	if spec.include and spec.exclude then
		internal_error(&quot;Saw both `include` and `exclude` in the same spec&quot;, spec)
	end
	if (spec.include or spec.exclude) and not spec.group then
		internal_error(
			&quot;`include` and `exclude` can only be specified along with `group`, not with `default` or `param`&quot;, spec)
	end
	verify_type(spec, &quot;group&quot;, &quot;string&quot;, &quot;table&quot;)
	verify_type(spec, &quot;param&quot;, &quot;string&quot;, &quot;table&quot;)
	verify_type(spec, &quot;include&quot;, &quot;table&quot;)
	verify_type(spec, &quot;exclude&quot;, &quot;table&quot;)
end


--[==[
Construct the `param_mods` structure used in parsing arguments and inline modifiers from a list of specifications.
A sample invocation (a slightly simplified version of the actual invocation associated with {{tl|affix}} and related
templates) looks like this:
{
	local param_mods = require(&quot;Module:Wt/mui/parameter utilities&quot;).construct_param_mods {
		-- We want to require an index for all params (or use separate_no_index, which also requires an index for the
		-- param corresponding to the first item).
		{default = true, require_index = true},
		{group = {&quot;link&quot;, &quot;ref&quot;, &quot;lang&quot;, &quot;q&quot;, &quot;l&quot;}},
		-- Override these two to have separate_no_index.
		{param = {&quot;lit&quot;, &quot;pos&quot;}, separate_no_index = true},
	}
}

Each specification either sets the default value for further parameter specs or adds one or more parameters. Parameters
can be added directly using `param`, or groups of predefined parameters can be added using `group`. Specifications are
one of three types:
# Those that set the default properties for future-added parameters. These contain {default = true} as one of the
  properties of the spec. Specs are processed in order and you can change the defaults mid-way through.
# Those that add the parameters associated with one or more pre-defined groups. These contain {group = &quot;group&quot;} or
  {group = {&quot;group1&quot;, &quot;group2&quot;, ...}}. The pre-defined parameter groups and their associated properties are listed
  below. The pre-defined properties of parameters in a group override properties associated with a {default = true}
  spec, and are in turn overridden by any properties given directly in the spec itself. Note as well that setting the
  `separate_no_index` property will automatically cause the `require_index` property to be unset and vice-versa, as the
  two are mutually exclusive. (This happens in the example above, where the {separate_no_index = true} setting
  associated with the params {&quot;lit&quot;} and {&quot;pos&quot;} cancels out the {require_index = true} default setting, as well as less
  obviously with the pre-defined {&quot;sc&quot;} property of the {&quot;link&quot;} group, the {&quot;q&quot;} and {&quot;qq&quot;} properties of the {&quot;q&quot;}
  group, and the {&quot;l&quot;} and {&quot;ll&quot;} properties of the {&quot;l&quot;} group, all of which have an associated pre-defined property
  {separate_no_index = true}, which overrides and cancels out the {require_index = true} default setting. Finally, when
  adding the parameters of a group, you can request the only a subset of the parameters be added using either the
  `include` or `exclude` properties, each of whose values is a list of parameters that specify (respectively) the
  parameters to include (all other parameters of the group are excluded) or to exclude (all other parameters of the
  group are included). This is used, for example, in [[Module:Wt/mui/romance etymology]] and [[Module:Wt/mui/it-etymology]], which
  specify {group = &quot;link&quot;, exclude = {&quot;tr&quot;, &quot;ts&quot;, &quot;sc&quot;}} to exclude link parameters that aren't relevant to Latin-script
  languages such as the Romance languages, and conversely in [[Module:Wt/mui/IPA/templates]], which specifies
  {group = &quot;link&quot;, include = {&quot;t&quot;, &quot;gloss&quot;, &quot;pos&quot;}} to include only the specified parameters for use with {{tl|IPA}}.
# Those that add individual parameters. These contain {param = &quot;param&quot;} or {param = {&quot;param1&quot;, &quot;param2&quot;, ...}}, the
  latter syntax used to control a set of parameters together. The resulting spec is formed by initializing the
  parameter's settings with any previously-specified default properties (using a spec containing {default = true}) if
  the parameter hasn't already been initialized, and then overriding the resulting settings with any settings given
  directly in the specification. In the above example, the {&quot;lit&quot;} and {&quot;pos&quot;} parameters were previously initialized
  through the {&quot;link&quot;} group (specified in the second of the three specifications) but ended up with
  {require_index = true} due to the {default = true} spec (the first of the three specifications). We override these
  two parameters to have {separate_no_index = true} (which, as mentioned above, cancels out {require_index = true}).
  This is done so that {{tl|affix}} and related templates have {{para|pos}} and {{para|lit}} parameters distinct from
  {{para|pos1}} and {{para|lit1}}, which are used to specify an overall part of speech (which applies to all parts of
  the affix, as opposed to applying to just one element of the expression) or a literal definition for the entire
  expression (instead of just for one element of the expression).

The built-in parameter groups are as follows:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Group !! Group meaning !! Parameter !! Parameter meaning !! Default properties
|-
| rowspan=11| `link`
| rowspan=11| link parameters; same as those available on {{tl|l}}, {{tl|m}} and other linking templates
| `alt` || display text, overriding the term's display form || —
|-
| `t` || gloss (translation) of a non-English term || {item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;}
|-
| `gloss` || gloss (translation); same as `t` || {alias_of = &quot;t&quot;}
|-
| `tr` || transliteration of a non-Latin-script term; only needed if the automatic transliteration is incorrect or unavailable (e.g. in Hebrew, which doesn't have automatic transliteration) || —
|-
| `ts` || transcription of a non-Latin-script term, if the transliteration is markedly different from the actual pronunciation; should not be used for IPA pronunciations || —
|-
| `g` || comma-separated list of genders; whitespace may surround the comma and will be ignored || {item_dest = &quot;genders&quot;, type = &quot;genders&quot;}
|-
| `pos` || part of speech for the term || —
|-
| `ng` || arbitrary non-gloss descriptive text for the term || —
|-
| `lit` || literal meaning (translation) of the term || —
|-
| `id` || a sense ID for the term, which links to anchors on the page set by the {{tl|senseid}} template || —
|-
| `sc` || the script code (see [[Wiktionary:Scripts]]) for the script that the term is written in; rarely necessary, as the script is autodetected (in most cases, correctly) || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;script&quot;}
|-
| rowspan=2| `q`
| rowspan=2| left and right normal qualifiers (as displayed using {{tl|q}})
| `q` || left normal qualifier || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;qualifier&quot;}
|-
| `qq` || right normal qualifier || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;qualifier&quot;}
|-
| rowspan=2| `a`
| rowspan=2| left and right accent qualifiers (as displayed using {{tl|a}})
| `a` || comma-separated list of left accent qualifiers; whitespace must not surround the comma || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;labels&quot;}
|-
| `aa` || comma-separated list of right accent qualifiers; whitespace must not surround the comma || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;labels&quot;}
|-
| rowspan=2| `l`
| rowspan=2| left and right labels (as displayed using {{tl|lb}}, but without categorizing)
| `l` || comma-separated list of left labels; whitespace must not surround the comma || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;labels&quot;}
|-
| `ll` || comma-separated list of right labels; whitespace must not surround the comma || {separate_no_index = true, type = &quot;labels&quot;}
|-
| `ref`
| reference(s) (in the format accepted by [[Module:Wt/mui/references]]; see also the documentation for the {{para|ref}} parameter to {{tl|IPA}})
| `ref` || one or more references, in the format accepted by [[Module:Wt/mui/references]] || {item_dest = &quot;refs&quot;, type = &quot;references&quot;}
|-
| `lang`
| language for an individual term (provided for compatibility; it is preferred to specify languages for individual terms using language prefixes instead)
| `lang` || language code (see [[Wiktionary:Languages]]) for the term || {require_index = true, type = &quot;language&quot;}
|}
]==]
function export.construct_param_mods(specs)
	local param_mods = {}
	local default_specs = {}
	for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
		verify_well_constructed_spec(spec)
		if spec.default then
			-- This will have an extra `default` field in it, but it will be erased by merge_param_mod_settings()
			default_specs = spec
		else
			if spec.group then
				local groups = spec.group
				if type(groups) ~= &quot;table&quot; then
					groups = {groups}
				end
				local include_set
				if spec.include then
					include_set = list_to_set(spec.include)
				end
				local exclude_set
				if spec.exclude then
					exclude_set = list_to_set(spec.exclude)
				end
				for _, group in ipairs(groups) do
					local group_specs = recognized_param_mod_groups[group]
					if not group_specs then
						internal_error((&quot;Unrecognized built-in param mod group '%s'&quot;):format(group), spec)
					end
					for group_param, group_param_settings in pairs(group_specs) do
						local include_param
						if include_set then
							include_param = include_set[group_param]
						elseif exclude_set then
							include_param = not exclude_set[group_param]
						else
							include_param = true
						end
						if include_param then
							local merged_settings = merge_param_mod_settings(merge_param_mod_settings(
								param_mods[group_param] or default_specs, group_param_settings), spec)
							param_mods[group_param] = merged_settings
						end
					end
				end
			end
			if spec.param then
				local params = spec.param
				if type(params) ~= &quot;table&quot; then
					params = {params}
				end
				for _, param in ipairs(params) do
					local settings = merge_param_mod_settings(param_mods[param] or default_specs, spec)
					-- If this parameter is an alias of another parameter, we need to copy the specs from the other
					-- parameter, since parse_inline_modifiers() doesn't know about `alias_of` and having the specs
					-- duplicated won't cause problems for [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. We also need to set `item_dest` to
					-- point to the `item_dest` of the aliasee (defaulting to the aliasee's value itself), so that
					-- both modifiers write to the same location. Note that this works correctly in the common case of
					-- &lt;t:...&gt; with `item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;` and &lt;gloss:...&gt; with `alias_of = &quot;t&quot;`, because both will end
					-- up with `item_dest = &quot;gloss&quot;`.
					local aliasee = settings.alias_of
					if aliasee then
						local aliasee_settings = param_mods[aliasee]
						if not aliasee_settings then
							internal_error((&quot;Undefined aliasee '%s'&quot;):format(aliasee), spec)
						end
						for k, v in pairs(aliasee_settings) do
							if settings[k] == nil then
								settings[k] = v
							end
						end
						if settings.item_dest == nil then
							settings.item_dest = aliasee
						end
					end
					param_mods[param] = settings
				end
			end
		end
	end

	return param_mods
end

-- Return true if `k` is a &quot;built-in&quot; (specially recognized) key in a `param_mod` specification. All other keys
-- are forwarded to the structure passed to [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]].
local function param_mod_spec_key_is_builtin(k)
	return k == &quot;item_dest&quot; or k == &quot;overall&quot; or k == &quot;store&quot;
end

--[==[
Convert the properties in `param_mods` into the appropriate structures for use by `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]
and store them in `params`. If `overall_only` is given, only store the properties in `param_mods` that correspond to
overall (non-item-specific) parameters. Currently this only happens when `separate_no_index` is specified.
]==]
function export.augment_params_with_modifiers(params, param_mods, overall_only)
	if overall_only then
		for param_mod, param_mod_spec in pairs(param_mods) do
			if overall_only == &quot;always&quot; or param_mod_spec.separate_no_index then
				local param_spec = {}
				for k, v in pairs(param_mod_spec) do
					if k ~= &quot;separate_no_index&quot; and k ~= &quot;require_index&quot; and not param_mod_spec_key_is_builtin(k) then
						param_spec[k] = v
					end
				end
				params[param_mod] = param_spec
			end
		end
	else
		local list_with_holes
		-- Add parameters for each term modifier.
		for param_mod, param_mod_spec in pairs(param_mods) do
			local param_spec
			for k, v in pairs(param_mod_spec) do
				if not param_mod_spec_key_is_builtin(k) then
					if param_spec == nil then
						param_spec = {list = true}
					end
					param_spec[k] = v
				end
			end
			if param_spec == nil then
				if list_with_holes == nil then
					list_with_holes = {list = true, allow_holes = true}
				end
				param_spec = list_with_holes
			elseif param_spec.alias_of == nil then
				param_spec.allow_holes = true
			end
			params[param_mod] = param_spec
		end
	end
end

--[==[
Return true if `k`, a key in an item, refers to a property of the item (is not one of the specially stored values).
Note that `lang` and `sc` are considered properties of the item, although `lang` is set when there's a language
prefix and both `lang` and `sc` may be set from default values specified in the `data` structure passed into
`parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` and `parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()`.
If you don't want these treated as property keys, you need to check for them yourself.
]==]
function export.item_key_is_property(k)
	return k ~= &quot;term&quot; and k ~= &quot;termlang&quot; and k ~= &quot;termlangs&quot; and k ~= &quot;itemno&quot; and k ~= &quot;orig_index&quot; and
		k ~= &quot;separator&quot;
end

-- Fetch the argument in `args` corresponding to `index_or_value`, which may be a string of the form &quot;foo.default&quot;
-- (requesting the value of `args[&quot;foo&quot;].default`); a string or number (requesting the value at that key); a function of
-- one argument (`args`), which returns the argument value; or the value itself. Return the resulting value and the
-- parameter in `args` that the value came from, or nil if unknown (i.e. a function or direct value was specified).
local function fetch_argument(args, index_or_value)
	if not index_or_value then
		return index_or_value, nil
	end
	local index_or_value_type = type(index_or_value)
	if index_or_value_type == &quot;string&quot; then
		if index_or_value:sub(-8) == &quot;.default&quot; then
			local index_without_default = index_or_value:sub(1, -9)
			local arg_obj = fetch_argument(args, index_without_default)
			if type(arg_obj) ~= &quot;table&quot; then
				internal_error((&quot;Requested that the '.default' key of argument `%s` be fetched, but argument value is undefined or not a table&quot;):
					format(index_without_default), arg_obj)
			end
			return arg_obj.default, index_without_default
		end
		if index_or_value:match(&quot;^%d+$&quot;) then
			index_or_value = tonumber(index_or_value)
		end
		return args[index_or_value], index_or_value
	elseif index_or_value_type == &quot;number&quot; then
		return args[index_or_value], index_or_value
	elseif is_callable(index_or_value) then
		return index_or_value(args), nil
	end
	return index_or_value, nil
end

function export.generate_obj_maybe_parsing_lang_prefix(data)
	local term = data.term
	local term_dest = data.term_dest or &quot;term&quot;
	local termobj = data.termobj or {}
	if data.parse_lang_prefix and term:find(&quot;:&quot;, nil, true) then
		local actual_term, termlangs = parse_term_with_lang {
			term = term,
			parse_err = data.parse_err,
			paramname = data.paramname,
			allow_bad = data.allow_bad_lang_prefix,
			allow_multiple = data.allow_multiple_lang_prefixes,
			lang_cache = data.lang_cache,
		}
		termobj[term_dest] = actual_term ~= &quot;&quot; and actual_term or nil
		if termlangs then
			-- If we couldn't parse a language code, don't overwrite an existing setting in `lang`
			-- that may have originated from a separate |langN= param.
			if data.allow_multiple_lang_prefixes then
				termobj.termlangs = termlangs
				termobj.lang = termlangs and termlangs[1] or nil
			else
				termobj.termlang = termlangs
				termobj.lang = termlangs
			end
		end
	else
		termobj[term_dest] = term ~= &quot;&quot; and term or nil
	end
	return termobj
end

-- Subfunction of parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params() and
-- parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params(), validating certain argument-related fields that are shared
-- among the two functions.
local function validate_argument_related_fields(data)
	if not data.termarg then
		internal_error(&quot;`data.termarg` must be given, indicating which argument contains the terms to be parsed&quot;, data)
	end
	if not data.param_mods then
		internal_error(&quot;`data.param_mods` must be given, indicating the allowed inline modifiers and separate &quot; ..
			&quot;parameters to copy&quot;, data)
	end
	local subitem_param_handling = data.subitem_param_handling or &quot;only&quot;
	if subitem_param_handling ~= &quot;only&quot; and subitem_param_handling ~= &quot;first&quot; and subitem_param_handling ~= &quot;last&quot; then
		internal_error(&quot;Unrecognized value for `data.subitem_param_handling`, should be 'first', 'last' or 'only'&quot;,
			subitem_param_handling)
	end
	if data.raw_args then
		if data.processed_args then
			internal_error(&quot;Only one of `data.raw_args` and `data.processed_args` can be specified&quot;, data)
		end
		if not data.params then
			internal_error(&quot;When `data.raw_args` is specified, so must `data.params`, so that the raw arguments &quot; ..
				&quot;can be parsed&quot;, data)
		end
		if data.params[data.termarg] == nil then
			internal_error(&quot;There must be a spec in `data.params` corresponding to `data.termarg`&quot;, data)
		end
	else
		if not data.processed_args then
			internal_error(&quot;Either `data.raw_args` or `data.processed_args` must be specified&quot;, data)
		end
		if data.params then
			internal_error(&quot;When `data.processed_args` is specified, `data.params` should not be specified&quot;, data)
		end
	end
end

local function argval_missing(val)
	return val == nil or type(val) == &quot;table&quot; and next(val) == nil
end

-- Subfunction of parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params() and
-- parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params(). After parsing inline modifiers, copy the separate parameters
-- to the generated object (or to the appropriate subobject if there are multiple). `data` contains the following
-- fields:
--
-- `args`: The separate-parameter argument structure.
-- `param_mods`: The structure describing the inline modifiers.
-- `itemno`: The logical item number of the term being processed, or nil if there's only a single term.
-- `termobj`: The object to store the inline modifiers into. If there are subitems, they are in the `terms` field;
--     otherwise the properties are stored directly into `termobj`.
-- `has_subitems`: True if there are subitems.
-- `subitem_separator_map`: If `has_subitems` and this is specified, controls the assignment of the `separator` field
--	   in subitems. If not specified or a delimiter is not in the map, it is copied unchanged.
-- `lang`: Language object to store into all items.
-- `sc`: Script object to store into all items, or nil.
-- `subitem_param_handling`: &quot;only&quot;, &quot;first&quot; or &quot;last&quot;, indicating what to do if there are multiple subitems.
-- `allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params`: If true, specifying a value for both an inline modifier and
--     corresponding separate parameter is allowed, and the inline modifier takes precedence. Otherwise, an error
--     occurs.
-- `postprocess_termobj`: Optional function called on all items at the end, to do any postprocessing. Called with one
--     argument, the object to postprocess.
local function copy_separate_params_to_termobj_and_postprocess(data)
	local args, param_mods, itemno, termobj = data.args, data.param_mods, data.itemno, data.termobj

	local function set_lang_and_sc(termobj)
		-- Set these after parsing inline modifiers, not in generate_obj(), otherwise we'll get an error in
		-- parse_inline_modifiers() if we try to use &lt;lang:...&gt; or &lt;sc:...&gt; as inline modifiers.
		termobj.lang = termobj.lang or data.lang
		termobj.sc = termobj.sc or data.sc
	end

	local function fetch_separate_param(args, paramkey, itemno)
		local argval = args[paramkey]
		-- Careful with argument values that may be `false`.
		if argval and itemno then
			argval = argval[itemno]
		end
		return argval
	end

	-- Copy separate parameters to a given object.
	local function copy_separate_params_to_termobj(fetch_destobj)
		for param_mod, param_mod_spec in pairs(param_mods) do
			local dest = param_mod_spec.item_dest or param_mod
			-- Don't do anything with the `sc` param, which will get overwritten below; we don't
			-- want it to cause an error if there are multiple subitems.
			if dest ~= &quot;sc&quot; then
				local argval = fetch_separate_param(args, param_mod, itemno)
				if not argval_missing(argval) then
					local destobj = fetch_destobj(param_mod, param_mod_spec, dest)
					-- Don't overwrite a value already set by an inline modifier.
					if argval_missing(destobj[dest]) then
						destobj[dest] = argval
					elseif not data.allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params then
						error((&quot;Can't specify a value for separate parameter %s%s= because there is &quot; ..
							&quot;already an inline modifier &lt;%s:...&gt; specifying a value for the term&quot;):format(
								param_mod, itemno or &quot;&quot;, param_mod))
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end

	if data.has_subitems then
		-- If there are any separate indexed parameters, we need to copy them to the first, last or only
		-- subitem, depending on the value of `data.subitem_param_handling` (which defaults to 'only',
		-- meaning it's an error if there are multiple subitems). Do this before calling
		-- postprocess_termobj() because the latter sets .lang and .sc and we want the user to be able to
		-- set separate langN= and scN= parameters.

		-- If there was no term, `termobj.terms` will not exist; make it exist to make the callers' lives easier.
		if not termobj.terms then
			termobj.terms = {}
		end
		
		-- Compute whether any of the separate indexed params exist for this index.
		local any_param_at_index
		for param_mod in pairs(param_mods) do
			local argval = fetch_separate_param(args, param_mod, itemno)
			if not argval_missing(argval) then
				any_param_at_index = true
				break
			end
		end

		-- If there was no term, but there's a separate parameter, we need to create an empty subitem.
		if any_param_at_index and not termobj.terms[1] then
			termobj.terms[1] = {}
		end
		local function fetch_destobj(param_mod, param_mod_spec, dest)
			if param_mod_spec.overall then
				return termobj
			end
			if data.subitem_param_handling == &quot;only&quot; and termobj.terms[2] then
				error((&quot;Can't specify a value for separate parameter %s%s= because there are &quot; ..
					&quot;multiple subitems (%s) in the term; use an inline modifier&quot;):format(
						param_mod, itemno or &quot;&quot;, #termobj.terms))
			end
			local termind
			-- q/a/l need to go at the beginning and qq/aa/ll/refs at the end, regardless; otherwise, respect
			-- `data.subitem_param_handling`.
			if dest == &quot;q&quot; or dest == &quot;a&quot; or dest == &quot;l&quot; then
				termind = 1
			elseif dest == &quot;qq&quot; or dest == &quot;aa&quot; or dest == &quot;ll&quot; or dest == &quot;refs&quot; then
				termind = #termobj.terms
			elseif data.subitem_param_handling == &quot;only&quot; or data.subitem_param_handling == &quot;first&quot; then
				termind = 1
			else
				termind = #termobj.terms
			end
			return termobj.terms[termind]
		end

		copy_separate_params_to_termobj(fetch_destobj)
		for i, subitem in ipairs(termobj.terms) do
			set_lang_and_sc(subitem)
			if subitem.delimiter then
				subitem.separator = i == 1 and &quot;&quot; or
					data.subitem_separator_map and data.subitem_separator_map[subitem.delimiter] or
					subitem.delimiter
			end
			if data.postprocess_termobj then
				data.postprocess_termobj(subitem, data)
			end
		end
	else
		-- Copy all the parsed term-specific parameters into `termobj`.
		copy_separate_params_to_termobj(function(param_mod, dest) return termobj end)
		set_lang_and_sc(termobj)
		if data.postprocess_termobj then
			data.postprocess_termobj(termobj, data)
		end
	end
end

local function postprocess_termobj(item, data)
	if not (data.disallow_custom_separators or data.use_semicolon) then
		if data.has_subitems and item.separator and item.separator:find(&quot;,&quot;, nil, true) then
			data.use_semicolon = true
		else
			-- If the displayed term (from .term/etc. or .alt) has an embedded comma, use a semicolon to
			-- join the terms.
			local term_text = item[data.term_dest] or item.alt
			if term_text and term_text:find(&quot;,&quot;, nil, true) then
				data.use_semicolon = true
			end
		end
	end
end

--[==[
Parse a list of terms, each of which may have properties specified using inline modifiers or separate parameters. This
function is intended for parsing the arguments of templates like {{tl|syn}}, {{tl|ant}} and related ''*nym'' templates;
alternative-form templates {{tl|alt}}/{{tl|alter}}; affix templates like {{tl|af}}/{{tl|affix}},
{{tl|com}}/{{tl|compound}}, etc.; affix usex templates like {{tl|afex}}/{{tl|affixusex}}; name templates like
{{tl|name translit}}; column templates like {{tl|col}}; pronunciation templates like {{tl|rhyme}}/{{tl|rhymes}} and
{{tl|hmp}}/{{tl|homophones}}; etc. In these templates there are one or more terms specified using numeric parameters, and
associated separate parameters specifying per-term properties such as {{para|t1}}, {{para|t2}}, {{para|t3}}, ... for the
gloss of the first, second, third, ... term respectively. All such properties can also be specified through inline
modifiers attached directly to each term (`&lt;t:...&gt;`, `&lt;pos:...&gt;`, etc.). Normally it is an error if both an inline
modifier and separate parameter for the same value are given, but this can be overridden (in which case inline modifiers
take precedence over separate parameters when both occur).

For an example of a typical workflow involving this function, see the comment at the top of this file.

Some notable properties of this function:
# Processing of the raw frame parent args using `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] can occur either inside of this
  function (the usual workflow) or outside of this function (for more complex cases). In the former case the raw parent
  args are passed in along with a partially built `params` structure of the sort required by [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]],
  containing only the term list itself along with any other parameters that are '''not''' term properties (such as
  a language code in {{para|1}} and boolean flags like {{para|nocat}}, {{para|nocap}}, etc.). This structure is
  ''augmented'' with list parameters, one for each per-term property, and [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] is invoked. In the
  latter case where raw argument processing is done by the caller, they must build the partial `params` structure;
  augment it themselves using `augment_params_with_modifiers()`; call [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] themselves; and pass in the
  processed arguments. In both cases, the return value of this function contains three values: a list of objects, one
  per term, specifying the term and all properties; the processed arguments structure, so that the non-term-property
  arguments can be processed as appropriate; and an object containing miscellaneous global computed properties
  (currently only `use_semicolon`; see below).
# Optionally, each term can consist of a number of ''subitems'' separated by delimiters (usually a comma, but the
  possible delimiter or delimiters are controllable). Each subitem can have its own inline modifiers. This functionality
  is used, for example, by {{tl|col}} and variants, which allow each row to have comma-separated or tilde-separated
  subitems. When this feature is invoked, the format of the per-term object changes; instead of directly being an object
  describing the term and its properties, it is an object with a `terms` field containing a list of per-subitem objects
  along with other top-level fields describing per-term properties. By default, if there are separate parameters
  specified along with multiple subitems, an error occurs, but this is controllable; currently, you can request that the
  parameters be assigned to the first or last subitem.
# By default, special ''separator'' arguments may be present, mixed in among regular term arguments. Examples of such
  separator arguments are (by default; this can be overridden) a bare semicolon, specifying that the terms on either
  side should be separated by a semicolon instead of a comma (indicating a higher-level grouping); a bare tilde,
  replacing the comma separator with a tilde (indicating that the terms on either side are alternants); and a bare
  underscore, replacing the comma separator with a space. Separator arguments are ignored when numbering the separate
  parameters. You disable the separator argument handling entirely if it doesn't make sense to have this (e.g. in
  {{tl|af}}/{{tl|affix}}, where the separator is always a {{cd|+}} sign).

`data` is an object containing several possible fields.

1. Fields that are required or recommended (usually related to argument processing):
* `raw_args` ('''required''' unless `processed_args` is specified): The raw arguments, normally fetched from
  {frame:getParent().args}. They are parsed using `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. Most callers pass in raw
  arguments.
* `processed_args`: The object of parsed arguments returned by `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. One (but not both)
  of `raw_args` and `processed_args` must be set.
* `param_mods` ('''required'''): A structure describing the possible inline modifiers and their properties. See the
  introductory comment above. Most often, this is generated using `construct_param_mods()` rather than specified
  manually.
* `params` ('''required''' unless `processed_args` is specified): A structure describing the possible parameters,
  '''other than''' the ones that are separate-parameter equivalents of inline modifiers. This is automatically
  &quot;augmented&quot; with the separate-parameter equivalents of the inline modifiers described in `param_mods` prior to parsing
  the raw arguments with [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. '''WARNING:''' This structure is destructively modified, both by the
  &quot;augmentation&quot; process of adding separate-parameter equivalents of inline modifiers, and by the processing done by
  [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] itself. (Nonetheless, substructures can safely be shared in this structure, and will be
  correctly handled.)
* `termarg` ('''required'''): The argument containing the first item with attached inline modifiers to be parsed.
  Usually a numeric value such as {1} or {2}.
* `track_module` ('''recommended'''): The name of the calling module, for use in adding tracking pages that are used
  internally to track pages containing template invocations with certain properties. Example properties tracked are
  missing items with corresponding properties as well as missing items without corresponding properties (which are
  skipped entirely). To find out the exact properties tracked and the name of the tracking pages, read the code.
* `lang` ('''recommended'''): The language object for the language of the items, or the name of the argument to fetch
  the object from. It is not strictly necessary to specify this, as this function only initializes items based on inline
  modifiers and separate arguments and doesn't actually format the resulting items. However, if specified, it is used
  for certain purposes:
  *# It specifies the default for the `lang` property of returned objects if not otherwise set (e.g. by a language
	 prefix).
  *# It is used to initialize an internal cache for speeding up language-code parsing (primarily useful if the same
	 language code may appear in several items, such as with {{tl|col}} and related templates).
  The value of `lang` can be any of the following:
  * If a string of the form &quot;foo.default&quot;, it is assumed to be requesting the value of `args[&quot;foo&quot;].default`.
  * Otherwise, if a string or number, it is assumed to be requesting the value of `args` at that key. Note that if the
	string is in the form of a number (e.g. &quot;3&quot;), it is normalized to a number prior to fetching (this also happens with
	a spec like &quot;2.default&quot;).
  * Otherwise, if a function, it is assumed to be a function to return the argument value given `args`, which is passed
	to the function as its only argument.
  * Otherwise, it is used directly.
* `sc` ('''recommended'''): The script object for the items, or the name of the argument to fetch the object from. The
  possible values and their handling are the same as with `lang`. In general, as with `lang`, it is not strictly
  necessary to specify this. However, if specified, it is used to supply the default for the `sc` property of returned
  items if not otherwise set (e.g. by the {{para|sc&lt;var&gt;N&lt;/var&gt;}} parameter or `&lt;sc:...&gt;` inline modifier). The most
  common value is {&quot;sc.default&quot;}.

2. Other argument-related fields:
* `process_args_before_parsing`: An optional function to apply further processing to the processed `args` structure
  returned by [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]], before parsing inline modifiers. This is passed one argument, the processed
  arguments. It should make modifications in-place.
* `term_dest`: The field to store the value of the item itself into, after inline modifiers and (if allowed) language
  prefixes are stripped off. Defaults to {&quot;term&quot;}.
* `pre_normalize_modifiers`: As in `parse_inline_modifiers()`.
* `allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params`: If specified, don't throw an error if a value is specified for
  a given property using both an inline modifier and separate param; in this case, the inline modifier takes precedence.

3. Fields related to language prefixes:
* `parse_lang_prefix`: If true, allow and parse off a language code prefix attached to items followed by a colon, such
  as {la:minūtia} or {grc:[[σκῶρ|σκατός]]}. Etymology-only languages are allowed. Inline modifiers can be attached to
  such items. The exact syntax allowed is as specified in the `parse_term_with_lang()` function in
  [[Module:Wt/mui/parse utilities]]. If `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` is given, a {{cd|+}}-sign-separated list of language
  prefixes can be attached to an item. The resulting language object is stored into the `termlang` field, and also into
  the `lang` field (or in the case of `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes`, the list of language objects is stored into the
  `termlangs` field, and the first specified object is stored in the `lang` field).
* `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes`: If given in conjunction with `parse_lang_prefix`, multiple language code prefixes can
  be given, separated by a {{cd|+}} sign. See `parse_lang_prefix` above.
* `allow_bad_lang_prefix`: If given in conjunction with `parse_lang_prefix`, unrecognized language prefixes do not
  trigger an error, but are simply ignored (and not stripped off the item). Note that, regardless of whether this is
  given, prefixes before a colon do not trigger an error if they do not have the form of a language prefix or if a space
  follows the colon. It is not recommended that this be given because typos in language prefixes will not trigger an
  error and will tend to remain unfixed.

4. Fields related to custom/special separators:
* `disallow_custom_separators`: If specified, disallow specifying custom separators (semicolon, underscore, tilde; see
  the internal `default_special_separators` table, or the `special_separators` field) as an item value to override the
  default separator. By default, the previous separator of each item is considered to be an empty string (for the first
  item) and otherwise the value of the field `default_separator` (normally a comma + space), unless either the preceding
  item is one of the values listed in `special_separators`, such as a bare semicolon (which causes the following item's
  previous separator to be a semicolon + space) or an item has an embedded comma in it (which causes ''all'' items other
  than the first to have their previous separator be a semicolon + space). The previous separator of each item is set on
  the item's `separator` property. Bare semicolons and other separator arguments do not count when indexing items using
  separate parameters.
  For example, the following is correct:
  ** {{tl|template|lang|item 1|q1=qualifier 1|;|item 2|q2=qualifier 2}}
  If `disallow_custom_separators` is specified, however, the `separator` property is not set and separator arguments are
  not recognized.
* `default_separator`: Override the default separator (normally {&quot;, &quot;}).
* `special_separators`: Table giving the special/custom separators that can be given, and how they should display. If
  not specified, the default in `default_special_separators` is used. This is a table mapping separator values (such as
  {&quot;~&quot;}) to the corresponding display string (such as {&quot; ~ &quot;}).

5. Fields related to multiple subitems in a given term:
* `splitchar`: A Lua pattern. If specified, each user-specified argument can consist of multiple delimiter-separated
  subitems, each of which may be followed by inline modifiers. In this case, each element in the returned list of items
  is no longer an object describing an item, but instead an object with a `terms` field, whose value is a list
  describing the subitems (whose format is the same as the normal format of an item in the top-level list when
  `splitchar` is not specified). Each subitem object will have a `delimiter` field holding the actual delimiter
  occurring before the subitem, which is useful in the case where `splitchar` matches multiple possible characters. In
  this case, it is possible to specify that a given modifier can only occur after the last subitem and effectively
  modifies the whole collection of subitems by setting `overall = true` on the modifier. In this case, the modifier's
  value will be stored in the top-level object (the object with the `terms` field specifying the subitems). Note that
  splitting on delimiters will not happen in certain protected sequences (by default comma+whitespace; see below). In
  addition, the algorithm to split on delimiters is sensitive to inline modifier syntax and will not be confused by
  delimiters inside of inline modifiers or inside of square brackets, which do not trigger splitting (whether or not
  contained within protected sequences).
* `escape_fun` and `unescape_fun`: As in `split_escaping()` and `split_alternating_runs_escaping()` in
  [[Module:Wt/mui/parse utilities]]. They control the protected sequences that won't be split when `splitchar` is specified
  (see previous item). By default, `escape_comma_whitespace` and `unescape_comma_whitespace` are used, so that
  comma+whitespace sequences won't be split.
* `subitem_param_handling`: How to handle separate parameters that are specified in the presence of multiple subitems.
  The possible values are {&quot;only&quot;} (only allow separate parameters if there aren't any subitems, otherwise throw an
  error), {&quot;first&quot;} (store the separate parameters in the first subitem) and {&quot;last&quot;} (store the separate parameters
  in the last subitem). The default is {&quot;only&quot;}. As a special case, an {{para|scN}} separate parameter will be stored
  into all subitems.
* `subitem_separator_map`: Table mapping user-specified delimiters to displayed separators, stored in the `separator`
  field of the subitem. If not specified, it defaults to `default_subitem_separator_map`. Note that the presence of an
  item in this table does not mean that it can be used as a delimiter; only the delimiters specified using `splitchar`
  are recognized. Delimiters not in this map display as-is.

6. Other fields:
* `dont_skip_items`: Normally, items that are completely unspecified (have no term and no properties) are skipped and
  not inserted into the returned list of items. (Such items cannot occur if `disallow_holes = true` is set on the term
  specification in the `params` structure passed to `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. It is generally recommended
  to do so unless a specific meaning is associated the term value being missing.) If `dont_skip_items` is set, however,
  items are never skipped, and completely unspecified items will be returned along with others. (They will not have
  the term or any properties set, but will have the normal non-property fields set; see below.)
* `stop_when`: If specified, a function to determine when to prematurely stop processing items. It is passed a single
  argument, an object containing the following fields:
  ** `term`: The raw term, prior to parsing off language prefixes and inline modifiers (since the processing of
	 `stop_when` happens before parsing the term).
  ** `any_param_at_index`: True if any separate property parameters exist for this item.
  ** `orig_index`: Same as `orig_index` below.
  ** `itemno`: Same as `itemno` below.
  ** `stored_itemno`: The index where this item will be stored into the returned items table. This may differ from
	 `itemno` due to skipped items (it will never be different if `dont_skip_items` is set).
  The function should return true to stop processing items and return the ones processed so far (not including the item
  currently being processed). This is used, for example, in [[Module:Wt/mui/alternative forms]], where an unspecified item
  signal the end of items and the start of labels.

Three values are returned: the list of items; the processed `args` structure; and an object of miscellaneous computed
global values (currently only `use_semicolon`, indicating that commas were found in individual arguments and so the
default separator should be a semicolon). In each returned item, there will be one field set for each specified property
(either through inline modifiers or separate parameters). If subitems are not allowed, each item directly has fields set
on it for the specified properties. If subitems ''are'' allowed, each item contains a `terms` field, which is a list of
subitem objects, each of which has fields set on it for the specified properties of that subitem. In addition, the
following fields may be set on each item or subitem:
* `term`: The term portion of the item (minus inline modifiers and language prefixes). {nil} if no term was given.
* `orig_index`: The original index into the item in the items table returned by `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]].
  This may differ from `itemno` if there are raw semiclons and `disallow_custom_separators` is not given.
* `itemno`: The logical index of the item. The index of separate parameters corresponds to this index. This may be
  different from `orig_index` in the presence of raw semicolons; see above.
* `termlang`: If there is a language prefix, the corresponding language object is stored here (only if
  `parse_lang_prefix` is set and `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` is not set).
* `termlangs`: If there is are language prefixes and both `parse_lang_prefix` and `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` are
   set, the list of corresponding language objects is stored here.
* `lang`: The language object of the item. This is set when either (a) there is a language prefix parsed off (if
  multiple prefixes are allowed, this corresponds to the first one); (b) the `lang` property is allowed and specified;
  (c) neither (a) nor (b) apply and the `lang` field of the overall `data` object is set, providing a default value.
* `sc`: The script object of the item. This is set when either (a) the `sc` property is allowed and specified; (b)
  `sc` isn't otherwise set and the `sc` field of the overall `data` object is set, providing a default value.
* `delimiter`: If subitems are allowed, this is set on subitems and specifies the delimiter used prior to the given
  subitem (e.g. {&quot;,&quot;}).
* `separator`: The separator to display before the item. Always set on subitems, and set on top-level items if
  `disallow_custom_separators` is not given. Controlled by `special_separators` (for top-level items) and
  `subitem_separator_map` (for subitems).
]==]
function export.parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params(data)
	validate_argument_related_fields(data)
	local raw_args, termarg, param_mods, args = data.raw_args, data.termarg, data.param_mods
	if raw_args then
		local params = data.params
		local termarg_spec = params[termarg]
		if termarg_spec == true or not termarg_spec.list then
			internal_error(&quot;Term spec in `data.params` must have `list` set&quot;, termarg_spec)
		end
		if termarg_spec == true or not (termarg_spec.allow_holes or termarg_spec.disallow_holes) then
			internal_error(&quot;Term spec in `data.params` must have either `allow_holes` or `disallow_holes` set&quot;,
				termarg_spec)
		end
		export.augment_params_with_modifiers(params, param_mods)
		args = process_params(raw_args, params)
	else
		args = data.processed_args
	end

	local process_args_before_parsing = data.process_args_before_parsing
	if process_args_before_parsing then
		process_args_before_parsing(args)
	end

	-- Find the maximum index among any of the list parameters.
	local term_args = args[termarg]
	-- As a special case, the term args might not have a `maxindex` field because they might have
	-- been declared with `disallow_holes = true`, so fall back to the actual length of the list
	-- using the table_len function, since # can be unpredictable with arbitrary tables.
	local maxmaxindex = term_args.maxindex or table_len(term_args)
	for _, v in pairs(args) do
		if type(v) == &quot;table&quot; and v.maxindex and v.maxindex &gt; maxmaxindex then
			maxmaxindex = v.maxindex
		end
	end

	local special_separators = data.special_separators or export.default_special_separators
	local items, lang_cache, use_semicolon = {}, data.lang_cache or {}
	local lang = fetch_argument(args, data.lang)
	if lang then
		lang_cache[lang:getCode()] = lang
	end
	local sc = fetch_argument(args, data.sc)
	local term_dest = data.term_dest or &quot;term&quot;

	-- FIXME: this is vulnerable to abusive inputs like 1000000=.
	local itemno = 0
	for i = 1, maxmaxindex do
		local term = term_args[i]
		if data.disallow_custom_separators or not special_separators[term] then
			itemno = itemno + 1

			-- Compute whether any of the separate indexed params exist for this index.
			local any_param_at_index
			for param_mod in pairs(param_mods) do
				local argval = args[param_mod]
				-- Careful with argument values that may be `false`.
				if argval then
					argval = argval[itemno]
				end
				if not argval_missing(argval) then
					any_param_at_index = true
					break
				end
			end

			if data.stop_when and data.stop_when{
				term = term,
				-- FIXME, we should just pass in `any_param_at_index` directly.
				any_param_at_index = term ~= nil or any_param_at_index,
				orig_index = i,
				itemno = itemno,
				stored_itemno = #items + 1,
			} then
				break
			end

			-- If any of the params used for formatting this term is present, create a term and add it to the list.
			if not data.dont_skip_items and term == nil and not any_param_at_index then
				track(&quot;skipped-term&quot;, data.track_module)
			else
				if not term then
					track(&quot;missing-term&quot;, data.track_module)
				end
				local termobj = {
					itemno = itemno,
					orig_index = i,
				}
				if not data.disallow_custom_separators then
					termobj.separator = i == 1 and &quot;&quot; or special_separators[term_args[i - 1]]
				end

				-- Add 1 because first term index starts at 2.
				local paramname = termarg + i - 1

				if term then
					local function generate_obj(term, parse_err)
						return export.generate_obj_maybe_parsing_lang_prefix {
							term = term,
							termobj = data.splitchar and {} or termobj,
							term_dest = term_dest,
							paramname = paramname,
							parse_lang_prefix = data.parse_lang_prefix,
							parse_err = parse_err,
							allow_bad_lang_prefix = data.allow_bad_lang_prefix,
							allow_multiple_lang_prefixes = data.allow_multiple_lang_prefixes,
							lang_cache = lang_cache,
						}
					end

					parse_inline_modifiers(term, {
						paramname = paramname,
						param_mods = param_mods,
						generate_obj = generate_obj,
						splitchar = data.splitchar,
						preserve_splitchar = true,
						escape_fun = data.escape_fun,
						unescape_fun = data.unescape_fun,
						outer_container = data.splitchar and termobj or nil,
						pre_normalize_modifiers = data.pre_normalize_modifiers,
					})
				end

				local term_data = {
					args = args,
					param_mods = param_mods,
					itemno = itemno,
					termobj = termobj,
					term_dest = term_dest,
					has_subitems = not not data.splitchar,
					lang = lang,
					-- As a special case, if the caller defined a scN= separate param, set it on all subitems if there
					-- are multiple, falling back to the overall sc= param.
					sc = args.sc and args.sc[itemno] or sc,
					subitem_param_handling = data.subitem_param_handling,
					subitem_separator_map = data.subitem_separator_map or export.default_subitem_separator_map,
					allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params =
						data.allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params,
					postprocess_termobj = postprocess_termobj,
					disallow_custom_separators = data.disallow_custom_separators,
					use_semicolon = use_semicolon,
				}

				copy_separate_params_to_termobj_and_postprocess(term_data)
				use_semicolon = term_data.use_semicolon

				insert(items, termobj)
			end
		end
	end

	if not data.disallow_custom_separators then
		-- Set the default separator of all those items for which a separator wasn't explicitly given to the default
		-- separator, defaulting to comma + space; but if any items have embedded commas, set the separator to
		-- semicolon + space.
		for _, item in ipairs(items) do
			if not item.separator then
				item.separator = use_semicolon and &quot;; &quot; or data.default_separator or &quot;, &quot;
			end
		end
	end

	return items, args, {use_semicolon = use_semicolon}
end


--[==[
Parse a single term that may have properties specified through inline modifiers or separate parameters. This differs
from `parse_list_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params()` in that the latter is for parsing a list of terms, each of
which may have properties specified through inline modifiers or separate parameters. Both functions optionally support
having multiple subitems in a single term. This function is used e.g. for form-of templates
({{tl|inflection of}}/{{tl|infl of}}, {{tl|form of}}, and specific templates such as
{{tl|alt form}}/{{tl|alternative form of}}, {{tl|abbr of}}/{{tl|abbreviation of}}, {{tl|clipping of}}, and many others);
for etymology templates ({{tl|bor}}/{{tl|borrowed}}, {{tl|der}}/{{tl|derived}}, etc. as well as `misc_variant` templates
like {{tl|ellipsis}}, {{tl|abbrev}}, {{tl|clipping}}, {{tl|reduplication}} and the like); and for other templates with
an argument structure similar to {{tl|l}} or {{tl|m}}. In these templates there is a term specified using a numeric
parameter and associated separate parameters specifying term properties such as {{para|t}} for the gloss or {{para|tr}}
for manual transliteration. All such properties can also be specified through inline modifiers attached directly to each
term (`&lt;t:...&gt;`, `&lt;tr:...&gt;`, etc.). Normally it is an error if both an inline modifier and separate parameter for the
same value are given, but this can be overridden (in which case inline modifiers take precedence over separate
parameters when both occur).

Some notable properties of this function:
# Processing of the raw frame parent args using `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] can occur either inside of this
  function (the usual workflow) or outside of this function (for more complex cases). In the former case the raw parent
  args are passed in along with a partially built `params` structure of the sort required by [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]],
  containing only the term list itself along with any other parameters that are '''not''' term properties (such as
  a language code in {{para|1}} and boolean flags like {{para|nocat}}, {{para|nocap}}, etc.). This structure is
  ''augmented'' with parameters, one for each per-term property, and [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] is invoked. In the latter
  case where raw argument processing is done by the caller, they must build the partial `params` structure; augment it
  themselves using `augment_params_with_modifiers()`; call [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] themselves; and pass in the processed
  arguments. In both cases, the return value of this function contains two values, an object specifying the term and all
  properties; and the processed arguments structure, so that the non-term-property arguments can be processed as
  appropriate.
# Optionally, the term can consist of a number of ''subitems'' separated by delimiters (usually a comma, but the
  possible delimiter or delimiters are controllable). Each subitem can have its own inline modifiers. This functionality
  is used, for example, by form-of templates. When this feature is invoked, the format of the term object changes;
  instead of directly being an object describing the term and its properties, it is an object with a `terms` field
  containing a list of per-subitem objects along with other top-level fields describing per-term properties. By default,
  if there are separate parameters specified along with multiple subitems, an error occurs, but this is controllable;
  currently, you can request that the parameters be assigned to the first or last subitem.

`data` is an object containing several possible fields.

1. Fields that are required or recommended (usually related to argument processing):
* `raw_args` ('''required''' unless `processed_args` is specified): The raw arguments, normally fetched from
  {frame:getParent().args}. They are parsed using `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. Most callers pass in raw
  arguments.
* `processed_args`: The object of parsed arguments returned by `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. One (but not both)
  of `raw_args` and `processed_args` must be set.
* `param_mods` ('''required'''): A structure describing the possible inline modifiers and their properties. See the
  introductory comment above. Most often, this is generated using `construct_param_mods()` rather than specified
  manually.
* `params` ('''required''' unless `processed_args` is specified): A structure describing the possible parameters,
  '''other than''' the ones that are separate-parameter equivalents of inline modifiers. This is automatically
  &quot;augmented&quot; with the separate-parameter equivalents of the inline modifiers described in `param_mods` prior to parsing
  the raw arguments with [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. '''WARNING:''' This structure is destructively modified, both by the
  &quot;augmentation&quot; process of adding separate-parameter equivalents of inline modifiers, and by the processing done by
  [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]] itself. (Nonetheless, substructures can safely be shared in this structure, and will be
  correctly handled.)
* `termarg` ('''required'''): The argument containing the item with attached inline modifiers to be parsed. Usually a
  numeric value such as {1} or {2}.
* `track_module` ('''recommended'''): The name of the calling module, for use in adding tracking pages that are used
  internally to track pages containing template invocations with certain properties.
* `lang` ('''recommended'''): The language object for the language of the item or subitems, or the name of the argument
  to fetch the object from. It is not strictly necessary to specify this, as this function only initializes items based
  on inline modifiers and separate arguments and doesn't actually format the resulting items. However, if specified, it
  is used for certain purposes:
  *# It specifies the default for the `lang` property of returned objects if not otherwise set (e.g. by a language
     prefix).
  *# It is used to initialize an internal cache for speeding up language-code parsing (primarily useful if the same
     language code may appear in several subitems).
  The value of `lang` can be any of the following:
  * If a string or number, it is assumed to be requesting the value of `args` at that key. Note that if the string is in
    the form of a number (e.g. &quot;3&quot;), it is normalized to a number prior to fetching.
  * Otherwise, if a function, it is assumed to be a function to return the argument value given `args`, which is passed
    to the function as its only argument.
  * Otherwise, it is used directly.
* `sc` ('''recommended'''): The script object for the item or subitems, or the name of the argument to fetch the object
  from. The possible values and their handling are the same as with `lang`. In general, as with `lang`, it is not
  strictly necessary to specify this. However, if specified, it is used to supply the default for the `sc` property of
  returned items if not otherwise set (e.g. by the {{para|sc}} parameter or `&lt;sc:...&gt;` inline modifier). The most common
  value is {&quot;sc&quot;}.
* `make_separate_g_into_list`: Set this to {true} if separate gender parameters exist are are specified using
  {{para|g}}, {{para|g2}}, etc. instead of using a single comma-separated {{para|g}} field.

2. Other argument-related fields:
* `adjust_params_before_arg_processing`: An optional function to further adjust the `params` structure prior to
  calling `process()` in [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]]. This should be used when there are mismatches between the format of a
  given property as an inline modifier and the corresponding property as a separate parameter (as with the {{para|g}}
  parameter and {{cd|&lt;g:...&gt;}} modifier, but this particular case is handled by the `make_separate_g_into_list` field).
* `process_args_before_parsing`: An optional function to apply further processing to the processed `args` structure
  returned by [[Module:Wt/mui/parameters]], before parsing inline modifiers. This is passed one argument, the processed
  arguments. It should make modifications in-place.
* `term_dest`: The field to store the value of the item itself into, after inline modifiers and (if allowed) language
  prefixes are stripped off. Defaults to {&quot;term&quot;}.
* `pre_normalize_modifiers`: As in `parse_inline_modifiers()`.
* `allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params`: If specified, don't throw an error if a value is specified for
  a given property using both an inline modifier and separate param; in this case, the inline modifier takes precedence.

3. Fields related to language prefixes:
* `parse_lang_prefix`: If true, allow and parse off a language code prefix attached to items followed by a colon, such
  as {la:minūtia} or {grc:[[σκῶρ|σκατός]]}. Etymology-only languages are allowed. Inline modifiers can be attached to
  such items. The exact syntax allowed is as specified in the `parse_term_with_lang()` function in
  [[Module:Wt/mui/parse utilities]]. If `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` is given, a {{cd|+}}-sign-separated list of language
  prefixes can be attached to an item. The resulting language object is stored into the `termlang` field, and also into
  the `lang` field (or in the case of `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes`, the list of language objects is stored into the
  `termlangs` field, and the first specified object is stored in the `lang` field).
* `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes`: If given in conjunction with `parse_lang_prefix`, multiple language code prefixes can
  be given, separated by a {{cd|+}} sign. See `parse_lang_prefix` above.
* `allow_bad_lang_prefix`: If given in conjunction with `parse_lang_prefix`, unrecognized language prefixes do not
  trigger an error, but are simply ignored (and not stripped off the item). Note that, regardless of whether this is
  given, prefixes before a colon do not trigger an error if they do not have the form of a language prefix or if a space
  follows the colon. It is not recommended that this be given because typos in language prefixes will not trigger an
  error and will tend to remain unfixed.

4. Fields related to multiple subitems in the term:
* `splitchar`: A Lua pattern. If specified, the user-specified argument can consist of multiple delimiter-separated
  subitems, each of which may be followed by inline modifiers. In this case, the first returned value is no longer an
  object describing the item, but instead an object with a `terms` field, whose value is a list describing the subitems
  (whose format is the same as the normal format of the item when `splitchar` is not specified). Each subitem object
  will have a `delimiter` field holding the actual delimiter occurring before the subitem, which is useful in the case
  where `splitchar` matches multiple possible characters. In this case, it is possible to specify that a given modifier
  can only occur after the last subitem and effectively modifies the whole collection of subitems by setting
  `overall = true` on the modifier. In this case, the modifier's value will be stored in the top-level object (the
  object with the `terms` field specifying the subitems). Note that splitting on delimiters will not happen in certain
  protected sequences (by default comma+whitespace; see below). In addition, the algorithm to split on delimiters is
  sensitive to inline modifier syntax and will not be confused by delimiters inside of inline modifiers or inside of
  square brackets, which do not trigger splitting (whether or not contained within protected sequences).
* `escape_fun` and `unescape_fun`: As in `split_escaping()` and `split_alternating_runs_escaping()` in
  [[Module:Wt/mui/parse utilities]]. They control the protected sequences that won't be split when `splitchar` is specified
  (see previous item). By default, `escape_comma_whitespace` and `unescape_comma_whitespace` are used, so that
  comma+whitespace sequences won't be split.
* `subitem_param_handling`: How to handle separate parameters that are specified in the presence of multiple subitems.
  The possible values are {&quot;only&quot;} (only allow separate parameters if there aren't any subitems, otherwise throw an
  error), {&quot;first&quot;} (store the separate parameters in the first subitem) and {&quot;last&quot;} (store the separate parameters
  in the last subitem). The default is {&quot;only&quot;}. As a special case, an {{para|scN}} separate parameter will be stored
  into all subitems.
* `subitem_separator_map`: Table mapping user-specified delimiters to displayed separators, stored in the `separator`
  field of the subitem. If not specified, it defaults to `default_subitem_separator_map`. Note that the presence of an
  item in this table does not mean that it can be used as a delimiter; only the delimiters specified using `splitchar`
  are recognized. Delimiters not in this map display as-is.

Two values are returned, an object describing the item (or subitems) and the processed `args` structure. In the returned
item, there will be one field set for each specified property (either through inline modifiers or separate parameters).
If subitems are not allowed, the item directly has fields set on it for the specified properties. If subitems ''are''
allowed, the item contains a `terms` field, which is a list of subitem objects, each of which has fields set on it for
the specified properties of that subitem. In addition, the following fields may be set on the item or each subitem:
* `term`: The term portion of the item (minus inline modifiers and language prefixes). {nil} if no term was given.
* `termlang`: If there is a language prefix, the corresponding language object is stored here (only if
  `parse_lang_prefix` is set and `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` is not set).
* `termlangs`: If there is are language prefixes and both `parse_lang_prefix` and `allow_multiple_lang_prefixes` are
   set, the list of corresponding language objects is stored here.
* `lang`: The language object of the item. This is set when either (a) there is a language prefix parsed off (if
  multiple prefixes are allowed, this corresponds to the first one); (b) the `lang` property is allowed and specified;
  (c) neither (a) nor (b) apply and the `lang` field of the overall `data` object is set, providing a default value.
* `sc`: The script object of the item. This is set when either (a) the `sc` property is allowed and specified; (b)
  `sc` isn't otherwise set and the `sc` field of the overall `data` object is set, providing a default value.
* `delimiter`: If subitems are allowed, this specifies the delimiter used prior to the given subitem (e.g. {&quot;,&quot;}).
* `separator`: If subitems are allowed, this specifies the displayed form of the delimiter to be shown before a given
  subitem. The mapping from user-specified delimiters to displayed separators is handled by `subitem_separator_map`;
  see above. The first subitem always has a blank string in the `separator` field.
]==]
function export.parse_term_with_inline_modifiers_and_separate_params(data)
	validate_argument_related_fields(data)
	local raw_args, termarg, param_mods, args = data.raw_args, data.termarg, data.param_mods
	if raw_args then
		local params = data.params
		local termarg_spec = params[termarg]
		if type(termarg_spec) == &quot;table&quot; and termarg_spec.list then
			internal_error(&quot;Term spec in `data.params` must not have `list` set&quot;, termarg_spec)
		end
		export.augment_params_with_modifiers(params, param_mods, &quot;always&quot;)
		if data.make_separate_g_into_list then
			-- HACK: g= is a list for compatibility, but sublist as an inline parameter.
			params.g = {list = true, item_dest = &quot;genders&quot;, type = &quot;genders&quot;, flatten = true}
		end
		local adjust_params_before_arg_processing = data.adjust_params_before_arg_processing
		if adjust_params_before_arg_processing then
			adjust_params_before_arg_processing(params)
		end
		args = process_params(raw_args, params)
	else
		args = data.processed_args
	end

	local process_args_before_parsing = data.process_args_before_parsing
	if process_args_before_parsing then
		process_args_before_parsing(args)
	end

	local term, lang_cache = args[termarg], data.lang_cache
	local lang = fetch_argument(args, data.lang)
	if lang and lang_cache then
		lang_cache[lang:getCode()] = lang
	end
	local sc = fetch_argument(args, data.sc)
	local term_dest = data.term_dest or &quot;term&quot;

	if not term then
		track(&quot;missing-term&quot;, data.track_module)
	end
	local termobj, splitchar = {}, data.splitchar

	if term then
		local function generate_obj(term, parse_err)
			return export.generate_obj_maybe_parsing_lang_prefix {
				term = term,
				termobj = splitchar and {} or termobj,
				term_dest = term_dest,
				paramname = termarg,
				parse_lang_prefix = data.parse_lang_prefix,
				parse_err = parse_err,
				allow_bad_lang_prefix = data.allow_bad_lang_prefix,
				allow_multiple_lang_prefixes = data.allow_multiple_lang_prefixes,
				lang_cache = lang_cache,
			}
		end

		parse_inline_modifiers(term, {
			paramname = termarg,
			param_mods = param_mods,
			generate_obj = generate_obj,
			splitchar = splitchar,
			preserve_splitchar = true,
			escape_fun = data.escape_fun,
			unescape_fun = data.unescape_fun,
			outer_container = splitchar and termobj or nil,
			pre_normalize_modifiers = data.pre_normalize_modifiers,
		})
	end

	copy_separate_params_to_termobj_and_postprocess{
		args = args,
		param_mods = param_mods,
		termobj = termobj,
		has_subitems = not not splitchar,
		lang = lang,
		sc = sc,
		subitem_param_handling = data.subitem_param_handling,
		subitem_separator_map = data.subitem_separator_map or export.default_subitem_separator_map,
		allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params = data.allow_conflicting_inline_mods_and_separate_params,
	}

	if splitchar and termobj.terms[2] then
		track(&quot;parse-term-multiple-subitems&quot;, data.track_module)
		track(&quot;parse-term-multiple-subitems&quot;)
	end

	return termobj, args
end


return export</text>
      <sha1>qmn2l1mv2scejl9g8g0jny9zwwwvl6d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mui/uma'</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3829637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7382253</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Swarabakti</username>
        <id>2526161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;=={{Wt/mui/bahasa|mui-plm}}== {{Wt/mui/kepala|mui-plm}}  {{Wt/mui/-n-|mui-plm}} # [[Wt/mui/wong tuo|wong tuo]] yang [[Wt/mui/betino|betino]]  [[Category:Wt/mui]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7382253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="161" sha1="bbxyxpgo7nbutaof0dp3gq9vynfqwx1" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mui/bahasa|mui-plm}}==
{{Wt/mui/kepala|mui-plm}}

{{Wt/mui/-n-|mui-plm}}
# [[Wt/mui/wong tuo|wong tuo]] yang [[Wt/mui/betino|betino]]

[[Category:Wt/mui]]</text>
      <sha1>bbxyxpgo7nbutaof0dp3gq9vynfqwx1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>